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24,200 | In metric geometry, the Karlsruhe metric is a measure of distance that assumes travel is only possible along rays through the origin and circular arcs centered at the origin. The name alludes to the layout of the city of Karlsruhe, which has radial streets and circular avenues around a central point. This metric is als... | Karlsruhe metric | 0.808376 |
24,201 | Steiner symmetrization was introduced by Steiner (1838) to solve the isoperimetric theorem stated above. Let H ⊂ R n {\displaystyle H\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}} be a hyperplane through the origin. Rotate space so that H {\displaystyle H} is the x n = 0 {\displaystyle x_{n}=0} ( x n {\displaystyle x_{n}} is the nth coordi... | Symmetrization methods | 0.808375 |
24,202 | If a given manifold admits a geometric structure, then it admits one whose model is maximal. A 3-dimensional model geometry X is relevant to the geometrization conjecture if it is maximal and if there is at least one compact manifold with a geometric structure modelled on X. Thurston classified the 8 model geometries s... | Thurston geometry | 0.808374 |
24,203 | A model geometry is a simply connected smooth manifold X together with a transitive action of a Lie group G on X with compact stabilizers. A model geometry is called maximal if G is maximal among groups acting smoothly and transitively on X with compact stabilizers. Sometimes this condition is included in the definitio... | Thurston geometry | 0.808374 |
24,204 | Bartholomew: "A student of natural history, or a naturalist, studies the world by observing plants and animals directly. Because organisms are functionally inseparable from the environment in which they live and because their structure and function cannot be adequately interpreted without knowing some of their evolutio... | Natural historian | 0.808363 |
24,205 | Several authors have argued for a more expansive view of natural history, including S. Herman, who defines the field as "the scientific study of plants and animals in their natural environments. It is concerned with levels of organization from the individual organism to the ecosystem, and stresses identification, life ... | Natural historian | 0.808363 |
24,206 | In classical philosophical terms, it is very important to distinguish three domains of human activity: theoretical reason, which investigates the truth of contingent events as well as necessary truths; practical reason, which determines whether a prospective course of action is worth pursuing; and productive or technic... | Practical reasoning | 0.80836 |
24,207 | In the current circumstances R we should perform action A to achieve New Circumstances S which will realize some goal G which will promote some value V.Practical reasoning is used in arguments, but also in explanations used to draw conclusions about an agent's goals, motives or intentions, based on reports of what the ... | Practical reasoning | 0.80836 |
24,208 | In logic, mathematics and computer science, especially metalogic and computability theory, an effective method or effective procedure is a procedure for solving a problem by any intuitively 'effective' means from a specific class. An effective method is sometimes also called a mechanical method or procedure. | Effective method | 0.808359 |
24,209 | Several independent efforts to give a formal characterization of effective calculability led to a variety of proposed definitions (general recursive functions, Turing machines, λ-calculus) that later were shown to be equivalent. The notion captured by these definitions is known as recursive or effective computability. ... | Effective method | 0.808358 |
24,210 | The system will use electrolyzers based on Hydrogenics' proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology for hydrogen production and use excess power generated from regional renewable energy sources, primarily wind energy. In November the first of E.ON's P2G facilities provided by Hydrogenics became operational. The Falkenhag... | Hydrogenics | 0.808358 |
24,211 | Power-to-Gas is an energy process and storage technology, which takes the excess power generated by wind turbines, solar power, or biomass power plants and converts carbon dioxide and water into methane using electrolysis, enabling it be stored. The excess electricity can then be held in existing reserves, including po... | Hydrogenics | 0.808357 |
24,212 | Phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy is an analytical chemistry technique that uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study chemical compounds that contain phosphorus. Phosphorus is commonly found in organic compounds and coordination complexes (as phosphines), making it useful to measure 31P NMR spectra routinely. Solutio... | Phosphorus NMR | 0.808353 |
24,213 | The property of being able to extend a Latin rectangle missing one row to a Latin square mentioned above, can be significantly strengthened. Namely, if r < n, then it is possible to append n − r rows to an r × n Latin rectangle to form a Latin square, using Hall's marriage theorem. | Latin rectangle | 0.808353 |
