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15,200 | In organic chemistry, a moiety ( MOY-ə-tee) is a part of a molecule that is given a name because it is identified as a part of other molecules as well. Typically, the term is used to describe the larger and characteristic parts of organic molecules, and it should not be used to describe or name smaller functional group... | Active moiety | 0.814607 |
15,201 | A compound is a pure chemical substance composed of more than one element. The properties of a compound bear little similarity to those of its elements. The standard nomenclature of compounds is set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Organic compounds are named according to the organic no... | Applied Chemistry | 0.814607 |
15,202 | The atom is the basic unit of chemistry. It consists of a dense core called the atomic nucleus surrounded by a space occupied by an electron cloud. The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons (together called nucleons), while the electron cloud consists of negatively charged electrons wh... | Applied Chemistry | 0.814607 |
15,203 | The theoretical component involves considerable computer simulation and mathematical modelling. Planetary scientists are generally located in the astronomy and physics or Earth sciences departments of universities or research centres, though there are several purely planetary science institutes worldwide. Generally, pl... | Planetary sciences | 0.814607 |
15,204 | Allied disciplines include space physics, when concerned with the effects of the Sun on the bodies of the Solar System, and astrobiology. There are interrelated observational and theoretical branches of planetary science. Observational research can involve combinations of space exploration, predominantly with robotic s... | Planetary sciences | 0.814607 |
15,205 | The word chemistry comes from a modification during the Renaissance of the word alchemy, which referred to an earlier set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism, and medicine. Alchemy is often associated with the quest to turn lead or other base meta... | Applied Chemistry | 0.814607 |
15,206 | Chemical reactions are governed by certain laws, which have become fundamental concepts in chemistry. Some of them are: | Applied Chemistry | 0.814607 |
15,207 | Although the concept of equilibrium is widely used across sciences, in the context of chemistry, it arises whenever a number of different states of the chemical composition are possible, as for example, in a mixture of several chemical compounds that can react with one another, or when a substance can be present in mor... | Applied Chemistry | 0.814607 |
15,208 | If a planet's magnetic field is sufficiently strong, its interaction with the solar wind forms a magnetosphere around a planet. Early space probes discovered the gross dimensions of the terrestrial magnetic field, which extends about 10 Earth radii towards the Sun. The solar wind, a stream of charged particles, streams... | Planetary sciences | 0.814607 |
15,209 | Space probes made it possible to collect data in not only the visible light region but in other areas of the electromagnetic spectrum. The planets can be characterized by their force fields: gravity and their magnetic fields, which are studied through geophysics and space physics. Measuring the changes in acceleration ... | Planetary sciences | 0.814607 |
15,210 | Planetary science (or more rarely, planetology) is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), celestial bodies (such as moons, asteroids, comets) and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes of their formation. It studies objects ranging in size from micrometeoroids to gas g... | Planetary sciences | 0.814607 |
15,211 | Often, some other objectives have to be attained besides fairness. For example, when assigning tasks to agents, it is required both to avoid envy, and to minimize the makespan (- the completion time of the last agent). Mu'alem presents a general framework for optimization problems with envy-freeness guarantee that natu... | Fair allocation of items and money | 0.814604 |
15,212 | The Evolutionary Classification of Protein Domains (ECOD) database released in 2014 is a similar to SCOPe expansion of SCOP version 1.75. Unlike the compatible SCOPe, it renames the class-fold-superfamily-family hierarchy into an architecture-X-homology-topology-family (A-XHTF) grouping, with the last level mostly defi... | Structural Classification of Proteins database | 0.814601 |
15,213 | SCOP was created in 1994 in the Centre for Protein Engineering and the Laboratory of Molecular Biology. It was maintained by Alexey G. Murzin and his colleagues in the Centre for Protein Engineering until its closure in 2010 and subsequently at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England.The work on SCOP ... | Structural Classification of Proteins database | 0.814601 |
15,214 | The signature can be empty, finite, or infinite, even uncountable. Uncountable signatures occur for example in modern proofs of the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem. Though signatures might in some cases imply how non-logical symbols are to be interpreted, interpretation of the non-logical symbols in the signature is separate ... | Predicate Logic | 0.814601 |
