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13,200 | It is defined as: The differential or small-signal inductance, on the other hand, is used in calculating voltage. It is defined as: The circuit voltage for a nonlinear inductor is obtained via the differential inductance as shown by Faraday's Law and the chain rule of calculus. Similar definitions may be derived for no... | Electrical inductance | 0.816437 |
13,201 | The term is most often used in the context of linear models (linear regression, analysis of variance), where certain random vectors are constrained to lie in linear subspaces, and the number of degrees of freedom is the dimension of the subspace. The degrees of freedom are also commonly associated with the squared leng... | Effective number of degrees of freedom | 0.816433 |
13,202 | In statistics, the number of degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary.Estimates of statistical parameters can be based upon different amounts of information or data. The number of independent pieces of information that go into the estimate of a parameter i... | Effective number of degrees of freedom | 0.816433 |
13,203 | The residual, or error, sum-of-squares is SSE = ∑ i = 1 n ( X i − X ¯ ) 2 + ∑ i = 1 n ( Y i − Y ¯ ) 2 + ∑ i = 1 n ( Z i − Z ¯ ) 2 {\displaystyle {\text{SSE}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}(X_{i}-{\bar {X}})^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}(Y_{i}-{\bar {Y}})^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}(Z_{i}-{\bar {Z}})^{2}} with 3(n−1) degrees of freedom. Of course, intr... | Effective number of degrees of freedom | 0.816433 |
13,204 | Control of the internal structure of the plasma allows more active avoidance of MHD instabilities. Maintaining the proper current density profile, for example, can help to maintain stability to tearing modes. Open-loop optimization of the pressure and current density profiles with external heating and current drive sou... | Plasma equilibria and stability | 0.816429 |
13,205 | The resistive wall mode has been a long-standing issue for the RFP, and has more recently been observed in tokamak experiments. Progress in understanding the physics of the RWM and developing the means to stabilize it could be directly applicable to all magnetic configurations. A closely related issue is to understand ... | Plasma equilibria and stability | 0.816429 |
13,206 | The language of PRA consists of: A countably infinite number of variables x, y, z,.... The propositional connectives; The equality symbol =, the constant symbol 0, and the successor symbol S (meaning add one); A symbol for each primitive recursive function.The logical axioms of PRA are the: Tautologies of the propositi... | Primitive recursive arithmetic | 0.816423 |
13,207 | In this way the propositional calculus can be discarded entirely. Logical operators can be expressed entirely arithmetically, for instance, the absolute value of the difference of two numbers can be defined by primitive recursion: P ( 0 ) = 0 P ( S ( x ) ) = x x − ˙ 0 = x x − ˙ S ( y ) = P ( x − ˙ y ) | x − y | = ( x −... | Primitive recursive arithmetic | 0.816423 |
13,208 | The theoretical maximum heat capacity for larger and larger multi-atomic gases at higher temperatures, also approaches the Dulong–Petit limit of 3R, so long as this is calculated per mole of atoms, not molecules. The reason is that gases with very large molecules, in theory have almost the same high-temperature heat ca... | Specific heat capacity | 0.81642 |
13,209 | The temperature of a sample of a substance reflects the average kinetic energy of its constituent particles (atoms or molecules) relative to its center of mass. However, not all energy provided to a sample of a substance will go into raising its temperature, exemplified via the equipartition theorem. | Specific heat capacity | 0.81642 |
13,210 | Water (liquid): CP = 4185.5 J⋅K−1⋅kg−1 (15 °C, 101.325 kPa) Water (liquid): CVH = 74.539 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1 (25 °C)For liquids and gases, it is important to know the pressure to which given heat capacity data refer. Most published data are given for standard pressure. However, different standard conditions for temperature and... | Specific heat capacity | 0.81642 |
13,211 | In chemistry, heat amounts were often measured in calories. Confusingly, two units with that name, denoted "cal" or "Cal", have been commonly used to measure amounts of heat: the "small calorie" (or "gram-calorie", "cal") is 4.184 J, exactly. It was originally defined so that the specific heat capacity of liquid water ... | Specific heat capacity | 0.81642 |
