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21,500 | Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience, part of Scholarpedia, an online expert curated encyclopedia on computational neuroscience and dynamical systems | Computational Neuroscience | 0.810144 |
21,501 | Computational clinical neuroscience is a field that brings together experts in neuroscience, neurology, psychiatry, decision sciences and computational modeling to quantitatively define and investigate problems in neurological and psychiatric diseases, and to train scientists and clinicians that wish to apply these mod... | Computational Neuroscience | 0.810144 |
21,502 | A neuromorphic computer/chip is any device that uses physical artificial neurons (made from silicon) to do computations (See: neuromorphic computing, physical neural network). One of the advantages of using a physical model computer such as this is that it takes the computational load of the processor (in the sense tha... | Computational Neuroscience | 0.810144 |
21,503 | A compositional domain in genetics is a region of DNA with a distinct guanine (G) and cytosine (C) G-C and C-G content (collectively GC content). The homogeneity of compositional domains is compared to that of the chromosome on which they reside. As such, compositional domains can be homogeneous or nonhomogeneous domai... | Compositional domain | 0.810143 |
21,504 | This guarantees long-term stability compared to carbon-heteroatom bonds with similar reaction kinetics.The modification of cysteine or, more rarely, serine by FGE is an uncommon posttranslational modification that was discovered in the late 1990s. The deficiency of FGE leads to an overall deficiency of functional sulfa... | Aldehyde tag | 0.810141 |
21,505 | This results in the attachment of hIgG to a linker containing a cyclooctyne (here dibenzoazacyclooctyne (DIBAC)) and hGH to a linker holding an azide function (Fig.: 2A and B). The proteins hGH and hIgG were also treated with DIBAC-488, azide Alexa Fluor 647 and analysed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot to validate oxime f... | Aldehyde tag | 0.810141 |
21,506 | For the subsequent conjugation steps, the strategy of the copper-free click chemistry was selected. A strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a cyclooctynes and an azide was carried out forming a covalent linkage (also termed the Cu-free azide-alkyne cycloaddition). Thus, the aldehyde bearing proteins react under ... | Aldehyde tag | 0.810141 |
21,507 | In physics and engineering, heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to as heat flux density, heat-flow density or heat flow rate intensity, is a flow of energy per unit area per unit time. Its SI units are watts per square metre (W/m2). It has both a direction and a magnitude, and so it is a vector quantity. | Heat flux | 0.810141 |
21,508 | Mean directional accuracy (MDA), also known as mean direction accuracy, is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method in statistics. It compares the forecast direction (upward or downward) to the actual realized direction. It is defined by the following formula: 1 N ∑ t 1 sgn ( A t − A t − 1 ) = sgn (... | Mean directional accuracy | 0.810138 |
21,509 | For the kernel function K(•, •) one typically has the following choices: Linear kernel: K ( x , x i ) = x i T x , {\displaystyle K(x,x_{i})=x_{i}^{T}x,} Polynomial kernel of degree d {\displaystyle d}: K ( x , x i ) = ( 1 + x i T x / c ) d , {\displaystyle K(x,x_{i})=\left({1+x_{i}^{T}x/c}\right)^{d},} Radial basis fun... | Least squares support vector machine | 0.810137 |
21,510 | Least-squares support-vector machines (LS-SVM) for statistics and in statistical modeling, are least-squares versions of support-vector machines (SVM), which are a set of related supervised learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, and which are used for classification and regression analysis. In this ... | Least squares support vector machine | 0.810137 |
21,511 | A Bayesian interpretation of the SVM has been proposed by Smola et al. They showed that the use of different kernels in SVM can be regarded as defining different prior probability distributions on the functional space, as P ∝ exp ( − β ‖ P ^ f ‖ 2 ) {\displaystyle P\propto \exp \left({-\beta \left\|{{\hat {P}}f}\rig... | Least squares support vector machine | 0.810137 |
21,512 | Multilink suspension is costly and complex. It is also difficult to tune the geometry without a full 3D computer aided design analysis. Compliance under load can have an important effect and must be checked using a multibody simulation software. | Multilink suspension | 0.810136 |
21,513 | In order to facilitate linkage to databases, each molecular species is represented only once in a diagram. The MIM notation forms the basis of, and further development of the MIM notation is coordinated with, the Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN) consortium, an international effort to standardize diagrams depic... | Molecular Interaction Maps | 0.810133 |