24,214 | In statistics, Latin rectangles have applications in the design of experiments. | Latin rectangle | 0.808353 |
24,215 | There has been some question about how concept structuring and generalization can be understood in terms of brain architecture and processes. This question is impacted by a neighboring debate among theorists about the nature of thought, specifically between connectionist and language of thought models. Concept generali... | Intuitive statistics | 0.80835 |
24,216 | These errors are called "cognitive illusions" because they involve systematic divergences between judgments and accepted, normative rules in statistical prediction.Gigerenzer has been critical of this view, arguing that it builds from a flawed assumption that a unified "normative theory" of statistical prediction and p... | Intuitive statistics | 0.80835 |
24,217 | Error management theory (EMT) is an application of Neyman-Pearson statistics to cognitive and evolutionary psychology. It maintains that the possible fitness costs and benefits of type I (false positive) and type II (false negative) errors are relevant to adaptively rational inferences, toward which an organism is expe... | Intuitive statistics | 0.80835 |
24,218 | Bayesian inference generally emphasizes the subjective probability of a hypothesis, which is computed as a posterior probability using Bayes' Theorem. It requires a "starting point" called a prior probability, which has been contentious for some frequentists who claim that frequency data are required to develop a prior... | Intuitive statistics | 0.80835 |
24,219 | They claim that a normative but incorrect view of how humans "ought to think rationally" follows from this acceptance. They also maintain, however, that the intuitive statistician metaphor of cognition is promising, and should consider different formal tools or heuristics as specialized for different problem domains, r... | Intuitive statistics | 0.80835 |
24,220 | Statisticians and probability theorists have long debated about the use of various tools, assumptions, and problems relating to inductive inference in particular. David Hume famously considered the problem of induction, questioning the logical foundations of how and why people can arrive at conclusions that extend beyo... | Intuitive statistics | 0.80835 |
24,221 | Statistical literacy and risk judgments have been described as problematic for physician-patient communication. For example, physicians frequently inflate the perceived risk of non-treatment, alter patients' risk perceptions by positively or negatively framing single statistics (e.g., 97% survival rate vs. 3% death rat... | Intuitive statistics | 0.80835 |
24,222 | Intuitive statistics, or folk statistics, is the cognitive phenomenon where organisms use data to make generalizations and predictions about the world. This can be a small amount of sample data or training instances, which in turn contribute to inductive inferences about either population-level properties, future data,... | Intuitive statistics | 0.80835 |
24,223 | Intuitive inferences can involve generating hypotheses from incoming sense data, such as categorization and concept structuring. Data are typically probabilistic and uncertainty is the rule, rather than the exception, in learning, perception, language, and thought. Recently, researchers have drawn from ideas in probabi... | Intuitive statistics | 0.80835 |
24,224 | Infants and small children are not only capable generalizers of trait quantity and proportion, but of abstract rule-based systems such as language and music. These rules can be referred to as “algebraic rules” of abstract informational structure, and are representations of rule systems, or grammars. For language, creat... | Intuitive statistics | 0.80835 |
24,225 | The investigation tries to understand electronic states in ideal crystals of finite size based on the mathematical theory of periodic differential equations. This theory provides some fundamental new understandings of those electronic states, including surface states. The theory found that a one-dimensional finite crys... | Surface state | 0.80835 |
24,226 | The results for surface states of a monatomic linear chain can readily be generalized to the case of a three-dimensional crystal. Because of the two-dimensional periodicity of the surface lattice, Bloch's theorem must hold for translations parallel to the surface. As a result, the surface states can be written as the p... | Surface state | 0.80835 |
24,227 | In his foreword to Dori's book Model-Based Systems Engineering with OPM and SysML, Edward F. Crawley said: OPM semantics was originally geared towards systems engineering, as it can model information, hardware, people, and regulation. However, in recent years OPM started to serve also researchers in molecular biology, ... | Object Process Methodology | 0.808348 |
