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20,900 | In mathematical optimization, the problem of non-negative least squares (NNLS) is a type of constrained least squares problem where the coefficients are not allowed to become negative. That is, given a matrix A and a (column) vector of response variables y, the goal is to find a r g m i n x ‖ A x − y ‖ 2 2 {\displays... | Non-negative least squares | 0.810592 |
20,901 | PM3, or Parametric Method 3, is a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry. It is based on the Neglect of Differential Diatomic Overlap integral approximation. The PM3 method uses the same formalism and equations as the AM1 method. The only differenc... | PM3 (chemistry) | 0.810589 |
20,902 | While the geometric definition makes explicit the link between category theory and low-dimensional topology, a combinatorial definition is necessary to formalise string diagrams in computer algebra systems and use them to define computational problems. One such definition is to define string diagrams as equivalence cla... | String diagram | 0.810587 |
20,903 | String diagrams have been used to formalise the following objects of study. Concurrency theory Artificial neural networks Game theory Bayesian probability Consciousness Markov kernels Signal-flow graphs Conjunctive queries Bidirectional transformations Categorical quantum mechanics Quantum circuits, measurement-based q... | String diagram | 0.810587 |
20,904 | To study a chemical reaction using the PES as a function of atomic positions, it is necessary to calculate the energy for every atomic arrangement of interest. Methods of calculating the energy of a particular atomic arrangement of atoms are well described in the computational chemistry article, and the emphasis here w... | Single-point energy | 0.810587 |
20,905 | The geometry of a set of atoms can be described by a vector, r, whose elements represent the atom positions. The vector r could be the set of the Cartesian coordinates of the atoms, or could also be a set of inter-atomic distances and angles. Given r, the energy as a function of the positions, E(r), is the value of E(r... | Single-point energy | 0.810587 |
20,906 | A PES is a conceptual tool for aiding the analysis of molecular geometry and chemical reaction dynamics. Once the necessary points are evaluated on a PES, the points can be classified according to the first and second derivatives of the energy with respect to position, which respectively are the gradient and the curvat... | Single-point energy | 0.810587 |
20,907 | It is helpful to use the analogy of a landscape: for a system with two degrees of freedom (e.g. two bond lengths), the value of the energy (analogy: the height of the land) is a function of two bond lengths (analogy: the coordinates of the position on the ground). The PES concept finds application in fields such as che... | Single-point energy | 0.810587 |
20,908 | According to StatCounter web use statistics (a proxy for all use), in the week from 7–13 November 2016, "mobile" (meaning smartphones) alone (without tablets) overtook desktop for the first time and by the end of the year smartphones were in the majority. Since 27 October, the desktop has not shown a majority, even on ... | Web usage | 0.810586 |
20,909 | It is also possible to underestimate the usage share by using the number of requests, for example: Firefox 1.5 (and other Gecko-based browsers) and later versions use fast Document Object Model (DOM) caching. JavaScript is executed on page load only from net or disk cache, but not if it is loaded from DOM cache. This c... | Web usage | 0.810586 |
20,910 | One common reason for this is that the website has been tested to work with only a limited number of browsers, and so the site owners enforce that only tested browsers are allowed to view the content, while all other browsers are sent a "failure" message, and instruction to use another browser. Many of the untested bro... | Web usage | 0.810586 |
20,911 | This site counts the last 15,000 page views from each of approximately 80,000 websites. This limits the influence of sites with more than 15,000 monthly visitors on the usage statistics. W3Counter is not affiliated with the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). | Web usage | 0.810586 |
20,912 | StatCounter statistics are directly derived from hits (not unique visitors) from 3 million sites using StatCounter totaling more than 15 billion hits per month. No weightings are used. | Web usage | 0.810586 |
20,913 | This bias is caused by the differences in the percentage of tracked hits in the sample, and the percentage of global usage tracked by third party sources. This difference is caused by the heavier levels of market usage.Statistics from the United States government's Digital Analytics Program (DAP) do not represent world... | Web usage | 0.810586 |
20,914 | Net Applications, in their NetMarketShare report, uses unique visitors to measure web usage. The effect is that users visiting a site ten times will only be counted once by these sources, while they are counted ten times by statistics companies that measure page hits. Net Applications uses country-level weighting as we... | Web usage | 0.810586 |
