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24,400 | By triangulating 1-dimensional manifolds, one can show that they are always homeomorphic to disjoint copies of the real line and the unit sphere S 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {S} ^{1}} . Moreover, surfaces, i.e. 2-manifolds, can be classified completely: Let S {\displaystyle S} be a compact surface. If S {\displaystyle S}... | Triangulation (topology) | 0.808226 |
24,401 | As in the previous construction, by the topology induced by gluing, the closed sets in this space are the subsets being closed in the subspace topology of each simplex Δ F {\displaystyle \Delta _{F}} . The simplicial complex T n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T_{n}}}} , which consists of all simplices T {\displaystyle {\mat... | Triangulation (topology) | 0.808226 |
24,402 | A geometric simplicial complex S ⊂ R n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}} is a union of geometric simplices such that If S {\displaystyle S} is a simplex in S {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}} , then all its faces are in S {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}} . If S , T {\displaystyle S,T} are two distinct s... | Triangulation (topology) | 0.808226 |
24,403 | If f = i d {\displaystyle f=id} , this number is the Euler characteristic of K {\displaystyle K} . The fixpoint theorem states that whenever L K ( f ) ≠ 0 {\displaystyle L_{K}(f)\neq 0} , f {\displaystyle f} has a fixed-point. In the proof this is first shown only for simplicial maps and then generalized for any contin... | Triangulation (topology) | 0.808226 |
24,404 | On the one hand, it is sometimes useful to forget about superfluous information of topological spaces: The replacement of the original spaces with simplicial complexes may help to recognize crucial properties and to gain a better understanding of the considered object. On the other hand, simplicial complexes are object... | Triangulation (topology) | 0.808226 |
24,405 | There is no net flow of water through the membrane. Osmosis can be demonstrated when potato slices are added to a high salt solution. The water from inside the potato moves out to the solution, causing the potato to shrink and to lose its 'turgor pressure'. The more concentrated the salt solution, the bigger the loss i... | Osmotic gradient | 0.808226 |
24,406 | Permeability depends on solubility, charge, or chemistry, as well as solute size. Water molecules travel through the plasma membrane, tonoplast membrane (vacuole) or organelle membranes by diffusing across the phospholipid bilayer via aquaporins (small transmembrane proteins similar to those responsible for facilitated... | Osmotic gradient | 0.808226 |
24,407 | Because SNP array karyotyping can be performed on paraffin embedded tumors, it is an attractive option when tumor cells fail to grow in culture for metaphase cytogenetics or when the desire for karyotyping arises after the specimen has been formalin fixed.The importance of detecting acquired UPD (copy neutral LOH) in g... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,408 | Unlike karyotypes obtained from conventional cytogenetics, virtual karyotypes are reconstructed by computer programs using signals obtained from disrupted DNA. In essence, the computer program will correct translocations when it lines up the signals in chromosomal order. Therefore, virtual karyotypes cannot detect bala... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,409 | Genome-wide assessment of copy number changes can be done by conventional cytogenetics or virtual karyotyping. SNP array virtual karyotyping can detect copy number changes and LOH status, while arrayCGH can detect only copy number changes. Copy neutral LOH (acquired uniparental disomy) has been reported at key loci in ... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,410 | Cytogenetics, the study of characteristic large changes in the chromosomes of cancer cells, has been increasingly recognized as an important predictor of outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).NB: Balanced translocations cannot be detected by array-based karyotyping (see Limitations below). Some cytogenetic subt... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,411 | In the context of cancer biology, amplifications are often seen in oncogenes. This could indicate a worse prognosis, help categorize the tumor, or indicate drug eligibility. An example of drug eligibility is Her2Neu amplification and Herceptin, and an image of Her2Neu amplification detected by SNP array virtual karyoty... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,412 | Avet-Loiseau, et al. in Journal of Clinical Oncology, used SNP array karyotyping of 192 multiple myeloma (MM) samples to identify genetic lesions associated with prognosis, which were then validated in a separate cohort (n = 273). In MM, lack of a proliferative clone makes conventional cytogenetics informative in only ... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,413 | Acquired UPD is quite common in both hematologic and solid tumors, and is reported to constitute 20 to 80% of the LOH seen in human tumors. Acquired UPD can serve as the 2nd hit in the Knudson Two Hit Hypothesis of Tumorigenesis, and thus can be the biological equivalent of a deletion. Because this type of lesion canno... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,414 | A virtual karyotype can be generated from nearly any tumor, but the clinical meaning of the genomic aberrations identified are different for each tumor type. Clinical utility varies and appropriateness is best determined by an oncologist or pathologist in consultation with the laboratory director of the lab performing ... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,415 | Renal epithelial neoplasms have characteristic cytogenetic aberrations that can aid in classification. See also Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology. Clear cell carcinoma: loss of 3p Papillary carcinoma: trisomy 7 and 17 Chromophobe carcinoma: hypodiploid with loss of chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, ... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,416 | It contains 1.8 million polymorphic and non-polymorphic markers for a practical resolution of 10-20kb—about the size of a gene. This is approximately 1000-fold greater resolution than karyotypes obtained from conventional cytogenetics.Virtual karyotypes can be performed on germline samples for constitutional disorders,... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,417 | Virtual karyotypes have dramatically higher resolution than conventional cytogenetics. The actual resolution will depend on the density of probes on the array. Currently, the Affymetrix SNP6.0 is the highest density commercially available array for virtual karyotyping applications. | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,418 | Both deletion and 17p copy neutral LOH, were associated with a complex karyotype, a poor prognostic marker in myeloid malignancies. Copy neutral LOH (acquired UPD)is readily detectably by SNP array karyotype, but not by cytogenetics, FISH, or array CGH. Blast phase patients with loss of chromosomal material on 7q showe... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,419 | Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) has remarkable clinical, morphological, and genetic heterogeneity. Cytogenetics play a decisive role in the World Health Organization's classification-based International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) for MDS. Good Prognosis: normal karyotype, isolated del(5q), isolated del(20q), -Y Po... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,420 | Of these, 14 were copy neutral LOH (or acquired UPD), which is detectable by SNP array karyotyping, but not by FISH, cytogenetics, or arrayCGH. MLPA detected a single exon homozygous deletion in one sample that was below the resolution of the SNP array.SNP array karyotyping can be used to distinguish, for example, a me... | Virtual Karyotype | 0.808224 |
24,421 | Denotes parallelism in elementary geometry: if PQ and RS are two lines, P Q ∥ R S {\displaystyle PQ\parallel RS} means that they are parallel. 2. Parallel, an arithmetical operation used in electrical engineering for modeling parallel resistors: x ∥ y = 1 1 x + 1 y {\displaystyle x\parallel y={\frac {1}{{\frac {1}{x}}+... | Table of mathematical symbols | 0.808222 |
24,422 | In topology, M # N {\displaystyle M\#N} denotes the connected sum of two manifolds or two knots. ∈ Denotes set membership, and is read "in" or "belongs to". That is, x ∈ S {\displaystyle x\in S} means that x is an element of the set S. | Table of mathematical symbols | 0.808222 |
24,423 | In the quantum-mechanical formalism, the two observables x {\displaystyle x} and p {\displaystyle p} correspond to operators x ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {x}}} and p ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {p\,}}} , which necessarily satisfy the canonical commutation relation: For every non-zero commutator of two operators, there e... | Conjugate variable | 0.808218 |
24,424 | In quantum mechanics, conjugate variables are realized as pairs of observables whose operators do not commute. In conventional terminology, they are said to be incompatible observables. Consider, as an example, the measurable quantities given by position ( x ) {\displaystyle \left(x\right)} and momentum ( p ) {\display... | Conjugate variable | 0.808218 |
24,425 | So Euclidean geometry itself (in Tarski's formulation) is an example of a complete, consistent, effectively axiomatized theory. The system of Presburger arithmetic consists of a set of axioms for the natural numbers with just the addition operation (multiplication is omitted). Presburger arithmetic is complete, consist... | Gödel's incompleteness theory | 0.808217 |
24,426 | The theory of algebraically closed fields of a given characteristic is complete, consistent, and has an infinite but recursively enumerable set of axioms. However it is not possible to encode the integers into this theory, and the theory cannot describe arithmetic of integers. A similar example is the theory of real cl... | Gödel's incompleteness theory | 0.808217 |
