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29,200 | Opuscula Mathematica publishes original research articles in the field of: Discrete Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Nonlinear Analysis, Probability Theory and Statistics, Theory of Optimal Control and Optimization, Mathematical Economic Theory, Operations Researchand other areas of Applied Mathematics. | Opuscula Mathematica | 0.805611 |
29,201 | In linear algebra, the outer product of two coordinate vectors is the matrix whose entries are all products of an element in the first vector with an element in the second vector. If the two coordinate vectors have dimensions n and m, then their outer product is an n × m matrix. More generally, given two tensors (multi... | Outer product | 0.805607 |
29,202 | Suppose s, t, w, z ∈ C so that (s, t) and (w, z) are in C2. Then the outer product of these complex 2-vectors is an element of M(2, C), the 2 × 2 complex matrices: The determinant of this matrix is swtz − sztw = 0 because of the commutative property of C. In the theory of spinors in three dimensions, these matrices are... | Outer product | 0.805607 |
29,203 | The physics data taking runs took place between 1997 and 2001. The discovery of the phenomenon of direct CP violation, one of the most important experimental results obtained at CERN, was announced by the collaboration in 1999. The publication of the final result was made in 2001. | NA48 experiment | 0.805604 |
29,204 | The NA48 experiment was a series of particle physics experiments in the field of kaon physics being carried out at the North Area of the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN. The collaboration involved over 100 physicists mostly from Western Europe and Russia. The construction of the NA48 experimental setup took place earl... | NA48 experiment | 0.805604 |
29,205 | In mathematics, in the realm of abelian group theory, a group is said to be algebraically compact if it is a direct summand of every abelian group containing it as a pure subgroup. Equivalent characterizations of algebraic compactness: The reduced part of the group is Hausdorff and complete in the Z {\displaystyle \mat... | Algebraically compact group | 0.8056 |
29,206 | The Lefschetz hyperplane theorem implies that for a smooth complex projective variety X of dimension at least 4 and a smooth ample divisor Y in X, the restriction Pic(X) → Pic(Y) is an isomorphism. For example, if Y is a smooth complete intersection variety of dimension at least 3 in complex projective space, then the ... | Divisor class group | 0.805595 |
29,207 | The Riemann–Roch theorem is a more precise statement along these lines. On the other hand, the precise dimension of H0(X, O(D)) for divisors D of low degree is subtle, and not completely determined by the degree of D. The distinctive features of a compact Riemann surface are reflected in these dimensions. One key divis... | Divisor class group | 0.805595 |
29,208 | Even the controversial NCTM Standards of 1989 did not call for abandoning standard algorithms, but instead recommended a decreased emphasis on complex paper-and-pencil computation drills, and an increased emphasis on mental computation, estimation skills, thinking strategies for mastering basic facts, and conceptual un... | Reform mathematics | 0.805594 |
29,209 | The American Institutes for Research (AIR) reported in 2005 that the NCTM proposals "risk exposing students to unrealistically advanced mathematics content in the early grades." This is in reference to NCTM's recommendation that algebraic concepts, such as understanding patterns and properties like commutativity (2+3=3... | Reform mathematics | 0.805594 |
29,210 | Upon exposure to applications of ordinary differential equations, many come across the mixing model of some chemical solution. Suppose there is a container holding liters of salt water. Salt water is flowing in, and out of the container at the same rate r {\displaystyle r} of liters per second. In other words, the rate... | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,211 | Unlike ordinary differential equations, which contain a function of one variable and its derivatives evaluated with the same input, functional differential equations contain a function and its derivatives evaluated with different input values. An example of an ordinary differential equation would be f ′ ( x ) = 2 f ( x... | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,212 | The simplest, fundamental functional differential equation is the linear first-order delay differential equation which is given by x ′ ( t ) = α 1 x ( t ) + α 2 x ( t − τ ) + f ( t ) , t ≥ 0 {\displaystyle x'(t)=\alpha _{1}x(t)+\alpha _{2}x(t-\tau )+f(t),t\geq 0} where α 1 , α 2 , τ {\displaystyle \alpha _{1},\alpha _{... | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,213 | Functional differential equations of retarded type occur when max { n 1 , n 2 , … , n k } < n {\displaystyle \max\{n_{1},n_{2},\ldots ,n_{k}\ \} | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,214 | Functional differential equations of neutral type, or neutral differential equations occur when max { n 1 , n 2 , … , n k } = n . {\displaystyle \max\{n_{1},n_{2},\ldots ,n_{k}\}=n.