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15,000 | Nearly every theorem of ordinary mathematics that has been reverse mathematically analyzed has been proven equivalent to one of these five systems. Much recent research has focused on combinatorial principles that do not fit neatly into this framework, like RT22 (Ramsey's theorem for pairs). Research in reverse mathema... | Proof theory | 0.814718 |
15,001 | For each theorem that can be stated in the base system but is not provable in the base system, the goal is to determine the particular axiom system (stronger than the base system) that is necessary to prove that theorem. To show that a system S is required to prove a theorem T, two proofs are required. The first proof ... | Proof theory | 0.814718 |
15,002 | Reverse mathematics is a program in mathematical logic that seeks to determine which axioms are required to prove theorems of mathematics. The field was founded by Harvey Friedman. Its defining method can be described as "going backwards from the theorems to the axioms", in contrast to the ordinary mathematical practic... | Proof theory | 0.814718 |
15,003 | Leroy Hood co-founded the Institute with Alan Aderem and Ruedi Aebersold in 2000.However, the story of how ISB got started actually begins in 1990. Lee Hood was the director of a large molecular biotechnology lab at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and was a key advisor in the Human Genome Project, h... | Institute for Systems Biology | 0.81471 |
15,004 | ISB offers paid research internships for high school and undergraduate students, and offers advanced systems science courses throughout the year. ISB partnered in several high-profile research projects, the most significant one thus far being with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg to create the Center for Systems Biology L... | Institute for Systems Biology | 0.81471 |
15,005 | ISB is in the top ranks of scientific institutions worldwide. In 2012, the SCImago Research Group, based in Spain, ranked ISB 4th worldwide on its Excellence Rate scale.ISB currently hosts 12 research groups with expertise ranging across genetics, microbial genetics, complex molecular machines, macromolecular complexes... | Institute for Systems Biology | 0.81471 |
15,006 | Systems biology is the study of biological systems in a holistic manner by integrating data at all levels of the biological information hierarchy, from global down to the individual organism, and below down to the molecular level. The vision of ISB is to integrate these concepts using a cross-disciplinary approach comb... | Institute for Systems Biology | 0.81471 |
15,007 | Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) is a non-profit research institution located in Seattle, Washington, United States. ISB concentrates on systems biology, the study of relationships and interactions between various parts of biological systems, and advocates an interdisciplinary approach to biological research. | Institute for Systems Biology | 0.81471 |
15,008 | In software engineering, programming in the large and programming in the small refer to two different aspects of writing software, namely, designing a larger system as a composition of smaller parts, and creating those smaller parts by writing lines of code in a programming language, respectively. The terms were coined... | Programming in the large and programming in the small | 0.814702 |
15,009 | In software development, programming in the small describes the activity of writing a small program. Small programs are typified by being small in terms of their source code size, are easy to specify, quick to code and typically perform one task or a few very closely related tasks very well. Programming in the small ca... | Programming in the large and programming in the small | 0.814702 |
15,010 | 2(2). In computer science terms, programming in the large can refer to programming code that represents the high-level state transition logic of a system. This logic encodes information such as when to wait for messages, when to send messages, when to compensate for failed non-ACID transactions, etc. A language that wa... | Programming in the large and programming in the small | 0.814702 |
15,011 | Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) involves fluorescent labeling of probes that bind to specific DNA sequences, used for identifying aneuploidy, genomic deletions or duplications, characterizing chromosomal translocations and determining the origin of ring chromosomes. Chromosome painting is a technique that use... | Genetic medicine | 0.814699 |
15,012 | Chromosome studies are used in the general genetics clinic to determine a cause for developmental delay or intellectual disability, birth defects, dysmorphic features, or autism. Chromosome analysis is also performed in the prenatal setting to determine whether a fetus is affected with aneuploidy or other chromosome re... | Genetic medicine | 0.814699 |