24,427 | The incompleteness theorems apply only to formal systems which are able to prove a sufficient collection of facts about the natural numbers. One sufficient collection is the set of theorems of Robinson arithmetic Q. Some systems, such as Peano arithmetic, can directly express statements about natural numbers. Others, s... | Gödel's incompleteness theory | 0.808217 |
24,428 | (Wang 1996, p. 179) Since the publication of Wittgenstein's Nachlass in 2000, a series of papers in philosophy have sought to evaluate whether the original criticism of Wittgenstein's remarks was justified. Floyd & Putnam (2000) argue that Wittgenstein had a more complete understanding of the incompleteness theorem tha... | Gödel's incompleteness theory | 0.808217 |
24,429 | He intentionally utters trivially nonsensical statements" (Wang 1996, p. 179), and wrote to Karl Menger that Wittgenstein's comments demonstrate a misunderstanding of the incompleteness theorems writing: It is clear from the passages you cite that Wittgenstein did not understand (or pretended not to understand it). He... | Gödel's incompleteness theory | 0.808217 |
24,430 | The unanimity of this criticism caused Wittgenstein's remarks on the incompleteness theorems to have little impact on the logic community. In 1972, Gödel stated: "Has Wittgenstein lost his mind? Does he mean it seriously? | Gödel's incompleteness theory | 0.808217 |
24,431 | Ludwig Wittgenstein wrote several passages about the incompleteness theorems that were published posthumously in his 1953 Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, in particular one section sometimes called the "notorious paragraph" where he seems to confuse the notions of "true" and "provable" in Russell's system. Gö... | Gödel's incompleteness theory | 0.808217 |
24,432 | The model is formulated in such a way that given X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} , Y i {\displaystyle Y_{i}} are independent (conditional independence of the observable variables given the Markov random field). In the vast majority of the related literature, the number of possible latent states is considered a user-defined c... | Hidden Markov random field | 0.808214 |
24,433 | In statistics, a hidden Markov random field is a generalization of a hidden Markov model. Instead of having an underlying Markov chain, hidden Markov random fields have an underlying Markov random field. Suppose that we observe a random variable Y i {\displaystyle Y_{i}} , where i ∈ S {\displaystyle i\in S} . Hidden Ma... | Hidden Markov random field | 0.808214 |
24,434 | In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms) takes up a photon's energy — and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy).A notable effect of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is attenuation o... | Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) | 0.808213 |
24,435 | In discussing the coastline of Britain, Benoit Mandelbrot showed that certain spatial concepts are inherently nonsensical despite presumption of their validity. Lengths in ecology depend directly on the scale at which they are measured and experienced. So while surveyors commonly measure the length of a river, this len... | Spatial Analysis | 0.808212 |
24,436 | Because rainfall exhibits properties of autocorrelation, spatial interpolation techniques can be used to estimate rainfall amounts at locations near measured locations.As with other types of statistical dependence, the presence of spatial dependence generally leads to estimates of an average value from a sample being l... | Spatial Analysis | 0.808212 |
24,437 | Scaling up of enzyme production requires optimization of the fermentation process. Most enzymes are produced under aerobic conditions, and as a result, require constant oxygen input, impacting fermenter design. Due to variations in the distribution of dissolved oxygen, as well as temperature, pH, and nutrients, the tra... | Industrial enzymes | 0.808209 |
24,438 | The boundary of the n-dimensional ball, that is, the (n−1)-sphere, is not a retract of the ball. (See Brouwer fixed-point theorem § A proof using homology or cohomology.) | Deformation retract | 0.808208 |
24,439 | There are over 80 mammalian genes that encode potassium channel subunits. However potassium channels found in bacteria are amongst the most studied of ion channels, in terms of their molecular structure. Using X-ray crystallography, profound insights have been gained into how potassium ions pass through these channels ... | Potassium channels | 0.808208 |
24,440 | These structures are represented by groups covering lagged dependent variables and groups of lags for a single (high-frequency) covariate. To that end, the machine learning MIDAS approach exploits the sparse-group LASSO (sg-LASSO) regularization that accommodates conveniently such structures. The attractive feature of ... | Mixed-data sampling | 0.808208 |
24,441 | The MIDAS can also be used for machine learning time series and panel data nowcasting. The machine learning MIDAS regressions involve Legendre polynomials. High-dimensional mixed frequency time series regressions involve certain data structures that once taken into account should improve the performance of unrestricted... | Mixed-data sampling | 0.808208 |
