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29,100 | Based on the Paradox the Menz brothers developed the "Menz Theorems of Information and Physical Security". The theorems present two formulas covering access and security of both information systems and physical facilities. They are used to help determine allocation of resources and response levels. | Mayfield's paradox | 0.805678 |
29,101 | The structure constants ( γ a b c {\displaystyle {\gamma _{ab}}^{c}} ) of a Lie algebra are represented by a small triangle with one line pointing upwards and two lines pointing downwards. | Penrose graphical notation | 0.805678 |
29,102 | In the language of tensor algebra, a particular tensor is associated with a particular shape with many lines projecting upwards and downwards, corresponding to abstract upper and lower indices of tensors respectively. Connecting lines between two shapes corresponds to contraction of indices. One advantage of this notat... | Penrose graphical notation | 0.805678 |
29,103 | Then X {\displaystyle X} is F-closed when you cannot conclude anymore than you've already asserted, while X {\displaystyle X} is F-consistent when all of your assertions are supported by other assertions (i.e. there are no "non-F-logical assumptions"). The Knaster–Tarski theorem tells us that the least fixed-point of F... | Coinduction | 0.805677 |
29,104 | We will show that Stream A is the final coalgebra of the functor F ( x ) = A × x {\displaystyle F(x)=A\times x} . Consider the following implementations: These are easily seen to be mutually inverse, witnessing the isomorphism. See the reference for more details. | Coinduction | 0.805677 |
29,105 | In computer science, coinduction is a technique for defining and proving properties of systems of concurrent interacting objects. Coinduction is the mathematical dual to structural induction. Coinductively defined types are known as codata and are typically infinite data structures, such as streams. As a definition or ... | Coinduction | 0.805677 |
29,106 | The four experiments below are presented in the order in which they were carried out by the two Viking landers. The biology team leader for the Viking program was Harold P. Klein (NASA Ames). | Viking lander biological experiments | 0.805677 |
29,107 | It would then be tested as a control and should it still show activity similar to the first response, that was evidence that the activity was chemical in nature. However, a nil, or greatly diminished response, was evidence for biology. This same control was to be used for any of the three life detection experiments tha... | Viking lander biological experiments | 0.805677 |
29,108 | He concluded that neither hydrogen peroxide nor superoxide is required to explain the results of the Viking biology experiments. A more detailed study was conducted in 2017 by a team of researchers including Quinn. While this study was not specifically designed to match the data from the LR experiment, it was found tha... | Viking lander biological experiments | 0.805677 |
29,109 | Organic compounds seem to be common, for example, on asteroids, meteorites, comets and the icy bodies orbiting the Sun, so detecting no trace of any organic compound on the surface of Mars came as a surprise. The GC-MS was definitely working, because the controls were effective and it was able to detect traces of chlor... | Viking lander biological experiments | 0.805677 |
29,110 | The conductor is the whole ring A if and only if it contains 1 ∈ A and, therefore, if and only if A = B. Otherwise, the conductor is a proper ideal of A. If the index m = is finite, then mB ⊆ A, so m ∈ f ( B / A ) {\displaystyle m\in {\mathfrak {f}}(B/A)} . In this case, the conductor is non-zero. This applies in part... | Conductor (ring theory) | 0.805673 |
29,111 | The latter ring is isomorphic to Z / cZ by the second isomorphism theorem, so all such ideals of O are the sum of cOK with an ideal of Z. Under this isomorphism, the conductor annihilates Z / cZ, so it must be cZ. In this case, the index is also equal to c, so for orders of quadratic number fields, the index may be id... | Conductor (ring theory) | 0.805673 |
29,112 | In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, the conductor is a measurement of how far apart a commutative ring and an extension ring are. Most often, the larger ring is a domain integrally closed in its field of fractions, and then the conductor measures the failure of the smaller ring to be integrally closed. The conduct... | Conductor (ring theory) | 0.805673 |
29,113 | The Gray graph can be constructed (Bouwer 1972) from the 27 points of a 3 × 3 × 3 grid and the 27 axis-parallel lines through these points. This collection of points and lines forms a projective configuration: each point has exactly three lines through it, and each line has exactly three points on it. The Gray graph is... | Gray graph | 0.805673 |
29,114 | The Gray graph is interesting as the first known example of a cubic graph having the algebraic property of being edge but not vertex transitive (see below). The Gray graph has chromatic number 2, chromatic index 3, radius 6 and diameter 6. It is also a 3-vertex-connected and 3-edge-connected non-planar graph. | Gray graph | 0.805673 |
