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28,600 | Reflectometry is a general term for the use of the reflection of waves or pulses at surfaces and interfaces to detect or characterize objects, sometimes to detect anomalies as in fault detection and medical diagnosis.There are many different forms of reflectometry. They can be classified in several ways: by the used ra... | Reflectometry | 0.805979 |
28,601 | In six-dimensional geometry, a truncated 6-simplex is a convex uniform 6-polytope, being a truncation of the regular 6-simplex. There are unique 3 degrees of truncation. Vertices of the truncation 6-simplex are located as pairs on the edge of the 6-simplex. Vertices of the bitruncated 6-simplex are located on the trian... | Truncated 6-simplex | 0.805976 |
28,602 | Nitrogen is one of the most important elements in organic chemistry. Many organic functional groups involve a carbon–nitrogen bond, such as amides (RCONR2), amines (R3N), imines (RC(=NR)R), imides (RCO)2NR, azides (RN3), azo compounds (RN2R), cyanates (ROCN), isocyanates (RNCO), nitrates (RONO2), nitriles (RCN), isonit... | Organic nitrogen | 0.805974 |
28,603 | More broadly, the idea of green chemistry can easily be linked (or confused) with related concepts like green engineering, environmental design, or sustainability in general. The complexity and multifaceted nature of green chemistry makes it difficult to devise clear and simple metrics. As a result, "what is green" is ... | Sustainable chemistry | 0.805972 |
28,604 | There are ambiguities in the definition of green chemistry, and in how it is understood among broader science, policy, and business communities. Even within chemistry, researchers have used the term "green chemistry" to describe a range of work independently of the framework put forward by Anastas and Warner (i.e., the... | Sustainable chemistry | 0.805972 |
28,605 | PVC interferes with those processes. Nylon-6 chemistry is well-known and not addressed in first-generation production. From its inception, EcoWorx met all of the design criteria necessary to satisfy the needs of the marketplace from a performance, health, and environmental standpoint. | Sustainable chemistry | 0.805972 |
28,606 | Green chemistry, similar to sustainable chemistry or circular chemistry, is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on the design of products and processes that minimize or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. While environmental chemistry focuses on the effects of polluting chemicals... | Sustainable chemistry | 0.805972 |
28,607 | Green Chemistry (RSC) Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews (Open Access) (Taylor & Francis) ChemSusChem (Wiley) ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering (ACS) | Sustainable chemistry | 0.805972 |
28,608 | Attempts are being made not only to quantify the greenness of a chemical process but also to factor in other variables such as chemical yield, the price of reaction components, safety in handling chemicals, hardware demands, energy profile and ease of product workup and purification. In one quantitative study, the redu... | Sustainable chemistry | 0.805972 |
28,609 | These regulations encouraged chemists to reimagine pollution and research ways to limit the toxins in the atmosphere. In 1991, the EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics created a research grant program encouraging the research and recreation of chemical products and processes to limit the impact on the environm... | Sustainable chemistry | 0.805972 |
28,610 | Scholars have argued that such market conditions represent a key barrier to the scientific, technical, and commercial success of green chemistry in the U.S., and fundamental policy changes are needed to correct these weaknesses.Passed in 1990, the Pollution Prevention Act helped foster new approaches for dealing with p... | Sustainable chemistry | 0.805972 |
28,611 | The United States formed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 to protect human and environmental health by creating and enforcing environmental regulation. Green chemistry builds on the EPA’s goals by encouraging chemists and engineers to design chemicals, processes, and products that avoid the creation of... | Sustainable chemistry | 0.805972 |
28,612 | Van der Waals molecule Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser Vibrational circular dichroism Vibronic transition Visible and near-infrared Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy VS-17 | Index of infrared articles | 0.805972 |
28,613 | Calorescence Camera trap Capnography Carbon dioxide sensor Ceramic heater Charge-coupled device Chemical imaging Chemical laser Circular dichroism Circumstellar dust Civil Aircraft Missile Protection System Cloud albedo Cloud feedback Cold shield Color confinement Combat Identification Panel Common Infrared Countermeas... | Index of infrared articles | 0.805972 |
