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18,200 | Ronald M. Foster in 1932 categorised graphs by their nullity or rank and provided charts of all those with a small number of nodes. This work grew out of an earlier survey by Foster while collaborating with George Campbell in 1920 on 4-port telephone repeaters and produced 83,539 distinct graphs.For a long time topolog... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,201 | Maxwell is also responsible for the topological theorem that the determinant of the node-admittance matrix is equal to the sum of all the tree admittance products. In 1900 Henri Poincaré introduced the idea of representing a graph by its incidence matrix, hence founding the field of algebraic topology. In 1916 Oswald V... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,202 | Graph theory has been used in the network analysis of linear, passive networks almost from the moment that Kirchhoff's laws were formulated. Gustav Kirchhoff himself, in 1847, used graphs as an abstract representation of a network in his loop analysis of resistive circuits. This approach was later generalised to RLC ci... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,203 | Rather, the form is a result of the mathematical representation. Some canonical forms require mutual inductances for their realisation. A major aim of topological methods of network synthesis has been to eliminate the need for these mutual inductances. One theorem to come out of topology is that a realisation of a driv... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,204 | Graph theory can be applied to network synthesis. Classical network synthesis realises the required network in one of a number of canonical forms. Examples of canonical forms are the realisation of a driving-point impedance by Cauer's canonical ladder network or Foster's canonical form or Brune's realisation of an immi... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,205 | Note that the parallel-series topology is another representation of the Delta topology discussed later. Series and parallel topologies can continue to be constructed with greater and greater numbers of branches ad infinitum. The number of unique topologies that can be obtained from n ∈ N {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N}... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,206 | Connecting together an input and output terminal is not allowable with normal bridge topology and for this reason Twin-T is used where a bridge would otherwise be used for balance or null measurement applications. The topology is also used in the twin-T oscillator as a sine wave generator. The lower part of figure 1.11... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,207 | Bridged T topology is derived from bridge topology in a way explained in the Zobel network article. There are many derivative topologies also discussed in the same article. There is also a twin-T topology which has practical applications where it is desirable to have the input and output share a common (ground) termina... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,208 | It can be seen that this is indeed so by visualising the top left node moved to the right of the top right node. It is normal to call a network bridge topology only if it is being used as a two-port network with the input and output ports each consisting of a pair of diagonally opposite nodes. The box topology in figur... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,209 | The second rendering clearly shows the equivalence between the bridge topology and a topology derived by series and parallel combinations. The third rendering is more commonly known as lattice topology. It is not so obvious that this is topologically equivalent. | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,210 | Bridge topology is an important topology with many uses in both linear and non-linear applications, including, amongst many others, the bridge rectifier, the Wheatstone bridge and the lattice phase equaliser. There are several ways that bridge topology is rendered in circuit diagrams. The first rendering in figure 1.8 ... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,211 | These might be described as high-pass and low-pass topologies even though the network topology is identical. A more correct term for these classes of object (that is, a network where the type of component is specified but not the absolute value) is prototype network. Electronic network topology is related to mathematic... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,212 | Strictly speaking, replacing a component with one of an entirely different type is still the same topology. In some contexts, however, these can loosely be described as different topologies. For instance, interchanging inductors and capacitors in a low-pass filter results in a high-pass filter. | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,213 | The circuit topology of an electronic circuit is the form taken by the network of interconnections of the circuit components. Different specific values or ratings of the components are regarded as being the same topology. Topology is not concerned with the physical layout of components in a circuit, nor with their posi... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,214 | The circuit diagrams in this article follow the usual conventions in electronics; lines represent conductors, filled small circles represent junctions of conductors, and open small circles represent terminals for connection to the outside world. In most cases, impedances are represented by rectangles. A practical circu... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,215 | Perhaps, the earliest network with an infinite graph to be studied was the ladder network used to represent transmission lines developed, in its final form, by Oliver Heaviside in 1881. Certainly all early studies of infinite networks were limited to periodic structures such as ladders or grids with the same elements r... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,216 | The LC ladder network commonly used for low-pass filters can have many elements but is another example of a two-element-kind network.Conversely, topology is concerned only with the geometric relationship between the elements of a network, not with the kind of elements themselves. The heart of a topological representati... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,217 | Anti-ladder topology finds an application in voltage multiplier circuits, in particular the Cockcroft-Walton generator. There is also a full-wave version of the Cockcroft-Walton generator which uses a double anti-ladder topology.Infinite topologies can also be formed by cascading multiple sections of some other simple ... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,218 | Ladder topology can be extended without limit and is much used in filter designs. There are many variations on ladder topology, some of which are discussed in the Electronic filter topology and Composite image filter articles. The balanced form of ladder topology can be viewed as being the graph of the side of a prism ... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,219 | In particular, for networks which contain only two-terminal devices, circuit topology can be viewed as an application of graph theory. In a network analysis of such a circuit from a topological point of view, the network nodes are the vertices of graph theory, and the network branches are the edges of graph theory. Sta... | Circuit topology (electrical) | 0.812356 |
18,220 | Model categories can provide a natural setting for homotopy theory: the category of topological spaces is a model category, with the homotopy corresponding to the usual theory. Similarly, objects that are thought of as spaces often admit a model category structure, such as the category of simplicial sets. Another model... | Model structure | 0.812352 |
18,221 | In the mathematical area of graph theory, a contact graph or tangency graph is a graph whose vertices are represented by geometric objects (e.g. curves, line segments, or polygons), and whose edges correspond to two objects touching (but not crossing) according to some specified notion. It is similar to the notion of a... | Contact graph | 0.812351 |
18,222 | Optimization Toolbox is an optimization software package developed by MathWorks. It is an add-on product to MATLAB, and provides a library of solvers that can be used from the MATLAB environment. The toolbox was first released for MATLAB in 1990. | Optimization Toolbox | 0.812346 |
18,223 | Optimization Toolbox has algorithms for: Linear programming Mixed-integer linear programming Quadratic programming Nonlinear programming Linear least squares Nonlinear least squares Nonlinear equation solving Multi-objective optimization | Optimization Toolbox | 0.812346 |
18,224 | Portfolio optimization, cashflow matching, and other computational finance problems are solved with Optimization Toolbox. | Optimization Toolbox | 0.812346 |
18,225 | Optimization can help with fitting a model to data, where the goal is to identify the model parameters that minimize the difference between simulated and experimental data. Common parameter estimation problems that are solved with Optimization Toolbox include estimating material parameters and estimating coefficients o... | Optimization Toolbox | 0.812346 |
18,226 | Optimization Toolbox solvers are used for security constrained optimal power flow and power systems analysis. | Optimization Toolbox | 0.812346 |
18,227 | Optimization Toolbox solvers are used for engineering applications in MATLAB, such as optimal control and optimal mechanical designs. | Optimization Toolbox | 0.812346 |
18,228 | The theory's results can be used by mechanism designers and decision-makers in organizations and complex systems to improve system performance and decision quality. Multiscale decision theory has been applied to manufacturing enterprise enterprises, service systems, supply chain management, healthcare, systems engineer... | Multiscale decision-making | 0.812343 |