15,215 | This allows us to model cases where, for example, Alex is a philosopher, but might have been a mathematician, and might not have existed at all. In the first possible world P(a) is true, in the second P(a) is false, and in the third possible world there is no a in the domain at all. First-order fuzzy logics are first-o... | Predicate Logic | 0.814601 |
15,216 | The definition above requires that the domain of discourse of any interpretation must be nonempty. There are settings, such as inclusive logic, where empty domains are permitted. Moreover, if a class of algebraic structures includes an empty structure (for example, there is an empty poset), that class can only be an el... | Predicate Logic | 0.814601 |
15,217 | Meta.Numerics is an open-source library for advanced scientific computing on the .NET platform. It provides an object-oriented API supporting advanced functions, matrix algebra, statistics, optimization, and other numerical algorithms. | Meta.Numerics | 0.814599 |
15,218 | In computer science and particularly in compiler design, loop nest optimization (LNO) is an optimization technique that applies a set of loop transformations for the purpose of locality optimization or parallelization or another loop overhead reduction of the loop nests. (Nested loops occur when one loop is inside of a... | Loop nest optimization | 0.814597 |
15,219 | For example, most LNO compilers would probably split the kk == 0 iteration off from the rest of the kk iterations, to remove the if statement from the i loop. This is one of the values of such a compiler: while it is straightforward to code the simple cases of this optimization, keeping all the details correct as the c... | Loop nest optimization | 0.814596 |
15,220 | Here is the code with loop k blocked. The above code examples do not show the details of dealing with values of N which are not multiples of the blocking factors. Compilers which do loop nest optimization emit code to clean up the edges of the computation. | Loop nest optimization | 0.814596 |
15,221 | Genetic assimilation is a process described by Conrad H. Waddington by which a phenotype originally produced in response to an environmental condition, such as exposure to a teratogen, later becomes genetically encoded via artificial selection or natural selection. Despite superficial appearances, this does not require... | Genetic assimilation | 0.814584 |
15,222 | Other evolutionary biologists have agreed that assimilation occurs, but give a different, purely quantitative genetics explanation in terms of Darwin's natural or artificial selection. The phenotype, say cross-veinless, is presumed to be caused by a combination of multiple genes. The phenotype appears when the sum of g... | Genetic assimilation | 0.814584 |
15,223 | In ozone (O3) molecules, the two O−O bonds are nonpolar (there is no electronegativity difference between atoms of the same element). However, the distribution of other electrons is uneven – since the central atom has to share electrons with two other atoms, but each of the outer atoms has to share electrons with only ... | Chemical polarity | 0.814583 |
15,224 | Other examples include sugars (like sucrose), which have many polar oxygen–hydrogen (−OH) groups and are overall highly polar. If the bond dipole moments of the molecule do not cancel, the molecule is polar. For example, the water molecule (H2O) contains two polar O−H bonds in a bent (nonlinear) geometry. | Chemical polarity | 0.814583 |
15,225 | . } {\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} =\{...,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...\}} ; Q {\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} } or Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } , the set of all rational numbers (that is, the set of all proper and improper fractions): Q = { a b ∣ a , b ∈ Z , b ≠ 0 } {\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} =\left\{{\frac {a}{b}}\mid a,b\in \mathbf {Z... | Finite subset | 0.814582 |
15,226 | Sets are ubiquitous in modern mathematics. For example, structures in abstract algebra, such as groups, fields and rings, are sets closed under one or more operations. One of the main applications of naive set theory is in the construction of relations. A relation from a domain A to a codomain B is a subset of the Cart... | Finite subset | 0.814582 |
15,227 | Designed to strengthen the mathematical biology background of students before they apply for graduate programs. Courses are available online and in person in the following areas: mathematical modeling, data analysis, computer science, and biological sciences. | Intercollegiate Biomathematics Alliance | 0.814576 |
15,228 | BEER (Biomathematics Ecology Education and Research) is an annual research symposium that takes place in the fall. The first BEER symposium took place in 2008 at Illinois State University with only 10 speakers and 30 attendees. By 2014, BEER was the second largest biomathematics conference globally. In 2017, the 10th a... | Intercollegiate Biomathematics Alliance | 0.814576 |