13,212 | The dimensionless heat capacity of a material is where C {\displaystyle C} is the heat capacity of a body made of the material in question (J/K), n is the amount of substance in the body (mol), R is the gas constant (J/(K⋅mol)), N is the number of molecules in the body (dimensionless), kB is the Boltzmann constant (J/(... | Specific heat capacity | 0.81642 |
13,213 | Professionals in construction, civil engineering, chemical engineering, and other technical disciplines, especially in the United States, may use English Engineering units including the pound (lb = 0.45359237 kg) as the unit of mass, the degree Fahrenheit or Rankine (°R = 5/9 K, about 0.555556 K) as the unit of tempera... | Specific heat capacity | 0.81642 |
13,214 | In order to achieve the same increase in temperature, more heat energy will have to be provided to a mol of that substance than to a mol of a monatomic gas. Therefore, the specific heat capacity of a polyatomic gas depends not only on its molecular mass, but also on the number of degrees of freedom that the molecules h... | Specific heat capacity | 0.81642 |
13,215 | Quantum mechanics predicts that, at room temperature and ordinary pressures, an isolated atom in a gas cannot store any significant amount of energy except in the form of kinetic energy. Thus, heat capacity per mole is the same for all monatomic gases (such as the noble gases). More precisely, c V , m = 3 R / 2 ≈ 12.5 ... | Specific heat capacity | 0.81642 |
13,216 | In the weighted maximum clique problem, the input is an undirected graph with weights on its vertices (or, less frequently, edges) and the output is a clique with maximum total weight. The maximum clique problem is the special case in which all weights are equal. As well as the problem of optimizing the sum of weights,... | Maximum clique problem | 0.816417 |
13,217 | Satisfiability, in turn, was proved NP-complete in the Cook–Levin theorem. From a given CNF formula, Karp forms a graph that has a vertex for every pair (v,c), where v is a variable or its negation and c is a clause in the formula that contains v. Two of these vertices are connected by an edge if they represent compati... | Maximum clique problem | 0.816417 |
13,218 | Moreover, this result provides the basis for proofs of W-hardness of many other problems, and thus serves as an analogue of the Cook–Levin theorem for parameterized complexity.Chen et al. (2006) showed that finding k-vertex cliques cannot be done in time no(k) unless the exponential time hypothesis fails. Again, this p... | Maximum clique problem | 0.816417 |
13,219 | COIN-OR was conceived as an initiative to promote open source in the computational operations research community and to provide the on-line resources and hosting services required to enable others to run their own open-source software projects. The COIN-OR website was launched as an experiment in 2000, in conjunction w... | COIN-OR CLP | 0.816416 |
13,220 | COIN-OR branch and cut (CBC or Cbc) is an open-source mixed integer programming solver written in C++. It can be used as both a stand-alone executable and as a callable library (through A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) , General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) , MPL , AIMMS , PuLP, CMPL, OpenSolver for Excel... | COIN-OR CLP | 0.816416 |
13,221 | Single- or multi-process optimization over networks (SYMPHONY) is an open source branch and cut framework for solving mixed integer programs (MIPs) over heterogeneous networks. It can use CLP, CPLEX, XPRESS or other linear programming solvers to solve the underlying linear programs. SYMPHONY is a callable library which... | COIN-OR CLP | 0.816416 |
13,222 | PuLP is an LP/IP modeler written in Python. It can generate MPS or LP files and call GLPK, CLP/CBC, and CPLEX, to solve linear problems. PuLP is the default optimization tool in SolverStudio for Excel. | COIN-OR CLP | 0.816416 |
13,223 | Gel electrophoresis is a technique which separates molecules by their size using an agarose or polyacrylamide gel. This technique is one of the principal tools of molecular biology. The basic principle is that DNA fragments can be separated by applying an electric current across the gel - because the DNA backbone conta... | Biochemical genetics | 0.816415 |
13,224 | In this experiment, as in most molecular biology techniques, a control must be used to ensure successful experimentation.In molecular biology, procedures and technologies are continually being developed and older technologies abandoned. For example, before the advent of DNA gel electrophoresis (agarose or polyacrylamid... | Biochemical genetics | 0.816414 |
