id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
15,700 | This approach models the root causes of failure such as fatigue, fracture, wear, and corrosion. An approach to the design and development of reliable product to prevent failure, based on the knowledge of root cause failure mechanisms. The Physics of Failure (PoF) concept is based on the understanding of the relationshi... | Physics of Failure | 0.814193 |
15,701 | Physics of failure is a technique under the practice of reliability design that leverages the knowledge and understanding of the processes and mechanisms that induce failure to predict reliability and improve product performance. Other definitions of Physics of Failure include: A science-based approach to reliability t... | Physics of Failure | 0.814193 |
15,702 | The resources and successes with integrated circuits, and a review of some of the drivers of field failures, subsequently motivated the reliability physics community to initiate physics of failure investigations into package-level degradation mechanisms. An extensive amount of work was performed to develop algorithms t... | Physics of Failure | 0.814193 |
15,703 | The concept of Physics of Failure, also known as Reliability Physics, involves the use of degradation algorithms that describe how physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal, or electrical mechanisms evolve over time and eventually induce failure. While the concept of Physics of Failure is common in many structural fields... | Physics of Failure | 0.814193 |
15,704 | More recent work in the area of physics of failure has been focused on predicting the time to failure of new materials (i.e., lead-free solder, high-K dielectric ), software programs, using the algorithms for prognostic purposes, and integrating physics of failure predictions into system-level reliability calculations. | Physics of Failure | 0.814193 |
15,705 | This addition will look like A + B = <-10, 0>N + <0, -8>N = <-10, -8>N which is the vector representation of the resultant force. By the Pythagorean theorem, the magnitude of the resultant force is 1/2 ≈ 12.8 N, which is also the magnitude of the equilibrant force. The angle of the equilibrant force can be found by tri... | Equilibrant force | 0.814193 |
15,706 | In computer science, the maximum sum subarray problem, also known as the maximum segment sum problem, is the task of finding a contiguous subarray with the largest sum, within a given one-dimensional array A of numbers. It can be solved in O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} time and O ( 1 ) {\displaystyle O(1)} space. Formal... | Maximum subarray problem | 0.814192 |
15,707 | Soon after, Shamos described the one-dimensional problem and its history at a Carnegie Mellon University seminar attended by Jay Kadane, who designed within a minute an O(n)-time algorithm, which is as fast as possible. In 1982, David Gries obtained the same O(n)-time algorithm by applying Dijkstra's "standard strategy... | Maximum subarray problem | 0.814191 |
15,708 | Maximum subarray problems arise in many fields, such as genomic sequence analysis and computer vision. Genomic sequence analysis employs maximum subarray algorithms to identify important biological segments of protein sequences. These problems include conserved segments, GC-rich regions, tandem repeats, low-complexity ... | Maximum subarray problem | 0.814191 |
15,709 | They do this by restricting the parent candidate set to k nodes and exhaustively searching therein. A particularly fast method for exact BN learning is to cast the problem as an optimization problem, and solve it using integer programming. Acyclicity constraints are added to the integer program (IP) during solving in t... | Belief networks | 0.814191 |
15,710 | The same distinction applies when X {\displaystyle X} and Z {\displaystyle Z} have common parents, except that one must first condition on those parents. Algorithms have been developed to systematically determine the skeleton of the underlying graph and, then, orient all arrows whose directionality is dictated by the c... | Belief networks | 0.814191 |
15,711 | In the simplest case, a Bayesian network is specified by an expert and is then used to perform inference. In other applications, the task of defining the network is too complex for humans. In this case, the network structure and the parameters of the local distributions must be learned from data. Automatically learning... | Belief networks | 0.814191 |
15,712 | Exactly how the T-DNA is integrated into the host plant genomic DNA is an active area of plant biology research. Assuming that a selection marker (such as an antibiotic resistance gene) was included in the T-DNA, the transformed plant tissue can be cultured on selective media to produce shoots. The shoots are then tran... | Genetic transformation | 0.814188 |
15,713 | In molecular biology and genetics, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s). For transformation to take place, the recipient bacterium must be in a state of competence, which mig... | Genetic transformation | 0.814188 |
15,714 | The algebraic semantics of bunched logic is a special case of its categorical semantics, but is simple to state and can be more approachable. An algebraic model of bunched logic is a poset that is a Heyting algebra and that carries an additional commutative residuated lattice structure (for the same lattice as the Heyt... | Logic of bunched implications | 0.814184 |
15,715 | Forcing, for example, is often explained in terms of countable models. The fact that these countable models of ZF still satisfy the theorem that there are uncountable sets is not considered a pathology; van Heijenoort (1967) describes it as "a novel and unexpected feature of formal systems" (van Heijenoort 1967, p. 290... | Skolem paradox | 0.814184 |
