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16,500 | Thus, a process calculus is to a history monoid what a formal language is to a free monoid (a formal language is a subset of the set of all possible finite-length strings of an alphabet generated by the Kleene star). The use of channels for communication is one of the features distinguishing the process calculi from ot... | Sequential composition | 0.813667 |
16,501 | The history monoid is the free object that is generically able to represent the histories of individual communicating processes. A process calculus is then a formal language imposed on a history monoid in a consistent fashion. That is, a history monoid can only record a sequence of events, with synchronization, but doe... | Sequential composition | 0.813667 |
16,502 | Hiding operations allow control of the connections made between interaction points when composing agents in parallel. Hiding can be denoted in a variety of ways. For example, in the π-calculus the hiding of a name x {\displaystyle {\mathit {x}}} in P {\displaystyle {\mathit {P}}} can be expressed as ( ν x ) P {\display... | Sequential composition | 0.813667 |
16,503 | Process algebra has been studied for discrete time and continuous time (real time or dense time). | Sequential composition | 0.813667 |
16,504 | In computer science, the process calculi (or process algebras) are a diverse family of related approaches for formally modelling concurrent systems. Process calculi provide a tool for the high-level description of interactions, communications, and synchronizations between a collection of independent agents or processes... | Sequential composition | 0.813667 |
16,505 | Any non-negative measurable function f: X → R + {\displaystyle f\colon X\to \mathbb {R} ^{+}} is the pointwise limit of a monotonic increasing sequence of non-negative simple functions.It is implied in the statement that the sigma-algebra in the co-domain R + {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}} is the restriction of the B... | Simple function | 0.813666 |
16,506 | The above integral of simple functions can be extended to a more general class of functions, which is how the Lebesgue integral is defined. This extension is based on the following fact. Theorem. | Simple function | 0.813666 |
16,507 | The sum, difference, and product of two simple functions are again simple functions, and multiplication by constant keeps a simple function simple; hence it follows that the collection of all simple functions on a given measurable space forms a commutative algebra over C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } . | Simple function | 0.813666 |
16,508 | In 1974 Bardo and Ruedenberg proposed a simple scheme to generate the exponents of a basis set that spans the Hilbert space evenly by following a geometric progression of the form: for each angular momentum l {\displaystyle l} , where N l {\displaystyle N_{l}} is the number of primitives functions. Here, only the two p... | Polarization function | 0.813662 |
16,509 | In modern computational chemistry, quantum chemical calculations are performed using a finite set of basis functions. When the finite basis is expanded towards an (infinite) complete set of functions, calculations using such a basis set are said to approach the complete basis set (CBS) limit. In this context, basis fun... | Polarization function | 0.813662 |
16,510 | The definition of chemical potential applied to U int + U ext {\displaystyle U_{\text{int}}+U_{\text{ext}}} yields the above expression for μ tot {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{tot}}} . The phrase "chemical potential" sometimes means "total chemical potential", but that is not universal. In some fields, in particular elect... | Internal chemical potential | 0.813658 |
16,511 | In atomic physics, the chemical potential of the electrons in an atom is sometimes said to be the negative of the atom's electronegativity. Likewise, the process of chemical potential equalization is sometimes referred to as the process of electronegativity equalization. This connection comes from the Mulliken electron... | Internal chemical potential | 0.813658 |
16,512 | Electrons in solids have a chemical potential, defined the same way as the chemical potential of a chemical species: The change in free energy when electrons are added or removed from the system. In the case of electrons, the chemical potential is usually expressed in energy per particle rather than energy per mole, an... | Internal chemical potential | 0.813658 |
16,513 | The term can be used in thermodynamics and physics for any system undergoing change. Chemical potential is also referred to as partial molar Gibbs energy (see also partial molar property). | Internal chemical potential | 0.813658 |
16,514 | In physics, strain scanning is the general name for various techniques that aim to measure the strain in a crystalline material through its effect on the diffraction of X-rays and neutrons. In these methods the material itself is used as a form of strain gauge. The various methods are derived from powder diffraction bu... | Strain scanning | 0.813657 |
