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21,000 | Similarly, Mirsky's theorem states that for every finite partial order, the size of the largest chain equals the minimum number of antichains into which the elements can be partitioned, or that every finite incomparability graph is perfect. These two theorems are equivalent via the perfect graph theorem, but Mirsky's t... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
21,001 | Thus, a coloring of a comparability graph is a partition of its elements into antichains, and a clique cover is a partition of its elements into chains. Dilworth's theorem, in the theory of partial orders, states that for every finite partial order, the size of the largest antichain equals the minimum number of chains ... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
21,002 | One direction of this characterization follows easily from the original definition of perfect: the number of vertices in any graph equals the sum of the sizes of the color classes in an optimal coloring, and is less than or equal to the number of colors multiplied by the independence number. In a perfect graph, the num... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
21,003 | The strong perfect graph theorem asserts that these are the only forbidden induced subgraphs for the perfect graphs: a graph is perfect if and only if its induced subgraphs include neither an odd cycle nor an odd anticycle of five or more vertices. In this context, induced cycles that are not triangles are called "hole... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
21,004 | A cycle of odd length, greater than three, is not a perfect graph: its clique number is two, but its chromatic number is three. By the perfect graph theorem, the complement of an odd cycle of length greater than three is also not perfect. The complement of a length-5 cycle is another length-5 cycle, but for larger odd ... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
21,005 | This provides an alternative and equivalent definition of the perfect graphs: they are the graphs for which, in each induced subgraph, the independence number equals the clique cover number. The strong perfect graph theorem gives a different way of defining perfect graphs, by their structure instead of by their propert... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
21,006 | The perfect graph theorem asserts that the complement graph of a perfect graph is itself perfect. The complement graph has the same vertices as the given graph, but a complementary adjacency relation: two vertices are adjacent, in the complement graph, if and only if they are not adjacent in the given graph. A clique, ... | Perfect graph | 0.810523 |
21,007 | The Chebyshev distance is sometimes used in warehouse logistics, as it effectively measures the time an overhead crane takes to move an object (as the crane can move on the x and y axes at the same time but at the same speed along each axis). It is also widely used in electronic Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) appli... | Chebyshev metric | 0.810523 |
21,008 | Conversely, with every algebraic lattice A {\displaystyle A} we associate the ( ∨ , 0 ) {\displaystyle (\vee ,0)} -semilattice K ( A ) {\displaystyle K(A)} of all compact elements of A {\displaystyle A} , and with every compactness-preserving complete join-homomorphism f: A → B {\displaystyle f\colon A\to B} between al... | Semilattice | 0.810521 |
21,009 | There is a well-known equivalence between the category S {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}} of join-semilattices with zero with ( ∨ , 0 ) {\displaystyle (\vee ,0)} -homomorphisms and the category A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} of algebraic lattices with compactness-preserving complete join-homomorphisms, as follows. With... | Semilattice | 0.810521 |
21,010 | Semilattices are employed to construct other order structures, or in conjunction with other completeness properties. A lattice is both a join- and a meet-semilattice. The interaction of these two semilattices via the absorption law is what truly distinguishes a lattice from a semilattice. The compact elements of an alg... | Semilattice | 0.810521 |
21,011 | Similar to the Senior Section, there are also two rounds, a written round (Round 1) and an invitational round (Round 2). The paper in Round 1 comprises 25 short answer questions, and is geared towards pre-university students. Topics tested include number theory, combinatorics, geometry, algebra, calculus (occasionally)... | Singapore Mathematical Olympiad | 0.810519 |
21,012 | There are two rounds in the Senior Section: a written round (Round 1) and an invitational round (Round 2). The paper in Round 1 comprises 5 multiple-choice questions, each with five options, and 20 short answer questions. The Senior section is geared towards Upper Secondary students, and topics tested include number th... | Singapore Mathematical Olympiad | 0.810519 |