13,225 | One such law of genetic inheritance is the law of segregation, which states that diploid individuals with two alleles for a particular gene will pass one of these alleles to their offspring. Because of his critical work, the study of genetic inheritance is commonly referred to as Mendelian genetics.A major milestone in... | Biochemical genetics | 0.816414 |
13,226 | Molecular biology sits at the intersection of biochemistry and genetics; as these scientific disciplines emerged and evolved in the 20th century, it became clear that they both sought to determine the molecular mechanisms which underlie vital cellular functions. Advances in molecular biology have been closely related t... | Biochemical genetics | 0.816414 |
13,227 | The background field is introduced as a Lorentz force in the (classical) Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac equation (see: Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac force), where the classical statistics of the electric and magnetic fields and quadratic combinations thereof are chosen to match the vacuum expectation values of the equivalent operators ... | Stochastic electrodynamics | 0.816411 |
13,228 | Stochastic electrodynamics (SED) is a variant of classical electrodynamics (CED) of theoretical physics. SED consists of a set of controversial theories that posit the existence of a classical Lorentz invariant radiation field having statistical properties similar to that of the electromagnetic zero-point field (ZPF) o... | Stochastic electrodynamics | 0.816411 |
13,229 | SED has been used in attempts to provide a classical explanation for effects previously considered to require quantum mechanics (here restricted to the Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation and QED) for their explanation. It has also been used to motivate a classical ZPF-based underpinning for gravity and inertia... | Stochastic electrodynamics | 0.816411 |
13,230 | The Kabsch algorithm, also known as the Kabsch-Umeyama algorithm, named after Wolfgang Kabsch and Shinji Umeyama, is a method for calculating the optimal rotation matrix that minimizes the RMSD (root mean squared deviation) between two paired sets of points. It is useful for point-set registration in computer graphics,... | Kabsch algorithm | 0.816409 |
13,231 | SR shows that these concepts are all different aspects of the same physical quantity in much the same way that it shows space and time to be interrelated. Consequently, another modification is the concept of the center of mass of a system, which is straightforward to define in classical mechanics but much less obvious ... | Relativistic mechanics | 0.816407 |
13,232 | Although some definitions and concepts from classical mechanics do carry over to SR, such as force as the time derivative of momentum (Newton's second law), the work done by a particle as the line integral of force exerted on the particle along a path, and power as the time derivative of work done, there are a number o... | Relativistic mechanics | 0.816407 |
13,233 | The work-energy theorem says the change in kinetic energy is equal to the work done on the body. In special relativity: Δ K = W = m 0 c 2 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta K=W=m_{0}c^{2}.\end{aligned}}} If in the initial state the body was at rest, so v0 = 0 and γ0(v0) = 1, and in the final state it has speed v1... | Relativistic mechanics | 0.816407 |
13,234 | The unification of SR with quantum mechanics is relativistic quantum mechanics, while attempts for that of GR is quantum gravity, an unsolved problem in physics. As with classical mechanics, the subject can be divided into "kinematics"; the description of motion by specifying positions, velocities and accelerations, an... | Relativistic mechanics | 0.816407 |
13,235 | In physics, relativistic mechanics refers to mechanics compatible with special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR). It provides a non-quantum mechanical description of a system of particles, or of a fluid, in cases where the velocities of moving objects are comparable to the speed of light c. As a result, class... | Relativistic mechanics | 0.816407 |
13,236 | In both nuclear and chemical reactions, such energy represents the difference in binding energies of electrons in atoms (for chemistry) or between nucleons in nuclei (in atomic reactions). In both cases, the mass difference between reactants and (cooled) products measures the mass of heat and light which will escape th... | Relativistic mechanics | 0.816407 |
