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29,800 | Squaring the circle with ruler and compass alone is impossible. However, if one allows the quadratrix of Hippias as an additional construction tool, the squaring of the circle becomes possible due to Dinostratus' theorem. It lets one turn a quarter circle into square of the same area, hence a square with twice the side... | Quadratrix of Hippias | 0.805264 |
29,801 | Computational methods are often employed to understand model soft matter systems, as they have the ability to strictly control the composition and environment of the structures being investigated, as well as span from microscopic to macroscopic length scales. Computational methods are limited, however, by their suitabi... | Soft materials | 0.805264 |
29,802 | Soft matter or soft condensed matter is a subfield of condensed matter comprising a variety of physical systems that are deformed or structurally altered by thermal or mechanical stress of the magnitude of thermal fluctuations. These materials share an important common feature in that predominant physical behaviors occ... | Soft materials | 0.805264 |
29,803 | The company was founded as a spin-off from North Carolina State University (NCSU) in 2015 with licensed CRISPR patents from the university. The company started with a $5 million convertible note from Tencent Holdings and North Carolina Biotechnology Center.In 2017, the company closed a $19 million Series A led by Artis... | Locus Biosciences | 0.805261 |
29,804 | In aircraft design and aerospace engineering, a high-lift device is a component or mechanism on an aircraft's wing that increases the amount of lift produced by the wing. The device may be a fixed component, or a movable mechanism which is deployed when required. Common movable high-lift devices include wing flaps and ... | High-lift device | 0.80526 |
29,805 | A Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) wing has an upper surface with an injection slot after the leading edge and a suction slot before the trailing edge, to augment lift, increase the stall margin and reduce drag. CFJ is promoted by the mechanical and aerospace engineering department of the University of Miami. For a hybrid-electric re... | High-lift device | 0.80526 |
29,806 | Since 2000, the therapeutic market for monoclonal antibodies has grown exponentially. In 2006, the “big 5” therapeutic antibodies on the market were bevacizumab, trastuzumab (both oncology), adalimumab, infliximab (both autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, ‘AIID’) and rituximab (oncology and AIID) accounted for 80% o... | Therapeutic antibody | 0.80526 |
29,807 | Similarly, the Aharonov–Bohm effect illustrates that the Lagrangian approach to dynamics, based on energies, is not just a computational aid to the Newtonian approach, based on forces. Thus the Aharonov–Bohm effect validates the view that forces are an incomplete way to formulate physics, and potential energies must be... | Aharonov-Bohm effect | 0.805259 |
29,808 | The language of potentials generalised seamlessly to the fully dynamic case but, since all physical effects were describable in terms of the fields which were the derivatives of the potentials, potentials (unlike fields) were not uniquely determined by physical effects: potentials were only defined up to an arbitrary a... | Aharonov-Bohm effect | 0.805259 |
29,809 | In the 18th and 19th centuries, physics was dominated by Newtonian dynamics, with its emphasis on forces. Electromagnetic phenomena were elucidated by a series of experiments involving the measurement of forces between charges, currents and magnets in various configurations. Eventually, a description arose according to... | Aharonov-Bohm effect | 0.805259 |
29,810 | Agents can acquire resources by trade or by conquest. A rational agent will, by definition, choose whatever option will maximize its implicit utility function. Therefore a rational agent will trade for a subset of another agent's resources only if outright seizing the resources is too risky or costly (compared with the... | Paperclip maximizer | 0.805258 |
29,811 | The Riemann hypothesis catastrophe thought experiment provides one example of instrumental convergence. Marvin Minsky, the co-founder of MIT's AI laboratory, suggested that an artificial intelligence designed to solve the Riemann hypothesis might decide to take over all of Earth's resources to build supercomputers to h... | Paperclip maximizer | 0.805258 |
29,812 | The paperclip maximizer is a thought experiment described by Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom in 2003. It illustrates the existential risk that an artificial general intelligence may pose to human beings were it to be successfully designed to pursue even seemingly harmless goals and the necessity of incorporating machi... | Paperclip maximizer | 0.805258 |
29,813 | Carnot's theorem (1824) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine. The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs. Carnot's theorem states: All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a Carnot ... | Second law of thermodynamics | 0.805257 |