20,915 | Net Applications bases its usage share on statistics from 40,000 websites having around 160 million unique visitors per month. The mean site has 1300 unique visitors per day. | Web usage | 0.810586 |
20,916 | In quantum chemistry, the multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method consists of a configuration interaction expansion of the eigenstates of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian in a set of Slater determinants which correspond to excitations of the ground state electronic configuration but also of some exci... | Multireference configuration interaction | 0.810585 |
20,917 | A history of the meeting can be found here. The next Microbial Population Biology Gordon conference is scheduled for 2025. Information on past (and future) meetings is summarized as follows: | Microbial communities | 0.810585 |
20,918 | A Microbial Population Biology Gordon Research Conference is held every odd year, to date in New England (and usually in New Hampshire). The 2007 conference web page introduces the meetings as: Microbial Population Biology covers a diverse range of cutting edge issues in the microbial sciences and beyond. Firmly founde... | Microbial communities | 0.810585 |
20,919 | The study of multiway data analysis was first formalized as the result of a conference held in 1988. The result of this conference was the first text specifically addressed to this field, Coppi and Bolasco's Multiway Data Analysis. At that time, the application areas for multiway analysis included statistics, econometr... | Multiway data analysis | 0.810581 |
20,920 | Multiway data analysis can be employed in various multiway applications so as to address the problem of finding hidden multilinear structure in multiway datasets. Following are examples of applications in different fields: Computer vision - TensorFaces and Human motion signatures analyzes facial images and human joint ... | Multiway data analysis | 0.810581 |
20,921 | This case is the isolated atomic system. If the hopping term is turned on ( t > 0 {\displaystyle \displaystyle t>0} ) electrons can stay in both sites lowering their kinetic energy. In the strongly correlated electron system, it is necessary to consider the electron-electron interaction. This term can be written in H e... | Tight binding model | 0.81058 |
20,922 | In solid-state physics, the tight-binding model (or TB model) is an approach to the calculation of electronic band structure using an approximate set of wave functions based upon superposition of wave functions for isolated atoms located at each atomic site. The method is closely related to the LCAO method (linear comb... | Tight binding model | 0.81058 |
20,923 | In molecular biology, the polyketide synthesis cyclase family of proteins includes a number of cyclases involved in polyketide synthesis in a number of actinobacterial species. Aromatic polyketides are assembled by a type II (iterative) polyketide synthase in bacteria. Iterative type II polyketide syntheses produce pol... | Polyketide synthesis cyclase family | 0.810578 |
20,924 | In graph theory, a maximally matchable edge in a graph is an edge that is included in at least one maximum-cardinality matching in the graph. An alternative term is allowed edge.A fundamental problem in matching theory is: given a graph G, find the set of all maximally matchable edges in G. This is equivalent to findin... | Maximally matchable edge | 0.810577 |
20,925 | Note that there are no edges with both endpoints unsaturated by M, since this would contradict the maximality of M.Theorem: All M {\displaystyle M} -lower edges are maximally matchable. : sub.2.2 Proof: suppose e = ( x i , y j ) {\displaystyle e=(x_{i},y_{j})} where x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} is saturated and y i {\disp... | Maximally matchable edge | 0.810577 |
20,926 | The algorithm for finding maximally matchable edges is simpler when the graph admits a perfect matching. : sub.2.1 Let the bipartite graph be G = ( X + Y , E ) {\displaystyle G=(X+Y,E)} , where X = ( x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle X=(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})} and Y = ( y 1 , … , y n ) {\displaystyle Y=(y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n})... | Maximally matchable edge | 0.810577 |
20,927 | The main applications of Computational Intelligence include computer science, engineering, data analysis and bio-medicine. | Computer intelligence | 0.810575 |
20,928 | Within the same principles of fuzzy and binary logics follow crispy and fuzzy systems. Crisp logic is a part of artificial intelligence principles and consists of either including an element in a set, or not, whereas fuzzy systems (CI) enable elements to be partially in a set. Following this logic, each element can be ... | Computer intelligence | 0.810575 |
20,929 | Although Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence seek a similar long-term goal: reach general intelligence, which is the intelligence of a machine that could perform any intellectual task that a human being can; there's a clear difference between them. According to Bezdek (1994), Computational Intelligen... | Computer intelligence | 0.810575 |
