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14,000 | The following is a timeline of probability and statistics. | Timeline of probability and statistics | 0.815626 |
14,001 | 8th century – Al-Khalil, an Arab mathematician studying cryptology, wrote the Book of Cryptographic Messages. The work has been lost, but based on the reports of later authors, it contained the first use of permutations and combinations to list all possible Arabic words with and without vowels. 9th century - Al-Kindi w... | Timeline of probability and statistics | 0.815626 |
14,002 | 1908 – Student's t-distribution for the mean of small samples published in English (following earlier derivations in German). 1913 – Michel Plancherel states fundamental results in ergodic theory. 1920 – The central limit theorem in its modern form was formally stated. 1921 – John Maynard Keynes' Treatise on Probabilit... | Timeline of probability and statistics | 0.815626 |
14,003 | 1801 – Carl Friedrich Gauss predicts the orbit of Ceres using a line of best fit 1805 – Adrien-Marie Legendre introduces the method of least squares for fitting a curve to a given set of observations, 1814 – Pierre-Simon Laplace's Essai philosophique sur les probabilités defends a definition of probabilities in terms o... | Timeline of probability and statistics | 0.815626 |
14,004 | 1710 – John Arbuthnot argues that the constancy of the ratio of male to female births is a sign of divine providence, 1713 – Posthumous publication of Jacob Bernoulli's Ars Conjectandi, containing the first derivation of a law of large numbers, 1724 – Abraham de Moivre studies mortality statistics and the foundation of... | Timeline of probability and statistics | 0.815626 |
14,005 | Surface tension γ of a liquid is the force per unit length. In the illustration on the right, the rectangular frame, composed of three unmovable sides (black) that form a "U" shape, and a fourth movable side (blue) that can slide to the right. Surface tension will pull the blue bar to the left; the force F required to ... | Surface tension | 0.815619 |
14,006 | However, the laser wavelength and laser power have to be carefully selected for each type of sample to avoid its degradation. Applications of Raman imaging range from materials sciences to biological studies. For each type of sample, the measurement parameters have to be individually optimized. | Raman spectrum | 0.815619 |
14,007 | The surface tension between the liquid and air is usually different (greater) than its surface tension with the walls of a container. And where the two surfaces meet, their geometry must be such that all forces balance. Where the two surfaces meet, they form a contact angle, θ, which is the angle the tangent to the sur... | Surface tension | 0.815619 |
14,008 | In the absence of nucleation sites, tiny droplets must form before they can evolve into larger droplets. This requires a vapor pressure many times the vapor pressure at the phase transition point.This equation is also used in catalyst chemistry to assess mesoporosity for solids.The effect can be viewed in terms of the ... | Surface tension | 0.815619 |
14,009 | A quine is a computer program which takes no input and produces a copy of its own source code as its only output. The standard terms for these programs in the computability theory and computer science literature are "self-replicating programs", "self-reproducing programs", and "self-copying programs". A quine is a fixe... | Self-reproducing program | 0.815619 |
14,010 | Similar to, but unlike a multiquine, a polyglot program is a computer program or script written in a valid form of multiple programming languages or file formats by combining their syntax. A polyglot program is not required to have a self-reproducing quality, although a polyglot program can also be a quine in one or mo... | Self-reproducing program | 0.815618 |
14,011 | The series consists of the following five volumes, each of which was originally used in a one-semester course at Berkeley: Mechanics, by Charles Kittel, et al. Electricity and Magnetism, by Edward M. Purcell Waves, by Frank S. Crawford Jr. Quantum Physics, by Eyvind H. Wichmann Statistical Physics, by Frederick ReifVol... | Berkeley Physics Course | 0.815617 |
14,012 | : 149 The series was translated into a number of foreign languages. Although the course was influential in physics education worldwide, the book series sold better in foreign markets than in the US, possibly because students in other countries specialized earlier and were therefore better prepared mathematically than U... | Berkeley Physics Course | 0.815617 |
14,013 | A Sputnik-era project funded by a National Science Foundation grant, the course arose from discussions between Philip Morrison (then at Cornell University) and Charles Kittel (Berkeley) in 1961, and was published by McGraw-Hill starting in 1965. The Berkeley course was contemporary with The Feynman Lectures on Physics ... | Berkeley Physics Course | 0.815617 |