29,814 | (Also, see process engineer). Those changes have already been considered by the assumption that the system under consideration can reach equilibrium with the reference state without altering the reference state. An efficiency for a process or collection of processes that compares it to the reversible ideal may also be ... | Second law of thermodynamics | 0.805257 |
29,815 | Even if one could wait for it, one has no practical possibility of picking the right instant at which to re-insert the wall. The Poincaré recurrence theorem provides a solution to Loschmidt's paradox. If an isolated thermodynamic system could be monitored over increasingly many multiples of the average Poincaré recurre... | Second law of thermodynamics | 0.805257 |
29,816 | It is exceedingly long, likely longer than the life of the universe, and depends sensitively on the geometry of the wall that was removed by the thermodynamic operation. The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics. More obviously, however, it is simply a microsco... | Second law of thermodynamics | 0.805257 |
29,817 | The Poincaré recurrence theorem considers a theoretical microscopic description of an isolated physical system. This may be considered as a model of a thermodynamic system after a thermodynamic operation has removed an internal wall. The system will, after a sufficiently long time, return to a microscopically defined s... | Second law of thermodynamics | 0.805257 |
29,818 | Solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations for a given physical problem must be sought with the help of calculus. In practical terms, only the simplest cases can be solved exactly in this way. These cases generally involve non-turbulent, steady flow in which the Reynolds number is small. For more complex cases, especiall... | Continuum assumption | 0.805255 |
29,819 | The Navier–Stokes equations (named after Claude-Louis Navier and George Gabriel Stokes) are differential equations that describe the force balance at a given point within a fluid. For an incompressible fluid with vector velocity field u {\displaystyle \mathbf {u} } , the Navier–Stokes equations are ∂ u ∂ t + ( u ⋅ ∇ ) ... | Continuum assumption | 0.805255 |
29,820 | When using homology with coefficients in a field, a homology group has the structure of a vector space. Therefore, given a filtration of spaces F: P → T o p {\displaystyle F:P\to \mathbf {Top} } , by applying the homology functor at each index we obtain a persistence module H i ( F ): P → V e c K {\displaystyle H_{i}(F... | Persistence Module | 0.805254 |
29,821 | A persistence module is a mathematical structure in persistent homology and topological data analysis that formally captures the persistence of topological features of an object across a range of scale parameters. A persistence module often consists of a collection of homology groups (or vector spaces if using field co... | Persistence Module | 0.805254 |
29,822 | The theorem was extended to the case of R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } (or any totally ordered set containing a countable subset that is dense in R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } with the order topology) by Crawley-Boevey in 2015. The generalized version of the structure theorem, i.e., for p.f.d. modules indexed over arb... | Persistence Module | 0.805254 |
29,823 | This is sometimes referred to as the "structure theorem for persistence modules." The case when P {\displaystyle P} is finite is a straightforward application of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain. For modules indexed over Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } , the first known ... | Persistence Module | 0.805254 |
29,824 | Deductive lambda calculus considers what happens when lambda terms are regarded as mathematical expressions. One interpretation of the untyped lambda calculus is as a programming language where evaluation proceeds by performing reductions on an expression until it is in normal form. In this interpretation, if the expre... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,825 | If two lambda terms can not be shown to be equal by the above rules, they are not equal.If two lambda terms may be reduced to normal form then the Church–Rosser theorem may be used to show that they are equal if their normal forms are alpha convertible. If one or both of the terms are not normalizing then the undecidab... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,826 | Interpreting reduction as defining equality gives an implicit domain for the lambda calculus. The rules are, Every lambda abstraction has one value. The beta reduction of a lambda term has the same value. | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,827 | Lambda abstractions are functions of functions. A natural step is to define a domain for the lambda abstraction as a set of all functions. The set of all functions from a domain D to a range R is given by K in, f ∈ K ⟺ ( ∀ x: x ∈ D ⟹ f x ∈ R ) {\displaystyle f\in K\iff (\forall x:x\in D\implies f\ x\in R)} Then the (im... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,828 | Using such an encoding, x 2 = n ⇒ x = n x ⇒ f x = n x ∧ Y f = x {\displaystyle x^{2}=n\Rightarrow x={\frac {n}{x}}\Rightarrow f\ x={\frac {n}{x}}\land Y\ f=x} Using the implementation of divide then, Y ( divide n ) {\displaystyle Y(\operatorname {divide} n)} represents two values in the domain of the signed numbers, ... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,829 | Using division and signed numbers, the Y combinator may be used to define an expression representing a whole number square root. The Church encoding may also be extended further to rational and real numbers, so that a real square root may be defined. The Church-Turing thesis implies that any computable operator (and it... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,830 | λ s .2 ∗ r + 2 ∗ s {\displaystyle \lambda r.\lambda s.2*(r+s)=\lambda r.\lambda s.2*r+2*s} are equal, as functions on Church numerals. (Here we encounter a technical weakness of the untyped lambda calculus: there is no way to restrict the domain of a function to the Church numerals. In the following argument we will ig... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,831 | Function application will be represented using the lambda calculus syntax. So multiplication will be represented by a dot. Also, for some examples, the let expression will be used. The following table summarizes; | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,832 | The expression never reduces to normal form. However every lambda term in the reduction represents the same value. This value is distinct from the encodings for true or false. It is not part of the Boolean domain but it exists in the lambda calculus domain. | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,833 | The extensional definition of equality is not equivalent to the intensional definition. This can be seen in the example below. This inequivalence is created by considering lambda terms as values. In typed lambda calculus this problem is circumvented, because built-in types may be added to carry values that are in a can... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,834 | Another difficulty for the interpretation of lambda calculus as a deductive system is the representation of values as lambda terms, which represent functions. The untyped lambda calculus is implemented by performing reductions on a lambda term, until the term is in normal form. The intensional interpretation of equalit... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,835 | The existence of these paradoxes meant that the lambda calculus could not be both consistent and complete as a deductive system.Haskell Curry studied of illative (deductive) combinatory logic in 1941. Combinatory logic is closely related to lambda calculus, and the same paradoxes exist in each. Later the lambda calculu... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,836 | Alonzo Church invented the lambda calculus in the 1930s, originally to provide a new and simpler basis for mathematics. However soon after inventing it major logic problems were identified with the definition of the lambda abstraction: The Kleene–Rosser paradox is an implementation of Richard's paradox in the lambda ca... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,837 | This article describes these problems and how they arise. This is not a criticism of pure lambda calculus, and lambda calculus as a pure system is not the primary topic here. The problems arise with the interaction of lambda calculus with other mathematical systems. Being aware of the problems allows them to be avoided... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,838 | Lambda calculus is the model and inspiration for the development of functional programming languages. These languages implement the lambda abstraction, and use it in conjunction with application of functions, and types. The use of lambda abstractions, which are then embedded into other mathematical systems, and used as... | Deductive lambda calculus | 0.805254 |
29,839 | Project planning identifies the problems and encourages stakeholders to negotiate the steps necessary to mediate the risks the environmental contamination pose to human health and ecology. The specific goals of a project (redevelopment, revitalization, etc.) may differ, but the specific objectives during the SPP proces... | Triad (environmental science) | 0.805248 |
29,840 | The fundamental idea of the splitting circle method is to use methods of complex analysis, more precisely the residue theorem, to construct factors of polynomials. With those methods it is possible to construct a factor of a given polynomial p ( x ) = x n + p n − 1 x n − 1 + ⋯ + p 0 {\displaystyle p(x)=x^{n}+p_{n-1}x^{... | Splitting circle method | 0.805247 |
29,841 | 9 > ( 64 ⋅ n 3 ) 2 {\displaystyle \textstyle 2^{13{. }8}\cdot n^{6{. }9}>(64\cdot n^{3})^{2}} , allowing a much simplified initial splitting (see Malajovich/Zubelli (1997)) To locate the best root-free annulus one uses a consequence of the Rouché theorem: For k = 1, ..., n − 1 the polynomial equation 0 = ∑ j ≠ k | p j ... | Splitting circle method | 0.805247 |
29,842 | In mathematics, the splitting circle method is a numerical algorithm for the numerical factorization of a polynomial and, ultimately, for finding its complex roots. It was introduced by Arnold Schönhage in his 1982 paper The fundamental theorem of algebra in terms of computational complexity (Technical report, Mathemat... | Splitting circle method | 0.805247 |