15,229 | The Intercollegiate Biomathematics Alliance (IBA) is a syndicate of organizations focused on connecting both academic and non-academic institutions to promote the study of biomathematics, ecology, and other related fields. Biomathematics is a scientific area connecting biology, ecology, mathematics, and computer scienc... | Intercollegiate Biomathematics Alliance | 0.814576 |
15,230 | The IBA grants fellowship awards to outstanding scholars who have made significant contributions to the field of mathematical biology. The Distinguished Senior Fellowship is awarded to senior scholars who have a record of significant scientific accomplishments and active leadership in biomathematics. This award is give... | Intercollegiate Biomathematics Alliance | 0.814576 |
15,231 | In 2007, Olcay Akman of mathematics and Steven Juliano of biological sciences started a master's degree program at Illinois State University. The program grew and is now operated under the same umbrella as the IBA, the Center for Collaborative Studies in Mathematical Biology. In 2008, the first BEER (Biomathematics Eco... | Intercollegiate Biomathematics Alliance | 0.814576 |
15,232 | The classic applications of elliptic cylindrical coordinates are in solving partial differential equations, e.g., Laplace's equation or the Helmholtz equation, for which elliptic cylindrical coordinates allow a separation of variables. A typical example would be the electric field surrounding a flat conducting plate of... | Elliptic cylindrical coordinates | 0.814574 |
15,233 | The PEGylated lipid nanoparticle drug delivery (LNP) system of the mRNA vaccine known as mRNA-1273 has been the subject of ongoing patent litigation with Arbutus Biopharma, from whom Moderna had previously licensed LNP technology. On 4 September 2020, Nature Biotechnology reported that Moderna had lost a key challenge ... | PEGylation | 0.814567 |
15,234 | For proteins, typical reactive amino acids include lysine, cysteine, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine and tyrosine. The N-terminal amino group and the C-terminal carboxylic acid can also be used as a site specific site by conjugation with aldehyde functional polymers.The techniques u... | PEGylation | 0.814567 |
15,235 | PEGylation has practical uses in biotechnology for protein delivery, cell transfection, and gene editing in non-human cells. | PEGylation | 0.814567 |
15,236 | Sapacitabine is a chemotherapeutic drug developed by US biotechnology firm Cyclacel currently undergoing clinical trials against leukemia.Sapacitabine is an orally available nucleoside analog prodrug of 2′-C-cyano-2′-deoxy-1-β-D-arabino-pentofuranosyl-cytosine (CNDAC) that acts through a dual mechanism. CNDAC lasts lon... | Sapacitabine | 0.814566 |
15,237 | Diploma in engineering can be obtained in many disciplines such as: Aeronautical engineering Architecture/Architectural engineering Automobile/Automotive engineering Ceramic Engineering Civil engineering Chemical engineering Computer engineering/Computer Science and engineering Environmental engineering Electrical engi... | Diploma in Engineering | 0.814564 |
15,238 | Diploma holders are eligible for part-time entry to Bachelor of Engineering/Bachelor of Technology courses in various technical universities. In Tamil Nadu, the government is revolutionizing its technical education by upgrading its diploma courses with newer schemes (L Scheme and forward) to make it equivalent with UK'... | Diploma in Engineering | 0.814564 |
15,239 | See also: Industrial training institute In India, the diploma in engineering is a 3-year course awarded in a specific branch of engineering e.g. chemical engineering, Mechanical Engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science engineering etc.. It is usually offered in polytechnic institutes... | Diploma in Engineering | 0.814564 |
15,240 | They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful for only specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to use most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale... | Electronic computing | 0.814563 |
15,241 | In the field of computer science, tandem repeats in strings (e.g., DNA sequences) can be efficiently detected using suffix trees or suffix arrays. Studies in 2004 linked the unusual genetic plasticity of dogs to mutations in tandem repeats.Nested tandem repeats are described as repeating unit lengths that are variable ... | Tandem repeat sequence | 0.814562 |
15,242 | There was also a formation of a Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, but this is more concerned with national defense programs and biosecurity. Ultimately states and local governments, as well as private industry labs, are left to make the final determinants for their own biosafety programs, which vary widely in scop... | Biosafety | 0.814561 |
15,243 | Rapamycin is used in biology research as an agent for chemically induced dimerization. In this application, rapamycin is added to cells expressing two fusion constructs, one of which contains the rapamycin-binding FRB domain from mTOR and the other of which contains an FKBP domain. Each fusion protein also contains add... | Sirolimus | 0.81456 |