14,014 | The Berkeley Physics Course is a series of college-level physics textbooks written mostly (but not exclusively) by UC Berkeley professors. | Berkeley Physics Course | 0.815617 |
14,015 | COVID-19 vaccination rates are higher in urban settings, and lower in rural settings. In an underdeveloped country such as Nigeria, vaccination rates are under 11% nationally. Because of persistent vaccine inequity, many countries continue to not have access to free or affordable COVID-19 vaccinations.Our World in Data... | Vaccine equity | 0.815616 |
14,016 | Every normal subgroup of G / N {\displaystyle G/N} is of the form K / N {\displaystyle K/N} for some normal subgroup K {\displaystyle K} of G {\displaystyle G} such that N ⊆ K ⊆ G {\displaystyle N\subseteq K\subseteq G} . If K {\displaystyle K} is a normal subgroup of G {\displaystyle G} such that N ⊆ K ⊆ G {\displayst... | Second isomorphism theorem | 0.815615 |
14,017 | The statements of the isomorphism theorems for modules are particularly simple, since it is possible to form a quotient module from any submodule. The isomorphism theorems for vector spaces (modules over a field) and abelian groups (modules over Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } ) are special cases of these. For finite-di... | Second isomorphism theorem | 0.815615 |
14,018 | Started from 2009 National Institute of Biotechnology started many job opportunities with help of NIB Job Circular porta. Many candidates already working with this government institute. == References == | National Institute of Biotechnology | 0.815612 |
14,019 | It was established in 2010 by the government as part of an ADP(Annual Development Project) project (started in 1999) to intensify the biotechnological research in the country. Dr. Naiyyum Choudhury was the founding project director of the Institute The main objective of the institute is to coordinate the biotechnologic... | National Institute of Biotechnology | 0.815612 |
14,020 | National Institute of Biotechnology (NIB)(Bengali: ন্যাশনাল ইনস্টিটিউট অব বায়োটেকনোলজি) is a governmental institute in Bangladesh under the Ministry of Science and Technology. | National Institute of Biotechnology | 0.815612 |
14,021 | It is desirable to achieve a programming performance such that creating a program meets its specifications, is on schedule, is adaptable for the future and runs efficiently. Being able to satisfy all these goals at a low cost is a difficult and common problem in software engineering and project management. By understan... | Psychology of programming | 0.815612 |
14,022 | A machine-tool dynamometer is a multi-component dynamometer that is used to measure forces during the use of the machine tool. Empirical calculations of these forces can be cross-checked and verified experimentally using these machine tool dynamometers. With advances in technology, machine-tool dynamometers are increas... | Machine tool dynamometer | 0.815609 |
14,023 | The corona or corona algebra of A is the quotient M(A)/A. For example, the corona algebra of the algebra of compact operators on a Hilbert space is the Calkin algebra. The corona algebra is a noncommutative analogue of the corona set of a topological space. | Corona algebra | 0.815605 |
14,024 | The user is working at a higher conceptual level, declaring and organizing the equations and other mathematical expressions that operate the simulation. It is targeted at programming physics simulations in secondary schools and universities. LEGO WeDo is a graphical programming language for children of age 7 years and ... | Constructionist learning | 0.815602 |
14,025 | It was developed to teach children computational reasoning and thinking, and extends the Logo language by enabling the existence of many, many turtles at the same time. NetLogo is widely used not only in the K–12 environment, but also by researchers interested in the concept of agent-based modeling AgentCubes is a bloc... | Constructionist learning | 0.815602 |
14,026 | When LEGO launched its LEGO Mindstorms Robotics Invention System in 1998, which was based on the work of his group, it received permission to use the moniker "Mindstorms" from Seymour's 1980 book title. In The LEGO Group's LEGO Serious Play project, business people learn to express corporate issues and identity through... | Constructionist learning | 0.815602 |
14,027 | Data transformation (statistics) Exploratory data analysis Model specification Scientific method | Statistical model selection | 0.815601 |
14,028 | Extended Fisher Information Criterion (EFIC) is a model selection criterion for linear regression models. Constrained Minimum Criterion (CMC) is a frequentist criterion for selecting regression models with a geometric underpinning.Among these criteria, cross-validation is typically the most accurate, and computationall... | Statistical model selection | 0.815601 |
