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14,500 | Geometry has local structure (or infinitesimal), while topology only has global structure. Alternatively, geometry has continuous moduli, while topology has discrete moduli. By examples, an example of geometry is Riemannian geometry, while an example of topology is homotopy theory. The study of metric spaces is geometr... | Geometry and topology | 0.815162 |
14,501 | Symplectic manifolds are a boundary case, and parts of their study are called symplectic topology and symplectic geometry. By Darboux's theorem, a symplectic manifold has no local structure, which suggests that their study be called topology. By contrast, the space of symplectic structures on a manifold form a continuo... | Geometry and topology | 0.815162 |
14,502 | It is distinct from "geometric topology", which more narrowly involves applications of topology to geometry. It includes: Differential geometry and topology Geometric topology (including low-dimensional topology and surgery theory)It does not include such parts of algebraic topology as homotopy theory, but some areas o... | Geometry and topology | 0.815162 |
14,503 | In mathematics, geometry and topology is an umbrella term for the historically distinct disciplines of geometry and topology, as general frameworks allow both disciplines to be manipulated uniformly, most visibly in local to global theorems in Riemannian geometry, and results like the Gauss–Bonnet theorem and Chern–Wei... | Geometry and topology | 0.815162 |
14,504 | Prokaryotes have diversified greatly throughout their long existence. The metabolism of prokaryotes is far more varied than that of eukaryotes, leading to many highly distinct prokaryotic types. For example, in addition to using photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy, as eukaryotes do, prokaryotes may obtain en... | Prokaryotic cell | 0.815162 |
14,505 | Horton, an 1895 electrical engineering graduate of the University of Michigan, was credited with the invention of the safety switch, which encased high voltage switches and started the company's main line of business of circuit breakers and encased control panels. Their first enclosed safety switch was introduced in 19... | Square D | 0.815161 |
14,506 | Other aspects of computer science, informatics, and statistics are also used in systems biology. These include new forms of computational models, such as the use of process calculi to model biological processes (notable approaches include stochastic π-calculus, BioAmbients, Beta Binders, BioPEPA, and Brane calculus) an... | Complex systems biology | 0.815158 |
14,507 | By 2011 the National Institutes of Health had made grant money available to support over ten systems biology centers in the United States, but by 2012 Hunter writes that systems biology still has someway to go to achieve its full potential. Nonetheless, proponents hoped that it might once prove more useful in the futur... | Complex systems biology | 0.815158 |
14,508 | Mesarovic predicted that perhaps in the future there would be such as thing as "systems biology". Other early precursors that focused on the view that biology should be analyzed as a system, rather than a simple collection of parts, were Metabolic Control Analysis, developed by Henrik Kacser and Jim Burns later thoroug... | Complex systems biology | 0.815158 |
14,509 | In 2006 the National Science Foundation put forward a challenge to build a mathematical model of the whole cell. In 2012 the first whole-cell model of Mycoplasma genitalium was achieved by the Karr Laboratory at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York. The whole-cell model is able to predict viability of M. geni... | Complex systems biology | 0.815158 |
14,510 | Systems biology was begun as a new field of science around 2000, when the Institute for Systems Biology was established in Seattle in an effort to lure "computational" type people who it was felt were not attracted to the academic settings of the university. The institute did not have a clear definition of what the fie... | Complex systems biology | 0.815158 |
14,511 | LVQ can be understood as a special case of an artificial neural network, more precisely, it applies a winner-take-all Hebbian learning-based approach. It is a precursor to self-organizing maps (SOM) and related to neural gas, and to the k-nearest neighbor algorithm (k-NN). LVQ was invented by Teuvo Kohonen.An LVQ syste... | Learning Vector Quantization | 0.815157 |
14,512 | In computer science, learning vector quantization (LVQ) is a prototype-based supervised classification algorithm. LVQ is the supervised counterpart of vector quantization systems. | Learning Vector Quantization | 0.815157 |
14,513 | For mixing applications, elliptic islands have to be avoided for two reasons: Fluid particles are unable to cross the boundaries of the islands (except by slow diffusion), resulting in segregation. Mixing inside these regions is not efficient because trajectories are closed and therefore not chaotic.Avoiding non-chaoti... | Chaotic mixing | 0.815152 |