29,843 | The fission yeast is a single-celled fungus with simple, fully characterized genome and a rapid growth rate. It has long been used in brewing, baking, and molecular genetics. S. pombe is a rod-shaped cell, approximately 3 μm in diameter, that grows entirely by elongation at the ends. After mitosis, division occurs by t... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | 0.805247 |
29,844 | However, there are limitations with using fission yeast as a model system: its multidrug resistance. "The MDR response involves overexpression of two types of drug efflux pumps, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family... and the major facilitator superfamily". Paul Nurse and some of his colleagues have recently created S... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | 0.805247 |
29,845 | Fission yeast is also a practical model system to observe cell division because fission yeast's are cylindrically shaped single celled eukaryotes that divide and reproduce by medial fission. This can easily be seen using microscopy. Fission yeast also have an extremely short generation time, 2 to 4 hours, which also ma... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | 0.805247 |
29,846 | The majority of these strains have been collected from cultivated fruits such as apples and grapes, or from the various alcoholic beverages, such as Brazilian Cachaça. S. pombe is also known to be present in fermented tea, kombucha. It is not clear at present whether S. pombe is the major fermenter or a contaminant in ... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | 0.805247 |
29,847 | It was first developed as an experimental model in the 1950s: by Urs Leupold for studying genetics, and by Murdoch Mitchison for studying the cell cycle.Paul Nurse, a fission yeast researcher, successfully merged the independent schools of fission yeast genetics and cell cycle research. Together with Lee Hartwell and T... | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | 0.805247 |
29,848 | Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called "fission yeast", is a species of yeast used in traditional brewing and as a model organism in molecular and cell biology. It is a unicellular eukaryote, whose cells are rod-shaped. Cells typically measure 3 to 4 micrometres in diameter and 7 to 14 micrometres in length. | Schizosaccharomyces pombe | 0.805247 |
29,849 | This argument is the underpinning of the theory of renormalization. Dealing with infinite quantities in this way was a cause of widespread unease among quantum field theorists before the development in the 1970s of the renormalization group, a mathematical formalism for scale transformations that provides a natural bas... | Casimir energy | 0.805246 |
29,850 | One important exception is the vacuum energy or the vacuum expectation value of the energy. The quantization of a simple harmonic oscillator states that the lowest possible energy or zero-point energy that such an oscillator may have is Summing over all possible oscillators at all points in space gives an infinite quan... | Casimir energy | 0.805246 |
29,851 | At the most basic level, the field at each point in space is a simple harmonic oscillator, and its quantization places a quantum harmonic oscillator at each point. Excitations of the field correspond to the elementary particles of particle physics. | Casimir energy | 0.805246 |
29,852 | The causes of the Casimir effect are described by quantum field theory, which states that all of the various fundamental fields, such as the electromagnetic field, must be quantized at each and every point in space. In a simplified view, a "field" in physics may be envisioned as if space were filled with interconnected... | Casimir energy | 0.805246 |
29,853 | Casimir's analysis of idealized metal plates was generalized to arbitrary dielectric and realistic metal plates by Evgeny Lifshitz and his students. Using this approach, complications of the bounding surfaces, such as the modifications to the Casimir force due to finite conductivity, can be calculated numerically using... | Casimir energy | 0.805245 |
29,854 | For a proof, see Proposition 5 of Part I, Chapter 1 of.Proposition If A is a *-algebra of bounded linear operators in H and 1 belongs to A then Ω is cyclic for A if and only if it is separating for the commutant A′. A special case occurs when A is a von Neumann algebra. Then a vector Ω which is cyclic and separating fo... | Cyclic and separating vector | 0.805243 |
29,855 | If Ω is cyclic for A then it is separating for the commutant A′, which is the von Neumann algebra of all bounded operators in H which commute with all operators of A. Indeed, if a belongs to A′ and satisfies aΩ = 0 then one has for all b in A that 0 = baΩ = abΩ. Because the set of bΩ with b in A is dense in H this impl... | Cyclic and separating vector | 0.805243 |