13,237 | The Buckingham π theorem indicates that validity of the laws of physics does not depend on a specific unit system. A statement of this theorem is that any physical law can be expressed as an identity involving only dimensionless combinations (ratios or products) of the variables linked by the law (e. g., pressure and v... | Dimensionless constant | 0.8164 |
13,238 | The Lie bracket of a Lie algebra is a binary operation denoted by : g × g → g {\displaystyle :{\mathfrak {g}}\times {\mathfrak {g}}\to {\mathfrak {g}}} . By using the commutator as a Lie bracket, every associative algebra can be turned into a Lie algebra. There are many different forms of Lie bracket, in particular the... | Bracket (mathematics) | 0.816398 |
13,239 | Braces { } are used to identify the elements of a set. For example, {a,b,c} denotes a set of three elements a, b and c. Angle brackets ⟨ ⟩ are used in group theory and commutative algebra to specify group presentations, and to denote the subgroup or ideal generated by a collection of elements. | Bracket (mathematics) | 0.816398 |
13,240 | In elementary algebra, parentheses ( ) are used to specify the order of operations. Terms inside the bracket are evaluated first; hence 2×(3 + 4) is 14, 20 ÷ (5(1 + 1)) is 2 and (2×3) + 4 is 10. This notation is extended to cover more general algebra involving variables: for example (x + y) × (x − y). | Bracket (mathematics) | 0.816398 |
13,241 | In quantum mechanics, angle brackets are also used as part of Dirac's formalism, bra–ket notation, to denote vectors from the dual spaces of the bra ⟨ A | {\displaystyle \left\langle A\right|} and the ket | B ⟩ {\displaystyle \left|B\right\rangle } . In statistical mechanics, angle brackets denote ensemble or time aver... | Bracket (mathematics) | 0.816398 |
13,242 | These equations do not include constraint forces at all, only non-constraint forces need to be accounted for. Although the equations of motion include partial derivatives, the results of the partial derivatives are still ordinary differential equations in the position coordinates of the particles. The total time deriva... | Lagrangian equations of motion | 0.816397 |
13,243 | With these definitions, the Euler–Lagrange equations, or Lagrange's equations of the second kind are mathematical results from the calculus of variations, which can also be used in mechanics. Substituting in the Lagrangian L(q, dq/dt, t), gives the equations of motion of the system. The number of equations has decrease... | Lagrangian equations of motion | 0.816397 |
13,244 | With these definitions, Lagrange's equations of the first kind are where k = 1, 2, ..., N labels the particles, there is a Lagrange multiplier λi for each constraint equation fi, and are each shorthands for a vector of partial derivatives ∂/∂ with respect to the indicated variables (not a derivative with respect to the... | Lagrangian equations of motion | 0.816397 |
13,245 | In quantum mechanics, action and quantum-mechanical phase are related via Planck's constant, and the principle of stationary action can be understood in terms of constructive interference of wave functions. In 1948, Feynman discovered the path integral formulation extending the principle of least action to quantum mech... | Lagrangian equations of motion | 0.816397 |
13,246 | Even in water-based muds, the gamma ray and SP logs are often run together. They comprise a check on each other and can indicate unusual shale sections which may either not be radioactive, or may have an abnormal ionic chemistry. The gamma ray log is also useful to detect coal beds, which, depending on the local geolog... | Formation evaluation | 0.816396 |
13,247 | Mud logging (or Wellsite Geology) is a well logging process in which drilling mud and drill bit cuttings from the formation are evaluated during drilling and their properties recorded on a strip chart as a visual analytical tool and stratigraphic cross sectional representation of the well. The drilling mud which is ana... | Formation evaluation | 0.816396 |
13,248 | Magnetic couplings can transmit power via a linear motion, rotary motion, or helical compound motion (a combination of linear motion and rotary motion). The combination of these transmission methods and different mechanical geometry can realize a wide variety of orderly motion in three-dimensional space. | Magnetic coupling | 0.816396 |
13,249 | Associative neural network models of language acquisition are one of the oldest types of cognitive model, using distributed representations and changes in the weights of the connections between the nodes that make up these representations to simulate learning in a manner reminiscent of the plasticity-based neuronal reo... | Computational models of language acquisition | 0.816385 |