14,514 | A fluid flow can be considered as a dynamical system, that is a set of ordinary differential equations that determines the evolution of a Lagrangian trajectory. These equations are called advection equations: d x → d t = v → ( x → , t ) {\displaystyle {\frac {d{\vec {x}}}{dt}}={\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)} where v → = ( u ... | Chaotic mixing | 0.815152 |
14,515 | Sequential spaces are those topological spaces for which nets of countable length (i.e., sequences) suffice to describe the topology. Any topology can be refined (that is, made finer) to a sequential topology, called the sequential coreflection of X . {\displaystyle X.} The related concepts of Fréchet–Urysohn spaces, T... | Sequential space | 0.815151 |
14,516 | Sequential spaces are precisely those topological spaces for which sequentially closed sets are in fact closed. (These definitions can also be rephrased in terms of sequentially open sets; see below.) Said differently, any topology can be described in terms of nets (also known as Moore–Smith sequences), but those seque... | Sequential space | 0.815151 |
14,517 | In topology and related fields of mathematics, a sequential space is a topological space whose topology can be completely characterized by its convergent/divergent sequences. They can be thought of as spaces that satisfy a very weak axiom of countability, and all first-countable spaces (especially metric spaces) are se... | Sequential space | 0.815151 |
14,518 | In mathematics, a spline is a special function defined piecewise by polynomials. In interpolating problems, spline interpolation is often preferred to polynomial interpolation because it yields similar results, even when using low degree polynomials, while avoiding Runge's phenomenon for higher degrees. In the computer... | Spline curve | 0.815151 |
14,519 | Science Robotics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The editor-in-chief is Holden Thorp of AAAS. Subjects covered are Artificial intelligence, Mathematics, Computer science, Mechanical Engineering, macro, micro and nano robots, advanced materials,... | Science Robotics | 0.815149 |
14,520 | In the early 1990s, Mike Jarman, Elaine Barrie, and Gerry Potter of the Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics in the Institute of Cancer Research in London set out to develop drug treatments for prostate cancer. With the nonsteroidal androgen synthesis inhibitor ketoconazole as a model, they developed abira... | Abiraterone acetate | 0.815148 |
14,521 | Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a generalization of Fisher's linear discriminant, a method used in statistics, pattern recognition and machine learning to find a linear combination of features that characterizes or separates two or more classes of objects or events. | Dimension reduction | 0.81514 |
14,522 | For high-dimensional datasets (i.e. with number of dimensions more than 10), dimension reduction is usually performed prior to applying a K-nearest neighbors algorithm (k-NN) in order to avoid the effects of the curse of dimensionality.Feature extraction and dimension reduction can be combined in one step using princip... | Dimension reduction | 0.81514 |
14,523 | A dimensionality reduction technique that is sometimes used in neuroscience is maximally informative dimensions, which finds a lower-dimensional representation of a dataset such that as much information as possible about the original data is preserved. | Dimension reduction | 0.81514 |
14,524 | The central idea of MVU is to exactly preserve all pairwise distances between nearest neighbors (in the inner product space), while maximizing the distances between points that are not nearest neighbors. An alternative approach to neighborhood preservation is through the minimization of a cost function that measures di... | Dimension reduction | 0.81514 |
14,525 | NMF decomposes a non-negative matrix to the product of two non-negative ones, which has been a promising tool in fields where only non-negative signals exist, such as astronomy. NMF is well known since the multiplicative update rule by Lee & Seung, which has been continuously developed: the inclusion of uncertainties, ... | Dimension reduction | 0.81514 |
14,526 | While much of data abstraction occurs through computer science and automation, there are times when this process is done manually and without programming intervention. One way this can be understood is through data abstraction within the process of conducting a systematic review of the literature. In this methodology, ... | Data abstraction | 0.815137 |
14,527 | In software engineering and computer science, abstraction is: The process of removing or generalizing physical, spatial, or temporal details or attributes in the study of objects or systems to focus attention on details of greater importance; it is similar in nature to the process of generalization; the creation of abs... | Data abstraction | 0.815137 |
