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13,800 | A basic example of a noncommutative vertex algebra is the rank 1 free boson, also called the Heisenberg vertex operator algebra. It is "generated" by a single vector b, in the sense that by applying the coefficients of the field b(z) := Y(b,z) to the vector 1, we obtain a spanning set. The underlying vector space is th... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,801 | Much like ordinary rings, vertex algebras admit a notion of module, or representation. Modules play an important role in conformal field theory, where they are often called sectors. A standard assumption in the physics literature is that the full Hilbert space of a conformal field theory decomposes into a sum of tensor... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,802 | These are used to construct lattice vertex algebras, which as vector spaces are direct sums of Heisenberg modules, when the image of Y {\displaystyle Y} is extended appropriately to module elements. The module category is not semisimple, since one may induce a representation of the abelian Lie algebra where b0 acts by ... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,803 | Modules of the Heisenberg algebra can be constructed as Fock spaces π λ {\displaystyle \pi _{\lambda }} for λ ∈ C {\displaystyle \lambda \in \mathbb {C} } which are induced representations of the Heisenberg Lie algebra, given by a vacuum vector v λ {\displaystyle v_{\lambda }} satisfying b n v λ = 0 {\displaystyle b_{n... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,804 | In vertex algebra theory, due to associativity, we can abuse notation to write, for A , B , C ∈ V , {\displaystyle A,B,C\in V,} This is the operator product expansion. Equivalently, Since the normal ordered part is regular in z {\displaystyle z} and w {\displaystyle w} , this can be written more in line with physics co... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,805 | Physically, the vertex operators arising from holomorphic field insertions at points in two-dimensional conformal field theory admit operator product expansions when insertions collide, and these satisfy precisely the relations specified in the definition of vertex operator algebra. Indeed, the axioms of a vertex opera... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,806 | Borcherds formulated the notion of vertex algebra by axiomatizing the relations between the lattice vertex operators, producing an algebraic structure that allows one to construct new Lie algebras by following Frenkel's method. The notion of vertex operator algebra was introduced as a modification of the notion of vert... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,807 | In mathematics, a vertex operator algebra (VOA) is an algebraic structure that plays an important role in two-dimensional conformal field theory and string theory. In addition to physical applications, vertex operator algebras have proven useful in purely mathematical contexts such as monstrous moonshine and the geomet... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,808 | More complicated generalizations relate to q-deformations and representations of quantum groups, such as in work of Frenkel–Reshetikhin, Etingof–Kazhdan, and Li. Beilinson and Drinfeld introduced a sheaf-theoretic notion of chiral algebra that is closely related to the notion of vertex algebra, but is defined without u... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,809 | There are several generalizations of the notion of vertex algebra in the literature. Some mild generalizations involve a weakening of the locality axiom to allow monodromy, e.g., the abelian intertwining algebras of Dong and Lepowsky. One may view these roughly as vertex algebra objects in a braided tensor category of ... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,810 | If one considers only the singular part of the OPE in a vertex algebra, one arrives at the definition of a Lie conformal algebra. Since one is often only concerned with the singular part of the OPE, this makes Lie conformal algebras a natural object to study. There is a functor from vertex algebras to Lie conformal alg... | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,811 | Motivated by this observation, they added the Virasoro action and bounded-below property as axioms. We now have post-hoc motivation for these notions from physics, together with several interpretations of the axioms that were not initially known. | Vertex algebra | 0.815788 |
13,812 | Historically, Frege's propositional calculus was the first propositional proof system. The general definition of a propositional proof system is due to Stephen Cook and Robert A. Reckhow (1979). | Propositional proof system | 0.815782 |
13,813 | In propositional calculus and proof complexity a propositional proof system (pps), also called a Cook–Reckhow propositional proof system, is a system for proving classical propositional tautologies. | Propositional proof system | 0.815782 |
13,814 | Some examples of propositional proof systems studied are: Propositional Resolution and various restrictions and extensions of it like DPLL algorithm Natural deduction Sequent calculus Frege system Extended Frege system Polynomial calculus Nullstellensatz system Cutting-plane method Semantic tableau | Propositional proof system | 0.815782 |