14,029 | Relatedly, Cox (2006, p. 197) has said, "How translation from subject-matter problem to statistical model is done is often the most critical part of an analysis". Model selection may also refer to the problem of selecting a few representative models from a large set of computational models for the purpose of decision ... | Statistical model selection | 0.815601 |
14,030 | Molecularity in chemistry is the number of colliding molecular entities that are involved in a single reaction step. A reaction step involving one molecular entity is called unimolecular. A reaction step involving two molecular entities is called bimolecular. A reaction step involving three molecular entities is called... | Reaction mechanism | 0.815601 |
14,031 | Because it involves the collision of two NO2 molecules, it is a bimolecular reaction with a rate r {\displaystyle r} which obeys the rate law r = k 2 {\displaystyle r=k^{2}} . Other reactions may have mechanisms of several consecutive steps. In organic chemistry, the reaction mechanism for the benzoin condensation, pu... | Reaction mechanism | 0.815601 |
14,032 | Many experiments that suggest the possible sequence of steps in a reaction mechanism have been designed, including: measurement of the effect of temperature (Arrhenius equation) to determine the activation energy spectroscopic observation of reaction intermediates determination of the stereochemistry of products, for e... | Reaction mechanism | 0.815601 |
14,033 | (A simple example of this is the design of a simple single-wheel wheelbarrow. A design where the axle is fixed to the barrow arms and the wheel rotates around it is prone to wear which quickly causes wobble, whereas a rotating axle that is attached to the wheel and that rotates upon bearings in the arms does not start ... | Moving part | 0.815598 |
14,034 | The basic capabilities of Psi are concentrated around the following methods of quantum chemistry: Hartree–Fock method Density functional theory Møller–Plesset perturbation theory Coupled cluster CASSCF multireference configuration interaction methods symmetry-adapted perturbation theorySeveral methods are available for... | PSI (computational chemistry) | 0.815597 |
14,035 | Psi is an ab initio computational chemistry package originally written by the research group of Henry F. Schaefer, III (University of Georgia). Utilizing Psi, one can perform a calculation on a molecular system with various kinds of methods such as Hartree-Fock, Post-Hartree–Fock electron correlation methods, and densi... | PSI (computational chemistry) | 0.815597 |
14,036 | These publications remained the same: Série I (Sciences mathématiques) – mathematics Série III (Sciences de la Vie) – life sciences Vie des sciences – A renamed Vie académique (until 1996)The areas published in Série II were slowly split into other publications in ways that caused some confusion. In 1994, Série II, whi... | Comptes Rendus Biologies | 0.815594 |
14,037 | The areas were rearranged as follows: Série I - (Sciences Mathématiques) - mathematics Série II (Mécanique-physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre) - physics, chemistry, astronomy and geosciences Série III - (Sciences de la vie) - life sciences Vie académique – academy notices and miscellanea (the... | Comptes Rendus Biologies | 0.815594 |
14,038 | In physics, the thermal conductance quantum g 0 {\displaystyle g_{0}} describes the rate at which heat is transported through a single ballistic phonon channel with temperature T {\displaystyle T} . It is given by g 0 = π 2 k B 2 T 3 h ≈ ( 9.464 × 10 − 13 W / K 2 ) T {\displaystyle g_{0}={\frac {\pi ^{2}{k_{\rm {B}}}^{... | Thermal conductance quantum | 0.815592 |
14,039 | In mathematics, the probabilistic method is a nonconstructive method, primarily used in combinatorics and pioneered by Paul Erdős, for proving the existence of a prescribed kind of mathematical object. It works by showing that if one randomly chooses objects from a specified class, the probability that the result is of... | Probabilistic method | 0.81559 |
14,040 | A 1959 paper of Erdős (see reference cited below) addressed the following problem in graph theory: given positive integers g and k, does there exist a graph G containing only cycles of length at least g, such that the chromatic number of G is at least k? It can be shown that such a graph exists for any g and k, and the... | Probabilistic method | 0.81559 |
14,041 | In the mathematical field of graph theory the Hamiltonian path problem and the Hamiltonian cycle problem are problems of determining whether a Hamiltonian path (a path in an undirected or directed graph that visits each vertex exactly once) or a Hamiltonian cycle exists in a given graph (whether directed or undirected)... | Hamiltonian path problem | 0.81559 |
14,042 | In abstract algebra, a monoid ring is a ring constructed from a ring and a monoid, just as a group ring is constructed from a ring and a group. | Monoid ring | 0.815588 |
14,043 | Let R be a ring and let G be a monoid. The monoid ring or monoid algebra of G over R, denoted R or RG, is the set of formal sums ∑ g ∈ G r g g {\displaystyle \sum _{g\in G}r_{g}g} , where r g ∈ R {\displaystyle r_{g}\in R} for each g ∈ G {\displaystyle g\in G} and rg = 0 for all but finitely many g, equipped with coeff... | Monoid ring | 0.815588 |