16,515 | In environmental chemistry, the term "contamination" is in some cases virtually equivalent to pollution, where the main interest is the harm done on a large scale to humans, organisms, or environments. An environmental contaminant may be chemical in nature, though it may also be a biological (pathogenic bacteria, virus... | Cross contamination | 0.813657 |
16,516 | (This may be true even in physical chemistry, where, for example, the introduction of an impurity in an intrinsic semiconductor positively increases conductivity.) If the additional reactions are detrimental, other terms are often applied such as "toxin", "poison", or pollutant, depending on the type of molecule involv... | Cross contamination | 0.813657 |
16,517 | In chemistry, the term "contamination" usually describes a single constituent, but in specialized fields the term can also mean chemical mixtures, even up to the level of cellular materials. All chemicals contain some level of impurity. Contamination may be recognized or not and may become an issue if the impure chemic... | Cross contamination | 0.813657 |
16,518 | In the biological sciences, accidental introduction of "foreign" material can seriously distort the results of experiments where small samples are used. In cases where the contaminant is a living microorganism, it can often multiply to dominate the sample and render it useless, as in contaminated cell culture lines. A ... | Cross contamination | 0.813657 |
16,519 | The Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed biweekly journal publishes papers and mini-reviews of new and emerging products, processes and technologies in the area of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, relevant enzymes and proteins; applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; genomics and proteomics; ... | Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology | 0.813656 |
16,520 | The structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain applies to K, when K is a field. This means that every finitely generated module over K may be decomposed into a direct sum of a free module and finitely many modules of the form K / ⟨ P k ⟩ {\displaystyle K/\left\langle P^{k}\right\ran... | Free commutative algebra | 0.813654 |
16,521 | The above formula defines the derivative of a polynomial even if the coefficients belong to a ring on which no notion of limit is defined. The derivative makes the polynomial ring a differential algebra. The existence of the derivative is one of the main properties of a polynomial ring that is not shared with integers,... | Free commutative algebra | 0.813654 |
16,522 | Sweller and others published a series of studies over the past twenty years that is relevant to problem-based learning, concerning cognitive load and what they describe as the guidance-fading effect. Sweller et al. conducted several classroom-based studies with students studying algebra problems. These studies have sho... | Problem Based Learning | 0.813652 |
16,523 | Polyadic algebras (more recently called Halmos algebras) are algebraic structures introduced by Paul Halmos. They are related to first-order logic analogous to the relationship between Boolean algebras and propositional logic (see Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra). There are other ways to relate first-order logic to algebra, ... | Polyadic algebra | 0.813649 |
16,524 | Genomics offers various benefits that the study of single genes, or genetics, does not. Having a fully sequenced genome for an organism, such as potato, allows researchers to compare DNA across multiple species and examine conserved sequences. In 2011, researchers at the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium compared a d... | Genomics of domestication | 0.813648 |
16,525 | During domestication, crop species undergo intense selective pressures that alter their genomes. The process of selection during domestication has largely focused on core traits that have come to define domesticated species. In seed or grain crops, these hallmark traits include increases in seed size, a reduction in na... | Genomics of domestication | 0.813648 |
16,526 | Since domestication involves selection of traits over time, which leads to genetic changes, the science of genomics can identify which genes across an entire genome are altered during this intense artificial selection period. Understanding the genomics of domestication can also offer insight into the genetic effects of... | Genomics of domestication | 0.813648 |
16,527 | Isaac Newton's law of Universal Gravitation (1687) was a good approximation of the behaviour of gravitation. Present-day understanding of gravitation stems from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity of 1915, a more accurate (especially for cosmological masses and distances) description of gravitation in terms of the ... | Fundamental physics | 0.813646 |
