id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
20,000 | Single shooting is the simplest type of trajectory optimization technique. The basic idea is similar to how you would aim a cannon: pick a set of parameters for the trajectory, simulate the entire thing, and then check to see if you hit the target. The entire trajectory is represented as a single segment, with a single... | Trajectory optimization | 0.811154 |
20,001 | Trajectory optimization is used in manufacturing, particularly for controlling chemical processes (such as in ) or computing the desired path for robotic manipulators (such as in ). | Trajectory optimization | 0.811154 |
20,002 | If only the first step of the trajectory is executed for an infinite-horizon problem, then this is known as Model Predictive Control (MPC). Although the idea of trajectory optimization has been around for hundreds of years (calculus of variations, brachystochrone problem), it only became practical for real-world proble... | Trajectory optimization | 0.811154 |
20,003 | Trajectory optimization is the process of designing a trajectory that minimizes (or maximizes) some measure of performance while satisfying a set of constraints. Generally speaking, trajectory optimization is a technique for computing an open-loop solution to an optimal control problem. It is often used for systems whe... | Trajectory optimization | 0.811154 |
20,004 | Trajectory optimization is often used to compute trajectories for quadrotor helicopters. These applications typically used highly specialized algorithms. One interesting application shown by the U.Penn GRASP Lab is computing a trajectory that allows a quadrotor to fly through a hoop as it is thrown. Another, this time ... | Trajectory optimization | 0.811154 |
20,005 | In these situations, the pilot followed a Mach versus altitude schedule based on optimal control solutions. One of the important early problems in trajectory optimization was that of the singular arc, where Pontryagin's maximum principle fails to yield a complete solution. An example of a problem with singular control ... | Trajectory optimization | 0.811154 |
20,006 | Another successful application was the climb to altitude trajectories for the early jet aircraft. Because of the high drag associated with the transonic drag region and the low thrust of early jet aircraft, trajectory optimization was the key to maximizing climb to altitude performance. Optimal control based trajectori... | Trajectory optimization | 0.811154 |
20,007 | These early researchers created the foundation of what we now call indirect methods for trajectory optimization. Much of the early work in trajectory optimization was focused on computing rocket thrust profiles, both in a vacuum and in the atmosphere. This early research discovered many basic principles that are still ... | Trajectory optimization | 0.811154 |
20,008 | The techniques to any optimization problems can be divided into two categories: indirect and direct. An indirect method works by analytically constructing the necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality, which are then solved numerically. A direct method attempts a direct numerical solution by constructing a seq... | Trajectory optimization | 0.811154 |
20,009 | Kig is a free (GPL) analog of The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP) for KDE, but more calculus-oriented. It is a part of the KDE Edutainment Project. | List of interactive geometry software | 0.811153 |
20,010 | Geometry Expressions Does symbolic geometry. It uses real symbolic inputs and returns real and symbolic outputs. It emphasises use with a Computer Algebra System (CAS), as well as exporting and sharing via interactive HTML5, Lua, and OS X dashboard widget apps. | List of interactive geometry software | 0.811153 |
20,011 | There are several output formats, including LaTeX, LaTeX/PStricks, LaTeX/Tikz, SVG and PostScript. There is a built-in geometry theorem prover (based on the area method). GCLC is available for Windows and Linux. WinGCLC is a Windows version of GCLC with a graphical interface that provides a range of additional function... | List of interactive geometry software | 0.811153 |
20,012 | GCLC is a dynamic geometry tool for visualizing and teaching geometry, and for producing mathematical illustrations. In GCLC, figures are described rather than drawn. This approach stresses the fact that geometrical constructions are abstract, formal procedures and not figures. A concrete figure can be generated on the... | List of interactive geometry software | 0.811153 |
20,013 | Live Geometry is a free CodePlex project that lets you create interactive ruler and compass constructions and experiment with them. It is written in Silverlight 4 and C# 4.0 (Visual Studio 2010). The core engine is a flexible and extensible framework that allows easy addition of new figure types and features. The proje... | List of interactive geometry software | 0.811153 |
20,014 | Jeometry is a dynamic geometry applet. | List of interactive geometry software | 0.811153 |