13,815 | In plane geometry, the einstein problem asks about the existence of a single prototile that by itself forms an aperiodic set of prototiles; that is, a shape that can tessellate space but only in a nonperiodic way. Such a shape is called an einstein, a word play on ein Stein, German for "one stone". Several variants of ... | Einstein problem | 0.815778 |
13,816 | In general, the C++ standard allows a compiler to perform any optimization, provided the resulting executable exhibits the same observable behaviour as if (i.e. pretending) all the requirements of the standard have been fulfilled. This is commonly referred to as the "as-if rule". The term return value optimization refe... | Return value optimization | 0.815778 |
13,817 | In the context of the C++ programming language, return value optimization (RVO) is a compiler optimization that involves eliminating the temporary object created to hold a function's return value. RVO is allowed to change the observable behaviour of the resulting program by the C++ standard. | Return value optimization | 0.815778 |
13,818 | twice. In the current revision of the C++ standard (C++11), the issues have been addressed, essentially allowing both the copy from the named object to the exception object, and the copy into the object declared in the exception handler to be elided.GCC provides the -fno-elide-constructors option to disable copy-elisio... | Return value optimization | 0.815778 |
13,819 | According to the standard a similar optimization may be applied to objects being thrown and caught, but it is unclear whether the optimization applies to both the copy from the thrown object to the exception object, and the copy from the exception object to the object declared in the exception-declaration of the catch ... | Return value optimization | 0.815778 |
13,820 | The first stable release of Bioclipse includes a Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) plugin to provide a chemoinformatic backend, a Jmol plugin for 3D-visualization of molecules, and a BioJava plugin for sequence analysis. Recently, the R platform, using StatET, and OpenTox were added.Bioclipse is developed as a collaborat... | Bioclipse | 0.815776 |
13,821 | Biclipse gained scripting functionality in 2009, and a command line version in 2021.Like any RCP application, Bioclipse uses a plugin architecture that inherits basic functionality and visual interfaces from Eclipse, such as help system, software updates, preferences, cross-platform deployment etc. Via its plugins, Bio... | Bioclipse | 0.815776 |
13,822 | The Bioclipse project is a Java-based, open-source, visual platform for chemo- and bioinformatics based on the Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP). | Bioclipse | 0.815776 |
13,823 | For example, the second partial derivatives of a function f(x, y) are: ∂ x x f = ∂ 2 f ∂ x 2 , ∂ x y f = ∂ 2 f ∂ y ∂ x , ∂ y x f = ∂ 2 f ∂ x ∂ y , ∂ y y f = ∂ 2 f ∂ y 2 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\partial _{xx}f={\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial x^{2}}},\\&\partial _{xy}f={\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial y\,\part... | Newton notation | 0.815775 |
13,824 | The problem arises because lift on an airfoil in inviscid flow requires circulation in the flow around the airfoil (See "Circulation and the Kutta–Joukowski theorem" below), but a single potential function that is continuous throughout the domain around the airfoil cannot represent a flow with nonzero circulation. The ... | Aerodynamic lift | 0.815769 |
13,825 | Fisher, Alec (1982). Formal Number Theory and Computability: A Workbook. (suitable as a first course for independent study) (1st ed.). | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,826 | Basic Proof Theory. Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77911-1. | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,827 | He also noted that his methods were equally applicable to algebraically closed fields of arbitrary characteristic. A modern subfield developing from this is concerned with o-minimal structures. Morley's categoricity theorem, proved by Michael D. Morley, states that if a first-order theory in a countable language is cat... | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,828 | In the early 20th century it was shaped by David Hilbert's program to prove the consistency of foundational theories. Results of Kurt Gödel, Gerhard Gentzen, and others provided partial resolution to the program, and clarified the issues involved in proving consistency. Work in set theory showed that almost all ordinar... | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,829 | However, it can also include uses of logic to characterize correct mathematical reasoning or to establish foundations of mathematics. Since its inception, mathematical logic has both contributed to and been motivated by the study of foundations of mathematics. This study began in the late 19th century with the developm... | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,830 | This project, known