20,930 | Source: The notion of Computational Intelligence was first used by the IEEE Neural Networks Council in 1990. This Council was founded in the 1980s by a group of researchers interested in the development of biological and artificial neural networks. On November 21, 2001, the IEEE Neural Networks Council became the IEEE ... | Computer intelligence | 0.810575 |
20,931 | This is why CI experts work on the development of artificial neural networks based on the biological ones, which can be defined by 3 main components: the cell-body which processes the information, the axon, which is a device enabling the signal conducting, and the synapse, which controls signals. Therefore, artificial ... | Computer intelligence | 0.810575 |
20,932 | In organic chemistry, a staggered conformation is a chemical conformation of an ethane-like moiety abcX–Ydef in which the substituents a, b, and c are at the maximum distance from d, e, and f; this requires the torsion angles to be 60°. It is the opposite of an eclipsed conformation, in which those substituents are as ... | Staggered conformation | 0.810574 |
20,933 | The indistinguishability of all particles of each fundamental type (say, electrons, or photons) results in the Dirac and Bose quantum statistics which in turn result in the Pauli exclusion principle for fermions and in Bose–Einstein condensation for bosons. The rotational symmetry between time and space coordinate axes... | Mathematical descriptions of physical laws | 0.810573 |
20,934 | Some laws reflect mathematical symmetries found in Nature (e.g. the Pauli exclusion principle reflects identity of electrons, conservation laws reflect homogeneity of space, time, and Lorentz transformations reflect rotational symmetry of spacetime). Many fundamental physical laws are mathematical consequences of vario... | Mathematical descriptions of physical laws | 0.810573 |
20,935 | Quantum mechanics has its roots in postulates. This leads to results which are not usually called "laws", but hold the same status, in that all of quantum mechanics follows from them. One postulate that a particle (or a system of many particles) is described by a wavefunction, and this satisfies a quantum wave equation... | Mathematical descriptions of physical laws | 0.810573 |
20,936 | In mathematics, separation of variables (also known as the Fourier method) is any of several methods for solving ordinary and partial differential equations, in which algebra allows one to rewrite an equation so that each of two variables occurs on a different side of the equation. | Separation of variables | 0.810572 |
20,937 | The Computing for All plan (Plan Informatique pour Tous - IPT) was a French government plan to introduce computers to the country's 11 million pupils. A second goal was to support national industry. It followed several introductory computer science programs in schools since 1971. | Computing for All | 0.81057 |
20,938 | Connecting a NOT gate to a NAND gate forms the AND gate. Connecting a NOT gate to a NOR gate forms the OR gate.These five gates form the building blocks of binary algebra—the digital logic functions of the computer. Microcode instructions are mnemonics programmers may use to execute digital logic functions instead of f... | Computer programs | 0.810564 |
20,939 | A microcode program is the bottom-level interpreter that controls the data path of software-driven computers. (Advances in hardware have migrated these operations to hardware execution circuits.) Microcode instructions allow the programmer to more easily implement the digital logic level—the computer's real hardware. T... | Computer programs | 0.810564 |
20,940 | The Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS) CubeSat was the first launched National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science Mission Directorate CubeSat with a science mission. It was designed, built, and operated primarily by students at the University of Colorado Boulder with professional mentorship and invol... | Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat | 0.810561 |
20,941 | CSSWE and MinXSS heavily leveraged professionals at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. As of 2018 March 8, 40 graduate, 5 undergraduate, and two high school students have worked on the project. Roughly 40 professionals have contributed with varying levels of involvement, from providing feedback at design... | Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat | 0.810561 |
20,942 | The MinXSS project was structured after the Colorado Student Space Weather Experiment CubeSat, which established the graduate projects course led by Joseph R. Tanner in the Aerospace Engineering Sciences department at the University of Colorado Boulder. Students in the department have the choice to either complete a Ma... | Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat | 0.810561 |