20,015 | Khalil, Hatem; Ulery, Dana (1976), "A review of current studies on complexity of algorithms for partial differential equations", Proceedings of the annual conference on - ACM 76, ACM '76, pp. 197–201, doi:10.1145/800191.805573, ISBN 9781450374897, S2CID 15497394 Cook, Stephen (1983), "An overview of computational compl... | Intractability (complexity) | 0.811148 |
20,016 | A problem that can be solved in theory (e.g. given large but finite resources, especially time), but for which in practice any solution takes too many resources to be useful, is known as an intractable problem. Conversely, a problem that can be solved in practice is called a tractable problem, literally "a problem that... | Intractability (complexity) | 0.811148 |
20,017 | In physical chemistry and chemical engineering, extent of reaction is a quantity that measures the extent to which the reaction has proceeded. Often, it refers specifically to the value of the extent of reaction when equilibrium has been reached. It is usually denoted by the Greek letter ξ. The extent of reaction is us... | Extent of reaction | 0.811141 |
20,018 | They are useful in the field of natural language processing and computational text analysis.While the value of the cells is commonly the raw count of a given term, there are various schemes for weighting the raw counts such as, row normalizing (i.e. relative frequency/proportions) and tf-idf. Terms are commonly single ... | Document-term matrix | 0.811141 |
20,019 | In coarse geometry, the integer lattice is coarsely equivalent to Euclidean space. | Integer point | 0.81114 |
20,020 | Pick's theorem, first described by Georg Alexander Pick in 1899, provides a formula for the area of a simple polygon with all vertices lying on the 2-dimensional integer lattice, in terms of the number of integer points within it and on its boundary.Let i {\displaystyle i} be the number of integer points interior to th... | Integer point | 0.81114 |
20,021 | In the study of Diophantine geometry, the square lattice of points with integer coordinates is often referred to as the Diophantine plane. In mathematical terms, the Diophantine plane is the Cartesian product Z × Z {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {Z} \times \mathbb {Z} } of the ring of all integers Z {\displaystyle... | Integer point | 0.81114 |
20,022 | A player with slower reflexes is not at a disadvantage compared to faster players; rather, only the ability to think through and solve the current problem is important. Games can in theory have better artificial intelligence due to the greater amount of computer processing power available to them. It is more realistic ... | Turn based | 0.811135 |
20,023 | Mapping systems generate three kinds of data: geometry of the chamber(s) of the heart based on movement of catheters in space voltage maps based on the amplitude of electrogram recordings timing maps ("local activation time" or LAT) based on the relative timing of electrogram recordings at different positions in the he... | Electroanatomic mapping | 0.811133 |
20,024 | No LT property other than ( 2 A P ) ω {\displaystyle (2^{AP})^{\omega }} (the set of all words over 2 A P {\displaystyle 2^{AP}} ) is both a safety and a liveness property. Though not every property is a safety property or a liveness property (consider "a occurs exactly once"), every property is the intersection of a s... | Linear time property | 0.811131 |
20,025 | In model checking, a branch of computer science, linear time properties are used to describe requirements of a model of a computer system. Example properties include "the vending machine does not dispense a drink until money has been entered" (a safety property) or "the computer program eventually terminates" (a livene... | Linear time property | 0.811131 |
20,026 | The Jordan algebra freely generated by Rn with the relations x 2 = ⟨ x , x ⟩ {\displaystyle x^{2}=\langle x,x\rangle } where the right-hand side is defined using the usual inner product on Rn. This is sometimes called a spin factor or a Jordan algebra of Clifford type.The Jordan algebra of 3×3 self-adjoint octonionic m... | Jordan algebra | 0.811129 |
20,027 | The Jordan algebra of n×n self-adjoint quaternionic matrices. as above. | Jordan algebra | 0.811129 |
20,028 | Every formally real Jordan algebra can be written as a direct sum of so-called simple ones, which are not themselves direct sums in a nontrivial way. In finite dimensions, the simple formally real Jordan algebras come in four infinite families, together with one exceptional case: The Jordan algebra of n×n self-adjoint ... | Jordan algebra | 0.811129 |
20,029 | A (possibly nonassociative) algebra over the real numbers is said to be formally real if it satisfies the property that a sum of n squares can only vanish if each one vanishes individually. In 1932, Jordan attempted to axiomatize quantum theory by saying that the algebra of observables of any quantum system should be a... | Jordan algebra | 0.811129 |