29,115 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Gray graph is an undirected bipartite graph with 54 vertices and 81 edges. It is a cubic graph: every vertex touches exactly three edges. It was discovered by Marion C. Gray in 1932 (unpublished), then discovered independently by Bouwer 1968 in reply to a question posed by... | Gray graph | 0.805673 |
29,116 | Once the datasets are cleaned, they can then be analyzed. Analysts may apply a variety of techniques, referred to as exploratory data analysis, to begin understanding the messages contained within the obtained data. The process of data exploration may result in additional data cleaning or additional requests for data; ... | Data Analysis | 0.80567 |
29,117 | Behavioral genetics researchers have employed methodologies that help to disentangle this confound and understand the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior. Traditionally the research has involved twin studies and adoption studies, two designs where genetic and environmental influences can be partial... | Psychological sciences | 0.805669 |
29,118 | However, neuroimaging has delivered unmistakable results showing the existence of correlations between mind and brain. Some of these draw on a systemic neural network model rather than a localized function model.Interventions such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and drugs also provide information about brain–mind ... | Psychological sciences | 0.805669 |
29,119 | According to drive theory, the forces of instinct combine into a single source of energy which exerts a constant influence. Psychoanalysis, like biology, regarded these forces as demands originating in the nervous system. Psychoanalysts believed that these forces, especially the sexual instincts, could become entangled... | Psychological sciences | 0.805669 |
29,120 | Some critics view statistical hypothesis testing as misplaced. Psychologist and statistician Jacob Cohen wrote in 1994 that psychologists routinely confuse statistical significance with practical importance, enthusiastically reporting great certainty in unimportant facts. Some psychologists have responded with an incre... | Psychological sciences | 0.805669 |
29,121 | G. Stanley Hall, an American who studied with Wundt, founded a psychology lab that became internationally influential. The lab was located at Johns Hopkins University. Hall, in turn, trained Yujiro Motora, who brought experimental psychology, emphasizing psychophysics, to the Imperial University of Tokyo. | Psychological sciences | 0.805669 |
29,122 | In Heidelberg, Hermann von Helmholtz conducted parallel research on sensory perception, and trained physiologist Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt, in turn, came to Leipzig University, where he established the psychological laboratory that brought experimental psychology to the world. Wundt focused on breaking down mental processes... | Psychological sciences | 0.805669 |
29,123 | : 61 The principle became known as the Weber–Fechner law. Fechner's 1860 Elements of Psychophysics challenged Kant's negative view with regard to conducting quantitative research on the mind. Fechner's achievement was to show that "mental processes could not only be given numerical magnitudes, but also that these could... | Psychological sciences | 0.805669 |
29,124 | Philosopher John Stuart Mill believed that the human mind was open to scientific investigation, even if the science is in some ways inexact. Mill proposed a "mental chemistry" in which elementary thoughts could combine into ideas of greater complexity. Gustav Fechner began conducting psychophysics research in Leipzig i... | Psychological sciences | 0.805669 |
29,125 | In contrast to organic solid-phase synthesis and peptide synthesis, the synthesis of oligonucleotides proceeds best on non-swellable or low-swellable solid supports. The two most often used solid-phase materials are controlled pore glass (CPG) and macroporous polystyrene (MPPS). CPG is commonly defined by its pore size... | Oligonucleotide synthesis | 0.805668 |
29,126 | Oligonucleotides find a variety of applications in molecular biology and medicine. They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, tools for the targeted introductio... | Oligonucleotide synthesis | 0.805668 |
29,127 | The Modular Chemical Descriptor Language (MCDL) is a method for representing of molecular structures and pertinent molecular information using linear descriptors. MCDL files are designed for cross-platform transfer and manipulation of compound-specific chemical data. They consist of sets of unique information (fragment... | Modular Chemical Descriptor Language | 0.805668 |
29,128 | In mathematics, cocompact embeddings are embeddings of normed vector spaces possessing a certain property similar to but weaker than compactness. Cocompactness has been in use in mathematical analysis since the 1980s, without being referred to by any name (Lemma 6),(Lemma 2.5),(Theorem 1), or by ad-hoc monikers such as... | Cocompact embedding | 0.805666 |