29,856 | In mathematics, the notion of a cyclic and separating vector is important in the theory of von Neumann algebras, and in particular in Tomita–Takesaki theory. A related notion is that of a vector which is cyclic for a given operator. The existence of cyclic vectors is guaranteed by the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal (GNS) constr... | Cyclic and separating vector | 0.805243 |
29,857 | A positive linear functional ω on a *-algebra A is said to be faithful if ω(a) = 0, where a is a positive element of A, implies a = 0. Every element Ω of H defines a positive linear functional ωΩ on a *-algebra A of bounded linear operators in H by the relation ωΩ(a) = (aΩ,Ω) for all a in A. If ωΩ is defined in this wa... | Cyclic and separating vector | 0.805243 |
29,858 | {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} ^{\infty }=\bigcup _{n\in \mathbb {N} }\operatorname {Im} \left(\operatorname {In} _{\mathbb {K} ^{n}}\right).} This family of inclusions gives K ∞ {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} ^{\infty }} a final topology τ ∞ {\displaystyle \tau ^{\infty }} , defined to be the finest topology on K ∞ {\displays... | C0 space | 0.805242 |
29,859 | The Curiosity rover from the Mars Science Laboratory mission, with its Curiosity rover is currently assessing the potential past and present habitability of the Martian environment and is attempting to detect biosignatures on the surface of Mars. Considering the MSL instrument payload package, the following classes of ... | Biosignature | 0.805239 |
29,860 | However, the Standard Model predicts that the combination of the three (that is, the simultaneous application of all three transformations) must be a symmetry, called CPT symmetry. CP violation, the violation of the combination of C- and P-symmetry, is necessary for the presence of significant amounts of baryonic matte... | Internal symmetries | 0.805238 |
29,861 | The Standard Model of particle physics has three related natural near-symmetries. These state that the universe in which we live should be indistinguishable from one where a certain type of change is introduced. C-symmetry (charge symmetry), a universe where every particle is replaced with its antiparticle P-symmetry (... | Internal symmetries | 0.805238 |
29,862 | These two concepts, Lie and finite groups, are the foundation for the fundamental theories of modern physics. Symmetries are frequently amenable to mathematical formulations such as group representations and can, in addition, be exploited to simplify many problems. Arguably the most important example of a symmetry in p... | Internal symmetries | 0.805238 |
29,863 | In physics, a symmetry of a physical system is a physical or mathematical feature of the system (observed or intrinsic) that is preserved or remains unchanged under some transformation. A family of particular transformations may be continuous (such as rotation of a circle) or discrete (e.g., reflection of a bilaterally... | Internal symmetries | 0.805238 |
29,864 | In numerical analysis, the split-step (Fourier) method is a pseudo-spectral numerical method used to solve nonlinear partial differential equations like the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The name arises for two reasons. First, the method relies on computing the solution in small steps, and treating the linear and the... | Split-step method | 0.805237 |
29,865 | By taking the inverse Fourier transform of A ~ ( ω , z + h ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}(\omega ,z+h)} one obtains A ( t , z + h ) {\displaystyle A\left(t,z+h\right)} ; the pulse has thus been propagated a small step h {\displaystyle h} . By repeating the above N {\displaystyle N} times, the pulse can be propagated ove... | Split-step method | 0.805237 |
29,866 | A geometric network is an object commonly used in geographic information systems to model a series of interconnected features. A geometric network is similar to a graph in mathematics and computer science, and can be described and analyzed using theories and concepts similar to graph theory. Geometric networks are ofte... | Geometric networks | 0.805236 |
29,867 | Networks define the interconnectedness of features. Through analyzing this connectivity, paths from one point to another on the network can be traced and calculated. Through optimization algorithms and utilizing network weights and flow, these paths can also be optimized to show specialized paths, such as the shortest ... | Geometric networks | 0.805236 |
29,868 | The term DCG refers to the specific type of expression in Prolog and other similar languages; not all ways of expressing grammars using definite clauses are considered DCGs. However, all of the capabilities or properties of DCGs will be the same for any grammar that is represented with definite clauses in essentially t... | Definite clause grammar | 0.805235 |
29,869 | "Chemical MIME" is a de facto approach for adding MIME types to chemical streams. This project started in January 1994, and was first announced during the Chemistry workshop at the First WWW International Conference, held at CERN in May 1994. ... The first version of an Internet draft was published during May–October 1... | Chemical file format | 0.805235 |