20,943 | The MinXSS mission is to measure the solar soft X-ray spectrum from about 0.5 keV (25 Å) to 30 keV (0.4 Å) with ~0.15 keV FWHM spectral resolution. This part of the solar electromagnetic spectrum is where the largest enhancement from solar flares is expected to occur. It also has an important impact on Earth ionospheri... | Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat | 0.810561 |
20,944 | The first critical hurdle for any deployed spacecraft is to establish communications with the ground. This was achieved on the first pass over the MinXSS ground station in Boulder, Colorado. As a science mission, success is determined by receipt of useful scientific measurements. MinXSS first light was presented at a p... | Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat | 0.810561 |
20,945 | The MinXSS-2 orbit is polar and sun-synchronous at 10:30am LTDN, at approximately 575 km altitude, providing an estimated 4-year mission life. MinXSS-2 was selected for 2 years of funding by NASA under the 2016 Heliophysics Technology and Instrument Development for Science (H-TIDeS) program. MinXSS-2 also adds science ... | Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat | 0.810561 |
20,946 | Rajagopalan, S.; Shah, D.; Shin, J. "Network adiabatic theorem: an efficient randomized protocol for contention resolution". SIGMETRICS/Performance 2009. doi:10.1145/2492101.1555365. | SIGMETRICS | 0.810553 |
20,947 | Eventually this page may have its own discussion page. This page links to itself in order that edits to this page will be included among related changes when the user clicks on that button. The concrete example within the article titled Rao-Blackwell theorem is perhaps one of the best ways for a probabilist ignorant of... | List of mathematical examples | 0.810549 |
20,948 | This page will attempt to list examples in mathematics. To qualify for inclusion, an article should be about a mathematical object with a fair amount of concreteness. Usually a definition of an abstract concept, a theorem, or a proof would not be an "example" as the term should be understood here (an elegant proof of a... | List of mathematical examples | 0.810549 |
20,949 | Alexander horned sphere All horses are the same color Cantor function Cantor set Checking if a coin is biased Concrete illustration of the central limit theorem Differential equations of mathematical physics Dirichlet function Discontinuous linear map Efron's non-transitive dice Example of a game without a value Exampl... | List of mathematical examples | 0.810549 |
20,950 | List of algebraic surfaces List of curves List of complexity classes List of examples in general topology List of finite simple groups List of Fourier-related transforms List of mathematical functions List of knots List of mathematical knots and links List of manifolds List of mathematical shapes List of matrices List ... | List of mathematical examples | 0.810549 |
20,951 | There can be up to 50 genome edits, from single nucleotide base pairs to whole genome or gene networks simultaneously with results in a matter of days.MAGE experiments can be divided into three classes, characterized by varying degrees of scale and complexity: (i) many target sites, single genetic mutations; (ii) singl... | Genome editing | 0.810548 |
20,952 | Selecting for these traits can allow for a more sustainable environment and better welfare for the fish.AquAdvantage salmon is a genetically modified Atlantic salmon developed by AquaBounty Technologies. The growth hormone-regulating gene in the Atlantic salmon is replaced with the growth hormone-regulating gene from t... | Genome editing | 0.810548 |
20,953 | food ingredient company, Calyxt, to improve the quality of soybean oil products and to increase the storage potential of potatoesSeveral optimizations need to be made in order to improve editing plant genomes using ZFN-mediated targeting. There is a need for reliable design and subsequent test of the nucleases, the abs... | Genome editing | 0.810548 |
20,954 | The work is a scholarly consideration of science and philosophy that brings biology into the central role in unifying the whole." Arizona State University physicist and antitheist activist Lawrence Krauss stated: "There are no scientific breakthroughs about anything, as far as I can see. It may represent interesting ph... | Biocentric universe | 0.810548 |
20,955 | In 2007 Lanza's article "A New Theory of the Universe" appeared in The American Scholar. The essay proposed Lanza's idea of a biocentric universe, which places biology above the other sciences. Lanza's book Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the Universe followed in 2009, co-written w... | Biocentric universe | 0.810548 |
20,956 | Lanza was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up south of there, in Stoughton, Massachusetts. Lanza "altered the genetics of chickens in his basement", and came to the attention of Harvard Medical School researchers when he appeared at the university with his results. Jonas Salk, B. F. Skinner, and Christiaan Barna... | Biocentric universe | 0.810548 |
20,957 | However, he sought to neither separate thermodynamics and statistical mechanics completely nor subsume the former under the latter under the banner of "thermal physics." Indeed, thermal physics courses often emphasizes statistical mechanics at the expense of thermodynamics, despite its importance for industry, as a sur... | Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics | 0.810545 |