21,013 | There are two rounds in the Junior Section: a written round (Round 1) and an invitational round (Round 2). The paper in Round 1 comprises 5 multiple-choice questions, each with five options, and 20 short answer questions. The Junior section is geared towards Lower Secondary students, and topics tested include number th... | Singapore Mathematical Olympiad | 0.810519 |
21,014 | Every intersection of projective subspaces is a projective subspace. It follows that for every subset S of a projective space, there is a smallest projective subspace containing S, the intersection of all projective subspaces containing S. This projective subspace is called the projective span of S, and S is a spanning... | Finite projective geometry | 0.810518 |
21,015 | However, in dimension two there are non-Desarguesian planes. Up to isomorphism there are finite projective planes of orders 2, 3, 4, ..., 10, respectively. The numbers beyond this are very difficult to calculate and are not determined except for some zero values due to the Bruck–Ryser theorem. The smallest projective p... | Finite projective geometry | 0.810518 |
21,016 | A finite projective space is a projective space where P is a finite set of points. In any finite projective space, each line contains the same number of points and the order of the space is defined as one less than this common number. For finite projective spaces of dimension at least three, Wedderburn's theorem implie... | Finite projective geometry | 0.810518 |
21,017 | Coxeter (1969, p. 231) gives such an extension due to Bachmann. To ensure that the dimension is at least two, replace the three point per line axiom above by; There exist four points, no three of which are collinear.To avoid the non-Desarguesian planes, include Pappus's theorem as an axiom; If the six vertices of a hex... | Finite projective geometry | 0.810518 |
21,018 | These examples do not satisfy the Theorem of Desargues and are known as Non-Desarguesian planes. In dimension one, any set with at least three elements satisfies the axioms, so it is usual to assume additional structure for projective lines defined axiomatically.It is possible to avoid the troublesome cases in low dime... | Finite projective geometry | 0.810518 |
21,019 | The structures defined by these axioms are more general than those obtained from the vector space construction given above. If the (projective) dimension is at least three then, by the Veblen–Young theorem, there is no difference. However, for dimension two, there are examples that satisfy these axioms that can not be ... | Finite projective geometry | 0.810518 |
21,020 | In synthetic geometry, a projective space S can be defined axiomatically as a set P (the set of points), together with a set L of subsets of P (the set of lines), satisfying these axioms: Each two distinct points p and q are in exactly one line. Veblen's axiom: If a, b, c, d are distinct points and the lines through ab... | Finite projective geometry | 0.810518 |
21,021 | Read alignment and processing are performed to map quality reads to a reference genome. Deconvolution of cell barcodes, guide barcodes and UMIs enables the association of guide RNAs with the cells that contain them, thus allowing the gene expression profile of each cell to be affiliated with a particular perturbation. ... | Perturb-seq | 0.810518 |
21,022 | Single cell RNA expression readouts are known to produce ‘noisy’ data, with a significant number of false positives. Both the large size and noise that is associated with scRNA-seq will likely require new and powerful computational methods and bioinformatics pipelines to better make sense of the resulting data. Another... | Perturb-seq | 0.810518 |
21,023 | Perturb-seq makes use of current technologies in molecular biology to integrate a multi-step workflow that couples high-throughput screening with complex phenotypic outputs. When compared to alternative methods used for gene knockdowns or knockouts, such as RNAi, zinc finger nucleases or transcription activator-like ef... | Perturb-seq | 0.810518 |
21,024 | Perturb-seq is a reverse genetics approach that allows for the investigation of phenotypes at the level of the transcriptome, to elucidate gene functions in many cells, in a massively parallel fashion. The Perturb-seq protocol uses CRISPR technology to inactivate specific genes and DNA barcoding of each guide RNA to al... | Perturb-seq | 0.810518 |
21,025 | Perturb-seq (also known as CRISP-seq and CROP-seq) refers to a high-throughput method of performing single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on pooled genetic perturbation screens. Perturb-seq combines multiplexed CRISPR mediated gene inactivations with single cell RNA sequencing to assess comprehensive gene expression p... | Perturb-seq | 0.810518 |
21,026 | Medicinal Chemistry Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of medicinal chemistry emphasizing the structure-activity relationships of biologically active compounds. It was founded in 1991 by Alfred Burger (University of Virginia), who also founded the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. The journal is currently edi... | Medicinal Chemistry Research | 0.810518 |