15,013 | or D.O. degree (or their equivalent) and have completed a minimum of 12 months of training in an ACGME-accredited residency program in internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, or other medical specialty.In Australia and New Zealand, clinical genetics is a three-year advanced training program for those ... | Genetic medicine | 0.814699 |
15,014 | In the United States, physicians who practice clinical genetics are accredited by the American Board of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ABMGG). In order to become a board-certified practitioner of Clinical Genetics, a physician must complete a minimum of 24 months of training in a program accredited by the ABMGG. Indivi... | Genetic medicine | 0.814699 |
15,015 | Since paths are directed, symmetry can not be guaranteed, and if cycles exist the distance matrix may not be hollow. An algebraic formulation of the above can be obtained by using the min-plus algebra. Matrix multiplication in this system is defined as follows: Given two n × n matrices A = (aij) and B = (bij), their di... | Distance matrix | 0.814697 |
15,016 | A distance matrix is utilized in the k-NN algorithm which is one of the slowest but simplest and most used instance-based machine learning algorithms that can be used both in classification and regression tasks. It is one of the slowest machine learning algorithms since each test sample's predicted result requires a fu... | Distance matrix | 0.814697 |
15,017 | A distance matrix can be used in neural networks for 2D to 3D regression in image predicting machine learning models. | Distance matrix | 0.814697 |
15,018 | While the graph-theoretical distance matrix 2-D captures the constitutional features of the molecule, its three-dimensional (3D) character is encoded in the geometric-distance matrix. The geometric-distance matrix is a different type of distance matrix that is based on the graph-theoretical distance matrix of a molecul... | Distance matrix | 0.814697 |
15,019 | The distance matrix is widely used in the bioinformatics field, and it is present in several methods, algorithms and programs. Distance matrices are used to represent protein structures in a coordinate-independent manner, as well as the pairwise distances between two sequences in sequence space. They are used in struct... | Distance matrix | 0.814697 |
15,020 | The distance matrix is a mathematical object widely used in both graphical-theoretical (topological) and geometric (topographic) versions of chemistry. The distance matrix is used in chemistry in both explicit and implicit forms. | Distance matrix | 0.814697 |
15,021 | Neighbor is a bottom-up clustering method. It takes a distance matrix specifying the distance between each pair of sequences. The algorithm starts with a completely unresolved tree, whose topology corresponds to that of a star network, and iterates over the following steps until the tree is completely resolved and all ... | Distance matrix | 0.814697 |
15,022 | The value of a distance matrix formalism in many applications is in how the distance matrix can manifestly encode the metric axioms and in how it lends itself to the use of linear algebra techniques. That is, if M = (xij) with 1 ≤ i, j ≤ N is a distance matrix for a metric distance, then the entries on the main diagona... | Distance matrix | 0.814696 |
15,023 | Distance metrics are a key part of several machine learning algorithms, which are used in both supervised and unsupervised learning. They are generally used to calculate the similarity between data points: this is where the distance matrix is an essential element. The use of an effective distance matrix improves the pe... | Distance matrix | 0.814696 |
15,024 | The labeled tree structure of hexane (C6H14) carbon skeleton that is created based on the distance matrix in the example, has different carbon skeleton variants that affect both the distance matrix and the labeled tree Creating a labeled graph with edge weights, used in chemical graph theory, that represent molecules w... | Distance matrix | 0.814696 |
15,025 | Distance matrix in chemistry that are used for the 2-D realization of molecular graphs, which are used to illustrate the main foundational features of a molecule in a myriad of applications. Creating a label tree that represents the carbon skeleton of a molecule based on its distance matrix. The distance matrix is impe... | Distance matrix | 0.814696 |
15,026 | An additive distance matrix is a special type of matrix used in bioinformatics to build a phylogenetic tree. Let x be the lowest common ancestor between two species i and j, we expect Mij = Mix + Mxj. This is where the additive metric comes from. A distance matrix M for a set of species S is said to be additive if and ... | Distance matrix | 0.814696 |
15,027 | In mathematics, computer science and especially graph theory, a distance matrix is a square matrix (two-dimensional array) containing the distances, taken pairwise, between the elements of a set. Depending upon the application involved, the distance being used to define this matrix may or may not be a metric. If there ... | Distance matrix | 0.814696 |