21,514 | In mathematics, the power series method is used to seek a power series solution to certain differential equations. In general, such a solution assumes a power series with unknown coefficients, then substitutes that solution into the differential equation to find a recurrence relation for the coefficients. | Series solution of differential equations | 0.810133 |
21,515 | Mathematically vectors are elements of a vector space V {\displaystyle V} over a field K {\displaystyle K} , and for use in physics V {\displaystyle V} is usually defined with K = R {\displaystyle K=\mathbb {R} } or C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } . Concretely, if the dimension n = dim ( V ) {\displaystyle n={\text{dim}... | Raising and lowering indices | 0.810132 |
21,516 | It is instructive to consider what raising and lowering means in the abstract linear algebra setting. We first fix definitions: V {\displaystyle V} is a finite-dimensional vector space over a field K {\displaystyle K} . Typically K = R {\displaystyle K=\mathbb {R} } or C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } . ϕ {\displaystyle ... | Raising and lowering indices | 0.810132 |
21,517 | In mathematics and mathematical physics, raising and lowering indices are operations on tensors which change their type. Raising and lowering indices are a form of index manipulation in tensor expressions. | Raising and lowering indices | 0.810132 |
21,518 | Laves phases are intermetallic phases that have composition AB2 and are named for Fritz Laves who first described them. The phases are classified on the basis of geometry alone. While the problem of packing spheres of equal size has been well-studied since Gauss, Laves phases are the result of his investigations into p... | Laves phases | 0.81013 |
21,519 | Neurobiology, where Markov chains have been used, e.g., to simulate the mammalian neocortex. Systems biology, for instance with the modeling of viral infection of single cells. Compartmental models for disease outbreak and epidemic modeling. | Markov Chain | 0.810127 |
21,520 | Markov chains are used in various areas of biology. Notable examples include: Phylogenetics and bioinformatics, where most models of DNA evolution use continuous-time Markov chains to describe the nucleotide present at a given site in the genome. Population dynamics, where Markov chains are in particular a central tool... | Markov Chain | 0.810127 |
21,521 | Criterion validity is typically assessed by comparison with a gold standard test.An example of concurrent validity is a comparison of the scores of the CLEP College Algebra exam with course grades in college algebra to determine the degree to which scores on the CLEP are related to performance in a college algebra clas... | Criterion validity | 0.810124 |
21,522 | SPWM (sine–triangle pulse-width modulation) signals are used in micro-inverter design (used in solar and wind power applications). These switching signals are fed to the FETs that are used in the device. The device's efficiency depends on the harmonic content of the PWM signal. There is much research on eliminating unw... | Pulse-width modulation | 0.810123 |
21,523 | The chemoton has laid the foundation of some aspects of artificial life. The computational basis has become a topic of software development and experimentation in the investigation of artificial life. The main reason is that the chemoton simplifies the otherwise complex biochemical and molecular functions of living cel... | Chemoton | 0.810122 |
21,524 | Quantum computers are devices that harness quantum mechanics to perform computations in ways that classical computers cannot. For certain problems, quantum algorithms supply exponential speedups over their classical counterparts, the most famous example being Shor's factoring algorithm. Few such exponential speedups ar... | HHL algorithm | 0.810119 |
21,525 | On February 5, 2013, Stefanie Barz and co-workers demonstrated the quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations on a photonic quantum computing architecture. This implementation used two consecutive entangling gates on the same pair of polarization-encoded qubits. Two separately controlled NOT gates were realized ... | HHL algorithm | 0.810119 |
21,526 | In computer science, an edit distance or string metric between two strings measures how different they are. For example, the words "dog" and "dot", which differ by just one letter, are closer than "dog" and "cat", which have no letters in common. This idea is used in spell checkers and in coding theory, and is mathemat... | Directed distance | 0.810118 |
21,527 | The displacement in classical physics measures the change in position of an object during an interval of time. While distance is a scalar quantity, or a magnitude, displacement is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. In general, the vector measuring the difference between two locations (the relative pos... | Directed distance | 0.810118 |
21,528 | There are multiple ways of measuring the physical distance between objects that consist of more than one point: One may measure the distance between representative points such as the center of mass; this is used for astronomical distances such as the Earth–Moon distance. One may measure the distance between the closest... | Directed distance | 0.810118 |