as Hilbert's program, was seriously affected by Gödel's incompleteness theorems, which show that the consistency of formal theories of arithmetic cannot be established using methods formalizable in those theories. Gentzen showed that it is possible to produce a proof of the consistency of arithmetic... | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,831 | In the 19th century, the main method of proving the consistency of a set of axioms was to provide a model for it. Thus, for example, non-Euclidean geometry can be proved consistent by defining point to mean a point on a fixed sphere and line to mean a great circle on the sphere. The resulting structure, a model of elli... | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,832 | In the 19th century, mathematicians became aware of logical gaps and inconsistencies in their field. It was shown that Euclid's axioms for geometry, which had been taught for centuries as an example of the axiomatic method, were incomplete. The use of infinitesimals, and the very definition of function, came into quest... | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,833 | Model theory studies the models of various formal theories. Here a theory is a set of formulas in a particular formal logic and signature, while a model is a structure that gives a concrete interpretation of the theory. Model theory is closely related to universal algebra and algebraic geometry, although the methods of... | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,834 | The two-dimensional notation Frege developed was never widely adopted and is unused in contemporary texts. From 1890 to 1905, Ernst Schröder published Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik in three volumes. This work summarized and extended the work of Boole, De Morgan, and Peirce, and was a comprehensive reference to... | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,835 | In the middle of the nineteenth century, George Boole and then Augustus De Morgan presented systematic mathematical treatments of logic. Their work, building on work by algebraists such as George Peacock, extended the traditional Aristotelian doctrine of logic into a sufficient framework for the study of foundations of... | Symbolic Logic | 0.815765 |
13,836 | In mathematics, infinite difference methods are numerical methods for solving differential equations by approximating them with difference equations, in which infinite differences approximate the derivatives. | Infinite difference method | 0.815757 |
13,837 | However, other positional systems are possible, for example, golden ratio base (whose radix is a non-integer algebraic number), and negative base (whose radix is negative). A negative base allows the representation of negative numbers without the use of a minus sign. For example, let b = −10. Then a string of digits su... | Number base | 0.815757 |
13,838 | As with other slide rules, the Fuller is limited to calculations based on multiplication and division with additional scales allowing for trigonometical and exponential functions. The mechanical calculators produced in the same era were generally restricted to addition and subtraction with only advanced versions, like ... | Fuller calculator | 0.815754 |
13,839 | Just as the mixing paradox begins with two detectably different containers, and the extra entropy that results upon mixing is proportional to the average amount of work needed to restore that initial state after mixing, so the extra entropy in Boltzmann's original derivation is proportional to the average amount of wor... | Gibbs paradox | 0.815753 |
13,840 | In a pilot plant or manufacturing plant setting, yield can have a profound effect on the material cost of an API synthesis, so the careful planning of a robust route and the fine-tuning of reaction conditions are crucially important. After a synthetic route has been selected, process chemists will subject each step to ... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,841 | Yield is defined as the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. The yield of practical significance in process chemistry is the isolated yield—the yield of the isolated product after all purification steps. In a final API synthesis, isolated yields of 80 percent or above for each synthetic step are expected.... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,842 | VTO = nominal volume of all reactors ∗ time per batch output per step {\displaystyle {\text{VTO}}={\frac {{\text{nominal volume of all reactors}}*{\text{time per batch}}}{{\text{output per step}}}}} The process chemistry group at Boehringer Ingelheim, for example, targets a VTO of less than 1 for any given synthetic... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,843 | The engineered transaminase contained 27 individual point mutations and displayed activity four orders of magnitude greater than the parent enzyme. Additionally, the enzyme was engineered to handle high substrate concentrations (100 g/L) and to tolerate the organic solvents, reagents and byproducts of the transaminatio... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,844 | Similarly, a PEI cycle time may be defined as follows: PEI cycle time = aspiration level cycle time ⋅ 100 % average cycle time = median cycle time + best cycle time 2 ⋅ 100 % average cycle time {\displaystyle {\text{PEI cycle time}}={\frac {{\text{aspiration level cycle time}}\cdot 100\%}{\text{average cycle time}}}={\... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,845 | An ideal process chemical route will score well in each of these metrics, but inevitably tradeoffs are to be expected. Most large pharmaceutical process chemistry and manufacturing divisions have devised weighted quantitative schemes to measure the overall attractiveness of a given synthetic route over another. As cost... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,846 | Cost efficiency is of paramount importance in process chemistry and, consequently, is a focus in the consideration of pilot plant synthetic routes. The drug substance that is manufactured, prior to the formulation, is commonly referred to as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and will be referred to as such her... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,847 | This process suffered from a number of limitations, including the need to run the reaction under a high-pressure hydrogen environment, the high cost of a transition-metal catalyst, the difficult process of carbon treatment to remove trace amounts of catalyst and insufficient stereoselectivity, requiring a subsequent re... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,848 | Recently, large pharmaceutical process chemists have relied heavily on the development of enzymatic reactions to produce important chiral building blocks for API synthesis. Many varied classes of naturally occurring enzymes have been co-opted and engineered for process pharmaceutical chemistry applications. The widest ... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,849 | Process chemistry is the arm of pharmaceutical chemistry concerned with the development and optimization of a synthetic scheme and pilot plant procedure to manufacture compounds for the drug development phase. Process chemistry is distinguished from medicinal chemistry, which is the arm of pharmaceutical chemistry task... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,850 | A 6-cubic meter reactor filled to 80% capacity afforded 35 kg of the desired product. For the unoptimized reaction: VTO = 6 m 3 × 48 h 35 kg = 8.2 m 3 ⋅ h / kg {\displaystyle {\text{VTO}}={\frac {6{\text{ m}}^{3}\times 48{\text{ h}}}{35{\text{ kg}}}}=8.2{\text{ m}}^{3}\cdot {\text{ h / kg}}} This VTO value was consider... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,851 | This modification prevented the need for inefficient double inversion by proceeding through retention of stereochemistry at the C-4 position of the hydroxyproline moiety. It is interesting to examine this case study from a VTO perspective. For the unoptimized cross-metathesis reaction using the Grela catalyst at 0.01 M... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,852 | Additionally, the catalyst employed was switched from the expensive 1st generation Hoveyda catalyst to the more reactive, less expensive Grela catalyst. These modifications allowed the process chemists to run the reaction at a standard reaction dilution of 0.1-0.2 M, given that the rates of competing dimerization and o... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,853 | However, while the second-generation Hoveyda and Grubbs catalysts were kinetically more active than the first-generation catalyst, reactions using these catalysts formed large amounts of dimeric and oligomeric products. An epimerization risk under the cross-metathesis reaction conditions. The process chemistry group at... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,854 | Macrocyclization is a recurrent challenge for process chemists, and large pharmaceutical companies have necessarily developed creative strategies to overcome these inherent limitations. An interesting case study in this area involves the development of novel NS3 protease inhibitors to treat Hepatitis C patients by scie... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,855 | Because of this limitation, the process chemistry route toward LY500307 necessarily involved a kinetically controlled crystallization step after the hydrogenation to upgrade the enantiopurity of this penultimate intermediate to >99 percent ee. The process chemistry team at Eli Lilly successfully developed a fully conti... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,856 | A case study of particular interest involves the development of a fully continuous process by the process chemistry group at Eli Lilly and Company for an asymmetric hydrogenation to access a key intermediate in the synthesis of LY500307, a potent ERβ agonist that is entering clinical trials for the treatment of patient... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,857 | In recent years, much progress has been made in the development and optimization of flow reactors for small-scale chemical synthesis (the Jamison Group at MIT and Ley Group at Cambridge University, among others, have pioneered efforts in this field). The pharmaceutical industry, however, has been slow to adopt this tec... | Process chemistry | 0.815753 |