15,716 | Fraenkel et al. (1973, p. 304) explain that contemporary mathematicians are no more bothered by the lack of categoricity of first-order theories than they are bothered by the conclusion of Gödel's incompleteness theorem that no consistent, effective, and sufficiently strong set of first-order axioms is complete. Counta... | Skolem paradox | 0.814184 |
15,717 | In mathematical logic and philosophy, Skolem's paradox is a seeming contradiction that arises from the downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem. Thoralf Skolem (1922) was the first to discuss the seemingly contradictory aspects of the theorem, and to discover the relativity of set-theoretic notions now known as non-absolutene... | Skolem paradox | 0.814184 |
15,718 | These theorems illuminated the way that first-order logic behaves and established its finitary nature, although Gödel's original proof of the completeness theorem was complicated. Leon Henkin's alternative proof of the completeness theorem, which is now a standard technique for constructing countable models of a consis... | Skolem paradox | 0.814184 |
15,719 | Fraenkel et al. (1973, pp. 303–304) explain why Skolem's result was so surprising to set theorists in the 1920s. Gödel's completeness theorem and the compactness theorem were not proved until 1929. | Skolem paradox | 0.814184 |
15,720 | The fundamental group of a root system is defined, in analogy to the computation for Lie groups. This allows to define and use the fundamental group of a semisimple linear algebraic group G, which is a useful basic tool in the classification of linear algebraic groups. | Fundamental group | 0.81418 |
15,721 | In algebraic geometry, the so-called étale fundamental group is used as a replacement for the fundamental group. Since the Zariski topology on an algebraic variety or scheme X is much coarser than, say, the topology of open subsets in R n , {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n},} it is no longer meaningful to consider contin... | Fundamental group | 0.81418 |
15,722 | Any path connected, locally path connected and locally simply connected topological space X admits a universal covering. An abstract construction proceeds analogously to the fundamental group by taking pairs (x, γ), where x is a point in X and γ is a homotopy class of paths from x0 to x. The passage from a topological ... | Fundamental group | 0.81418 |
15,723 | Geometry From Africa: Mathematical and Educational Explorations is a book in ethnomathematics by Paulus Gerdes. It analyzes the mathematics behind geometric designs and patterns from multiple African cultures, and suggests ways of connecting this analysis with the mathematics curriculum. It was published in 1999 by the... | Geometry From Africa | 0.814179 |
15,724 | The second chapter presents examples of designs in which squares and right triangles can be formed from elements of the patterns, and suggests educational activities connecting these materials to the Pythagorean theorem and to the theory of Latin squares. For instance, basket-weavers in Mozambique form square knotted b... | Geometry From Africa | 0.814179 |
15,725 | A chemical structure of a molecule is a spatial arrangement of its atoms and their chemical bonds. Its determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangeme... | Molecular conformation | 0.814175 |
15,726 | The α-level upper critical value of a probability distribution is the value exceeded with probability α {\textstyle \alpha } , that is, the value x α {\textstyle x_{\alpha }} such that F ( x α ) = 1 − α {\textstyle F(x_{\alpha })=1-\alpha } , where F {\textstyle F} is the cumulative distribution function. There are sta... | Notation in probability and statistics | 0.814175 |
15,727 | The joint probability distribution of random variables X and Y is denoted as P ( X , Y ) {\displaystyle P(X,Y)} , while joint probability mass function or probability density function as f ( x , y ) {\displaystyle f(x,y)} and joint cumulative distribution function as F ( x , y ) {\displaystyle F(x,y)} . P ( A ∪ B ) {\d... | Notation in probability and statistics | 0.814175 |
15,728 | José Bonet Solves (Valencia, June 18, 1955) is a Spanish mathematician specialist in functional analysis and its applications to complex analysis and linear partial differential equations. | José Bonet Solves | 0.814172 |
15,729 | A special case of this method is the use of the modular product of graphs to reduce the problem of finding the maximum common induced subgraph of two graphs to the problem of finding a maximum clique in their product.In automatic test pattern generation, finding cliques can help to bound the size of a test set. In bioi... | Clique problem | 0.814164 |
15,730 | Clique-finding algorithms have been used in chemistry, to find chemicals that match a target structure and to model molecular docking and the binding sites of chemical reactions. They can also be used to find similar structures within different molecules. In these applications, one forms a graph in which each vertex re... | Clique problem | 0.814164 |
15,731 | The study of complete subgraphs in mathematics predates the "clique" terminology. For instance, complete subgraphs make an early appearance in the mathematical literature in the graph-theoretic reformulation of Ramsey theory by Erdős & Szekeres (1935). But the term "clique" and the problem of algorithmically listing cl... | Clique problem | 0.814164 |
15,732 | Along with its applications in social networks, the clique problem also has many applications in bioinformatics, and computational chemistry. Most versions of the clique problem are hard. The clique decision problem is NP-complete (one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems). | Clique problem | 0.814164 |
