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17,700 | In statistics, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method of estimating the parameters of an assumed probability distribution, given some observed data. This is achieved by maximizing a likelihood function so that, under the assumed statistical model, the observed data is most probable. The point in the parameter ... | Maximum-likelihood method | 0.812773 |
17,701 | In multivariate statistics, principal response curves (PRC) are used for analysis of treatment effects in experiments with a repeated measures design.First developed as a special form of redundancy analysis, PRC allow temporal trends in control treatments to be corrected for, which allows the user to estimate the effec... | Principal response curve | 0.812768 |
17,702 | In the second construction, the constructed DTM effectively performs a breadth-first search of the NTM's computation tree, visiting all possible computations of the NTM in order of increasing length until it finds an accepting one. Therefore, the length of an accepting computation of the DTM is, in general, exponential... | Nondeterministic model of computation | 0.812766 |
17,703 | Many nuclear-derived transcription factors have played a role in respiratory chain expression. These factors may have also contributed to the regulation of mitochondrial functions. Nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-1) fuses to respiratory encoding genes proteins, to the rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis, and to elemen... | Nuclear gene | 0.812762 |
17,704 | He made this claim after doing an experiment with chickens which he believed showed that they were generating calcium in their egg shells while there was no calcium in their food or soil. He had no known scientific explanation for it. Such transmutations are not possible according to known physics, chemistry, and biolo... | Biological transmutation | 0.812759 |
17,705 | His response to criticism was to claim that physical laws do not apply to biological reactions, which contradicts the mainstream understanding that physical laws apply for all scales and conditions.The alleged transmutations are claimed to resemble cold fusion. There is currently no accepted theoretical model which wou... | Biological transmutation | 0.812759 |
17,706 | ACH aims to help an analyst overcome, or at least minimize, some of the cognitive limitations that make prescient intelligence analysis so difficult to achieve.ACH was a step forward in intelligence analysis methodology, but it was first described in relatively informal terms. Producing the best available information f... | Analysis of competing hypotheses | 0.812758 |
17,707 | One method, by Valtorta and colleagues uses probabilistic methods, adds Bayesian analysis to ACH. A generalization of this concept to a distributed community of analysts lead to the development of CACHE (the Collaborative ACH Environment), which introduced the concept of a Bayes (or Bayesian) community. The work by Akr... | Analysis of competing hypotheses | 0.812758 |
17,708 | The doubly connected edge list (DCEL), also known as half-edge data structure, is a data structure to represent an embedding of a planar graph in the plane, and polytopes in 3D. This data structure provides efficient manipulation of the topological information associated with the objects in question (vertices, edges, f... | Half-edge data structure | 0.812758 |
17,709 | Contact forms are particular differential forms of degree 1 on odd-dimensional manifolds; see contact geometry. Contact transformations are related changes of coordinates, of importance in classical mechanics. See also Legendre transformation. Contact between manifolds is often studied in singularity theory, where the ... | Contact (mathematics) | 0.812756 |
17,710 | Contact is a geometric notion; it can be defined algebraically as a valuation. One speaks also of curves and geometric objects having k-th order contact at a point: this is also called osculation (i.e. kissing), generalising the property of being tangent. (Here the derivatives are considered with respect to arc length.... | Contact (mathematics) | 0.812756 |
17,711 | Scattering theory is a framework for studying and understanding the scattering of waves and particles. Prosaically, wave scattering corresponds to the collision and scattering of a wave with some material object, for instance (sunlight) scattered by rain drops to form a rainbow. Scattering also includes the interaction... | Electromagnetic scattering | 0.812756 |
17,712 | Examples include: cosmic ray scattering in the Earth's upper atmosphere; particle collisions inside particle accelerators; electron scattering by gas atoms in fluorescent lamps; and neutron scattering inside nuclear reactors.The types of non-uniformities which can cause scattering, sometimes known as scatterers or scat... | Electromagnetic scattering | 0.812756 |
17,713 | Scattering is a term used in physics to describe a wide range of physical processes where moving particles or radiation of some form, such as light or sound, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities (including particles and radiation) in the medium through which they pass. In conve... | Electromagnetic scattering | 0.812756 |