18,229 | Typically in sequent calculus one gives both "right-rules" and "left-rules" for each connective, essentially describing two modes of reasoning about propositions involving that connective (e.g., verification and falsification). In a one-sided presentation, one instead makes use of negation: the right-rules for a connec... | Linear logic | 0.81234 |
18,230 | In a certain sense these rules are redundant: as we introduce additional rules for building proofs below, we will maintain the property that arbitrary initial sequents can be derived from atomic initial sequents, and that whenever a sequent is provable it can be given a cut-free proof. Ultimately, this canonical form p... | Linear logic | 0.81234 |
18,231 | One way of defining linear logic is as a sequent calculus. We use the letters Γ and Δ to range over list of propositions A1, ..., An, also called contexts. A sequent places a context to the left and the right of the turnstile, written Γ ⊢ {\displaystyle \vdash } Δ. Intuitively, the sequent asserts that the conjunction ... | Linear logic | 0.81234 |
18,232 | H-NS has a specific topology that allows it to condense bacterial DNA into a superhelical structure based on evidence from X-ray crystallography. The condensed superhelical structure has implicated H-NS in gene repression caused by the formation of oligomers. These oligomers form due to dimerization of two sites in the... | Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein | 0.81234 |
18,233 | Relief of suppression by H-NS can be achieved by the binding of another protein, or by changes in DNA topology which can occur due to changes in temperature and osmolarity, for example. The CTD binds to the bacterial DNA in such a way that inhibits the function of RNA polymerase. This is a common feature seen in horizo... | Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein | 0.81234 |
18,234 | A major function of H-NS is to influence DNA topology (Figure 2). H-NS is responsible for formation of nucleofilaments along the DNA and DNA-DNA bridges. H-NS is known as a passive DNA bridger, meaning that it binds two distant segments of DNA and remains stationary, forming a loop. This DNA loop formation allows H-NS ... | Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein | 0.81234 |
18,235 | Instead of using two planes per node to separate geometry, it is also possible to use any number of planes to create a n-ary BIH or use multiple planes in a standard binary BIH (one and four planes per node were already proposed in and then properly evaluated in) to achieve better object separation. | Bounding interval hierarchy | 0.812335 |
18,236 | Although a more general non-axis-aligned implementation of the BIH should be possible (similar to the BSP-tree, which uses unaligned planes), it would almost certainly be less desirable due to decreased numerical stability and an increase in the complexity of ray traversal. The key feature of the BIH is the storage of ... | Bounding interval hierarchy | 0.812335 |
18,237 | All operations during the hierarchy construction/sorting of the triangles are min/max-operations and comparisons. Thus no triangle clipping has to be done as it is the case with kd-trees and which can become a problem for triangles that just slightly intersect a node. Even if the kd implementation is carefully written,... | Bounding interval hierarchy | 0.812335 |
18,238 | Convolutionally encoded block codes typically employ termination. The arbitrary block length of convolutional codes can also be contrasted to classic block codes, which generally have fixed block lengths that are determined by algebraic properties. | Convolutional coders | 0.812334 |
18,239 | The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm applies classical optimization to minimize the energy expectation of an ansatz state to find the ground state of an operater, such as a molecule's hamiltonian. This can also be extended to find excited energies of molecules. | Quantum algorithm | 0.81233 |
18,240 | (2010). "Quantum algorithms for algebraic problems". Reviews of Modern Physics. | Quantum algorithm | 0.81233 |
18,241 | (Such a computer is completely hypothetical and would not be a standard quantum computer, or even possible under the standard theory of quantum mechanics.) Such a hypothetical computer could implement a search of an N-item database at most in O ( N 3 ) {\displaystyle O({\sqrt{N}})} steps. This is slightly faster than t... | Quantum algorithm | 0.81233 |
18,242 | In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. The term situated is commonly used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if: they exist in a dynamic (rapidly changing) environment, which they c... | Situated AI | 0.812329 |