28,614 | Tail-chase engagement Television Infrared Observation Satellite The Infra-Red Traffic Logger Thermal Emission Spectrometer Thermal emittance Thermal imaging camera (firefighting) Thermal infrared spectroscopy Thermofax Thermographic camera Thermophotovoltaic Thermopile TrackIR Transferability (chemistry) Transparency a... | Index of infrared articles | 0.805972 |
28,615 | Shiva laser Signal transfer function Slide projector Soft-collinear effective theory Solar gain Space-Based Infrared System Space-Based Infrared Systems Wing Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey SPRITE infrared detector Stratoscope Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy Structured light Super Scope Super b... | Index of infrared articles | 0.805972 |
28,616 | Infra-red search and track Infrared Infrared Astronomy Infrared beam Infrared blaster Infrared camera Infrared cirrus Infrared cleaning Infrared countermeasure Infrared cut-off filter Infrared dark cloud Infrared Data Association Infrared Data Transmission Infrared decoy flare Infrared detector Infrared divergence Infr... | Index of infrared articles | 0.805972 |
28,617 | Reductive amination, the Maillard reaction, EDC/NHS coupling, DMTMM coupling, disulfide bond formation, and click chemistry are common methods to synthesize polysaccharide–protein conjugates. | Polysaccharide–protein conjugate | 0.805972 |
28,618 | If the known sample sequence and questioned sequence originated from the same matriline, one would expect to see identical sequences and identical differences from the rCRS. Cases arise where there are no known samples to collect and the unknown sequence can be searched in a database such as EMPOP. The Scientific Worki... | Mitochondrial genome | 0.80597 |
28,619 | Several specialized databases exist that report polymorphisms and mutations in the human mitochondrial DNA, together with the assessment of their pathogenicity. MitImpact: A collection of pre-computed pathogenicity predictions for all nucleotide changes that cause non-synonymous substitutions in human mitochondrial pro... | Mitochondrial genome | 0.80597 |
28,620 | To solve this issue, Wills introduces a modification to the definition by adding a positive parameter ρ {\displaystyle \rho }: δ ( K , C n ) = n V ( K ) V ( C n + ρ K ) {\displaystyle \delta (K,C_{n})={\frac {nV(K)}{V(C_{n}+\rho K)}}} ρ {\displaystyle \rho } allows the influence of the edges to be considered (giving th... | Finite sphere packing | 0.805965 |
28,621 | While it may be proved that the sausage packing is not optimal for 56 spheres, and that there must be some other packing that is optimal, it is not known what the optimal packing looks like. It is difficult to find the optimal packing as there is no "simple" formula for the volume of an arbitrarily shaped cluster. Opti... | Finite sphere packing | 0.805965 |
28,622 | In the following section it is shown that for 455 spheres the sausage packing is non-optimal, and that there instead exists a special cluster packing that occupies a smaller volume. The volume of a convex hull of a sausage packing with n {\displaystyle n} spheres of radius r {\displaystyle r} is calculable with element... | Finite sphere packing | 0.805965 |
28,623 | Molecular Biology of the Cell has been described as "the most influential cell biology textbook of its time". The sixth edition is dedicated to the memory of co-author Julian Lewis who died in early 2014. The book was the first to position cell biology as a central discipline for biology and medicine, and immediately b... | Molecular Biology of the Cell (book) | 0.805963 |
28,624 | The molecular biologist James Watson contributed to the first three editions. Molecular Biology of the Cell is widely used in introductory courses at the university level, being considered as a reference in many libraries and laboratories around the world. It describes the current understanding of cell biology and incl... | Molecular Biology of the Cell (book) | 0.805963 |
28,625 | Molecular Biology of the Cell is a cellular and molecular biology textbook published by W.W. Norton & Co and currently authored by Bruce Alberts, Rebecca Heald, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts and Peter Walter. The book was first published in 1983 by Garland Science and is now in its seventh edition. | Molecular Biology of the Cell (book) | 0.805963 |
28,626 | Enthalpy changes are routinely measured and compiled in chemical and physical reference works, such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. The following is a selection of enthalpy changes commonly recognized in thermodynamics. When used in these recognized terms the qualifier change is usually dropped and the pr... | Enthalpy change | 0.80596 |
28,627 | The U term is the energy of the system, and the p V term can be interpreted as the work that would be required to "make room" for the system if the pressure of the environment remained constant. When a system, for example, n moles of a gas of volume V at pressure p and temperature T, is created or brought to its presen... | Enthalpy change | 0.80596 |
