id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
21,400 | The Hindu–Arabic numeral system (base 10) reached Western Europe in the 11th century, via Al-Andalus, through Spanish Muslims, the Moors, together with knowledge of classical astronomy and instruments like the astrolabe; Gerbert of Aurillac is credited with reintroducing the lost teachings into Catholic Europe. For thi... | Zero module homomorphism | 0.810225 |
21,401 | AIAI was created in July 1983, and received its formal charter from the University of Edinburgh in July 1984. It joined the School of Informatics when the School was created from a number of departments and research institutes in 1998. The Director of AIAI was Austin Tate. In 2019 it became part of a larger research in... | Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute | 0.810217 |
21,402 | The Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute (AIAI) at the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh was a non-profit technology transfer organisation that promoted Artificial Intelligence research. | Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute | 0.810217 |
21,403 | Predictive medicine is a field of medicine that entails predicting the probability of disease and instituting preventive measures in order to either prevent the disease altogether or significantly decrease its impact upon the patient (such as by preventing mortality or limiting morbidity).While different prediction met... | Predictive Medicine | 0.810217 |
21,404 | Genetics tests are expected to reach the market more quickly than new medicines. Myriad Genetics is already generating revenue from genetic tests for BRCA1 and BRCA2.Aside from genetic testing, predictive medicine utilizes a wide variety of tools to predict health and disease, including assessments of exercise, nutriti... | Predictive Medicine | 0.810217 |
21,405 | Without the boundaries of rhythmic structure – a fundamental equal and regular arrangement of pulse repetition, accent, phrase and duration – music would not be possible. Modern musical use of terms like meter and measure also reflects the historical importance of music, along with astronomy, in the development of coun... | Music and mathematics | 0.810216 |
21,406 | The mathematician and musicologist Guerino Mazzola has used category theory (topos theory) for a basis of music theory, which includes using topology as a basis for a theory of rhythm and motives, and differential geometry as a basis for a theory of musical phrasing, tempo, and intonation. | Music and mathematics | 0.810216 |
21,407 | Albert Einstein - Accomplished pianist and violinist. Art Garfunkel (Simon & Garfunkel) – Masters in Mathematics Education, Columbia University Brian May (Queen) - BSc (Hons) in Mathematics and Physics, PhD in Astrophysics, both from Imperial College London. Dan Snaith – PhD Mathematics, Imperial College London Delia D... | Music and mathematics | 0.810216 |
21,408 | Music theory analyzes the pitch, timing, and structure of music. It uses mathematics to study elements of music such as tempo, chord progression, form, and meter. The attempt to structure and communicate new ways of composing and hearing music has led to musical applications of set theory, abstract algebra and number t... | Music and mathematics | 0.810216 |
21,409 | The theory allows for great generality because it emphasizes transformations between musical objects, rather than the musical objects themselves. Theorists have also proposed musical applications of more sophisticated algebraic concepts. The theory of regular temperaments has been extensively developed with a wide rang... | Music and mathematics | 0.810216 |
21,410 | Expanding on the methods of musical set theory, some theorists have used abstract algebra to analyze music. For example, the pitch classes in an equally tempered octave form an abelian group with 12 elements. It is possible to describe just intonation in terms of a free abelian group.Transformational theory is a branch... | Music and mathematics | 0.810216 |
21,411 | The earliest methods for generating random numbers, such as dice, coin flipping and roulette wheels, are still used today, mainly in games and gambling as they tend to be too slow for most applications in statistics and cryptography. A physical random number generator can be based on an essentially random atomic or sub... | Random number generation | 0.810213 |
21,412 | Since much cryptography depends on a cryptographically secure random number generator for key and cryptographic nonce generation, if a random number generator can be made predictable, it can be used as backdoor by an attacker to break the encryption. The NSA is reported to have inserted a backdoor into the NIST certifi... | Random number generation | 0.810213 |
21,413 | Thus, results would sometimes be collected and distributed as random number tables. Several computational methods for pseudorandom number generation exist. All fall short of the goal of true randomness, although they may meet, with varying success, some of the statistical tests for randomness intended to measure how un... | Random number generation | 0.810213 |