14,528 | Typically, it is called calcul formel in French, which means "formal computation". This name reflects the ties this field has with formal methods. Symbolic computation has also been referred to, in the past, as symbolic manipulation, algebraic manipulation, symbolic processing, symbolic mathematics, or symbolic algebra... | Symbolic mathematics | 0.815135 |
14,529 | Some authors distinguish computer algebra from symbolic computation using the latter name to refer to kinds of symbolic computation other than the computation with mathematical formulas. Some authors use symbolic computation for the computer science aspect of the subject and "computer algebra" for the mathematical aspe... | Symbolic mathematics | 0.815135 |
14,530 | The randomization-based analysis has the disadvantage that its exposition involves tedious algebra and extensive time. Since the randomization-based analysis is complicated and is closely approximated by the approach using a normal linear model, most teachers emphasize the normal linear model approach. Few statistician... | Variance analysis | 0.81513 |
14,531 | Kempthorne uses the randomization-distribution and the assumption of unit treatment additivity to produce a derived linear model, very similar to the textbook model discussed previously. The test statistics of this derived linear model are closely approximated by the test statistics of an appropriate normal linear mode... | Variance analysis | 0.81513 |
14,532 | If the response variable is expected to follow a parametric family of probability distributions, then the statistician may specify (in the protocol for the experiment or observational study) that the responses be transformed to stabilize the variance. Also, a statistician may specify that logarithmic transforms be appl... | Variance analysis | 0.81513 |
14,533 | For example, the halogens lie in the second-to-last group (group 17) and share similar properties, such as high reactivity and the tendency to gain one electron to arrive at a noble-gas electronic configuration. As of 2022, a total of 118 elements have been discovered and confirmed. Modern quantum mechanics explains th... | Periodic table period | 0.815125 |
14,534 | If n {\displaystyle n} is a natural number and x {\displaystyle x} is an element of an abelian group G {\displaystyle G} written additively, then n x {\displaystyle nx} can be defined as x + x + ⋯ + x {\displaystyle x+x+\cdots +x} ( n {\displaystyle n} summands) and ( − n ) x = − ( n x ) {\displaystyle (-n)x=-(nx)} . I... | Fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups | 0.815124 |
14,535 | In mathematics, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. That is, the group operation is commutative. With addition as an operation, the integers and the real numbers fo... | Fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups | 0.815124 |
14,536 | : 49–50 Finite abelian groups and torsion groups have rank zero, and every abelian group of rank zero is a torsion group. The integers and the rational numbers have rank one, as well as every nonzero additive subgroup of the rationals. On the other hand, the multiplicative group of the nonzero rationals has an infinite... | Fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups | 0.815124 |
14,537 | A typical example is the classification of finitely generated abelian groups which is a specialization of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain. In the case of finitely generated abelian groups, this theorem guarantees that an abelian group splits as a direct sum of a torsio... | Fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups | 0.815124 |
14,538 | One can apply the fundamental theorem to count (and sometimes determine) the automorphisms of a given finite abelian group G {\displaystyle G} . To do this, one uses the fact that if G {\displaystyle G} splits as a direct sum H ⊕ K {\displaystyle H\oplus K} of subgroups of coprime order, then Aut ( H ⊕ K ) ≅ Aut ( ... | Fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups | 0.815124 |
14,539 | In mathematical logic, a proof calculus or a proof system is built to prove statements. | Proof system | 0.815119 |
14,540 | For example, a paradigmatic case is the sequent calculus, which can be used to express the consequence relations of both intuitionistic logic and relevance logic. Thus, loosely speaking, a proof calculus is a template or design pattern, characterized by a certain style of formal inference, that may be specialized to pr... | Proof system | 0.815118 |
14,541 | A proof system includes the components: Language: The set L of formulas admitted by the system, for example, propositional logic or first-order logic. Rules of inference: List of rules that can be employed to prove theorems from axioms and theorems. Axioms: Formulas in L assumed to be valid. All theorems are derived fr... | Proof system | 0.815118 |
14,542 | In Riemannian geometry, it is a traditional name for a number of theorems that compare various metrics and provide various estimates in Riemannian geometry. Rauch comparison theorem relates the sectional curvature of a Riemannian manifold to the rate at which its geodesics spread apart. Toponogov's theorem Myers's theo... | Comparison theorem | 0.815107 |