21,027 | Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts. The advancement of research techniques propelled pharmacological research and understanding. The development of the organ bath preparation, where tissue samples are conne... | Pharmacology | 0.810517 |
21,028 | When designing drugs, the placebo effect must be considered to assess the drug's true therapeutic value. Drug development uses techniques from medicinal chemistry to chemically design drugs. This overlaps with the biological approach of finding targets and physiological effects. | Pharmacology | 0.810517 |
21,029 | Pharmacology can be studied in relation to wider contexts than the physiology of individuals. For example, pharmacoepidemiology concerns the variations of the effects of drugs in or between populations, it is the bridge between clinical pharmacology and epidemiology. Pharmacoenvironmentology or environmental pharmacolo... | Pharmacology | 0.810517 |
21,030 | Pharmacogenomics is the application of genomic technologies to drug discovery and further characterization of drugs related to an organism's entire genome. For pharmacology regarding individual genes, pharmacogenetics studies how genetic variation gives rise to differing responses to drugs. Pharmacoepigenetics studies ... | Pharmacology | 0.810517 |
21,031 | Psychopharmacology is the study of the use of drugs that affect the psyche, mind and behavior (e.g. antidepressants) in treating mental disorders (e.g. depression). It incorporates approaches and techniques from neuropharmacology, animal behavior and behavioral neuroscience, and is interested in the behavioral and neur... | Pharmacology | 0.810517 |
21,032 | A metric space is discrete if its induced topology is the discrete topology. Although many concepts, such as completeness and compactness, are not interesting for such spaces, they are nevertheless an object of study in several branches of mathematics. In particular, finite metric spaces (those having a finite number o... | Metric space | 0.810516 |
21,033 | For example, in abstract algebra, the p-adic numbers are defined as the completion of the rationals under a different metric. Completion is particularly common as a tool in functional analysis. Often one has a set of nice functions and a way of measuring distances between them. Taking the completion of this metric spac... | Metric space | 0.810516 |
21,034 | Processor Consistency (PC) relaxes the ordering between older stores and younger loads that is enforced in Sequential consistency (SC). This allows loads to be issued to the cache and potentially complete before older stores, meaning that stores can be queued in a write buffer without the need for load speculation to b... | Processor Consistency | 0.810516 |
21,035 | Protein interactions: To screen for protein–protein interactions and protein interactions with other molecules such as metabolites, lipids, DNA and small molecules. ; enzyme inhibition assay: for high throughput drug candidate screening and to discover novel enzymes for use in biotechnology; screening antibody specific... | Cell-free protein array | 0.810512 |
21,036 | Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances. Natural... | Scientific field | 0.810511 |
21,037 | Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences) is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth scie... | Scientific field | 0.810511 |
21,038 | This includes a broad range of applied science-related fields, including engineering and medicine. Applied science can also apply formal science, such as statistics and probability theory, as in epidemiology. Genetic epidemiology is an applied science applying both biological and statistical methods. | Scientific field | 0.810511 |
21,039 | The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, scientific fields or scientific disciplines, are commonly divided into three major groups: Formal sciences: the study of formal systems, such as those under the branches of logic and mathematics, which use an a priori, as opposed to empirical, methodology. Natural ... | Scientific field | 0.810511 |
21,040 | There is also a discipline called mathematical statistics, which is concerned with the theoretical basis of the subject. The word statistics, when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in "Statistics is an art." This should not be confused with the word statistic, referring to a quantity (such as mean... | Scientific field | 0.810511 |
21,041 | Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.A statistician is someone who is particularly well versed in the ways of thinking necessary for the successf... | Scientific field | 0.810511 |
21,042 | Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology and parasitology. | Scientific field | 0.810511 |
21,043 | If the coefficients w p q {\displaystyle w_{pq}} of the quadratic terms satisfy the submodularity condition w p q ( 0 , 0 ) + w p q ( 1 , 1 ) ≤ w p q ( 0 , 1 ) + w p q ( 1 , 0 ) {\displaystyle w_{pq}(0,0)+w_{pq}(1,1)\leq w_{pq}(0,1)+w_{pq}(1,0)} then the function can be efficiently optimised with graph cut optimization... | Quadratic pseudo-Boolean optimization | 0.810509 |