21,414 | Various applications of randomness have led to the development of different methods for generating random data. Some of these have existed since ancient times, including well-known examples like the rolling of dice, coin flipping, the shuffling of playing cards, the use of yarrow stalks (for divination) in the I Ching,... | Random number generation | 0.810213 |
21,415 | : 171 The second-order polynomial requires a minimum of six ground control points, and so on. The entered GCPs are rarely perfectly located and are even more rarely perfectly representative of the distortion in the rest of the image, but the algebraic solution, which appears to be a perfect match, masks any error. To a... | Spatial referencing | 0.810211 |
21,416 | This can then be moved and adjusted to improve accuracy. With a minimal set of GCPs, the known coordinates can be entered into the mathematical equations for the desired type of transformation, which can then be solved using linear algebra to determine the coefficients and derive the formulas to use for the entire grid... | Spatial referencing | 0.810211 |
21,417 | If a torus is punctured and turned inside out then another torus results, with lines of latitude and longitude interchanged. This is equivalent to building a torus from a cylinder, by joining the circular ends together, in two ways: around the outside like joining two ends of a garden hose, or through the inside like r... | Flat torus | 0.810211 |
21,418 | The surface described above, given the relative topology from R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} , is homeomorphic to a topological torus as long as it does not intersect its own axis. A particular homeomorphism is given by stereographically projecting the topological torus into R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} f... | Flat torus | 0.810211 |
21,419 | The homeomorphism group (or the subgroup of diffeomorphisms) of the torus is studied in geometric topology. Its mapping class group (the connected components of the homeomorphism group) is surjective onto the group GL ( n , Z ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {GL} (n,\mathbb {Z} )} of invertible integer matrices, which ... | Flat torus | 0.810211 |
21,420 | But that would imply that part of the torus, since it has zero curvature everywhere, must lie strictly outside the sphere, which is a contradiction.) On the other hand, according to the Nash-Kuiper theorem, which was proven in the 1950s, an isometric C1 embedding exists. This is solely an existence proof and does not p... | Flat torus | 0.810211 |
21,421 | As another example, one may take the subcategory of Cat consisting only of categories with finite products as objects and product-preserving functors as 1-morphisms. This is the doctrine of multi-sorted algebraic theories. If one only wanted 1-sorted algebraic theories, one would restrict the objects to only those cate... | Strict 2-category | 0.81021 |
21,422 | In mathematics, a doctrine is simply a 2-category which is heuristically regarded as a system of theories. For example, algebraic theories, as invented by William Lawvere, is an example of a doctrine, as are multi-sorted theories, operads, categories, and toposes. The objects of the 2-category are called theories, the ... | Strict 2-category | 0.81021 |
21,423 | A variable speed of light (VSL) is a feature of a family of hypotheses stating that the speed of light may in some way not be constant, for example, that it varies in space or time, or depending on frequency. Accepted classical theories of physics, and in particular general relativity, predict a constant speed of light... | Varying speed of light | 0.810209 |
21,424 | When Planck units are used and such equations of physical law are expressed in this nondimensionalized form, no dimensional physical constants such as c, G, ħ, ε0, nor kB remain, only dimensionless quantities, as predicted by the Buckingham π theorem. Short of their anthropometric unit dependence, there simply is no sp... | Varying speed of light | 0.810209 |
21,425 | In mathematics, an affine root system is a root system of affine-linear functions on a Euclidean space. They are used in the classification of affine Lie algebras and superalgebras, and semisimple p-adic algebraic groups, and correspond to families of Macdonald polynomials. The reduced affine root systems were used by ... | Affine root system | 0.810204 |
21,426 | Macdonald (1972) showed that the affine root systems index Macdonald identities Bruhat & Tits (1972) used affine root systems to study p-adic algebraic groups. Reduced affine root systems classify affine Kac–Moody algebras, while the non-reduced affine root systems correspond to affine Lie superalgebras. Macdonald (200... | Affine root system | 0.810204 |
21,427 | In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, an indifference graph is an undirected graph constructed by assigning a real number to each vertex and connecting two vertices by an edge when their numbers are within one unit of each other. Indifference graphs are also the intersection graphs of sets of unit intervals, or of ... | Unit interval graph | 0.810203 |