14,543 | Limit comparison theorem, about convergence of series Comparison theorem for integrals, about convergence of integrals Zeeman's comparison theorem, a technical tool from the theory of spectral sequences == References == | Comparison theorem | 0.815107 |
14,544 | In the theory of differential equations, comparison theorems assert particular properties of solutions of a differential equation (or of a system thereof), provided that an auxiliary equation/inequality (or a system thereof) possesses a certain property. Chaplygin inequality Grönwall's inequality, and its various gener... | Comparison theorem | 0.815107 |
14,545 | In mathematics, comparison theorems are theorems whose statement involves comparisons between various mathematical objects of the same type, and often occur in fields such as calculus, differential equations and Riemannian geometry. | Comparison theorem | 0.815107 |
14,546 | Mathematical logic emerged in the mid-19th century as a subfield of mathematics, reflecting the confluence of two traditions: formal philosophical logic and mathematics. "Mathematical logic, also called 'logistic', 'symbolic logic', the 'algebra of logic', and, more recently, simply 'formal logic', is the set of logica... | Formal Logic | 0.815107 |
14,547 | Gödel's incompleteness theorem marks not only a milestone in recursion theory and proof theory, but has also led to Löb's theorem in modal logic. The method of forcing is employed in set theory, model theory, and recursion theory, as well as in the study of intuitionistic mathematics. The mathematical field of category... | Formal Logic | 0.815107 |
14,548 | Proof theory is the study of formal proofs in various logical deduction systems. These proofs are represented as formal mathematical objects, facilitating their analysis by mathematical techniques. Several deduction systems are commonly considered, including Hilbert-style deduction systems, systems of natural deduction... | Formal Logic | 0.815107 |
14,549 | Network Chemistry was a Wi-Fi security startup based in Redwood City, California. The firm was founded in 2002 by several co-founders including Gary Ramah, Rob Markovich and Dr. Christopher Waters and is backed by venture capital firms such as San Francisco-based Geneva Venture Partners, Innovacom and In-Q-Tel, the inv... | Network Chemistry | 0.815107 |
14,550 | SU ( 2 ) ≅ Spin ( 3 ) {\displaystyle {\text{SU}}(2)\cong {\text{Spin}}(3)}: Part of the gauge group of the Standard model. Irreps are indexed by non-negative integers in n ∈ N ≥ 0 {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} _{\geq 0}} , with n {\displaystyle n} describing the dimension of the representation, or, with appropriate n... | Multiplet | 0.815107 |
14,551 | For applications to theoretical physics, we can restrict our attention to the representation theory of a handful of physically important groups. Many of these have well understood representation theory: U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\text{U}}(1)}: Part of the gauge group of the Standard model, and the gauge group for theorie... | Multiplet | 0.815107 |
14,552 | The best known example is a spin multiplet, which describes symmetries of a group representation of an SU(2) subgroup of the Lorentz algebra, which is used to define spin quantization. A spin singlet is a trivial representation, a spin doublet is a fundamental representation and a spin triplet is in the vector represen... | Multiplet | 0.815107 |
14,553 | In physics sometimes the vector space is referred to as the representation, for example in the sentence 'we model the particle as transforming in the singlet representation', or even to refer to a quantum field which takes values in such a representation, and the physical particles which are modelled by such a quantum ... | Multiplet | 0.815107 |
14,554 | ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is an Lie algebra homomorphism g → End ( V ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}\rightarrow {\text{End}}(V)} . This is a linear map which preserves the Lie bracket: for X 1 , X 2 ∈ g , {\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2}\in {\mathfrak {g}},} we have ρ ( ) = {\displaystyle \rho ()=} .The symbol ρ {\displayst... | Multiplet | 0.815107 |
14,555 | This map must preserve the group structure: for g 1 , g 2 ∈ G , {\displaystyle g_{1},g_{2}\in G,} we have ρ ( g 1 ⋅ g 2 ) = ρ ( g 1 ) ρ ( g 2 ) {\displaystyle \rho (g_{1}\cdot g_{2})=\rho (g_{1})\rho (g_{2})} .At the algebra level, this is a triplet ( V , g , ρ ) {\displaystyle (V,{\mathfrak {g}},\rho )} , where V {\di... | Multiplet | 0.815107 |
14,556 | Mathematically, multiplets are described via representations of a Lie group or its corresponding Lie algebra, and is usually used to refer to irreducible representations (irreps, for short). At the group level, this is a triplet ( V , G , ρ ) {\displaystyle (V,G,\rho )} where V {\displaystyle V} is a vector space over ... | Multiplet | 0.815107 |