15,244 | Poisson's equation is an elliptic partial differential equation of broad utility in theoretical physics. For example, the solution to Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a given electric charge or mass density distribution; with the potential field known, one can then calculate electrostatic or gravitat... | Poisson equation | 0.81455 |
15,245 | Many definitions and theorems about monoids can be generalised to small categories with more than one object. For example, a quotient of a category with one object is just a quotient monoid. Monoids, just like other algebraic structures, also form their own category, Mon, whose objects are monoids and whose morphisms a... | Abelian monoid | 0.814549 |
15,246 | Marine biogenic calcification is the process by which marine organisms such as oysters and clams form calcium carbonate. Seawater is full of dissolved compounds, ions and nutrients that organisms can use for energy and, in the case of calcification, to build shells and outer structures. Calcifying organisms in the ocea... | Calcifying organism | 0.814548 |
15,247 | A pericyclic reaction is a type of reaction with multiple carbon–carbon bond making and breaking wherein the transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry, and the reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Examples are hydride shifts and the Claisen rearrangement: | Molecular rearrangement | 0.814548 |
15,248 | These important functions (which are not arithmetic functions) are defined for non-negative real arguments, and are used in the various statements and proofs of the prime number theorem. They are summation functions (see the main section just below) of arithmetic functions which are neither multiplicative nor additive.... | Arithmetic functions | 0.814548 |
15,249 | Let H n = 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + ⋯ + 1 n {\displaystyle H_{n}=1+{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{n}}} be the nth harmonic number. Then σ ( n ) ≤ H n + e H n log H n {\displaystyle \sigma (n)\leq H_{n}+e^{H_{n}}\log H_{n}} is true for every natural number n if and only if the Riemann hypothesis is true. The R... | Arithmetic functions | 0.814548 |
15,250 | In number theory, an arithmetic, arithmetical, or number-theoretic function is for most authors any function f(n) whose domain is the positive integers and whose range is a subset of the complex numbers. Hardy & Wright include in their definition the requirement that an arithmetical function "expresses some arithmetica... | Arithmetic functions | 0.814548 |
15,251 | The S parameter estimated in QCD-like technicolor theories is significantly greater than the experimentally allowed value. The computation was done assuming that the spectral integral for S is dominated by the lightest ρT and aT resonances, or by scaling effective Lagrangian parameters from QCD. In walking technicolor,... | Technicolor (physics) | 0.814547 |
15,252 | The S-parameter is sensitive to all new physics at the TeV scale, while T is a measure of weak-isospin breaking effects. The U-parameter is generally not useful; most new-physics theories, including technicolor theories, give negligible contributions to it. The S and T-parameters are determined by global fit to experim... | Technicolor (physics) | 0.814547 |
15,253 | The quantities are calculated relative to a minimal Standard Model with some chosen reference mass of the Higgs boson, taken to range from the experimental lower bound of 117 GeV to 1000 GeV where its width becomes very large. For these parameters to describe the dominant corrections to the Standard Model, the mass sca... | Technicolor (physics) | 0.814547 |
15,254 | In 1990, the phenomenological parameters S, T, and U were introduced by Peskin and Takeuchi to quantify contributions to electroweak radiative corrections from physics beyond the Standard Model. They have a simple relation to the parameters of the electroweak chiral Lagrangian. The Peskin–Takeuchi analysis was based on... | Technicolor (physics) | 0.814547 |
15,255 | This means that technipions are expected to predominately decay to the heaviest possible q ¯ q {\displaystyle {\bar {q}}q} and ℓ ¯ ℓ {\displaystyle {\bar {\ell }}\ell } pairs. Perhaps the most important restriction on the ETC framework for quark mass generation is that ETC interactions are likely to induce flavor-chang... | Technicolor (physics) | 0.814547 |
15,256 | These "pseudo-Goldstone bosons" are called technipions, πT. An application of Dashen's theorem gives for the ETC contribution to their mass ( 4 ) F EW 2 M π T 2 ≈ g ETC 2 ⟨ T ¯ T T ¯ T ⟩ ETC M ETC 2 ≈ 16 π 2 F E W 6 Λ ETC 2 . {\displaystyle (4)\qquad F_{\text{EW}}^{2}M_{\pi T}^{2}\approx {\frac {g_{\text{ETC}}^{2}\lang... | Technicolor (physics) | 0.814547 |
15,257 | Any framework for physics beyond the Standard Model must conform with precision measurements of the electroweak parameters. Its consequences for physics at existing and future high-energy hadron colliders, and for the dark matter of the universe must also be explored. | Technicolor (physics) | 0.814547 |