18,243 | The conceptual shift introduced by nouvelle AI flourished in the robotics area, given way to behavior-based artificial intelligence (BBAI), a methodology for developing AI based on a modular decomposition of intelligence. It was made famous by Rodney Brooks: his subsumption architecture was one of the earliest attempts... | Situated AI | 0.812329 |
18,244 | During the late 1980s, the approach now known as Nouvelle AI (Nouvelle means new in French) was pioneered at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by Rodney Brooks. As opposed to classical or traditional artificial intelligence, Nouvelle AI purposely avoided the traditional goal of modeling human-level performance... | Situated AI | 0.812329 |
18,245 | If the perturbation required is small, on the order of the uncertainty in the input data, then the results are in some sense as accurate as the data "deserves". The algorithm is then defined as backward stable. Stability is a measure of the sensitivity to rounding errors of a given numerical procedure; by contrast, the... | Binary floating-point number | 0.812328 |
18,246 | And, with increasing attention being given to whole-genome sequencing and single-cell sequencing, there will be a growing amount of pharmacogenomic data to analyze. These analyses will rely on new and improved bioinformatics tools to help identify targetable genes and pathways, to help select safer and more effect ther... | Cancer pharmacogenomics | 0.812327 |
18,247 | The dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) protein is responsible for the inactivation of more than 80% of the anticancer drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in the liver. This drug is commonly used in colorectal cancer treatment, and increased exposure to it can cause myelosuppression, mucositis, neurotoxicity, hand-foot syndro... | Cancer pharmacogenomics | 0.812327 |
18,248 | One of the biggest challenges in using pharmacogenomics to study cancer is the difficulty in conducting studies in humans. Drugs used for chemotherapy are too toxic to give to healthy individuals, which makes it difficult to perform genetic studies between related individuals. Furthermore, some mutations occur at high ... | Cancer pharmacogenomics | 0.812327 |
18,249 | In statistics, a latent class model (LCM) relates a set of observed (usually discrete) multivariate variables to a set of latent variables. It is a type of latent variable model. It is called a latent class model because the latent variable is discrete. | Latent class analysis | 0.812327 |
18,250 | Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the University of Kansas offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitati... | Quantitative psychology | 0.812322 |
18,251 | Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) are relatively recent.In 1946, psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens organized levels of measurement into four scales, Nominal, Ordinal, Rati... | Quantitative psychology | 0.812322 |
18,252 | Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the American Psychological Association (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology, and the European Society for Methodology. Associated discipli... | Quantitative psychology | 0.812322 |
18,253 | After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Master of Arts in Psychology, Master of Science in Statistics or Applied statistics, or both. For example, most students in the University of Minnesota's "Quantitative and Psychometric Methods" Ph.D. program are also Master of Science students in ... | Quantitative psychology | 0.812322 |
18,254 | in Psychological Sciences, are jointly housed across two psychology departments.Universities with a mathematical focus include McGill University's "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and Purdue University's "Mathematical and Computational Psychology" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological ... | Quantitative psychology | 0.812322 |
18,255 | from the University of Florida or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the University of Pennsylvania. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the University of Washington has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement ... | Quantitative psychology | 0.812322 |
18,256 | Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest. Notable research areas in psychometrics include item response theory and computer adaptive testing, which focus on education and intelligence testing. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through time series analysis, such as in... | Quantitative psychology | 0.812322 |
18,257 | Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of calculus (including multivariate calculus) and a course in linear algebra. Quantitative coursework in other fie... | Quantitative psychology | 0.812322 |
18,258 | A default, in computer science, refers to the preexisting value of a user-configurable setting that is assigned to a software application, computer program or device. Such settings are also called presets or factory presets, especially for electronic devices. Default values are standards values that are universal to al... | Default (computer science) | 0.812319 |