29,129 | In radio astronomy, the unit flik was coined by a group at Lockheed in Palo Alto, California as a substitute for the SI derived unit W cm−2 sr−1 µm−1, or watts divided by centimeters squared, steradians, and micrometers. While originally used only at Lockheed, many in the radio astronomy field adopted its use. == Refer... | Flick (physics) | 0.805665 |
29,130 | The Franck–Condon principle (named for James Franck and Edward Condon) is a rule in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry that explains the intensity of vibronic transitions (the simultaneous changes in electronic and vibrational energy levels of a molecule due to the absorption or emission of a photon of the appropriate ... | Franck–Condon principle | 0.805665 |
29,131 | Model predictive control and linear-quadratic regulators are two types of optimal control methods that have distinct approaches for setting the optimization costs. In particular, when the LQR is run repeatedly with a receding horizon, it becomes a form of model predictive control (MPC). In general, however, MPC does no... | Linear-quadratic control | 0.805661 |
29,132 | In practice, not all values of x k , u k {\displaystyle x_{k},u_{k}} may be allowed. One common constraint is the linear one: C x + D u ≤ e . {\displaystyle C\mathbf {x} +D\mathbf {u} \leq \mathbf {e} .} The finite horizon version of this is a convex optimization problem, and so the problem is often solved repeatedly w... | Linear-quadratic control | 0.805661 |
29,133 | However, when all job lengths are equal, the problem can be solved in polynomial time. It has several variants: The weighted optimization variant, 1| r j , p j = p {\displaystyle r_{j},p_{j}=p} | ∑ w j U j {\displaystyle \sum w_{j}U_{j}} , can be solved in time O ( n 7 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{7})} . The unweighted optimi... | Single-machine scheduling | 0.80566 |
29,134 | Single-machine scheduling or single-resource scheduling is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. We are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on a single machine, in a way that optimizes a certain objective, such as the throughput. Single-mac... | Single-machine scheduling | 0.80566 |
29,135 | The insertion of carbon monoxide and alkenes into metal-carbon bonds is a widely exploited reaction with major industrial applications. Such reactions are subject to the usual parameters that affect other reactions in coordination chemistry, but steric effects are especially important in determining the stereochemistry... | Insertion reaction | 0.805659 |
29,136 | Consequently, the methylene group α- to the carboxyl group in the product is the methylene group from the diazomethane reagent. The 1,2-rearrangement has been shown to conserve the stereochemistry of the chiral centre as the product formed from t-BOC protected (S)-phenylalanine retains the (S) stereochemistry with a re... | Insertion reaction | 0.805659 |
29,137 | An insertion reaction is a chemical reaction where one chemical entity (a molecule or molecular fragment) interposes itself into an existing bond of typically a second chemical entity e.g.: A + B − C ⟶ B − A − C {\displaystyle {\color {red}{\ce {A}}}+{\color {blue}{\ce {B-C}}}\longrightarrow {\color {blue}{\ce {B}}-}{\... | Insertion reaction | 0.805659 |
29,138 | Many reactions in organometallic chemistry involve insertion of one ligand (L) into a metal-hydride or metal-alkyl/aryl bond. Generally it is the hydride, alkyl, or aryl group that migrates onto L, which is often CO, an alkene, or alkyne. | Insertion reaction | 0.805659 |
29,139 | In organic chemistry, a diene ( DY-een); also diolefin, dy-OH-lə-fin) or alkadiene) is a covalent compound that contains two double bonds, usually among carbon atoms. They thus contain two alkene units, with the standard prefix di of systematic nomenclature. As a subunit of more complex molecules, dienes occur in natur... | Cumulated double bond | 0.805657 |
29,140 | In contrast to manifold approaches and techniques in software engineering, software diagnosis does not depend on programming languages, modeling techniques, software development processes or the specific techniques used in the various stages of the software development process. Instead, software diagnosis aims at analy... | Software diagnosis | 0.805654 |
29,141 | Cost estimation in software engineering Programming productivity Rapid application development Software design Software development Software documentation Software map Software release life cycle Systems design Systems Development Life Cycle | Software diagnosis | 0.805654 |
29,142 | Software diagnosis—in contrast to many approaches in software engineering—does not assume that developer capabilities, development methods, programming or modeling languages are right or wrong (or better or worse compared to each other): Software diagnosis aims at giving insight into a given software system and its sta... | Software diagnosis | 0.805654 |