21,428 | In mathematical psychology, indifference graphs arise from utility functions, by scaling the function so that one unit represents a difference in utilities small enough that individuals can be assumed to be indifferent to it. In this application, pairs of items whose utilities have a large difference may be partially o... | Unit interval graph | 0.810203 |
21,429 | In statistics, Studentization, named after William Sealy Gosset, who wrote under the pseudonym Student, is the adjustment consisting of division of a first-degree statistic derived from a sample, by a sample-based estimate of a population standard deviation. The term is also used for the standardisation of a higher-deg... | Studentization | 0.810201 |
21,430 | The consequence of "Studentization" is that the complication of treating the probability distribution of the mean, which depends on both the location and scale parameters, has been reduced to considering a distribution which depends only on the location parameter. However, the fact that a sample standard deviation is u... | Studentization | 0.810201 |
21,431 | This phenomenon is governed by the Jordan canonical form of the map. The set of all eigenvectors corresponding to a particular eigenvalue of f forms a vector space known as the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue (and f) in question. To achieve the spectral theorem, the corresponding statement in the infinite-di... | Real vector space | 0.810194 |
21,432 | Endomorphisms, linear maps f: V → V, are particularly important since in this case vectors v can be compared with their image under f, f(v). Any nonzero vector v satisfying λv = f(v), where λ is a scalar, is called an eigenvector of f with eigenvalue λ. Equivalently, v is an element of the kernel of the difference f − ... | Real vector space | 0.810194 |
21,433 | This concept also extends to linear differential equations where the coefficients a i {\displaystyle a_{i}} are functions in x , {\displaystyle x,} too. In the corresponding map the derivatives of the function f {\displaystyle f} appear linearly (as opposed to f ′ ′ ( x ) 2 , {\displaystyle f^{\prime \prime }(x)^{2},} ... | Real vector space | 0.810194 |
21,434 | The kernel and the image im ( f ) = { f ( v ): v ∈ V } {\displaystyle \operatorname {im} (f)=\{f(\mathbf {v} ):\mathbf {v} \in V\}} are subspaces of V {\displaystyle V} and W , {\displaystyle W,} respectively. The existence of kernels and images is part of the statement that the category of vector spaces (over a fixe... | Real vector space | 0.810194 |
21,435 | In very complex problems such as scheduling there is no known way to get to a final answer, so we resort to searching for it trying to find a "good" answer. Scheduling problems most often use heuristic algorithms to search for the optimal solution. Heuristic search methods suffer as the inputs become more complex and v... | Genetic algorithm scheduling | 0.810188 |
21,436 | The application of differential privacy in the preservation of privacy was examined at several of the "Day 0" machine learning workshops at AI for Good Global Summits. | Trustworthy AI | 0.810186 |
21,437 | The origin of the programme lies with the ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health, where strong need for privacy at the same time as the need for analytics, created a demand for a standard in these technologies. When AI for Good moved online in 2020, the TrustworthyAI seminar series was initiated to s... | Trustworthy AI | 0.810186 |
21,438 | These technologies are often developed with the goal of enabling use in jurisdictions different from the data creation (under e.g. GDPR). As such, the programme being led by two international organizations develops international standards to operate in this context. The PETs are used from analytics such as Artificial I... | Trustworthy AI | 0.810186 |
21,439 | In electrical engineering, the distributed-element model or transmission-line model of electrical circuits assumes that the attributes of the circuit (resistance, capacitance, and inductance) are distributed continuously throughout the material of the circuit. This is in contrast to the more common lumped-element model... | Distributed elements | 0.810185 |
21,440 | The distributed-element model is more accurate but more complex than the lumped-element model. The use of infinitesimals will often require the application of calculus, whereas circuits analysed by the lumped-element model can be solved with linear algebra. The distributed model is consequently usually only applied whe... | Distributed elements | 0.810185 |
21,441 | In mathematics, a solid torus is the topological space formed by sweeping a disk around a circle. It is homeomorphic to the Cartesian product S 1 × D 2 {\displaystyle S^{1}\times D^{2}} of the disk and the circle, endowed with the product topology. A standard way to visualize a solid torus is as a toroid, embedded in 3... | Solid tori | 0.810183 |
21,442 | Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MPn) Configuration interaction (CI) Coupled cluster (CC) Quadratic configuration interaction (QCI) Quantum chemistry composite methods Sign Learning Kink-based (SiLK) Quantum Monte Carlo | Ab initio methods | 0.810183 |