13,250 | Language learning takes place in different contexts, with both the infant and the caregiver engaging in social interactions. Recent research have investigated how infants and adults use cross-situational statistics in order to learn about not only the meanings of words but also the constraints within a context. For exa... | Computational models of language acquisition | 0.816385 |
13,251 | For example, one would want to minimize the length of residential neighborhood or wetland destroyed to build a highway.Some of these costs are easily quantifiable and measurable, such as transit time, fuel consumption, and construction costs, thus naturally lending themselves to optimization algorithms. That said, ther... | Friction of distance | 0.816381 |
13,252 | Gerald Carrothers (1956) was one of the first to explicitly use the analogy of "friction" to conceptualize the effect of distance, suggesting that these distance optimizations needed to acknowledge that the effect varies according to localized factors. Ian McHarg, as published in Design with Nature (1969), was among th... | Friction of distance | 0.816381 |
13,253 | Notable examples include the classical early 20th Century theories of Johann Heinrich von Thünen, Walter Christaller, and Alfred Weber, and GIS-era algorithms for Location-allocation. Network analysis includes a number of problems and techniques for modeling travel constrained to a linear network or graph, such as road... | Friction of distance | 0.816381 |
13,254 | A large number of geographic theories, spatial analysis techniques, and GIS applications are directly based on the practical effects of friction of distance: Tobler's first law of geography, formalized as spatial autocorrelation, states that nearby locations are more likely to similar in many aspects than distant locat... | Friction of distance | 0.816381 |
13,255 | By the 1920s, social scientists began to incorporate principles of physics (more precisely, some of its mathematical formalizations), such as gravity, specifically the inverse square law found in Newton's law of universal gravitation. Geographers quickly identified a number of situations in which the interaction betwee... | Friction of distance | 0.816381 |
13,256 | It is not known who first coined the term "friction of distance," but the effect of distance-based costs on geographic activity and geographic patterns has been a core element of academic geography since its initial rise in the 19th Century. von Thünen's isolated state model of exurban land use (1826), possibly the ear... | Friction of distance | 0.816381 |
13,257 | The name of these codes has evolved since the publication of Goppa's paper describing them. Historically these codes have also been referred to as geometric Goppa codes; however, this is no longer the standard term used in coding theory literature. This is due to the fact that Goppa codes are a distinct class of codes ... | Algebraic geometric code | 0.816377 |
13,258 | Algebraic geometry codes, often abbreviated AG codes, are a type of linear code that generalize Reed–Solomon codes. The Russian mathematician V. D. Goppa constructed these codes for the first time in 1982. | Algebraic geometric code | 0.816377 |
13,259 | Algebraic geometry codes are a generalization of Reed–Solomon codes. Constructed by Irving Reed and Gustave Solomon in 1960, Reed–Solomon codes use univariate polynomials to form codewords, by evaluating polynomials of sufficiently small degree at the points in a finite field F q {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{q}} .Forma... | Algebraic geometric code | 0.816377 |
13,260 | The Hermitian curve is given by the equationconsidered over the field F q 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{q^{2}}} . This curve is of particular importance because it meets the Hasse–Weil bound with equality, and thus has the maximal number of affine points over F q 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{q^{2}}} . With respect t... | Algebraic geometric code | 0.816377 |
13,261 | In this section the construction of algebraic geometry codes is described. The section starts with the ideas behind Reed–Solomon codes, which are used to motivate the construction of algebraic geometry codes. | Algebraic geometric code | 0.816377 |