21,044 | Quadratic pseudo-Boolean optimisation (QPBO) is a combinatorial optimization method for quadratic pseudo-Boolean functions in the form f ( x ) = w 0 + ∑ p ∈ V w p ( x p ) + ∑ ( p , q ) ∈ E w p q ( x p , x q ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {x} )=w_{0}+\sum _{p\in V}w_{p}(x_{p})+\sum _{(p,q)\in E}w_{pq}(x_{p},x_{q})} in the b... | Quadratic pseudo-Boolean optimization | 0.810509 |
21,045 | It is always possible to reduce a higher-order function to a quadratic function which is equivalent with respect to the optimisation, problem known as "higher-order clique reduction" (HOCR), and the result of such reduction can be optimized with QPBO. Generic methods for reduction of arbitrary functions rely on specifi... | Quadratic pseudo-Boolean optimization | 0.810509 |
21,046 | The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Unassigned species: "T. anatoliensis" Kacagan et al. 2016 "T. caldophilus" Taguchi et al. 1983 "T. eggertssonii" Peters 2008 "T. murrieta" Benner e... | Thermus | 0.810506 |
21,047 | Unified Science has been a consistent thread since the 1940s in Howard T. Odum's systems ecology and the associated Emergy Synthesis, modeling the "ecosystem": the geochemical, biochemical, and thermodynamic processes of the lithosphere and biosphere. Modeling such earthly processes in this manner requires a science un... | Unified Science | 0.810505 |
21,048 | "Unified Science" can refer to any of three related strands in contemporary thought. Belief in the unity of science was a central tenet of logical positivism. Different logical positivists construed this doctrine in several different ways, e.g. as a reductionist thesis, that the objects investigated by the special scie... | Unified Science | 0.810505 |
21,049 | Kernel-phases are observable quantities used in high resolution astronomical imaging used for superresolution image creation. It can be seen as a generalization of closure phases for redundant arrays. For this reason, when the wavefront quality requirement are met, it is an alternative to aperture masking interferometr... | Kernel-phase | 0.810505 |
21,050 | The easiest way to show this is using the Euclidean theorem (equivalent to the fifth postulate) that states that the angles of a triangle sum to two right angles. Given a line ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } and a point P not on that line, construct a line, t, perpendicular to the given one through the point P, and then a perp... | Playfair's axiom | 0.810504 |
21,051 | In Euclid's Elements, two lines are said to be parallel if they never meet and other characterizations of parallel lines are not used.This axiom is used not only in Euclidean geometry but also in the broader study of affine geometry where the concept of parallelism is central. In the affine geometry setting, the strong... | Playfair's axiom | 0.810504 |
21,052 | In geometry, Playfair's axiom is an axiom that can be used instead of the fifth postulate of Euclid (the parallel postulate): In a plane, given a line and a point not on it, at most one line parallel to the given line can be drawn through the point. It is equivalent to Euclid's parallel postulate in the context of Eucl... | Playfair's axiom | 0.810504 |
21,053 | Euclid's parallel postulate states: If a line segment intersects two straight lines forming two interior angles on the same side that sum to less than two right angles, then the two lines, if extended indefinitely, meet on that side on which the angles sum to less than two right angles. The complexity of this statement... | Playfair's axiom | 0.810504 |
21,054 | If z represents a pair of distinct lines, then the statement, For all z, if z is in X then z is not in Y,is Playfair's axiom (in De Morgan's terms, No X is Y) and its logically equivalent contrapositive, For all z, if z is in Y then z is not in X,is Euclid I.30, the transitivity of parallelism (No Y is X). More recentl... | Playfair's axiom | 0.810504 |
21,055 | Proclus (410–485 A.D.) clearly makes the statement in his commentary on Euclid I.31 (Book I, Proposition 31).In 1785 William Ludlam expressed the parallel axiom as follows: Two straight lines, meeting at a point, are not both parallel to a third line.This brief expression of Euclidean parallelism was adopted by Playfai... | Playfair's axiom | 0.810504 |
21,056 | Supervised Machine Learning algorithms require large amounts of human-annotated data to be trained successfully. Machine learning researchers have hired Workers through Mechanical Turk to produce datasets such as SQuAD, a question answering dataset. | Amazon Mechanical Turk | 0.810502 |
21,057 | The service was conceived by Venky Harinarayan in a U.S. patent disclosure in 2001. Amazon coined the term artificial artificial intelligence for processes that outsource some parts of a computer program to humans, for those tasks carried out much faster by humans than computers. It is claimed that Jeff Bezos was respo... | Amazon Mechanical Turk | 0.810502 |
21,058 | A number of special-purpose systems have been designed, dedicated to a single problem. This allows the use of specially programmed FPGA chips or even custom ASICs, allowing better price/performance ratios by sacrificing generality. Examples of special-purpose supercomputers include Belle, Deep Blue, and Hydra for playi... | High Performance Computing | 0.810501 |