21,443 | Ab initio quantum chemistry methods are computational chemistry methods based on quantum chemistry. The term ab initio was first used in quantum chemistry by Robert Parr and coworkers, including David Craig in a semiempirical study on the excited states of benzene. The background is described by Parr. Ab initio means "... | Ab initio methods | 0.810183 |
21,444 | The accuracy of QMC depends strongly on the initial guess of many-body wave-functions and the form of the many-body wave-function. One simple choice is Slater-Jastrow wave-function in which the local correlations are treated with the Jastrow factor. Sign Learning Kink-based (SiLK) Quantum Monte Carlo (website): The Sig... | Ab initio methods | 0.810183 |
21,445 | The Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) is a protein database accessible through the Internet. It is closely associated with the premier Indian Non-Profit research organisation Institute of Bioinformatics (IOB), Bangalore, India. This database is a collaborative output of IOB and the Pandey Lab of Johns Hopkins Uni... | Human Protein Reference Database | 0.810181 |
21,446 | This resource depicts information on human protein functions including protein–protein interactions, post-translational modifications, enzyme-substrate relationships and disease associations. Protein annotation information that is catalogued was derived through manual curation using published literature by expert biolo... | Human Protein Reference Database | 0.810181 |
21,447 | The HPRD is a result of an international collaborative effort between the Institute of Bioinformatics in Bangalore, India and the Pandey lab at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, USA. HPRD contains manually curated scientific information pertaining to the biology of most human proteins. Information regarding protei... | Human Protein Reference Database | 0.810181 |
21,448 | On the whole, research concerning the neural substrates of familiarity and recollection demonstrates that these processes typically involve different brain regions, thereby supporting a dual-process theory of recognition memory. However, due to the complexity and inherent interconnectivity of the neural networks of the... | Recognition memory | 0.810178 |
21,449 | Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would fall with a strictly uniform acceleration only in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal... | Timeline of classical mechanics | 0.810177 |
21,450 | 4th century BC - Aristotle invents the system of Aristotelian physics, which is later largely disproved 4th century BC - Babylonian astronomers calculate Jupiter's position using the mean speed theorem 260 BC - Archimedes works out the principle of the lever and connects buoyancy to weight 60 - Hero of Alexandria write... | Timeline of classical mechanics | 0.810177 |
21,451 | The idea was conceived by James Clerk Maxwell in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force, Part III in connection with the displacement of electric particles in a dielectric medium. Maxwell added displacement current to the electric current term in Ampère's Circuital Law. In his 1865 paper A Dynamical Theory of the El... | Displacement current | 0.810177 |
21,452 | In a more mathematical vein, the same results can be obtained from the underlying differential equations. Consider for simplicity a non-magnetic medium where the relative magnetic permeability is unity, and the complication of magnetization current (bound current) is absent, so that M = 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =0}... | Displacement current | 0.810177 |
21,453 | Maxwell's displacement current was postulated in part III of his 1861 paper 'On Physical Lines of Force'. Few topics in modern physics have caused as much confusion and misunderstanding as that of displacement current. This is in part due to the fact that Maxwell used a sea of molecular vortices in his derivation, whil... | Displacement current | 0.810177 |
21,454 | In some cases, the inverted spectrum scenario is clearly possible. For example, if a world is simulated on a computer and we are looking at this world on a screen, perhaps through the eyes of one of the characters in the simulation, then clearly it is possible to invert the spectrum from our perspective. This is becaus... | Inverted spectrum | 0.810176 |
21,455 | This method is especially useful for cubic polynomials, and sometimes all the roots of a higher-degree polynomial can be obtained. For example, if the rational root theorem produces a single (rational) root of a quintic polynomial, it can be factored out to obtain a quartic (fourth degree) quotient; the explicit formul... | Polynomial remainder | 0.810175 |
21,456 | Sometimes one or more roots of a polynomial are known, perhaps having been found using the rational root theorem. If one root r of a polynomial P(x) of degree n is known then polynomial long division can be used to factor P(x) into the form (x − r)Q(x) where Q(x) is a polynomial of degree n − 1. Q(x) is simply the quot... | Polynomial remainder | 0.810175 |
