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29,400 | James Gosling, lead developer of Java and its precursor, Oak. Jean Ichbiah, chief designer of Ada, Ada 83. Jean-Yves Girard, co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus (System F). | History of programming languages | 0.805494 |
29,401 | Component-oriented software development. Metaprogramming, reflection or access to the abstract syntax tree AOP or Aspect Oriented Programming allowing developers to insert code in another module or class at "join points" Domain-specific languages and code generation XML for graphical interface (XUL, Extensible Applicat... | History of programming languages | 0.805494 |
29,402 | The bootstrap currents modify the shape, not the location, of these ridges, providing an effective channeling mechanism. This design, although promising, has not been experimentally tested yet.Given the complexity of the design of stellarator divertors, compared to their two-dimensional tokamak counterparts, a thorough... | Divertor | 0.805494 |
29,403 | An alternating current power-flow model is a model used in electrical engineering to analyze power grids. It provides a nonlinear system of equations which describes the energy flow through each transmission line. The problem is non-linear because the power flow into load impedances is a function of the square of the a... | Power flow | 0.805493 |
29,404 | Furthermore, power-flow computations are crucial for optimal operations of groups of generating units. In term of its approach to uncertainties, load-flow study can be divided to deterministic load flow and uncertainty-concerned load flow. Deterministic load-flow study does not take into account the uncertainties arisi... | Power flow | 0.805493 |
29,405 | Transformer tap positions are selected to ensure the correct voltage at critical locations such as motor control centers. Performing a load-flow study on an existing system provides insight and recommendations as to the system operation and optimization of control settings to obtain maximum capacity while minimizing th... | Power flow | 0.805493 |
29,406 | Pheromones are used by many organisms, from basic unicellular prokaryotes to complex multicellular eukaryotes. Their use among insects has been particularly well documented. In addition, some vertebrates, plants and ciliates communicate by using pheromones. The ecological functions and evolution of pheromones are a maj... | Pheromone receptors | 0.805493 |
29,407 | In graph theory, Robbins' theorem, named after Herbert Robbins (1939), states that the graphs that have strong orientations are exactly the 2-edge-connected graphs. That is, it is possible to choose a direction for each edge of an undirected graph G, turning it into a directed graph that has a path from every vertex to... | Robbins theorem | 0.805492 |
29,408 | An extension of Robbins' theorem to mixed graphs by Boesch & Tindell (1980) shows that, if G is a graph in which some edges may be directed and others undirected, and G contains a path respecting the edge orientations from every vertex to every other vertex, then any undirected edge of G that is not a bridge may be mad... | Robbins theorem | 0.805492 |
29,409 | Robbins originally motivated his work by an application to the design of one-way streets in cities. Another application arises in structural rigidity, in the theory of grid bracing. This theory concerns the problem of making a square grid, constructed from rigid rods attached at flexible joints, rigid by adding more ro... | Robbins theorem | 0.805492 |
29,410 | The study of the binding problem in neuroscience stems from the much older psychological study of the binding phenomenon, which has its roots in the ancient philosophical study of the same problems. Today, there is a close interplay between neuroscience and psychology, which is especially relevant to neural binding. | Neural binding | 0.805491 |
29,411 | The Temporal Binding Hypothesis has a history in neuroscience which spans back to at least the early 1980s. Christoph Von der Malsburg proposed that neurons carry two distinct signals, one of conventional rate code in relation to the ‘effectiveness’ of the feature it is encoding and another which is conveyed in terms o... | Neural binding | 0.805491 |
29,412 | Some more recent models have incorporated quantum theory as a component of the underlying neural dynamics behind binding due to the strong explanatory power of quantum mechanics and their claim of the insufficiency of current models for explaining the complexity of the binding mechanism. In 2001, da Rocha developed a m... | Neural binding | 0.805491 |
29,413 | Researchers have suggested that these issues with coherence of neural networks give rise to the hallmark autistic symptoms, namely, impaired social cognition/interactions and repetitive behaviors. There is one major piece of evidence suggesting that abnormal connectivity occurs in autism. Autistic brains are known to d... | Neural binding | 0.805491 |