16,528 | According to the present understanding, there are four fundamental interactions or forces: gravitation, electromagnetism, the weak interaction, and the strong interaction. Their magnitude and behaviour vary greatly, as described in the table below. Modern physics attempts to explain every observed physical phenomenon b... | Fundamental physics | 0.813646 |
16,529 | Since bosons carry one unit of angular momentum, the fermion's spin direction will flip from +1⁄2 to −1⁄2 (or vice versa) during such an exchange (in units of the reduced Planck's constant). Since such interactions result in a change in momentum, they can give rise to classical Newtonian forces. In quantum mechanics, p... | Fundamental physics | 0.813646 |
16,530 | Particle swarm optimization is an algorithm modelled on swarm intelligence that finds a solution to an optimization problem in a search space, or model and predict social behavior in the presence of objectives. The runner-root algorithm (RRA) is a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm for solving unimodal and multimoda... | Simulated Annealing | 0.813643 |
16,531 | The parameters are updated via cross-entropy minimization, so as to generate better samples in the next iteration. Harmony search mimics musicians in improvisation process where each musician plays a note for finding a best harmony all together. Stochastic optimization is an umbrella set of methods that includes simula... | Simulated Annealing | 0.813643 |
16,532 | Ant colony optimization (ACO) uses many ants (or agents) to traverse the solution space and find locally productive areas. The cross-entropy method (CE) generates candidates solutions via a parameterized probability distribution. | Simulated Annealing | 0.813643 |
16,533 | Memetic algorithms search for solutions by employing a set of agents that both cooperate and compete in the process; sometimes the agents' strategies involve simulated annealing procedures for obtaining high quality solutions before recombining them. Annealing has also been suggested as a mechanism for increasing the d... | Simulated Annealing | 0.813643 |
16,534 | Tabu search normally moves to neighbouring states of lower energy, but will take uphill moves when it finds itself stuck in a local minimum; and avoids cycles by keeping a "taboo list" of solutions already seen. Dual-phase evolution is a family of algorithms and processes (to which simulated annealing belongs) that med... | Simulated Annealing | 0.813643 |
16,535 | Optimization of a solution involves evaluating the neighbours of a state of the problem, which are new states produced through conservatively altering a given state. For example, in the travelling salesman problem each state is typically defined as a permutation of the cities to be visited, and the neighbors of any sta... | Simulated Annealing | 0.813643 |
16,536 | In molecular biology, ATP10 protein (mitochondrial ATPase complex subunit ATP10) is an ATP synthase assembly factor. It is essential for the assembly of the mitochondrial F1-F0 complex. A yeast nuclear gene (ATP10) encodes a product that is essential for the assembly of a functional mitochondrial ATPase complex. Mutati... | ATP10 protein | 0.813642 |
16,537 | Wilkinson received the Turing Award in 1970 "for his research in numerical analysis to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in linear algebra and 'backward' error analysis." In the same year, he also gave the Society for Industrial and A... | The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem | 0.813641 |
16,538 | James Hardy Wilkinson FRS (27 September 1919 – 5 October 1986) was a prominent figure in the field of numerical analysis, a field at the boundary of applied mathematics and computer science particularly useful to physics and engineering. | The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem | 0.813641 |
16,539 | The general approach of Diophantine geometry is illustrated by Faltings's theorem (a conjecture of L. J. Mordell) stating that an algebraic curve C of genus g > 1 over the rational numbers has only finitely many rational points. The first result of this kind may have been the theorem of Hilbert and Hurwitz dealing with... | Diophantine geometry | 0.81364 |
16,540 | A single equation defines a hypersurface, and simultaneous Diophantine equations give rise to a general algebraic variety V over K; the typical question is about the nature of the set V(K) of points on V with co-ordinates in K, and by means of height functions quantitative questions about the "size" of these solutions ... | Diophantine geometry | 0.81364 |
16,541 | This accounts for his title "Diophantine Geometry." He notes that the content of the book is largely versions of the Mordell–Weil theorem, Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem, Siegel's theorem, with a treatment of Hilbert's irreducibility theorem and applications (in the style of Siegel). | Diophantine geometry | 0.81364 |