18,259 | Non-linear inverse problems constitute an inherently more difficult family of inverse problems. Here the forward map F {\displaystyle F} is a non-linear operator. Modeling of physical phenomena often relies on the solution of a partial differential equation (see table above except for gravity law): although these parti... | Inverse theory | 0.812319 |
18,260 | The forward map being nonlinear, the data misfit function is likely to be non-convex, making local minimization techniques inefficient. Several approaches have been investigated to overcome this difficulty: use of global optimization techniques such as sampling of the posterior density function and Metropolis algorithm... | Inverse theory | 0.812319 |
18,261 | Prior to the 1970s, the understanding of genetics and molecular biology was severely hampered by an inability to isolate and study individual genes from complex organisms. This changed dramatically with the advent of molecular cloning methods. Microbiologists, seeking to understand the molecular mechanisms through whic... | DNA cloning | 0.812317 |
18,262 | In the calculus of variations and classical mechanics, the Euler–Lagrange equations are a system of second-order ordinary differential equations whose solutions are stationary points of the given action functional. The equations were discovered in the 1750s by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler and Italian mathematicia... | Euler-Lagrange equation | 0.812317 |
18,263 | This is more complex than maximum likelihood sequence estimation and requires a known distribution (in Bayesian terms, a prior distribution) for the underlying signal. In this case the estimate of {x(t)} is defined to be sequence of values which maximize the functional P ( x ) = p ( x ∣ r ) , {\displaystyle P(x)=p(x\mi... | Maximum likelihood sequence estimation | 0.81231 |
18,264 | While memoization may be added to functions internally and explicitly by a computer programmer in much the same way the above memoized version of factorial is implemented, referentially transparent functions may also be automatically memoized externally. The techniques employed by Peter Norvig have application not only... | Memoization | 0.812309 |
18,265 | By contrast, in the speed optimization application of memoization, Ford demonstrated that memoization could guarantee that parsing expression grammars could parse in linear time even those languages that resulted in worst-case backtracking behavior.Consider the following grammar: S → (A c) | (B d) A → X (a|b) B → X b X... | Memoization | 0.812309 |
18,266 | The X-SAIGA site has more about the algorithm and implementation details. While Norvig increased the power of the parser through memoization, the augmented parser was still as time complex as Earley's algorithm, which demonstrates a case of the use of memoization for something other than speed optimization. Johnson and... | Memoization | 0.812309 |
18,267 | When performing a successful lookup in a memotable, instead of returning the complete result-set, the process only returns the references of the actual result and eventually speeds up the overall computation. During updating the memotable, the memoization process groups the (potentially exponential) ambiguous results a... | Memoization | 0.812309 |
18,268 | In computing, memoization or memoisation is an optimization technique used primarily to speed up computer programs by storing the results of expensive function calls to pure functions and returning the cached result when the same inputs occur again. Memoization has also been used in other contexts (and for purposes oth... | Memoization | 0.812309 |
18,269 | The time/space "cost" of algorithms has a specific name in computing: computational complexity. All functions have a computational complexity in time (i.e. they take time to execute) and in space. Although a space–time tradeoff occurs (i.e., space used is speed gained), this differs from some other optimizations that i... | Memoization | 0.812309 |
18,270 | Frequentists are unable to take this approach, since relative frequencies do not exist for single tosses of a coin, but only for large ensembles or collectives. These single-case probabilities are known as propensities or chances. In addition to explaining the emergence of stable relative frequencies, the idea of prope... | Propensity probability | 0.812309 |
18,271 | In a similar way, propensity is whatever fills the various roles that physical probability plays in science. Other theories have been offered by D. H. Mellor, and Ian Hacking.Ballentine developed an axiomatic propensity theory building on the work of Paul Humphreys. They show that the causal nature of the condition in ... | Propensity probability | 0.812309 |
18,272 | The imager is designed for wide views but the spectrograph has a smaller view. Because it views the longer wavelengths it needs to be cooler than the other instruments (see Infrared astronomy), and it has an additional cooling system. | Mid-Infrared Instrument | 0.812309 |