29,143 | Software diagnosis supports all branches of software engineering, in particular project management, quality management, risk management as well as implementation and test. Its main strength is to support all stakeholders of software projects (in particular during software maintenance and for software re-engineering tas... | Software diagnosis | 0.805654 |
29,144 | Since the code is determined on the statistics of the inputs and only the encoded messages are communicated, a code is efficient to the extent that it is not understandable by the receiver. This is the paradox of the efficient code. In the neural coding metaphor, the code is private and specific to each neuron. | Manifold hypothesis | 0.805648 |
29,145 | Motivated by fundamental problems in theoretical neuroscience, some scientists in the free energy principle community have tried to model synesthesia using predictive coding at the computational level. However, it is unknown whether there is a class of manifold learning algorithms that can simulate the functionality of... | Manifold hypothesis | 0.805648 |
29,146 | An empirically-motivated approach to the manifold hypothesis focuses on its correspondence with an effective theory for manifold learning under the assumption that robust machine learning requires encoding the dataset of interest using methods for data compression. This perspective gradually emerged using the tools of ... | Manifold hypothesis | 0.805648 |
29,147 | Many techniques of dimensional reduction make the assumption that data lies along a low-dimensional submanifold, such as manifold sculpting, manifold alignment, and manifold regularization. The major implications of this hypothesis is that Machine learning models only have to fit relatively simple, low-dimensional, hig... | Manifold hypothesis | 0.805648 |
29,148 | The manifold hypothesis posits that many high-dimensional data sets that occur in the real world actually lie along low-dimensional latent manifolds inside that high-dimensional space. As a consequence of the manifold hypothesis, many data sets that appear to initially require many variables to describe, can actually b... | Manifold hypothesis | 0.805648 |
29,149 | Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Arabic: أبو موسى جابر بن حيّان, variously called al-Ṣūfī, al-Azdī, al-Kūfī, or al-Ṭūsī), died c. 806−816, is the purported author of an enormous number and variety of works in Arabic, often called the Jabirian corpus. The works that survive today mainly deal with alchemy and chemistry, magic,... | Sulfur-mercury theory of metals | 0.805648 |
29,150 | nos. 303–446): This collection appears to have consisted of 144 treatises of medium length, 79 of which are known by name and 44 of which are still extant. Though relatively independent from each other and devoted to a very wide range of topics (cosmology, grammar, music theory, medicine, logic, metaphysics, mathematic... | Sulfur-mercury theory of metals | 0.805648 |
29,151 | Parts of Animals (or On the Parts of Animals; Greek Περὶ ζῴων μορίων; Latin De Partibus Animalium) is one of Aristotle's major texts on biology. It was written around 350 BC. The whole work is roughly a study in animal anatomy and physiology; it aims to provide a scientific understanding of the parts (organs, tissues, ... | Parts of Animals | 0.805647 |
29,152 | Loop unswitching is a compiler optimization. It moves a conditional inside a loop outside of it by duplicating the loop's body, and placing a version of it inside each of the if and else clauses of the conditional. This can improve the parallelization of the loop. Since modern processors can operate quickly on vectors,... | Loop unswitching | 0.805644 |
29,153 | A different example would be the sociolinguistic situation in Belgium, where the French and Dutch languages have roughly the same status, and could justifiably be called adstrates to each other having each one provided a large set of lexical specifications to the other. The term adstratum is also used to identify syste... | Substrate language | 0.805643 |
29,154 | In the absence of all three lines of evidence mentioned above, linguistic substrata may be difficult to detect. Substantial indirect evidence is needed to infer the former existence of a substrate. The nonexistence of a substrate is difficult to show, and to avoid digressing into speculation, burden of proof must lie o... | Substrate language | 0.805643 |
29,155 | It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength. As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength, LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory.LTP was discovered in the... | Long-term potentiation | 0.805643 |
29,156 | In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons. The opposite of LTP is long-term depression, which produces a long-lastin... | Long-term potentiation | 0.805643 |
29,157 | Sialyl-Lewisx mediates phagocytosis and chemotaxis, found on neutrophils; expressed in patients with Hodgkin disease, some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias, acute lymphoblastic leukemias, and most acute nonlymphocytic leukemias. CD15 is present on almost all Reed–Sternberg cells, including their rare mononuclear va... | Sialyl-Lewis X | 0.805641 |