24,442 | In physics, a Cauchy-elastic material is one in which the stress at each point is determined only by the current state of deformation with respect to an arbitrary reference configuration. A Cauchy-elastic material is also called a simple elastic material. It follows from this definition that the stress in a Cauchy-elas... | Cauchy elasticity | 0.808206 |
24,443 | Such distinctions can often be loosely correlated with data type in computer science, in that dichotomous categorical variables may be represented with the Boolean data type, polytomous categorical variables with arbitrarily assigned integers in the integral data type, and continuous variables with the real data type i... | Statistics | 0.808205 |
24,444 | Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, including natural and social sciences, government, and business. Business statistics applies statistical methods in econometrics, auditing and production and operations, including services improvement and marketing research. A study of two journals in ... | Statistics | 0.808205 |
24,445 | However, by the Pythagorean theorem, a corresponding triangle in a continuous space—a triangle whose height and length are n—will have a hypotenuse measuring n 2 {\displaystyle n{\sqrt {2}}} units long. To show that the former result does not converge to the latter for arbitrary values of n, one can examine the percent... | Weyl's tile argument | 0.808202 |
24,446 | In philosophy, the Weyl's tile argument, introduced by Hermann Weyl in 1949, is an argument against the notion that physical space is "discrete", as if composed of a number of finite sized units or tiles. The argument purports to show a distance function approximating Pythagoras' theorem on a discrete space cannot be d... | Weyl's tile argument | 0.808202 |
24,447 | This when expressed in asymptotic terms, gives us an error probability of 2 − Ω ( γ N ) {\displaystyle 2^{-\Omega (\gamma N)}} . Thus the achieved decoding error probability of C ∗ {\displaystyle C^{*}} is exponentially small as the noisy-channel coding theorem. | Binary symmetric channel | 0.808201 |
24,448 | Very recently, a lot of work has been done and is also being done to design explicit error-correcting codes to achieve the capacities of several standard communication channels. The motivation behind designing such codes is to relate the rate of the code with the fraction of errors which it can correct. The approach be... | Binary symmetric channel | 0.808201 |
24,449 | ( D {\displaystyle D} is called a maximum likelihood decoding function.) The proof continues by showing that at least one such choice ( E , D ) {\displaystyle (E,D)} satisfies the conclusion of theorem, by integration over the probabilities. | Binary symmetric channel | 0.808201 |
24,450 | The theorem can be proved directly with a probabilistic method. Consider an encoding function E: { 0 , 1 } k → { 0 , 1 } n {\displaystyle E:\{0,1\}^{k}\to \{0,1\}^{n}} that is selected at random. This means that for each message m ∈ { 0 , 1 } k {\displaystyle m\in \{0,1\}^{k}} , the value E ( m ) ∈ { 0 , 1 } n {\displa... | Binary symmetric channel | 0.808201 |
24,451 | For the inner code C in {\displaystyle C_{\text{in}}} we find a linear code by exhaustively searching from the linear code of block length n {\displaystyle n} and dimension k {\displaystyle k} , whose rate meets the capacity of BSC p {\displaystyle {\text{BSC}}_{p}} , by the noisy-channel coding theorem. The rate R ( C... | Binary symmetric channel | 0.808201 |
24,452 | Forney constructed a concatenated code C ∗ = C out ∘ C in {\displaystyle C^{*}=C_{\text{out}}\circ C_{\text{in}}} to achieve the capacity of the noisy-channel coding theorem for BSC p {\displaystyle {\text{BSC}}_{p}} . In his code, The outer code C out {\displaystyle C_{\text{out}}} is a code of block length N {\displa... | Binary symmetric channel | 0.808201 |
24,453 | The noisy-channel coding theorem applies to BSCp, saying that information can be transmitted at any rate up to the channel capacity with arbitrarily low error. The channel capacity is 1 − H b ( p ) {\displaystyle 1-\operatorname {H} _{\text{b}}(p)} bits, where H b {\displaystyle \operatorname {H} _{\text{b}}} is the ... | Binary symmetric channel | 0.808201 |
24,454 | The converse of the capacity theorem essentially states that 1 − H ( p ) {\displaystyle 1-H(p)} is the best rate one can achieve over a binary symmetric channel. Formally the theorem states: The intuition behind the proof is however showing the number of errors to grow rapidly as the rate grows beyond the channel capac... | Binary symmetric channel | 0.808201 |
24,455 | Shannon's noisy-channel coding theorem gives a result about the rate of information that can be transmitted through a communication channel with arbitrarily low error. We study the particular case of BSC p {\displaystyle {\text{BSC}}_{p}} . The noise e {\displaystyle e} that characterizes BSC p {\displaystyle {\text{BS... | Binary symmetric channel | 0.808201 |
24,456 | This increasing non-linearity in the models and observation operators poses a new problem in the data assimilation. The existing data assimilation methods such as many variants of ensemble Kalman filters and variational methods, well established with linear or near-linear models, are being assessed on non-linear models... | Data assimilation | 0.808201 |