14,557 | In quantum physics, the mathematical notion is usually applied to representations of the gauge group. For example, an SU ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {\text{SU}}(2)} gauge theory will have multiplets which are fields whose representation of SU ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {\text{SU}}(2)} is determined by the single half-integer number... | Multiplet | 0.815107 |
14,558 | In physics and particularly in particle physics, a multiplet is the state space for 'internal' degrees of freedom of a particle, that is, degrees of freedom associated to a particle itself, as opposed to 'external' degrees of freedom such as the particle's position in space. Examples of such degrees of freedom are the ... | Multiplet | 0.815107 |
14,559 | In natural language processing, semantic role labeling (also called shallow semantic parsing or slot-filling) is the process that assigns labels to words or phrases in a sentence that indicates their semantic role in the sentence, such as that of an agent, goal, or result. It serves to find the meaning of the sentence.... | Semantic role labelling | 0.815106 |
14,560 | A link-state routing algorithm optimized for mobile ad hoc networks is the optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). OLSR is proactive; it uses Hello and Topology Control (TC) messages to discover and disseminate link-state information through the mobile ad hoc network. Using Hello messages, each node discovers 2-h... | Routing algorithm | 0.815101 |
14,561 | One can prove that the diagram in the definition commutes using mathematical induction. In the category of types of Martin-Löf type theory (with types as objects and functions as arrows), the standard natural numbers type nat is an NNO. One can use the recursor for nat to show that the appropriate diagram commutes. Ass... | Natural number object | 0.815098 |
14,562 | NNOs in cartesian closed categories (CCCs) or topoi are sometimes defined in the following equivalent way (due to Lawvere): for every pair of arrows g: A → B and f: B → B, there is a unique h: N × A → B such that the squares in the following diagram commute. This same construction defines weak NNOs in cartesian categor... | Natural number object | 0.815098 |
14,563 | He also asserted that no computer program could defeat even a 10-year-old child at chess. Dreyfus accepted the challenge. Herbert A. Simon, an artificial intelligence pioneer, watched the game. | Human–computer chess matches | 0.815089 |
14,564 | In the final game, in an attempt to draw the match, Kramnik played the more aggressive Sicilian Defence and was crushed, losing the match 4–2. There was speculation that interest in human–computer chess competition would plummet as a result of the 2006 Kramnik–Deep Fritz match. According to McGill University computer s... | Human–computer chess matches | 0.815089 |
14,565 | However, unlike other more successful applications of the big science model of scientific research, the IBP lacked a clear, socially and scientifically pressing goal. Many biologists, particularly molecular biologists and evolutionary ecologists, were sharply critical of the IBP, which they viewed as throwing money at ... | International Biological Program | 0.815088 |
14,566 | The International Biological Program (IBP) was an effort between 1964 and 1974 to coordinate large-scale ecological and environmental studies. Organized in the wake of the successful International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-1958, the International Biological Program was an attempt to apply the methods of big scienc... | International Biological Program | 0.815088 |
14,567 | A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in applied mathematics and in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, chemist... | Modelled mathematically | 0.815086 |
14,568 | Q ⊆ R ⊆ C is a finite tower with rational, real and complex numbers. The sequence obtained by letting F0 be the rational numbers Q, and letting F n + 1 = F n ( 2 1 / 2 n ) {\displaystyle F_{n+1}=F_{n}\!\left(2^{1/2^{n}}\right)} (i.e. Fn+1 is obtained from Fn by adjoining a 2n th root of 2) is an infinite tower.If p is ... | Infinite tower of fields | 0.815085 |
14,569 | Since 1999 numerous scientific groups have performed fractal analysis on over 50 paintings created by Jackson Pollock by pouring paint directly onto horizontal canvasses.Recently, fractal analysis has been used to achieve a 93% success rate in distinguishing real from imitation Pollocks. Cognitive neuroscientists have ... | Fractal geometry | 0.815081 |
14,570 | A consequence of this structure is fractals may have emergent properties (related to the next criterion in this list). Irregularity locally and globally that cannot easily be described in the language of traditional Euclidean geometry other than as the limit of a recursively defined sequence of stages. For images of fr... | Fractal geometry | 0.815081 |