16,542 | Siegel's theorem on integral points occurs in Chapter 28. Mordell's theorem on the finite generation of the group of rational points on an elliptic curve is in Chapter 16, and integer points on the Mordell curve in Chapter 26. In a hostile review of Lang's book, Mordell wrote: In recent times, powerful new geometric id... | Diophantine geometry | 0.81364 |
16,543 | Serge Lang published a book Diophantine Geometry in the area in 1962, and by this book he coined the term "Diophantine Geometry". The traditional arrangement of material on Diophantine equations was by degree and number of variables, as in Mordell's Diophantine Equations (1969). Mordell's book starts with a remark on h... | Diophantine geometry | 0.81364 |
16,544 | In mathematics, Diophantine geometry is the study of Diophantine equations by means of powerful methods in algebraic geometry. By the 20th century it became clear for some mathematicians that methods of algebraic geometry are ideal tools to study these equations. Diophantine geometry is part of the broader field of ari... | Diophantine geometry | 0.81364 |
16,545 | Despite a bad press initially, Lang's conception has been sufficiently widely accepted for a 2006 tribute to call the book "visionary". A larger field sometimes called arithmetic of abelian varieties now includes Diophantine geometry along with class field theory, complex multiplication, local zeta-functions and L-func... | Diophantine geometry | 0.81364 |
16,546 | Leaving aside issues of generality, and a completely different style, the major mathematical difference between the two books is that Lang used abelian varieties and offered a proof of Siegel's theorem, while Mordell noted that the proof "is of a very advanced character" (p. 263). | Diophantine geometry | 0.81364 |
16,547 | Knowledge-based engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Aircraft Design & Design Methodologies department at the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering of the Delft University of Technology See Webliography for AI in Design hosted by Worcester Polytechnic Institute and the NSF Report "Researc... | Knowledge-based engineering | 0.813634 |
16,548 | CAD tended to drive leading edge technologies and even push them past their current limits. The best example of this was object-oriented programming and database technology, which were adapted by CAD when most corporate information technology shops were dominated by relational databases and procedural programming.As wi... | Knowledge-based engineering | 0.813634 |
16,549 | KBE developed in the 1980s. It was part of the initial wave of investment in Artificial Intelligence for business that fueled expert systems. Like expert systems, it relied on what at the time were leading edge advances in corporate information technology such as PCs, workstations, and client-server architectures. Thes... | Knowledge-based engineering | 0.813634 |
16,550 | CAx refers to the domain of computer-aided tools for analysis and design. CAx spans multiple domains. Examples are computer-aided design of manufactured parts, software, the architecture of buildings, etc. Although each specific domain of CAx will have very different kinds of problems and artifacts, they all share comm... | Knowledge-based engineering | 0.813633 |
16,551 | More automation. Expert system rules can capture and automate decision making that is left to human experts with most conventional systems.KBE can have a wide scope that covers the full range of activities related to Product Lifecycle Management and Multidisciplinary design optimization. KBE's scope includes design, an... | Knowledge-based engineering | 0.813633 |
16,552 | The shear mapping of a plane with an axis for each represents coordinate change for an observer moving with velocity v in a resting frame of reference.Finite light speed, first noted by the delay in appearance of the moons of Jupiter, requires a modern kinematics. The method involves rapidity instead of velocity, and s... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,553 | The extension to either Euclidean or Minkowskian geometry is achieved by adding various further axioms of orthogonality, etc. The various types of affine geometry correspond to what interpretation is taken for rotation. Euclidean geometry corresponds to the ordinary idea of rotation, while Minkowski's geometry correspo... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,554 | A major property is that all such examples have dimension 2. Finite examples in dimension 2 (finite affine planes) have been valuable in the study of configurations in infinite affine spaces, in group theory, and in combinatorics. Despite being less general than the configurational approach, the other approaches discus... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,555 | Affine geometry can be viewed as the geometry of an affine space of a given dimension n, coordinatized over a field K. There is also (in two dimensions) a combinatorial generalization of coordinatized affine space, as developed in synthetic finite geometry. In projective geometry, affine space means the complement of a... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,556 | Several axiomatic approaches to affine geometry have been put forward: | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,557 | The first non-Desarguesian plane was noted by David Hilbert in his Foundations of Geometry. The Moulton plane is a standard illustration. In order to provide a context for such geometry as well as those where Desargues theorem is valid, the concept of a ternary ring was developed by Marshall Hall. In this approach affi... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,558 | In 1748, Leonhard Euler introduced the term affine (from Latin affinis 'related') in his book Introductio in analysin infinitorum (volume 2, chapter XVIII). In 1827, August Möbius wrote on affine geometry in his Der barycentrische Calcul (chapter 3). After Felix Klein's Erlangen program, affine geometry was recognized ... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,559 | (Here we think of V as a group under its operation of addition, and use the defining representation of GL(V) on V to define the semidirect product.) For example, the theorem from the plane geometry of triangles about the concurrence of the lines joining each vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side (at the centroid ... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,560 | Geometrically, affine transformations (affinities) preserve collinearity: so they transform parallel lines into parallel lines and preserve ratios of distances along parallel lines. We identify as affine theorems any geometric result that is invariant under the affine group (in Felix Klein's Erlangen programme this is ... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,561 | As affine geometry deals with parallel lines, one of the properties of parallels noted by Pappus of Alexandria has been taken as a premise: Suppose A, B, C are on one line and A', B', C' on another. If the lines AB' and A'B are parallel and the lines BC' and B'C are parallel, then the lines CA' and C'A are parallel.The... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,562 | An axiomatic treatment of plane affine geometry can be built from the axioms of ordered geometry by the addition of two additional axioms: (Affine axiom of parallelism) Given a point A and a line r not through A, there is at most one line through A which does not meet r. (Desargues) Given seven distinct points A, A', B... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,563 | In traditional geometry, affine geometry is considered to be a study between Euclidean geometry and projective geometry. On the one hand, affine geometry is Euclidean geometry with congruence left out; on the other hand, affine geometry may be obtained from projective geometry by the designation of a particular line or... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,564 | Comparisons of figures in affine geometry are made with affine transformations, which are mappings that preserve alignment of points and parallelism of lines. Affine geometry can be developed in two ways that are essentially equivalent.In synthetic geometry, an affine space is a set of points to which is associated a s... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,565 | In mathematics, affine geometry is what remains of Euclidean geometry when ignoring (mathematicians often say "forgetting") the metric notions of distance and angle. As the notion of parallel lines is one of the main properties that is independent of any metric, affine geometry is often considered as the study of paral... | Affine geometry | 0.813629 |
16,566 | The Collaborative Computational Project Number 4 in protein crystallography (CCP4) was set up in 1979 in the United Kingdom to support collaboration between researchers working in software development and assemble a comprehensive collection of software for structural biology. The CCP4 core team is located at the Resear... | Collaborative Computational Project Number 4 | 0.813627 |
16,567 | Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix). Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, ... | Nucleobase analogue | 0.813626 |
16,568 | Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research. Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one... | Nucleobase analogue | 0.813626 |
16,569 | Genome browsers are used in a variety of research fields, including bioinformatics, genetics, and clinical genomics. They allow researchers to investigate the genetic basis of disease, evolution, and other biological processes. Here are some instances of how genome browsers are being used in various fields: Evolutionar... | Genome browser | 0.813626 |
16,570 | The first genome browser, known as the Ensembl Genome Browser, was develop as part of the Human Genome Project by a group of researchers from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI). It was created with the aim of providing a complete resource for the human genome sequence, with focus on gene annotation. It is a us... | Genome browser | 0.813626 |