18,273 | A multimodal logic is a modal logic that has more than one primitive modal operator. They find substantial applications in theoretical computer science. | Multimodal logic | 0.812308 |
18,274 | Another example of a multimodal logic is the Hennessy–Milner logic, itself a fragment of the more expressive modal μ-calculus, which is also a fixed-point logic. Multimodal logic can be used also to formalize a kind of knowledge representation: the motivation of epistemic logic is allowing several agents (they are rega... | Multimodal logic | 0.812308 |
18,275 | Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE, Explorer 77, and MIDEX-0) represented the next generation, high-orbit, ultraviolet space observatory covering the wavelength range of 90.5–119.5 nanometre (nm) of the NASA operated by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. FUSE was launched on a Delta II l... | Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer | 0.812307 |
18,276 | Over 400 scientific papers have been written using data from FUSE, with subjects ranging from cool stars to the intergalactic medium. One of the primary science goals of FUSE was to study the abundance of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. Because of the large number of atomic absorption and emission lines in the far-u... | Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer | 0.812307 |
18,277 | T-norm fuzzy logics can be applied to eliminate references to real numbers from definitions and theorems, in order to simplify certain mathematical concepts and facilitate certain generalizations. A framework employed for number-free formalization of mathematical concepts is known as fuzzy class theory.Philosophical qu... | Infinite-valued logic | 0.812306 |
18,278 | Basic fuzzy logic is the logic of continuous t-norms (binary operations on the real unit interval ). Applications involving fuzzy logic include facial recognition systems, home appliances, anti-lock braking systems, automatic transmissions, controllers for rapid transit systems and unmanned aerial vehicles, knowledge-b... | Infinite-valued logic | 0.812306 |
18,279 | If practical applications were to arise for such systems, multidimensional infinite-valued logic could develop as a concept independent of real-valued logic.Lotfi A. Zadeh proposed a formal methodology of fuzzy logic and its applications in the early 1970s. By 1973, other researchers were applying the theory of Zadeh f... | Infinite-valued logic | 0.812306 |
18,280 | Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz used both infinities and infinitesimals to develop the differential and integral calculus in the late 17th century. Richard Dedekind, who defined real numbers in terms of certain sets of rational numbers in the 19th century, also developed an axiom of continuity stating that a... | Infinite-valued logic | 0.812306 |
18,281 | The normal basis is frequently used in cryptographic applications based on the discrete logarithm problem, such as elliptic curve cryptography, since arithmetic using a normal basis is typically more computationally efficient than using other bases. For example, in the field K = G F ( 2 3 ) = F 8 {\displaystyle K=\math... | Normal basis | 0.812305 |
18,282 | (Thus K ≅ F 2 ⊕ F 4 {\displaystyle K\cong \mathbb {F} _{2}\oplus \mathbb {F} _{4}} as F-modules, but not as F-algebras.) The elements β ∈ K {\displaystyle \beta \in K} which can be used for a normal basis are precisely those outside either of the submodules, so that ( Φ + 1 ) ( β ) ≠ 0 {\displaystyle (\Phi {+}1)(\beta ... | Normal basis | 0.812305 |
18,283 | Consider the field K = G F ( 2 3 ) = F 8 {\displaystyle K=\mathrm {GF} (2^{3})=\mathbb {F} _{8}} over F = G F ( 2 ) = F 2 {\displaystyle F=\mathrm {GF} (2)=\mathbb {F} _{2}} , with Frobenius automorphism Φ ( α ) = α 2 {\displaystyle \Phi (\alpha )=\alpha ^{2}} . The proof above clarifies the choice of normal bases in t... | Normal basis | 0.812305 |
18,284 | A primitive normal basis of an extension of finite fields E / F is a normal basis for E / F that is generated by a primitive element of E, that is a generator of the multiplicative group K×. (Note that this is a more restrictive definition of primitive element than that mentioned above after the general normal basis th... | Normal basis | 0.812305 |
18,285 | By the primitive element theorem there exists α ∈ K {\displaystyle \alpha \in K} such i ≠ j ⟹ σ i ( α ) ≠ σ j ( α ) {\displaystyle i\neq j\implies \sigma _{i}(\alpha )\neq \sigma _{j}(\alpha )} and K = F {\displaystyle K=F} . Let us write α i = σ i ( α ) {\displaystyle \alpha _{i}=\sigma _{i}(\alpha )} . α {\displayst... | Normal basis | 0.812305 |
18,286 | In mathematics, specifically the algebraic theory of fields, a normal basis is a special kind of basis for Galois extensions of finite degree, characterised as forming a single orbit for the Galois group. The normal basis theorem states that any finite Galois extension of fields has a normal basis. In algebraic number ... | Normal basis | 0.812305 |