29,414 | It is also possible that problems with binding give way to the fractured mental state that is characteristic of schizophrenia. Schizophrenic patients experience a “disintegration of consciousness” which involves hallucinations, delusions, and generally disordered thinking. It is hypothesized that this mental disorganiz... | Neural binding | 0.805491 |
29,415 | Neural binding is the neuroscientific aspect of what is commonly known as the binding problem: the interdisciplinary difficulty of creating a comprehensive and verifiable model for the unity of consciousness. "Binding" refers to the integration of highly diverse neural information in the forming of one's cohesive exper... | Neural binding | 0.805491 |
29,416 | In physics education a simple experiment is sometimes used to illustrate eddy currents and the principle behind magnetic braking. When a strong magnet is dropped down a vertical, non-ferrous, conducting pipe, eddy currents are induced in the pipe, and these retard the descent of the magnet, so it falls slower than it w... | Eddy current brakes | 0.80549 |
29,417 | It is used in polynomial factorization, a problem for which all known efficient algorithms use modular arithmetic. It is used by the most efficient implementations of polynomial greatest common divisor, exact linear algebra and Gröbner basis algorithms over the integers and the rational numbers. As posted on Fidonet in... | Congruence modulo m | 0.805489 |
29,418 | In cryptography, modular arithmetic directly underpins public key systems such as RSA and Diffie–Hellman, and provides finite fields which underlie elliptic curves, and is used in a variety of symmetric key algorithms including Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), and RC4.... | Congruence modulo m | 0.805489 |
29,419 | For example, International Standard Book Number (ISBN) uses modulo 11 (for 10 digit ISBN) or modulo 10 (for 13 digit ISBN) arithmetic for error detection. Likewise, International Bank Account Numbers (IBANs), for example, make use of modulo 97 arithmetic to spot user input errors in bank account numbers. In chemistry, ... | Congruence modulo m | 0.805489 |
29,420 | In pure mathematics, modular arithmetic is one of the foundations of number theory, touching on almost every aspect of its study, and it is also used extensively in group theory, ring theory, knot theory, and abstract algebra. In applied mathematics, it is used in computer algebra, cryptography, computer science, chemi... | Congruence modulo m | 0.805489 |
29,421 | This first version focused heavily on reasoning about similarities between entities. Later versions of PSL would still keep the ability to reason about similarities, but generalize the language to be more expressive. In 2017, a Journal of Machine Learning Research article detailing PSL and the underlying graphical mode... | Probabilistic Soft Logic | 0.805488 |
29,422 | This allows for the underlying inference to be solved quickly as a convex optimization problem. This is useful in problems such as collective classification, link prediction, social network modelling, and object identification/entity resolution/record linkage. Probabilistic Soft Logic was first released in 2009 by Lise... | Probabilistic Soft Logic | 0.805488 |
29,423 | Probabilistic Soft Logic (PSL) is a statistical relational learning (SRL) framework for modeling probabilistic and relational domains. It is applicable to a variety of machine learning problems, such as collective classification, entity resolution, link prediction, and ontology alignment. PSL combines two tools: first-... | Probabilistic Soft Logic | 0.805488 |
29,424 | In situ hybridization is a powerful technique for identifying specific mRNA species within individual cells in tissue sections, providing insights into physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. However, in situ hybridization requires that many steps be taken with precise optimization for each tissue examined an... | In situ hybridization | 0.80548 |
29,425 | In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ) or if the tissue is small enough (e.g., plant seeds, Drosophila embryos), in the entire ... | In situ hybridization | 0.80548 |
29,426 | In the mathematical theory of probability, the Hsu–Robbins–Erdős theorem states that if X 1 , … , X n {\displaystyle X_{1},\ldots ,X_{n}} is a sequence of i.i.d. random variables with zero mean and finite variance and S n = X 1 + ⋯ + X n , {\displaystyle S_{n}=X_{1}+\cdots +X_{n},\,} then ∑ n ⩾ 1 P ( | S n | > ε n ) < ... | Hsu–Robbins–Erdős theorem | 0.805478 |
29,427 | In addition to the database, the ChEMBL group have developed tools and resources for data mining. These include Kinase SARfari, an integrated chemogenomics workbench focussed on kinases. The system incorporates and links sequence, structure, compounds and screening data. GPCR SARfari is a similar workbench focused on G... | ChEMBL | 0.805478 |
29,428 | ChEMBL or ChEMBLdb is a manually curated chemical database of bioactive molecules with drug inducing properties. It is maintained by the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), based at the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK. The database, originally known as... | ChEMBL | 0.805478 |