24,228 | Stateful and stateless objects Dov Dori explains in Model-Based Systems Engineering with OPM and SysML that "An object state is a possible situation in which an object may exist. An object state has meaning only in the context of the object to which it belongs." A stateless object shall be an object that has no specifi... | Object Process Methodology | 0.808348 |
24,229 | While both languages aim at the same purpose of providing a means for general-purpose systems engineering, these languages take different approaches in realizing this goal. SysML is a profile of UML (Unified Modeling Language). The OPM-to SysML translation is one-to-many in the sense that a single OPM element (entity o... | Object Process Methodology | 0.808347 |
24,230 | The shift to the object-oriented (OO) paradigm for computer programming languages, which occurred in the 1980s and 1990s, was followed by the idea that programming should be preceded by object-oriented analysis and design of the programs, and, more generally, the systems those programs represent and serve. Thus, in the... | Object Process Methodology | 0.808347 |
24,231 | This deficiency could be significantly reduced if the standards were model-based rather than text-based, and OPM offered a useful underlying modeling paradigm for this purpose. A final OPM Study Group Report and a draft for a metamodel for model-based standards authoring document were delivered at the 2012 SC5 Plenary.... | Object Process Methodology | 0.808347 |
24,232 | The syntax of the condition output-specified effect OPL sentence is: Process occurs if Object exists, in which case Process changes Object to output-state, otherwise Process is skipped. Condition state-specified agent link: The syntax of the condition state-specified agent link OPL sentence is: Agent handles Process if... | Object Process Methodology | 0.808347 |
24,233 | State-specified tagged structural relations and links: A structural relation between a state of an object or value of an attribute and another object or its state or value, meaning that these two entities are associated with the tag expressing the semantics of the association. In case of a null tag (i.e., the tag is no... | Object Process Methodology | 0.808347 |
24,234 | Since then, OPM has evolved and developed. In 2002, the first book on OPM was published, and on December 15, 2015, after six years of work by ISO TC184/SC5, ISO adopted OPM as ISO/PAS 19450. A second book on OPM was published in 2016.Since 2019, OPM has become a foundation for a Professional Certificate program in Mode... | Object Process Methodology | 0.808347 |
24,235 | Since each point in an image corresponds to a line in 3D space, all points on the line in 3D are projected to the point in the image. If a pair of corresponding points in two, or more images, can be found it must be the case that they are the projection of a common 3D point x. The set of lines generated by the image po... | Triangulation (computer vision) | 0.808347 |
24,236 | In computer vision, triangulation refers to the process of determining a point in 3D space given its projections onto two, or more, images. In order to solve this problem it is necessary to know the parameters of the camera projection function from 3D to 2D for the cameras involved, in the simplest case represented by ... | Triangulation (computer vision) | 0.808347 |
24,237 | Which 3D point xest is the best estimate of x given y 1 ′ {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} '_{1}} and y 2 ′ {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} '_{2}} and the geometry of the cameras? The answer is often found by defining an error measure which depends on xest and then minimizing this error. In the following sections, some of the var... | Triangulation (computer vision) | 0.808347 |
24,238 | If y 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} _{1}} and y 2 {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} _{2}} are given and the geometry of the two cameras are known, the two projection lines (green lines) can be determined and it must be the case that they intersect at point x (3D point). Using basic linear algebra that intersection point can be ... | Triangulation (computer vision) | 0.808347 |
24,239 | In the following, it is assumed that triangulation is made on corresponding image points from two views generated by pinhole cameras. Generalization from these assumptions are discussed here. The image to the left illustrates the epipolar geometry of a pair of stereo cameras of pinhole model. A point x (3D point) in 3D... | Triangulation (computer vision) | 0.808347 |
24,240 | Under a change of frame e α ′ = ∑ β e β g α β {\displaystyle e_{\alpha }'=\sum _{\beta }e_{\beta }g_{\alpha }^{\beta }} where g is a G-valued function defined on an open subset of M, the connection form transforms via ω α β ( e ⋅ g ) = ( g − 1 ) γ β d g α γ + ( g − 1 ) γ β ω δ γ ( e ) g α δ . {\displaystyle \omega _{\a... | Connection 1-form | 0.808344 |
24,241 | A connection is compatible with the structure of a G-bundle on E provided that the associated parallel transport maps always send one G-frame to another. Formally, along a curve γ, the following must hold locally (that is, for sufficiently small values of t): Γ ( γ ) 0 t e α ( γ ( 0 ) ) = ∑ β e β ( γ ( t ) ) g α β ( t ... | Connection 1-form | 0.808344 |