20,030 | If e is an idempotent in a Jordan algebra A (e2 = e) and R is the operation of multiplication by e, then R(2R − 1)(R − 1) = 0so the only eigenvalues of R are 0, 1/2, 1. If the Jordan algebra A is finite-dimensional over a field of characteristic not 2, this implies that it is a direct sum of subspaces A = A0(e) ⊕ A1/2(... | Jordan algebra | 0.811129 |
20,031 | The chemical composition of rocks affects their melting points and the final product of partial melting. For example, the bulk chemistry of melts obtained experimentally from sedimentary rocks, such as shales and graywacke reflects that of the source rocks. Additionally, rocks containing minerals with lower melting poi... | Partial melting | 0.811126 |
20,032 | Partial melting is an important process in geology with respect to the chemical differentiation of crustal rocks. On the Earth, partial melting of the mantle at mid-ocean ridges produces oceanic crust, and partial melting of the mantle and oceanic crust at subduction zones creates continental crust.Furthermore, the pro... | Partial melting | 0.811126 |
20,033 | The performance of a certain kinetic data structure may be analyzed for certain types of trajectories. Typically, the following types of trajectories are considered: Affine:(Linear functions) f ( t ) = a t + b {\displaystyle f(t)=at+b} Bounded-degree algebraic:(Polynomial functions of bounded degree) f ( t ) = ∑ i = 0 ... | Kinetic data structure | 0.811126 |
20,034 | A kinetic data structure is a data structure used to track an attribute of a geometric system that is moving continuously. For example, a kinetic convex hull data structure maintains the convex hull of a group of n {\displaystyle n} moving points. The development of kinetic data structures was motivated by computationa... | Kinetic data structure | 0.811126 |
20,035 | RIP-chip (RNA immunoprecipitation chip) is a molecular biology technique which combines RNA immunoprecipitation with a microarray. The purpose of this technique is to identify which RNA sequences interact with a particular RNA binding protein of interest in vivo. It can also be used to determine relative levels of gene... | RNA immunoprecipitation chip | 0.811124 |
20,036 | It was unexpected, since the average binding energy of protons and neutrons inside nuclei is insignificant when compared to the energy transferred in deep inelastic scattering reactions that probe quark distributions. While over 1000 scientific papers have been written on the topic and numerous hypotheses have been pro... | EMC effect | 0.811124 |
20,037 | Solar 2 was developed by Jay Watts under his video game studio Murudai. Watts, who received a degree in biotechnology from an Australian college, had no previous knowledge of video game development prior to coding Solar 2's predecessor, Solar, for the Xbox 360. Development of Solar started in July 2008 as a Flash game.... | Solar 2 | 0.811124 |
20,038 | Solar 2 received a positive response from video game journalists upon release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the game received an average score of 72 based on 8 reviews. Most critics praised the physics-based gameplay and soundtrack, but criticized the e... | Solar 2 | 0.811124 |
20,039 | All the spaceships in the map are controlled by the game's artificial intelligence (AI), and they will constantly engage in combat against enemy ships, asteroids or planets to destroy them.At the beginning of the game, the player accumulates mass by colliding their asteroid against other asteroids until enough mass has... | Solar 2 | 0.811124 |
20,040 | A gradient-field Maxwell coil is essentially the same geometry of the 3-coil configuration above, with the central coil removed to leave only the smaller two coils. If the current in one of the coils is reversed, a uniform-gradient magnetic field is produced near the centre of the two coils. Maxwell describes the use o... | Maxwell coil | 0.81112 |
20,041 | Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1968 covering astrobiology and origins of life research. It is the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life. The journal's scope includes research on the origin, evolution, distribut... | Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres | 0.81112 |
20,042 | The process of unification might be seen as helping to define what constitutes mathematics as a discipline. For example, mechanics and mathematical analysis were commonly combined into one subject during the 18th century, united by the differential equation concept; while algebra and geometry were considered largely di... | Unifying theories in mathematics | 0.811118 |
20,043 | Later Felix Klein used such metrics to provide a foundation for non-Euclidean geometry. In 1872, Felix Klein noted that the many branches of geometry which had been developed during the 19th century (affine geometry, projective geometry, hyperbolic geometry, etc.) could all be treated in a uniform way. He did this by c... | Unifying theories in mathematics | 0.811118 |
20,044 | A well-known example was the development of analytic geometry, which in the hands of mathematicians such as Descartes and Fermat showed that many theorems about curves and surfaces of special types could be stated in algebraic language (then new), each of which could then be proved using the same techniques. That is, t... | Unifying theories in mathematics | 0.811118 |
