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15,800 | Computer scienceIs the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It involves the study of algorithms that process, store, and communicate digital information. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,801 | Computer-aided manufacturingComputer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software to control machine tools and related ones in the manufacturing of workpieces. This is not the only definition for CAM, but it is the most common; CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturi... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,802 | The term CADD (for Computer Aided Design and Drafting) is also used. Computer-aided engineeringComputer-aided engineering (CAE) is the broad usage of computer software to aid in engineering analysis tasks. It includes finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), multibody dynamics (MBD), durabilit... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,803 | Computer-aided designComputer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, a... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,804 | CoherenceIn physics, two wave sources are perfectly coherent if they have a constant phase difference and the same frequency, and the same waveform. Coherence is an ideal property of waves that enables stationary (i.e. temporally and spatially constant) interference. It contains several distinct concepts, which are lim... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,805 | COP is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions. Coefficient of variationIn probability theory and statistics, the coefficient of variation (CV), also known as relative standar... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,806 | Clausius inequality. Clausius theoremThe Clausius theorem (1855) states that a system exchanging heat with external reservoirs and undergoing a cyclic process, is one that ultimately returns a system to its original state, ∮ δ Q T s u r r ≤ 0 , {\displaystyle \oint {\frac {\delta Q}{T_{surr}}}\leq 0,} where δ Q {\displ... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,807 | The equations of motion describe the movement of the center of mass of a body. Civil engineeringThe profession that deals with the design and construction of structures, or other fixed works. Clausius–Clapeyron relationThe Clausius–Clapeyron relation, named after Rudolf Clausius and Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron, is a wa... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,808 | Circular motionIn physics, circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path. It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of rotation and constant speed, or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation. The rotation around a fixed axis of a three-dimensio... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,809 | Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemis... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,810 | CentrosomeIn cell biology, the centrosome is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of the animal cell as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression. The centrosome is thought to have evolved only in the metazoan lineage of eukaryotic cells. Fungi and plants lack centrosomes and th... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,811 | Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others including osteoclasts have many. Cell theoryIn biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are t... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,812 | Cell membraneThe cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space) which protects the cell from its environment consisting of ... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,813 | Castigliano's methodNamed for Carlo Alberto Castigliano, is a method for determining the displacements of a linear-elastic system based on the partial derivatives of the energy. He is known for his two theorems. The basic concept may be easy to understand by recalling that a change in energy is equal to the causing for... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,814 | CalculusThe mathematics of change. CapacitanceThe ability of a body to store electrical charge. Capacitive reactanceThe impedance of a capacitor in an alternating current circuit, the opposition to current flow. CapacitorAn electrical component that stores energy in an electric field. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,815 | Brownian motionBrownian motion or pedesis is the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) resulting from their collision with the fast-moving molecules in the fluid. Buckingham π theoremA method for determining Π groups, or dimensionless descriptors of physical phenomena. Buffer solutionA buf... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,816 | Bravais latticeIn geometry and crystallography, a Bravais lattice, named after Auguste Bravais (1850), is an infinite array (or a finite array, if we consider the edges, obviously) of discrete points generated by a set of discrete translation operations described in three dimensional space by: R = n 1 a 1 + n 2 a 2 + n... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,817 | The name boson was coined by Paul Dirac to commemorate the contribution of Indian physicist and professor of physics at University of Calcutta and at University of Dhaka, Satyendra Nath Bose in developing, with Albert Einstein, Bose–Einstein statistics—which theorizes the characteristics of elementary particles. Boyle'... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,818 | {\displaystyle k={\frac {R}{N_{\text{A}}}}.} .BosonIn quantum mechanics, a boson (, ) is a particle that follows Bose–Einstein statistics. Bosons make up one of the two classes of particles, the other being fermions. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,819 | Biophysical research shares significant overlap with biochemistry, molecular biology, physical chemistry, physiology, nanotechnology, bioengineering, computational biology, biomechanics and systems biology. Biot numberThe Biot number (Bi) is a dimensionless quantity used in heat transfer calculations. It is named after... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,820 | BionicsThe application of biological methods to engineering systems. BiophysicsIs an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,821 | Biomedical engineeringBiomedical Engineering (BME) or Medical Engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes (e.g. diagnostic or therapeutic). This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine, combining the design and proble... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,822 | Beta particlealso called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process of beta decay. There are two forms of beta decay, β− decay and β+ decay, which produce electrons and positrons respectively. Binomial... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,823 | Bernoulli differential equationIn mathematics, an ordinary differential equation of the form: y ′ + P ( x ) y = Q ( x ) y n {\displaystyle y'+P(x)y=Q(x)y^{n}\,} is called a Bernoulli differential equation where n {\displaystyle n} is any real number and n ≠ 0 {\displaystyle n\neq 0} and n ≠ 1 {\displaystyle n\neq 1} . ... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,824 | The law is commonly applied to chemical analysis measurements and used in understanding attenuation in physical optics, for photons, neutrons or rarefied gases. In mathematical physics, this law arises as a solution of the BGK equation. BeltA closed loop of flexible material used to transmit mechanical power from one p... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,825 | BarometerA device for measuring pressure. BatteryElectrochemical cells that transform chemical energy into electricity. BaseIn chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.g., turn red... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,826 | (1991). "Geophysics". Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics (3rd ed.). | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,827 | Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-604259-4.. Sheriff, Robert E. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,828 | Retrieved 22 August 2020. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed. ), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2 Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2009). | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,829 | Atomic orbitalIn atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the a... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,830 | : 188 It can be used to model the temperature variation of diffusion coefficients, population of crystal vacancies, creep rates, and many other thermally-induced processes/reactions. The Eyring equation, developed in 1935, also expresses the relationship between rate and energy. Artificial intelligence(AI), is intellig... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,831 | Its unit of dimension when working with the International System of Units is meters to the fourth power, m4. Arithmetic meanIn mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean or simply the mean or average when the context is clear, is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the number of numbers in the collection... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,832 | Archimedes' principleStates that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid. Archimedes' principle is a law of phys... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,833 | Arc lengthArc length is the distance between two points along a section of a curve. Determining the length of an irregular arc segment is also called rectification of a curve. The advent of infinitesimal calculus led to a general formula that provides closed-form solutions in some cases. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,834 | Applied engineeringIs the field concerned with the application of management, design, and technical skills for the design and integration of systems, the execution of new product designs, the improvement of manufacturing processes, and the management and direction of physical and/or technical functions of a firm or org... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,835 | AnionIs an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged). Annealing (metallurgy)A heat treatment process that relieves internal stresses. AnnihilationIn particle physics, annihilation is the process that occurs when a su... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,836 | Angular momentumIn physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum. It is an important quantity in physics because it is a conserved quantity—the total angular momentum of a system remains constant unless acted on by an external torque. Angul... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,837 | AmpereThe SI unit of current flow, one coulomb per second. AmphoterismIn chemistry, an amphoteric compound is a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid as well as a base. Many metals (such as copper, zinc, tin, lead, aluminium, and beryllium) form amphoteric oxides or hydroxides. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,838 | It has two major and overlapping branches: Aeronautical engineering and Astronautical Engineering. Avionics engineering is similar, but deals with the electronics side of aerospace engineering. Afocal systemAn optical system that produces no net convergence or divergence of the beam, i.e. has an infinite effective foca... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,839 | AerodynamicsThe study of the motion of air, particularly its interaction with a solid object, such as an airplane wing. It is a sub-field of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, and many aspects of aerodynamics theory are common to these fields. Aerospace engineeringIs the primary field of engineering concerned with the de... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,840 | Activated sludgeA type of wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or industrial wastewaters using aeration and a biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa. Activated sludge modelA generic name for a group of mathematical methods to model activated sludge systems. Active transportIn cellular biology, ac... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,841 | Absolute electrode potentialIn electrochemistry, according to an IUPAC definition, is the electrode potential of a metal measured with respect to a universal reference system (without any additional metal–solution interface). Absolute pressureIs zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, using an absolute scale, so it i... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,842 | It was developed as a mathematical analog of electrical capacitance, although it also includes thermal analogs of electrical resistance as well. Lumped element modelThe lumped-element model (also called lumped-parameter model, or lumped-component model) simplifies the description of the behaviour of spatially distribut... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,843 | The binary logarithm uses base 2 (that is b = 2) and is frequently used in computer science. Logarithms are examples of concave functions. Logarithmic identitiesSeveral important formulas, sometimes called logarithmic identities or log laws, relate logarithms to one another. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,844 | For example, log2 64 = 6, as 26 = 64. The logarithm base 10 (that is b = 10) is called the decimal or common logarithm and is commonly used in science and engineering. The natural logarithm has the number e (that is b ≈ 2.718) as its base; its use is widespread in mathematics and physics, because of its simpler integra... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,845 | Hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders inherently produce linear motion. Many other mechanisms are used to generate linear motion from a rotating motor. Linear algebraThe mathematics of equations where the unknowns are only in the first power. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,846 | Although the rule is often attributed to L'Hôpital, the theorem was first introduced to him in 1694 by the Swiss mathematician Johann Bernoulli. L'Hôpital's rule states that for functions f and g which are differentiable on an open interval I except possibly at a point c contained in I, if lim x → c f ( x ) = lim x → c... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,847 | L'Hôpital's ruleIn mathematics, more specifically calculus, L'Hôpital's rule or L'Hospital's rule (French: , English: , loh-pee-TAHL) provides a technique to evaluate limits of indeterminate forms. Application (or repeated application) of the rule often converts an indeterminate form to an expression that can be easily... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,848 | LeptonIn particle physics, a lepton is an elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) that does not undergo strong interactions. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other p... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,849 | Le Chatelier's principleLe Chatelier's principle, also called Chatelier's principle, is a principle of chemistry used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on chemical equilibria. The principle is named after French chemist Henry Louis Le Chatelier, and sometimes also credited to Karl Ferdinand Braun, who dis... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,850 | The transform has many applications in science and engineering because it is a tool for solving differential equations. In particular, it transforms differential equations into algebraic equations and convolution into multiplication. LC circuitA circuit consisting entirely of inductors (L) and capacitors (C). | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,851 | Kalman filterIn statistics and control theory, Kalman filtering, also known as linear quadratic estimation (LQE), is an algorithm that uses a series of measurements observed over time, containing statistical noise and other inaccuracies, and produces estimates of unknown variables that tend to be more accurate than tho... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,852 | This field covers chemical compounds that are not carbon-based, which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, as there is much overlap in the subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, includin... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,853 | Jerzy Neyman (1937) identified interval estimation ("estimation by interval") as distinct from point estimation ("estimation by unique estimate"). In doing so, he recognized that then-recent work quoting results in the form of an estimate plus-or-minus a standard deviation indicated that interval estimation was actuall... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,854 | The SI system also provides twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying power-of-ten (i.e. decimal) multiples and sub-multiples of SI units. The SI is intended to be an evolving system; units and prefixes are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreeme... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,855 | Along with differentiation, integration is a fundamental operation of calculus, and serves as a tool to solve problems in mathematics and physics involving the area of an arbitrary shape, the length of a curve, and the volume of a solid, among others. Integral transformIn mathematics, an integral transform maps a funct... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,856 | An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil. Industrial engineeringIs an engineering profession that is concerned with the optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations by developing, improving and implementing integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information and equi... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,857 | This is stated by Lenz's law, and the voltage is called back EMF. Inductance is defined as the ratio of the induced voltage to the rate of change of current causing it. It is a proportionality factor that depends on the geometry of circuit conductors and the magnetic permeability of nearby materials. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,858 | Impedance (electrical)In electrical engineering, electrical impedance is the measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied. Inclined planeAlso known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lo... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,859 | Fundamental theorem of calculusIs a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function with the concept of integrating a function. Fundamentals of Engineering Examination (US)The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam, also referred to as the Engineer in Training (EIT) exam, and formerly in some states as the ... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,860 | In other contexts, it is more common to abbreviate it as f1, the first harmonic. (The second harmonic is then f2 = 2⋅f1, etc. In this context, the zeroth harmonic would be 0 Hz.) Fundamental interactionIn physics, the fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions that do not appear to... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,861 | Fracture toughnessIn materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. A component's thickness affects the constraint conditions at the tip of a crack with thin components having plane stress conditions and... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,862 | It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, civil, chemical and biomedical engineering, geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology. Fluid staticsFluid statics, or hydrostatics, is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies "fluids at rest and the pressure in a fluid o... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,863 | Fluid dynamicsIn physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion). Fluid mechanicsIs the... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,864 | FluidIn physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external force. Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases and plasmas. They are substances with zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to the... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,865 | EconomicsThe scientific study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods. EffusionIn physics and chemistry, effusion is the process in which a gas escapes from a container through a hole of diameter considerably smaller than the mean free path of the molecules. Elastic modulusThe amount a material will de... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,866 | Central limit theoremIn probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) establishes that, in some situations, when independent random variables are added, their properly normalized sum tends toward a normal distribution (informally a "bell curve") even if the original variables themselves are not normally distribut... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,867 | arXiv:0706.3639 . Nilsson, Nils (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,868 | Retrieved 30 September 2011. Downing, Douglas (2003). Algebra the Easy Way. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,869 | Anton, Howard; Bivens, Irl C.; Davis, Stephen (2016), Calculus: Early Transcendentals (11th ed. ), John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-118-88382-2 Apostol, Tom M. (1967), Calculus, Vol. 1: One-Variable Calculus with an Introduction to Linear Algebra (2nd ed. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,870 | Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" ... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.814134 |
15,871 | Pointwise operations inherit such properties as associativity, commutativity and distributivity from corresponding operations on the codomain. If A {\displaystyle A} is some algebraic structure, the set of all functions X {\displaystyle X} to the carrier set of A {\displaystyle A} can be turned into an algebraic struct... | Pointwise addition | 0.814133 |
15,872 | There are no draws. A special case of this variant is Sim.The clique game (in its strong-positional variant) was first presented by Paul Erdős and John Selfridge, who attributed it to Simmons. They called it the Ramsey game, since it is closely related to Ramsey's theorem (see below). | Clique game | 0.81413 |
15,873 | Numerous compounds adopt this geometry, examples being especially numerous for transition metal complexes. The noble gas compound xenon tetrafluoride adopts this structure as predicted by VSEPR theory. The geometry is prevalent for transition metal complexes with d8 configuration, which includes Rh(I), Ir(I), Pd(II), P... | Square planar | 0.814128 |
15,874 | Many homogeneous catalysts are square planar in their resting state, such as Wilkinson's catalyst and Crabtree's catalyst. Other examples include Vaska's complex and Zeise's salt. Certain ligands (such as porphyrins) stabilize this geometry. | Square planar | 0.814127 |
15,875 | The 2×2-matrices over the reals form a unital algebra in the obvious way. The 2×2-matrices for which all entries are zero, except for the first one on the diagonal, form a subalgebra. It is also unital, but it is not a unital subalgebra. | Subalgebra | 0.814127 |
15,876 | For example, the standard signature for groups in universal algebra is (•, −1, 1). (Inversion and unit are needed to get the right notions of homomorphism and so that the group laws can be expressed as equations.) Therefore, a subgroup of a group G is a subset S of G such that: the identity e of G belongs to S (so that... | Subalgebra | 0.814127 |
15,877 | A subalgebra of an algebra over a commutative ring or field is a vector subspace which is closed under the multiplication of vectors. The restriction of the algebra multiplication makes it an algebra over the same ring or field. This notion also applies to most specializations, where the multiplication must satisfy add... | Subalgebra | 0.814127 |
15,878 | In universal algebra, a subalgebra of an algebra A is a subset S of A that also has the structure of an algebra of the same type when the algebraic operations are restricted to S. If the axioms of a kind of algebraic structure is described by equational laws, as is typically the case in universal algebra, then the only... | Subalgebra | 0.814127 |
15,879 | In mathematics, a subalgebra is a subset of an algebra, closed under all its operations, and carrying the induced operations. "Algebra", when referring to a structure, often means a vector space or module equipped with an additional bilinear operation. Algebras in universal algebra are far more general: they are a comm... | Subalgebra | 0.814127 |
15,880 | Most of the information on solar geoengineering comes from climate models and volcanic eruptions, which are both imperfect analogues of stratospheric aerosol injection. The climate models used in impact assessments are the same that scientists use to predict the impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Some uncertainti... | Solar radiation modification | 0.814124 |