28,628 | The Sierpinski triangle is a union of three copies of itself, each copy shrunk by a factor of 1/2; this yields a Hausdorff dimension of ln(3)/ln(2) ≈ 1.58. These Hausdorff dimensions are related to the "critical exponent" of the Master theorem for solving recurrence relations in the analysis of algorithms. Space-fillin... | Hausdorff dimension | 0.80596 |
28,629 | Theorem. Suppose X is non-empty. Then dim H a u s ( X ) ≥ dim ind ( X ) . | Hausdorff dimension | 0.805959 |
28,630 | Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus. While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful. This page lists some of the mos... | Integrals and Series | 0.805958 |
28,631 | Several of the following constraints may apply: Only of Earth's crust Lithosphere approximated as a 10 mile-deep layer from sea level Must include all of three layers: lithosphere (93.06%), hydrosphere (0.91%) and atmosphere (0.03%) Only mass ratio) Denote in percents) (not in ppm or ppb) (What the quoter believes to b... | Clarke number | 0.805957 |
28,632 | R: Chronological Scientific Tables (理科年表, Rikanenpyō)(ja:理科年表): An (mostly) annual reference book published in Japan since 1925CE. Note that the actual published year is typically one year earlier than the nominal (book title) year. I: Iwanami Dictionary of Physics and Chemistry (岩波理化学辞典, Iwanami rikagaku jiten): Revis... | Clarke number | 0.805957 |
28,633 | C: Frank Wigglesworth Clarke of USGS and Henry Stephens Washington U: United States Geological Survey (USGS) B: Georg Ernst Wilhelm Berg F: Alexander Fersman G: Victor Goldschmidt M: Brian Mason K: Kenjiro Kimura H: Research on the history of chemistry | Clarke number | 0.805957 |
28,634 | Writer Alex Bellos described The Mathematics of Life as "a testament to the versatility of maths and how it is shaping our understanding of the world." Kirkus Reviews called the book "an ingenious overview of biology with emphasis on mathematical ideas—stimulating but requiring careful reading despite the lack of equat... | The Mathematics of Life | 0.805957 |
28,635 | The Mathematics of Life is a 2011 popular science book by mathematician Ian Stewart, on the increasing role of mathematics in biology. | The Mathematics of Life | 0.805957 |
28,636 | Stewart discusses the mathematics behind such topics as population growth, speciation, brain function, chaos theory, game theory, networking, symmetry, and animal coloration, with little recourse to equations. He identifies six revolutions which modernized biology: The invention of the microscope A systematic means of ... | The Mathematics of Life | 0.805957 |
28,637 | Relating this classification to connected sums, the closed surfaces up to homeomorphism form a commutative monoid under the operation of connected sum, as indeed do manifolds of any fixed dimension. The identity is the sphere, while the real projective plane and the torus generate this monoid, with a single relation P ... | Closed surface | 0.805956 |
28,638 | In keeping with the literary/mathematical spirit of Oulipo, layout, typography, and pagination form an integral part of the book's thesis. The pagination taps the formal affinity between a publisher’s book spread and a mathematician's surface, both of which draw on the concept of mathematical matrix. Similar mathematic... | IJP The Book of Surfaces | 0.805956 |
28,639 | The book’s argument and restrained use of computer graphics by the standards of the day (dominated then as now by computer-generated renderings) elicited a mixed reception. Historians and theorists noted its withdrawal from the wider cultural context, its consistent argument, graphic sobriety, and theoretical reach. So... | IJP The Book of Surfaces | 0.805956 |
28,640 | The book addresses some significant developments of the decade, such as the explosion of computational tools; the emergence of the 3D surface as an architectural signifier of the Digital Revolution; the profession's fascination with the formal possibilities of surface cladding; and the rise of innovative manufacturing ... | IJP The Book of Surfaces | 0.805956 |
28,641 | Computer vision researchers have developed several learning methods to leverage the BoW model for image related tasks, such as object categorization. These methods can roughly be divided into two categories, unsupervised and supervised models. For multiple label categorization problem, the confusion matrix can be used ... | Bag of words model in computer vision | 0.805954 |
28,642 | The local feature approach of using BoW model representation learnt by machine learning classifiers with different kernels (e.g., EMD-kernel and X 2 {\displaystyle X^{2}} kernel) has been vastly tested in the area of texture and object recognition. Very promising results on a number of datasets have been reported. This... | Bag of words model in computer vision | 0.805954 |
28,643 | Wiley used these new regulatory powers to pursue an aggressive campaign against the manufacturers of foods with chemical additives, but the Chemistry Bureau's authority was soon checked by judicial decisions, which narrowly defined the bureau's powers and set high standards for proof of fraudulent intent. In 1927, the ... | Pediatric exclusivity | 0.805953 |