20,045 | This unification of geometry goes by the name of the Erlangen programme.The general theory of angle can be unified with invariant measure of area. The hyperbolic angle is defined in terms of area, very nearly the area associated with natural logarithm. The circular angle also has area interpretation when referred to a ... | Unifying theories in mathematics | 0.811118 |
20,046 | On a less grand scale, similarities between sets of results in two different branches of mathematics raise the question of whether a unifying framework exists that could explain the parallels. We have already noted the example of analytic geometry, and more generally the field of algebraic geometry thoroughly develops ... | Unifying theories in mathematics | 0.811118 |
20,047 | The Neanderthal genome project is an effort of a group of scientists to sequence the Neanderthal genome, founded in July 2006. It was initiated by 454 Life Sciences, a biotechnology company based in Branford, Connecticut in the United States and is coordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology i... | Neanderthal genome project | 0.811118 |
20,048 | The concept of particle number plays a major role in theoretical considerations. In situations where the actual particle number of a given thermodynamical system needs to be determined, mainly in chemistry, it is not practically possible to measure it directly by counting the particles. If the material is homogeneous a... | Particle number density | 0.811114 |
20,049 | Therefore, certain characteristics might be merged (such as merging a Charisma-type and a Willpower-type attribute into a single Personality attribute), or split into more attributes (such as splitting physical "Comeliness" from Charisma in the original Unearthed Arcana), or even ignored altogether (for example, Intell... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,050 | An attribute describes to what extent a character possesses a natural, in-born characteristic common to all characters in the game. Attributes are also called statistics, characteristics or abilities. Most role-playing games use attributes to describe characters’ physical and mental characteristics, for example their s... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,051 | Traits are broad areas of expertise, similar to skills, but with a broader and usually more loosely defined scope, in areas freely chosen by the player.There is no standard nomenclature for statistics; for example, both GURPS and the Storytelling System refer to their statistics as "traits", even though they are treate... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,052 | The set of categories actually used in a game system, as well as the precise statistics within each category, vary greatly. The most often used types of statistic include: Attributes describe to what extent a character possesses natural, in-born characteristics common to all characters. Advantages and disadvantages are... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,053 | A statistic (or stat) in role-playing games is a piece of data that represents a particular aspect of a fictional character. That piece of data is usually a (unitless) integer or, in some cases, a set of dice. For some types of statistics, this value may be accompanied with a descriptive adjective, sometimes called a s... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,054 | Learning some esoteric skill often requires knowledge of another one at an "expert" level or possession of a certain advantage: In GURPS Martial Arts, for example, "cinematic" or "mystical" martial arts abilities require a special advantage, Trained by a Master.Limitation If statistic A has a value of at least x, then ... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,055 | Some games define various interdependencies between statistics of different categories, as well as within categories. The most common are: Prerequisite Only if statistic A has a value of at least x, statistic B may exceed value y. (Where y is often 0 or none.) For example, a character class may require certain minimum ... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,056 | Many games encourage or even force players to take disadvantages for their characters in order to balance their advantages or other "positive" statistics. Disadvantages also add flavor to a character that can't be obtained solely by a list of positive traits. Advantages and disadvantages often have a thematic element t... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,057 | A trait represents a broad area of expertise of a character. Traits are rarely drawn from a predetermined list; rather, the player chooses some description during character generation. For example, a squash-playing history professor with a knowledge of fine wines might have the traits "History", "Squash" and "Oenology"... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,058 | A power represents a unique or special quality of a character. In many games, powers are binary on-or-off qualities as opposed to attributes and skills which are usually numeric quantities. The main exception to this is superhero RPGs, where superpowers are often treated as a sort of skill. Superpowers may also use the... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,059 | Basic and derived statistics are also called primary and secondary statistics, respectively. In games which use such concepts, derived statistics are often modified by the character's race and class. In addition, certain in-game methods such as spells or magical items might raise or lower these statistics temporarily. | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,060 | Many games make use of derived statistics: statistics whose values are determined only by the values of other, "basic" statistics. They often represent a single capability of the character such as the weight a character can lift, or the speed at which they can move. Some are unitless numbers, but often they use real-wo... | Attribute points | 0.811113 |
20,061 | The vector spaces that occur in classical geometry have always a finite dimension, generally two or three. However, this is not implied by the abstract definition of a vector space, and vector spaces of infinite dimension can be considered. This is typically the case in functional analysis where function spaces are gen... | Mathematical infinity | 0.811111 |
20,062 | The mathematical concept of infinity and the manipulation of infinite sets are widely used in mathematics, even in areas such as combinatorics that may seem to have nothing to do with them. For example, Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem implicitly relies on the existence of very large infinite sets for solving a l... | Mathematical infinity | 0.811111 |
20,063 | As mathematicians struggled with the foundation of calculus, it remained unclear whether infinity could be considered as a number or magnitude and, if so, how this could be done. At the end of the 19th century, Georg Cantor enlarged the mathematical study of infinity by studying infinite sets and infinite numbers, show... | Mathematical infinity | 0.811111 |
20,064 | Infinity is something which is boundless, endless, or larger than any natural number. It is often denoted by the infinity symbol ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } . Since the time of the ancient Greeks, the philosophical nature of infinity was the subject of many discussions among philosophers. In the 17th century, with the in... | Mathematical infinity | 0.811111 |
20,065 | In physics, approximations of real numbers are used for continuous measurements and natural numbers are used for discrete measurements (i.e., counting). Concepts of infinite things such as an infinite plane wave exist, but there are no experimental means to generate them. | Mathematical infinity | 0.811111 |
20,066 | This is an effective mitigation strategy for reducing the impact of dimensionality by replacing the memorization of the complete function mapping for the whole space domain with the memorization of the sole neural network parameters. In particular, for continuous-time systems, an approximate dynamic programming approac... | Bellman equation | 0.811109 |
20,067 | The method of undetermined coefficients, also known as 'guess and verify', can be used to solve some infinite-horizon, autonomous Bellman equations. The Bellman equation can be solved by backwards induction, either analytically in a few special cases, or numerically on a computer. Numerical backwards induction is appli... | Bellman equation | 0.811109 |
20,068 | Then the Bellman equation is simply: V ( a , r ) = max 0 ≤ c ≤ a { u ( c ) + β ∫ V ( ( 1 + r ) ( a − c ) , r ′ ) Q ( r , d μ r ) } . {\displaystyle V(a,r)=\max _{0\leq c\leq a}\{u(c)+\beta \int V((1+r)(a-c),r')Q(r,d\mu _{r})\}.} Under some reasonable assumption, the resulting optimal policy function g(a,r) is measurabl... | Bellman equation | 0.811109 |
20,069 | The first constraint is the capital accumulation/law of motion specified by the problem, while the second constraint is a transversality condition that the consumer does not carry debt at the end of their life. The Bellman equation is V ( a ) = max 0 ≤ c ≤ a { u ( c ) + β V ( ( 1 + r ) ( a − c ) ) } , {\displaystyle V(... | Bellman equation | 0.811109 |
20,070 | Virtual snowball sampling technique was used in order to find participants for the study of a minority group – Argentinian entrepreneurs living in Spain. About 60 percent of this population has double nationality – both Spanish and Argentinian. Spanish national statistics classifies them as European citizens only and t... | Snowball sampling | 0.811106 |
20,071 | In sociology and statistics research, snowball sampling (or chain sampling, chain-referral sampling, referral sampling) is a nonprobability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances. Thus the sample group is said to grow like a rolling snowball. As the sampl... | Snowball sampling | 0.811106 |