21,457 | In probability theory and statistics, the negative binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution that models the number of failures in a sequence of independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trials before a specified (non-random) number of successes (denoted r {\displaystyle r} ) occurs. For exam... | Negative binomial | 0.810173 |
21,458 | If Yr is a random variable following the negative binomial distribution with parameters r and p, and support {0, 1, 2, ...}, then Yr is a sum of r independent variables following the geometric distribution (on {0, 1, 2, ...}) with parameter p. As a result of the central limit theorem, Yr (properly scaled and shifted) i... | Negative binomial | 0.810173 |
21,459 | In logic, the unit interval can be interpreted as a generalization of the Boolean domain {0,1}, in which case rather than only taking values 0 or 1, any value between and including 0 and 1 can be assumed. Algebraically, negation (NOT) is replaced with 1 − x; conjunction (AND) is replaced with multiplication (xy); and ... | Closed unit interval | 0.810172 |
21,460 | In mathematics, the unit interval is the closed interval , that is, the set of all real numbers that are greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1. It is often denoted I (capital letter I). In addition to its role in real analysis, the unit interval is used to study homotopy theory in the field of topology... | Closed unit interval | 0.810172 |
21,461 | To build this understanding, scientists in CLD conduct research to assess how environmental factors affect “detectability” – the extent to which life, if present, would express itself in characteristic, observable features. This research is responsive to a recommendation in the National Academies Consensus Report on As... | Center for Life Detection | 0.81017 |
21,462 | The search for life elsewhere is among the NASA Science Mission Directorate's high-level priorities (Science 2020-2024: A Vision for Scientific Excellence, Priority 1). The Center for Life Detection was founded to support this search by: conducting research on biosignature “detectability” to help inform target/sample s... | Center for Life Detection | 0.81017 |
21,463 | The astrobiology knowledge that will be required for life detection mission concept development and science definition is diverse, often taking forms that do not map clearly to mission design, and diffuse, in that it is spread across many scientific disciplines and a wide-ranging literature. The Life Detection Forum (L... | Center for Life Detection | 0.81017 |
21,464 | The Center for Life Detection (CLD) is a collaboration among scientists and technologists from NASA’s Ames Research Center and Goddard Spaceflight Center, which formed in 2018 to support the planning and implementation of missions that will seek evidence of life beyond Earth. CLD is supported by NASA’s Planetary Scienc... | Center for Life Detection | 0.81017 |
21,465 | The inaccessible DNA must be unwound to be transcribed into RNA. The mechanism by which the DNA can be unwound is called chromatin remodeling. Chromatin remodeling is one apparatus through which epigenetics acts. | Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in plants | 0.810169 |
21,466 | In plants, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance could potentially represent an evolutionary adaptation for sessile organisms to quickly adapt to their changing environment. In eukaryotes, negatively-charged DNA is wrapped extremely tightly around positively-charged proteins, called histones, to form chromatin. Sinc... | Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in plants | 0.810169 |
21,467 | These examples of epigenetics in nature demonstrate the ability of epialleles to drastically influence phenotypes and increase genetic variability within populations. The stable heritability of epigenetic marks across generations suggests that resulting phenotypes would have substantial fitness effects and may respond,... | Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in plants | 0.810169 |
21,468 | Plants are immobile, so they are under especially strong pressure to adapt quickly and effectively to their environment. Seed dormancy and germination is an example of a plant function that is heavily mediated by epigenetics – by histone modification. When histones are deacetylated, the transcription of photosynthesis ... | Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in plants | 0.810169 |
21,469 | In theory and practice specific types of diagrams are also called a type of flow diagrams, such as: Alluvial diagram, highlights and summarizes the significant structural changes in networks Circular flow of income Control flow diagram, a diagram to describe the control flow of a business process, process or program Cu... | Flow diagram | 0.810169 |
21,470 | Probabilistic mixture models such as Gaussian mixture models (GMM) are used to resolve point set registration problems in image processing and computer vision fields. For pair-wise point set registration, one point set is regarded as the centroids of mixture models, and the other point set is regarded as data points (o... | Mixture models | 0.810169 |