13,858 | In mathematics, a finitely generated algebra (also called an algebra of finite type) is a commutative associative algebra A over a field K where there exists a finite set of elements a1,...,an of A such that every element of A can be expressed as a polynomial in a1,...,an, with coefficients in K. Equivalently, there ex... | Finitely-generated algebra | 0.815745 |
13,859 | Eh–pH (Pourbaix) diagrams are commonly used in mining and geology for assessment of the stability fields of minerals and dissolved species. Under the conditions where a mineral (solid) phase is predicted to be the most stable form of an element, these diagrams show that mineral. As the predicted results are all from th... | Oxidation reduction potential | 0.81574 |
13,860 | Redox potential (also known as oxidation / reduction potential, ORP, pe, E r e d {\displaystyle E_{red}} , or E h {\displaystyle E_{h}} ) is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons from or lose electrons to an electrode and thereby be reduced or oxidised respectively. Redox potential is exp... | Oxidation reduction potential | 0.81574 |
13,861 | x n A ( x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle \exists !x_{n}A(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})} then is the function of n-1 arguments, which is the logical and of the interpretations of ∃ x n A ( x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle \exists x_{n}A(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})} ∀ y , z ( A ( x 1 , … , x n − 1 , y ) ∧ A ( x 1 , … , x n − 1 , z ) ⟹ y = z... | Range of quantification | 0.815733 |
13,862 | The interpretation of the formula ∀ x n A ( x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle \forall x_{n}A(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})} is the function G of n-1 arguments such that G(v1, ..., vn-1) = T if and only if F(v1, ..., vn-1, w) = T for every w in X. If F(v1, ..., vn-1, w) = F for at least one value of w, then G(v1, ..., vn-1) = F. Si... | Range of quantification | 0.815733 |
13,863 | It is possible to devise abstract algebras whose models include formal languages with quantification, but progress has been slow and interest in such algebra has been limited. Three approaches have been devised to date: Relation algebra, invented by Augustus De Morgan, and developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, Ernst Sch... | Range of quantification | 0.815733 |
13,864 | A quantifier has a scope, and an occurrence of a variable x is free if it is not within the scope of a quantification for that variable. Thus in ∀ x ( ∃ y B ( x , y ) ) ∨ C ( y , x ) {\displaystyle \forall x(\exists yB(x,y))\vee C(y,x)} the occurrence of both x and y in C(y, x) is free, while the occurrence of x and y ... | Range of quantification | 0.815733 |
13,865 | EWT, QCD, and the Higgs mechanism comprise particle physics' Standard Model (SM). Predictions are usually made using calculational approximation methods, although such perturbation theory is inadequate to model some experimental observations (for instance bound states and solitons). Still, physicists widely accept the ... | Fundamental force | 0.815732 |
13,866 | The Standard Model of particle physics was developed throughout the latter half of the 20th century. In the Standard Model, the electromagnetic, strong, and weak interactions associate with elementary particles, whose behaviours are modelled in quantum mechanics (QM). For predictive success with QM's probabilistic outc... | Fundamental force | 0.815732 |
13,867 | Duality theory tells us that if the primal is unbounded then the dual is infeasible by the weak duality theorem. Likewise, if the dual is unbounded, then the primal must be infeasible. However, it is possible for both the dual and the primal to be infeasible. See dual linear program for details and several more example... | 0–1 integer program | 0.81573 |
13,868 | The weak duality theorem states that the objective function value of the dual at any feasible solution is always greater than or equal to the objective function value of the primal at any feasible solution. The strong duality theorem states that if the primal has an optimal solution, x*, then the dual also has an optim... | 0–1 integer program | 0.81573 |
13,869 | A linear program in real variables is said to be integral if it has at least one optimal solution which is integral, i.e., made of only integer values. Likewise, a polyhedron P = { x ∣ A x ≥ 0 } {\displaystyle P=\{x\mid Ax\geq 0\}} is said to be integral if for all bounded feasible objective functions c, the linear pro... | 0–1 integer program | 0.81573 |
13,870 | It, and the corresponding dense triangle hypothesis that no time bound of the form O ( n 2 − δ ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2-\delta })} is possible, imply lower bounds for several other computational problems in combinatorial optimization and computational geometry.As Imrich, Klavžar & Mulder (1999) showed, triangle-free gra... | Triangle finding problem | 0.815724 |