21,529 | Distance is a numerical or occasionally qualitative measurement of how far apart objects or points are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length or an estimation based on other criteria (e.g. "two counties over"). Since spatial cognition is a rich source of conceptual metaphors in human tho... | Directed distance | 0.810118 |
21,530 | With this interpretation, the differential of f is known as the exterior derivative, and has broad application in differential geometry because the notion of velocities and the tangent space makes sense on any differentiable manifold. If, in addition, the output value of f also represents a position (in a Euclidean spa... | Differentials of a function | 0.810118 |
21,531 | In calculus, the differential represents the principal part of the change in a function y = f ( x ) {\displaystyle y=f(x)} with respect to changes in the independent variable. The differential d y {\displaystyle dy} is defined by where f ′ ( x ) {\displaystyle f'(x)} is the derivative of f with respect to x {\displayst... | Differentials of a function | 0.810117 |
21,532 | A number of properties of the differential follow in a straightforward manner from the corresponding properties of the derivative, partial derivative, and total derivative. These include: Linearity: For constants a and b and differentiable functions f and g, Product rule: For two differentiable functions f and g, An op... | Differentials of a function | 0.810117 |
21,533 | Numbering sequences starting at 0 is quite common in mathematics notation, in particular in combinatorics, though programming languages for mathematics usually index from 1. In computer science, array indices usually start at 0 in modern programming languages, so computer programmers might use zeroth in situations wher... | Zero-based numbering | 0.810117 |
21,534 | In the realm of fiction, Isaac Asimov eventually added a Zeroth Law to his Three Laws of Robotics, essentially making them four laws. A standard roulette wheel contains the number 0 as well as 1-36. It appears in green, so is classed as neither a “red” nor “black” number for betting purposes. The card game Uno has numb... | Zero-based numbering | 0.810117 |
21,535 | This makes a consistent set with underground floors marked with negative numbers. While the ordinal of 0 mostly finds use in communities directly connected to mathematics, physics, and computer science, there are also instances in classical music. The composer Anton Bruckner regarded his early Symphony in D minor to be... | Zero-based numbering | 0.810117 |
21,536 | Martin Richards, creator of the BCPL language (a precursor of C), designed arrays initiating at 0 as the natural position to start accessing the array contents in the language, since the value of a pointer p used as an address accesses the position p + 0 in memory. BCPL was first compiled for the IBM 7094; the language... | Zero-based numbering | 0.810117 |
21,537 | In mathematics, many sequences of numbers or of polynomials are indexed by nonnegative integers, for example, the Bernoulli numbers and the Bell numbers. In both mechanics and statistics, the zeroth moment is defined, representing total mass in the case of physical density, or total probability, i.e. one, for a probabi... | Zero-based numbering | 0.810117 |
21,538 | In natural selection, negative selection or purifying selection is the selective removal of alleles that are deleterious. This can result in stabilising selection through the purging of deleterious genetic polymorphisms that arise through random mutations.Purging of deleterious alleles can be achieved on the population... | Purifying selection | 0.810116 |
21,539 | Liposomes are structures which consist of at least one lipid bilayer surrounding an aqueous core. This hydrophobic/hydrophilic composition is particularly useful for drug delivery as these carriers can accommodate a number of drugs of varying lipophilicity. Disadvantages associated with using liposomes as drug carriers... | Drug carriers | 0.810113 |
21,540 | In the US, the Bioconversion Science and Technology group performs multidisciplinary R&D for the Department of Energy's (DOE) relevant applications of bioprocessing, especially with biomass. Bioprocessing combines the disciplines of chemical engineering, microbiology and biochemistry. | Bioconversion | 0.810112 |
21,541 | Organizations pioneering this novel approach to waste management are EAWAG, ESR International, Prota Culture and BIOCONVERSION that created the e-CORS® system to meet large scale organic waste management needs and environmental sustainability in both urban and livestock farming reality. This type of engineered system i... | Bioconversion | 0.810112 |
21,542 | The mathematical tools for the analysis of movement in machines: Burmester theory Clifford algebra Dual quaternion Euler's rotation theorem Gear ratio Ideal machine Instantaneous center of rotation Mechanical advantage Power (physics) Rotation matrix Screw axis Screw theory Virtual work Work (physics) | Outline of machines | 0.810112 |