29,429 | ChEMBL's coverage of available bioactivity data has grown to become "the most comprehensive ever seen in a public database.". In October 2010 ChEMBL version 8 (ChEMBL_08) was launched, with over 2.97 million bioassay measurements covering 636,269 compounds.ChEMBL_10 saw the addition of the PubChem confirmatory assays, ... | ChEMBL | 0.805478 |
29,430 | The ChEMBL database contains compound bioactivity data against drug targets. Bioactivity is reported in Ki, Kd, IC50, and EC50. Data can be filtered and analyzed to develop compound screening libraries for lead identification during drug discovery.ChEMBL version 2 (ChEMBL_02) was launched in January 2010, including 2.4... | ChEMBL | 0.805478 |
29,431 | (See X-ray astronomy). More intense research continued since 1960 including spectrometers on satellites. | History of spectroscopy | 0.805477 |
29,432 | The most exciting event was in 1942, when Edlén proved the identification of some solar coronal lines on the basis of his precise analyses of spectra of MIA. This implied that the solar corona has a temperature of a million degrees, and strongly advanced understanding of solar and stellar physics. After the WW II exper... | History of spectroscopy | 0.805477 |
29,433 | Between 1920 and 1930 fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics were developed by Pauli, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and Dirac. Understanding of the spin and exclusion principle allowed conceiving how electron shells of atoms are filled with the increasing atomic number. | History of spectroscopy | 0.805477 |
29,434 | During the early 1800s, Joseph von Fraunhofer conducted experiments with dispersive spectrometers that enabled spectroscopy to become a more precise and quantitative scientific technique. Since then, spectroscopy has played and continues to play a significant role in chemistry, physics and astronomy. Fraunhofer observe... | History of spectroscopy | 0.805477 |
29,435 | Disease ecology is a sub-discipline of ecology concerned with the mechanisms, patterns, and effects of host-pathogen interactions, particularly those of infectious diseases. For example, it examines how parasites spread through and influence wildlife populations and communities. By studying the flow of diseases within ... | Disease ecology | 0.805475 |
29,436 | Parasitism in disease ecology is important because it can shape the way many habitats function because they are disease carriers. These diseases can alter the timing of events, biogeochemical cycles, and even the flow of energy in a habitat. Parasites are able to limit population growth and reproduction of species whic... | Disease ecology | 0.805475 |
29,437 | Parasitic infections, along with certain transmitted diseases, are present in wildlife which can have severe health effects on particular individuals and populations. Constant host-parasite interactions make disease ecology critical in conservation ecology. | Disease ecology | 0.805475 |
29,438 | Two very important classes of examples are given by the Seifert bundles and the Solv manifolds. This leads to a more modern definition: a graph manifold is either a Solv manifold, a manifold having only Seifert pieces in its JSJ decomposition, or connect sums of the previous two categories. From this perspective, Waldh... | Graph manifold | 0.805472 |
29,439 | In topology, a graph manifold (in German: Graphenmannigfaltigkeit) is a 3-manifold which is obtained by gluing some circle bundles. They were discovered and classified by the German topologist Friedhelm Waldhausen in 1967. This definition allows a very convenient combinatorial description as a graph whose vertices are ... | Graph manifold | 0.805472 |
29,440 | An associative algebra A {\displaystyle A} over a commutative ring R {\displaystyle R} is defined to be a nilpotent algebra if and only if there exists some positive integer n {\displaystyle n} such that 0 = y 1 y 2 ⋯ y n {\displaystyle 0=y_{1}\ y_{2}\ \cdots \ y_{n}} for all y 1 , y 2 , … , y n {\displaystyle y_{1},\ ... | Nilpotent algebra | 0.805469 |
29,441 | In mathematics, specifically in ring theory, a nilpotent algebra over a commutative ring is an algebra over a commutative ring, in which for some positive integer n every product containing at least n elements of the algebra is zero. The concept of a nilpotent Lie algebra has a different definition, which depends upon ... | Nilpotent algebra | 0.805469 |
29,442 | A measure algebra is a Boolean algebra B with a measure m, which is a real-valued function on B such that: m(0)=0, m(1)=1 m(x) >0 if x≠0 m is countably additive: m(Σxi) = Σm(xi) if the xi are a countable set of elements that are disjoint (xi ∧ xj=0 whenever i≠j). | Measure algebra | 0.805469 |
29,443 | In mathematics, a measure algebra is a Boolean algebra with a countably additive positive measure. A probability measure on a measure space gives a measure algebra on the Boolean algebra of measurable sets modulo null sets. | Measure algebra | 0.805469 |