} Neutral differential equations depend on past and present values of the function, similarly to retarded differential equations, except it... | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,215 | Functional differential equations have been used in models that determine future behavior of a certain phenomenon determined by the present and the past. Future behavior of phenomena, described by the solutions of ODEs, assumes that behavior is independent of the past. However, there can be many situations that depend ... | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,216 | Differential difference equations are functional differential equations in which the argument values are discrete. The general form for functional differential equations of finitely many discrete deviating arguments is x ( n ) ( t ) = f ( t , x ( n 1 ) ( t − τ 1 ( t ) ) , x ( n 2 ) ( t − τ 2 ( t ) ) , … , x ( n k ) ( t... | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,217 | A functional differential equation is a differential equation with deviating argument. That is, a functional differential equation is an equation that contains a function and some of its derivatives evaluated at different argument values.Functional differential equations find use in mathematical models that assume a sp... | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,218 | "Functional differential equation" is the general name for a number of more specific types of differential equations that are used in numerous applications. There are delay differential equations, integro-differential equations, and so on. | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,219 | The Lotka–Volterra predator-prey model was originally developed to observe the population of sharks and fish in the Adriatic Sea; however, this model has been used in many other fields for different uses, such as describing chemical reactions. Modelling predatory-prey population has always been widely researched, and a... | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,220 | Integro-differential equations of Volterra type are functional differential equations with continuous argument values. Integro-differential equations involve both the integrals and derivatives of some function with respect to its argument. The continuous integro-differential equation for retarded functional differentia... | Functional differential equation | 0.805593 |
29,221 | Ziegler points to several errors of fact in the book's history, takes issue with its insistence that each contribution should be attributed to only one researcher, and doubts Soifer's objectivity with respect to van der Waerden. And reviewer John J. Watkins writes that "Soifer’s book is indeed a treasure trove filled w... | The Mathematical Coloring Book | 0.805593 |
29,222 | As a work in graph theory, reviewer Joseph Malkevitch suggests caution over the book's intuitive treatment of graphs that may in many cases be infinite, in comparison with much other work in this area that makes an implicit assumption that every graph is finite. William Gasarch is surprised by the book's omission of so... | The Mathematical Coloring Book | 0.805593 |
29,223 | The book "presents mathematics as a human endeavor" and "explores the birth of ideas and moral dilemmas of the times between and during the two World Wars". As such, as well as covering the mathematics of its topics, it includes biographical material and correspondence with many of the people involved in creating it, i... | The Mathematical Coloring Book | 0.805593 |
29,224 | This includes the method of conjugate gradients, Nordsieck methods, Gaussian quadrature rules, and quasi-Newton methods. In all these cases, the classic method is based on a regularized least-squares estimate that can be associated with the posterior mean arising from a Gaussian prior and likelihood. In such cases, the... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,225 | A numerical method is an algorithm that approximates the solution to a mathematical problem (examples below include the solution to a linear system of equations, the value of an integral, the solution of a differential equation, the minimum of a multivariate function). In a probabilistic numerical algorithm, this proce... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,226 | A number of probabilistic numerical methods have also been proposed for partial differential equations. As with ordinary differential equations, the approaches can broadly be divided into those based on randomisation, generally of some underlying finite-element mesh and those based on Gaussian process regression. Proba... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,227 | Probabilistic numerics is an active field of study at the intersection of applied mathematics, statistics, and machine learning centering on the concept of uncertainty in computation. In probabilistic numerics, tasks in numerical analysis such as finding numerical solutions for integration, linear algebra, optimization... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,228 | Bayesian optimization policies are usually realized by transforming the objective function posterior into an inexpensive, differentiable acquisition function that is maximized to select each successive observation location. One prominent approach is to model optimization via Bayesian sequential experimental design, see... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,229 | Probabilistic numerics have also been studied for mathematical optimization, which consist of finding the minimum or maximum of some objective function f {\displaystyle f} given (possibly noisy or indirect) evaluations of that function at a set of points. Perhaps the most notable effort in this direction is Bayesian op... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,230 | Probabilistic numerical methods have been developed in the context of stochastic optimization for deep learning, in particular to address main issues such as learning rate tuning and line searches, batch-size selection, early stopping, pruning, and first- and second-order search directions.In this setting, the optimiza... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,231 | This was later improved (in terms of efficient computation) in favor of Gauss–Markov priors modeled by the stochastic differential equation d x ( t ) = A x ( t ) d t + B d v ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} x(t)=Ax(t)\,\mathrm {d} t+B\,\mathrm {d} v(t)} , where x ( t ) {\displaystyle x(t)} is a ν {\displaystyle \nu } -... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,232 | Probabilistic numerical methods for ordinary differential equations y ˙ ( t ) = f ( t , y ( t ) ) {\displaystyle {\dot {y}}(t)=f(t,y(t))} , have been developed for initial and boundary value problems. Many different probabilistic numerical methods designed for ordinary differential equations have been proposed, and the... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,233 | Methods typically assume a Gaussian distribution, due to its closedness under linear observations of the problem. While conceptually different, these two views are computationally equivalent and inherently connected via the right-hand-side through x = A − 1 b {\displaystyle x=A^{-1}b} .Probabilistic numerical linear al... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,234 | Probabilistic numerical methods for linear algebra have primarily focused on solving systems of linear equations of the form A x = b {\displaystyle Ax=b} and the computation of determinants | A | {\displaystyle |A|} . A large class of methods are iterative in nature and collect information about the linear system to be... | Probabilistic numerics | 0.805592 |
29,235 | In statistics, restricted randomization occurs in the design of experiments and in particular in the context of randomized experiments and randomized controlled trials. Restricted randomization allows intuitively poor allocations of treatments to experimental units to be avoided, while retaining the theoretical benefit... | Nested factors | 0.80559 |
29,236 | In mathematics, specifically in topology of manifolds, a compact codimension-one submanifold F {\displaystyle F} of a manifold M {\displaystyle M} is said to be 2-sided in M {\displaystyle M} when there is an embedding h: F × → M {\displaystyle h\colon F\times \to M} with h ( x , 0 ) = x {\displaystyle h(x,0)=x} for e... | 2-sided | 0.80559 |
29,237 | Motivic cohomology itself had been invented before the creation of mixed motives by means of algebraic K-theory. The above category provides a neat way to (re)define it by H n ( X , m ) := H n ( X , Z ( m ) ) := Hom D M ( X , Z ( m ) ) , {\displaystyle H^{n}(X,m):=H^{n}(X,\mathbb {Z} (m)):=\operatorname {Hom} _{DM}(... | Mixed motive (math) | 0.805589 |
29,238 | Private funding for research comes from philanthropists, crowd-funding, private companies, non-profit foundations, and professional organizations. Philanthropists and foundations have been pouring millions of dollars into a wide variety of scientific investigations, including basic research discovery, disease cures, pa... | Funding of science | 0.805587 |
29,239 | Log probabilities make some mathematical manipulations easier to perform. Optimization. Since most common probability distributions—notably the exponential family—are only logarithmically concave, and concavity of the objective function plays a key role in the maximization of a function such as probability. Optimizers ... | Log probability | 0.805583 |
29,240 | In probability theory and computer science, a log probability is simply a logarithm of a probability. The use of log probabilities means representing probabilities on a logarithmic scale ( − inf , 0 ] {\displaystyle (-\inf ,0]} , instead of the standard {\displaystyle } unit interval. Since the probabilities of indepe... | Log probability | 0.805583 |
29,241 | The term nanostructure is often used when referring to magnetic technology. Nanoscale structure in biology is often called ultrastructure. Properties of nanoscale objects and ensembles of these objects are widely studied in physics. | Nanostructure | 0.805583 |