28,644 | In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, also known as the "Wiley Act" after its chief advocate. The Act prohibited, under penalty of seizure of goods, the interstate transport of food that had been "adulterated". The Act applied similar penalties to the interstate ... | Pediatric exclusivity | 0.805953 |
28,645 | Up until the 20th century, there were few federal laws regulating the contents and sale of domestically produced food and pharmaceuticals, with one exception being the short-lived Vaccine Act of 1813. The history of the FDA can be traced to the latter part of the 19th century and the Division of Chemistry of the U.S. D... | Pediatric exclusivity | 0.805953 |
28,646 | Since the 1990s, many successful new drugs for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other conditions have been protein-based biotechnology drugs, regulated by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Many of these drugs are extremely expensive; for example, the anti-cancer drug Avastin costs $55,0... | Pediatric exclusivity | 0.805953 |
28,647 | Hydroelectricity is the biggest hydropower application. Hydroelectricity generates about 15% of global electricity and provides at least 50% of the total electricity supply for more than 35 countries. In 2021, global installed hydropower electrical capacity reached almost 1400 GW, the highest among all renewable energy... | Hydro electric energy | 0.805949 |
28,648 | Furthermore, although at lower levels than other renewable energy sources, it was found that hydropower produces methane gas which is a greenhouse gas. This occurs when organic matters accumulate at the bottom of the reservoir because of the deoxygenation of water which triggers anaerobic digestion.People who live near... | Hydro electric energy | 0.805949 |
28,649 | The theorem was developed at American Telephone & Telegraph as part of ongoing investigations into improved filters for telephone multiplexing applications. This work was commercially important; large sums of money could be saved by increasing the number of telephone conversations that could be carried on one line. The... | Foster's reactance theorem | 0.805948 |
28,650 | The impedance of a capacitor is given by, Z = 1 i ω C {\displaystyle Z={\frac {1}{i\omega C}}} C {\displaystyle \scriptstyle C} is capacitanceso the reactance is, X = − 1 ω C {\displaystyle X=-{\frac {1}{\omega C}}} which again is monotonically increasing with frequency. The impedance function of the capacitor is ident... | Foster's reactance theorem | 0.805948 |
28,651 | The following examples illustrate this theorem in a number of simple circuits. | Foster's reactance theorem | 0.805948 |
28,652 | The theorem can be extended to admittances and the encompassing concept of immittances. A consequence of Foster's theorem is that zeros and poles of the reactance must alternate with frequency. Foster used this property to develop two canonical forms for realising these networks. | Foster's reactance theorem | 0.805948 |
28,653 | Foster's reactance theorem is an important theorem in the fields of electrical network analysis and synthesis. The theorem states that the reactance of a passive, lossless two-terminal (one-port) network always strictly monotonically increases with frequency. It is easily seen that the reactances of inductors and capac... | Foster's reactance theorem | 0.805948 |
28,654 | A one-port passive immittance consisting of discrete elements (that is, not distributed elements) can be represented as a rational function of s, Z ( s ) = P ( s ) Q ( s ) {\displaystyle Z(s)={\frac {P(s)}{Q(s)}}} where, Z ( s ) {\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z(s)} is immittance P ( s ) , Q ( s ) {\displaystyle \scriptsty... | Foster's reactance theorem | 0.805948 |
28,655 | A consequence of Foster's theorem is that the zeros and poles of any passive immittance function must alternate as frequency increases. After passing through a pole the function will be negative and is obliged to pass through zero before reaching the next pole if it is to be monotonically increasing.The poles and zeroe... | Foster's reactance theorem | 0.805948 |
28,656 | A Foster network must be passive, so an active network, containing a power source, may not obey Foster's theorem. These are called non-Foster networks. In particular, circuits containing an amplifier with positive feedback can have reactance which declines with frequency. For example, it is possible to create negative ... | Foster's reactance theorem | 0.805948 |
28,657 | It is convenient in these circumstances to use the concept of immittance, which can mean either impedance or admittance. The mathematics is carried out without specifying units until it is desired to calculate a specific example. Foster's theorem can thus be stated in a more general form as, Foster's theorem (immittanc... | Foster's reactance theorem | 0.805948 |