13,871 | In the mathematical area of graph theory, a triangle-free graph is an undirected graph in which no three vertices form a triangle of edges. Triangle-free graphs may be equivalently defined as graphs with clique number ≤ 2, graphs with girth ≥ 4, graphs with no induced 3-cycle, or locally independent graphs. By Turán's ... | Triangle finding problem | 0.815724 |
13,872 | Static timing analysis (STA) is a simulation method of computing the expected timing of a synchronous digital circuit without requiring a simulation of the full circuit. High-performance integrated circuits have traditionally been characterized by the clock frequency at which they operate. Measuring the ability of a ci... | Timing analysis | 0.81572 |
13,873 | Agricultural engineering, also known as agricultural and biosystems engineering, is the field of study and application of engineering science and designs principles for agriculture purposes, combining the various disciplines of mechanical, civil, electrical, food science, environmental, software, and chemical engineeri... | Agricultural engineering | 0.815718 |
13,874 | In the Philippines, the professional designation is registered agricultural and biosystems engineer. They are licensed and accredited after successfully passing the Agriculturist and Biosystems Engineering Licensure Examination. A prospective agricultural and biosystems engineer is required to have a four-year Bachelor... | Agricultural engineering | 0.815718 |
13,875 | Historically, science has been portrayed as a masculine pursuit in which women have faced significant barriers to participate. Even after universities began admitting women in the 19th century, women were still largely relegated to certain scientific fields, such as home science, nursing, and child psychology. Women we... | Gender | 0.815718 |
13,876 | Most contemporary social scientists in western countries, behavioral scientists and biologists, many legal systems and government bodies, and intergovernmental agencies such as the WHO, make a distinction between gender and sex. The social sciences have a branch devoted to gender studies. Other sciences, such as psycho... | Gender | 0.815718 |
13,877 | It may also demonstrate how gender differences, not necessarily corresponding precisely with sex, may "constrain or facilitate political" actors. Gender as a process has two central manifestations in political science research, firstly in determining "the differential effects of structures and policies upon men and wom... | Gender | 0.815718 |
13,878 | Biologist and feminist academic Anne Fausto-Sterling rejects the discourse of biological versus social determinism and advocates a deeper analysis of how interactions between the biological being and the social environment influence individuals' capacities.The philosopher and feminist Simone de Beauvoir applied existen... | Gender | 0.815718 |
13,879 | Scholars such as Helen King, Joan Cadden, and Michael Stolberg have criticized this interpretation of history. Cadden notes that the "one-sex" model was disputed even in ancient and medieval medicine, and Stolberg points out that already in the sixteenth century, medicine had begun to move towards a two-sex model. In a... | Gender | 0.815718 |
13,880 | Moreover, Ann Oakley, a professor of sociology and social policy, says "the constancy of sex must be admitted, but so also must the variability of gender." Lynda Birke, a feminist biologist, maintains "'biology' is not seen as something which might change. "However, there are scholars who argue that sex is also sociall... | Gender | 0.815718 |
13,881 | In gender identity disorder, there is discordance between the natal sex of one's external genitalia and the brain coding of one's gender as masculine or feminine. Although causation from the biological—genetic and hormonal—to the behavioral has been broadly demonstrated and accepted, Money is careful to also note that ... | Gender | 0.815718 |
13,882 | Some gendered behavior is influenced by prenatal and early life androgen exposure. This includes, for example, gender normative play, self-identification with a gender, and tendency to engage in aggressive behavior. Males of most mammals, including humans, exhibit more rough and tumble play behavior, which is influence... | Gender | 0.815718 |
13,883 | Many of the more complicated human behaviors are influenced by both innate factors and by environmental ones, which include everything from genes, gene expression, and body chemistry, through diet and social pressures. A large area of research in behavioral psychology collates evidence in an effort to discover correlat... | Gender | 0.815718 |
13,884 | Mobility is defined for any species in the gas phase, encountered mostly in plasma physics and is defined as where q {\displaystyle q} is the charge of the species, ν m {\displaystyle \nu _{\text{m}}} is the momentum-transfer collision frequency, m {\displaystyle m} is the mass.Mobility is related to the species' diffu... | Ionic mobility | 0.815711 |
13,885 | The book includes summaries of the life and work of 20th century scientists Jagadish Chandra Bose and Corentin Louis Kervran as well as 19th century scientist George Washington Carver. The book includes experiments on plant stimuli using a polygraph, a method which was pioneered by Cleve Backster. Parts of the book att... | The Secret Life of Plants | 0.815709 |