13,262 | As originally formulated, the Dirac equation is an equation for a single quantum particle, just like the single-particle Schrödinger equation with wave function Ψ ( x , t ) {\displaystyle \Psi (x,t)} . This is of limited use in relativistic quantum mechanics, where particle number is not fixed. Heuristically, this comp... | Schroedinger's equation | 0.816376 |
13,263 | : II:268 The Schrödinger equation is not the only way to study quantum mechanical systems and make predictions. Other formulations of quantum mechanics include matrix mechanics, introduced by Werner Heisenberg, and the path integral formulation, developed chiefly by Richard Feynman. When these approaches are compared, ... | Schroedinger's equation | 0.816376 |
13,264 | The Schrödinger equation is a linear partial differential equation that governs the wave function of a quantum-mechanical system. : 1–2 Its discovery was a significant landmark in the development of quantum mechanics. It is named after Erwin Schrödinger, who postulated the equation in 1925 and published it in 1926, for... | Schroedinger's equation | 0.816376 |
13,265 | In chemistry, values n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 are used in relation to the electron shell theory, with expected inclusion of n = 8 (and possibly 9) for yet-undiscovered period 8 elements. In atomic physics, higher n sometimes occur for description of excited states. Observations of the interstellar medium reveal atomic h... | Principal quantum level | 0.816376 |
13,266 | In quantum mechanics, the principal quantum number (symbolized n) is one of four quantum numbers assigned to each electron in an atom to describe that electron's state. Its values are natural numbers (from 1) making it a discrete variable. Apart from the principal quantum number, the other quantum numbers for bound ele... | Principal quantum level | 0.816376 |
13,267 | Gyromagnetic emission is also produced from the kinetic energy of a charge particle, generally an electron. However in this case, an external magnetic field causes the particle's trajectory to exhibit a spiral gyromotion, resulting in a centripetal acceleration that in turn produces the electromagnetic waves. Different... | Solar radio emission | 0.816372 |
13,268 | All of the processes described below produce radio frequencies that depend on the properties of the plasma where the radiation originates, particularly electron density and magnetic field strength. Two plasma physics parameters are particularly important in this context: The electron plasma frequency, and the electron ... | Solar radio emission | 0.816372 |
13,269 | Solar radio bursts are brief periods during which the Sun's radio emission is elevated above the background level. They are signatures of the same processes that lead to the more widely-known forms of solar activity such as sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections. Radio bursts can exceed the background radia... | Solar radio emission | 0.816372 |
13,270 | This can make it very difficult to understand where a specific component of the solar radio emission is coming from and how it relates to features seen at other wavelengths. Producing a radio image of the Sun requires an interferometer, which in radio astronomy means an array of many telescopes that operate together as... | Solar radio emission | 0.816372 |
13,271 | And, the angle of incidence and angle of emergence equal each other (i = e). This is clearly visible in the graph below. The formula for minimum deviation can be derived by exploiting the geometry in the prism. | Minimum deviation | 0.816372 |
13,272 | Technological application include a DNA biochip and DNA nanostructures designed for DNA computing and other dynamic applications of DNA nanotechnology. The image at right is of self-assembled DNA nanostructures. | Molecular models of DNA | 0.816371 |
13,273 | There are various uses of DNA molecular modeling in Genomics and Biotechnology research applications, from DNA repair to PCR and DNA nanostructures. Two-dimensional DNA junction arrays have been visualized by Atomic force microscopy.DNA molecular modeling has various uses in genomics and biotechnology, with research ap... | Molecular models of DNA | 0.816371 |
13,274 | More detailed comparisons with such ab initio quantum computations are in principle obtainable through 2D-FT NMR spectroscopy and relaxation studies of polynucleotide solutions or specifically labeled DNA, as for example with deuterium labels. In an interesting twist of roles, the DNA molecule was proposed to be used f... | Molecular models of DNA | 0.816371 |