17,714 | Nominal impedance in electrical engineering and audio engineering refers to the approximate designed impedance of an electrical circuit or device. The term is applied in a number of different fields, most often being encountered in respect of: The nominal value of the characteristic impedance of a cable or other form o... | 75 Ω | 0.812755 |
17,715 | In mathematics, in the field of algebraic number theory, an S-unit generalises the idea of unit of the ring of integers of the field. Many of the results which hold for units are also valid for S-units. | S-unit equation | 0.812755 |
17,716 | Circuit topology has recently emerged as a topology framework that formalises the arrangement of contacts as well as chain crossings in a folded linear chain. As a complementary approach, Colin Adams. et al., developed a singular knot theory that is applicable to folded linear chains with intramolecular interactions. | Molecular knots | 0.812754 |
17,717 | In 2007, Eric Yeates reported the identification of a molecular slipknot, which is when the molecule contains knotted subchains even though their backbone chain as a whole is unknotted and does not contain completely knotted structures that are easily detectable by computational models. Mathematically, slipknots are di... | Molecular knots | 0.812754 |
17,718 | Many synthetic molecular knots have a distinct globular shape and dimensions that make them potential building blocks in nanotechnology. | Molecular knots | 0.812754 |
17,719 | The biconditional introduction rule may be written in sequent notation: ( P → Q ) , ( Q → P ) ⊢ ( P ↔ Q ) {\displaystyle (P\to Q),(Q\to P)\vdash (P\leftrightarrow Q)} where ⊢ {\displaystyle \vdash } is a metalogical symbol meaning that P ↔ Q {\displaystyle P\leftrightarrow Q} is a syntactic consequence when P → Q {\dis... | Biconditional introduction | 0.812749 |
17,720 | As an example, the back-and-forth method can be used to prove Cantor's isomorphism theorem, although this was not Georg Cantor's original proof. This theorem states that two unbounded countable dense linear orders are isomorphic.Suppose that (A, ≤A) and (B, ≤B) are linearly ordered sets; They are both unbounded, in oth... | Back-and-forth method | 0.812747 |
17,721 | According to Hodges (1993): Back-and-forth methods are often ascribed to Cantor, Bertrand Russell and C. H. Langford , but there is no evidence to support any of these attributions.While the theorem on countable densely ordered sets is due to Cantor (1895), the back-and-forth method with which it is now proved was deve... | Back-and-forth method | 0.812747 |
17,722 | any two countably infinite atomless Boolean algebras are isomorphic to each other. any two equivalent countable atomic models of a theory are isomorphic. the Erdős–Rényi model of random graphs, when applied to countably infinite graphs, almost surely produces a unique graph, the Rado graph. any two many-complete recurs... | Back-and-forth method | 0.812747 |
17,723 | In mathematical logic, especially set theory and model theory, the back-and-forth method is a method for showing isomorphism between countably infinite structures satisfying specified conditions. In particular it can be used to prove that any two countably infinite densely ordered sets (i.e., linearly ordered in such a... | Back-and-forth method | 0.812747 |
17,724 | Constructively, this is weaker than the existence claim of such a t {\displaystyle t} . A big part of the metatheoretical discussion will concern classically provable existence claims. Having established a double-negation ¬ ¬ P {\displaystyle \neg \neg P} entails ( α → ¬ P ) → ( α → 0 = 1 ) {\displaystyle (\alpha \to \... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,725 | With explosion valid in any intuitionistic theory, if ¬ ¬ P {\displaystyle \neg \neg P} is a theorem for some P {\displaystyle P} , then by definition ¬ P {\displaystyle \neg P} is provable if and only if the theory is inconsistent. Indeed, in Heyting arithmetic the double-negation explicitly expresses ¬ P → 0 = 1 {\di... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,726 | If a theory is consistent, then no proof is one of an absurdity. Kurt Gödel introduced the negative translation and proved that if Heyting arithmetic is consistent, then so is Peano arithmetic. That is to say, he reduced the consistency task for P A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {PA}}} to that of H A {\displaystyle {\mathsf ... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,727 | Heyting arithmetic comprises the axioms of Peano arithmetic and the intended model is the collection of natural numbers N {\displaystyle {\mathbb {N} }} . The signature includes zero " 0 {\displaystyle 0} " and the successor " S {\displaystyle S} ", and the theories characterize addition and multiplication. This impact... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,728 | There are various results for when a classical theorem is already entailed by the constructive theory. Also note that it can be relevant what logic was used to obtain metalogical results. For example, many results on realizability were indeed obtained in a constructive metalogic. But when no specific context is given, ... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,729 | For contrast, while the classical theory of Robinson arithmetic Q {\displaystyle {\mathsf {Q}}} proves all Σ 1 0 {\displaystyle \Sigma _{1}^{0}} - P A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {PA}}} -theorems, some simple Π 1 0 {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}^{0}} - P A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {PA}}} -theorems are independent of it. Induction ... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,730 | For simple statements, the theory does not just validate such classically valid binary dichotomies ϕ ( n , … ) ∨ ¬ ϕ ( n , … ) {\displaystyle \phi (n,\dots )\lor \neg \phi (n,\dots )} . The Friedman translation can be used to establish that P A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {PA}}} 's Π 2 0 {\displaystyle \Pi _{2}^{0}} -theor... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,731 | The result means that all Peano arithmetic theorems have a proof that consists of a constructive proof followed by a classical logical rewriting. Roughly, the final step amounts to applications of double-negation elimination. In particular, with undecidable atomic propositions being absent, for any proposition ψ {\disp... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,732 | Inserting double-negations turns P A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {PA}}} -theorems into H A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {HA}}} -theorems. More exactly, for any formula provable in P A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {PA}}} , the classically equivalent Gödel–Gentzen negative translation of that formula is already provable in H A {\displ... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,733 | Knowledge of Gödel's incompleteness theorems aids in understanding the type of statements that are P A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {PA}}} -provable but not H A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {HA}}} -provable. The resolution of Hilbert's tenth problem provided some concrete polynomials f {\displaystyle f} and corresponding polynom... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,734 | Heyting arithmetic can be characterized just like the first-order theory of Peano arithmetic P A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {PA}}} , except that it uses the intuitionistic predicate calculus I Q C {\displaystyle {\mathsf {IQC}}} for inference. In particular, this means that the double-negation elimination principle, as we... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,735 | Already minimal logic logically proves all non-contradiction claims, and in particular ¬ ( I f ∧ ¬ I f ) {\displaystyle \neg ({\mathrm {I} _{f}}\land \neg {\mathrm {I} _{f}})} and ¬ ( C f ∧ ¬ C f ) {\displaystyle \neg ({\mathrm {C} _{f}}\land \neg {\mathrm {C} _{f}})} . Since also ( C f ∧ ¬ C f ) ↔ ¬ ( I f ∨ ¬ I f ) {\... | Intuitionistic arithmetic | 0.812747 |
17,736 | The Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics is a former institute of the Max Planck Society in Germany. Located in Munich, it was also known as the Werner Heisenberg Institute. The institute was founded in 1958 as a successor to the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen. In 1991, it was split into two... | Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics | 0.812745 |
17,737 | If the implant is too stiff it risks causing bone resorption, while a flexible implant can cause stability and the bone-implant interface. Numerous FEM simulations have been carried out to understand the possible FGM and mechanical gradients that could be implemented into different orthopedic implants, as the gradients... | Functionally graded material | 0.812745 |
17,738 | In materials science Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) may be characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over volume, resulting in corresponding changes in the properties of the material. The materials can be designed for specific function and applications. Various approaches based on the ... | Functionally graded material | 0.812745 |
17,739 | The output was then fed into a similar machine, the Harmonic Synthesiser, which spun several wheels to represent the phase of the contribution from the sun and moon. A wire running along the top of the wheels took the maximum value, which represented the tide in the port at a given time. Thomson mentioned the possibili... | Ball-and-disk integrator | 0.812741 |
17,740 | The original intent of Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding was twofold: as an aid in geometry instruction, and as a work of recreational mathematics to inspire interest in geometry in a general audience. Edward Mann Langley, reviewing the 1901 edition, suggested that its content went well beyond what should be covered... | Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding | 0.812741 |
17,741 | Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding was first published by Addison & Co. in Madras in 1893. The book became known in Europe through a remark of Felix Klein in his book Vorträge über ausgewählte Fragen der Elementargeometrie (1895) and its translation Famous Problems Of Elementary Geometry (1897). Based on the success ... | Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding | 0.812741 |