24,242 | N-, P-, and S-alkylation are important processes for the formation of carbon-nitrogen, carbon-phosphorus, and carbon-sulfur bonds, Amines are readily alkylated. The rate of alkylation follows the order tertiary amine < secondary amine < primary amine. Typical alkylating agents are alkyl halides. Industry often relies o... | Alkylating agents | 0.808343 |
24,243 | The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life is a popular science book written about the domain Archaea. It was written by John L. Howland and first published in 2000 by the Oxford University Press. The book records the, "archaeal rise from obscurity...to their current prominent place in molecular and evo... | The Surprising Archaea | 0.808343 |
24,244 | A closed system is a natural physical system that does not allow transfer of matter in or out of the system, although – in the contexts of physics, chemistry, engineering, etc. – the transfer of energy (e.g. as work or heat) is allowed. | Closed cycle | 0.808341 |
24,245 | Water includes surface, ground and deep ground water used by humans. Air is calculated when it is used in combustion processes or chemically or physically transformed. The concept of total material requirement (TMR) used in many cases used in macro-level statistics and it refers to sum of abiotic and biotic resources a... | Material input per service unit | 0.808339 |
24,246 | NeuroSearch A/S is a Danish biotechnology company specializing in pharmaceuticals for treating diseases and disorders affecting the central nervous system (CNS). | NeuroSearch | 0.808333 |
24,247 | The negation of an event in probability theory: Pr(A′) = 1 − Pr(A) (other notation also exists). The result of a transformation: Tx = x′ The transpose of a matrix (other notation also exists) The dual of a vector spaceThe prime is said to "decorate" the letter to which it applies. | Double prime | 0.808331 |
24,248 | The prime distinguishes places on these two chemicals, rather than places on other parts of DNA or RNA, like phosphate groups or nucleic acids. Thus, when indicating the direction of movement of an enzyme along a string of DNA, biologists will say that it moves from the 5′ end to the 3′ end, because these carbons are o... | Double prime | 0.808331 |
24,249 | The carbonyl carbon in proteins is denoted as C′, which distinguishes it from the other backbone carbon, the alpha carbon, which is denoted as Cα. In physical chemistry, it is used to distinguish between the lower state and the upper state of a quantum number during a transition. For example, J ′ denotes the upper stat... | Double prime | 0.808331 |
24,250 | For example, vA′ would indicate the velocity of object A after an event. It is also commonly used in relativity: the event at (x, y, z, t) in frame S, has coordinates (x′, y′, z′, t′) in frame S′. In chemistry, it is used to distinguish between different functional groups connected to an atom in a molecule, such as R a... | Double prime | 0.808331 |
24,251 | The same convention is adopted in functional programming, particularly in Haskell. In geometry, geography and astronomy, prime and double prime are used as abbreviations for minute and second of arc (and thus latitude, longitude, elevation and right ascension). In physics, the prime is used to denote variables after an... | Double prime | 0.808331 |
24,252 | The gradient of a function is called a gradient field. A (continuous) gradient field is always a conservative vector field: its line integral along any path depends only on the endpoints of the path, and can be evaluated by the gradient theorem (the fundamental theorem of calculus for line integrals). Conversely, a (co... | Gradient vector | 0.80833 |
24,253 | Similarly, an affine algebraic hypersurface may be defined by an equation F(x1, ..., xn) = 0, where F is a polynomial. The gradient of F is zero at a singular point of the hypersurface (this is the definition of a singular point). At a non-singular point, it is a nonzero normal vector. | Gradient vector | 0.80833 |
24,254 | In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar-valued differentiable function f {\displaystyle f} of several variables is the vector field (or vector-valued function) ∇ f {\displaystyle \nabla f} whose value at a point p {\displaystyle p} is the "direction and rate of fastest increase". If the gradient of a function is n... | Gradient vector | 0.80833 |
24,255 | Operating Systems: Design and Implementation is a computer science textbook written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, with help from Albert S. Woodhull. The book describes the principles of operating systems and demonstrates their application in the source code of Tanenbaum's MINIX, a free Unix-like operating system designed for... | Operating Systems: Design and Implementation | 0.80833 |