29,158 | In the quantum mechanics study of optical phase space, the displacement operator for one mode is the shift operator in quantum optics, D ^ ( α ) = exp ( α a ^ † − α ∗ a ^ ) {\displaystyle {\hat {D}}(\alpha )=\exp \left(\alpha {\hat {a}}^{\dagger }-\alpha ^{\ast }{\hat {a}}\right)} ,where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is ... | Displacement operator | 0.805641 |
29,159 | A permutation matrix is itself a doubly stochastic matrix, but it also plays a special role in the theory of these matrices. The Birkhoff–von Neumann theorem says that every doubly stochastic real matrix is a convex combination of permutation matrices of the same order and the permutation matrices are precisely the ext... | Permutation matrices | 0.805639 |
29,160 | In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the way by which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter, typically the electrons of an atom. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is transformed to other forms of energy, for example, to heat. The absorption of light during wave propagation is often called attenu... | Moisture retention | 0.805639 |
29,161 | FCC rule §97.301 permits amateurs use of frequencies above 275 GHz, subject to rule §97.303 Clause-f which requires:- Not causing harmful interference to radio astronomy stations: 275–323 GHz, 327–371 GHz, 388–424 GHz, 426–442 GHz, 453–510 GHz, 623–711 GHz, 795–909 GHz, or 926–945 GHz. In addition, amateur stations tra... | Submillimeter amateur radio | 0.805637 |
29,162 | In the ITU Table of Frequency Allocations, no formal allocation to any radio service is present above 275 GHz, although the regulations themselves cover up to 3000 GHz (3 THz). However, a number of administrations permit amateur radio experimentation within the 275–3,000 GHz range on a national basis, under license con... | Submillimeter amateur radio | 0.805637 |
29,163 | In mathematics, the generalized dihedral groups are a family of groups with algebraic structures similar to that of the dihedral groups. They include the finite dihedral groups, the infinite dihedral group, and the orthogonal group O(2). Dihedral groups play an important role in group theory, geometry, and chemistry. | Generalized dihedral group | 0.805637 |
29,164 | Steady-state mass balance critical loads are derived from mathematical mass-balance models under assumed or modeled equilibrium conditions. A steady-state condition may be achieved far into the future. The models used to determine steady-state critical loads vary in complexity with regard to process representation but ... | Critical loads | 0.805635 |
29,165 | A Java compiler is a compiler for the programming language Java. The most common form of output from a Java compiler is Java class files containing platform-neutral Java bytecode, but there are also compilers that output optimized native machine code for a particular hardware/operating system combination, most notably ... | Java compiler | 0.805628 |
29,166 | Both belonging to CBMT, sometimes referred to as data-driven MT, EBMT and SMT have something in common which distinguish them from RBMT. First, they both use a bitext as the fundamental data source. Second, they are both empirical with the principle of machine learning instead of rational with the principle of linguist... | Comparison of different machine translation approaches | 0.805626 |
29,167 | Statistical machine translation (SMT) is generated on the basis of statistical models whose parameters are derived from the analysis of bilingual text corpora. The initial model of SMT, based on Bayes Theorem, proposed by Brown et al. takes the view that every sentence in one language is a possible translation of any s... | Comparison of different machine translation approaches | 0.805626 |
29,168 | Machine translation (MT) algorithms may be classified by their operating principle. MT may be based on a set of linguistic rules, or on large bodies (corpora) of already existing parallel texts. Rule-based methodologies may consist in a direct word-by-word translation, or operate via a more abstract representation of m... | Comparison of different machine translation approaches | 0.805626 |
29,169 | In mathematics, particularly topology, the K-topology is a topology that one can impose on the set of all real numbers which has some interesting properties. Relative to the set of all real numbers carrying the standard topology, the set K = {1/n | n is a positive integer} is not closed since it doesn't contain its (on... | K-topology | 0.805625 |
29,170 | Throughout this section, T will denote the K-topology and (R, T) will denote the set of all real numbers with the K-topology as a topological space. 1. The topology T on R is strictly finer than the standard topology on R but not comparable with the lower limit topology on R 2. | K-topology | 0.805625 |
29,171 | Let R be the set of all real numbers and let K = {1/n | n is a positive integer}. Generate a topology on R by taking basis as all open intervals (a, b) and all sets of the form (a, b) – K (the set of all elements in (a, b) that are not in K). The topology generated is known as the K-topology on R. The sets described in... | K-topology | 0.805625 |