29,242 | As quantum mechanics, and any classical dynamical system, relies heavily on Hamiltonian mechanics for which time is reversible, these approximations are not intrinsically able to describe dissipative systems. It has been proposed that in principle, one can couple weakly the system – say, an oscillator – to a bath, i.e.... | Dissipative structures | 0.805583 |
29,243 | Russian-Belgian physical chemist Ilya Prigogine, who coined the term dissipative structure, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977 for his pioneering work on these structures, which have dynamical regimes that can be regarded as thermodynamic steady states, and sometimes at least can be described by suitable ext... | Dissipative structures | 0.805583 |
29,244 | Izon Science Limited is a nanotechnology company that develops and sells nano-scale particle analysis and isolation tools. Their main instruments are based on principles of size exclusion chromatography and tunable resistive pulse sensing. Izon’s size-exclusion chromatography columns and related solutions are also used... | Izon Science | 0.80558 |
29,245 | Lattice effect algebras where the order structure forms a lattice. Effect algebras satisfying the Riesz decomposition property: an MV-algebra is precisely a lattice effect algebra with the Riesz decomposition property. Sequential effect algebras have an additional sequential product operation that models the Lüders pro... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,246 | There are various types of effect algebras that have been studied. Interval effect algebras that arise as an interval G {\displaystyle _{G}} of some ordered Abelian group G {\displaystyle G} . Convex effect algebras have an action of the real unit interval {\displaystyle } on the algebra. A representation theorem of ... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,247 | Effect algebras are partial algebras which abstract the (partial) algebraic properties of events that can be observed in quantum mechanics. Structures equivalent to effect algebras were introduced by three different research groups in theoretical physics or mathematics in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Since then, the... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,248 | As an example of how effect algebras are used to expess concepts in quantum theory, the definition of a positive operator-valued measure may be cast in terms of effect algebra morphisms as follows. Let E ( H ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}(H)} be the algebra of effects of a Hilbert space H {\displaystyle H} , and let Σ... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,249 | Any MV-algebra is an effect algebra (but not, in general, an orthoalgebra) with the unary operation as orthosupplementation and the binary operation restricted to orthogonal elements as the sum. In the context of MV-algebras, orthogonality of a pair of elements a , b {\displaystyle a,b} is defined as a ′ ⊕ b ′ = 1 {\di... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,250 | A morphism from an effect algebra E {\displaystyle E} to an effect algebra F {\displaystyle F} is given by a function f: E → F {\displaystyle f:E\rightarrow F} such that f ( 1 ) = 1 {\displaystyle f(1)=1} and for all a , b ∈ E {\displaystyle a,b\in E} a ⊥ b {\displaystyle a\perp b} implies f ( a ) ⊥ f ( b ) {\displayst... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,251 | The operational approach to quantum mechanics takes the set of observable (experimental) outcomes as the constitutive notion of a physical system. That is, a physical system is seen as a collection of events which may occur and thus have a measurable effect on the reality. Such events are called effects. | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,252 | The following can be shown for any elements a , b {\displaystyle a,b} and c {\displaystyle c} of an effect algebra, assuming a ⊥ b , c {\displaystyle a\perp b,c}: a ″ = a {\displaystyle a''=a} , 0 ′ = 1 {\displaystyle 0'=1} , a ⊥ 0 {\displaystyle a\perp 0} , and a ⊕ 0 = a {\displaystyle a\oplus 0=a} , a ⊕ b = 0 {\displ... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,253 | In 1989, Giuntini and Greuling introduced structures for studying unsharp properties, meaning those quantum events whose probability of occurring is strictly between zero and one (and is thus not an either-or event). In 1994, Chovanec and Kôpka introduced D-posets as posets with a partially defined difference operation... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,254 | If the last axiom in the definition of an effect algebra is replaced by: if a ⊥ a {\displaystyle a\perp a} , then a = 0 {\displaystyle a=0} ,one obtains the definition of an orthoalgebra. Since this axiom implies the last axiom for effect algebras (in the presence of the other axioms), every orthoalgebra is an effect a... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,255 | Slightly generalising the motivating example of Hilbert space effects, take the set of effects on a unital C*-algebra A {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {A}}} , i.e. the elements a ∈ A {\displaystyle a\in {\mathfrak {A}}} satisfying 0 ≤ a ≤ 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq a\leq 1} . The addition operation on a , b ∈ A {\displaystyle ... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,256 | Every effect algebra E {\displaystyle E} is partially ordered as follows: a ≤ b {\displaystyle a\leq b} if and only if there is a c ∈ E {\displaystyle c\in E} such that a ⊥ c {\displaystyle a\perp c} and a ⊕ c = b {\displaystyle a\oplus c=b} . This partial order satisfies: a ≤ b {\displaystyle a\leq b} if and only if b... | Effect algebra | 0.805578 |