24,256 | Then, following a Bayesian approach, the prior probability (in this case, a priori) of the thesis predicted by the theorem is estimated. That is, if we choose an arbitrary sequence of voters (i.e., a sequence ( p i ) i ∈ N {\displaystyle (p_{i})_{i\in \mathbb {N} }} ), will the thesis of the CJT hold? The answer is no.... | Condorcet jury theorem | 0.80833 |
24,257 | Recently, another approach to study the applicability of the CJT was taken. Instead of considering the homogeneous case, each voter is allowed to have a probability p i ∈ {\displaystyle p_{i}\in } , possibly different from other voters. This case was previously studied by Daniel Berend and Jacob Paroush and includes t... | Condorcet jury theorem | 0.80833 |
24,258 | Many political theorists and philosophers use the Condorcet’s Jury Theorem (CJT) to defend democracy, see Brennan and references therein. Nevertheless, it is an empirical question whether the theorem holds in real life or not. Note that the CJT is a double-edged sword: it can either prove that majority rule is an (almo... | Condorcet jury theorem | 0.80833 |
24,259 | Photoclick chemistry utilizes a photoinduced cycloelimination to release N2. This generates a short-lived 1,3 nitrile imine intermediate via the loss of nitrogen gas, which undergoes a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with an alkene to generate pyrazoline cycloadducts. Photoinduction takes place with a brief exposure to light... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,260 | Pharmacokinetics are a growing concern as bioorthogonal chemistry expands to live animal models. Accessible engineering: The chemical reporter must be capable of incorporation into biomolecules via some form of metabolic or protein engineering. Optimally, one of the functional groups is also very small so that it does ... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,261 | A number of chemical ligation strategies have been developed that fulfill the requirements of bioorthogonality, including the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azides and cyclooctynes (also termed copper-free click chemistry), between nitrones and cyclooctynes, oxime/hydrazone formation from aldehydes and ketones, the ... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,262 | The term bioorthogonal chemistry refers to any chemical reaction that can occur inside of living systems without interfering with native biochemical processes. The term was coined by Carolyn R. Bertozzi in 2003. Since its introduction, the concept of the bioorthogonal reaction has enabled the study of biomolecules such... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,263 | Bis(dithiobenzil)nickel(II) was chosen as a reaction partner out of a candidate screen based on reactivity. To prevent light-induced reversion to norbornadiene, diethyldithiocarbamate is added to chelate the nickel in the product. These reactions are enhanced by aqueous conditions with a second order rate constant of 0... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,264 | This allows equilibration of the alkyne prior to reaction in order to reduce artifacts as a result of concentration gradients. Masked cyclooctynes are unable to react with azides in the dark but become reactive alkynes upon irradiation with light. Copper-free click chemistry is being explored for use in synthesizing PE... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,265 | The most widespread application of copper-free click chemistry is in biological imaging in live cells or animals using an azide-tagged biomolecule and a cyclooctyne bearing an imaging agent. Fluorescent keto and oxime variants of DIBO are used in fluoro-switch click reactions in which the fluorescence of the cyclooctyn... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,266 | Copper-free click chemistry is a bioorthogonal reaction first developed by Carolyn Bertozzi as an activated variant of an azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition, based on the work by Karl Barry Sharpless et al. Unlike CuAAC, Cu-free click chemistry has been modified to be bioorthogonal by eliminating a cytotoxic copper cat... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,267 | Copper-free click chemistry has been adapted to use nitrones as the 1,3-dipole rather than azides and has been used in the modification of peptides. This cycloaddition between a nitrone and a cyclooctyne forms N-alkylated isoxazolines. The reaction rate is enhanced by water and is extremely fast with second order rate ... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,268 | Bioorthogonal chemistry is an attractive tool for pretargeting experiments in nuclear imaging and radiotherapy. Tetrazine-Cyclooctene chemistry is undergoing clinical trials testing for treatment of advanced solid tumors. == References == | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,269 | Although regioselectivity is not a great issue in the current imaging applications of copper-free click chemistry, it is an issue that prevents future applications in fields such as drug design or peptidomimetics.Currently most cyclooctynes react to form regioisomeric mixtures. Computation analysis has found that while... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,270 | The Staudinger ligation is a reaction developed by the Bertozzi group in 2000 that is based on the classic Staudinger reaction of azides with triarylphosphines. It launched the field of bioorthogonal chemistry as the first reaction with completely abiotic functional groups although it is no longer as widely used. The S... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,271 | OCT was the first cyclooctyne developed for Cu-free click chemistry. While linear alkynes are unreactive at physiological temperatures, OCT was able readily react with azides in biological conditions while showing no toxicity. However, it was poorly water-soluble, and the kinetics were barely improved over the Stauding... | Bioorthogonal chemistry | 0.808329 |
24,272 | The above equations are the wave solution for V {\displaystyle V} and I {\displaystyle I} . In order to be compatible, they must still satisfy the original differential equations, one of which is Substituting the solutions for V {\displaystyle V} and I {\displaystyle I} into the above equation, we get or Isolating dist... | Surge impedance loading | 0.808328 |
24,273 | The differential equations describing the dependence of the voltage and current on time and space are linear, so that a linear combination of solutions is again a solution. This means that we can consider solutions with a time dependence e j ω t {\displaystyle e^{j\omega t}} – doing so is functionally equivalent of sol... | Surge impedance loading | 0.808328 |
24,274 | Epigenetic modifications, including histone and DNA methylation, histone acetylation and sumoylation, affect many aspects of chromosomal biology, primarily including regulation of large numbers of genes by remodeling broad chromatin domains. While it has been known for some time that RNA is an integral component of chr... | Long non coding RNA | 0.808323 |
24,275 | The discovery that long ncRNAs function in various aspects of cell biology has led to research on their role in disease. Tens of thousands of lncRNAs are potentially associated with diseases based on the multi-omics evidence. A handful of studies have implicated long ncRNAs in a variety of disease states and support an... | Long non coding RNA | 0.808323 |
24,276 | The following are examples of prime elements in rings: The integers ±2, ±3, ±5, ±7, ±11, ... in the ring of integers Z the complex numbers (1 + i), 19, and (2 + 3i) in the ring of Gaussian integers Z the polynomials x2 − 2 and x2 + 1 in Z, the ring of polynomials over Z. 2 in the quotient ring Z/6Z x2 + (x2 + x) is pri... | Prime element | 0.808321 |
24,277 | In mathematics, specifically in abstract algebra, a prime element of a commutative ring is an object satisfying certain properties similar to the prime numbers in the integers and to irreducible polynomials. Care should be taken to distinguish prime elements from irreducible elements, a concept which is the same in UFD... | Prime element | 0.808321 |
24,278 | Interest in prime elements comes from the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, which asserts that each nonzero integer can be written in essentially only one way as 1 or −1 multiplied by a product of positive prime numbers. This led to the study of unique factorization domains, which generalize what was just illustrated ... | Prime element | 0.808321 |
24,279 | Many spreadsheet programs and statistics packages, such as QtiPlot, LibreOffice Calc, Microsoft Excel, SAS, SPSS, Stata, DAP, gretl, R, Python, PSPP, MATLAB and Minitab, include implementations of Student's t-test. | Two-sample t-test | 0.80832 |
24,280 | In testing the null hypothesis that the population mean is equal to a specified value μ0, one uses the statistic t = x ¯ − μ 0 s / n {\displaystyle t={\frac {{\bar {x}}-\mu _{0}}{s/{\sqrt {n}}}}} where x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} is the sample mean, s is the sample standard deviation and n is the sample size. The de... | Two-sample t-test | 0.80832 |
24,281 | The benefits of performing CSE are great enough that it is a commonly used optimization. In simple cases like in the example above, programmers may manually eliminate the duplicate expressions while writing the code. The greatest source of CSEs are intermediate code sequences generated by the compiler, such as for arra... | Common subexpression elimination | 0.808316 |
24,282 | Carbon atoms bond readily to other carbon atoms; this allows the building of arbitrarily long macromolecules and polymers in a process known as catenation. "What we normally think of as 'life' is based on chains of carbon atoms, with a few other atoms, such as nitrogen or phosphorus", per Stephen Hawking in a 2008 lect... | Carbon-based life | 0.808313 |
24,283 | Carbon's widespread abundance, its ability to form stable bonds with numerous other elements, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables it to serve as a common element of all known living organisms. In a 2018 study, carbon was found to compose approximately 550 b... | Carbon-based life | 0.808313 |