14,044 | It is said that unification is decidable for a theory, if a unification algorithm has been devised for it that terminates for any input problem. It is said that unification is semi-decidable for a theory, if a unification algorithm has been devised for it that terminates for any solvable input problem, but may keep sea... | Robinson's unification algorithm | 0.815587 |
14,045 | The famous book Peopleware: Productive Projects and Teams by de Marco and Lister brought the importance of people-related factors to the attention of a broader audience. They collected in many software projects experiences with good and bad management practice that have an influence on the productivity of the team. The... | Programmer productivity | 0.815586 |
14,046 | Boehm was one of the first researchers that systematically approached the field of software productivity. His cost estimation model COCOMO - now COCOMO II - is standard software engineering knowledge. In this model, he defines a set of factors that influence productivity, such as the required reliability or the capabil... | Programmer productivity | 0.815586 |
14,047 | Several researchers proposed economic-driven or value-based software engineering as an important paradigm in future software engineering research. Boehm and Huang point out that is it not only important to track the costs in a software project but also the real earned value, i.e. the value for the customer. They explai... | Programmer productivity | 0.815586 |
14,048 | Productivity is an important topic investigated in disciplines as various as manufacturing, organizational psychology, industrial engineering, strategic management, finance, accounting, marketing and economics. Levels of analysis include the individual, the group, divisional, organizational and national levels. Due to ... | Programmer productivity | 0.815586 |
14,049 | Oligosaccharides have diverse structures. The number of monosaccharides, ring size, the different anomeric stereochemistry, and the existence of the branched-chain sugars all contribute to the amazing complexity of the oligosaccharide structures. The essence of the reducing oligosaccharide synthesis is connecting the a... | Carbohydrate synthesis | 0.815585 |
14,050 | The TD algorithm has also received attention in the field of neuroscience. Researchers discovered that the firing rate of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SNc) appear to mimic the error function in the algorithm. The error function reports back the difference between the estima... | Temporal Difference Learning | 0.815584 |
14,051 | Because of this, it is less affected by the curse of dimensionality than e.g. a p-dimensional smoother. Furthermore, the AM is more flexible than a standard linear model, while being more interpretable than a general regression surface at the cost of approximation errors. Problems with AM, like many other machine learn... | Additive model | 0.815578 |
14,052 | In statistics, an additive model (AM) is a nonparametric regression method. It was suggested by Jerome H. Friedman and Werner Stuetzle (1981) and is an essential part of the ACE algorithm. The AM uses a one-dimensional smoother to build a restricted class of nonparametric regression models. | Additive model | 0.815578 |
14,053 | In physics and astronomy, a frame of reference (or reference frame) is an abstract coordinate system whose origin, orientation, and scale are specified by a set of reference points―geometric points whose position is identified both mathematically (with numerical coordinate values) and physically (signaled by convention... | Observer's reference frame | 0.815577 |
14,054 | Knowing the base and the modulus of exponentiation facilitates further optimizations. Reversible circuits typically use on the order of n 3 {\displaystyle n^{3}} gates for n {\displaystyle n} qubits. Alternative techniques asymptotically improve gate counts by using quantum Fourier transforms, but are not competitive w... | Shor's Algorithm | 0.815576 |
14,055 | If a quantum computer with a sufficient number of qubits could operate without succumbing to quantum noise and other quantum-decoherence phenomena, then Shor's algorithm could be used to break public-key cryptography schemes, such as The RSA scheme The Finite Field Diffie-Hellman key exchange The Elliptic Curve Diffie-... | Shor's Algorithm | 0.815576 |
14,056 | Phase estimation requires choosing the size of the first register to determine the accuracy of the algorithm, and for the quantum subroutine of Shor's algorithm, 2 n + 1 {\displaystyle 2n+1} qubits is sufficient to guarantee that the optimal bitstring measured from phase estimation (meaning the | k ⟩ {\displaystyle |k\... | Shor's Algorithm | 0.815576 |
14,057 | Each year, since 2016, SGP also awards a prize for the best freely available dataset related to or useful for geometry processing. | Symposium on Geometry Processing | 0.815576 |