15,028 | Thus, the relaxation rate as a function of the magnetic field strength is a fingerprint of the microscopic dynamics. Key Materials science properties are often described in different fields using the terms mobility / dynamics / stiffness / viscosity / rigidity of the sample. These properties are usually dependent on at... | Relaxometry | 0.814693 |
15,029 | Simplified models of friction applied to fully rigid bodies are extremely useful for a basic understanding of physical principles, or when modelling systems for applications such as animation, robotics and bio-mechanics. However, they are only an approximation to a full elastic model requiring complex systems of partia... | Painlevé paradox | 0.814693 |
15,030 | In mice which are deficient for either agrin or MuSK, the neuromuscular junction does not form. Further, mice deficient in Dok-7 did not form either acetylcholine receptor clusters or neuromuscular synapses.The development of neuromuscular junctions is mostly studied in model organisms, such as rodents. In addition, in... | Motor end plate | 0.814692 |
15,031 | Bivectors play many important roles in physics, for example, in the classification of electromagnetic fields. | Multivector | 0.814691 |
15,032 | A bivector is an element of the antisymmetric tensor product of a tangent space with itself. In geometric algebra, also, a bivector is a grade 2 element (a 2-vector) resulting from the wedge product of two vectors, and so it is geometrically an oriented area, in the same way a vector is an oriented line segment. If a a... | Multivector | 0.814691 |
15,033 | {\displaystyle \lambda :x(p_{2}-q_{2})+y(p_{1}-q_{1})+(p_{1}q_{2}-q_{1}p_{2})=0.} This equation is satisfied by points x = αp + βq for real values of α and β. The three components of p ∧ q that define the line λ are called the Grassmann coordinates of the line. Because three homogeneous coordinates define both a point ... | Multivector | 0.814691 |
15,034 | In multilinear algebra, a multivector, sometimes called Clifford number, is an element of the exterior algebra Λ(V) of a vector space V. This algebra is graded, associative and alternating, and consists of linear combinations of simple k-vectors (also known as decomposable k-vectors or k-blades) of the form v 1 ∧ ⋯ ∧ v... | Multivector | 0.814691 |
15,035 | {\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{i}\mathbf {e} _{i}=1,\quad i=1,\ldots ,n.} The set of multivectors constructed using Clifford's product yields an associative algebra known as a Clifford algebra. Inner products with different properties can be used to construct different Clifford algebras. | Multivector | 0.814691 |
15,036 | Because four homogeneous coordinates define both a point and a plane in projective space, the geometry of points is dual to the geometry of planes. A line as the join of two points: In projective space the line λ through two points p and q can be viewed as the intersection of the affine space H: w = 1 with the plane x ... | Multivector | 0.814691 |
15,037 | If a given element is homogeneous of a grade k, then it is a k-vector, but not necessarily a k-blade. Such an element is a k-blade when it can be expressed as the exterior product of k vectors. A geometric algebra generated by a 4-dimensional vector space illustrates the point with an example: The sum of any two blades... | Multivector | 0.814691 |
15,038 | The term k-blade was used in Clifford Algebra to Geometric Calculus (1984)Multivectors play a central role in the mathematical formulation of physics known as geometric algebra. According to David Hestenes, k-vectors are sometimes called k-blades or, merely blades, to emphasize the fact that, in contrast to 0-vectors ... | Multivector | 0.814691 |
15,039 | The exterior product (also called the wedge product) used to construct multivectors is multilinear (linear in each input), associative and alternating. This means for vectors u, v and w in a vector space V and for scalars α, β, the exterior product has the properties: Linear in an input: u ∧ ( α v + β w ) = α u ∧ v + β... | Multivector | 0.814691 |
15,040 | 0-vectors are scalars; 1-vectors are vectors; 2-vectors are bivectors; (n − 1)-vectors are pseudovectors; n-vectors are pseudoscalars.In the presence of a volume form (such as given an inner product and an orientation), pseudovectors and pseudoscalars can be identified with vectors and scalars, which is routine in vect... | Multivector | 0.814691 |
15,041 | In organic chemistry, in addition to oxidation, reduction or acid-base reactions, a number of other reactions can take place which involves covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms (such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, etc.). Many specific reactions in organic chemistry are name reactions designated... | Chemical Reaction | 0.814689 |
15,042 | Let (M, d) be a metric space, and let B(M) be the Borel σ-algebra on M, the σ-algebra generated by the d-open subsets of M. (For technical reasons, it is also convenient to assume that M is a separable space with respect to the metric d.) Let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. The p-th central moment of a measure μ on the measurable space (M,... | Statistical moment | 0.814687 |
