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28,500 | Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of inte... | Scientific discipline | 0.806017 |
28,501 | Biochemistry, or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. It is a sub-discipline of both biology and chemistry, and from a reductionist point of view it is fundamental in biology. Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, and p... | Scientific discipline | 0.806017 |
28,502 | Space science is the study of everything in outer space. This has sometimes been called astronomy, but recently astronomy has come to be regarded as a division of broader space science, which has grown to include other related fields, such as studying issues related to space travel and space exploration (including spac... | Scientific discipline | 0.806017 |
28,503 | Certain research areas are interdisciplinary, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, which means that the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries physicalism emerged as a major unifying feature of the philosophy of science as physics provides fundamental explanations ... | Scientific discipline | 0.806017 |
28,504 | Physics (from Ancient Greek: φύσις, romanized: physis, lit. 'nature') is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behav... | Scientific discipline | 0.806017 |
28,505 | Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena. There is a difference... | Scientific discipline | 0.806017 |
28,506 | Oceanography, or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean. It covers a wide range of topics, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the seafloor; and fluxes of various chemical substances a... | Scientific discipline | 0.806017 |
28,507 | Mathematics, in the broadest sense, is just a synonym of formal science; but traditionally mathematics means more specifically the coalition of four areas: arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and analysis, which are, to some degree, the study of quantity, structure, space, and change respectively. | Scientific discipline | 0.806017 |
28,508 | Logic (from Greek: λογική, logikḗ, 'possessed of reason, intellectual, dialectical, argumentative') is the systematic study of valid rules of inference, i.e. the relations that lead to the acceptance of one proposition (the conclusion) on the basis of a set of other propositions (premises). More broadly, logic is the a... | Scientific discipline | 0.806017 |
28,509 | Life science, also known as biology, is the natural science that studies life such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings, – including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development, and evolution. Despite the complexity of the science,... | Scientific discipline | 0.806017 |
28,510 | This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to aerospace engineering. For a broad overview of engineering, see List of engineering topics. For biographies, see List of engineers. | Index of aerospace engineering articles | 0.806013 |
28,511 | De Laval nozzle — Deflection — Delta-v — Delta-v budget — Density — Derivative — Digital Datcom — Displacement (vector) — DO-178B — DO-254 — Drag (physics) — Drag coefficient — Drag equation — Dual mode propulsion rocket — Delta wing — | Index of aerospace engineering articles | 0.806013 |
28,512 | Balloon — Ballute — Beam-powered propulsion — Bernoulli's equation — Bi-elliptic transfer — Big dumb booster — Bipropellant rocket — Bleed air — Booster rocket — Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program — Buoyancy — Bussard ramjet — | Index of aerospace engineering articles | 0.806013 |
28,513 | Parallel axes rule — Parasitic drag — Parawing — Perpendicular axes rule — Physics — Planetary orbit — Plasma (physics) — Plug nozzle — Pogo oscillation — Prandtl-Glauert singularity — Precession — Pressure — Pressure altitude — Pressure-fed engine — Propeller — Proper orbital elements — Pulsed inductive thruster — Pul... | Index of aerospace engineering articles | 0.806013 |
28,514 | Ablative laser propulsion — Absolute value — Acceleration — Action — Advanced Space Vision System — Aeroacoustics — Aerobrake — Aerobraking — Aerocapture — Aerodynamics — Aeroelasticity — Aeronautical abbreviations — Aeronautics — Aerospace engineering — Aerospike engine — Aerostat — Aft-crossing trajectory — Aileron —... | Index of aerospace engineering articles | 0.806013 |
28,515 | SABRE — Satellite — Saturn (rocket family) — Scalar (physics) — Schlieren — Schlieren photography — Scramjet — Second moment of area — Shock wave — SI — Single-stage to orbit — Skyhook (structure) — Stream function — Streamline — Solar panel — Solar sail — Solar thermal rocket — Solid of revolution — Solid rocket — Sou... | Index of aerospace engineering articles | 0.806013 |
28,516 | Nanotechnology — NASA — Navier–Stokes equations — Newton (unit) — Newton's laws of motion — Nose cone design — Nozzle — | Index of aerospace engineering articles | 0.806013 |