21,543 | Clock Atomic clock Watch Pendulum clock Quartz clock Compressors and pumps Archimedes' screw Eductor-jet pump Hydraulic ram Pump Trompe Vacuum pump Conveyor systems Conveyor belt Treadmill Conveyor transport Escalator Moving walkway Electronic machines Computing machines Calculator Computer Electronic components Transi... | Outline of machines | 0.810112 |
21,544 | Applied mechanics Machining, Machinist Mechanical engineering Mechanics Mechanism (engineering) | Outline of machines | 0.810112 |
21,545 | Antikythera mechanism Automatic lathe Enigma machine Early flying machines History of the bicycle History of computing hardware History of the sewing machine History of perpetual motion machines Industrial revolution History of mechanical engineering Paper machine Simple machine Tabulating machine Threshing machine Ven... | Outline of machines | 0.810112 |
21,546 | List of early flying machines Outline of robotics | Outline of machines | 0.810112 |
21,547 | Most historical data collected over time has been lost or destroyed. War and natural disasters combined with the lack of materials and necessary practices to preserve and protect data has caused this. Usually, only the most important data sets were saved, such as government records and statistics, legal contracts and e... | Data preservation | 0.810112 |
21,548 | In mathematical analysis, the Hilbert–Schmidt theorem, also known as the eigenfunction expansion theorem, is a fundamental result concerning compact, self-adjoint operators on Hilbert spaces. In the theory of partial differential equations, it is very useful in solving elliptic boundary value problems. | Hilbert–Schmidt theorem | 0.810108 |
21,549 | In computer science, transaction processing is information processing that is divided into individual, indivisible operations called transactions. Each transaction must succeed or fail as a complete unit; it can never be only partially complete. For example, when you purchase a book from an online bookstore, you exchan... | Transaction processing | 0.810106 |
21,550 | Standard transaction-processing software, such as IBM's Information Management System, was first developed in the 1960s, and was often closely coupled to particular database management systems. Client–server computing implemented similar principles in the 1980s with mixed success. However, in more recent years, the dis... | Transaction processing | 0.810106 |
21,551 | The back-up will not reflect transactions committed since the back-up was made. However, once the database management system is restored, the journal of after images can be applied to the database (rollforward) to bring the database management system up to date. Any transactions in progress at the time of the failure c... | Transaction processing | 0.810106 |
21,552 | It is also possible to keep a separate journal of all modifications to a database management system. (sometimes called after images). This is not required for rollback of failed transactions but it is useful for updating the database management system in the event of a database failure, so some transaction-processing s... | Transaction processing | 0.810106 |
21,553 | The astronomical system of units, formerly called the IAU (1976) System of Astronomical Constants, is a system of measurement developed for use in astronomy. It was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976 via Resolution No. 1, and has been significantly updated in 1994 and 2009 (see astronomical c... | Astronomical system of units | 0.810106 |
21,554 | The Clifford group consists of a set of n {\displaystyle n} -qubit operations generated by the gates {H, S, CNOT} (where H is Hadamard and S is {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\0&i\end{bmatrix}}} ) called Clifford gates. The Clifford group generates stabilizer states which can be efficiently simulated classically, ... | Magic state distillation | 0.810103 |
21,555 | Magic state distillation is a method for creating more accurate quantum states from multiple noisy ones, which is important for building fault tolerant quantum computers. It has also been linked to quantum contextuality, a concept thought to contribute to quantum computers' power.The technique was first proposed by Ema... | Magic state distillation | 0.810103 |
21,556 | The book is structured as follows: 1 Man and microbes 2 Microbiology 3 Microbes in society 4 Interlude: how to handle microbes 5 Microbes in nutrition 6 Microbes in production 7 Deterioration, decay and pollution 8 Disposal and cleaning-up 9 Second interlude: microbiologists and man 10 Microbes in evolution 11 Microbes... | Microbes and Man | 0.810101 |
21,557 | His chief criticism, however, was that by the 1990s the book no longer had an audience, since "the Victorial ideal of the educated middle class has vanished into the wasteland of broken families, double digit unemployment and a damaged educational system". All the same, he found the book "of value and beauty (except pe... | Microbes and Man | 0.810101 |