15,043 | In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods comprise a class of algorithms for sampling from a probability distribution. By constructing a Markov chain that has the desired distribution as its equilibrium distribution, one can obtain a sample of the desired distribution by recording states from the chain. Th... | Markov Chain Monte Carlo | 0.814686 |
15,044 | Suppose a one-relator group G given by presentation (2) where r = s m {\displaystyle r=s^{m}} where m ≥ 2 {\displaystyle m\geq 2} and where 1 ≠ s ∈ F ( X ) {\displaystyle 1\neq s\in F(X)} is not a proper power (and thus s is also freely and cyclically reduced). Then the following hold: The element s has order m in G, a... | One-relator group | 0.814686 |
15,045 | Then H − = ⟨ Y − ⟩ {\displaystyle H_{-}=\langle Y_{-}\rangle } and H + = ⟨ Y + ⟩ {\displaystyle H_{+}=\langle Y_{+}\rangle } are free Magnus subgroups of L and t − 1 H − t = H + {\displaystyle t^{-1}H_{-}t=H_{+}} . Moldavansky observed that in this situation G = ⟨ L , t ∣ t − 1 H − t = H + ⟩ {\displaystyle G=\langle L,... | One-relator group | 0.814686 |
15,046 | Let G be a one-relator group given by presentation (1) above. Recall that r is a freely and cyclically reduced word in F(X). Let y ∈ X {\displaystyle y\in X} be a letter such that y {\displaystyle y} or y − 1 {\displaystyle y^{-1}} appears in r. Let X 1 ⊆ X ∖ { y } {\displaystyle X_{1}\subseteq X\setminus \{y\}} . The ... | One-relator group | 0.814686 |
15,047 | In any graph, a vertex separator is a set of vertices the removal of which leaves the remaining graph disconnected; a separator is minimal if it has no proper subset that is also a separator. According to a theorem of Dirac (1961), chordal graphs are graphs in which each minimal separator is a clique; Dirac used this c... | Perfect elimination ordering | 0.814686 |
15,048 | Chordal graphs are a subclass of the well known perfect graphs. Other superclasses of chordal graphs include weakly chordal graphs, cop-win graphs, odd-hole-free graphs, even-hole-free graphs, and Meyniel graphs. Chordal graphs are precisely the graphs that are both odd-hole-free and even-hole-free (see holes in graph ... | Perfect elimination ordering | 0.814686 |
15,049 | In the mathematical area of graph theory, a chordal graph is one in which all cycles of four or more vertices have a chord, which is an edge that is not part of the cycle but connects two vertices of the cycle. Equivalently, every induced cycle in the graph should have exactly three vertices. The chordal graphs may als... | Perfect elimination ordering | 0.814686 |
15,050 | Molecular Aspects of Medicine is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering molecular medicine. It is published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. | Molecular Aspects of Medicine | 0.814685 |
15,051 | The uses of the PIC or MPM method can be divided into two broad categories: firstly, there are many applications involving fluid dynamics, plasma physics, magnetohydrodynamics, and multiphase applications. The second category of applications comprises problems in solid mechanics. | Material point method | 0.814681 |
15,052 | An MPM simulation consists of the following stages: (Prior to the time integration phase) Initialization of grid and material points. A geometry is discretized into a collection of material points, each with its own material properties and initial conditions (velocity, stress, temperature, etc.) The grid, being only us... | Material point method | 0.814681 |
15,053 | The PIC method has been used to simulate a wide range of fluid-solid interactions, including sea ice dynamics, penetration of biological soft tissues, fragmentation of gas-filled canisters, dispersion of atmospheric pollutants, multiscale simulations coupling molecular dynamics with MPM, and fluid-membrane interactions... | Material point method | 0.814681 |
15,054 | One subset of numerical methods are Meshfree methods, which are defined as methods for which "a predefined mesh is not necessary, at least in field variable interpolation". Ideally, a meshfree method does not make use of a mesh "throughout the process of solving the problem governed by partial differential equations, o... | Material point method | 0.814681 |
15,055 | Every pseudocomplemented lattice is necessarily bounded, i.e. it has a 1 as well. Since the pseudocomplement is unique by definition (if it exists), a pseudocomplemented lattice can be endowed with a unary operation * mapping every element to its pseudocomplement; this structure is sometimes called a p-algebra. However... | Pseudocomplement | 0.814679 |
15,056 | An interdisciplinary field, chemical oceanographers study the distributions and reactions of both naturally occurring and anthropogenic chemicals from molecular to global scales.Due to the interrelatedness of the ocean, chemical oceanographers frequently work on problems relevant to physical oceanography, geology and g... | Ocean chemistry | 0.814679 |