29,870 | The GROMACS file format family was created for use with the molecular simulation software package GROMACS. It closely resembles the PDB format but was designed for storing output from molecular dynamics simulations, so it allows for additional numerical precision and optionally retains information about particle veloci... | Chemical file format | 0.805235 |
29,871 | IOData is a free and open-source Python library for parsing, storing, and converting various file formats commonly used by quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, and plane-wave density-functional-theory software programs. It also supports a flexible framework for generating input files for various software packages. Fo... | Chemical file format | 0.805235 |
29,872 | This finding suggests that substituent effects in the benzene dimer are due to direct interaction of the substituent with the aromatic ring, and that the pi system of the substituted benzene is not involved. This latter point is expanded upon below. In summary, it would seem that the relative contributions of electrost... | Aromatic stacking interaction | 0.805234 |
29,873 | Wassily Hoeffding, A non-parametric test of independence, Annals of Mathematical Statistics 19: 293–325, 1948. (JSTOR) Hollander and Wolfe, Non-parametric statistical methods (Section 8.7), 1999. Wiley. | Hoeffding's independence test | 0.805233 |
29,874 | In statistics, Hoeffding's test of independence, named after Wassily Hoeffding, is a test based on the population measure of deviation from independence H = ∫ ( F 12 − F 1 F 2 ) 2 d F 12 {\displaystyle H=\int (F_{12}-F_{1}F_{2})^{2}\,dF_{12}} where F 12 {\displaystyle F_{12}} is the joint distribution function of two r... | Hoeffding's independence test | 0.805233 |
29,875 | A confusion network (sometimes called a word confusion network or informally known as a sausage) is a natural language processing method that combines outputs from multiple automatic speech recognition or machine translation systems. Confusion networks are simple linear directed acyclic graphs with the property that ea... | Confusion network | 0.80523 |
29,876 | Upper bounds are given by several important theorems such as the first and second Johnson bounds, and better upper bounds can sometimes be found in other ways. Lower bounds are most often found by exhibiting specific codes, either with use of a variety of methods from discrete mathematics, or through heavy computer sea... | M-of-n code | 0.805227 |
29,877 | Microscopy Research and Technique is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all areas of advanced microscopy in the biological, clinical, chemical, and materials science fields. The journal's title changed from Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique in 1992. | Microscopy Research and Technique | 0.805227 |
29,878 | In particle physics, B − L (pronounced "bee minus ell") is a quantum number which is the difference between the baryon number (B) and the lepton number (L) of a quantum system. | B − L | 0.805226 |
29,879 | One way mathematics appears in art is through symmetries. Woven designs in cloth or carpets (to name two) commonly have some kind of symmetrical arrangement. A rectangular carpet often has rectangular symmetry in the overall pattern. A woven cloth may exhibit one of the seventeen kinds of plane symmetry groups; see Cro... | Ethnomathematics | 0.805224 |
29,880 | Some critics claim that mathematics education unduly emphasizes ethnomathematics in order to promote multiculturalism while spending too little time on core mathematical content, and that this often results in pseudoscience being taught. Richard Askey examined Focus on Algebra (an Addison-Wesley textbook criticized in ... | Ethnomathematics | 0.805224 |
29,881 | The curriculum for the electrical engineering program was created in 1882, and was the first such program in the country. It was initially taught by the physics faculty. In 1902, the Institute set up a separate Electrical Engineering department. The department was renamed to Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ... | MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department | 0.805223 |
29,882 | The MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department is an engineering department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is regarded as one of the most prestigious in the world, and offers degrees of Master of Science, Master of Engineering, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doct... | MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department | 0.805223 |
29,883 | This results in a negative voltage across the inductor and drains it. This demonstrates the ability of the topology to control the current in phase with the mains voltage (Power-factor correction capability). To generate a sinusoidal power input which is in phase with the voltage i _ D = G ⋆ u _ C ≈ G ⋆ u _ 1 {\display... | Vienna rectifier | 0.80522 |
29,884 | It is of interest to study the behaviour of the equation solutions when τ {\displaystyle \tau } is varied, since it represents the time taken by the physiological system to react to the concentration variation of a substance. An increase in this delay can be caused by a pathology, which in turn can result in chaotic so... | Mackey-Glass equations | 0.805219 |