20,958 | Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics is a textbook written by Herbert Callen that explains the basics of classical thermodynamics and discusses advanced topics in both classical and quantum frameworks. It covers the subject in an abstract and rigorous manner and contains discussions of applications. T... | Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics | 0.810545 |
20,959 | The concept of Boltzmann's entropy is introduced and used to describe the Einstein model, the two-state system, and the polymer model. Afterwards, the different statistical ensembles are discussed from which the thermodynamics potentials are derived. Quantum fluids and fluctuations are also discussed. The last part of ... | Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics | 0.810545 |
20,960 | Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-86256-8. OCLC 1109708066. | Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics | 0.810545 |
20,961 | But Griffiths wrote that the problem lies not in the breakdown of thermodynamics but rather the Taylor-expansion of thermodynamic quantities, and that precise expressions of the functions appearing in a fundamental relation should be determined by statistical mechanics and experiments, not thermodynamics. Nevertheless,... | Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics | 0.810545 |
20,962 | A logical data model or logical schema is a data model of a specific problem domain expressed independently of a particular database management product or storage technology (physical data model) but in terms of data structures such as relational tables and columns, object-oriented classes, or XML tags. This is as oppo... | Logical schema | 0.810545 |
20,963 | A logical data model is sometimes incorrectly called a physical data model, which is not what the ANSI people had in mind. The physical design of a database involves deep use of particular database management technology. For example, a table/column design could be implemented on a collection of computers, located in di... | Logical schema | 0.810545 |
20,964 | Retrotransposon markers are components of DNA which are used as cladistic markers. They assist in determining the common ancestry, or not, of related taxa. The "presence" of a given retrotransposon in related taxa suggests their orthologous integration, a derived condition acquired via a common ancestry, while the "abs... | Retrotransposon marker | 0.810544 |
20,965 | The use of presence/absence analyses to reconstruct the systematic biology of mammals depends on the availability of retrotransposons that were actively integrating before the divergence of a particular species.Examples for phylogenetic studies based on retrotransposon presence/absence data are the definition of whales... | Retrotransposon marker | 0.810544 |
20,966 | In molecular physics, the Hamaker constant (denoted A; named for H. C. Hamaker) is a physical constant that can be defined for a van der Waals (vdW) body–body interaction: A = π 2 C ρ 1 ρ 2 , {\displaystyle A=\pi ^{2}C\rho _{1}\rho _{2},} where ρ1, ρ2 are the number densities of the two interacting kinds of particles, ... | Hamaker constant | 0.810542 |
20,967 | Recent research suggests that the source of this incompatibility is largely genetic, as combinations of genes and alleles prove lethal to the hybrid organism. Incompatibility is not solely influenced by genetics, however, and can be affected by environmental factors such as temperature. The genetic underpinnings of hyb... | Hybrid incompatibility | 0.810541 |
20,968 | A possible contributor to hybrid incompatibility that fits with the Lynch and Force model better than the Dobzhansky-Muller model is epigenetic inheritance. Epigenetics broadly refers to heritable elements that affect offspring phenotype without adjusting the DNA sequence of the offspring. When a particular allele has ... | Hybrid incompatibility | 0.810541 |
20,969 | The VLT is capable of observing both visible and infrared wavelengths. Each individual telescope can detect objects that are roughly four billion times fainter than what can be seen with the naked eye. When all the telescopes are combined, the facility can achieve an angular resolution of approximately 0.002 arcsecond.... | Multi Aperture Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Experiment | 0.81054 |
20,970 | The way in which new structures mature as they are produced may be affected by the point in the plant's life when they begin to develop, as well as by the environment to which the structures are exposed. A morphologist studies this process, the causes, and its result. This area of plant morphology overlaps with plant p... | Plant architecture | 0.81054 |
20,971 | In physics, for example, the space-time continuum model describes space and time as part of the same continuum rather than as separate entities. A spectrum in physics, such as the electromagnetic spectrum, is often termed as either continuous (with energy at all wavelengths) or discrete (energy at only certain waveleng... | Continuum (measurement) | 0.810536 |