15,057 | Moreover, increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere have led to ocean acidification, which has negative effects on marine ecosystems. The international community has agreed that restoring the chemistry of the oceans is a priority, and efforts toward this goal are tracked as part of Sustainable Devel... | Ocean chemistry | 0.814679 |
15,058 | Marine chemistry, also known as ocean chemistry or chemical oceanography, is influenced by plate tectonics and seafloor spreading, turbidity currents, sediments, pH levels, atmospheric constituents, metamorphic activity, and ecology. The field of chemical oceanography studies the chemistry of marine environments includ... | Ocean chemistry | 0.814679 |
15,059 | The L3 experiment was one of the four large detectors on the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP). The detector was designed to look for the physics of the Standard Model and beyond. It started up in 1989 and stopped taking data in November 2000 to make room for construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Now, t... | L3 experiment | 0.814674 |
15,060 | A different approach is to use demographic modelling to find the simplification of the evolutionary history of the studied taxa. Demographic modelling should only be applied to small sets of taxa because with increasing number of taxa, model complexity increases and the number of model parameters such as timing, amount... | Hybrid genome | 0.814674 |
15,061 | An entire suite of methods have been developed to detect such excess allele sharing between hybridizing taxa, including Patterson’s D statistics or ABBA-BABA tests or f-statistics. Modified versions of these tests can be used to infer introgressed genomic regions, the direction of gene flow or the amount of gene flow.F... | Hybrid genome | 0.814674 |
15,062 | In the study of path-finding problems in artificial intelligence, a heuristic function is said to be consistent, or monotone, if its estimate is always less than or equal to the estimated distance from any neighbouring vertex to the goal, plus the cost of reaching that neighbour. Formally, for every node N and each suc... | Consistent heuristic | 0.814673 |
15,063 | This was inspired by early work on theorem proving and automatic programming. However, researchers at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) developed the concept of evolution transformations. Rather than transforming a specification into code an evolution transformation was meant to automate various stereotypical ch... | Knowledge Based Software Assistant | 0.814672 |
15,064 | The Knowledge Based Software Assistant (KBSA) was a research program funded by the United States Air Force. The goal of the program was to apply concepts from artificial intelligence to the problem of designing and implementing computer software. Software would be described by models in very high level languages (essen... | Knowledge Based Software Assistant | 0.814672 |
15,065 | Researchers at Andersen Consulting incorporated work from the University of Illinois on graph theory to automatically update the various views associated with the knowledge base and to generate graphs that have minimal intersection of links and also take into account domain and user specific layout constraints. Another... | Knowledge Based Software Assistant | 0.814672 |
15,066 | For example, KBSA concepts and researchers played an important role in the mega-programming and user centered software engineering programs sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In these later stages the program changed its name to Knowledge-Based Software Engineering (KBSE). The name chan... | Knowledge Based Software Assistant | 0.814672 |
15,067 | Although not primarily funded by the KBSA program the MIT Programmer's Apprentice project also had many of the same goals and used the same techniques as KBSA.In the later stages of the KBSA program (starting in 1991) researchers developed prototypes that were used on medium to large scale software development problems... | Knowledge Based Software Assistant | 0.814672 |
15,068 | In the early 1980s the United States Air Force realized that they had received significant benefits from applying artificial intelligence technologies to solving expert problems such as the diagnosis of faults in aircraft. The air force commissioned a group of researchers from the artificial intelligence and formal met... | Knowledge Based Software Assistant | 0.814672 |
15,069 | It has been shown in classical optimal control theory that the LQ (or LQR) optimal control has the feedback form where K ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {K} (t)} is a properly dimensioned matrix, given as and S ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} (t)} is the solution of the differential Riccati equation. The differential Ric... | Optimal Control Theory | 0.814663 |
15,070 | and PyGMO/PyKEP. In recent years, due to the advent of the MATLAB programming language, optimal control software in MATLAB has become more common. Examples of academically developed MATLAB software tools implementing direct methods include RIOTS, DIDO, DIRECT, FALCON.m, and GPOPS, while an example of an industry develo... | Optimal Control Theory | 0.814663 |