17,742 | Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding shows how to construct various geometric figures using paper-folding in place of the classical Greek Straightedge and compass constructions.The book begins by constructing regular polygons beyond the classical constructible polygons of 3, 4, or 5 sides, or of any power of two times ... | Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding | 0.812741 |
17,743 | Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding is a book on the mathematics of paper folding. It was written by Indian mathematician T. Sundara Row, first published in India in 1893, and later republished in many other editions. Its topics include paper constructions for regular polygons, symmetry, and algebraic curves. Accordin... | Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding | 0.812741 |
17,744 | The book was also influenced by an earlier Indian geometry textbook, First Lessons in Geometry, by Bhimanakunte Hanumantha Rao (1855–1922). First Lessons drew inspiration from Fröbel's gifts in setting exercises based on paper-folding, and from the book Elementary Geometry: Congruent Figures by Olaus Henrici in using a... | Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding | 0.812741 |
17,745 | Tandalam Sundara Row was born in 1853, the son of a college principal, and earned a bachelor's degree at the Kumbakonam College in 1874, with second-place honours in mathematics. He became a tax collector in Tiruchirappalli, retiring in 1913, and pursued mathematics as an amateur. As well as Geometric Exercises in Pape... | Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding | 0.812741 |
17,746 | In mathematics, in particular in algebraic topology, the Hopf invariant is a homotopy invariant of certain maps between n-spheres. | Hopf invariant one problem | 0.81274 |
17,747 | Physical Review X is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by the American Physical Society covering all branches of pure, applied, and interdisciplinary physics. It is part of the Physical Review family of journals. The lead editors are Jean-Michel Raimond of the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie and... | Physical Review X | 0.812733 |
17,748 | The group has created website support for teaching for each of the charts.CPEP received the 2017 "Excellence in Physics Education Award" from the American Physical Society, "for leadership in providing educational materials on contemporary physics topics to students for over 25 years. "Offshoots of CPEP include the boo... | Contemporary Physics Education Project | 0.812733 |
17,749 | The Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) is an "organization of teachers, educators, and physicists" formed in 1987. The group grew out of the Conference on the Teaching of Modern Physics held at Fermilab in 1986, organized by the American Association of Physics Teachers. The group's first effort aimed to supp... | Contemporary Physics Education Project | 0.812733 |
17,750 | In printed mathematics, the norm is to set variables and constants in an italic typeface.For example, a general quadratic function is conventionally written as a x 2 + b x + c {\textstyle ax^{2}+bx+c\,} , where a, b and c are parameters (also called constants, because they are constant functions), while x is the variab... | Variable (logics) | 0.81273 |
17,751 | Variables are generally denoted by a single letter, most often from the Latin alphabet and less often from the Greek, which may be lowercase or capitalized. The letter may be followed by a subscript: a number (as in x2), another variable (xi), a word or abbreviation of a word (xtotal) or a mathematical expression (x2i ... | Variable (logics) | 0.81273 |
17,752 | In mathematics, a variable (from Latin variabilis, "changeable") is a symbol that represents a mathematical object. A variable may represent a number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, or an element of a set.Algebraic computations with variables as if they were explicit numbers solve a ... | Variable (logics) | 0.81273 |
17,753 | Following classical probability arguments, we consider a large urn containing two children. We assume equal probability that either is a boy or a girl. The three discernible cases are thus: both are girls (GG) – with probability P(GG) = 1/4, both are boys (BB) – with probability of P(BB) = 1/4, and one of each (G·B) – ... | Two child problem | 0.812729 |
17,754 | The Boy or Girl paradox surrounds a set of questions in probability theory, which are also known as The Two Child Problem, Mr. Smith's Children and the Mrs. Smith Problem. The initial formulation of the question dates back to at least 1959, when Martin Gardner featured it in his October 1959 "Mathematical Games column"... | Two child problem | 0.812729 |
17,755 | Other analogous systems include electrical harmonic oscillators such as RLC circuits. The harmonic oscillator model is very important in physics, because any mass subject to a force in stable equilibrium acts as a harmonic oscillator for small vibrations. Harmonic oscillators occur widely in nature and are exploited in... | Driven harmonic motion | 0.812728 |
17,756 | In the case ζ < 1 and a unit step input with x(0) = 0: the solution is with phase φ given by The time an oscillator needs to adapt to changed external conditions is of the order τ = 1/(ζω0). In physics, the adaptation is called relaxation, and τ is called the relaxation time. In electrical engineering, a multiple of τ ... | Driven harmonic motion | 0.812728 |