29,257 | In statistics, the coverage probability, or coverage for short, is the probability that a confidence interval or confidence region will include the true value (parameter) of interest. It can be defined as the proportion of instances where the interval surrounds the true value as assessed by long-run frequency. | Coverage probability | 0.805577 |
29,258 | This involves procurement, routine testing, preventive maintenance, and making equipment recommendations, a role also known as a Biomedical Equipment Technician (BMET) or as clinical engineering. Biomedical engineering has recently emerged as its own study, as compared to many other engineering fields. Such an evolutio... | Biomedical engineering | 0.805573 |
29,259 | Biomedical engineering (BME) or medical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes (e.g., diagnostic or therapeutic). BME is also traditionally logical sciences to advance health care treatment, including diagnosis, monitoring, and therap... | Biomedical engineering | 0.805573 |
29,260 | However, the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES) is, as of 2009, exploring the possibility of seeking to implement a BME-specific version of this exam to facilitate biomedical engineers pursuing licensure. Beyond governmental registration, certain private-sector professional/industrial organizations also offer certif... | Biomedical engineering | 0.805573 |
29,261 | jurisdictions—does now cover biology (although technically not BME). For the second exam, called the Principles and Practices, Part 2, or the Professional Engineering exam, candidates may select a particular engineering discipline's content to be tested on; there is currently not an option for BME with this, meaning th... | Biomedical engineering | 0.805573 |
29,262 | The Institution also runs the Engineering in Medicine and Health Division. The Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM) has a panel for the accreditation of MSc courses in Biomedical Engineering and Chartered Engineering status can also be sought through IPEM. The Fundamentals of Engineering exam – the f... | Biomedical engineering | 0.805573 |
29,263 | As with other learned professions, each state has certain (fairly similar) requirements for becoming licensed as a registered Professional Engineer (PE), but, in US, in industry such a license is not required to be an employee as an engineer in the majority of situations (due to an exception known as the industrial exe... | Biomedical engineering | 0.805573 |
29,264 | Rehabilitation engineering is the systematic application of engineering sciences to design, develop, adapt, test, evaluate, apply, and distribute technological solutions to problems confronted by individuals with disabilities. Functional areas addressed through rehabilitation engineering may include mobility, communica... | Biomedical engineering | 0.805573 |
29,265 | SAFT evolved from thermodynamic theories, including perturbation theories developed in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s by John Barker and Douglas Henderson, Keith Gubbins and Chris Gray, and, in particular, Michael Wertheim's first-order, thermodynamic perturbation theory (TPT1) outlined in a series of papers in the 1980s.... | Statistical associating fluid theory | 0.805572 |
29,266 | Observers inside a closed box that is moving with a constant velocity cannot detect their own motion; however, observers within an accelerating reference frame can detect that they are in a non-inertial reference frame from the fictitious forces that arise. For example, for straight-line acceleration Vladimir Arnold pr... | Inertial Force | 0.805572 |
29,267 | Plücker coordinates allow concise solutions to problems of line geometry in 3-dimensional space, especially those involving incidence. | Plucker coordinates | 0.80557 |
29,268 | Line geometry is extensively used in ray tracing application where the geometry and intersections of rays need to be calculated in 3D. An implementation is described in Introduction to Plücker Coordinates written for the Ray Tracing forum by Thouis Jones. | Plucker coordinates | 0.80557 |
29,269 | Example. Let a0 = 2, a = (−1, 0, 0) and b0 = −7, b = (0, 7, −2). Then (d: m) = (0: −2: −7: −7: 14: −4).Although the usual algebraic definition tends to obscure the relationship, (d: m) are the Plücker coordinates of L. | Plucker coordinates | 0.80557 |