28,517 | Kepler's laws of planetary motion — Kessler syndrome — Kestrel rocket engine — Kinetic energy — Kite — Kutta condition — Kutta–Joukowski theorem — | Index of aerospace engineering articles | 0.806013 |
28,518 | Endgames can be classified by the material on the board. The standard classification system lists each player's material, including the kings, in the following order: king, queen, bishops, knights, rooks, pawn. Each piece is designated by its algebraic symbol. For example, if White has a king and pawn, and Black has on... | King and pawn endgame | 0.806012 |
28,519 | Writers Victor Korchnoi, John Emms, and James Howell, attribute the quote to Tartakower, whereas Dvoretsky, Andrew Soltis, Karsten Müller, and Kaufeld & Kern attribute it to Tarrasch. John Watson attributed to Tarrasch "by legend" and says that statistics do not support the statement. Benko wonders if it was due to Vas... | King and pawn endgame | 0.806012 |
28,520 | In transformation geometry there are compositions AB. Starting with a row vector v, the right action of the composed transformation is w = vAB. After transposition, w T = ( v A B ) T = ( A B ) T v T = B T A T v T . | Partial transformation | 0.806009 |
28,521 | Many geometric transformations are expressed with linear algebra. The bijective linear transformations are elements of a general linear group. The linear transformation A is non-singular. For a row vector v, the matrix product vA gives another row vector w = vA. | Partial transformation | 0.806009 |
28,522 | The ATOC project was embroiled in issues concerning the effects of acoustics on marine mammals (e.g. whales, porpoises, sea lions, etc.). Public discussion was complicated by technical issues from a variety of disciplines (physical oceanography, acoustics, marine mammal biology, etc.) that makes understanding the effec... | Acoustic thermometry | 0.806008 |
28,523 | introduction to NMR and MRI Richard Ernst, NL – Developer of multidimensional NMR techniques Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust. 'An Interview with Kurt Wuthrich' Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust (Wüthrich was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002 "for his development of nuclear magnetic res... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,524 | Through-bond interactions relate to structural connectivity of the atoms and provide information about which ones are directly connected to each other, connected by way of a single other intermediate atom, etc. Through-space interactions relate to actual geometric distances and angles, including effects of dipolar coup... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,525 | A central concept in NMR is the precession of the spin magnetization around the magnetic field at the nucleus, with the angular frequency where ω = 2 π ν {\displaystyle \omega =2\pi \nu } relates to the oscillation frequency ν {\displaystyle \nu } and B is the magnitude of the field. This means that the spin magnetizat... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,526 | His work during that project on the production and detection of radio frequency power and on the absorption of such RF power by matter laid the foundation for his discovery of NMR in bulk matter.Rabi, Bloch, and Purcell observed that magnetic nuclei, like 1H and 31P, could absorb RF energy when placed in a magnetic fie... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,527 | Nuclear magnetic resonance was first described and measured in molecular beams by Isidor Rabi in 1938, by extending the Stern–Gerlach experiment, and in 1944, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. In 1946, Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell expanded the technique for use on liquids and solids, fo... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,528 | Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is widely used to determine the structure of organic molecules in solution and study molecular physics and crystals as well as non-crystalline materials. NMR is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging techniques, such as in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The most commo... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,529 | NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal techniques used to obtain physical, chemical, electronic and structural information about molecules due to the chemical shift of the resonance frequencies of the nuclear spins in the sample. Peak splittings due to J- or dipolar couplings between nuclei are also useful. NMR spect... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,530 | NMR quantum computing uses the spin states of nuclei within molecules as qubits. NMR differs from other implementations of quantum computers in that it uses an ensemble of systems; in this case, molecules. | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,531 | NMR is extensively used in medicine in the form of magnetic resonance imaging. NMR is used in organic chemistry and industrially mainly for analysis of chemicals. The technique is also used to measure the ratio between water and fat in foods, monitor the flow of corrosive fluids in pipes, or to study molecular structur... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,532 | NMR has now entered the arena of real-time process control and process optimization in oil refineries and petrochemical plants. Two different types of NMR analysis are utilized to provide real time analysis of feeds and products in order to control and optimize unit operations. Time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) spectrometers op... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,533 | In order to obtain the frequency-domain NMR spectrum (NMR absorption intensity vs. NMR frequency) this time-domain signal (intensity vs. time) must be Fourier transformed. Fortunately, the development of Fourier transform (FT) NMR coincided with the development of digital computers and the digital fast Fourier transfor... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,534 | 35Cl is significantly more sensitive, preferred over 37Cl despite its slightly broader signal. Organic chlorides yield very broad signals. Its use is limited to inorganic and ionic chlorides and very small organic molecules. 43Ca, used in biochemistry to study calcium binding to DNA, proteins, etc. Moderately sensitive... | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,535 | Spectra tend to have a moderate amount of noise. Used in biochemical studies and in coordination chemistry with phosphorus-containing ligands. 35Cl and 37Cl, broad signal. | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 0.806007 |
28,536 | Other commands for assessing system performance include: uptime – the system reliability and load average top – for an overall system view vmstat – vmstat reports information about runnable or blocked processes, memory, paging, block I/O, traps, and CPU. htop – interactive process viewer dool (formerly dstat), atop – h... | Load (computing) | 0.806006 |
28,537 | The word rheometer comes from the Greek, and means a device for measuring main flow. In the 19th century it was commonly used for devices to measure electric current, until the word was supplanted by galvanometer and ammeter. It was also used for the measurement of the flow of liquids, in medical practice (flow of bloo... | Rheometer | 0.806006 |
28,538 | Four basic shearing planes can be defined according to their geometry, Couette drag plate flow Cylindrical flow Poiseuille flow in a tube and Plate-plate flowThe various types of shear rheometers then use one or a combination of these geometries. | Rheometer | 0.806006 |
28,539 | A dynamic shear rheometer, commonly known as DSR is used for research and development as well as for quality control in the manufacturing of a wide range of materials. Dynamic shear rheometers have been used since 1993 when Superpave was used for characterising and understanding high temperature rheological properties ... | Rheometer | 0.806006 |
28,540 | To determine the crystallographic orientation of the grains in the considered sample, the following software packages are in use: Fable and GrainSpotter. Reconstructing the 3D shape of the grains is nontrivial and three approaches are available to do so, respectively based on simple back-projection, forward projection,... | Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction | 0.806004 |
28,541 | Since different grains satisfy the Bragg condition at different angles, the sample is rotated to probe the complete sample structure. Crucial for 3DXRD is the idea to mimic a three-dimensional detector by positioning a number of two-dimensional detectors at different distances from the centre of rotation of the sample,... | Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction | 0.806004 |
28,542 | In mathematics, an integrodifference equation is a recurrence relation on a function space, of the following form: n t + 1 ( x ) = ∫ Ω k ( x , y ) f ( n t ( y ) ) d y , {\displaystyle n_{t+1}(x)=\int _{\Omega }k(x,y)\,f(n_{t}(y))\,dy,} where { n t } {\displaystyle \{n_{t}\}\,} is a sequence in the function space and Ω ... | Integrodifference equation | 0.806003 |
28,543 | In theoretical computer science, multiparty communication complexity is the study of communication complexity in the setting where there are more than 2 players. In the traditional two–party communication game, introduced by Yao (1979), two players, P1 and P2 attempt to compute a Boolean function f ( x 1 , x 2 ): { 0 ,... | Multiparty communication complexity | 0.806001 |
28,544 | The systems engineering process (SEP) provides a path for improving the cost-effectiveness of complex systems as experienced by the system owner over the entire life of the system, from conception to retirement.It involves early and comprehensive identification of goals, a concept of operations that describes user need... | V-model | 0.806001 |