17,757 | The Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIV; Chinese: 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所) is a research institute on virology administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), which reports to the State Council of the People's Republic of China. The institute is one of nine independent organisations in the Wuhan B... | Wuhan Institute of Virology | 0.812724 |
17,758 | The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017, with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018. The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the institute investigates highly dangerous viruses, such as SARS,... | Wuhan Institute of Virology | 0.812724 |
17,759 | The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). It was established by scientists Gao Shangyin, a graduate of Soochow University (Suzhou), and Chen Huagui. In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiolog... | Wuhan Institute of Virology | 0.812724 |
17,760 | The Institute contains the following research centers: Center for Emerging Infectious Disease Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center Center of Applied and Environmental Microbiology Department of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department of Molecular Virology | Wuhan Institute of Virology | 0.812724 |
17,761 | In it, he promulgated what is more formally known today as Clairaut's theorem. By applying Clairaut's theorem, Laplace found from 15 gravity values that the flattening of the Earth was 1/330. A modern estimate is 1/298.25642.In 1790, one year before the metre was ultimately based on a quadrant of the Earth, Talleyrand ... | Seconds pendulum | 0.812721 |
17,762 | The determination of the figure of the Earth became a problem of the highest importance in astronomy, inasmuch as the diameter of the Earth was the unit to which all celestial distances had to be referred.The English physicist Sir Isaac Newton, who used Picard's Earth measurement for establishing his law of universal g... | Seconds pendulum | 0.812721 |
17,763 | Rasping vibrations are induced in a plectrum when it comes into contact with the ridges that line each disk at regular intervals, and are amplified in a styrofoam cup which acts as a sounding board. The instrument is claimed to make "the most obtrusive, obnoxious and irritating sound ever known. "Nowadays, Savart wheel... | Savart wheel | 0.812721 |
17,764 | In the 1830s Savart was able to construct large, finely-toothed brass wheels producing frequencies of up to 24 kHz that seem to have been the world's first artificial ultrasonic generators. In the later 19th century, Savart's wheels were also used in physiological and psychological investigations of time perception. No... | Savart wheel | 0.812721 |
17,765 | The Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections (simplified Chinese: 数书九章; traditional Chinese: 數書九章; pinyin: Shùshū Jiǔzhāng; Wade–Giles: Shushu Chiuchang) is a mathematical text written by Chinese Southern Song dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao in the year 1247. The mathematical text has a wide range of topics and is take... | Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections | 0.812721 |
17,766 | In database systems such as DBToaster, views are defined with relational algebra. Incremental view maintenance statically analyzes relational algebra to create update rules that quickly maintain the view in the presence of small updates, such as insertion of a row. | Incremental computing | 0.812719 |
17,767 | Incremental computing, also known as incremental computation, is a software feature which, whenever a piece of data changes, attempts to save time by only recomputing those outputs which depend on the changed data. When incremental computing is successful, it can be significantly faster than computing new outputs naive... | Incremental computing | 0.812719 |
17,768 | The ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes (SEN) is published by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for the Special Interest Group on Software Engineering (SIGSOFT). It was established in 1976, and the first issue appeared in May 1976. It provides a forum for informal articles and other information on softwa... | Software Engineering Notes | 0.812717 |
17,769 | In recent years, CTA has developed from assessing the (clinical) impact of a new technology to a much broader approach, including the analysis of design, development, and implementation of that new technology.In the Netherlands, the department Health Technology and Services Research (HTSR) of the University of Twente a... | Medical technology assessment | 0.812716 |
17,770 | Region-based convolutional neural networks have been used for tracking objects from a drone-mounted camera, locating text in an image, and enabling object detection in Google Lens. Mask R-CNN serves as one of seven tasks in the MLPerf Training Benchmark, which is a competition to speed up the training of neural network... | Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks | 0.812714 |