29,270 | ∠ HBF + ∠ BFH + ∠ FHB = 180°; ε' + ε + ∠ FHB = 180°, ε + ε' = 90°; therefore, ∠ FHB = 90°. Then ∠ DHF must be a right angle as well. Angles ∠ DCF, ∠ DHF are right angles, so the four points C, D, H, F lie on a circle, and (by the intersecting secants theorem) | | B F | | | | B C | | = | | B H | | | | B D | | {\displays... | Plucker coordinates | 0.80557 |
29,271 | Let ε := ∠ BEC. Since △ BEC ≅ △ BFG (by side-angle-side congruence), then ∠ BFG = ε. Since ∠ BEC + ∠ CED = 90°, let ε' := 90° – ε = ∠ CED. By the inscribed angle theorem, ∠ DEC = ∠ DBC, so ∠ DBC = ε'. | Plucker coordinates | 0.80557 |
29,272 | Points C and E are the closest points on those planes to the origin B, therefore angles ∠ BCD and ∠ BED are right angles and so the points B, C, D, E lie on a circle (due to a corollary of Thales's theorem). BD is the diameter of that circle. a := B E | | B E | | , b := B C | | B C | | , r := B D ; − a = | | B E | | = ... | Plucker coordinates | 0.80557 |
29,273 | Furthermore, this approach extends to include points, lines, and a plane "at infinity", in the sense of projective geometry. In addition a point x {\displaystyle x} lies on the line L if and only if x × d = m {\displaystyle x\times d=m} . | Plucker coordinates | 0.80557 |
29,274 | Delaunay triangulations can be used to determine the density or intensity of points samplings by means of the Delaunay tessellation field estimator (DTFE). Delaunay triangulations are often used to generate meshes for space-discretised solvers such as the finite element method and the finite volume method of physics si... | Delaunay triangulation | 0.80557 |
29,275 | In mathematics and computational geometry, a Delaunay triangulation (also known as a Delone triangulation) for a given set P of discrete points in a general position is a triangulation DT(P) such that no point in P is inside the circumcircle of any triangle in DT(P). Delaunay triangulations maximize the minimum of all ... | Delaunay triangulation | 0.805569 |
29,276 | Maximum inner-product search (MIPS) is a search problem, with a corresponding class of search algorithms which attempt to maximise the inner product between a query and the data items to be retrieved. MIPS algorithms are used in a wide variety of big data applications, including recommendation algorithms and machine le... | Maximum inner-product search | 0.805566 |
29,277 | A function f: M 1 → M 2 {\displaystyle f\,\colon M_{1}\to M_{2}} is uniformly continuous if for every real number ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that for all points x and y in M1 such that d ( x , y ) < δ {\displaystyle d(x,y)<\delta } , we have The only difference between this definition and the ε–δ definition of conti... | Metric distance | 0.805565 |
29,278 | The institute was formed on November 13, 1987 by the order number 941 of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 2012 the type and full name of the institute was changed to Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт прикладной астрономии Российской академии наук (Federal State Budgetary I... | Institute of Applied Astronomy | 0.805562 |
29,279 | The divisions of the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in four constituent entities of the Russian Federation: (St. Petersburg, Leningrad Oblast, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Buryatia). 191187, St. Petersburg, Kutuzova, Embankment 10 197110, St. Petersburg, Zhdanov... | Institute of Applied Astronomy | 0.805562 |
29,280 | The Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences conducts radio interferometric and radio astronomical observations at radio astronomy observatories of the Kvazar-KVO network under international and Russian programs. | Institute of Applied Astronomy | 0.805562 |
29,281 | The Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (name in Russian: Институт прикладной астрономии — official name in Russian: Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт прикладной астрономии Российской академии наук (Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of A... | Institute of Applied Astronomy | 0.805562 |
29,282 | Construction of fundamental reference systems and determination of the parameters of the Earth's rotation. Research in the field of radio astronomy and geodetic instrumentation. Publication of astronomical and specialized yearbooks, ephemeris of minor planets and other official coordinate-time publications. Operation a... | Institute of Applied Astronomy | 0.805562 |
29,283 | Research in the field of astronomy, ephemeris astronomy and space geodesy. Research in the field of terrestrial radio interferometry with very long baselines and radio astronomy. Research in the field of classical and relativistic celestial mechanics. Research in the field of fundamental coordinate-time support. | Institute of Applied Astronomy | 0.805562 |
29,284 | Radio astronomy observatory "Svetloe" (Priozersky District) Radio astronomy observatory "Zelenchukskaya" (Zelenchuksky District) Radio astronomy observatory "Badary" (Irkutsk Oblast) Department of centralized operation of observatories | Institute of Applied Astronomy | 0.805562 |