20,072 | Computational astrophysics refers to the methods and computing tools developed and used in astrophysics research. Like computational chemistry or computational physics, it is both a specific branch of theoretical astrophysics and an interdisciplinary field relying on computer science, mathematics, and wider physics. Co... | Astrophysical simulations | 0.811106 |
20,073 | Computational astrophysics as a field makes extensive use of software and hardware technologies. These systems are often highly specialized and made by dedicated professionals, and so generally find limited popularity in the wider (computational) physics community. | Astrophysical simulations | 0.811106 |
20,074 | Important techniques of computational astrophysics include particle-in-cell (PIC) and the closely related particle-mesh (PM), N-body simulations, Monte Carlo methods, as well as grid-free (with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) being an important example) and grid-based methods for fluids. In addition, methods from... | Astrophysical simulations | 0.811106 |
20,075 | Many astrophysicists use computers in their work, and a growing number of astrophysics departments now have research groups specially devoted to computational astrophysics. Important research initiatives include the US Department of Energy (DoE) SciDAC collaboration for astrophysics and the now defunct European AstroSi... | Astrophysical simulations | 0.811106 |
20,076 | Like other similar fields, computational astrophysics makes extensive use of supercomputers and computer clusters . Even on the scale of a normal desktop it is possible to accelerate the hardware. Perhaps the most notable such computer architecture built specially for astrophysics is the GRAPE (gravity pipe) in Japan. ... | Astrophysical simulations | 0.811106 |
20,077 | While modern physics has discarded the expression 'conservation of mass', in older terminology a relativistic mass can also be defined to be equivalent to the energy of a moving system, allowing for a conservation of relativistic mass. Mass conservation breaks down when the energy associated with the mass of a particle... | Equivalence of matter and energy | 0.811106 |
20,078 | The conservation of energy is a universal principle in physics and holds for any interaction, along with the conservation of momentum. The classical conservation of mass, in contrast, is violated in certain relativistic settings. This concept has been experimentally proven in a number of ways, including the conversion ... | Equivalence of matter and energy | 0.811106 |
20,079 | The principle is fundamental to many fields of physics, including nuclear and particle physics. Mass–energy equivalence arose from special relativity as a paradox described by the French polymath Henri Poincaré (1854–1912). | Equivalence of matter and energy | 0.811106 |
20,080 | In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement. The principle is described by the physicist Albert Einstein's formula: E = m c 2 {\displaystyle E=mc^{2}} . In a refer... | Equivalence of matter and energy | 0.811106 |
20,081 | Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP) is an annual international academic conference on the topic of automated theorem proving, proof assistants and related topics, ranging from theoretical foundations to implementation aspects and applications in program verification, security, and formalization of mathematics. ITP brings... | Interactive Theorem Proving | 0.811104 |
20,082 | For each area, the VSD algorithm finds the parts of the map for which a line of sight exists. This is called the potentially visible set (PVS).This process uses large amounts of memory, since it should take O ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2})} (where n {\displaystyle n} is the number of polygons) bits (only visible/hidde... | Surface caching | 0.811104 |
20,083 | Flavors of temporal logic include propositional dynamic logic (PDL), (propositional) linear temporal logic (LTL), computation tree logic (CTL), Hennessy–Milner logic, and T.The mathematical structure of modal logic, namely Boolean algebras augmented with unary operations (often called modal algebras), began to emerge w... | Modal Logic | 0.8111 |
20,084 | In the 19th century, Hugh MacColl made innovative contributions to modal logic, but did not find much acknowledgment. C. I. Lewis founded modern modal logic in a series of scholarly articles beginning in 1912 with "Implication and the Algebra of Logic". Lewis was led to invent modal logic, and specifically strict impli... | Modal Logic | 0.8111 |
20,085 | In mathematical optimization theory, the linear complementarity problem (LCP) arises frequently in computational mechanics and encompasses the well-known quadratic programming as a special case. It was proposed by Cottle and Dantzig in 1968. | Linear complementarity problem | 0.811096 |
20,086 | Let A be an integral domain and L (some) algebraic closure of the field of fractions of A. Then the integral closure A + {\displaystyle A^{+}} of A in L is called the absolute integral closure of A. It is unique up to a non-canonical isomorphism. The ring of all algebraic integers is an example (and thus A + {\displays... | Integral element | 0.811095 |