14,571 | In mathematics, a fractal is a geometric shape containing detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales, usually having a fractal dimension strictly exceeding the topological dimension. Many fractals appear similar at various scales, as illustrated in successive magnifications of the Mandelbrot set. This exhibition of... | Fractal geometry | 0.815081 |
14,572 | In particular, if the winning-sets are all of size k (i.e., the game-hypergraph is k-uniform), then the Erdős-Selfridge theorem implies that Breaker wins whenever | F | < 2 k − 1 {\displaystyle |{\mathcal {F}}|<2^{k-1}} , i.e., the number of winning-sets is less than 2 k − 1 {\displaystyle 2^{k-1}} .The number 2 k − 1 ... | Maker-Breaker game | 0.81508 |
14,573 | Therefore, it is sufficient that, at the game start, the potential is less than 1/2. To summarize, the Erdős-Selfridge theorem says that: If ∑ E ∈ F 2 − | E | < 1 / 2 {\displaystyle \sum _{E\in {\mathcal {F}}}2^{-|E|}<1/2} , then F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} is Breaker's win. The theorem gives a very easy-to-check ... | Maker-Breaker game | 0.81508 |
14,574 | In theoretical network science, the Turing switch is a logical construction modeling the operation of the network switch, just as in theoretical computer science a Turing machine models the operation of a computer. Both are named in honor of the English logician Alan Turing, although the research in Turing switches is ... | Turing switch | 0.81508 |
14,575 | LCD devices work as an optical switch which is turned off and on by an electric field applied to the mesogen with director. The response of the director to the field is expressed with viscosity parameters, as in the Ericksen-Leslie theory in continuum mechanics developed by Jerald Ericksen and Frank Matthews Leslie. LC... | Mesophase | 0.815079 |
14,576 | The term liquid crystal persists as a colloquialism, but use of the term was criticized in 1993: In The Physics of Liquid Crystals the mesophases are introduced from the beginning: ...certain organic materials do not show a single transition from solid to liquid, but rather a cascade of transitions involving new phases... | Mesophase | 0.815079 |
14,577 | In chemistry and chemical physics, a mesophase is a state of matter intermediate between solid and liquid. Gelatin is a common example of a partially ordered structure in a mesophase. Further, biological structures such as the lipid bilayers of cell membranes are examples of mesophases. Georges Friedel (1922) called at... | Mesophase | 0.815079 |
14,578 | Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar (1992) Liquid Crystals, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-41747-3 . David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011) Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-954940-5 . J. Prost & C.E. Williams (1999) "Liquid Crystals: Betwee... | Mesophase | 0.815079 |
14,579 | Machinability can be difficult to predict due to the large number of variables involved in the machining process. Two sets of factors are the condition of work materials and the physical properties of work materials. The condition of the work material includes at least eight factors: microstructure, grain size, heat tr... | Machinability rating | 0.815076 |
14,580 | Machinability can be based on the measure of how long a tool lasts. This can be useful when comparing materials that have similar properties and power consumptions, but one is more abrasive and thus decreases the tool life. The major downfall with this approach is that tool life is dependent on more than just the mater... | Machinability rating | 0.815076 |
14,581 | In this language, the near field refers to EM fields near the charges and current that directly produced them, specifically electromagnetic induction and electrostatic induction phenomena. In quantum mechanics, an alternate way of viewing EMR is that it consists of photons, uncharged elementary particles with zero rest... | Radiation emission | 0.815072 |
14,582 | In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy. Types of EMR include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, all of which are part of the... | Radiation emission | 0.815072 |
14,583 | In statistics, kernel regression is a non-parametric technique to estimate the conditional expectation of a random variable. The objective is to find a non-linear relation between a pair of random variables X and Y. In any nonparametric regression, the conditional expectation of a variable Y {\displaystyle Y} relative ... | Kernel regression | 0.815068 |
14,584 | Relative velocity is a measurement of velocity between two objects as determined in a single coordinate system. Relative velocity is fundamental in both classical and modern physics, since many systems in physics deal with the relative motion of two or more particles. In Newtonian mechanics, the relative velocity is in... | Linear velocity | 0.815062 |
14,585 | Rumble, John R., ed. (2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-1385-6163-2. | Magnesium | 0.815059 |