15,258 | Technicolor theories are models of physics beyond the Standard Model that address electroweak gauge symmetry breaking, the mechanism through which W and Z bosons acquire masses. Early technicolor theories were modelled on quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the "color" theory of the strong nuclear force, which inspired their... | Technicolor (physics) | 0.814547 |
15,259 | Combining a perturbative computation of the infrared fixed point with an approximation of αχ SB based on the Schwinger–Dyson equation, they estimated the critical value Nfc and explored the resultant electroweak physics. Since the 1990s, most discussions of walking technicolor are in the framework of theories assumed t... | Technicolor (physics) | 0.814547 |
15,260 | Hence, plant ecology and animal ecology have different styles of approach to problems that involve processes like reproduction, dispersal and mutualism. Some plant ecologists have placed considerable emphasis upon trying to treat plant populations as if they were animal populations, focusing on population ecology. Many... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,261 | He recognizes 11 major vegetation types: tropical forests, tropical savannas, arid regions (deserts), Mediterranean ecosystems, temperate forest ecosystems, temperate grasslands, coniferous forests, tundra (both polar and high mountain), terrestrial wetlands, freshwater ecosystems and coastal/marine systems. This bread... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,262 | Although more morphological than physiological, Schimper's has been considered the beginning of plant physiological ecology. : 17–18 Plant ecology was initially built around static ideas of plant distribution; incorporating the concept of succession added an element to change through time to the field. Henry Chandler C... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,263 | : 14–16 Grisebach's two-volume work, Die Vegetation der Erde nach Ihrer Klimatischen Anordnung, published in 1872, saw plant geography reach its "ultimate form" as a descriptive field. : 29 Starting in the 1870s, Swiss botanist Simon Schwendener, together with his students and colleagues, established the link between p... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,264 | Plant ecology has its origin in the application of plant physiology to the questions raised by plant geographers. : 13–16 Carl Ludwig Willdenow was one of the first to note that similar climates produced similar types of vegetation, even when they were located in different parts of the world. Willdenow's student, Alexa... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,265 | Parasitism in biology refers to an interaction between different species, where the parasite (one species) benefits at the expense of the host (the other species). Parasites depend on another organism (their host) for survival in general, which usually includes both habitat and nutrient requirements at the very minimum... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,266 | Clements. It talks broadly about plant communities, and particularly the importance of forces like competition and processes like succession. The term ecology itself was coined by German biologist Ernst Haeckel.Plant ecology can also be divided by levels of organization including plant ecophysiology, plant population e... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,267 | At the same time, plants began removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby initiating the process of controlling Earth's climate. A long term trend of the Earth has been toward increasing oxygen and decreasing carbon dioxide, and many other events in the Earth's history, like the first movement of life onto la... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,268 | Photosynthesis is the process of a chemical reactions to create glucose and oxygen, which is vital for plant life. One of the most important aspects of plant ecology is the role plants have played in creating the oxygenated atmosphere of earth, an event that occurred some 2 billion years ago. It can be dated by the dep... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,269 | Plant ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology that studies the distribution and abundance of plants, the effects of environmental factors upon the abundance of plants, and the interactions among plants and between plants and other organisms. Examples of these are the distribution of temperate deciduous forests in North A... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,270 | This was followed in 1917 by the establishment of the Ecological Society of America (ESA); plant ecologists formed the largest subgroup among the inaugural members of the ESA. : 41 Cowles' students played an important role in the development of the field of plant ecology during the first half of the twentieth century, ... | Plant ecology | 0.814538 |