29,285 | Laboratory of antennas and antenna measurements Laboratory of radio astronomy receiving devices Signal conversion and registration laboratory Laboratory of time and frequency Correlation processing laboratory Laboratory of Information and Computing Systems | Institute of Applied Astronomy | 0.805562 |
29,286 | Laboratory of Ephemeris Astronomy Laboratory of Astronomical Yearbooks Laboratory of Space Geodesy and Earth Rotation Laboratory of Small Bodies of the Solar System Group of relativistic celestial mechanics | Institute of Applied Astronomy | 0.805562 |
29,287 | The Damköhler numbers (Da) are dimensionless numbers used in chemical engineering to relate the chemical reaction timescale (reaction rate) to the transport phenomena rate occurring in a system. It is named after German chemist Gerhard Damköhler. The Karlovitz number (Ka) is related to the Damköhler number by Da = 1/Ka... | Damköhler numbers | 0.805562 |
29,288 | NMR spectroscopy uses the net spin of nuclei in a substance upon energy absorption to identify molecules. This has now become a standard spectroscopic tool within synthetic chemistry. One major use of NMR is to determine the bond connectivity within an organic molecule. | Nuclear chemist | 0.80556 |
29,289 | This is the chemistry associated with any part of the nuclear fuel cycle, including nuclear reprocessing. The fuel cycle includes all the operations involved in producing fuel, from mining, ore processing and enrichment to fuel production (Front-end of the cycle). It also includes the 'in-pile' behavior (use of the fue... | Nuclear chemist | 0.80556 |
29,290 | The mechanisms of chemical reactions can be investigated by observing how the kinetics of a reaction is changed by making an isotopic modification of a substrate, known as the kinetic isotope effect. This is now a standard method in organic chemistry. Briefly, replacing normal hydrogen (protons) by deuterium within a m... | Nuclear chemist | 0.80556 |
29,291 | Despite the growing use of nuclear medicine, the potential expansion of nuclear power plants, and worries about protection against nuclear threats and the management of the nuclear waste generated in past decades, the number of students opting to specialize in nuclear and radiochemistry has decreased significantly over... | Nuclear chemist | 0.80556 |
29,292 | A combination of radiochemistry and radiation chemistry is used to study nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion. Some early evidence for nuclear fission was the formation of a short-lived radioisotope of barium which was isolated from neutron irradiated uranium (139Ba, with a half-life of 83 minutes and 140Ba, wi... | Nuclear chemist | 0.80556 |
29,293 | Nevertheless, reviewer William Gasarch argues that this outcome should make the book more interesting to readers, not less, because it helps explain the barriers that Guth and Katz had to overcome in proving their result. Additionally, the techniques that the book describes have many uses in discrete geometry. == Refer... | The Erdős Distance Problem | 0.805558 |
29,294 | The Erdős Distance Problem is a monograph on the Erdős distinct distances problem in discrete geometry: how can one place n {\displaystyle n} points into d {\displaystyle d} -dimensional Euclidean space so that the pairs of points make the smallest possible distance set? It was written by Julia Garibaldi, Alex Iosevich... | The Erdős Distance Problem | 0.805558 |
29,295 | The Erdős Distance Problem consists of twelve chapters and three appendices.After an introductory chapter describing the formulation of the problem by Paul Erdős and Erdős's proof that the number of distances is always at least proportional to n d {\textstyle {\sqrt{n}}} , the next six chapters cover the two-dimensiona... | The Erdős Distance Problem | 0.805558 |
29,296 | The Matita tutorial provides a pragmatic introduction to the main functionalities of the Matita interactive theorem prover, offering a guided tour through a set of non-trivial examples in the field of software specification and verification. | Matita proof assistant | 0.805555 |
29,297 | In computer science, a conceptual model, or domain model, represents concepts (entities) and relationships between them. | Conceptual model (computer science) | 0.805553 |
29,298 | In the field of computer science a conceptual model aims to express the meaning of terms and concepts used by domain experts to discuss the problem, and to find the correct relationships between different concepts. The conceptual model is explicitly chosen to be independent of design or implementation concerns, for exa... | Conceptual model (computer science) | 0.805553 |
29,299 | He wrote out his ideas in an 1842 "pencil sketch", then in an essay written in 1844. He discussed transmutation with his friend Joseph Dalton Hooker, who read the essay in 1847. After turning his attention to biology and completing eight years of work on barnacles, Darwin intensified work on his theory of species in 18... | On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection | 0.80555 |
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