28,545 | It was the foundation of Sequential Thematic Organization of Publications (STOP) created by Hughes in 1963 and used until Hughes was divested by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1985. The US Department of Defense puts the systems engineering process interactions into a V-model relationship.It has now found widesp... | V-model | 0.806001 |
28,546 | The US V-model, as documented in the 1991 proceedings for the National Council on Systems Engineering (NCOSE; now INCOSE as of 1995), was developed for satellite systems involving hardware, software, and human interaction. The V-model first appeared at Hughes Aircraft circa 1982 as part of the pre-proposal effort for t... | V-model | 0.806001 |
28,547 | It is sometimes said that validation can be expressed by the query "Are you building the right thing?" and verification by "Are you building it right?" In practice, the usage of these terms varies. The PMBOK guide, also adopted by the IEEE as a standard (jointly maintained by INCOSE, the Systems engineering Research Co... | V-model | 0.806001 |
28,548 | Machine learning has been recently used to predict the optimal makespan of a JSP instance without actually producing the optimal schedule. Preliminary results show an accuracy of around 80% when supervised machine learning methods were applied to classify small randomly generated JSP instances based on their optimal sc... | Job-shop problem | 0.805999 |
28,549 | The name originally came from the scheduling of jobs in a job shop, but the theme has wide applications beyond that type of instance. This problem is one of the best known combinatorial optimization problems, and was the first problem for which competitive analysis was presented, by Graham in 1966. Best problem instanc... | Job-shop problem | 0.805998 |
28,550 | Job-shop scheduling, the job-shop problem (JSP) or job-shop scheduling problem (JSSP) is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. It is a variant of optimal job scheduling. In a general job scheduling problem, we are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be ... | Job-shop problem | 0.805998 |
28,551 | Similarly to algebraic subvarieties, finite unions and intersections of semialgebraic sets are still semialgebraic sets. Furthermore, unlike subvarieties, the complement of a semialgebraic set is again semialgebraic. Finally, and most importantly, the Tarski–Seidenberg theorem says that they are also closed under the p... | Semialgebraic sets | 0.805998 |
28,552 | Then G = SL(1,D) is an anisotropic k-simple group. As mentioned above, G(k) is compact in the classical topology. Since it is also totally disconnected, G(k) is a profinite group (but not finite). As a result, G(k) contains infinitely many normal subgroups of finite index. | Reductive group | 0.805998 |
28,553 | In all known examples, W(k,G) is abelian. For an anisotropic k-simple group G, the abstract group G(k) can be far from simple. For example, let D be a division algebra with center a p-adic field k. Suppose that the dimension of D over k is finite and greater than 1. | Reductive group | 0.805998 |
28,554 | For k = F3, the theorem holds except for G of type A1.For a k-simple group G, in order to understand the whole group G(k), one can consider the Whitehead group W(k,G)=G(k)/G(k)+. For G simply connected and quasi-split, the Whitehead group is trivial, and so the whole group G(k) is simple modulo its center. More general... | Reductive group | 0.805998 |
28,555 | The proof uses Jacques Tits's machinery of BN-pairs. The exceptions for fields of order 2 or 3 are well understood. For k = F2, Tits's simplicity theorem remains valid except when G is split of type A1, B2, or G2, or non-split (that is, unitary) of type A2. | Reductive group | 0.805998 |
28,556 | For a simply connected split semisimple group G over a field k, Robert Steinberg gave an explicit presentation of the abstract group G(k). It is generated by copies of the additive group of k indexed by the roots of G (the root subgroups), with relations determined by the Dynkin diagram of G. For a simply connected spl... | Reductive group | 0.805998 |
28,557 | Likewise, the Artin–Wedderburn theorem reduces the classification of central simple algebras over a field to the case of division algebras. Generalizing these results, Tits showed that a reductive group over a field k is determined up to isomorphism by its Tits index together with its anisotropic kernel, an associated ... | Reductive group | 0.805998 |
28,558 | In seeking to classify reductive groups which need not be split, one step is the Tits index, which reduces the problem to the case of anisotropic groups. This reduction generalizes several fundamental theorems in algebra. For example, Witt's decomposition theorem says that a nondegenerate quadratic form over a field is... | Reductive group | 0.805998 |
28,559 | A group scheme G over a scheme S is called reductive if the morphism G → S is smooth and affine, and every geometric fiber G k ¯ {\displaystyle G_{\overline {k}}} is reductive. (For a point p in S, the corresponding geometric fiber means the base change of G to an algebraic closure k ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {k}}} o... | Reductive group | 0.805997 |
