id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
16,300 | Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-2634-7.Volume 8 covers electromagnetism in materials, and includes a variety of topics in condensed matter physics, a chapter on magnetohydrodynamics, and another on nonlinear optics. | Course of Theoretical Physics | 0.813836 |
16,301 | 3 (3rd ed.). Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-020940-1.Volume 3 covers quantum mechanics without special relativity. | Course of Theoretical Physics | 0.813836 |
16,302 | (1977). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. Vol. | Course of Theoretical Physics | 0.813836 |
16,303 | (1965). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. Vol. | Course of Theoretical Physics | 0.813836 |
16,304 | Landau, Lev D.; Lifshitz, Evgeny M. (1958). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. Vol. | Course of Theoretical Physics | 0.813836 |
16,305 | Credentialing/certification/licensure Genetic counselling training programmes are accredited by the UK Genetic Counsellor Registration Board (GCRB) and the European Board of Medical Genetics (EBMG). Genetic counsellors in the UK are regulated through the GCRB, although currently GCRB registration is voluntary. The GCRB... | Genetic counselors | 0.813835 |
16,306 | 2016 saw major changes in the way genetic counsellors are trained in England. A 3-year training programme funded by Health Education England, the Scientist Training Programme (STP) uses a combination of work-based training in Genomic Medicine Centres and a part-time MSc in genetics (Genomic Counselling) from the Univer... | Genetic counselors | 0.813835 |
16,307 | The majority of Genetic Counsellors in the UK work in the National Health Service (NHS) in one of the 33 Regional Clinical Genetics Services (some renamed Genomic Medicine Centres in England), Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. Others work in specialist roles in the NHS, education, policy or research. A minority work... | Genetic counselors | 0.813835 |
16,308 | A one-year graduate diploma program was established in 1995, and a two-year Master's level training program was established in 2008. There are currently two Master's training programs in Australia accredited by the Human Genetics Society of Australasia (HGSA). | Genetic counselors | 0.813835 |
16,309 | Out of the approximate 100 genetic counselors practicing in the Middle East, most are located in Israel and Saudi Arabia, with a few located in Lebanon, Oman, and Turkey. In Israel, licensed genetic counselors must work under the supervision of a medical geneticist. Most practice in genetics departments in hospital set... | Genetic counselors | 0.813835 |
16,310 | European Board of Medical Genetics (EBMG) developed competencies and standards of practice for GC registration within the European Union (EU). The Association of Genetic Counselors (APPAcGen), is working to achieve recognition of the profession of GCs in Portugal. The Romanian Association of Genetic Counseling (RAGC) w... | Genetic counselors | 0.813835 |
16,311 | The Association of Genetic Nurses and Counsellors (AGNC) is the UK's professional organization representing genetic counsellors, genetic nurses and non-medical, patient-facing staff working within the discipline of Clinical Genetics. There are currently (March 2018) 330 AGNC members within the UK. The AGNC is one of th... | Genetic counselors | 0.813835 |
16,312 | Many studies have examined the attitudes of the lay public toward genetic counseling and genetic testing. Barriers to obtaining genetic counseling include lack of understanding of genetics by both patients and healthcare providers, concerns about cost and insurance, and fears of stigma and/or discrimination.The reach o... | Genetic counselors | 0.813835 |
16,313 | In order to discuss the relation between the enthalpy increase and heat supply, we return to the first law for closed systems, with the physics sign convention: dU = δQ − δW, where the heat δQ is supplied by conduction, radiation, Joule heating. We apply it to the special case with a constant pressure at the surface. I... | Enthalpy | 0.81383 |
16,314 | The Berge equilibrium was first introduced in Claude Berge's 1957 book Théorie générale des jeux à n personnes. Moussa Larbani and Vladislav Iosifovich Zhukovskii write that the ideas in this book were not widely used in Russia partly due to a harsh review that it received shortly after its translation into Russian in ... | Berge equilibrium | 0.813827 |
16,315 | The Berge equilibrium has been motivated as the exact opposite of a Nash equilibrium, in that while the Nash equilibrium models selfish behaviours, the Berge equilibrium models altruistic behaviours. Moussa Larbani and Vladislav Iosifovich Zhukovskii note that Berge equilibria could be interpreted as a method for forma... | Berge equilibrium | 0.813827 |
16,316 | The Schottky effect or field enhanced thermionic emission is a phenomenon in condensed matter physics named after Walter H. Schottky. In electron emission devices, especially electron guns, the thermionic electron emitter will be biased negative relative to its surroundings. This creates an electric field of magnitude ... | Schottky effect | 0.813824 |