21,558 | Schneider wrote that the book's Britishness "'colours' the text", but Postgate's emphasis on the beneficial and not just the harmful effects of microbes was welcome and admirably explored. He noted few errors, but objected to Postgate's assertion that AIDS "originated by transmission from a primate", for which there wa... | Microbes and Man | 0.810101 |
21,559 | The Guardian described the book as "a passionate case for the importance of micro-organisms".In his textbook Essential Microbiology, Stuart Hogg recommends the book to readers who want a general overview of microbes and their uses, stating "there can be no better starting point than John Postgate's classic".New Scienti... | Microbes and Man | 0.810101 |
21,560 | The ChemSpider database has been used in combination with text mining as the basis of chemistry document markup. ChemMantis, the Chemistry Markup And Nomenclature Transformation Integrated System uses algorithms to identify and extract chemical names from documents and web pages and converts the chemical names to chemi... | ChemSpider | 0.8101 |
21,561 | The ChemSpider database can be updated with user contributions including chemical structure deposition, spectra deposition and user curation. This is a crowdsourcing approach to develop an online chemistry database. Crowdsourced based curation of the data has produced a dictionary of chemical names associated with chem... | ChemSpider | 0.8101 |
21,562 | Comments by submitters are included as well. Other publications with comparable amounts of detail include Organic Syntheses and Inorganic Syntheses. The SyntheticPages site was originally set up by Professors Kevin Booker-Milburn (University of Bristol), Stephen Caddick (University College London), Peter Scott (Univers... | ChemSpider | 0.8101 |
21,563 | SyntheticPages is a free interactive database of synthetic chemistry procedures operated by the Royal Society of Chemistry. Users submit synthetic procedures which they have conducted themselves for publication on the site. These procedures may be original works, but they are more often based on literature reactions. C... | ChemSpider | 0.8101 |
21,564 | ChemSpider was acquired by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in May, 2009. Prior to the acquisition by RSC, ChemSpider was controlled by a private corporation, ChemZoo Inc. The system was first launched in March 2007 in a beta release form and transitioned to release in March 2008. | ChemSpider | 0.8101 |
21,565 | ChemSpider is a freely accessible online database of chemicals owned by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It contains information on more than 100 million molecules from over 270 data sources, each of them receiving a unique identifier called ChemSpider Identifier. | ChemSpider | 0.8101 |
21,566 | The Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania came into existence as a result of an endowment from Alfred Fitler Moore on June 4, 1923. It was granted to Penn's School of Electrical Engineering, located in the Towne Building. The first dean of the Moore School was Harold Pender. The Moore... | Moore School of Electrical Engineering | 0.810098 |
21,567 | The amount of energy saved through recycling depends upon the material being recycled and the type of energy accounting that is used. Correct accounting for this saved energy can be accomplished with life-cycle analysis using real energy values, and in addition, exergy, which is a measure of how much useful energy can ... | By-product synergy | 0.810098 |
21,568 | Spectrochemistry is the application of spectroscopy in several fields of chemistry. It includes analysis of spectra in chemical terms, and use of spectra to derive the structure of chemical compounds, and also to qualitatively and quantitively analyze their presence in the sample. It is a method of chemical analysis th... | Spectrochemistry | 0.810096 |
21,569 | In number theory, there are many integer factoring algorithms that heuristically have expected running time L n = e ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) ( log n ) ( log log n ) {\displaystyle L_{n}\left=e^{(1+o(1)){\sqrt {(\log n)(\log \log n)}}}} in little-o and L-notation. Some examples of those algorithms are the elliptic curve m... | Integer factorisation | 0.810089 |
21,570 | Solar Millennium was a German company globally active in the renewable energy sector founded in 1998 in Erlangen, Germany, which is specialized in the designing and implementation of solar thermal power plants. The main activities are site selection, project development, planning, design and construction of parabolic t... | Solar Millennium | 0.810089 |
21,571 | In mathematics and particularly in dynamic systems, an initial condition, in some contexts called a seed value,: pp. 160 is a value of an evolving variable at some point in time designated as the initial time (typically denoted t = 0). For a system of order k (the number of time lags in discrete time, or the order of t... | Initial condition | 0.810087 |
21,572 | Specific protective measures such as water purification, sewage treatment, and the development of personal hygienic routines, such as regular hand-washing, safe sex to prevent sexually transmitted infections, became mainstream upon the discovery of infectious disease agents and have decreased the rates of communicable ... | Disease prevention | 0.810087 |