29,444 | In commutative algebra, an étale algebra over a field is a special type of algebra, one that is isomorphic to a finite product of finite separable field extensions. An étale algebra is a special sort of commutative separable algebra. | Étale algebra | 0.805468 |
29,445 | The Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } -algebra Q ( i ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} (i)} is étale because it is a finite separable field extension. The R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } -algebra R / ( x 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} /(x^{2})} is not étale, since R / ( x 2 ) ⊗ R C ≃ C / ( x 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} /(... | Étale algebra | 0.805468 |
29,446 | Let K be a field. Let L be a commutative unital associative K-algebra. Then L is called an étale K-algebra if any one of the following equivalent conditions holds: | Étale algebra | 0.805468 |
29,447 | Let G denote the absolute Galois group of K. Then the category of étale K-algebras is equivalent to the category of finite G-sets with continuous G-action. In particular, étale algebras of dimension n are classified by conjugacy classes of continuous homomorphisms from G to the symmetric group Sn. These globalize to e.... | Étale algebra | 0.805468 |
29,448 | The Lichtman Lab of Harvard University is a leading force in the field of connectomics, investigating how synaptic connectivity and competition change with age using advanced imaging techniques on model organisms such as mice, zebrafish, and C. elegans. This lab is led by neuroscientist, Harvard professor, and renowned... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,449 | Understanding the genetic basis of neural connectivity can enhance our understanding of brain development, neural plasticity, and the mechanisms underlying various neurological disorders. The human genome project initially faced many of the above criticisms, but was nevertheless completed ahead of schedule and has led ... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,450 | The recent advancements in the field of connectomics have sparked conversation around its relation to the field of genomics. Recently, scientists in the field have highlighted the parallels between this project and large-scale genomics initiatives. Additionally, they have referenced the need for integration with other ... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,451 | This is an expanding field and there is room for greater application to mental health disorders and brain malfunction, in which current research is building on neural networks and the psychopathology involved.The human connectome can be viewed as a graph, and the rich tools, definitions and algorithms of the Graph theo... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,452 | Both of these disorders have a similar genetic origin, and research found that those with higher polygenic scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have lower amounts of connectivity shown through neuroimaging. This method of research tackles real-world applications of connectomics, combining methods of imaging wi... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,453 | The tracking of brain networks in alignment with diseases and illnesses would be enhanced by these advanced technologies that can produce complex images of neural networks. With this in mind, diseases can not only be tracked, but predicted based on behavior of previous cases, a process that would take an extensive peri... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,454 | Current neural networks mostly rely on probabilistic representations of connectivity patterns. Connectivity matrices (checkerboard diagrams of connectomics) have been used in stroke recovery to evaluate the response to treatment via Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Similarly, connectograms (circular diagrams of conne... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,455 | By comparing diseased and healthy connectomes, we can gain insight into certain psychopathologies, such as neuropathic pain, and potential therapies for them. Generally, the field of neuroscience would benefit from standardization and raw data. For example, connectome maps can be used to inform computational models of ... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,456 | The Connectome Coordination Facility serves as a centralized repository for HCP data and provides support to researchers. The success of this project has opened the door to understanding how connectomics might be influential in other areas of neuroscience. The potential of a “Connectome II” project has been referenced ... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,457 | It is a cloud-based platform that complies with HIPAA regulations, and it can generate network maps of the human brain from original MRI data. By utilizing machine learning to automate the extraction of insights from brain data specific to individual patients, Infinitome is intended to accelerate the research and clini... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,458 | The platform allows visualization of critical brain networks and helps neurosurgeons make more informed decisions, reduce surgical uncertainty, and have better patient conversations about surgical outcomes. In 2021, Quicktome received regulatory clearance from the FDA, Health Canada, and the Therapeutic Goods Administr... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,459 | Omniscient Neurotechnology, a startup out of Australia co-founded by Michael Sughrue and Stephane Doyen, is currently the primary business endeavor incorporating connectomics into their development of neuronal brain maps. These maps provide a comprehensive understanding of neural connections and cell-to-cell communicat... | Connectomics | 0.805467 |
29,460 | Infrared spectroscopy: the C=O double bond absorbs infrared light at wavenumbers between approximately 1600–1900 cm−1(5263 nm to 6250 nm). The exact location of the absorption is well understood with respect to the geometry of the molecule. This absorption is known as the "carbonyl stretch" when displayed on an infrare... | Carbonyl compounds | 0.805466 |
29,461 | In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group characterizes the following types of compounds: Other organic carbonyls are urea and the carbamates, the derivatives of acyl chlorides chloroformates and phosgene, carbonate esters, thioesters, lactones, lactams, hydroxamates, and isocyanates. Examples of inorganic carbonyl compou... | Carbonyl compounds | 0.805466 |
29,462 | The required analysis of several variables, including genetic markers, morphology, and ecology of these independent populations, makes it hard to attribute speciation events specifically to parallel speciation. Failing to address all three of these contributing factors could incorrectly attribute the event to some othe... | Parallel speciation | 0.805465 |
29,463 | In biology, parallel speciation is a type of speciation where there is repeated evolution of reproductively isolating traits via the same mechanisms occurring between separate yet closely related species inhabiting different environments. This leads to a circumstance where independently evolved lineages have developed ... | Parallel speciation | 0.805465 |
29,464 | However, identifying and demonstrating the cases of parallel speciation is not an easy task to perform because of the many challenges especially in-depth analysis have to be performed in multiple aspects like phylogenetics, ecology, phenotypes and specifically the recurrent formation of reproductive isolation between s... | Parallel speciation | 0.805465 |
29,465 | The consistency of this hypothesis can be verified through estimated time of origin of Oryza nivara and distribution modelling of species, suggesting that precipitation and temperature were the main climatic drivers of Oryza nivara distribution. Similarly, this hypothesis is supported by the fact that the annual grasse... | Parallel speciation | 0.805465 |
29,466 | An imprecise formulation of the Schoen-Yau / Witten positive energy theorem states the following: Given an asymptotically flat initial data set, one can define the energy-momentum of each infinite region as an element of Minkowski space. Provided that the initial data set is geodesically complete and satisfies the domi... | Positive mass conjecture | 0.805464 |
29,467 | Richard Schoen and Shing-Tung Yau, in 1979 and 1981, were the first to give proofs of the positive mass theorem. Edward Witten, in 1982, gave the outlines of an alternative proof, which were later filled in rigorously by mathematicians. Witten and Yau were awarded the Fields medal in mathematics in part for their work ... | Positive mass conjecture | 0.805464 |
29,468 | The positive energy theorem (also known as the positive mass theorem) refers to a collection of foundational results in general relativity and differential geometry. Its standard form, broadly speaking, asserts that the gravitational energy of an isolated system is nonnegative, and can only be zero when the system has ... | Positive mass conjecture | 0.805464 |
29,469 | This can be interpreted in a purely mathematical sense as a strong form of "asymptotically flat", where the coefficient of the |x|−1 part of the expansion of the metric is declared to be a constant multiple of the Euclidean metric, as opposed to a general symmetric 2-tensor. Note also that Schoen and Yau's theorem, as ... | Positive mass conjecture | 0.805464 |
29,470 | Let (M, g, 0) be a time-symmetric initial data set satisfying the dominant energy condition. Suppose that (M, g) is an oriented three-dimensional smooth Riemannian manifold-with-boundary, and that each boundary component has positive mean curvature. Suppose that it has one end, and it is asymptotically Schwarzschild in... | Positive mass conjecture | 0.805464 |
29,471 | In mathematics, in the subfield of geometric topology, the mapping class group is an important algebraic invariant of a topological space. Briefly, the mapping class group is a certain discrete group corresponding to symmetries of the space. | Mapping class group | 0.805463 |