29,885 | In organic chemistry, a methylidyne group or just methylidyne is a neutral part of a molecule (a substituent or functional group) with formula ≡CH, consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom by one single bond and to the rest of the molecule by one triple bond. For example, a methylidyne group is present in ... | Methylidyne group | 0.805219 |
29,886 | Other uses of DNA in chemistry are in DNA-templated synthesis, Enantioselective catalysis, DNA nanowires and DNA computing. | Deoxyribozyme | 0.805216 |
29,887 | Of particular interest are DNA ligases. These molecules have demonstrated remarkable chemoselectivity in RNA branching reactions. Although each repeating unit in a RNA strand owns a free hydroxyl group, the DNA ligase takes just one of them as a branching starting point. This cannot be done with traditional organic che... | Deoxyribozyme | 0.805216 |
29,888 | In theoretical physics, path-ordering is the procedure (or a meta-operator P {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}} ) that orders a product of operators according to the value of a chosen parameter: P { O 1 ( σ 1 ) O 2 ( σ 2 ) ⋯ O N ( σ N ) } ≡ O p 1 ( σ p 1 ) O p 2 ( σ p 2 ) ⋯ O p N ( σ p N ) . {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}\l... | Path-ordering | 0.805213 |
29,889 | In quantum mechanics, negativity is a measure of quantum entanglement which is easy to compute. It is a measure deriving from the PPT criterion for separability. It has shown to be an entanglement monotone and hence a proper measure of entanglement. | Negativity (quantum mechanics) | 0.805212 |
29,890 | Facets are heterogeneous and may be defined using any of the predefined or user defined domains. The Rosetta semantics denotes each facet to a coalgebra that defines its model-of-computation. Because Rosetta is reflective, facets can be composed and transformed to define complex systems. | Rosetta-lang | 0.805211 |
29,891 | Native formats offer the simple translation of 3D solids, but even so there are few pitfalls to watch out for. If two CAD systems use different representations for one type of geometry at some point the representation must be converted or even discarded, regardless of the type of translation. Modern Neutral formats are... | CAD data exchange | 0.805211 |
29,892 | For example: is the data wireframe, surface, or solid; is the topology (BREP) information required; must the face and edge identifications be preserved on subsequent modification; must the feature information and history be preserved between systems; and is PMI annotation to be transferred. With product models, retaini... | CAD data exchange | 0.805211 |
29,893 | As each CAD system has its own method of describing geometry, both mathematically and structurally, there is always some loss of information when translating data from one CAD data format to another. One example is when the translation occurs between CAD systems using different geometric modeling kernels, in which the ... | CAD data exchange | 0.805211 |
29,894 | So, user can compare the model before and after translation from one CAD to another one to estimate quality of the translation, and to fix found defects. But often such functionalities can compare only tessellations of two models. It is really hard algorithmic problem to compare topological elements of two 3D models an... | CAD data exchange | 0.805211 |
29,895 | This allows to control the quality of the imported data. Quality of exchange using STEP is so important that regular benchmarks are run by independent associations (AFNeT, PDES, inc., ProSTEP iViP) to check exchanges between various CAD and PLM systems. Some CAD systems have functionalities to compare geometry of two m... | CAD data exchange | 0.805211 |
29,896 | Air Force. PDES was designed to completely define a product for all applications over its expected life cycle, including geometry, topology, tolerances, relationships, attributes, and features necessary to completely define a part or assembly of parts. PDES can be viewed as an expansion of IGES where organizational and... | CAD data exchange | 0.805211 |
29,897 | In a true PLM environment, CAD to CAM data exchange must provide for more than the transfer of geometry. Product Manufacturing Information, whether generated by the designer for use by manufacturing, or generated by the manufacturing organization for use by design, must be a part of the data exchange system. STEP-NC wa... | CAD data exchange | 0.805211 |
29,898 | NC programming typically requires that the geometry received from a CAD system, whether in wireframe, surface, solid or combined formats, be free from any irregularities and inconsistencies that may have occurred in the CAD phase of geometry creation. Data exchange from CAD to CAM must therefore include tools for ident... | CAD data exchange | 0.805211 |
29,899 | The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Biotechnology Citation Index, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents/Life Sciences, Embase/Excerpta Medica, Inspec, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 4.7... | Nanomedicine (Future Medicine journal) | 0.805211 |
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