21,471 | One may address these problems by evaluating EM at several initial points in the parameter space but this is computationally costly and other approaches, such as the annealing EM method of Udea and Nakano (1998) (in which the initial components are essentially forced to overlap, providing a less heterogeneous basis for... | Mixture models | 0.810168 |
21,472 | In statistics, a mixture model is a probabilistic model for representing the presence of subpopulations within an overall population, without requiring that an observed data set should identify the sub-population to which an individual observation belongs. Formally a mixture model corresponds to the mixture distributio... | Mixture models | 0.810168 |
21,473 | Then the field,like the conductor, listens to the music and guides the musicians accordingly. In an opinion paper, they also suggested that not only neurons but other parts of the cytoskeleton generate electromagnetic fields that influence individual neurons, and called this cytoelectric coupling. Synchronization of ne... | Ephaptic coupling | 0.810168 |
21,474 | While the idea of non-synaptic interactions between neurons has existed since the 19th century, there has historically been a lot of skepticism in the field of neuroscience. Many people believed that the micro electrical fields produced by the neurons themselves were so small that they were negligible. While many suppo... | Ephaptic coupling | 0.810168 |
21,475 | Due to the very small electrical fields produced by neurons, mathematical models are often used in order to test a number of manipulations. Cable theory is one of the most important mathematical equations in neuroscience. It calculates electric current using capacitance and resistance as variables and has been the main... | Ephaptic coupling | 0.810168 |
21,476 | Philip Ball wrote an analysis about Montagnier's work in Chemistry World, stating "It looks like one of the most astonishing discoveries in a century, yet it was almost entirely ignored." He claims this experiment was never replicated and that the work was "ignored for good reason, namely that it’s utterly implausible"... | DNA teleportation | 0.810159 |
21,477 | The 2009 publications were immediately followed by scientific comments and criticisms of the credibility of the purported phenomenon, as well as the authenticity of the research. According to chemist Jeff Reimers of the University of Sydney, Australia, "If the results are correct, these would be the most significant ex... | DNA teleportation | 0.810159 |
21,478 | It is proposed by Montagnier that some molecules interact through electromagnetic waves instead of direct contact. These waves could be trapped into coherence domains formed by water molecules vacuum spheres at quantum scales. These structures would keep the signal in the absence of the original molecule. During the PC... | DNA teleportation | 0.810159 |
21,479 | The no free lunch theorem of optimization states that all optimization strategies are equally effective when the set of all optimization problems is considered. Under the same condition, no evolutionary algorithm is fundamentally better than another. This can only be the case if the set of all problems is restricted. | Evolutionary algorithms | 0.810158 |
21,480 | This algorithm is suitable for combinatorial optimization as well as parameter optimization. Gaussian adaptation – Based on information theory. Used for maximization of manufacturing yield, mean fitness or average information. | Evolutionary algorithms | 0.810158 |
21,481 | Firefly algorithm is inspired by the behavior of fireflies, attracting each other by flashing light. This is especially useful for multimodal optimization. Harmony search – Based on the ideas of musicians' behavior in searching for better harmonies. | Evolutionary algorithms | 0.810158 |
21,482 | Hunting search – A method inspired by the group hunting of some animals, such as wolves, that organize their position to surround the prey, each of them relative to the position of the others and especially that of their leader. It is a continuous optimization method adapted as a combinatorial optimization method. Adap... | Evolutionary algorithms | 0.810158 |
21,483 | Swarm algorithms include: Ant colony optimization is based on the ideas of ant foraging by pheromone communication to form paths. Primarily suited for combinatorial optimization and graph problems. The runner-root algorithm (RRA) is inspired by the function of runners and roots of plants in nature. Artificial bee colon... | Evolutionary algorithms | 0.810158 |
21,484 | It has been applied in many applications such as routing and scheduling. Cuckoo search is inspired by the brooding parasitism of the cuckoo species. It also uses Lévy flights, and thus it suits for global optimization problems. Particle swarm optimization is based on the ideas of animal flocking behaviour. Also primari... | Evolutionary algorithms | 0.810158 |
21,485 | Primarily proposed for numerical optimization and extended to solve combinatorial, constrained and multi-objective optimization problems. Bees algorithm is based on the foraging behaviour of honeybees. | Evolutionary algorithms | 0.810158 |