21,059 | Microorganisms is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal that covers various areas of microbiological research, including microbial taxonomy, molecular biology, genetics, and ecology. It is published by MDPI and was established in 2013. The editor-in-chief is Martin Von Bergen (Aalborg University). The journal ... | Microorganisms (journal) | 0.810499 |
21,060 | Quadrupole traps can also be "unfolded" to create the same effect using a set of planar electrodes. This trap geometry can be made using standard micro-fabrication techniques, including the top metal layer in a standard CMOS microelectronics process, and is a key technology for scaling trapped ion quantum computers to ... | Quadrupole ion trap | 0.810497 |
21,061 | It can only 'flap' the field up and down. For this reason, the motions of a single ion in the trap are described by Mathieu equations, which can only be solved numerically by computer simulations. The intuitive explanation and lowest order approximation is the same as strong focusing in accelerator physics. | Quadrupole ion trap | 0.810497 |
21,062 | By using the chain rule, it can be shown that Substituting Equation 2 into the Mathieu Equation 1 yields Multiplying by m and rearranging terms shows us that By Newton's laws of motion, the above equation represents the force on the ion. This equation can be exactly solved using the Floquet theorem or the standard tech... | Quadrupole ion trap | 0.810497 |
21,063 | The geometry of the dynode chain is such that a cascade occurs with an exponentially-increasing number of electrons being produced at each stage. For example, if at each stage an average of 5 new electrons are produced for each incoming electron, and if there are 12 dynode stages, then at the last stage one expects for... | Electrostatic photomultiplier | 0.810497 |
21,064 | All of these models focus on adaptation through genetic changes at a single locus and they generally assume large changes in allele frequencies. The concept of polygenic adaptation is related to classical models from quantitative genetics. However, traditional models in quantitative genetics usually abstract away the c... | Polygenic adaptation | 0.810495 |
21,065 | The 100 prisoners problem is a mathematical problem in probability theory and combinatorics. In this problem, 100 numbered prisoners must find their own numbers in one of 100 drawers in order to survive. The rules state that each prisoner may open only 50 drawers and cannot communicate with other prisoners. At first gl... | 100 prisoners problem | 0.810493 |
21,066 | Philippe Flajolet, Robert Sedgewick (2009), Analytic Combinatorics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-139-47716-1 Richard P. Stanley (2013), Algebraic Combinatorics: Walks, Trees, Tableaux, and More, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-461-46998-8 Peter Winkler (2007), Mathematical Mind-Bender... | 100 prisoners problem | 0.810493 |
21,067 | The Weierstrass approximation theorem states that every continuous function defined on a closed interval can be uniformly approximated as closely as desired by a polynomial function. For practical work it is often desirable to minimize the maximum absolute or relative error of a polynomial fit for any given number of ... | Minimax approximation algorithm | 0.810492 |
21,068 | Deligne, Pierre (1974), "La conjecture de Weil. I", Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS, 43 (43): 273–307, doi:10.1007/BF02684373, ISSN 1618-1913, MR 0340258, S2CID 123139343 Dwork, Bernard (1960), "On the rationality of the zeta function of an algebraic variety", American Journal of Mathematics, American Journal of M... | Mathematical conjecture | 0.81049 |
21,069 | Sometimes, a conjecture is called a hypothesis when it is used frequently and repeatedly as an assumption in proofs of other results. For example, the Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture from number theory that — amongst other things — makes predictions about the distribution of prime numbers. Few number theorists doubt... | Mathematical conjecture | 0.81049 |
21,070 | Not every conjecture ends up being proven true or false. The continuum hypothesis, which tries to ascertain the relative cardinality of certain infinite sets, was eventually shown to be independent from the generally accepted set of Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms of set theory. It is therefore possible to adopt this statement... | Mathematical conjecture | 0.81049 |
21,071 | In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers a {\displaystyle a} , b {\displaystyle b} , and c {\displaystyle c} can satisfy the equation a n + b n = c n {\displaystyle a^{n}+b^{n}=c^{n}} for any integer value of n {\dis... | Mathematical conjecture | 0.81049 |