15,733 | In computer science, the clique problem is the computational problem of finding cliques (subsets of vertices, all adjacent to each other, also called complete subgraphs) in a graph. It has several different formulations depending on which cliques, and what information about the cliques, should be found. Common formulat... | Clique problem | 0.814164 |
15,734 | Planar graphs, and other families of sparse graphs, have been discussed above: they have linearly many maximal cliques, of bounded size, that can be listed in linear time. In particular, for planar graphs, any clique can have at most four vertices, by Kuratowski's theorem.Perfect graphs are defined by the properties th... | Clique problem | 0.814164 |
15,735 | In the complement graphs of bipartite graphs, Kőnig's theorem allows the maximum clique problem to be solved using techniques for matching. In another class of perfect graphs, the permutation graphs, a maximum clique is a longest decreasing subsequence of the permutation defining the graph and can be found using known ... | Clique problem | 0.814164 |
15,736 | In statistics, benchmarking is a method of using auxiliary information to adjust the sampling weights used in an estimation process, in order to yield more accurate estimates of totals. Suppose we have a population where each unit k {\displaystyle k} has a "value" Y ( k ) {\displaystyle Y(k)} associated with it. For ex... | Statistical benchmarking | 0.814163 |
15,737 | The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors in the postsynaptic neuron can trigger either short term changes, such as changes in the membrane potential called postsynaptic potentials, or longer term changes by the activation of signaling cascades. Neurons form complex biological neural networks through which nerve im... | Synaptic Transmission | 0.814157 |
15,738 | This just has to be specified within the code of the machine being used. The points in the polar coordinate system can be measured using a rule and protractor to get an approximate point, or the machine operator can use trigonometry to find the exact number needed for the machine to work. == References == | Machine coordinate system | 0.814151 |
15,739 | In the area of mathematical logic and computer science known as type theory, a unit type is a type that allows only one value (and thus can hold no information). The carrier (underlying set) associated with a unit type can be any singleton set. There is an isomorphism between any two such sets, so it is customary to ta... | Unit type | 0.81415 |
15,740 | The basic method for BREP was developed independently in the early 1970s by both Ian C. Braid in Cambridge (for CAD) and Bruce G. Baumgart at Stanford (for computer vision). Braid continued his work with the research solid modeller BUILD which was the forerunner of many research and commercial solid modelling systems. ... | Boundary representation | 0.814149 |
15,741 | A bearing surface in mechanical engineering is the area of contact between two objects. It usually is used in reference to bolted joints and bearings, but can be applied to a wide variety of engineering applications. The choice of bearing surface depends on the application, load, speed, and operating conditions, and th... | Bearing surface | 0.814148 |
15,742 | 1 = L + y N + ( ( N − 1 ) ∗ x ) {\displaystyle 1={\frac {L+y}{N+((N-1)*x)}}} Next solve for x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} algebraically, where both values are the smallest number possible. This is easily done by incrementing x {\displaystyle x} by 1 until the denominator is larger than L {\displaystyle L}... | Rail fence cipher | 0.814147 |
15,743 | The sawhorse projection is very similar to a skeletal formula, and it can even use wedges instead of lines to indicate the stereochemistry of the molecule. The sawhorse projection is set apart from the skeletal formulas because the sawhorse projection is not a very good indicator of molecule geometry and molecular arra... | Structural Formula | 0.814147 |
15,744 | The Newman projection and the sawhorse projection are used to depict specific conformers or to distinguish vicinal stereochemistry. In both cases, two specific carbon atoms and their connecting bond are the center of attention. The only difference is a slightly different perspective: the Newman projection looking strai... | Structural Formula | 0.814147 |
15,745 | This is helpful when converting from condensed formula to another form of structural formula such as skeletal formula or Lewis structures. There are different ways to show the various functional groups in the condensed formulas such as aldehyde as CHO {\displaystyle {\ce {CHO}}} , Carboxylic acids as CO 2 H {\displayst... | Structural Formula | 0.814146 |
15,746 | In early organic-chemistry publications, where use of graphics was strongly limited, a typographic system arose to describe organic structures in a line of text. Although this system tends to be problematic in application to cyclic compounds, it remains a convenient way to represent simple structures: CH 3 CH 2 OH {\di... | Structural Formula | 0.814146 |
15,747 | An additional feature of skeletal formulas is that by adding certain structures the stereochemistry, that is the three-dimensional structure, of the compound can be determined. Often times, the skeletal formula can indicate stereochemistry through the use of wedges instead of lines. Solid wedges represent bonds pointin... | Structural Formula | 0.814146 |