28,658 | Foster's theorem applies equally to the admittance of a network, that is the susceptance (imaginary part of admittance) of a passive, lossless one-port monotonically increases with frequency. This result may seem counterintuitive since admittance is the reciprocal of impedance, but is easily proved. If the impedance is... | Foster's reactance theorem | 0.805948 |
28,659 | In algebra, it is a notation to resolve ambiguity (for instance, "b times 2" may be written as b⋅2, to avoid being confused with a value called b2). This notation is used wherever multiplication should be written explicitly, such as in "ab = a⋅2 for b = 2"; this usage is also seen in English-language texts. In some lan... | Multiplication sign | 0.805947 |
28,660 | The lower-case Latin letter x is sometimes used in place of the multiplication sign. This is considered incorrect in mathematical writing. In algebraic notation, widely used in mathematics, a multiplication symbol is usually omitted wherever it would not cause confusion: "a multiplied by b" can be written as ab or a b.... | Multiplication sign | 0.805947 |
28,661 | The earliest known use of the × symbol to represent multiplication appears in an anonymous appendix to the 1618 edition of John Napier's Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio. This appendix has been attributed to William Oughtred, who used the same symbol in his 1631 algebra text, Clavis Mathematicae, stating:"Mult... | Multiplication sign | 0.805947 |
28,662 | In mathematics, the symbol × has a number of uses, including Multiplication of two numbers, where it is read as "times" or "multiplied by" Cross product of two vectors, where it is usually read as "cross" Cartesian product of two sets, where it is usually read as "cross" Geometric dimension of an object, such as noting... | Multiplication sign | 0.805947 |
28,663 | Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) is a professional society dedicated to applied mathematics, computational science, and data science through research, publications, and community. SIAM is the world's largest scientific society devoted to applied mathematics, and roughly two-thirds of its membership... | SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization | 0.805945 |
28,664 | In the mathematical study of the differential geometry of surfaces, a tangent developable is a particular kind of developable surface obtained from a curve in Euclidean space as the surface swept out by the tangent lines to the curve. Such a surface is also the envelope of the tangent planes to the curve. | Tangent developable | 0.805945 |
28,665 | Many knot invariants, such as the knot group, are really invariants of the complement of the knot. When the ambient space is the three-sphere no information is lost: the Gordon–Luecke theorem states that a knot is determined by its complement. That is, if K and K′ are two knots with homeomorphic complements then there ... | Link complement | 0.805943 |
28,666 | Signature 3 displays high mutation counts of multiple mutation classes and is associated with germline and somatic (biology) BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in several cancer types (e.g. breast, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate). This signature results from DNA double-strand break repair deficiency (or homologous recombination ... | Mutational signatures | 0.805941 |
28,667 | Signature 1 features a predominance of C>T transition (genetics) in the NpG trinucleotide contexts and correlates with the age of patient at time of cancer diagnosis. The underlying proposed biological mechanism is the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine.Signature 5 has a predominance of T>C substitutions in th... | Mutational signatures | 0.805941 |
28,668 | Once the mutation catalog (e.g. counts for each of the 96 mutation types) of a tumor is obtained, there are two approaches to decipher the contributions of different mutational signatures to tumor genomic landscape: The mutation catalog of the tumor is compared to a reference mutation catalogue, or mutational signature... | Mutational signatures | 0.805941 |
28,669 | In May 2011 EST was at the end of its conceptual design study. The EST is being developed by the European Association for Solar Telescopes (EAST), which was set up to ensure the continuation of solar physics within the European community. Its main goal is to develop, construct and operate the EST. The European Solar Te... | European Solar Telescope | 0.805939 |
28,670 | The European Association for Solar Telescopes (EAST) is a consortium of 7 research institutions and 29 industrial partners from 15 European countries, that exists with the aim, among others, of undertaking the development of EST, to keep Europe in the frontier of Solar Physics in the world. As well as EAST intends to d... | European Solar Telescope | 0.805939 |
28,671 | Physics of Fluids is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering fluid dynamics, established by the American Institute of Physics in 1958, and is published by AIP Publishing. The journal focus is the dynamics of gases, liquids, and complex or multiphase fluids—and the journal contains original research resultin... | The Physics of Fluids | 0.805938 |