20,087 | Let B be a ring, and let A be a subring of B. Given an element b in B, the following conditions are equivalent: (i) b is integral over A; (ii) the subring A of B generated by A and b is a finitely generated A-module; (iii) there exists a subring C of B containing A and which is a finitely generated A-module; (iv) there... | Integral element | 0.811095 |
20,088 | Let B be a ring and A a subring that is a noetherian integrally closed domain (i.e., Spec A {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spec} A} is a normal scheme.) If B is integral over A, then Spec B → Spec A {\displaystyle \operatorname {Spec} B\to \operatorname {Spec} A} is submersive; i.e., the topology of Spec A {\dis... | Integral element | 0.811095 |
20,089 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, a permutation graph is a graph whose vertices represent the elements of a permutation, and whose edges represent pairs of elements that are reversed by the permutation. Permutation graphs may also be defined geometrically, as the intersection graphs of line segments whose endp... | Permutation graph | 0.811095 |
20,090 | The primary aim of EESTEC is to promote and develop international contacts between students and professionals. The exchange of ideas and experience among Electrical Engineering and Computer Science students is made possible through the activities of the association. EESTEC is also promoting international career and job... | Electrical Engineering Students' European Association | 0.81109 |
20,091 | Some key changes were made to the statutes during the 4th conference in Budapest in 1989. Although the EESTEC acronym was kept, the full name was changed to Electrical Engineering STudents European association to reflect the year-round activities. The annual meeting was also renamed from “Conference” to “Congress”, and... | Electrical Engineering Students' European Association | 0.81109 |
20,092 | The resolutions included a change of the name to EESTEC (Electrical Engineering STudents European Conference), as with very minor exceptions, the involved countries were European. The first EESTEC newsletter was printed later that year.The following years saw a growth in the organization, as countries like Greece, Denm... | Electrical Engineering Students' European Association | 0.81109 |
20,093 | EESTEC has an annual meeting with approximately 110-150 Electrical Engineering and Computer Science students representing their local EESTEC group. It's the most important event in the year. Its main purpose is the discussion of current internal and external affairs, as well as the goals and plans for the upcoming year... | Electrical Engineering Students' European Association | 0.81109 |
20,094 | Discussions about the need for an international organization for electrical engineering students are dated back to 1958, when students from France and West Germany met in an attempt to form such a group. It was not, however, until five years later that a European association, called EURIELEC, was formed.Despite the suc... | Electrical Engineering Students' European Association | 0.81109 |
20,095 | As a supraorganization, the membership in EESTEC is open to electrical engineering and computer science student groups in universities, institutes, and schools of technology. Most of the groups seeking membership are existing student organizations in such programs, yet in many cases, students form a new group specifica... | Electrical Engineering Students' European Association | 0.81109 |
20,096 | The Electrical Engineering and Computer Science aspects of EESTEC are expressed through workshops, the most important activity of the association. During a project week, lectures are presented by specialists from the industry and universities. Discussions are also held in small group sessions. Topics for workshops are ... | Electrical Engineering Students' European Association | 0.81109 |
20,097 | The Electrical Engineering STudents' European assoCiation (EESTEC) is a nonprofit apolitical and non-governmental student organization for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) students at universities, institutes and schools of technology in Europe awarding an engineering degree. As of March 2020, there w... | Electrical Engineering Students' European Association | 0.81109 |
20,098 | In production systems, these techniques are used together to ensure various degrees of data integrity. For example, a computer file system may be configured on a fault-tolerant RAID array, but might not provide block-level checksums to detect and prevent silent data corruption. As another example, a database management... | Integrity constraints | 0.81109 |
20,099 | RANSAC can only estimate one model for a particular data set. As for any one-model approach when two (or more) model instances exist, RANSAC may fail to find either one. The Hough transform is one alternative robust estimation technique that may be useful when more than one model instance is present. Another approach f... | Random sample consensus | 0.811083 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.