15,748 | These objectives approximate quasispecies to the real case of RNA viruses, which are compelled to deal with dramatic variations in population size and environment. Research on quasispecies has proceeded through several theoretical and experimental avenues that include continuing studies on evolutionary optimization and... | Viral quasispecies | 0.814146 |
15,749 | This and other repair activities, that may act on standard RNA or retroviral genomes, do not prevent the formation of mutant spectra, although their amplitude may be lower than for other RNA viruses, at least in populations close to a clonal (single genome) origin. Quasispecies dynamics will operate in any viral or cel... | Viral quasispecies | 0.814145 |
15,750 | Other models attribute high mutation rates to adaptive optimization independent of bottlenecks, or to a mechanistic consequence of rapid replication. Whatever their ultimate origins, high mutation rates serve the purpose of adaptation in multiple circumstances, not only following bottlenecks. | Viral quasispecies | 0.814145 |
15,751 | The reality is even more complex, given the large population sizes, with an indeterminate proportion of genomes actively replicating at any given time (sometimes equated with the effective population size in general genetics), and harboring multiple mutations per genome. The scenarios suggested by current experimental ... | Viral quasispecies | 0.814145 |
15,752 | The finding that a viral population was essentially a pool of mutants came at a time when mutations in general genetics were considered rare events, and virologists associated a viral genome with a defined nucleotide sequence, as still implied today in the contents of data banks. The cloud nature of Qβ was understood a... | Viral quasispecies | 0.814145 |
15,753 | (The stacks of algebraic geometry, which also go back to Grothendieck, are not the focus of this manuscript.) Among the concepts introduced in the work are derivators and test categories. Some parts of the manuscript were later developed in: Georges Maltsiniotis (2005), "La théorie de l'homotopie de Grothendieck" (PDF... | Pursuing Stacks | 0.814144 |
15,754 | Neural networks are used by the creatures to learn what to do. The game is regarded as a breakthrough in artificial life research, which aims to model the behavior of creatures interacting with their environment.In the 2001 first-person shooter Halo: Combat Evolved the player assumes the role of the Master Chief, battl... | CPU opponent | 0.814144 |
15,755 | In the 1996 game Creatures, the user "hatches" small furry animals and teaches them how to behave. These "Norns" can talk, feed themselves, and protect themselves against vicious creatures. It was the first popular application of machine learning in an interactive simulation. | CPU opponent | 0.814144 |
15,756 | Henry's lawIn physical chemistry, Henry's law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid. The proportionality factor is called Henry's law constant. It was formulated by the English chemist William Henry, who studied the topic in the ea... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,757 | Henderson–Hasselbalch equationIn chemistry and biochemistry, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation pH = p K a + log 10 ( ) {\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}={\ce {p}}K_{{\ce {a}}}+\log _{10}\left({\frac {}{}}\right)} can be used to estimate the pH of a buffer solution. The numerical value of the acid dissociation constant, Ka... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,758 | Gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation, a form of radiant energy similar to electromagnetic radiation. Newton's law of universal gravitation, part of classical mechanics, does not provide for their existence, since that law is predicated on the assumption that physical interactions propagate in... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,759 | Close to the Earth's surface, the gravitational field is approximately constant, and the gravitational potential energy of an object reduces to U = m g h {\displaystyle U=mgh} where m {\displaystyle m} is the object's mass, g = G M E / R E 2 {\displaystyle g=GM_{E}/R_{E}^{2}} is the gravity of Earth, and h {\displaysty... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,760 | It also relies on knowledge of geology, hydrology, geophysics, and other related sciences. GluonIs an elementary particle that acts as the exchange particle (or gauge boson) for the strong force between quarks. It is analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,761 | However, modern geophysics organizations and pure scientists use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar–terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated wi... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,762 | A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer. GeophysicsIs a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term geophysics sometimes refer... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,763 | Geometric meanIn mathematics, the geometric mean is a mean or average, which indicates the central tendency or typical value of a set of numbers by using the product of their values (as opposed to the arithmetic mean which uses their sum). The geometric mean is defined as the nth root of the product of n numbers, i.e.,... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,764 | General relativity generalizes special relativity and refines Newton's law of universal gravitation, providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time or four-dimensional spacetime. In particular, the curvature of spacetime is directly related to the energy and momentum of whatever ma... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,765 | Geiger counterIs an instrument used for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation. Also known as a Geiger–Muller counter (or Geiger–Müller counter), it is widely used in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics, and the nuclear industry. General relativityGeneral relativi... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,766 | Fraunhofer linesIn physics and optics, the Fraunhofer lines are a set of spectral absorption lines named after the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826). The lines were originally observed as dark features (absorption lines) in the optical spectrum of the Sun. Free fallIn Newtonian physics, free fall is an... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,767 | FIRSTFor Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology – is an organization founded by inventor Dean Kamen in 1989 to develop ways to inspire students in engineering and technology fields. FissionIn nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in wh... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,768 | The simple equations that model these finite elements are then assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem. The FEM then uses variational methods from the calculus of variations to approximate a solution by minimizing an associated error function. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,769 | This is achieved by a particular space discretization in the space dimensions, which is implemented by the construction of a mesh of the object: the numerical domain for the solution, which has a finite number of points. The finite element method formulation of a boundary value problem finally results in a system of al... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,770 | Typical problem areas of interest include the traditional fields of structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and electromagnetic potential. The FEM is a particular numerical method for solving partial differential equations in two or three space variables (i.e., some boundary value problems). To ... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,771 | Faraday constantDenoted by the symbol F and sometimes stylized as ℱ, is named after Michael Faraday. In physics and chemistry, this constant represents the magnitude of electric charge per mole of electrons. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,772 | Following these successful demonstrations, it quickly became a cornerstone of engineering and an enabler of the Second Industrial Revolution. Additional mathematical models have been developed such as plate theory, but the simplicity of beam theory makes it an important tool in the sciences, especially structural and m... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,773 | EstimatorIn statistics, an estimator is a rule for calculating an estimate of a given quantity based on observed data: thus the rule (the estimator), the quantity of interest (the estimand) and its result (the estimate) are distinguished. For example, the sample mean is a commonly used estimator of the population mean.... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,774 | Environmental engineeringIs a job type that is a professional engineering discipline and takes from broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect and also improve the health of living organisms and improve th... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,775 | But, it is also a simplified application of microeconomic theory in that it assumes elements such as price determination, competition and demand/supply to be fixed inputs from other sources. As a discipline though, it is closely related to others such as statistics, mathematics and cost accounting. It draws upon the lo... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,776 | EnergyIn physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object. Energy is a conserved quantity; the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The SI unit of energy is the joule... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,777 | Elemental analysisIs a process where a sample of some material (e.g., soil, waste or drinking water, bodily fluids, minerals, chemical compounds) is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition. Elemental analysis can be qualitative (determining what elements are present), and it can be quantitative (d... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,778 | The higher the associated electronegativity, the more an atom or a substituent group attracts electrons. ElectronicsComprises the physics, engineering, technology and applications that deal with the emission, flow and control of electrons in vacuum and matter. It uses active devices to control electron flow by amplific... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,779 | ElectronvoltIn physics, an electronvolt (symbol eV, also written electron-volt and electron volt) is the amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating from rest through an electric potential difference of one volt in vacuum. When used as a unit of energy, the numerical value of 1 eV in joules (symbo... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,780 | Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such as those of DC or AC rotating electrical machines which can be designed and operated to generate power from a mechanical proc... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,781 | Electromagnetic radiationIn physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, X... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,782 | Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others. ElectrodynamicsIn physics, the phenomena a... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,783 | The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Electrical engineeringIs a technical discipline concerned with the study, design and application of equipment, devices and systems which use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,784 | Electric field is sometimes abbreviated as E-field. Electric field gradientIn atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics, the electric field gradient (EFG) measures the rate of change of the electric field at an atomic nucleus generated by the electronic charge distribution and the other nuclei. Electric motorIs an ele... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,785 | The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere, which is the flow of electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter. Electric displacement fieldIn physics, the electric displacement field, denoted by D, is a vector field... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,786 | When an electric field is applied across a semiconductor material, a current is produced due to the flow of charge carriers. DuctilityIs a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,787 | Even though the ultimate cause of a drag is viscous friction, the turbulent drag is independent of viscosity. Drag forces always decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path. Drift currentIn condensed matter physics and electrochemistry, drift current is the electric current, or movement of ... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,788 | The conversion of units from one dimensional unit to another is often somewhat complex. Dimensional analysis, or more specifically the factor-label method, also known as the unit-factor method, is a widely used technique for such conversions using the rules of algebra. Direct integration of a beamDirect integration is ... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,789 | DerivativeThe derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value (output value) with respect to a change in its argument (input value). Derivatives are a fundamental tool of calculus. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,790 | De Moivre–Laplace theoremIn probability theory, the de Moivre–Laplace theorem, which is a special case of the central limit theorem, states that the normal distribution may be used as an approximation to the binomial distribution under certain conditions. In particular, the theorem shows that the probability mass funct... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,791 | Deformation (engineering)In materials science, deformation refers to any changes in the shape or size of an object due to an applied force (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through work) or a change in temperature (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through heat). The first case can be... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,792 | Dalton's lawIn chemistry and physics, Dalton's law (also called Dalton's law of partial pressures) states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. Damped vibrationAny vibration with a force acting against it to lessen the v... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,793 | A cyclotron accelerates charged particles outwards from the center along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency) electric field. Lawrence was awarded the 1939 Nobel prize in physics for this invention. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,794 | The new definition, defines the elementary charge (the charge of the proton) as exactly 1.602176634×10−19 coulombs. This would implicitly define the coulomb as 1⁄0.1602176634×1018 elementary charges. Coulomb's lawCoulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics for quantifying Coulomb's force, or ele... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,795 | Control engineeringControl engineering or control systems engineering is an engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments. The discipline of controls overlaps and is usually taught along with electrical engineering at many institutions arou... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,796 | Continuity equationA continuity equation in physics is an equation that describes the transport of some quantity. It is particularly simple and powerful when applied to a conserved quantity, but it can be generalized to apply to any extensive quantity. Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge and other natural qua... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,797 | Hence, a conjugate base is a species formed by the removal of a proton from an acid. Because some acids are capable of releasing multiple protons, the conjugate base of an acid may itself be acidic. Conservation of energyIn physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isol... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,798 | The interval has an associated confidence level that, loosely speaking, quantifies the level of confidence that the parameter lies in the interval. More strictly speaking, the confidence level represents the frequency (i.e. the proportion) of possible confidence intervals that contain the true value of the unknown popu... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,799 | Condensed matter physicsIs the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter. In particular it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of constituents in a system is extremely large and the interactions between the constituents are strong... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.