13,275 | Such varying molecular geometries can also be computed, at least in principle, by employing ab initio quantum chemistry methods that can attain high accuracy for small molecules, although claims that acceptable accuracy can be also achieved for polynuclelotides, and DNA conformations, were recently made on the basis of... | Molecular models of DNA | 0.816371 |
13,276 | An old standing dynamic problem is how DNA "self-replication" takes place in living cells that should involve transient uncoiling of supercoiled DNA fibers. Although DNA consists of relatively rigid, very large elongated biopolymer molecules called fibers or chains (that are made of repeating nucleotide units of four b... | Molecular models of DNA | 0.816371 |
13,277 | For simplicity most DNA molecular models omit both water and ions dynamically bound to B-DNA, and are thus less useful for understanding the dynamic behaviors of B-DNA in vivo. The physical and mathematical analysis of X-ray and spectroscopic data for paracrystalline B-DNA is thus far more complex than that of crystall... | Molecular models of DNA | 0.816371 |
13,278 | DNA molecular dynamics modeling involves simulating deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecular geometry and topology changes with time as a result of both intra- and inter- molecular interactions of DNA. Whereas molecular models of DNA molecules such as closely packed spheres (CPK models) made of plastic or metal wires for ... | Molecular models of DNA | 0.816371 |
13,279 | Molecular models of DNA structures are representations of the molecular geometry and topology of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using one of several means, with the aim of simplifying and presenting the essential, physical and chemical, properties of DNA molecular structures either in vivo or in vitro. These rep... | Molecular models of DNA | 0.816371 |
13,280 | Some bioinformatics methods have been developed for predicting the quaternary structural attributes of proteins based on their sequence information by using various modes of pseudo amino acid composition.Protein folding prediction programs used to predict protein tertiary structure have also been expanding to better pr... | Octameric protein | 0.816369 |
13,281 | The NAS Award in Molecular Biology is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "for recent notable discovery in molecular biology by a young scientist who is a citizen of the United States." It has been awarded annually since its inception in 1962. | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.816369 |
13,282 | 2011 James M. Berger for elucidating the structures of topoisomerases and helicases and providing insights into the biochemical mechanisms that mediate the replication and transcription of DNA. 2012 Zhijian James Chen for his creative use of elegant biochemistry both in elucidating an unsuspected role for polyubiquitin... | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.816369 |
13,283 | 1993 Peter S. Kim for his pathfinding research in structural biology, which has elucidated both the pathway of protein folding and mechanisms of macromolecular recognition. 1994 Gerald F. Joyce and Jack W. Szostak for independently developing in vitro evolution of RNA catalysts. | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.816369 |
13,284 | 1992 Bruce S. Baker and Thomas W. Cline for their creative use of genetics and molecular biology to define how sex is determined in Drosophila. Their experiments have shown how the ratio of sex chromosomes to autosomes can initiate a novel regulatory pathway involving RNA processing. | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.816369 |
13,285 | 1989 Kiyoshi Mizuuchi for bringing about remarkable advances in our understanding of transposition and other forms of genetic recombination. 1990 Elizabeth H. Blackburn for her discovery of the nature of DNA at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and the enzyme that is necessary to complete chromosomal replication. 1991... | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.816369 |
13,286 | 1986 Robert G. Roeder for his pioneering studies of eukaryotic RNA polymerases and the factors that regulate their activity. 1987 Thomas R. Cech for the astonishing discovery of RNA-catalyzed self-splicing of introns and the analysis of the chemistry of RNA-catalyzed reactions. 1988 H. Robert Horvitz for significant co... | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.816369 |
13,287 | 1983 James C. Wang for his ingenious studies of the topological properties of the DNA double helix and his discovery of the important class of enzymes known as DNA topoisomerases. 1984 Geoffrey M. Cooper and Robert A. Weinberg for the identification and characterization of cellular oncogenes of human and animal tumors,... | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.816369 |