29,472 | In the low-dimensional topology literature, the mapping class group of X is usually denoted MCG(X), although it is also frequently denoted π 0 ( Aut ( X ) ) {\displaystyle \pi _{0}(\operatorname {Aut} (X))} , where one substitutes for Aut the appropriate group for the category to which X belongs. Here π 0 {\displayst... | Mapping class group | 0.805463 |
29,473 | The term mapping class group has a flexible usage. Most often it is used in the context of a manifold M. The mapping class group of M is interpreted as the group of isotopy classes of automorphisms of M. So if M is a topological manifold, the mapping class group is the group of isotopy classes of homeomorphisms of M. I... | Mapping class group | 0.805463 |
29,474 | The mapping class groups of surfaces have been heavily studied, and are sometimes called Teichmüller modular groups (note the special case of MCG ( T 2 ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {MCG} (\mathbf {T} ^{2})} above), since they act on Teichmüller space and the quotient is the moduli space of Riemann surfaces homeomor... | Mapping class group | 0.805463 |
29,475 | We can also define a topology on this new space of homeomorphisms. The open sets of this new function space will be made up of sets of functions that map compact subsets K into open subsets U as K and U range throughout our original topological space, completed with their finite intersections (which must be open by def... | Mapping class group | 0.805463 |
29,476 | In Lagrangian mechanics, the requirement that the action integral be stationary under small perturbations is equivalent to a set of differential equations (called the Euler–Lagrange equations) that may be obtained using the calculus of variations. | Reduced action | 0.805461 |
29,477 | Action is a part of an alternative approach to finding such equations of motion. Classical mechanics postulates that the path actually followed by a physical system is that for which the action is minimized, or more generally, is stationary. In other words, the action satisfies a variational principle: the principle of... | Reduced action | 0.805461 |
29,478 | Implications of symmetries in a physical situation can be found with the action principle, together with the Euler–Lagrange equations, which are derived from the action principle. An example is Noether's theorem, which states that to every continuous symmetry in a physical situation there corresponds a conservation law... | Reduced action | 0.805461 |
29,479 | Expressed in mathematical language, using the calculus of variations, the evolution of a physical system (i.e., how the system actually progresses from one state to another) corresponds to a stationary point (usually, a minimum) of the action. Several different definitions of "the action" are in common use in physics. ... | Reduced action | 0.805461 |
29,480 | Indeed, this principle is one of the great generalizations in physical science. It is best understood within quantum mechanics, particularly in Richard Feynman's path integral formulation, where it arises out of destructive interference of quantum amplitudes. Maxwell's equations can also be derived as conditions of sta... | Reduced action | 0.805461 |
29,481 | In quantum mechanics, the system does not follow a single path whose action is stationary, but the behavior of the system depends on all permitted paths and the value of their action. The action corresponding to the various paths is used to calculate the path integral, which gives the probability amplitudes of the vari... | Reduced action | 0.805461 |
29,482 | In physics, action is a scalar quantity describing how the energy of a physical system has changed over time (its dynamics). Action is significant because the equations of motion of the system can be derived through the principle of stationary action. In the simple case of a single particle moving with a constant veloc... | Reduced action | 0.805461 |
29,483 | The term "sampling error" has also been used in a related but fundamentally different sense in the field of genetics; for example in the bottleneck effect or founder effect, when natural disasters or migrations dramatically reduce the size of a population, resulting in a smaller population that may or may not fairly re... | Sampling error | 0.80546 |
29,484 | As discussed, a sample statistic, such as an average or percentage, will generally be subject to sample-to-sample variation. By comparing many samples, or splitting a larger sample up into smaller ones (potentially with overlap), the spread of the resulting sample statistics can be used to estimate the standard error o... | Sampling error | 0.80546 |
29,485 | In statistics, sampling errors are incurred when the statistical characteristics of a population are estimated from a subset, or sample, of that population. It can produced biased results. Since the sample does not include all members of the population, statistics of the sample (often known as estimators), such as mean... | Sampling error | 0.80546 |