29,172 | Dirichlet processes are frequently used in Bayesian nonparametric statistics. The Imprecise Dirichlet Process can be employed instead of the Dirichlet processes in any application in which prior information is lacking (it is therefore important to model this state of prior ignorance). In this respect, the Imprecise Dir... | Imprecise Dirichlet process | 0.805624 |
29,173 | In probability theory and statistics, the Dirichlet process (DP) is one of the most popular Bayesian nonparametric models. It was introduced by Thomas Ferguson as a prior over probability distributions. A Dirichlet process D P ( s , G 0 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {DP} \left(s,G_{0}\right)} is completely defined by its pa... | Imprecise Dirichlet process | 0.805624 |
29,174 | The objectives of molecular gastronomy, as defined by Hervé This, are seeking for the mechanisms of culinary transformations and processes (from a chemical and physical point of view) in three areas: the social phenomena linked to culinary activity the artistic component of culinary activity the technical component of ... | Molecular gastronomy | 0.805623 |
29,175 | The idea of using techniques developed in chemistry to study food is not a new one, for instance the discipline of food science has existed for many years. Kurti and This acknowledged this fact and though they decided that a new, organized and specific discipline should be created within food science that investigated ... | Molecular gastronomy | 0.805623 |
29,176 | He currently publishes a series of essays in French, and hosts free monthly seminars on molecular gastronomy at the INRA in France. He gives free and public seminars on molecular gastronomy every month, and annually gives a public and free course on molecular gastronomy. Hervé This also authors a website and a pair of ... | Molecular gastronomy | 0.805623 |
29,177 | Hervé This started collecting "culinary precisions" (old kitchen wives' tales and cooking tricks) the 24th of March 1980, and started testing these precisions to see which held up; his collection eventually numbered some 25,000. In 1995, he received a PhD in Physical Chemistry of Materials, for which he wrote his thesi... | Molecular gastronomy | 0.805623 |
29,178 | Molecular gastronomy is the scientific approach of cuisine from primarily the perspective of chemistry. The composition (molecular structure), properties (mass, viscosity, etc) and transformations (chemical reactions, reactant products) of an ingredient are addressed and utilized in the preparation and appreciation of ... | Molecular gastronomy | 0.805623 |
29,179 | A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the heavy demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing (tamping) and lining to restore the desired track geometry and smoothness of vehicle running. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to heavy maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ... | Rail lengths | 0.805621 |
29,180 | In 1848, the German physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond suggested the possibility of active transport of substances across membranes.In 1926, Dennis Robert Hoagland investigated the ability of plants to absorb salts against a concentration gradient and discovered the dependence of nutrient absorption and translocation on... | Active uptake | 0.805619 |
29,181 | The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport. In humans, sodium (Na+) is a commonly cotransported ion across the plasma membrane, whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or mo... | Active uptake | 0.805619 |
29,182 | In astrophysics, mass transfer is the process by which matter gravitationally bound to a body, usually a star, fills its Roche lobe and becomes gravitationally bound to a second body, usually a compact object (white dwarf, neutron star or black hole), and is eventually accreted onto it. It is a common phenomenon in bin... | Mass Transfer | 0.805619 |
29,183 | Mass transfer finds extensive application in chemical engineering problems. It is used in reaction engineering, separations engineering, heat transfer engineering, and many other sub-disciplines of chemical engineering like electrochemical engineering.The driving force for mass transfer is usually a difference in chemi... | Mass Transfer | 0.805619 |
29,184 | There are notable similarities in the commonly used approximate differential equations for momentum, heat, and mass transfer. The molecular transfer equations of Newton's law for fluid momentum at low Reynolds number (Stokes flow), Fourier's law for heat, and Fick's law for mass are very similar, since they are all lin... | Mass Transfer | 0.805619 |
29,185 | Consider the haplotypes for two loci A and B with two alleles each—a two-loci, two-allele model. Then the following table defines the frequencies of each combination: Note that these are relative frequencies. One can use the above frequencies to determine the frequency of each of the alleles: If the two loci and the al... | Linkage disequilibrium | 0.805618 |