20,972 | In computer science, software pipelining is a technique used to optimize loops, in a manner that parallels hardware pipelining. Software pipelining is a type of out-of-order execution, except that the reordering is done by a compiler (or in the case of hand written assembly code, by the programmer) instead of the proce... | Software pipelining | 0.810535 |
20,973 | For example, the following code: for i = 1 to bignumber A(i) ; 3 cycle latency B(i) ; 3 C(i) ; 12(perhaps a floating point operation) D(i) ; 3 E(i) ; 3 F(i) ; 3 end would require 12 iterations of the loop to be unrolled to avoid the bottleneck of instruction C. This means that the code of the loop would increase by a f... | Software pipelining | 0.810535 |
20,974 | Software pipelining is often used in combination with loop unrolling, and this combination of techniques is often a far better optimization than loop unrolling alone. In the example above, we could write the code as follows (assume for the moment that bignumber is divisible by 3): for i = 1 to (bignumber - 2) step 3 A(... | Software pipelining | 0.810535 |
20,975 | In mathematics, especially in algebraic topology, the homotopy limit and colimitpg 52 are variants of the notions of limit and colimit extended to the homotopy category Ho ( Top ) {\displaystyle {\text{Ho}}({\textbf {Top}})} . The main idea is this: if we have a diagram F: I → Top {\displaystyle F:I\to {\textbf {Top}}}... | Homotopy colimit | 0.810531 |
20,976 | Ion-exchange chromatography is a chromatographical method that is widely used for chemical analysis and separation of ions. For example, in biochemistry it is widely used to separate charged molecules such as proteins. An important area of the application is extraction and purification of biologically produced substanc... | Anion exchange | 0.810531 |
20,977 | The computer program Statistical Lab (Statistiklabor) is an explorative and interactive toolbox for statistical analysis and visualization of data. It supports educational applications of statistics in business administration, economics, social sciences and humanities. The program is developed and constantly advanced b... | Statistical Lab | 0.810528 |
20,978 | Written by Marcus Feldman and Jessica Riskin, the review claimed that Harden "disguises her radically subjective view of biological essentialism as an objective fact" and compared her writing to the parable of the "boiling frog" in the way that Harden gradually proceeds from less controversial premises to more controve... | The Genetic Lottery | 0.810525 |
20,979 | Harden offers no reason to believe that the genome age will be any different. "Joseph L. Graves reviewed the book in the Lancet, concluding that "Despite Harden’s talent and best intentions, in my view this book does not make a convincing case for how to advance progressive social movements" and arguing that changing t... | The Genetic Lottery | 0.810525 |
20,980 | ", "Harden doesn’t address the hard stuff, such as general literacy, school funding, remedial education, charter schools, and curricular reform." that "Ultimately, the book is more a defense of behavior genetics than an introduction to a truly useful tool for education policy." He concluded: "Hereditarianism has incre... | The Genetic Lottery | 0.810525 |
20,981 | "Another negative review written by Nathaniel Comfort for American Scientist stated, "For a book on applied human genetics published in 2021, The Genetic Lottery is astonishingly blinkered when it comes to race and disability. These things should be de rigueur for a book on progressive social policy." | The Genetic Lottery | 0.810525 |
20,982 | Harden was motivated to write The Genetic Lottery to try to change people's minds about what she considers the need for social scientists to consider genetics in their research, and to assuage fears about the negative societal consequences of doing so. She told Gideon Lewis-Kraus that the book was "fundamentally defens... | The Genetic Lottery | 0.810525 |
20,983 | Harden’s “genetic luck” and good old-fashioned breeding are coextensive. ", "All of Harden’s insights or recommendations can be reached without recourse to genetics. ", "Harden offers no concrete suggestions for how taking genetics into account would benefit the disadvantaged—and not a word on how to keep it from harmi... | The Genetic Lottery | 0.810525 |
20,984 | Jonathan Flint reviewed The Genetic Lottery favorably, concluding, "Harden’s book provides its readers with an accessible introduction to the current state of behavioral genetics...Her well-argued text is an excellent example of how to make difficult genetic concepts clear".University of Cambridge geneticist Aylwyn Sca... | The Genetic Lottery | 0.810525 |
20,985 | Structurae was founded in 1998 by Nicolas Janberg, who had studied civil engineering at Princeton University. In March 2012, Structurae was acquired by Ernst & Sohn, a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., with Janberg joining the company as Structurae's editor-in-chief. At that time, the web site received more than o... | Structurae | 0.810524 |