16,317 | POSIX functions clock() and getrusage() can be used to get CPU time consumed by any process in a POSIX environment. If the process is multithreaded, the CPU time is the sum for all threads. With Linux starting from kernel 2.6.26 there is a parameter RUSAGE_THREAD which leads to resource usage statistics for the calling... | CPU usage | 0.813823 |
16,318 | The sequent calculus was developed to study the properties of natural deduction systems. Instead of working with one formula at a time, it uses sequents, which are expressions of the form A 1 , … , A n ⊢ B 1 , … , B k , {\displaystyle A_{1},\ldots ,A_{n}\vdash B_{1},\ldots ,B_{k},} where A1, ..., An, B1, ..., Bk are fo... | First-order predicate logic | 0.813822 |
16,319 | Per Lindström showed that the metalogical properties just discussed actually characterize first-order logic in the sense that no stronger logic can also have those properties (Ebbinghaus and Flum 1994, Chapter XIII). Lindström defined a class of abstract logical systems, and a rigorous definition of the relative streng... | First-order predicate logic | 0.813822 |
16,320 | In probability theory and statistics, a mixture is a probabilistic combination of two or more probability distributions. The concept arises mostly in two contexts: A mixture defining a new probability distribution from some existing ones, as in a mixture distribution or a compound distribution. Here a major problem oft... | Mixture (probability) | 0.813819 |
16,321 | PyTorch Lightning is an open-source Python library that provides a high-level interface for PyTorch, a popular deep learning framework. It is a lightweight and high-performance framework that organizes PyTorch code to decouple the research from the engineering, making deep learning experiments easier to read and reprod... | PyTorch Lightning | 0.813818 |
16,322 | Many academic disciplines and fields are increasingly turning their attention to the development, application and implications of ADM including business, computer sciences, human computer interaction (HCI), law, public administration, and media and communications. The automation of media content and algorithmically dri... | Automated decision making | 0.813817 |
16,323 | There are many social, ethical and legal implications of automated decision-making systems. Concerns raised include lack of transparency and contestability of decisions, incursions on privacy and surveillance, exacerbating systemic bias and inequality due to data and algorithmic bias, intellectual property rights, the ... | Automated decision making | 0.813817 |
16,324 | There are different definitions of ADM based on the level of automation involved. Some definitions suggests ADM involves decisions made through purely technological means without human input, such as the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (Article 22). However, ADM technologies and applications can take many forms... | Automated decision making | 0.813817 |
16,325 | Governments have been implementing digital technologies to provide more efficient administration and social services since the early 2000s, often referred to as e-government. Many governments around the world are now using automated, algorithmic systems for profiling and targeting policies and services including algori... | Automated decision making | 0.813817 |
16,326 | Digital media, entertainment platforms and information services increasingly provide content to audiences via automated recommender systems based on demographic information, previous selections, collaborative filtering or content-based filtering. This includes music and video platforms, publishing, health information, ... | Automated decision making | 0.813817 |
16,327 | Roughly speaking, for a number to be highly composite it has to have prime factors as small as possible, but not too many of the same. By the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, every positive integer n has a unique prime factorization: n = p 1 c 1 × p 2 c 2 × ⋯ × p k c k ( 1 ) {\displaystyle n=p_{1}^{c_{1}}\times p_{2}... | Highly composite number | 0.813816 |
16,328 | Speculative theories with more than one time dimension have been explored in physics. The additional dimensions may be similar to conventional time, compactified like the additional spatial dimensions in string theory, or components of a complex time (sometimes referred to as kime).Itzhak Bars has proposed models of a ... | Multiple time dimensions | 0.813815 |
16,329 | The possibility that there might be more than one dimension of time has occasionally been discussed in physics and philosophy. Similar ideas appear in folklore and fantasy literature. | Multiple time dimensions | 0.813815 |
16,330 | But the same arguments then applied to this new level, requiring a third level, and so on in an infinite regress. At the end of the regress was a "superlative general observer" who existed in eternity. He published his theory in relation to precognitive dreams in his 1927 book An Experiment with Time and went on to exp... | Multiple time dimensions | 0.813815 |