24,457 | Data assimilation is a mathematical discipline that seeks to optimally combine theory (usually in the form of a numerical model) with observations. There may be a number of different goals sought – for example, to determine the optimal state estimate of a system, to determine initial conditions for a numerical forecast... | Data assimilation | 0.808201 |
24,458 | One of the common mathematical philosophical perspectives is to view data assimilation as a Bayesian estimation problem. From this perspective, the analysis step is an application of Bayes' theorem and the overall assimilation procedure is an example of recursive Bayesian estimation. However, the probabilistic analysis... | Data assimilation | 0.808201 |
24,459 | This discipline, though not focused on improving human reasoning outcomes as an end goal, is one in which the need for such improvement has been explicitly recognized, though the term "cognitive bias mitigation" is not universally used. One study identifies specific steps to counter the effects of confirmation bias in ... | Cognitive bias mitigation | 0.808199 |
24,460 | In this view, System 2 is slow, simple-minded and lazy, usually defaulting to System 1 advisories and overriding them only when intensively trained to do so or when cognitive dissonance would result. In this view, our 'heuristic toolkit' resides largely in System 1, conforming to the view of cognitive biases being unco... | Cognitive bias mitigation | 0.808199 |
24,461 | Game theory, a discipline with roots in economics and system dynamics, is a method of studying strategic decision making in situations involving multi-step interactions with multiple agents with or without perfect information. As with decision theory, the theoretical underpinning of game theory assumes that all decisio... | Cognitive bias mitigation | 0.808199 |
24,462 | Decision theory, a discipline with its roots grounded in neo-classical economics, is explicitly focused on human reasoning, judgment, choice and decision making, primarily in 'one-shot games' between two agents with or without perfect information. The theoretical underpinning of decision theory assumes that all decisio... | Cognitive bias mitigation | 0.808199 |
24,463 | Anthropologists have provided generally accepted scenarios of how our progenitors lived and what was important in their lives. These scenarios of social, political, and economic organization are not uniform throughout history or geography, but there is a degree of stability throughout the Paleolithic era, and the Holoc... | Cognitive bias mitigation | 0.808199 |
24,464 | However, a study of software engineering professionals suggests that for the task of estimating software projects, despite the strong analytical aspect of this task, standards of performance focusing on workplace social context were much more dominant than formal analytical methods. This finding, if generalizable to ot... | Cognitive bias mitigation | 0.808199 |
24,465 | Intensive situational training is capable of providing individuals with what appears to be cognitive bias mitigation in decision making, but amounts to a fixed strategy of selecting the single best response to recognized situations regardless of the 'noise' in the environment. Studies and anecdotes reported in popular-... | Cognitive bias mitigation | 0.808199 |
24,466 | Neuroscience offers empirical support for the concept of segregating the human reasoning mechanism into System 1 and System 2, as described above, based on brain activity imaging experiments using fMRI technology. While this notion must remain speculative until further work is done, it appears to be a productive basis ... | Cognitive bias mitigation | 0.808199 |
24,467 | Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, has been used to investigate human learning and decision making.One technique particularly applicable to cognitive bias mitigation is neural network learning and choice selection, an approach inspired by the imagined structure and function of actual biological neur... | Cognitive bias mitigation | 0.808199 |
24,468 | Two distinct (but not incompatible) theories have emerged for how the nervous system coordinates redundant elements: simplification and optimization. In the simplification theory, complex movements and muscle actions are constructed from simpler ones, often known as primitives or synergies, resulting in a simpler syste... | Human motion | 0.808198 |
24,469 | See Patented via Nth Cycle for metal electro-extraction process.Electroextraction (EE) is a sample enrichment technique that focuses charged analytes from a large volume of one phase into a small volume of aqueous phase through the application of an electric current. The technique was originally developed as a separati... | Electroextraction | 0.808198 |
24,470 | It isn't necessary to use SpatiaLite to manage spatial data in SQLite, which has its own implementation of R-tree indexes and geometry types. But SpatiaLite is needed for advanced spatial queries and to support multiple map projections. SpatiaLite is provided natively for Linux and Windows as a software library as well... | SpatiaLite | 0.808195 |