18,287 | Delays in the environmental assessment and permitting processes have led to postponement of the telescope removal. On 24 January 2019, Robert McLaren, the interim Director of the University of Hawaii Institute of Astronomy, gave an update to state lawmakers and suggested the permitting will be accomplished in 2019 with... | Caltech Submillimeter Observatory | 0.812304 |
18,288 | The Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) was a 10.4-meter (34 ft) diameter submillimeter wavelength telescope situated alongside the 15-meter (49 ft) James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) at Mauna Kea Observatories. It was engaged in submillimeter astronomy, of the terahertz radiation band. The telescope closed on Se... | Caltech Submillimeter Observatory | 0.812304 |
18,289 | In January 2020, the PGC in collaboration with UP Manila National Institutes of Health developed an RT-PCR SARS CoV-2 detection kit.In April 2020, the Department of Health has set the Philippine Genome Center as the 18th coronavirus testing hub. It was also tasked to conduct genomic sequencing of COVID-19 samples. In J... | Philippine Genome Center | 0.812304 |
18,290 | Initially the facility was placed under the jurisdiction of the University of the Philippines (UP) Diliman's Office of the President as per the approval of the UP Board of Regents in its July 31, 2009 meeting.The PGC was formally launched on November 28, 2011. In the beginning, the center operated virtually. From Janua... | Philippine Genome Center | 0.812304 |
18,291 | The PGC has two "core facilities"; the Core Facility for Bioinformatics (CFB) and the DNA Sequencing Core Facility (DSCF). A biobank is planned as PGC's third facility. The two facilities were funded by a ₱100 million (US$2.2 million) grant over three years from the Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging ... | Philippine Genome Center | 0.812304 |
18,292 | The Core Facility for Bioinformatics (CFB) is a facility that provides genome-scale data generation and analysis to local researchers in the academe, from government institutions and private organizations. It also provides genomic data storage. It is also augmented by an IBM Blue Gene supercomputer which is also used b... | Philippine Genome Center | 0.812304 |
18,293 | PGC Mindanao provides various diagnostics and laboratory services to local researchers and laboratories. These services involve sample preparation, Spectrophotometry, Fluorometry, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Electrophoresis, Flow cytometry and various other bioinformatics and laboratory services. The advanced equipment ... | Philippine Genome Center | 0.812304 |
18,294 | In Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest paths in directed graphs with edge weights that are positive integers, the priorities are monotone, and a monotone bucket queue can be used to obtain a time bound of O(m + dc), where m is the number of edges, d is the diameter of the network, and c is the maximum (integer) link cost... | Bucket queue | 0.812301 |
18,295 | In applied mathematics and numerical methods for the solution of differential equations, untidy priority queues have been used to prioritize the steps of the fast marching method for solving boundary value problems of the Eikonal equation, used to model wave propagation. This method finds the times at which a moving bo... | Bucket queue | 0.812301 |
18,296 | A corresponding optimization can be applied in applications where a bucket queue is used to find elements of maximum priority, but in this case it should maintain an index that upper-bounds the maximum priority, and the sequential search for a non-empty bucket should proceed downwards from this upper bound.Another opti... | Bucket queue | 0.812301 |
18,297 | In many applications of priority queues such as Dijkstra's algorithm, the minimum priorities form a monotonic sequence, allowing a monotone priority queue to be used. In these applications, for both the lazy and eager variations of the optimized structure, the sequential searches for non-empty buckets cover disjoint ra... | Bucket queue | 0.812301 |
18,298 | When searching for the minimum priority element, the search can start at L instead of at zero, and after the search L should be left equal to the priority that was found in the search. Alternatively, the eager version of this optimization keeps L updated so that it always points to the first non-empty bucket. When inse... | Bucket queue | 0.812301 |
18,299 | As an optimization, the data structure can start each sequential search for a non-empty bucket at the most recently-found non-empty bucket instead of at the start of the array. This can be done in either of two different ways, lazy (delaying these sequential searches until they are necessary) or eager (doing the search... | Bucket queue | 0.812301 |
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