16,331 | There are several theorems that in effect state that many of the most basic tools used to study high-dimensional manifolds do not apply to low-dimensional manifolds, such as: Steenrod's theorem states that an orientable 3-manifold has a trivial tangent bundle. Stated another way, the only characteristic class of a 3-ma... | Low-dimensional topology | 0.813815 |
16,332 | A number of advances starting in the 1960s had the effect of emphasising low dimensions in topology. The solution by Stephen Smale, in 1961, of the Poincaré conjecture in five or more dimensions made dimensions three and four seem the hardest; and indeed they required new methods, while the freedom of higher dimensions... | Low-dimensional topology | 0.813815 |
16,333 | There are several fundamental theorems about manifolds that can be proved by low-dimensional methods in dimensions at most 3, and by completely different high-dimensional methods in dimension at least 5, but which are false in four dimensions. Here are some examples: In dimensions other than 4, the Kirby–Siebenmann inv... | Low-dimensional topology | 0.813815 |
16,334 | Vaughan Jones' discovery of the Jones polynomial in the early 1980s not only led knot theory in new directions but gave rise to still mysterious connections between low-dimensional topology and mathematical physics. In 2002, Grigori Perelman announced a proof of the three-dimensional Poincaré conjecture, using Richard ... | Low-dimensional topology | 0.813815 |
16,335 | The classification theorem of closed surfaces states that any connected closed surface is homeomorphic to some member of one of these three families: the sphere; the connected sum of g tori, for g ≥ 1 {\displaystyle g\geq 1} ; the connected sum of k real projective planes, for k ≥ 1 {\displaystyle k\geq 1} .The surface... | Low-dimensional topology | 0.813815 |
16,336 | Knot theory is the study of mathematical knots. While inspired by knots that appear in daily life in shoelaces and rope, a mathematician's knot differs in that the ends are joined together so that it cannot be undone. In mathematical language, a knot is an embedding of a circle in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, R3 (sin... | Low-dimensional topology | 0.813815 |
16,337 | In mathematics, low-dimensional topology is the branch of topology that studies manifolds, or more generally topological spaces, of four or fewer dimensions. Representative topics are the structure theory of 3-manifolds and 4-manifolds, knot theory, and braid groups. This can be regarded as a part of geometric topology... | Low-dimensional topology | 0.813815 |
16,338 | In semiconductor physics, the depletion region, also called depletion layer, depletion zone, junction region, space charge region or space charge layer, is an insulating region within a conductive, doped semiconductor material where the mobile charge carriers have been diffused away, or have been forced away by an elec... | Junction voltage | 0.813814 |
16,339 | PLSA may be used in a discriminative setting, via Fisher kernels.PLSA has applications in information retrieval and filtering, natural language processing, machine learning from text, bioinformatics, and related areas. It is reported that the aspect model used in the probabilistic latent semantic analysis has severe ov... | Probabilistic latent semantic analysis | 0.813813 |
16,340 | Probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA), also known as probabilistic latent semantic indexing (PLSI, especially in information retrieval circles) is a statistical technique for the analysis of two-mode and co-occurrence data. In effect, one can derive a low-dimensional representation of the observed variables in ... | Probabilistic latent semantic analysis | 0.813813 |
16,341 | In software engineering, a double-chance function is a software design pattern with a strong application in cross-platform and scalable development. | Double-chance function | 0.813812 |
16,342 | Electronic instrumentation similar to the spherometer in design are modified at inspection plants for casing, tubing, and drill pipe. The equivalent measurements in optics would be for a cylinder, or lens with a cylindrical component having an optical axis, where a plane through the lens would produce an oval circumfer... | Spherometer | 0.813811 |
16,343 | Sputnik V (Russian: Спутник V, the brand name from RDIF) or Gam-COVID-Vac (Russian: Гам-КОВИД-Вак, the name under which it is legally registered and produced) is an adenovirus viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia. It is the world's fir... | Sputnik V vaccine | 0.813809 |
16,344 | There is research into epigenetics of aging. The ability to repair DNA double-strand breaks declines with aging in mice and humans.A set of rare hereditary (genetics) disorders, each called progeria, has been known for some time. Sufferers exhibit symptoms resembling accelerated aging, including wrinkled skin. | Aging DNA | 0.813807 |