13,886 | {\textstyle \|x\|:={\sqrt {\langle x,x\rangle }}.} Other examples of infinite-dimensional normed vector spaces can be found in the Banach space article. Generally, these norms do not give the same topologies. For example, an infinite-dimensional ℓ p {\displaystyle \ell ^{p}} space gives a strictly finer topology than a... | Norm (mathematics) | 0.815707 |
13,887 | On the n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional Euclidean space R n , {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n},} the intuitive notion of length of the vector x = ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}=\left(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}\right)} is captured by the formula This is the Euclidean norm, which gives the ordinar... | Norm (mathematics) | 0.815707 |
13,888 | GQR, constraint network solver for calculi like RCC-5, RCC-8, Allen's interval algebra, point algebra, cardinal direction calculus, etc. qualreas is a Python framework for qualitative reasoning over networks of relation algebras, such as RCC-8, Allen's interval algebra, and Allen's algebra integrated with Time Points a... | Spatial–temporal reasoning | 0.815705 |
13,889 | Spatial–temporal reasoning is an area of artificial intelligence which draws from the fields of computer science, cognitive science, and cognitive psychology. The theoretic goal—on the cognitive side—involves representing and reasoning spatial-temporal knowledge in mind. The applied goal—on the computing side—involves ... | Spatial–temporal reasoning | 0.815705 |
13,890 | The principle of grammar induction has been applied to other aspects of natural language processing, and has been applied (among many other problems) to semantic parsing, natural language understanding, example-based translation, language acquisition, grammar-based compression, and anomaly detection. | Grammatical induction | 0.815704 |
13,891 | Study the randomness and variability of these graphs. Create the basic classes of stochastic models applied by listing the deformations of the patterns. Synthesize (sample) from the models, not just analyze signals with it.Broad in its mathematical coverage, pattern theory spans algebra and statistics, as well as local... | Grammatical induction | 0.815704 |
13,892 | Pattern theory, formulated by Ulf Grenander, is a mathematical formalism to describe knowledge of the world as patterns. It differs from other approaches to artificial intelligence in that it does not begin by prescribing algorithms and machinery to recognize and classify patterns; rather, it prescribes a vocabulary to... | Grammatical induction | 0.815704 |
13,893 | Like all greedy algorithms, greedy grammar inference algorithms make, in iterative manner, decisions that seem to be the best at that stage. The decisions made usually deal with things like the creation of new rules, the removal of existing rules, the choice of a rule to be applied or the merging of some existing rules... | Grammatical induction | 0.815704 |
13,894 | METAGENassist is a freely available web server for comparative metagenomic analysis. Comparative metagenomic studies involve the large-scale comparison of genomic or taxonomic census data from bacterial samples across different environments. Historically this has required a sound knowledge of statistics, computer progr... | METAGENassist | 0.815703 |
13,895 | The error between the real system and the forward model can be measured. There are many techniques available to create a forward model: ordinary differential equations is the classical one which is used in physics engines like Box2d. A more recent technique is a neural network for creating the forward model. | System Identification | 0.815697 |
13,896 | A forward model is equal to a physics engine used in game programming. The model takes an input and calculates the future state of the system. The reason why dedicated forward models are constructed is because it allows one to divide the overall control process. | System Identification | 0.815697 |
13,897 | A common understanding in Artificial Intelligence is that the controller has to generate the next move for a robot. For example, the robot starts in the maze and then the robot decides to move forward. Model predictive control determines the next action indirectly. The term “model” is referencing to a forward model whi... | System Identification | 0.815697 |
13,898 | Hydrogen is an insulator in all of its forms. It has a high ionisation energy (1312.0 kJ/mol), moderate electron affinity (73 kJ/mol), and moderate electronegativity (2.2). Hydrogen is a poor oxidising agent (H2 + 2e− → 2H– = –2.25 V at pH 0). Its chemistry, most of which is based around its tendency to acquire the ele... | Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group | 0.815694 |
13,899 | As a metalloid the chemistry of germanium is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form alloys with metals such as aluminium and gold. Most alloys of germanium with metals lack metallic or semimetallic conductivity. The common oxide of germanium (GeO2) is amphoteric. | Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group | 0.815694 |
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