14,586 | In the field of cellular biology, single-cell analysis is the study of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and cell–cell interactions at the single cell level. The concept of single-cell analysis originated in the 1970s. Before the discovery of heterogeneity, single-cell analysis mainly referred to the ... | Single-Cell Analysis | 0.815058 |
14,587 | In mass spectroscopy based proteomics there are three major steps needed for peptide identification: sample preparation, separation of peptides, and identification of peptides. Several groups have focused on oocytes or very early cleavage-stage cells since these cells are unusually large and provide enough material for... | Single-Cell Analysis | 0.815058 |
14,588 | In cognitive science, the generation of confabulatory patterns is symptomatic of some forms of brain trauma. In this, confabulations relate to pathologically induced neural activation patterns depart from direct experience and learned relationships. In computational modeling of such damage, related brain pathologies su... | Confabulation (neural networks) | 0.815058 |
14,589 | Compound, confabulatory systems of this kind have been used as sensemaking systems for military intelligence and planning, self-organizing control systems for robots and space vehicles, and entertainment. The concept of such opportunistic confabulation grew out of experiments with artificial neural networks that simula... | Confabulation (neural networks) | 0.815058 |
14,590 | Confabulation is central to a theory of cognition and consciousness by S. L. Thaler in which thoughts and ideas originate in both biological and synthetic neural networks as false or degraded memories nucleate upon various forms of neuronal and synaptic fluctuations and damage. Such novel patterns of neural activation ... | Confabulation (neural networks) | 0.815058 |
14,591 | A confabulation, also known as a false, degraded, or corrupted memory, is a stable pattern of activation in an artificial neural network or neural assembly that does not correspond to any previously learned patterns. The same term is also applied to the (nonartificial) neural mistake-making process leading to a false m... | Confabulation (neural networks) | 0.815058 |
14,592 | The Underground Area 6 (UA6), also referred to as PHOTONS, experiment was a high-energy physics experiment at the Proton-Antiproton Collider (SppS), a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), at CERN. The experiment ran from 1984 to 1990, with the purpose of studying inclusive electromagnetic final states an... | UA6 experiment | 0.815055 |
14,593 | Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples by a method called sequencing. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics, community genomics or microbiomics. While traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing and ge... | Human metagenome | 0.815053 |
14,594 | Metagenomics has the potential to advance knowledge in a wide variety of fields. It can also be applied to solve practical challenges in medicine, engineering, agriculture, sustainability and ecology. | Human metagenome | 0.815053 |
14,595 | Metagenomics has been an invaluable tool to help characterise the diversity and ecology of pathogens that are vectored by hematophagous (blood-feeding) insects such as mosquitoes and ticks. Metagenomics is routinely used by public health officials and organisations for the surveillance of arboviruses. | Human metagenome | 0.815053 |
14,596 | Differentiating between infectious and non-infectious illness, and identifying the underlying etiology of infection, can be challenging. For example, more than half of cases of encephalitis remain undiagnosed, despite extensive testing using state-of-the-art clinical laboratory methods. Clinical metagenomic sequencing ... | Human metagenome | 0.815053 |
14,597 | Advances in bioinformatics, refinements of DNA amplification, and the proliferation of computational power have greatly aided the analysis of DNA sequences recovered from environmental samples, allowing the adaptation of shotgun sequencing to metagenomic samples (known also as whole metagenome shotgun or WMGS sequencin... | Human metagenome | 0.815053 |
14,598 | Metagenomics can provide valuable insights into the functional ecology of environmental communities. Metagenomic analysis of the bacterial consortia found in the defecations of Australian sea lions suggests that nutrient-rich sea lion faeces may be an important nutrient source for coastal ecosystems. This is because th... | Human metagenome | 0.815053 |
14,599 | Metagenomic sequencing is particularly useful in the study of viral communities. As viruses lack a shared universal phylogenetic marker (as 16S RNA for bacteria and archaea, and 18S RNA for eukarya), the only way to access the genetic diversity of the viral community from an environmental sample is through metagenomics... | Human metagenome | 0.815053 |
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