17,771 | June 2015: Faster R-CNN. While Fast R-CNN used Selective Search to generate ROIs, Faster R-CNN integrates the ROI generation into the neural network itself. March 2017: Mask R-CNN. | Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks | 0.812714 |
17,772 | While the original R-CNN independently computed the neural network features on each of as many as two thousand regions of interest, Fast R-CNN runs the neural network once on the whole image. At the end of the network is a novel method called ROIPooling, which slices out each ROI from the network's output tensor, resha... | Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks | 0.812714 |
17,773 | After that, each ROI is fed through a neural network to produce output features. For each ROI's output features, a collection of support-vector machine classifiers is used to determine what type of object (if any) is contained within the ROI. April 2015: Fast R-CNN. | Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks | 0.812714 |
17,774 | The original goal of R-CNN was to take an input image and produce a set of bounding boxes as output, where each bounding box contains an object and also the category (e.g. car or pedestrian) of the object. More recently, R-CNN has been extended to perform other computer vision tasks. The following covers some of the ve... | Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks | 0.812714 |
17,775 | Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) are a family of machine learning models for computer vision and specifically object detection. | Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks | 0.812714 |
17,776 | Unlike Racter and 1 the Road, this is grounded on factual knowledge and based on text summarization. Document AI A Document AI platform sits on top of the NLP technology enabling users with no prior experience of artificial intelligence, machine learning or NLP to quickly train a computer to extract the specific data t... | Statistical Natural Language Processing | 0.812713 |
17,777 | Book generation Not an NLP task proper but an extension of natural language generation and other NLP tasks is the creation of full-fledged books. The first machine-generated book was created by a rule-based system in 1984 (Racter, The policeman's beard is half-constructed). The first published work by a neural network ... | Statistical Natural Language Processing | 0.812713 |
17,778 | Natural language processing has its roots in the 1950s. Already in 1950, Alan Turing published an article titled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" which proposed what is now called the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence, though at the time that was not articulated as a problem separate from artificial inte... | Statistical Natural Language Processing | 0.812713 |
17,779 | A major drawback of statistical methods is that they require elaborate feature engineering. Since 2015, the statistical approach was replaced by neural networks approach, using word embeddings to capture semantic properties of words. Intermediate tasks (e.g., part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing) have not been... | Statistical Natural Language Processing | 0.812713 |
17,780 | In mathematics, the permutoassociahedron is an n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional polytope whose vertices correspond to the bracketings of the permutations of n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} terms and whose edges connect two bracketings that can be obtained from one another either by moving a pair of brackets using associativi... | Permutoassociahedron | 0.812712 |
17,781 | Δ-ML not a force field method but a model that adds learnt correctional energy terms to approximate and relatively computationally cheap quantum chemical methods in order to provide an accuracy level of a higher order, more computationally expensive quantum chemical model. SchNet a Neural network utilising continuous-f... | Potential energy of protein | 0.812712 |
17,782 | Let ( X , L ) {\displaystyle (X,L)} be a mechanical system with n {\displaystyle n} degrees of freedom. Here X {\displaystyle X} is the configuration space and L = L ( t , q , v ) {\displaystyle L=L(t,{\boldsymbol {q}},{\boldsymbol {v}})} the Lagrangian, i.e. a smooth real-valued function such that q ∈ X , {\displaysty... | Euler–Lagrange equations | 0.812712 |
17,783 | Electrostatic interactions are represented by a Coulomb energy, which utilizes atomic charges q i {\displaystyle q_{i}} to represent chemical bonding ranging from covalent to polar covalent and ionic bonding. The typical formula is the Coulomb law: where r i j {\displaystyle r_{ij}} is the distance between two atoms i ... | Potential energy of protein | 0.812712 |
17,784 | MACE (Multi Atomic Cluster Expansion) is a highly accurate machine learning force field architecture that combines the rigorous many-body expansion of the total potential energy with rotationally equivariant representations of the system. ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence) is a transferable neural network potential, ... | Potential energy of protein | 0.812712 |
17,785 | Roots can also be defined as special cases of exponentiation, where the exponent is a fraction: x n = x 1 / n . {\displaystyle {\sqrt{x}}=x^{1/n}.} Roots are used for determining the radius of convergence of a power series with the root test. The nth roots of 1 are called roots of unity and play a fundamental role in v... | Seventh root | 0.812705 |