28,672 | Physics of Fluids A, Physics of Fluids B, and Physics of Fluids were ranked 3, 4, and 6, respectively based on their citation impact from 1981 to 2004 within the category of journals on the physics of fluids and plasmas. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.980. | The Physics of Fluids | 0.805938 |
28,673 | Lattices can also be characterized as algebraic structures satisfying certain axiomatic identities. Since the two definitions are equivalent, lattice theory draws on both order theory and universal algebra. Semilattices include lattices, which in turn include Heyting and Boolean algebras. These lattice-like structures ... | Lattice (order theory) | 0.805938 |
28,674 | A lattice is an abstract structure studied in the mathematical subdisciplines of order theory and abstract algebra. It consists of a partially ordered set in which every pair of elements has a unique supremum (also called a least upper bound or join) and a unique infimum (also called a greatest lower bound or meet). An... | Lattice (order theory) | 0.805938 |
28,675 | A lattice can be defined either order-theoretically as a partially ordered set, or as an algebraic structure. | Lattice (order theory) | 0.805938 |
28,676 | In robust statistics and computational geometry, simplicial depth is a measure of central tendency determined by the simplices that contain a given point. For the Euclidean plane, it counts the number of triangles of sample points that contain a given point. | Simplicial depth | 0.805937 |
28,677 | Pantograph: a hinged frame that holds the collecting shoes against the wire in a fixed geometry.Of the three, the pantograph method is best suited for high-speed operation. Some locomotives use both overhead and third rail collection (e.g. British Rail Class 92). In Europe, the recommended geometry and shape of pantogr... | Electric locomotives | 0.805934 |
28,678 | Real world objects in the context of library science include library non-text-based equipment, tools, devices, and other three-dimensional objects that the user handles, manipulates, or may observe tactilely, and that allow him or her to gain experience and knowledge about the device, learn about how the real world fun... | Real world object | 0.805932 |
28,679 | The Australasian Journal of Combinatorics is a triannual peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering combinatorics. It was established in 1990 and is published by the Centre for Discrete Mathematics and Computing (University of Queensland) on behalf of the Combinatorial Mathematics Society of Australasia. Ori... | Australasian Journal of Combinatorics | 0.805932 |
28,680 | In mathematics, the flatness (symbol: ⏥) of a surface is the degree to which it approximates a mathematical plane. The term is often generalized for higher-dimensional manifolds to describe the degree to which they approximate the Euclidean space of the same dimensionality. (See curvature. )Flatness in homological alge... | Flatness (mathematics) | 0.805929 |
28,681 | An elementary proof is a proof which only uses basic techniques. More specifically, the term is used in number theory to refer to proofs that make no use of complex analysis. For some time it was thought that certain theorems, like the prime number theorem, could only be proved using "higher" mathematics. However, over... | Geometrical proof | 0.805925 |
28,682 | "Statistical proof" from data refers to the application of statistics, data analysis, or Bayesian analysis to infer propositions regarding the probability of data. While using mathematical proof to establish theorems in statistics, it is usually not a mathematical proof in that the assumptions from which probability st... | Geometrical proof | 0.805925 |
28,683 | The mission has won various awards: according to Science magazine, the WMAP was the Breakthrough of the Year for 2003. This mission's results papers were first and second in the "Super Hot Papers in Science Since 2003" list. Of the all-time most referenced papers in physics and astronomy in the INSPIRE-HEP database, on... | Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe | 0.805924 |
28,684 | Less than 1% of the current content of the universe is in neutrinos, but WMAP's measurements have found, for the first time in 2008, that the data prefer the existence of a cosmic neutrino background with an effective number of neutrino species of 3.26±0.35. The contents point to a Euclidean flat geometry, with curvatu... | Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe | 0.805924 |
28,685 | Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop. Developmental biology also encompasses the biology of regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells in the adult organism. | Developmental biologist | 0.805924 |
28,686 | Much of developmental biology research in recent decades has focused on the use of a small number of model organisms. It has turned out that there is much conservation of developmental mechanisms across the animal kingdom. In early development different vertebrate species all use essentially the same inductive signals ... | Developmental biologist | 0.805924 |