14,058 | Each year, since 2011, SGP also awards a prize for the best freely available software related to or useful for geometry processing. | Symposium on Geometry Processing | 0.815576 |
14,059 | As such, it draws on many disciplines spanning pure and applied mathematics, computer science, and engineering. The proceedings of SGP appear as a special issue of the Computer Graphics Forum, the International Journal of the Eurographics Association. Since 2011, SGP has held a two-day "graduate school" preceding the c... | Symposium on Geometry Processing | 0.815576 |
14,060 | Symposium on Geometry Processing (SGP) is an annual symposium hosted by the European Association For Computer Graphics (Eurographics). The goal of the symposium is to present and discuss new research ideas and results in geometry processing. The conference is geared toward the discussion of mathematical foundations and... | Symposium on Geometry Processing | 0.815576 |
14,061 | The other two basic elements are: a well-defined set of possible events (an event space), which is typically the power set of S {\displaystyle S} if S {\displaystyle S} is discrete or a σ-algebra on S {\displaystyle S} if it is continuous, and a probability assigned to each event (a probability measure function). A sam... | Sample space | 0.815575 |
14,062 | In probability theory, the sample space (also called sample description space, possibility space, or outcome space) of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes or results of that experiment. A sample space is usually denoted using set notation, and the possible ordered outcomes, or sample point... | Sample space | 0.815575 |
14,063 | In statistics, inferences are made about characteristics of a population by studying a sample of that population's individuals. In order to arrive at a sample that presents an unbiased estimate of the true characteristics of the population, statisticians often seek to study a simple random sample—that is, a sample in w... | Sample space | 0.815575 |
14,064 | Using the rock-paper-scissors example, one can construct a commutative non-associative algebra over a field K {\displaystyle K}: take A {\displaystyle A} to be the three-dimensional vector space over K {\displaystyle K} whose elements are written in the form ( x , y , z ) = x r + y p + z s , {\displaystyle (x,y,z)=xr+y... | Commutative non-associative magmas | 0.815573 |
14,065 | The "mean" operation x ⊕ y = ( x + y ) / 2 {\displaystyle x\oplus y=(x+y)/2} on the rational numbers (or any commutative number system closed under division) is also commutative but not in general associative, e.g. − 4 ⊕ ( 0 ⊕ + 4 ) = − 4 ⊕ + 2 = − 1 {\displaystyle -4\oplus (0\oplus +4)=-4\oplus +2=-1} but ( − 4 ⊕ 0 ) ... | Commutative non-associative magmas | 0.815573 |
14,066 | Living DNA, founded in 2015, uses SNP chips to provide reports on autosomal ancestry, Y, and mtDNA ancestry.By 2019, the combined total of customers at the four largest companies was 26 million. By August 2019, it was reported that about 30 million people had had their DNA tested for genealogical purposes.GEDmatch said... | Genetic Genealogy | 0.81557 |
14,067 | A famous study in 1998 examined the lineage of descendants of Thomas Jefferson's paternal line and male lineage descendants of the freed slave Sally Hemings.Bryan Sykes, a molecular biologist at Oxford University, tested the new methodology in general surname research. His study of the Sykes surname, published in 2000,... | Genetic Genealogy | 0.81557 |
14,068 | Genetic genealogy is the use of genealogical DNA tests, i.e., DNA profiling and DNA testing, in combination with traditional genealogical methods, to infer genetic relationships between individuals. This application of genetics came to be used by family historians in the 21st century, as DNA tests became affordable. Th... | Genetic Genealogy | 0.81557 |
14,069 | This makes RPA an excellent candidate for developing low-cost, rapid, point-of-care molecular tests. An international quality assessment of molecular detection of Rift Valley fever virus performed as well as the best RT-PCR tests, detecting less concentrated samples missed by some PCR tests and an RT-LAMP test. RPA was... | Recombinase Polymerase Amplification | 0.81557 |
14,070 | One also considers unit disks with respect to other metrics. For instance, with the taxicab metric and the Chebyshev metric disks look like squares (even though the underlying topologies are the same as the Euclidean one). The area of the Euclidean unit disk is π and its perimeter is 2π. In contrast, the perimeter (rel... | Open unit disc | 0.815568 |
14,071 | The language of mathematics or mathematical language is an extension of the natural language (for example English) that is used in mathematics and in science for expressing results (scientific laws, theorems, proofs, logical deductions, etc) with concision, precision and unambiguity. | Mathematics as a language | 0.815565 |