29,186 | In population genetics, linkage disequilibrium (LD) is the non-random association of alleles at different loci in a given population. Loci are said to be in linkage disequilibrium when the frequency of association of their different alleles is higher or lower than expected if the loci were independent and associated ra... | Linkage disequilibrium | 0.805618 |
29,187 | Suppose that among the gametes that are formed in a sexually reproducing population, allele A occurs with frequency p A {\displaystyle p_{A}} at one locus (i.e. p A {\displaystyle p_{A}} is the proportion of gametes with A at that locus), while at a different locus allele B occurs with frequency p B {\displaystyle p_{B... | Linkage disequilibrium | 0.805618 |
29,188 | COSMOS – The Cosmic Evolution Survey CANDELS - The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (The latter three surveys are joining together observations obtained from space with the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the XMM-Newton satellite, with... | Sky survey | 0.805615 |
29,189 | Multi-wavelength surveys GAMA – the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey combines data from a number of ground- and space-based observatories together with a large redshift survey, performed at the Anglo-Australian Telescope. The resulting dataset aims to be a comprehensive resource for studying the physics of the galaxy po... | Sky survey | 0.805615 |
29,190 | The results have been the basis of comparison for all subsequent surveys, 1887-1975. Henry Draper Catalogue - spectral classifications based on photographic plates, 1918-1924, extension 1925-1936 Catalina Sky Survey - an astronomical survey to discover comets and asteroids. Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey National ... | Sky survey | 0.805615 |
29,191 | In the spring of 1972, it was sold to Brigham Young University, where it was used by the physics department until scrapped in 1982. U.S. Navy Dahlgren Naval Proving Ground, delivered Sep/Oct 1962. Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, France, delivered November 1963. IBM.The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory's IBM 7030 (excep... | IBM STRETCH | 0.805612 |
29,192 | In System F (also named λ2 for the "second-order typed lambda calculus") there is another type of abstraction, written with a Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } , that allows terms to depend on types, with the following rule: Γ ⊢ t: σ Γ ⊢ Λ α . t: Π α . σ if α does not occur free in Γ {\displaystyle {\frac {\Gamma \;\vdash \;t... | Lambda cube | 0.805611 |
29,193 | As for all systems based upon the simply typed lambda calculus, all systems in the cube are given in two steps: first, raw terms, together with a notion of β-reduction, and then typing rules that allow to type those terms. The set of sorts is defined as S := { ∗ , ◻ } {\displaystyle S:=\{*,\square \}} , sorts are repre... | Lambda cube | 0.805611 |
29,194 | In the calculus of constructions, denoted as λC in the cube or as λPω,: 130 these four features cohabit, so that both types and terms can depend on types and terms. The clear border that exists in λ→ between terms and types is somewhat abolished, as all types except the universal ◻ {\displaystyle \square } are themselv... | Lambda cube | 0.805611 |
29,195 | The simplest system found in the λ-cube is the simply typed lambda calculus, also called λ→. In this system, the only way to construct an abstraction is by making a term depend on a term, with the typing rule Γ , x: σ ⊢ t: τ Γ ⊢ λ x . t: σ → τ {\displaystyle {\frac {\Gamma ,x:\sigma \;\vdash \;t:\tau }{\Gamma \;\vdash ... | Lambda cube | 0.805611 |
29,196 | The calculus of constructions has both the predicate expressiveness of λP and the computational power of λω, hence why λC is also called λPω,: 130 so it is very powerful, both on the logical side and on the computational side. | Lambda cube | 0.805611 |
29,197 | In mathematical logic and type theory, the λ-cube (also written lambda cube) is a framework introduced by Henk Barendregt to investigate the different dimensions in which the calculus of constructions is a generalization of the simply typed λ-calculus. Each dimension of the cube corresponds to a new kind of dependency ... | Lambda cube | 0.805611 |
29,198 | The sequencing and annotating of the genome of the T7 bacteriophage took place in the 1980s at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory, under the senior biophysicist F. William Studier. Soon, the lab was able to clone the T7 RNA polymerase and use it, along with the powerful T7 promoter, to trans... | T7 expression system | 0.805611 |
29,199 | The T7 expression system is used in the field of microbiology to clone recombinant DNA using strains of E. coli. It is the most popular system for expressing recombinant proteins in E. coli.By 2021, this system had been described in over 220,000 research publications. | T7 expression system | 0.805611 |
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