24,284 | Carbon is capable of forming a vast number of compounds, more than any other element, with almost ten million compounds described to date, and yet that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds under standard conditions. The enormous diversity of carbon-containing compounds, known as or... | Carbon-based life | 0.808313 |
24,285 | Because it is lightweight and relatively small in size, carbon molecules are easy for enzymes to manipulate. It is frequently assumed in astrobiology that if life exists elsewhere in the Universe, it will also be carbon-based. Critics refer to this assumption as carbon chauvinism. | Carbon-based life | 0.808313 |
24,286 | Since the advent of the microprocessor in the late 1960s, such machines are often classed as "silicon-based life". Other examples of fictional "silicon-based life" can be seen in the 1967 episode "The Devil in the Dark" from Star Trek: The Original Series, in which a living rock creature's biochemistry is based on sili... | Carbon-based life | 0.808313 |
24,287 | Prominent specialist journals in the field include Behavior Genetics, Genes, Brain and Behavior, and Twin Research and Human Genetics. | Twin study | 0.808313 |
24,288 | The twin method has been subject to criticism from statistical genetics, statistics, and psychology, with some researchers, such as Burt & Simons (2014), arguing that conclusions reached via this method are ambiguous or meaningless. Core elements of these criticisms and their rejoinders are listed below. | Twin study | 0.808313 |
24,289 | PMID 12866384. And in reply to this article see: Freese, J; Powell, B (Jun 2003). "Tilting at Twindmills: rethinking sociological responses to behavioral genetics". | Twin study | 0.808313 |
24,290 | In statistics, when performing multiple comparisons, a false positive ratio (also known as fall-out or false alarm ratio) is the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis for a particular test. The false positive rate is calculated as the ratio between the number of negative events wrongly categorized as pos... | False positive rate | 0.808313 |
24,291 | In biochemistry, two biopolymers are antiparallel if they run parallel to each other but with opposite directionality (alignments). An example is the two complementary strands of a DNA double helix, which run in opposite directions alongside each other. | Antiparallel (biochemistry) | 0.80831 |
24,292 | Nucleic acid molecules have a phosphoryl (5') end and a hydroxyl (3') end. This notation follows from organic chemistry nomenclature, and can be used to define the movement of enzymes such as DNA polymerases relative to the DNA strand in a non-arbitrary manner. | Antiparallel (biochemistry) | 0.80831 |
24,293 | In genetics, a maternal effect occurs when the phenotype of an organism is determined by the genotype of its mother. For example, if a mutation is maternal effect recessive, then a female homozygous for the mutation may appear phenotypically normal, however her offspring will show the mutant phenotype, even if they are... | Maternal effects | 0.808307 |
24,294 | The epigenetic effects of maternal diet can be seen in many species, utilizing different ecological cues and epigenetic mechanisms to provide an adaptive advantage to future generations. Within the field of ecology, there are many examples of maternal dietary effects. Unfortunately, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying... | Maternal effects | 0.808307 |
24,295 | Reciprocity of electrical networks is a special case of Lorentz reciprocity, but it can also be proven more directly from network theorems. This proof shows reciprocity for a two-node network in terms of its admittance matrix, and then shows reciprocity for a network with an arbitrary number of nodes by an induction ar... | Reciprocity (electrical networks) | 0.808306 |
24,296 | In probability and statistics, Student's t-distribution (or simply the t-distribution) t ν {\displaystyle t_{\nu }} is a continuous probability distribution that generalizes the standard normal distribution. Like the latter, it is symmetric around zero and bell-shaped. However, t ν {\displaystyle t_{\nu }} has heavier ... | Student t distribution | 0.808306 |
24,297 | University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic | Engineering informatics | 0.808306 |
24,298 | However, it does not rather focus on issues of large-scale systems (like practical informatics). Typically, informatic engineers deal with computer-aided design, machine learning, computer vision, mobile robotics, real-time computing, digital image processing, pattern recognition, digital control, networking or multi-a... | Engineering informatics | 0.808306 |
24,299 | Techniques appeared in computer science and in programming practice; these techniques get used in engineering as is. Early computing in engineering was limited due to the capacities of computers. Computational power and telecommunications systems have started to converge, resulting in the possibilities of untethered co... | Engineering informatics | 0.808306 |
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