17,786 | Any expression containing a radical, whether it is a square root, a cube root, or a higher root, is called a radical expression, and if it contains no transcendental functions or transcendental numbers it is called an algebraic expression. The positive root of a number is the inverse operation of Exponentiation with po... | Seventh root | 0.812705 |
17,787 | Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 1997, ISBN 0-7923-9842-4 Tiziano Villa, Synthesis of Finite State Machines: Logic Optimization. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 1997, ISBN 0-7923-9892-0 Carroll, J., Long, D., Theory of Finite Automata with an Introduction to Formal Languages. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1989. | Finite-state machines | 0.812703 |
17,788 | Gardner, T., Advanced State Management Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, 2007 Cassandras, C., Lafortune, S., "Introduction to Discrete Event Systems". Kluwer, 1999, ISBN 0-7923-8609-4. Timothy Kam, Synthesis of Finite State Machines: Functional Optimization. | Finite-state machines | 0.812703 |
17,789 | In mathematics and physics, a scalar field is a function associating a single number to every point in a space – possibly physical space. The scalar may either be a pure mathematical number (dimensionless) or a scalar physical quantity (with units). In a physical context, scalar fields are required to be independent of... | Scalar fields | 0.812702 |
17,790 | From 2001-2010, ELM research mainly focused on the unified learning framework for "generalized" single-hidden layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs), including but not limited to sigmoid networks, RBF networks, threshold networks, trigonometric networks, fuzzy inference systems, Fourier series, Laplacian transform, ... | Extreme learning machine | 0.812699 |
17,791 | Extreme learning machines are feedforward neural networks for classification, regression, clustering, sparse approximation, compression and feature learning with a single layer or multiple layers of hidden nodes, where the parameters of hidden nodes (not just the weights connecting inputs to hidden nodes) need to be tu... | Extreme learning machine | 0.812699 |
17,792 | The black-box character of neural networks in general and extreme learning machines (ELM) in particular is one of the major concerns that repels engineers from application in unsafe automation tasks. This particular issue was approached by means of several different techniques. One approach is to reduce the dependence ... | Extreme learning machine | 0.812699 |
17,793 | There are two main complaints from academic community concerning this work, the first one is about "reinventing and ignoring previous ideas", the second one is about "improper naming and popularizing", as shown in some debates in 2008 and 2015. In particular, it was pointed out in a letter to the editor of IEEE Transac... | Extreme learning machine | 0.812699 |
17,794 | Different combinations of σ 1 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}} , σ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma _{2}} , p {\displaystyle p} and q {\displaystyle q} can be used and result in different learning algorithms for regression, classification, sparse coding, compression, feature learning and clustering. As a special case, a simplest ELM... | Extreme learning machine | 0.812699 |
17,795 | In most cases, ELM is used as a single hidden layer feedforward network (SLFN) including but not limited to sigmoid networks, RBF networks, threshold networks, fuzzy inference networks, complex neural networks, wavelet networks, Fourier transform, Laplacian transform, etc. Due to its different learning algorithm implem... | Extreme learning machine | 0.812699 |
17,796 | The first lectures in the field of electricity at the Polytechnische Schule München were given as early as 1876 by the physicist Wilhelm von Bezold. Over the years, as the field of electrical engineering became increasingly important, a separate department for electrical engineering emerged within the mechanical engine... | TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology | 0.812694 |
17,797 | The TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology (CIT) is a school of the Technical University of Munich, established in 2022 by the merger of three former departments. As of 2022, it is structured into the Department of Mathematics, the Department of Computer Engineering, the Department of Computer Science, a... | TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology | 0.812694 |
17,798 | The Department of Electrical Engineering (EE) is located at the Munich campus. | TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology | 0.812694 |
17,799 | The Department of Computer Science shares a building with the Department of Mathematics. In the building, two massive parabolic slides run from the fourth floor to the ground floor. Their shape corresponds to the equation z = y = h x 2 / d 2 {\displaystyle z=y=hx^{2}/d^{2}} and is supposed to represent the "connection ... | TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology | 0.812694 |
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