21,486 | It is expected for atm to reach 500–1000 ppm by 2100. 96% of the past 400,000 years experienced below 280 ppm CO2 levels. From this figure, it is highly probable that genotypes of today’s plants diverged from their pre-industrial relative.The gene HIC (high carbon dioxide) encodes a negative regulator for the developme... | Stomatal density | 0.810158 |
21,487 | In the language of K-theory, this vector is the positive cone of the K0 group of A. A †-algebra (or, more explicitly, a †-closed algebra) is the name occasionally used in physics for a finite-dimensional C*-algebra. The dagger, †, is used in the name because physicists typically use the symbol to denote a Hermitian adj... | Cstar algebra | 0.810157 |
21,488 | The self-adjoint requirement means finite-dimensional C*-algebras are semisimple, from which fact one can deduce the following theorem of Artin–Wedderburn type: Theorem. A finite-dimensional C*-algebra, A, is canonically isomorphic to a finite direct sum A = ⨁ e ∈ min A A e {\displaystyle A=\bigoplus _{e\in \min A}Ae} ... | Cstar algebra | 0.810157 |
21,489 | The algebra M(n, C) of n × n matrices over C becomes a C*-algebra if we consider matrices as operators on the Euclidean space, Cn, and use the operator norm ||·|| on matrices. The involution is given by the conjugate transpose. More generally, one can consider finite direct sums of matrix algebras. In fact, all C*-alge... | Cstar algebra | 0.810157 |
21,490 | A C*-algebra A is of type I if and only if for all non-degenerate representations π of A the von Neumann algebra π(A)′′ (that is, the bicommutant of π(A)) is a type I von Neumann algebra. In fact it is sufficient to consider only factor representations, i.e. representations π for which π(A)′′ is a factor. A locally com... | Cstar algebra | 0.810157 |
21,491 | In microbiology, in the context of a sterilization procedure, the D-value or decimal reduction time (or decimal reduction dose) is the time (or dose of an antimicrobial drug) required, at a given condition (e.g. temperature) or set of conditions, to achieve a log reduction, that is, to kill 90%(or 1 log) of relevant mi... | D-value (microbiology) | 0.81015 |
21,492 | Drug taking and relapse are heavily influenced by a number of factors including the pharmacokinetics, dose, and neurochemistry of the drug itself as well as the drug taker’s environment and drug-related history. Reinstatement of drug use after a period of non-use or abstinence is typically initiated by one or a combina... | Disease recurrence | 0.81015 |
21,493 | There are vast ethical limitations in drug addiction research because humans cannot be allowed to self-administer drugs for the purpose of being studied. However, much can be learned about drugs and the neurobiology of drug taking by the examination of laboratory animals. Most studies are performed on rodents or non-hu... | Disease recurrence | 0.81015 |
21,494 | Neuroimaging has contributed to the identification of the neural components involved in drug reinstatement as well as drug-taking determinants such as the pharmokinetics, neurochemistry, and dose of the drug. The neuroimaging techniques used in non-human primates include positron emission tomography (PET), which uses r... | Disease recurrence | 0.81015 |
21,495 | In mathematics, the cyclotomic identity states that 1 1 − α z = ∏ j = 1 ∞ ( 1 1 − z j ) M ( α , j ) {\displaystyle {1 \over 1-\alpha z}=\prod _{j=1}^{\infty }\left({1 \over 1-z^{j}}\right)^{M(\alpha ,j)}} where M is Moreau's necklace-counting function, M ( α , n ) = 1 n ∑ d | n μ ( n d ) α d , {\displaystyle M(\alpha ,... | Cyclotomic identity | 0.810149 |
21,496 | In organic chemistry, an aldehyde () is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CH=O. The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain) can be referred to as an aldehyde but can also be classified as a formyl group. Aldehydes are a common motif in many chemicals important in techno... | Aldehyde | 0.810149 |
21,497 | Partial classifications exist for many individual groups of organisms and are revised and replaced as new information becomes available; however, comprehensive, published treatments of most or all life are rarer; recent examples are that of Adl et al., 2012 and 2019, which covers eukaryotes only with an emphasis on pro... | Taxonomic classification | 0.810148 |
21,498 | In Bayesian inference, beliefs are expressed as percentages indicating one's confidence in them. One starts from an initial probability (a prior), and then updates that probability using Bayes' theorem after observing evidence. As a result, two independent observers of the same event will rationally arrive at different... | Scientific proof | 0.810147 |
21,499 | PID Control in MATLAB/Simulink and Python with TCLab What's All This P-I-D Stuff, Anyhow? Article in Electronic Design Shows how to build a PID controller with basic electronic components (pg. 22) PID Without a PhD PID Control with MATLAB and Simulink PID with single Operational Amplifier Proven Methods and Best Practi... | PID Controller | 0.810145 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.