21,573 | Science and Academia: Scientific and data libraries, like SciPy and Pandas, have enabled Python’s use in scientific research. Machine Learning: Libraries like scikit-learn and Tensorflow have increased the accessibility of machine learning to developers. General Software Development: Developing user applications, web s... | General-purpose programming language | 0.810086 |
21,574 | Additionally, for many tasks (e.g., statistical analysis, machine learning, etc.) there are libraries that are extensively tested and optimized. Theoretically, the presence of these libraries should bridge the gap between general-purpose and domain-specific languages.An empirical study in 2010 sought to measure problem... | General-purpose programming language | 0.810086 |
21,575 | Systems programming requiring pointer manipulation was typically done in assembly language, though JOVIAL was used for some military applications.IBM's System/360, announced in 1964, was designed as a unified hardware architecture supporting both scientific and commercial applications, and IBM developed PL/I for it as ... | General-purpose programming language | 0.810086 |
21,576 | An alternative to tying them together using array indexes is to use references to tie the portions together, but this can be less efficient in time and space. Another alternative is to use a single array, where each entry is a record structure. Many language provide a way to declare actual records, and arrays of them. ... | Parallel array | 0.810082 |
21,577 | course.Other resources include The proceedings of "The International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and Their Applications" provide much CNN literature. The proceedings are available online, via IEEE Xplore, for conferences held in 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2005 and 2006. There was also a workshop... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,578 | Two references are considered invaluable since they manage to organize the vast amount of CNN literature into a coherent framework: An overview by Valerio Cimagalli and Marco Balsi. The paper provides a concise intro to definitions, CNN types, dynamics, implementations, and applications. "Cellular Neural Networks and V... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,579 | However, CNN processors are not limited to verifying biological neural networks associated with vision processing; they have been used to simulate dynamic activity seen in mammalian neural networks found in the olfactory bulb and locust antennal lobe, responsible for pre-processing sensory information to detect differe... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,580 | The original CNN processors were based on mammalian retinas, which consist of a layer of photodetectors connected to several layers of locally coupled neurons. This makes CNN processors part of an interdisciplinary research area whose goal is to design systems that leverage knowledge and ideas from neuroscience and con... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,581 | CNN processors can be used on both the transmitter and receiver end to encode and decode a given message. They can also be used for data encryption and decryption, source authentication through watermarking, detecting of complex patterns in spectrogram images (sound processing), and transient spectral signals detection... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,582 | The topology and dynamics of CNN processors closely resembles that of CA. Like most CNN processors, CA consists of a fixed-number of identical processors that are spatially discrete and topologically uniform. The difference is that most CNN processors are continuous-valued whereas CA have discrete-values. Furthermore, ... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,583 | For example, CNN processors have been used to generate multiscroll chaos (like the Chen attractor), synchronize with chaotic systems, and exhibit multi-level hysteresis. CNN processors are designed specifically to solve local, low-level, processor intensive problems expressed as a function of space and time. For exampl... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,584 | The dynamical behavior of CNN processors can be expressed using differential equations, where each equation represents the state of an individual processing unit. The behavior of the entire CNN processor is defined by its initial conditions, inputs, cell interconnections (topology and weights), and the cells themselves... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,585 | In computer science and machine learning, cellular neural networks (CNN) or cellular nonlinear networks (CNN) are a parallel computing paradigm similar to neural networks, with the difference that communication is allowed between neighbouring units only. Typical applications include image processing, analyzing 3D surfa... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,586 | Due to their number and variety of architectures, it is difficult to give a precise definition for a CNN processor. From an architecture standpoint, CNN processors are a system of finite, fixed-number, fixed-location, fixed-topology, locally interconnected, multiple-input, single-output, nonlinear processing units. The... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,587 | CNN processors were designed to perform image processing; specifically, real-time ultra-high frame-rate (>10,000 frame/s) processing for applications like particle detection in jet engine fluids and spark-plug detection. Currently, CNN processors can achieve up to 50,000 frames per second, and for certain applications ... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,588 | If the speed is prohibitive, there are mathematical techniques, such as Jacobi’s Iterative Method or Forward-Backward Recursions that can be used to derive the steady state solution of a CNN processor. Lastly, digital CNN processors can be emulated on highly parallel, application-specific processors, such as graphics p... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,589 | Semiconductor-based CNN processors can be segmented into analog CNN processors, digital CNN processors, and CNN processors emulated using digital processors. Analog CNN processors were the first to be developed. Analog computers were fairly common during the 1950 and 1960s, but they gradually were replaced by digital c... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,590 | What initially was technology exploration resulted in a 500x500 CNN processor able to perform 300 giga-operations per second. Another promising technology for CNN processors is nanotechnology. One nanotechnology concept being investigated is using single electron tunneling junctions, which can be made into single-elect... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,591 | Most CNN architectures have cells with the same relative interconnects, but there are applications that require a spatially variant topology, i.e. Multiple-Neighborhood-Size CNN (MNS-CNN) processors. Also, Multiple-Layer CNN (ML-CNN) processors, where all cells on the same layer are identical, can be used to extend the... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,592 | In the original Chua-Yang CNN (CY-CNN) processor, the state of the cell was a weighted sum of the inputs and the output was a piecewise linear function. However, like the original perceptron-based neural networks, the functions it could perform were limited: specifically, it was incapable of modeling non-linear functio... | Cellular neural network | 0.810082 |
21,593 | The proof appeared shortly thereafter in a preprint which was eventually published in Documenta Mathematica. The proof was obtained via a strategy by previous work of Daniel Wise and collaborators, relying on actions of the fundamental group on certain auxiliary spaces (CAT(0) cube complexes) It used as an essential in... | Virtually Haken conjecture | 0.810081 |
21,594 | In topology, an area of mathematics, the virtually Haken conjecture states that every compact, orientable, irreducible three-dimensional manifold with infinite fundamental group is virtually Haken. That is, it has a finite cover (a covering space with a finite-to-one covering map) that is a Haken manifold. After the pr... | Virtually Haken conjecture | 0.810081 |
21,595 | By the uniformization theorem any elliptic curve may be written as a quotient C / ( Z + τ Z ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} /(\mathbb {Z} +\tau \mathbb {Z} )} where τ {\displaystyle \tau } is a complex number with strictly positive imaginary part. The moduli space is given by the quotient of the group PSL ( 2 , Z ) {\di... | Complex geometry | 0.810079 |
21,596 | The term moduli was coined by Bernhard Riemann during his original work on Riemann surfaces. The classification theory is most well-known for compact Riemann surfaces. By the classification of closed oriented surfaces, compact Riemann surfaces come in a countable number of discrete types, measured by their genus g {\di... | Complex geometry | 0.810079 |
21,597 | It is often a source of examples in other areas of mathematics, including in representation theory where generalized flag varieties may be studied using complex geometry leading to the Borel–Weil–Bott theorem, or in symplectic geometry, where Kähler manifolds are symplectic, in Riemannian geometry where complex manifol... | Complex geometry | 0.810079 |
21,598 | Many constructions that are performed on toric varieties admit alternate descriptions in terms of the combinatorics and geometry of the moment polytope or its associated toric fan. This makes toric varieties a particularly attractive test case for many constructions in complex geometry. Examples of toric varieties incl... | Complex geometry | 0.810079 |
21,599 | Complex manifolds may be studied from the perspective of differential geometry, whereby they are equipped with extra geometric structures such as a Riemannian metric or symplectic form. In order for this extra structure to be relevant to complex geometry, one should ask for it to be compatible with the complex structur... | Complex geometry | 0.810079 |
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