16,571 | The genome browser is an important tool for studying the genome. In bioinformatics, a genome browser is a graphical interface for displaying information from a biological database for genomic data. It is a software tool that displays genetic data in graphical form. | Genome browser | 0.813626 |
16,572 | ), and theoretical and applied mechanics (M.S., Ph.D.). As of 2014, U.S. News & World Report ranked the program the sixth-best US school for undergraduate mechanical engineering program and fifth-best graduate mechanical engineering program. | University of Illinois Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering | 0.813625 |
16,573 | The Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (MechSE) is one of 12 departments within the University of Illinois College of Engineering. The MechSE department was formed in 2006 through a merger of the Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Department with the Mechan... | University of Illinois Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering | 0.813625 |
16,574 | Very few compounds of main group elements are paramagnetic. Notable examples include: oxygen, O2; nitric oxide, NO; nitrogen dioxide, NO2 and chlorine dioxide, ClO2. In organic chemistry, compounds with an unpaired electron are said to be free radicals. Free radicals, with some exceptions, are short-lived because one f... | Magnetic chemistry | 0.813624 |
16,575 | The primary measurement in magnetochemistry is magnetic susceptibility. This measures the strength of interaction on placing the substance in a magnetic field. The volume magnetic susceptibility, represented by the symbol χ v {\displaystyle \chi _{v}} is defined by the relationship M → = χ v H → {\displaystyle {\vec {M... | Magnetic chemistry | 0.813624 |
16,576 | Magnetochemistry is concerned with the magnetic properties of chemical compounds. Magnetic properties arise from the spin and orbital angular momentum of the electrons contained in a compound. Compounds are diamagnetic when they contain no unpaired electrons. Molecular compounds that contain one or more unpaired electr... | Magnetic chemistry | 0.813624 |
16,577 | By the rational root theorem, this root must be ±1, ±1/2, ±1/4 or ±1/8, but none of these is a root. Therefore, p(t) is irreducible over by Q, and the minimal polynomial for cos 20° is of degree 3. So an angle of measure 60° cannot be trisected. | Angle trisection | 0.813622 |
16,578 | It follows that, given a segment that is defined to have unit length, the problem of angle trisection is equivalent to constructing a segment whose length is the root of a cubic polynomial. This equivalence reduces the original geometric problem to a purely algebraic problem. Every rational number is constructible. | Angle trisection | 0.813622 |
16,579 | Binary Domain is a third-person shooter video game developed by Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio and published by Sega. It was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in February 2012 and Windows in April 2012. The game is set in Tokyo, Japan, in the year 2080. It features innovative artificial intelligence technology. | Binary Domain | 0.813618 |
16,580 | Mifune (三船) (voiced by Hiroki Matsukata in Japanese) – A Yakuza who earns a living through the black market, Mifune was able to acquire a massive amount of money that enables him to live an upper class lifestyle. He assists anti-government forces by providing arms and equipment through his smuggling operations. Mifune ... | Binary Domain | 0.813618 |
16,581 | One of the clauses outlined, Clause 21, banned research into robots that could pass for humans, called "Hollow Children" in the game. A majority of the world's countries agreed to sign the convention into law. An organization called the International Robotics Technology Association (IRTA) created a global task-force, n... | Binary Domain | 0.813618 |
16,582 | A Japanese corporation named Amada tried to sue Bergen for stealing their technology in a patent dispute. Despite the fact that Amada was the first robotics company to create a humanoid robot, the lawsuit failed, since Bergen had a great amount of influence. This resulted in Bergen controlling 95 percent of the robotic... | Binary Domain | 0.813618 |
16,583 | In organic chemistry, a dipolar compound or simply dipole is an electrically neutral molecule carrying a positive and a negative charge in at least one canonical description. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized. Unlike salts, dipolar compounds have charges on separate atoms, not on positive and negati... | Dipolar compound | 0.813613 |
16,584 | The Journal of Geometry is a triannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering geometry, broadly considered. In particular this includes "foundations of geometry, geometric algebra, finite geometries, combinatorial geometry, and special geometries". It was established in 1971 by Walter Benz and is published by Birkhä... | Journal of Geometry | 0.813611 |