24,471 | In software engineering, code coverage is a percentage measure of the degree to which the source code of a program is executed when a particular test suite is run. A program with high test coverage has more of its source code executed during testing, which suggests it has a lower chance of containing undetected softwar... | Code coverage | 0.808194 |
24,472 | In theoretical physics, the Mandelstam variables are numerical quantities that encode the energy, momentum, and angles of particles in a scattering process in a Lorentz-invariant fashion. They are used for scattering processes of two particles to two particles. The Mandelstam variables were first introduced by physicis... | Mandelstam variables | 0.808189 |
24,473 | The Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education (GAISE) are a framework for statistics education in grades Pre-K–12 published by the American Statistical Association (ASA) in 2007. The foundations for this framework are the Principles and Standards for School Mathematics published by the National ... | Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education | 0.808186 |
24,474 | The GAISE document provides a two-dimensional framework, specifying four components used in statistical problem solving (formulating questions, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting results) and three levels of conceptual understanding through which a student should progress (Levels A, B, and C). A direct p... | Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education | 0.808186 |
24,475 | The GAISE College Report begins by synthesizing the history and current understanding of introductory statistics courses and then lists goals for students based on statistical literacy. Six recommendations for introductory statistics courses are given, namely: Emphasize statistical thinking and literacy over other outc... | Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education | 0.808186 |
24,476 | The ISCB Accomplishment by a Senior Scientist Award is an annual prize awarded by the International Society for Computational Biology for contributions to the field of computational biology. | ISCB Senior Scientist Award | 0.808186 |
24,477 | Note that U is defined here according to the classic definition as the smaller of the two U values which can be computed from the data. This ensures that 2U < n1n2, as n1n2 is the maximum value of the U statistics. | Standardized mean difference | 0.808186 |
24,478 | Sample-based effect sizes are distinguished from test statistics used in hypothesis testing, in that they estimate the strength (magnitude) of, for example, an apparent relationship, rather than assigning a significance level reflecting whether the magnitude of the relationship observed could be due to chance. The effe... | Standardized mean difference | 0.808186 |
24,479 | This can be clearly seen with Google Maps being the first thing displayed in most searches. The analytical firm Experian Hitwise stated that since 2007, MapQuest has had its traffic cut in half because of this. Other statistics from around the same time include Photobucket going from twenty percent of market share to o... | Personalized search | 0.808185 |
24,480 | The aspect of information overload is also prevalent when using search engine optimization. However, one means of managing information overload is through accessing value-added information—information that has been collected, processed, filtered, and personalized for each individual user in some way. For instance, Goog... | Personalized search | 0.808185 |
24,481 | This method captures a user's interests based on which links they click on in a results list, while downgrading unclicked links.The feature also has profound effects on the search engine optimization industry, due to the fact that search results will no longer be ranked the same way for every user. An example of this i... | Personalized search | 0.808185 |
24,482 | Pathway building has been performed by individual groups studying a network of interest (e.g., immune signaling pathway) as well as by large bioinformatics consortia (e.g., the Reactome Project) and commercial entities (e.g., Ingenuity Systems). Pathway building is the process of identifying and integrating the entitie... | Signaling cascade | 0.808184 |
24,483 | Studying whole transcriptional profiles and cataloging protein–protein interactions has yielded much valuable biological information, from the genome or proteome to the physiology of an organism, an organ, a tissue or even a single cell. The Reactome database containing a framework of possible reactions which, when com... | Signaling cascade | 0.808184 |
24,484 | Pyroglutamate is found in many proteins including bacteriorhodopsin. N-terminal glutamic acid and glutamine residues can spontaneously cyclize to become pyroglutamate, or enzymatically converted by glutaminyl cyclases. This is one of several forms of blocked N-termini which present a problem for N-terminal sequencing u... | Pyroglutamic acid | 0.808184 |