28,560 | In fact, every symmetric space of non-compact type arises this way. These are central examples in Riemannian geometry of manifolds with nonpositive sectional curvature. | Reductive group | 0.805997 |
28,561 | By definition, all finite coverings of SL(2,R) (such as the metaplectic group) are real reductive groups. On the other hand, the universal cover of SL(2,R) is not a real reductive group, even though its Lie algebra is reductive, that is, the product of a semisimple Lie algebra and an abelian Lie algebra. For a connecte... | Reductive group | 0.805997 |
28,562 | For example, the projective linear group PGL(2) is connected as an algebraic group over any field, but its group of real points PGL(2,R) has two connected components. The identity component of PGL(2,R) (sometimes called PSL(2,R)) is a real reductive group that cannot be viewed as an algebraic group. Similarly, SL(2) is... | Reductive group | 0.805997 |
28,563 | These are classified by their Satake diagram; or one can just refer to the list of simple Lie groups (up to finite coverings). Useful theories of admissible representations and unitary representations have been developed for real reductive groups in this generality. The main differences between this definition and the ... | Reductive group | 0.805997 |
28,564 | In the context of Lie groups rather than algebraic groups, a real reductive group is a Lie group G such that there is a linear algebraic group L over R whose identity component (in the Zariski topology) is reductive, and a homomorphism G → L(R) whose kernel is finite and whose image is open in L(R) (in the classical to... | Reductive group | 0.805997 |
28,565 | The classification of finite simple groups says that most finite simple groups arise as the group G(k) of k-rational points of a simple algebraic group G over a finite field k, or as minor variants of that construction. Reductive groups have a rich representation theory in various contexts. First, one can study the rep... | Reductive group | 0.805997 |
28,566 | Claude Chevalley showed that the classification of reductive groups is the same over any algebraically closed field. In particular, the simple algebraic groups are classified by Dynkin diagrams, as in the theory of compact Lie groups or complex semisimple Lie algebras. Reductive groups over an arbitrary field are harde... | Reductive group | 0.805997 |
28,567 | In mathematics, a reductive group is a type of linear algebraic group over a field. One definition is that a connected linear algebraic group G over a perfect field is reductive if it has a representation that has a finite kernel and is a direct sum of irreducible representations. Reductive groups include some of the m... | Reductive group | 0.805997 |
28,568 | This, and the overall delivery and timing of the announcement, in the absence of post-quantum standards, raised considerable speculation about whether NSA had found weaknesses e.g. in elliptic-curve algorithms or others, or was trying to distance itself from an exclusive focus on ECC for non-technical reasons.In Septem... | Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite | 0.805996 |
28,569 | The Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite (CNSA) is a set of cryptographic algorithms promulgated by the National Security Agency as a replacement for NSA Suite B Cryptography algorithms. It serves as the cryptographic base to protect US National Security Systems information up to the top secret level, while the... | Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite | 0.805996 |
28,570 | In both frames of reference, any change in momentum will be found to be consistent with the relevant laws of physics. Suppose x is a position in an inertial frame of reference. From the point of view of another frame of reference, moving at a constant speed u relative to the other, the position (represented by a primed... | Classical three-dimensional momentum | 0.805992 |
28,571 | The choice of the data structure is governed by the application, the performance required, size of the data, and the operations to be performed. For example, it is easier to deal with triangles than general polygons, especially in computational geometry. For certain operations it is necessary to have a fast access to t... | Polygon meshes | 0.805987 |
28,572 | In systems that support multi-sided faces, polygons and faces are equivalent. However, most rendering hardware supports only 3- or 4-sided faces, so polygons are represented as multiple faces. Mathematically a polygonal mesh may be considered an unstructured grid, or undirected graph, with additional properties of geom... | Polygon meshes | 0.805987 |