28,687 | The signal is amplified with High-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) low-noise amplifiers, built by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). There are 20 feeds, 10 in each direction, from which a radiometer collects a signal; the measure is the difference in the sky signal from opposite directions. The directi... | Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe | 0.805924 |
28,688 | Bennett, Lyman A. Page Jr., and David N. Spergel, the latter both of Princeton University, shared the 2010 Shaw Prize in astronomy for their work on WMAP. Bennett and the WMAP science team were awarded the 2012 Gruber Prize in cosmology. The 2018 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics was awarded to Bennett, Gary Hi... | Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe | 0.805924 |
28,689 | The WMAP objective was to measure the temperature differences in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. The anisotropies then were used to measure the universe's geometry, content, and evolution; and to test the Big Bang model, and the cosmic inflation theory. For that, the mission created a full-sky map of t... | Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe | 0.805924 |
28,690 | Probabilistic causation is a concept in a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. The central idea behind these theories is that causes raise the probabilities of their effects, all else being equal. | Probabilistic causation | 0.805921 |
28,691 | In statistics, it is generally accepted that observational studies (like counting cancer cases among smokers and among non-smokers and then comparing the two) can give hints, but can never establish cause and effect. Often, however, qualitative causal assumptions (e.g., absence of causation between some variables) may ... | Probabilistic causation | 0.805921 |
28,692 | For instance, the observation that smokers have a dramatically increased lung cancer rate does not establish that smoking must be a cause of that increased cancer rate: maybe there exists a certain genetic defect which both causes cancer and a yearning for nicotine; or even perhaps nicotine craving is a symptom of very... | Probabilistic causation | 0.805921 |
28,693 | Indeed, observing the barometer falling increases the probability of a storm coming, but does not "cause" the storm; were the act of manipulating the barometer to change the probability of storms, the falling barometer would qualify as a cause of storms. In general, formulating the notion of "probability raising" withi... | Probabilistic causation | 0.805921 |
28,694 | )Pearl argues that the entire enterprise of probabilistic causation has been misguided from the very beginning, because the central notion that causes "raise the probabilities" of their effects cannot be expressed in the language of probability theory. In particular, the inequality Pr(effect | cause) > Pr(effect | ~cau... | Probabilistic causation | 0.805921 |
28,695 | In materials science, critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) is the component of shear stress, resolved in the direction of slip, necessary to initiate slip in a grain. Resolved shear stress (RSS) is the shear component of an applied tensile or compressive stress resolved along a slip plane that is other than perpendicu... | Critical resolved shear stress | 0.805918 |
28,696 | In physics, engineering and construction, the direction designated as vertical is usually that along which a plumb-bob hangs. Alternatively, a spirit level that exploits the buoyancy of an air bubble and its tendency to go vertically upwards may be used to test for horizontality. A water level device may also be used t... | Vertical plane | 0.805916 |
28,697 | In astronomy, geography, and related sciences and contexts, a direction or plane passing by a given point is said to be vertical if it contains the local gravity direction at that point. Conversely, a direction or plane is said to be horizontal (or leveled) if it is perpendicular to the vertical direction. In general, ... | Vertical plane | 0.805916 |
28,698 | The square root of the Gelfond–Schneider constant is the transcendental number 2 2 = 2 2 = {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2^{\sqrt {2}}}}={\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}=} 1.63252691943815284477....This same constant can be used to prove that "an irrational elevated to an irrational power may be rational", even without first proving i... | Gelfond–Schneider constant | 0.805915 |
28,699 | The Gelfond–Schneider constant or Hilbert number is two to the power of the square root of two: 2√2 = 2.6651441426902251886502972498731...which was proved to be a transcendental number by Rodion Kuzmin in 1930. In 1934, Aleksandr Gelfond and Theodor Schneider independently proved the more general Gelfond–Schneider theo... | Gelfond–Schneider constant | 0.805915 |
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