16,345 | Here are some examples for problems defined using the above notation. P 2 ∥ C max {\displaystyle P_{2}\parallel C_{\max }} – assigning each of n {\displaystyle n} given jobs to one of the two identical machines so to minimize the maximum total processing time over the machines. This is an optimization version of the pa... | Optimal job scheduling | 0.813806 |
16,346 | Optimal job scheduling is a class of optimization problems related to scheduling. The inputs to such problems are a list of jobs (also called processes or tasks) and a list of machines (also called processors or workers). The required output is a schedule – an assignment of jobs to machines. The schedule should optimiz... | Optimal job scheduling | 0.813806 |
16,347 | Material implication can also be characterized deductively in terms of the following rules of inference. Modus ponens Conditional proof Classical contraposition Classical reductio ad absurdumUnlike the semantic definition, this approach to logical connectives permits the examination of structurally identical propositio... | Logical conditional | 0.813806 |
16,348 | Recent work in formal semantics and philosophy of language has generally eschewed material implication as an analysis for natural-language conditionals. In particular, such work has often rejected the assumption that natural-language conditionals are truth functional in the sense that the truth value of "If P, then Q" ... | Logical conditional | 0.813806 |
16,349 | The following lemma can be proven with elementary hyperbolic geometry. If two right-angled hyperbolic hexagons each have three alternate sides of matching lengths, then they are isometric to each other.So we see that the pair of pants is the double of a right-angled hexagon along alternate sides. Since the isometry cla... | Pair of pants (mathematics) | 0.813804 |
16,350 | A n-dimensional topological quantum field theory (TQFT) is a monoidal functor from the category of n-cobordisms to the category of complex vector space (where multiplication is given by the tensor product). In particular, cobordisms between 1-dimensional manifolds (which are unions of circles) are compact surfaces whos... | Pair of pants (mathematics) | 0.813804 |
16,351 | In mathematics, a pair of pants is a surface which is homeomorphic to the three-holed sphere. The name comes from considering one of the removed disks as the waist and the two others as the cuffs of a pair of pants. Pairs of pants are used as building blocks for compact surfaces in various theories. Two important appli... | Pair of pants (mathematics) | 0.813804 |
16,352 | Wichman, H. A., J. Wichman, and J. J. Bull. 2005. Adaptive molecular evolution for 13,000 phage generations: A possible arms race. Genetics 170:19-31. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,353 | Malmberg, R. L. 1977. The evolution of epistasis and the advantage of recombination in populations of bacteriophage T4. Genetics 86:607-621. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,354 | 1997. The advantage of sex in the RNA virus _6. Genetics 147:953-959. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,355 | Sex and the evolution of intrahost competition in RNA virus _6. Genetics 150:523-532. L. Chao, T. T. Tran, and T. T. Tran. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,356 | 2005. Evolution of mutational robustness in an RNA virus. PLoS Biology 3:e381 Sachs, J.L. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,357 | Froissart, R., C. O. Wilke, R. Montville, S. K. Remold, L. Chao, and P. E. Turner. 2004. Co-infection weakens selection against epistatic mutations in RNA viruses. Genetics Montville, R., R. Froissart, S. K. Remold, O. Tenaillon, and P. E. Turner. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,358 | Evolutionary reversals during viral adaptation to alternating hosts. Genetics 154:27-37. Bull, J. J., A. Jacoboson, M. R. Badgett, and I. J. Molineux. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,359 | Genetics 172:2047-2056. Crill, W. D., H. A. Wichman, and J. J. Bull. 2000. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,360 | Duffy, S., P. E. Turner, and C. L. Burch. 2006. Pleiotropic Costs of Niche Expansion in the RNA Bacteriophage _6. Genetics 172:751-757. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,361 | Genetics 159:1393-1404. Bull, J. J., M. R. Badgett, and H. A. Wichman. 2000. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,362 | 2004. Drift increases the advantage of sex in RNA bacteriophage _6. Genetics 166:19-24. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,363 | Genetics. 170:989-999. Poon, A., and L. Chao. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,364 | The genetic basis of thermal reaction norm evolution in lab and natural phage population. PLoS Biology. 4:e201. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,365 | ), Genes, Cells, and Behavior: A View of Biology Fifty Years Later. Studier, F. W., 1979. Relationships among different strains of T7 and among T7-related bacteriophages. Virology 95:70-84. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,366 | Molineux, 1992. Experimental phylogenetics: generation of a known phylogeny. Science. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,367 | Hahn, M. W., M. D. Rausher, and C. W. Cunningham, 2002. Distinguishing between selection and population expansion in an experimental lineage of bacteriophage T7. Genetics 161:11-20. Oakley, T. H., and C. W. Cunningham, 2000. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,368 | Coevolution is the study of the evolutionary influence that two species have upon each other. Phage-bacterial coevolution is typically studied within the context of phage community ecology. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,369 | Dependence of epistasis on environment and mutation severity as revealed by in silico mutagenesis of phage T7. Genetics. 160:1273-1281. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,370 | Burch, C.L., and L. Chao. 2004. Epistasis and its relationships to canalization in the RNA virus _6. Genetics. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,371 | Exceptional convergent evolution in a virus. Genetics. 147:1497-1507.The reader should be aware that numerous phage experimental adaptations were performed in the early decades of phage study. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,372 | A complex community in a simple habitat: an experimental study with bacteria and phage. Ecology. 58:369-378. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,373 | Bull, J. J., and I. J. Molineux. 1992. Molecular genetics of adaptation in an experimental model of cooperation. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,374 | Lysis timing and bacteriophage fitness. Genetics 172:17-26. Abedon, S. T., P. Hyman, and C. Thomas. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,375 | 1999. Evolution by small steps and rugged landscapes in the RNA virus _6. Genetics 151:921-927. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,376 | Poon, A., and L. Chao. 2005. The rate of compensatory mutation in the DNA bacteriophage _X174. Genetics. | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,377 | Phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary relatedness of organisms. Laboratory phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary relatedness of laboratory-evolved organisms. An advantage of laboratory phylogenetics is the exact evolutionary history of an organism is known, rather than estimated as is the case for mos... | Bacteriophage experimental evolution | 0.813799 |
16,378 | In number theory, two integers a and b are coprime, relatively prime or mutually prime if the only positive integer that is a divisor of both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides a does not divide b, and vice versa. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (GCD) being 1. | Coprime integers | 0.813792 |
16,379 | Quantum mechanics is a set of principles describing physical reality at the atomic level of matter (molecules and atoms) and the subatomic particles (electrons, protons, neutrons, and even smaller elementary particles such as quarks). These descriptions include the simultaneous wave-like and particle-like behavior of b... | Motion | 0.813789 |
16,380 | Modern kinematics developed with study of electromagnetism and refers all velocities v {\displaystyle v} to their ratio to speed of light c {\displaystyle c} . Velocity is then interpreted as rapidity, the hyperbolic angle φ {\displaystyle \varphi } for which the hyperbolic tangent function tanh φ = v ÷ c {\displayst... | Motion | 0.813789 |
16,381 | In physics, the motion of massive bodies is described through two related sets of laws of mechanics. Classical mechanics for super atomic (larger than an atom) objects (such as cars, projectiles, planets, cells, and humans) and quantum mechanics for atomic and sub-atomic objects (such as helium, protons, and electrons)... | Motion | 0.813789 |
16,382 | Modern physics holds that, as there is no absolute frame of reference, Newton's concept of absolute motion cannot be determined. As such, everything in the universe can be considered to be in motion. : 20–21 Motion applies to various physical systems: objects, bodies, matter particles, matter fields, radiation, radiati... | Motion | 0.813789 |
16,383 | In physics, motion is the phenomenon by which an object changes its position with respect to time. Motion is mathematically described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, speed, and frame of reference to an observer, measuring the change in position of the body relative to that frame with a chang... | Motion | 0.813789 |
16,384 | Optimal virulence is a concept relating to the ecology of hosts and parasites. One definition of virulence is the host's parasite-induced loss of fitness. The parasite's fitness is determined by its success in transmitting offspring to other hosts. | Optimal virulence | 0.813779 |
16,385 | Some of the most advanced molecular switches are based on mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures where the bistable states differ in the position of the macrocycle. In 1991 Stoddart devices a molecular shuttle based on a rotaxane on which a molecular bead is able to shuttle between two docking stations situat... | Molecular switch | 0.813779 |