15,881 | The Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) are a collection of influential psychiatric diagnostic criteria published in late 1970s under auspices of Statistics Section NY Psychiatric Institute, authors were Spitzer, R L; Endicott J; Robins E. PMID 1153649. As psychiatric diagnoses widely varied especially between the US an... | Research Diagnostic Criteria | 0.814124 |
15,882 | The first part, the knowledge base, represents facts about the world, often in some form of subsumption ontology (rather than implicitly embedded in procedural code, in the way a conventional computer program does). Other common approaches in addition to a subsumption ontology include frames, conceptual graphs, and log... | Knowledge-Based Systems | 0.814122 |
15,883 | Knowledge-based systems were first developed by artificial intelligence researchers. These early knowledge-based systems were primarily expert systems – in fact, the term is often used interchangeably with expert systems, although there is a difference. The difference is in the view taken to describe the system: "exper... | Knowledge-Based Systems | 0.814122 |
15,884 | Four companies supply most of the commercial-use world market: one in the United States (Zonge International, Inc.), one in Canada; (Phoenix Geophysics, Ltd. ); one in Germany (Metronix Messgeraete und Elektronik GmbH).) and One in Russia (Vega Geophysics, LLC).Government agencies and smaller companies producing MT ins... | Magnetotellurics | 0.814118 |
15,885 | Long recording times are needed to ascertain usable reading due to the fluctuations and the low signal strength. Generally, the signal is weak between 1 and 5 kHz, which is a crucial range in detecting the top 100 m of geology. The magnetotelluric method is also used in marine environments for hydrocarbon exploration a... | Magnetotellurics | 0.814118 |
15,886 | While high-velocity layers are an acoustic barrier and make seismic ineffective, their electrical resistivity means the magnetic signal passes through almost unimpeded. This allows MT to see deep beneath these acoustic barrier layers, complementing the seismic data and assisting interpretation. 3-D MT survey results in... | Magnetotellurics | 0.814118 |
15,887 | MT is also used for groundwater exploration and mapping research, hydrocarbon reservoir monitoring, deep investigation (100 km) of the electrical properties of the bedrock for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems, carbon dioxide sequestration, and other environmental engineering applications (e.g. nu... | Magnetotellurics | 0.814118 |
15,888 | MT exploration surveys are done to acquire resistivity data which can be interpreted to create a model of the subsurface. Data is acquired at each sounding location for a period of time (overnight soundings are common), with physical spacing between soundings dependent on the target size and geometry, local terrain con... | Magnetotellurics | 0.814118 |
15,889 | In the early 1970s, at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert started developing the Society of Mind theory, which views the biological brain as massively parallel computer. In 1986, Minsky published The Society of Mind, which claims that "mind is formed from m... | Parallel programming | 0.814114 |
15,890 | Twisting properties in general terms are associated with the properties of samples that identify with statistics that are suitable for exchange. | Twisting properties | 0.814112 |
15,891 | Using the first factorization and replacing s k {\displaystyle s_{k}} with r k = s k s λ m {\displaystyle r_{k}={\frac {s_{k}}{s_{\lambda }^{m}}}} in order to have a distribution of K {\displaystyle K} that is independent of Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } , we have F Λ ∣ K = k ( λ ) = 1 − Γ ( k m , λ s Λ ) Γ ( k m ) {\disp... | Twisting properties | 0.814112 |
15,892 | Hence, we may derive the latter distribution directly from the former if we are able to relate domains of the sample space to subsets of Θ support. In more abstract terms, we speak about twisting properties of samples with properties of parameters and identify the former with statistics that are suitable for this excha... | Twisting properties | 0.814112 |
15,893 | "Chapter 11". The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Vol. | Spatial vector | 0.814101 |
15,894 | It is then determined by the coordinates of that bound vector's terminal point. Thus the free vector represented by (1, 0, 0) is a vector of unit length—pointing along the direction of the positive x-axis. This coordinate representation of free vectors allows their algebraic features to be expressed in a convenient num... | Spatial vector | 0.814101 |
15,895 | One of the most widely used successors to KL-ONE was the Loom language developed by Robert MacGregor at the Information Sciences Institute.In the 1980s Artificial Intelligence generated a great deal of interest in the business world fueled by expert systems. This led to the development of many commercial products for t... | Semantic frames | 0.814099 |
15,896 | Early work on Frames was inspired by psychological research going back to the 1930s that indicated people use stored stereotypical knowledge to interpret and act in new cognitive situations. The term Frame was first used by Marvin Minsky as a paradigm to understand visual reasoning and natural language processing. In t... | Semantic frames | 0.814099 |
15,897 | A frame language is a technology used for knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. They are similar to class hierarchies in object-oriented languages although their fundamental design goals are different. Frames are focused on explicit and intuitive representation of knowledge whereas objects focus on encap... | Semantic frames | 0.814099 |
15,898 | Their aim was to map the Frame classes, slots, constraints, and rules in a Frame language to set theory and logic. One of the benefits of this approach is that the validation and even creation of the models could be automated using theorem provers and other automated reasoning capabilities. The drawback was that it cou... | Semantic frames | 0.814099 |
15,899 | For SRM neurons, an important variable characterizing the internal state of the neuron is the time since the last spike (or 'age' of the neuron) which enters into the refractory kernel η ( s ) {\displaystyle \eta (s)} . The population activity equations for SRM neurons can be formulated alternatively either as integral... | Spike response model | 0.814098 |
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