28,573 | For rendering, the face list is usually transmitted to the GPU as a set of indices to vertices, and the vertices are sent as position/color/normal structures (in the figure, only position is given). This has the benefit that changes in shape, but not geometry, can be dynamically updated by simply resending the vertex d... | Polygon meshes | 0.805987 |
28,574 | Other representations also exist, such as half-edge and corner tables. These are all variants of how vertices, faces and edges index one another. As a general rule, face-vertex meshes are used whenever an object must be rendered on graphics hardware that does not change geometry (connectivity), but may deform or morph ... | Polygon meshes | 0.805987 |
28,575 | As the mesh representations become more complex (from left to right in the summary), the amount of information explicitly stored increases. This gives more direct, constant time, access to traversal and topology of various elements but at the cost of increased overhead and space in maintaining indices properly. Figure ... | Polygon meshes | 0.805987 |
28,576 | The support of a random variable is defined to be the topological support of this measure, i.e. s u p p X = s u p p X ∗ P . {\displaystyle \mathrm {supp} \,X=\mathrm {supp} \,X_{*}{\mathfrak {P}}.} Now we can formally define the conditional probability measure given the value of one (or, via the product topology, more)... | Conditional mutual information | 0.805986 |
28,577 | In probability theory, particularly information theory, the conditional mutual information is, in its most basic form, the expected value of the mutual information of two random variables given the value of a third. | Conditional mutual information | 0.805986 |
28,578 | In an expression such as I ( A ; B | C ) , {\displaystyle I(A;B|C),} A , {\displaystyle A,} B , {\displaystyle B,} and C {\displaystyle C} need not necessarily be restricted to representing individual random variables, but could also represent the joint distribution of any collection of random variables defined on the ... | Conditional mutual information | 0.805986 |
28,579 | A more general definition of conditional mutual information, applicable to random variables with continuous or other arbitrary distributions, will depend on the concept of regular conditional probability.Let ( Ω , F , P ) {\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},{\mathfrak {P}})} be a probability space, and let the rando... | Conditional mutual information | 0.805986 |
28,580 | The belief in biological determinism was matched in the 20th century by a blank slate denial of any possible influence of genes on human behaviour, leading to a long and heated debate about "nature and nurture". By the 21st century, many scientists had come to feel that the dichotomy made no sense. They noted that gene... | Biological determinism | 0.805986 |
28,581 | The difference between enzymatically active and inactive homologues has been noted (and in some cases, understood when comparing catalytically active and inactive proteins residing in recognisable families) for some time at the sequence level, and some pseudoenzymes have also been referred to as 'prozymes' when they we... | Pseudoenzyme | 0.805986 |
28,582 | Sociobiology emerged with E. O. Wilson's 1975 book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. The existence of a putative altruism gene has been debated; the evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton proposed "genes underlying altruism" in 1964, while the biologist Graham J. Thompson and colleagues identified the genes OXTR, CD38, C... | Biological determinism | 0.805986 |
28,583 | In mathematics and computer science, a pebble game is a type of mathematical game played by placing "pebbles" or "markers" on a directed acyclic graph according to certain rules: A given step of the game consists of either placing a pebble on an empty vertex or removing a pebble from a previously pebbled vertex. A vert... | Pebble game | 0.805985 |
28,584 | The trivial solution is to pebble an n-vertex graph in n steps using n pebbles. Hopcroft, Paul and Valiant showed that any vertex of an n-vertex graph can be pebbled with O(n/log n) pebbles where the constant depends on the maximum in-degree. This enabled them to prove that DTIME(f(n)) is contained in DSPACE(f(n)/log f... | Pebble game | 0.805985 |
28,585 | Similarly, in a mutual nearest neighbor graph that links pairs of points in the plane that are each other's nearest neighbors, each connected component is a penny graph, although edges in different components may have different lengths.Every penny graph is a unit disk graph and a matchstick graph. Like planar graphs mo... | Penny graph | 0.80598 |
28,586 | In geometric graph theory, a penny graph is a contact graph of unit circles. It is formed from a collection of unit circles that do not cross each other, by creating a vertex for each circle and an edge for every pair of tangent circles. The circles can be represented physically by pennies, arranged without overlapping... | Penny graph | 0.80598 |