14,072 | Keith Devlin (2000) The Language of Mathematics: Making the Invisible Visible, Holt Publishing. Kay O'Halloran (2004) Mathematical Discourse: Language, Symbolism and Visual Images, Continuum. R. L. E. Schwarzenberger (2000), "The Language of Geometry", in A Mathematical Spectrum Miscellany, Applied Probability Trust. | Mathematics as a language | 0.815565 |
14,073 | PLINK is a free, commonly used, open-source whole-genome association analysis toolset designed by Shaun Purcell. The software is designed flexibly to perform a wide range of basic, large-scale genetic analyses. PLINK currently supports following functionalities: data management; basic statistics (FST, missing data, tes... | PLINK (genetic tool-set) | 0.815562 |
14,074 | Computational social choice is a field at the intersection of social choice theory, theoretical computer science, and the analysis of multi-agent systems. It consists of the analysis of problems arising from the aggregation of preferences of a group of agents from a computational perspective. In particular, computation... | Computational social choice | 0.815562 |
14,075 | By the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem, all non-trivial voting rules can be manipulated in the sense that voters can sometimes achieve a better outcome by misrepresenting their preferences, that is, they submit a non-truthful ballot to the voting system. Social choice theorists have long considered ways to circumvent thi... | Computational social choice | 0.815562 |
14,076 | Restricted preference domains, such as single-peaked or single-crossing preferences, are an important area of study in social choice theory, since preferences from these domains avoid the Condorcet paradox and thus can circumvent impossibility results like Arrow's theorem and the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem. From a c... | Computational social choice | 0.815562 |
14,077 | The institute was originally created to provide a framework for stable long-term funding for both the Swiss-Prot database and the Swiss EMBnet node. Swiss-Prot in particular went through a major funding crisis in 1996, which led the leaders of the five research groups active in bioinformatics in Geneva and Lausanne, Ro... | Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics | 0.815561 |
14,078 | The institute offers a wide range of resources for the life science research community, most being open and accessible through Expasy, the SIB bioinformatics resource portal. They include: | Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics | 0.815561 |
14,079 | The SIB is also involved in bringing bioinformatics to the layman. Understanding the growing importance this relatively recent science has in today’s society is becoming fundamental. Indeed, in not too distant a future, patients will be referring to results directly generated by bioinformatics methods. Since the year 2... | Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics | 0.815561 |
14,080 | The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is an academic not-for-profit foundation which federates bioinformatics activities throughout Switzerland. The institute was established on 30 March 1998 and its mission is to provide core bioinformatics resources to the national and international life science research communit... | Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics | 0.815561 |
14,081 | The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is a federation of research groups with affiliated bioinformaticians at 21 SIB partner institutions, including the Universities of Basel, Bern, Fribourg, Geneva, Lausanne, Lugano and Zurich, the Federal Institutes of Technology in Lausanne and Zurich, the Friedrich Miescher Ins... | Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics | 0.815561 |
14,082 | SIB manages several bioinformatics core facilities that provide informatics and statistical support, as well as services and advice to life scientists, thus enabling them to conduct their research projects and analyse the resulting data. Core facilities have been set up for genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics rese... | Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics | 0.815561 |
14,083 | SIB develops and maintains databases of international standing, including UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (curated protein sequence database providing a high level of annotation), neXtProt (human-centric protein knowledge platform), SWISS-MODEL Repository (three-dimensional protein structure models), STRING (protein interaction n... | Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics | 0.815561 |
14,084 | One of SIB’s priorities is to promote and coordinate education in bioinformatics. SIB members are directly, or indirectly, involved in a number of bioinformatics courses at all educational levels – from high school to undergraduate and graduate degrees – as well as in specialized training for life scientists. SIB also ... | Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics | 0.815561 |