15,271 | In both cases, a boundary condition was assumed, namely, Q must be slightly away from the boundary of the convex domain where the vertices of the random Delaunay triangulation are drawn. In 2004, Devroye, Lemaire and Moreau showed that in 2D the boundary condition can be withdrawn (the paper appeared in Computational G... | Jump-and-Walk algorithm | 0.814537 |
15,272 | Jump-and-Walk picks a small group of sample points and starts the walk from the sample point which is the closest to Q until the simplex containing Q is found. The algorithm was a folklore in practice for some time, and the formal presentation of the algorithm and the analysis of its performance on 2D random Delaunay t... | Jump-and-Walk algorithm | 0.814537 |
15,273 | Operational amplifiers can be used in construction of active filters, providing high-pass, low-pass, band-pass, reject and delay functions. The high input impedance and gain of an op-amp allow straightforward calculation of element values, allowing accurate implementation of any desired filter topology with little conc... | Operational amplifier applications | 0.814535 |
15,274 | In optimal control, problems of singular control are problems that are difficult to solve because a straightforward application of Pontryagin's minimum principle fails to yield a complete solution. Only a few such problems have been solved, such as Merton's portfolio problem in financial economics or trajectory optimiz... | Singular control | 0.81453 |
15,275 | In 1954 Maltsev gave two other conditions that are equivalent to the one given above defining a congruence-permutable variety of algebras. This initiated the study of congruence-permutable varieties. : 122 | Congruence-permutable algebra | 0.814527 |
15,276 | In universal algebra, a congruence-permutable algebra is an algebra whose congruences commute under composition. This symmetry has several equivalent characterizations, which lend to the analysis of such algebras. Many familiar varieties of algebras, such as the variety of groups, consist of congruence-permutable algeb... | Congruence-permutable algebra | 0.814527 |
15,277 | 1.026×1015: IBM Roadrunner 2009 Supercomputer 1.32×1015: Nvidia GeForce 4000 Series RTX4090 Consumer graphics card, achieves 1.32 petaflops in AI applications, October 2022 2×1015: Nvidia DGX-2 a 2 Petaflop Machine Learning system (the newer DGX A100 has 5 Petaflop performance) 10×1015: Minimum computing power of a Typ... | Orders of magnitude (computing) | 0.814527 |
15,278 | In mathematics, the inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics is the problem of determining whether a given system of ordinary differential equations can arise as the Euler–Lagrange equations for some Lagrangian function. There has been a great deal of activity in the study of this problem since the early 20th century. ... | Inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics | 0.814517 |
15,279 | The disadvantage of metabolomics is that it only provides the user with abundances or concentrations of metabolites, while fluxomics determines the reaction rates of metabolic reactions and can trace metabolites in a biological system over time. Nutrigenomics is a generalised term which links genomics, transcriptomics,... | Metabolomics | 0.814514 |
15,280 | This bioinformatics-based pairing method enables natural product discovery at a larger-scale by refining non-targeted metabolomic analyses to identify small molecules with related biosynthesis and to focus on those that may not have previously well known structures. Fluxomics is a further development of metabolomics. | Metabolomics | 0.814514 |
15,281 | The database is designed to contain or link three kinds of data: Chemical data, Clinical data and Molecular biology/biochemistry data.The database contains 220,945 metabolite entries including both water-soluble and lipid soluble metabolites. Additionally, 8,610 protein sequences (enzymes and transporters) are linked t... | Metabolomics | 0.814514 |
15,282 | In January 2007, scientists at the University of Alberta and the University of Calgary completed the first draft of the human metabolome. The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is perhaps the most extensive public metabolomic spectral database to date and is a freely available electronic database (www.hmdb.ca) containing... | Metabolomics | 0.814514 |
15,283 | Machine learning is a powerful tool that can be used in metabolomics analysis. Recently, scientists have developed retention time prediction software. These tools allow researchers to apply artificial intelligence to the retention time prediction of small molecules in complex mixture, such as human plasma, plant extrac... | Metabolomics | 0.814514 |
15,284 | Conversely, metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell, and thus, metabolomics provides a direct "functional readout of the physiological state" of an organism. There are indeed quantifiable correlations between the metabolome and the other cellular ensembles (genome, transcri... | Metabolomics | 0.814514 |
15,285 | In the case of univariate methods, variables are analyzed one by one using classical statistics tools (such as Student's t-test, ANOVA or mixed models) and only these with sufficient small p-values are considered relevant. However, correction strategies should be used to reduce false discoveries when multiple compariso... | Metabolomics | 0.814513 |