28,587 | In 1983, Paul Erdős asked for the largest number c such that every n-vertex penny graph has an independent set of at least cn vertices. That is, if we place n pennies on a flat surface, there should be a subset of cn of the pennies that do not touch each other. By the four-color theorem, c ≥ 1/4, and the improved bound... | Penny graph | 0.80598 |
28,588 | However, despite their restricted structure, there exist penny graphs that do still require four colors. Analogously, the degeneracy of every triangle-free penny graph is at most two. Every such graph contains a vertex with at most two neighbors, even though it is not always possible to find this vertex on the convex h... | Penny graph | 0.80598 |
28,589 | Every penny graph contains a vertex with at most three neighbors. For instance, such a vertex can be found at one of the corners of the convex hull of the circle centers. Therefore, penny graphs have degeneracy at most three. Based on this, one can prove that their graph colorings require at most four colors, much more... | Penny graph | 0.80598 |
28,590 | In addition, the IBHF host numerous forums, symposia, and other conferences around the world aimed at furthering public discourse and understanding of important issues in biotechnology. Lori B. Andrews, J.D., distinguished professor of law at Chicago-Kent and a leading commentator on the legal and social issues raised ... | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future | 0.80598 |
28,591 | The Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future was established early in 2004 at Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology. Working at the intersection of a variety of disciplines, the IBHF has become as a leader in the study of biotechnology and its implications for the human future. The IBHF h... | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future | 0.80598 |
28,592 | The Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future offers assessments of the scientific benefits and risks of new developments in biotechnology in light of their cultural and ethical significance. IBHF couples continuing academic and policy research with the ability to provide analysis to industry and policymakers. | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future | 0.80598 |
28,593 | The Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future (IBHF) is an affiliate of the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) and is housed at IIT's Chicago-Kent College of Law. The IBHF was founded in 2004 by Lori Andrews, J.D., and Nigel M. de S. Cameron, Ph.D., to discuss and analyze the ethical, legal, and social implic... | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future | 0.80598 |
28,594 | Policy and the Global Debate The Face of the Future: Technosapians? Phase II, a conference on emerging technologies and human nature in Washington, D.C., co-sponsored with the Center for Bioethics and Culture (CBC, and the International Center for Technology Assessment (ICTA) Capitol Hill Briefing on Gene Patents and E... | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future | 0.80598 |
28,595 | The IBHF facilitates numerous conferences, symposia, and other events aimed at building a broad public discussion for issues in biotechnology, law, and society. Past events include: Capitol Hill Briefing and national Press Club Symposium, entitled Toward a Consensus on Cloning? U.S. | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future | 0.80598 |
28,596 | Nanotechnology The IBHF reviews the development of nanotechnology policy in the United States and Europe, with special focus on the emerging nanotechnology ethical, legal, and social issues (NELSI). Human cloning “Somatic cell nuclear transfer” technology can be used to bring about the birth of replica offspring, and... | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future | 0.80598 |
28,597 | The IBHF conducts research on existing and emerging biotechnologies and their effect on law, intellectual property regimes, public health, medicine, genetics, public policy and the environment. IBHF focuses its efforts on six core areas: Genetic discrimination While the rapid advances in genetic technologies offer gre... | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future | 0.80598 |
28,598 | IBHF themes represent diverse perspectives from which to analyze issues in biotechnology. These themes are designed to encourage academics, scientists, policy makers, and the general public to discuss complicated biotech issues in relation to their everyday lives. IBHF themes include: Arts; Bio 101; Business; Eugenics;... | Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future | 0.805979 |
28,599 | Electromagnetic radiation of widely varying wavelength is used in many different forms of reflectometry: Radar: Reflections of radiofrequency pulses are used to detect the presence and to measure the location and speed of objects such as aircraft, missiles, ships, vehicles. Lidar: Reflections of light pulses are used t... | Reflectometry | 0.805979 |
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