15,071 | Then, the coefficients of the function approximations are treated as optimization variables and the problem is "transcribed" to a nonlinear optimization problem of the form: Minimize subject to the algebraic constraints Depending upon the type of direct method employed, the size of the nonlinear optimization problem ca... | Optimal Control Theory | 0.814663 |
15,072 | In an indirect method, the calculus of variations is employed to obtain the first-order optimality conditions. These conditions result in a two-point (or, in the case of a complex problem, a multi-point) boundary-value problem. This boundary-value problem actually has a special structure because it arises from taking t... | Optimal Control Theory | 0.814663 |
15,073 | In computer science, region-based memory management is a type of memory management in which each allocated object is assigned to a region. A region, also called a zone, arena, area, or memory context, is a collection of allocated objects that can be efficiently reallocated or deallocated all at once. Like stack allocat... | Region inference | 0.814662 |
15,074 | The basic concept of regions is very old, first appearing as early as 1967 in Douglas T. Ross's AED Free Storage Package, in which memory was partitioned into a hierarchy of zones; each zone had its own allocator, and a zone could be freed all-at-once, making zones usable as regions. In 1976, the PL/I standard included... | Region inference | 0.814662 |
15,075 | Stoeger, Ellis, and Kircher: sec. 7 note that in a true multiverse theory, "the universes are then completely disjoint and nothing that happens in any one of them is causally linked to what happens in any other one. This lack of any causal connection in such multiverses really places them beyond any scientific support"... | Mathematical universe hypothesis | 0.814661 |
15,076 | Jürgen Schmidhuber argues that "Although Tegmark suggests that '... all mathematical structures are a priori given equal statistical weight,' there is no way of assigning equal non-vanishing probability to all (infinitely many) mathematical structures." Schmidhuber puts forward a more restricted ensemble which admits o... | Mathematical universe hypothesis | 0.814661 |
15,077 | He argues that, in the context of geometry, the soul already possesses the knowledge and just needs to recollect or remember it to access it again. A similar explanation is given by René Descartes, who holds that a priori knowledge exists as innate knowledge present in the mind of each human. A further approach is to p... | Situated knowledge | 0.814659 |
15,078 | In the mathematical field of knot theory, an algebraic link is a link that can be decomposed by Conway spheres into 2-tangles. Algebraic links are also called arborescent links. Although algebraic links and algebraic tangles were originally defined by John H. Conway as having two pairs of open ends, they were subsequen... | Algebraic link | 0.814659 |
15,079 | MHD has been extensively developed as a topping cycle to increase the efficiency of electric generation, especially when burning coal or natural gas. The hot exhaust gas from an MHD generator can heat the boilers of a steam power plant, increasing overall efficiency. Practical MHD generators have been developed for fos... | Magnetohydrodynamic generator | 0.814652 |
15,080 | The field was to be 5 teslas, with a taper of 0.15 T/m. The geometry was to resemble a saddle shape, with cylindrical and rectangular windings of niobium-titanium copper. Retrofits to natural gas powerplants. | Magnetohydrodynamic generator | 0.814652 |
15,081 | Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry questions in the theory are important for choosing the representatives. In the experiment, students solve one Organic Chemistry experiment and one Quantitative Chemistry experiment. Four students who got a high score represents South Korea in IChO. If all the four representativ... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,082 | The KCS holds the KChO to make South Korea win the IChO and through four seasonal schools, KCS will find who are gifted in chemistry and educate them to play an important role in development of chemistry in Korean society. | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,083 | 80 well-ranked students can join the Summer school 1. About one organic chemistry questions appear in the test. All the tests are held in Konkuk University. | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,084 | After the on-line questions, students will take a test about what they have learned while solving the on-line questions. First grade students in high school take this test. The questions are based on basic chemistry. The test can determine how much the students understand basic chemistry. | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,085 | 80 people who got a good score will join the Summer School 1, which is usually held far away from Seoul. In the school, students learn basic chemistry for two weeks and there isn't any experiment classes. When the school is almost finished, students take an exam. One person gets a Best Graduation, 24 people get a Merit... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,086 | 25 people directly from the Summer School 1 and 25 people from the Test 2 will join the Winter School 1, which is usually held near Seoul. In the school, students stay two weeks; studying theories in the morning and learning experiments in afternoon. Half of them of theories are related to basic chemistry and the other... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,087 | 20 people directly from the Winter School 1 and 20 people from the Test 3 will join the Summer School 2, which is held at the same place with Summer School 1. In the school, students stay two weeks; studying theories in the morning and learning experiments in afternoon. Almost of the theories are related to Organic Che... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,088 | 15 people directly from the Summer School 2 and 15 people from the Test 4 will join the Winter School 2, which is held at the same place with Winter School 2. In the school, students stay only a week; studying theories in the morning and learning experiments in afternoon. Almost all of the theories are related to Organ... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,089 | On-line Questions are uploaded again after the Winter School. The leftovers of the Winter School and other people who didn't join the Winter School have to take this test to join the Summer School 2. Second grade students in the high school take this test. In this test, almost half of these questions will be related to... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,090 | On-line Questions are uploaded again after the Summer School. The leftovers of the Summer School and other people who didn't join the Summer School have to take this test to join the Winter School 1. First grade students in the high school take this test. In this test, Organic Chemistry questions will appear more often... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,091 | On-line Questions are being uploaded again after the Summer School. All students-even the directly connected ones-have to take this test to become the final representatives. Second grade students in the high school take this test. This test is counted 20 percent when KCS chooses the final representatives of South Korea... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,092 | Korean Chemistry Olympiad(KChO,한국화학올림피아드) is a chemistry olympiad held by Korean Chemical Society (KCS). It is also one of the Korean Science Olympiad. The top four contestants of the KChO can join the International Chemistry Olympiad(IChO). | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.814651 |
15,093 | Secondary structure refers to highly regular local sub-structures on the actual polypeptide backbone chain. Two main types of secondary structure, the α-helix and the β-strand or β-sheets, were suggested in 1951 by Linus Pauling. These secondary structures are defined by patterns of hydrogen bonds between the main-chai... | Amino acid residue | 0.814648 |
15,094 | If shared structure is significant but the fraction shared is small, the fragment shared may be the consequence of a more dramatic evolutionary event such as horizontal gene transfer, and joining proteins sharing these fragments into protein superfamilies is no longer justified. Topology of a protein can be used to cla... | Amino acid residue | 0.814648 |
15,095 | The SCE is used in pH measurement, cyclic voltammetry and general aqueous electrochemistry. This electrode and the silver/silver chloride reference electrode work in the same way. In both electrodes, the activity of the metal ion is fixed by the solubility of the metal salt. The calomel electrode contains mercury, whic... | Calomel electrode | 0.814645 |
15,096 | The governing equations in classical physics that are lectured at universities are listed below. | Governing equations | 0.814643 |
15,097 | Darcy's law was originally established as an empirical equation, but is later shown to be derivable as an approximation of Navier-Stokes equation combined with an empirical composite friction force term. This explains the duality in Darcy's law as a governing equation and a defining equation for absolute permeability. ... | Governing equations | 0.814643 |
15,098 | The ordering of integers is compatible with the algebraic operations in the following way: if a < b and c < d, then a + c < b + d if a < b and 0 < c, then ac < bc.Thus it follows that Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } together with the above ordering is an ordered ring. The integers are the only nontrivial totally ordered... | Integer number | 0.814642 |
15,099 | In theoretical computer science, other approaches for the construction of integers are used by automated theorem provers and term rewrite engines. Integers are represented as algebraic terms built using a few basic operations (e.g., zero, succ, pred) and, possibly, using natural numbers, which are assumed to be already... | Integer number | 0.814642 |
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