16,585 | In theoretical chemistry, the charge-shift bond is a proposed new class of chemical bonds that sits alongside the three familiar families of covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds where electrons are shared or transferred respectively. The charge shift bond derives its stability from the resonance of ionic forms rather th... | Charge-shift bond | 0.813607 |
16,586 | Both formulations have been successful, but the successes have been of a different character. The dispute over formulations is unresolved. Science primarily uses Fisher's (slightly modified) formulation as taught in introductory statistics. | Hypothesis test | 0.8136 |
16,587 | Any discussion of significance testing vs hypothesis testing is doubly vulnerable to confusion. Fisher thought that hypothesis testing was a useful strategy for performing industrial quality control, however, he strongly disagreed that hypothesis testing could be useful for scientists. Hypothesis testing provides a mea... | Hypothesis test | 0.8136 |
16,588 | Fisher's significance testing has proven a popular flexible statistical tool in application with little mathematical growth potential. Neyman–Pearson hypothesis testing is claimed as a pillar of mathematical statistics, creating a new paradigm for the field. It also stimulated new applications in statistical process co... | Hypothesis test | 0.8136 |
16,589 | Neyman wrote a well-regarded eulogy. Some of Neyman's later publications reported p-values and significance levels.The modern version of hypothesis testing is a hybrid of the two approaches that resulted from confusion by writers of statistical textbooks (as predicted by Fisher) beginning in the 1940s (but signal detec... | Hypothesis test | 0.8136 |
16,590 | Modern significance testing is largely the product of Karl Pearson (p-value, Pearson's chi-squared test), William Sealy Gosset (Student's t-distribution), and Ronald Fisher ("null hypothesis", analysis of variance, "significance test"), while hypothesis testing was developed by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson (son of Kar... | Hypothesis test | 0.8136 |
16,591 | Artificial neural networks (ANNs), usually simply called neural networks (NNs), are computing systems vaguely inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological b... | Neuroinformatics | 0.813594 |
16,592 | Next, Koslow pursued the globalization of the HPG and neuroinformatics through the European Union and the Office for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France. Two particular opportunities occurred in 1996. The first was the existence of the US/European Commission Biotechnology Task force co-chaired b... | Neuroinformatics | 0.813594 |
16,593 | Research on brain–computer interface began in the 1970s at the University of California, Los Angeles under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from DARPA. The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the expression brain–computer interface in scientific lit... | Neuroinformatics | 0.813594 |
16,594 | At Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing was introduced the following description: Cognitive Informatics (CI) as a transdisciplinary enquiry of computer science, information sciences, cognitive science, and intelligence science. CI investigates into the i... | Neuroinformatics | 0.813594 |
16,595 | Neuroinformatics doesn't deal with matter or energy, so it can be seen as a branch of neurobiology that studies various aspects of nervous systems. The term neuroinformatics seems to be used synonymously with cognitive informatics, described by Journal of Biomedical Informatics as interdisciplinary domain that focuses ... | Neuroinformatics | 0.813594 |
16,596 | Neuroinformatics (in context of library science) is also devoted to the development of neurobiology knowledge with computational models and analytical tools for sharing, integration, and analysis of experimental data and advancement of theories about the nervous system function. In the INCF context, this field refers t... | Neuroinformatics | 0.813594 |
16,597 | An important feature of the site is ability to cite literature for assertions (e.g. "The Stroop task measures executive control") and to discuss their validity. It contributes to NeuroLex and the Neuroscience Information Framework, allows programmatic access to the database, and is built around semantic web technologie... | Neuroinformatics | 0.813594 |
16,598 | The Cognitive Atlas The Cognitive Atlas is a project developing a shared knowledge base in cognitive science and neuroscience. This comprises two basic kinds of knowledge: tasks and concepts, providing definitions and properties thereof, and also relationships between them. | Neuroinformatics | 0.813594 |
16,599 | The CARMEN project The CARMEN project is a multi-site (11 universities in the United Kingdom) research project aimed at using GRID computing to enable experimental neuroscientists to archive their datasets in a structured database, making them widely accessible for further research, and for modellers and algorithm deve... | Neuroinformatics | 0.813594 |
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