21,072 | The proof followed on from the program of Richard S. Hamilton to use the Ricci flow to attempt to solve the problem. Hamilton later introduced a modification of the standard Ricci flow, called Ricci flow with surgery to systematically excise singular regions as they develop, in a controlled way, but was unable to prove... | Mathematical conjecture | 0.81049 |
21,073 | In mathematics, the Poincaré conjecture is a theorem about the characterization of the 3-sphere, which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space. The conjecture states that: Every simply connected, closed 3-manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere. An equivalent form of the conjecture invol... | Mathematical conjecture | 0.81049 |
21,074 | In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof. Some conjectures, such as the Riemann hypothesis (still a conjecture) or Fermat's Last Theorem (a conjecture until proven in 1995 by Andrew Wiles), have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of... | Mathematical conjecture | 0.81049 |
21,075 | The real numbers are most often formalized using the Zermelo–Fraenkel axiomatization of set theory, but some mathematicians study the real numbers with other logical foundations of mathematics. In particular, the real numbers are also studied in reverse mathematics and in constructive mathematics.The hyperreal numbers ... | Field of reals | 0.810487 |
21,076 | Hermite (1873) proved that e is transcendental, and Lindemann (1882), showed that π is transcendental. Lindemann's proof was much simplified by Weierstrass (1885), Hilbert (1893), Hurwitz, and Gordan.The developers of calculus used real numbers without having defined them rigorously. The first rigorous definition was p... | Field of reals | 0.810487 |
21,077 | Around 500 BC, the Greek mathematicians led by Pythagoras also realized that the square root of 2 is irrational. The Middle Ages brought about the acceptance of zero, negative numbers, integers, and fractional numbers, first by Indian and Chinese mathematicians, and then by Arabic mathematicians, who were also the firs... | Field of reals | 0.810487 |
21,078 | Some consider these individuals to be the first citizen scientists, some consider figures such as Leonardo da Vinci and Charles Darwin to be citizen scientists, while others feel that citizen science is a distinct movement that developed later on, building on the preceding history of science.By the mid-20th century, ho... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,079 | "In the journal Microbiology and Biology Education a study was published by Shah and Martinez (2015) called "Current Approaches in Implementing Citizen Science in the Classroom". They begin by writing in the abstract that citizen science is a partnership between inexperienced amateurs and trained scientists. The author... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,080 | This experiment provides strong evidence that citizen science can generate potentially high-quality data comparable to that of expert data collection, within a shorter time frame. Although the experiment was to originally test the strength of citizen science, the team also learned more about Vespidae biology and specie... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,081 | This provided insight into possible problems with processes like this which include, "discriminatory power and guessing behaviour". The researchers determined that methods for rating the citizen scientists themselves based on skill level and expertise might make studies they conduct more easy to analyze.Studies that ar... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,082 | John Losey, who created the Lost Ladybug citizen science project, has argued that the cost-effectiveness of citizen science data can outweigh data quality issues, if properly managed.In December 2016, authors M. Kosmala, A. Wiggins, A. Swanson and B. Simmons published a study in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and the... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,083 | In June 2016, citizen science experts from across East Africa gathered in Nairobi, Kenya, for a symposium organised by the Tropical Biology Association (TBA) in partnership with the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH). The aim was "to harness the growing interest and expertise in East Africa to stimulate new ideas and... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,084 | Citizen Scientists Are Tracking Plastic Pollution Worldwide: (quote) "Scientists who are monitoring the spread of tiny pieces of plastic throughout the environment are getting help from a small army of citizen volunteers – and they're finding bits of polymer in some of the most remote parts of North America." Artificia... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,085 | Citizen science includes projects that help monitor plastics and their associated pollution. These include The Ocean Cleanup, #OneLess, The Big Microplastic Survey, EXXpedition and Alliance to End Plastic Waste. Ellipsis seeks to map the distribution of litter using aerial data mapping by unmanned aerial vehicles and m... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,086 | Many amateurs like to specialize in the observation of particular objects, types of objects, or types of events that interest them.The American Association of Variable Star Observers has gathered data on variable stars for educational and professional analysis since 1911 and promotes participation beyond its membership... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,087 | Astronomy has long been a field where amateurs have contributed throughout time, all the way up to the present day.Collectively, amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena sometimes with equipment that they build themselves. Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Moon, planets, ... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,088 | The collaboratory primarily focuses on making discoveries from the new and sensitive TIFR GMRT Sky Survey (TGSS) data and follow them up with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, a SKA pathfinder, through the ongoing GMRT Time Allocation Committee-approved multi-cycle project GMRT Observation of Objects Discovered by R... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,089 | The Hong Kong Birdwatching Society was established in 1957, and is the only local civil society aiming at appreciating and conserving Hong Kong birds and their natural environment. Their bird surveys go back to 1958, and they carry out a number of Citizen Science events such as their yearly sparrow census.The Bird Coun... | Citizen scientist | 0.810486 |
21,090 | Below is a listing of known academic programs that offer bachelor's degrees (B.S. or B.S.E.) in what ABET and/or ASABE terms "agricultural engineering", "biological systems engineering", "biological engineering", or similarly named programs. ABET accredits college and university programs in the disciplines of applied s... | Biological systems engineering | 0.810484 |
21,091 | For this reason, biological systems engineers are becoming integral parts of many environmental engineering firms, federal agencies, and biotechnology industries. A biological systems engineer will often address the solution to a problem from the perspective of employing living systems to enact change. For example, bio... | Biological systems engineering | 0.810484 |
21,092 | There are a number of different titles for BSE-related departments at various universities. The professional societies commonly associated with many Biological Engineering programs include the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) and the Institute of Biological Engineering (IBE), which gene... | Biological systems engineering | 0.810484 |
21,093 | Many college and university biological engineering departments have a history of being grounded in agricultural engineering and have only in the past two decades or so changed their names to reflect the movement towards more diverse biological based engineering programs. This major is sometimes called agricultural and ... | Biological systems engineering | 0.810484 |
21,094 | In mathematics and computer science, optimal addition-chain exponentiation is a method of exponentiation by a positive integer power that requires a minimal number of multiplications. Using the form of the shortest addition chain, with multiplication instead of addition, computes the desired exponent (instead of multip... | Addition-chain exponentiation | 0.81048 |
21,095 | Graph-based methods for providing reasoning and interpretation of deep learning methods Graph-based methods for reasoning and interpreting deep processing by neural networks, Explorations of the capabilities and limits of graph-based methods applied to neural networks in general Investigation of which aspects of neural... | Text graph | 0.81048 |
21,096 | The TextGraphs Workshop series is a series of regular academic workshops intended to encourage the synergy between the fields of natural language processing (NLP) and graph theory. The mix between the two started small, with graph theoretical framework providing efficient and elegant solutions for NLP applications that... | Text graph | 0.81048 |
21,097 | In natural language processing (NLP), a text graph is a graph representation of a text item (document, passage or sentence). It is typically created as a preprocessing step to support NLP tasks such as text condensationterm disambiguation (topic-based) text summarization, relation extraction and textual entailment. | Text graph | 0.81048 |
21,098 | It is a progenitor of the SLD resolution procedure used in the Prolog logic programming language. While somewhat eclipsed by attention to, and progress in, Resolution theorem provers, Model Elimination has continued to attract the attention of researchers and software developers. Today there are several theorem provers... | Model elimination | 0.810478 |
21,099 | Model Elimination is the name attached to a pair of proof procedures invented by Donald W. Loveland, the first of which was published in 1968 in the Journal of the ACM. Their primary purpose is to carry out automated theorem proving, though they can readily be extended to logic programming, including the more general d... | Model elimination | 0.810478 |
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