24,485 | PERM (German: Programmierbare (Programmgesteuerte) Elektronische Rechenanlage München, lit. 'Munich Programmable (Program Controlled) Electronic Computing System') is a stored-program-controlled electronic computer, built in Munich under the auspices of Hans Piloty and Robert Sauer 1952–1956. Some jokingly called it Pi... | PERM (computer) | 0.808183 |
24,486 | Therefore, while the model organism and the tissue samples provide an accurate approximation of the biology of neurological phenomena, these approaches do not provide a complete and precise picture of the exact processes underlying a phenotype or a disease. Neuroepigenetics had also remained underdeveloped due to the c... | Neuroepigenetics | 0.808181 |
24,487 | The field has only recently seen a growth in interest, as well as in research, due to technological advancements that facilitate better resolution of the minute modifications made to DNA. However, even with the significant advances in technology, studying the biology of neurological phenomena, such as cognition and add... | Neuroepigenetics | 0.808181 |
24,488 | Neuroepigenetics is the study of how epigenetic changes to genes affect the nervous system. These changes may effect underlying conditions such as addiction, cognition, and neurological development. | Neuroepigenetics | 0.808181 |
24,489 | The Kruskal–Katona theorem relating the size of a family of equal-sized sets and the size of the family of subsets of its sets of a smaller equal size. Cap sets and the sunflower conjecture on families of sets with equal pairwise intersection. Open problems including Frankl's union-closed sets conjecture.Many other res... | Extremal Problems For Finite Sets | 0.808181 |
24,490 | The book has 32 chapters. Its topics include: Sperner's theorem, on the largest antichain in the family of subsets of a given finite set. The Sauer–Shelah lemma, on the largest size of a family of sets that avoids shattering any set of given size. The Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem, on the largest pairwise-intersecting family o... | Extremal Problems For Finite Sets | 0.808181 |
24,491 | In the future, big data analysis will constantly be improving. Artificial Intelligence and machine learning will be constantly improving and developing as it receives new data. Alerts will also be more intelligent and efficient than the current systems. | Clinical laboratory science | 0.808177 |
24,492 | Healthcare providers will be able to enter the notes via speech-to-text transcriptions in real-time.Dr. Wachter stated that information will be edited collaboratively across the patient-care team to improve the quality. Also, natural language processing will be more developed to help parse out keywords. | Clinical laboratory science | 0.808177 |
24,493 | As such, pills can be designed more efficiently and conveniently. In the future, doctors might be giving a digital file of printing instructions instead of a prescription.Besides, 3D printing will be more useful in medical implants. An example includes a surgical team that has designed a tracheal splint made by 3D prin... | Clinical laboratory science | 0.808177 |
24,494 | 3D printing is precise to design pills to house several drugs due to different release times. The technology allows the pills to transport to the targeted area and degrade safely in the body. | Clinical laboratory science | 0.808177 |
24,495 | 3D printing is the use of specialized machines, software programs and materials to automate the process of building certain objects. It is having a rapid growth in the prosthesis, medical implants, novel drug formulations and the bioprinting of human tissues and organs.Companies such as Surgical Theater, provide new te... | Clinical laboratory science | 0.808177 |
24,496 | Modern robotics have made huge progress and contribution to healthcare. Robots can help doctors in performing variety tasks. Robotics adoption is increasing tremendously in hospitals . The following are different ways to improve healthcare by using robots: Surgical robots are one of the robotic systems, which allows a ... | Clinical laboratory science | 0.808177 |
24,497 | The system is equipped with a 3D magnification vision system that can translate the hand movements of the surgeon to be precise in-order to perform a surgery with minimal incisions. Other robotics systems include the ability to diagnose and treat cancers. Many scientists began working on creating a next-generation robo... | Clinical laboratory science | 0.808177 |
24,498 | The Lie algebra s u ( n ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {su}}(n)} of SU ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {SU} (n)} consists of n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} skew-Hermitian matrices with trace zero. This (real) Lie algebra has dimension n 2 − 1 {\displaystyle n^{2}-1} . More information about the structure of this Lie... | Special unitary group | 0.808176 |
24,499 | = Sp(1), and U(1) = Spin(2) = SO(2). One may finally mention that SU(2) is the double covering group of SO(3), a relation that plays an important role in the theory of rotations of 2-spinors in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. | Special unitary group | 0.808176 |
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