15,286 | Linear models are commonly used for metabolomics data, but are affected by multicollinearity. On the other hand, multivariate statistics are thriving methods for high-dimensional correlated metabolomics data, of which the most popular one is Projection to Latent Structures (PLS) regression and its classification versio... | Metabolomics | 0.814513 |
15,287 | Metabonomics is defined as "the quantitative measurement of the dynamic multiparametric metabolic response of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli or genetic modification". The word origin is from the Greek μεταβολή meaning change and nomos meaning a rule set or set of laws. This approach was pioneered by Jerem... | Metabolomics | 0.814513 |
15,288 | A software calculator allows the user to perform simple mathematical operations, like addition, multiplication, exponentiation and trigonometry. Data input is typically manual, and the output is a text label. | Mathematical software | 0.814512 |
15,289 | TK Solver is a mathematical modeling and problem solving software system based on a declarative, rule-based language, commercialized by Universal Technical Systems, Inc.. The Netlib repository contains various collections of software routines for numerical problems, mostly in Fortran and C. Commercial products implemen... | Mathematical software | 0.814512 |
15,290 | Numerical analysis and symbolic computation had been in most important place of the subject, but other kind of them is also growing now. A useful mathematical knowledge of such as algorism which exist before the invention of electronic computer, helped to mathematical software developing. On the other hand, by the grow... | Mathematical software | 0.814512 |
15,291 | Many mathematical suites are computer algebra systems that use symbolic mathematics. They are designed to solve classical algebra equations and problems in human readable notation. | Mathematical software | 0.814512 |
15,292 | This example is due to Selberg and is given as an exercise with hints by Cojocaru & Murty. : 133–134 The problem is to estimate separately the number of numbers ≤ x with no prime divisors ≤ x1/2, that have an even (or an odd) number of prime factors. It can be shown that, no matter what the choice of weights in a Brun-... | Parity problem (sieve theory) | 0.814507 |
15,293 | Terence Tao gave this "rough" statement of the problem: Parity problem. If A is a set whose elements are all products of an odd number of primes (or are all products of an even number of primes), then (without injecting additional ingredients), sieve theory is unable to provide non-trivial lower bounds on the size of A... | Parity problem (sieve theory) | 0.814507 |
15,294 | In number theory, the parity problem refers to a limitation in sieve theory that prevents sieves from giving good estimates in many kinds of prime-counting problems. The problem was identified and named by Atle Selberg in 1949. Beginning around 1996, John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec developed some parity-sensitive s... | Parity problem (sieve theory) | 0.814507 |
15,295 | Beginning around 1996 John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec developed some new sieve techniques to "break" the parity problem. One of the triumphs of these new methods is the Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem, which states that there are infinitely many primes of the form a2 + b4. Glyn Harman relates the parity problem to the ... | Parity problem (sieve theory) | 0.814507 |
15,296 | The book explores the connection between these mappings, which it calls discrete analytic functions, and the analytic functions of classical mathematical analysis. The final part of the book concerns a conjecture of William Thurston, proved by Burton Rodin and Dennis Sullivan, that makes this analogy concrete: conforma... | Introduction to Circle Packing | 0.814503 |
15,297 | The second part concerns the proof of the circle packing theorem itself, and of the associated rigidity theorem: every maximal planar graph can be associated with a circle packing that is unique up to Möbius transformations of the plane. More generally the same result holds for any triangulated manifold, with a circle ... | Introduction to Circle Packing | 0.814503 |
15,298 | Circle packings, as studied in this book, are systems of circles that touch at tangent points but do not overlap, according to a combinatorial pattern of adjacencies specifying which pairs of circles should touch. The circle packing theorem states that a circle packing exists if and only if the pattern of adjacencies f... | Introduction to Circle Packing | 0.814503 |
15,299 | Introduction to Circle Packing: The Theory of Discrete Analytic Functions is a mathematical monograph concerning systems of tangent circles and the circle packing theorem. It was written by Kenneth Stephenson and published in 2005 by the Cambridge University Press. | Introduction to Circle Packing | 0.814503 |
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