16,386 | In host–guest chemistry the bistable states of molecular switches differ in their affinity for guests. Many early examples of such systems are based on crown ether chemistry. The first switchable host is described in 1978 by Desvergne & Bouas-Laurent who create a crown ether via photochemical anthracene dimerization. A... | Molecular switch | 0.813779 |
16,387 | In cellular biology, proteins act as intracellular signaling molecules by activating another protein in a signaling pathway. In order to do this, proteins can switch between active and inactive states, thus acting as molecular switches in response to another signal. For example, phosphorylation of proteins can be used ... | Molecular switch | 0.813779 |
16,388 | Currently synthetic molecular switches are of interest in the field of nanotechnology for application in molecular computers or responsive drug delivery systems. Molecular switches are also important in biology because many biological functions are based on it, for instance allosteric regulation and vision. They are al... | Molecular switch | 0.813779 |
16,389 | In 1980 Yamashita et al. construct a crown ether already incorporating the anthracene units (an anthracenophane) and also study ion uptake vs photochemistry. Also in 1980 Shinkai throws out the anthracene unit as photoantenna in favor of an azobenzene moiety and for the first time envisions the existence of molecules w... | Molecular switch | 0.813779 |
16,390 | The × Z 2 {\displaystyle \times _{\mathbb {Z} _{2}}} is entangling parity and charge conjugation in a manner suitable for relating the Dirac particle/anti-particle states (equivalently, the chiral states in the Weyl basis). The bispinor, insofar as it has linearly independent left and right components, can interact wit... | Dirac basis | 0.813778 |
16,391 | They argue that it is generally possible (and usually enlightening) to identify the presence of an imaginary unit in a physical equation. Such units arise from one of the many quantities in a real Clifford algebra that square to −1, and these have geometric significance because of the properties of the algebra and the ... | Dirac basis | 0.813778 |
16,392 | The reason is that the underlying signature of the spacetime metric loses its signature (1,3) upon passing to the complexification. However, the transformation required to bring the bilinear form to the complex canonical form is not a Lorentz transformation and hence not "permissible" (at the very least impractical) si... | Dirac basis | 0.813778 |
16,393 | The Dirac algebra can be regarded as a complexification of the real algebra Cl1,3( R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } ), called the space time algebra: C l 1 , 3 ( C ) = C l 1 , 3 ( R ) ⊗ C {\displaystyle \mathrm {Cl} _{1,3}(\mathbb {C} )=\mathrm {Cl} _{1,3}(\mathbb {R} )\otimes \mathbb {C} } Cl1,3( R {\displaystyle \mathb... | Dirac basis | 0.813778 |
16,394 | The Clifford algebra in odd dimensions behaves like two copies of the Clifford algebra of one less dimension, a left copy and a right copy. Thus, one can employ a bit of a trick to repurpose i γ 5 as one of the generators of the Clifford algebra in five dimensions. In this case, the set {γ 0, γ 1, γ 2, γ 3, i γ 5} ther... | Dirac basis | 0.813778 |
16,395 | In 1972, the earliest report of the insertion of a foreign sequence into a viral genome was published, when Paul Berg used the EcoRI restriction enzyme and DNA ligases to create the first ever recombinant DNA molecules. This was achieved by joining DNA from the monkey SV40 virus with that of the lambda virus. However, ... | Genetically modified virus | 0.81377 |
16,396 | Where DNA or RNA which that has been packaged as part of a virus particle, but may not necessarily contain any viral genes, becomes integrated into a hosts genome this process is known as transduction. Maintenance of the viral genome within host cells but not as an integrated part of the host's genome. Where genes nece... | Genetically modified virus | 0.81377 |
16,397 | A genetically modified virus is a virus that has been altered or generated using biotechnology methods, and remains capable of infection. Genetic modification involves the directed insertion, deletion, artificial synthesis or change of nucleotide bases in viral genomes. Genetically modified viruses are mostly generated... | Genetically modified virus | 0.81377 |
16,398 | Since 2009 genetically modified viruses expressing spinach defensin proteins have been field trialed in Florida (USA). The virus infection of orange trees aims to combat citrus greening disease, that had reduced orange production in Florida 70% since 2005. A permit application has been pending since February 13, 2017 (... | Genetically modified virus | 0.81377 |
16,399 | RVP production requires optimization of several elements, such as expression constructs, cell lines, and processing steps, to reach a yield sufficient for downstream applications and reproducibility across production lots. Although ideal for studying the effects of the immune response on virus entry, RVPs are replicati... | Reporter virus particles | 0.813765 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.