29,486 | The Yeast Metabolome Database (YMDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database of small molecule metabolites found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast). The YMDB was designed to facilitate yeast metabolomics research, specifically in the areas of general fermentation as ... | Yeast Metabolome Database | 0.805459 |
29,487 | In analytic philosophy and computer science, referential transparency and referential opacity are properties of linguistic constructions, and by extension of languages. A linguistic construction is called referentially transparent when for any expression built from it, replacing a subexpression with another one that de... | Referential transparency | 0.805458 |
29,488 | A formal language is unfoldable is defined by all expressions are β-reducible. Example. — The lambda calculus is unfoldable: ((λx.x + 1) 3).Indeed, ((λx.x + 1) 3) = (x + 1). | Referential transparency | 0.805458 |
29,489 | Another study found that age was not inversely related to participation levels but that patients who are not as fluent with numbers and statistics tended to let their physicians make medical decisions. Culture also makes a difference. In general, for example, Americans play a more active role in the physician-patient r... | Shared decision-making | 0.805456 |
29,490 | This catalytic asymmetric C–P coupling methodology allows the formation of a variety of structures with a high tolerance of different functional groups in the products. The flexibility of the method is demonstrated by the fact that distinct stereoisomers of chiral phosphorus compounds can be formed by simply changing t... | Phosphoramidite ligand | 0.805454 |
29,491 | Recently, Mondal et al. developed a general strategy for the preparation of chiral phosphorus compounds that have a stereocentre at the phosphorus atom, so-called P-chirogenic phosphorus compounds. Specifically, the authors used readily accessible and cheap, axially chiral 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL)-based phosphoramidi... | Phosphoramidite ligand | 0.805454 |
29,492 | In statistics, (between-) study heterogeneity is a phenomenon that commonly occurs when attempting to undertake a meta-analysis. In a simplistic scenario, studies whose results are to be combined in the meta-analysis would all be undertaken in the same way and to the same experimental protocols. Differences between out... | Study heterogeneity | 0.805453 |
29,493 | Most posit balancing selection (see polymorphism (biology)), which is any natural selection process whereby no single allele is absolutely most fit, such as frequency-dependent selection and heterozygote advantage. Pathogenic coevolution, as a type of balancing selection, posits that common alleles are under greatest p... | Major histocompatibility complex 2 | 0.805452 |
29,494 | The Life Nature Library is a series of 25 hardbound books published by Time-Life between 1961 and 1965, with revisions to 1968. It has been translated from English into eight languages and sold in 90 countries. Each volume explores an important division of the natural world and is written for educated laymen by a prima... | Life Nature Library | 0.80545 |
29,495 | In probability theory and statistics, a conditional variance is the variance of a random variable given the value(s) of one or more other variables. Particularly in econometrics, the conditional variance is also known as the scedastic function or skedastic function. Conditional variances are important parts of autoregr... | Scedastic function | 0.80545 |
29,496 | Diophantus also studied the equations of some non-rational curves, for which no rational parametrisation is possible. He managed to find some rational points on these curves (elliptic curves, as it happens, in what seems to be their first known occurrence) by means of what amounts to a tangent construction: translated ... | Number theorist | 0.80545 |
29,497 | One may say that Diophantus was studying rational points, that is, points whose coordinates are rational—on curves and algebraic varieties; however, unlike the Greeks of the Classical period, who did what we would now call basic algebra in geometrical terms, Diophantus did what we would now call basic algebraic geometr... | Number theorist | 0.80545 |
29,498 | Error correction codes: The theory of finite fields and algebraic geometry have been used to construct efficient error-correcting codes. Communications: The design of cellular telephone networks requires knowledge of the theory of modular forms, which is a part of analytic number theory. Study of musical scales: the co... | Number theorist | 0.80545 |
29,499 | Computer science: The fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, which is used to efficiently compute the discrete Fourier transform, has important applications in signal processing and data analysis. Physics: The Riemann hypothesis has connections to the distribution of prime numbers and has been studied for its potentia... | Number theorist | 0.80545 |
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