14,085 | Stochastic differential equations and stochastic difference equations can be generalized to stochastic dynamic equations on time scales. | Time-scale calculus | 0.815561 |
14,086 | In mathematics, time-scale calculus is a unification of the theory of difference equations with that of differential equations, unifying integral and differential calculus with the calculus of finite differences, offering a formalism for studying hybrid systems. It has applications in any field that requires simultaneo... | Time-scale calculus | 0.81556 |
14,087 | The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the elder brother of the more famous Sir William Thomson.The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differ... | Digital computers | 0.815558 |
14,088 | Program design of small programs is relatively simple and involves the analysis of the problem, collection of inputs, using the programming constructs within languages, devising or using established procedures and algorithms, providing data for output devices and solutions to the problem as applicable. As problems beco... | Digital computers | 0.815558 |
14,089 | In radiobiology a broad or focused ion beam is used to study mechanisms of inter- and intra- cellular communication, signal transduction and DNA damage and repair. | Ion ray | 0.815558 |
14,090 | In the nonuniform random attribute noise model the algorithm is learning a Boolean function, a malicious oracle Oracle ( x , ν ) {\displaystyle {\text{Oracle}}(x,\nu )} may flip each i {\displaystyle i} -th bit of example x = ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle x=(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})} independently with proba... | Error tolerance (PAC learning) | 0.815539 |
14,091 | In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin. In theoretical studies, the assumption that a coin is fair is often made by ref... | Fair coin | 0.815538 |
14,092 | In probability theory, a fair coin is defined as a probability space ( Ω , F , P ) {\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},P)} , which is in turn defined by the sample space, event space, and probability measure. Using H {\displaystyle H} for heads and T {\displaystyle T} for tails, the sample space of a coin is defined... | Fair coin | 0.815538 |
14,093 | In this experiment the coin was tossed by balancing it on the forefinger, flipping it using the thumb so that it spun through the air for about a foot before landing on a flat cloth spread over a table. Edwin Thompson Jaynes claimed that when a coin is caught in the hand, instead of being allowed to bounce, the physica... | Fair coin | 0.815538 |
14,094 | Given a force field F(x), evaluation of the work integral using the gradient theorem can be used to find the scalar function associated with potential energy. This is done by introducing a parameterized curve γ(t) = r(t) from γ(a) = A to γ(b) = B, and computing, For the force field F, let v = dr/dt, then the gradient t... | Magnetic potential energy | 0.81553 |
14,095 | In practical terms, this means that one can set the zero of U {\displaystyle U} and ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } anywhere one likes. One may set it to be zero at the surface of the Earth, or may find it more convenient to set zero at infinity (as in the expressions given earlier in this section). A conservative force can be... | Magnetic potential energy | 0.81553 |
14,096 | In this section the relationship between work and potential energy is presented in more detail. The line integral that defines work along curve C takes a special form if the force F is related to a scalar field U′(x) so that This means that the units of U′ must be this case, work along the curve is given by which can b... | Magnetic potential energy | 0.81553 |
14,097 | A popular proposal that attempts to address this issue is to say that the fermion field has a negative zero-point energy, while the boson field has positive zero-point energy and thus these energies somehow cancel each other out. This idea would be true if supersymmetry were an exact symmetry of nature; however, the LH... | Zero-point energies | 0.81553 |
14,098 | However, this aether cannot be thought of as a physical medium if it is to be Lorentz invariant such that there is no contradiction with Einstein's theory of special relativity.The notion of a zero-point energy is also important for cosmology, and physics currently lacks a full theoretical model for understanding zero-... | Zero-point energies | 0.81553 |
14,099 | According to quantum field theory, the universe can be thought of not as isolated particles but continuous fluctuating fields: matter fields, whose quanta are fermions (i.e., leptons and quarks), and force fields, whose quanta are bosons (e.g., photons and gluons). All these fields have zero-point energy. These fluctua... | Zero-point energies | 0.81553 |
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