13,288 | 1981 Ronald W. Davis and Gerald Fink for their outstanding contributions to the molecular biology of the simple eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both have opened vistas of genetic analysis by the development of new methods, in particular, the development and utilization of molecular cloning in yeast. 1982 Joan A. St... | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.816369 |
13,289 | 1972 Howard M. Temin for his work leading to the discovery of reverse transcription. 1973 Donald D. Brown for his studies of the structure, regulation, and evolution of genes in animals, particularly the genes specifying ribosomal RNA in Xenopus and silk fibroin in Bombix. 1974 David Baltimore for his distinguished lea... | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.816369 |
13,290 | 1969 William B. Wood for his genetic dissection of the mechanism of assembly of the bacterial virus particle and reconstruction of the virus in vitro. 1970 A. Dale Kaiser for his discovery that pure phage lambda DNA can infect susceptible bacterial cells and produce progeny, and for the effect of this discovery on the ... | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.816369 |
13,291 | Simmonds, in his book on tensor analysis, quotes Albert Einstein saying The magic of this theory will hardly fail to impose itself on anybody who has truly understood it; it represents a genuine triumph of the method of absolute differential calculus, founded by Gauss, Riemann, Ricci, and Levi-Civita. Vector and tensor... | Curvilinear coordinate system | 0.816362 |
13,292 | For any specific location there can only exist one and only one set of basis vectors (else the basis is not well defined at that point). This condition is satisfied if and only if the equation system has a single solution. In linear algebra, a linear equation system has a single solution (non-trivial) only if the deter... | Curvilinear coordinate system | 0.816362 |
13,293 | The Geometer's Sketchpad is a commercial interactive geometry software program for exploring Euclidean geometry, algebra, calculus, and other areas of mathematics. It was created as part of the NSF-funded Visual Geometry Project led by Eugene Klotz and Doris Schattschneider from 1986 to 1991 at Swarthmore College. Nich... | The Geometer's Sketchpad | 0.816362 |
13,294 | In mathematics, specifically enumerative geometry, the virtual fundamental class E ∙ vir {\displaystyle _{E^{\bullet }}^{\text{vir}}} of a space X {\displaystyle X} is a replacement of the classical fundamental class ∈ A ∗ ( X ) {\displaystyle \in A^{*}(X)} in its chow ring which has better behavior with respect to t... | Virtual fundamental class | 0.816361 |
13,295 | The future is the time after the past and present. Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of time and the laws of physics. Due to the apparent nature of reality and the unavoidability of the future, everything that currently exists and will exist can be categorized as either permanent, meaning that i... | Future | 0.81636 |
13,296 | Futurism as an art movement originated in Italy at the beginning of the 20th century. It developed largely in Italy and in Russia, although it also had adherents in other countries—in England and Portugal for example. The Futurists explored every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, poetry, theatre, music, arc... | Future | 0.81636 |
13,297 | Deceased persons are usually believed to go to a specific region or plane of existence in this afterworld, often depending on the rightness of their actions during life. Some believe the afterlife includes some form of preparation for the soul to transfer to another body (reincarnation). The major views on the afterlif... | Future | 0.81636 |
13,298 | More generally, one can regard science fiction as a broad genre of fiction that often involves speculations based on current or future science or technology. Science fiction is found in books, art, television, films, games, theater, and other media. Science fiction differs from fantasy in that, within the context of th... | Future | 0.81636 |
13,299 | In physics, time is the fourth dimension. Physicists argue that spacetime can be understood as a sort of stretchy fabric that bends due to forces such as gravity. In classical physics the future is just a half of the timeline, which is the same for all observers. | Future | 0.81636 |
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