20,986 | Structurae is an online database containing pictures and information about structural and civil engineering works, and their associated engineers, architects, and builders. Its entries are contributed by volunteers and saved in a MySQL database. | Structurae | 0.810524 |
20,987 | For instance, in all perfect graphs, the graph coloring problem, maximum clique problem, and maximum independent set problem can all be solved in polynomial time, despite their greater complexity for non-perfect graphs. In addition, several important minimax theorems in combinatorics, including Dilworth's theorem and M... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,988 | In graph theory, a perfect graph is a graph in which the chromatic number equals the size of the maximum clique, both in the graph itself and in every induced subgraph. In all graphs, the chromatic number is greater than or equal to the size of the maximum clique, but they can be far apart. A graph is perfect when thes... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,989 | More efficient combinatorial algorithms are known for many special cases.For many years the complexity of recognizing Berge graphs and perfect graphs remained open. From the definition of Berge graphs, it follows immediately that their recognition is in co-NP. Finally, subsequent to the proof of the strong perfect grap... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,990 | A clique, in a permutation graph, is a subsequence of elements that appear in increasing order in the given permutation, and an independent set is a subsequence of elements that appear in decreasing order. In any perfect graph, the product of the clique number and independence number are at least the number of vertices... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,991 | In the partial orders constructed in this way, the largest chains consist of one red and one blue vertex. Thus, by connecting them through the theory of perfect graphs, Kőnig's theorem can be seen as a special case of Dilworth's theorem. | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,992 | The line perfect graphs are the graphs whose biconnected components are bipartite graphs, the complete graph K 4 {\displaystyle K_{4}} , and triangular books, sets of triangles sharing an edge. Because these components are themselves perfect, and are combined in a way that preserves the property of being perfect, every... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,993 | The equality of maximum degree and chromatic index, in bipartite graphs, is another theorem of Dénes Kőnig. In arbitrary simple graphs, they can differ by one; this is Vizing's theorem. If a line graph L ( G ) {\displaystyle L(G)} is perfect, the underlying graph G {\displaystyle G} is said to be a line perfect graph. | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,994 | Because bipartite graphs are triangle-free, their minimum clique covers consist of a maximum matching (a set of disjoint edges, as many as possible) together with one-vertex cliques for all remaining vertices. And in any graph, the maximum independent set is complementary to a vertex cover, a set of vertices that touch... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,995 | A bipartite graph is a graph that can be colored with two colors, or equivalently a graph that has no odd cycles. Because they have no odd cycles, they have no cliques of three or more vertices, so (when they have at least one edge) their chromatic number and clique number are both two. An induced subgraph of a biparti... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,996 | Many well-studied families of graphs are perfect, and in many cases the fact that these graphs are perfect corresponds to a minimax theorem for some kinds of combinatorial structure defined by these graphs. Examples of this phenomenon include the perfection of bipartite graphs and their line graphs, associated with Kőn... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,997 | This work won its authors the 2009 Fulkerson Prize. The perfect graph theorem has a short proof, but the proof of the strong perfect graph theorem is long and technical, based on a deep structural decomposition of Berge graphs. Related decomposition techniques have also borne fruit in the study of other graph classes, ... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,998 | Until the strong perfect graph theorem was proven, the graphs described by it (that is, the graphs with no odd hole and no odd antihole) were called Berge graphs.The perfect graph theorem was proven by László Lovász in 1972, who in the same year proved the stronger inequality between the number of vertices and the prod... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
20,999 | The theory of perfect graphs developed from a 1958 result of Tibor Gallai that in modern language can be interpreted as stating that the complement of a bipartite graph is perfect; this result can also be viewed as a simple equivalent of Kőnig's theorem, a much earlier result relating matchings and vertex covers in bip... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
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