id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
30,900 | Single-molecule techniques impacted optics, electronics, biology, and chemistry. In the biological sciences, the study of proteins and other complex biological machinery was limited to ensemble experiments that nearly made impossible the direct observation of their kinetics. For example, it was only after single molecu... | Single-molecule experiment | 0.804764 |
30,901 | It was a controversial open problem for many years to show that these six equations really were irreducible for generic values of the parameters (they are sometimes reducible for special parameter values; see below), but this was finally proved by Nishioka (1988) and Hiroshi Umemura (1989). These six second order nonli... | Painlevé function | 0.804759 |
30,902 | Around 1900, Paul Painlevé studied second order differential equations with no movable singularities. He found that up to certain transformations, every such equation of the form y ′ ′ = R ( y ′ , y , t ) {\displaystyle y^{\prime \prime }=R(y^{\prime },y,t)} (with R {\displaystyle R} a rational function) can be put int... | Painlevé function | 0.804759 |
30,903 | Painlevé transcendents have their origin in the study of special functions, which often arise as solutions of differential equations, as well as in the study of isomonodromic deformations of linear differential equations. One of the most useful classes of special functions are the elliptic functions. They are defined b... | Painlevé function | 0.804759 |
30,904 | There were some computational errors, and as a result he missed three of the equations, including the general form of Painleve VI. The errors were fixed and classification completed by Painlevé's student Bertrand Gambier. Independently of Painlevé and Gambier, equation Painleve VI was found by Richard Fuchs from comple... | Painlevé function | 0.804759 |
30,905 | In mathematics, the three-gap theorem, three-distance theorem, or Steinhaus conjecture states that if one places n points on a circle, at angles of θ, 2θ, 3θ, ... from the starting point, then there will be at most three distinct distances between pairs of points in adjacent positions around the circle. When there are ... | Three-gap theorem | 0.804759 |
30,906 | Liang's proof additionally shows that, when there are exactly three gap lengths, the longest gap length is the sum of the other two. For, in this case, the rotated copy A + θ that has the first point in it is partitioned by that point into two smaller gaps, which must be the other two gaps. Liang also proves a more gen... | Three-gap theorem | 0.804759 |
30,907 | The C–H bonds in successive carbons are thus staggered so that there is little torsional strain. The chair geometry is often preserved when the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogens or other simple groups. However, when these hydrogens are substituted for a larger group, strain is imposed upon the molecule due to dia... | Twist-boat conformation | 0.804757 |
30,908 | The term was coined by Alan Turing in the paper "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis", where he predicted a chemical mechanism for biological pattern formation, decades before the formation of such patterns was demonstrated.The concept of the morphogen has a long history in developmental biology, dating back to the wor... | Morphogen | 0.804753 |
30,909 | A morphogen spreads from a localized source and forms a concentration gradient across a developing tissue. In developmental biology, 'morphogen' is rigorously used to mean a signalling molecule that acts directly on cells (not through serial induction) to produce specific cellular responses that depend on morphogen con... | Morphogen | 0.804753 |
30,910 | A morphogen is a substance whose non-uniform distribution governs the pattern of tissue development in the process of morphogenesis or pattern formation, one of the core processes of developmental biology, establishing positions of the various specialized cell types within a tissue. More specifically, a morphogen is a ... | Morphogen | 0.804753 |
30,911 | Margin-infused relaxed algorithm (MIRA) is a machine learning algorithm, an online algorithm for multiclass classification problems. It is designed to learn a set of parameters (vector or matrix) by processing all the given training examples one-by-one and updating the parameters according to each training example, so ... | Margin-infused relaxed algorithm | 0.804752 |
30,912 | Notably, while the first-generation TPUs were limited to integers, the second-generation TPUs can also calculate in floating point. This makes the second-generation TPUs useful for both training and inference of machine learning models. Google has stated these second-generation TPUs will be available on the Google Comp... | Tensor Processing Unit | 0.804751 |
30,913 | The tensor processing unit was announced in May 2016 at Google I/O, when the company said that the TPU had already been used inside their data centers for over a year. The chip has been specifically designed for Google's TensorFlow framework, a symbolic math library which is used for machine learning applications such ... | Tensor Processing Unit | 0.804751 |
30,914 | The SBC Coral Dev Board and Coral SoM both run Mendel Linux OS – a derivative of Debian. The USB, PCI-e, and M.2 products function as add-ons to existing computer systems, and support Debian-based Linux systems on x86-64 and ARM64 hosts (including Raspberry Pi). The machine learning runtime used to execute models on th... | Tensor Processing Unit | 0.804751 |
30,915 | In July 2018, Google announced the Edge TPU. The Edge TPU is Google's purpose-built ASIC chip designed to run machine learning (ML) models for edge computing, meaning it is much smaller and consumes far less power compared to the TPUs hosted in Google datacenters (also known as Cloud TPUs). In January 2019, Google made... | Tensor Processing Unit | 0.804751 |
30,916 | Google followed the Pixel Neural Core by integrating an Edge TPU into a custom system-on-chip named Google Tensor, which was released in 2021 with the Pixel 6 line of smartphones. The Google Tensor SoC demonstrated "extremely large performance advantages over the competition" in machine learning-focused benchmarks; alt... | Tensor Processing Unit | 0.804751 |
30,917 | Compared to a graphics processing unit, TPUs are designed for a high volume of low precision computation (e.g. as little as 8-bit precision) with more input/output operations per joule, without hardware for rasterisation/texture mapping. The TPU ASICs are mounted in a heatsink assembly, which can fit in a hard drive sl... | Tensor Processing Unit | 0.804751 |
30,918 | Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) is an AI accelerator application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed by Google for neural network machine learning, using Google's own TensorFlow software. Google began using TPUs internally in 2015, and in 2018 made them available for third party use, both as part of its cloud inf... | Tensor Processing Unit | 0.804751 |
30,919 | On October 15, 2019, Google announced the Pixel 4 smartphone, which contains an Edge TPU called the Pixel Neural Core. Google describe it as "customized to meet the requirements of key camera features in Pixel 4", using a neural network search that sacrifices some accuracy in favor of minimizing latency and power use. | Tensor Processing Unit | 0.804751 |
30,920 | Main-group elements in the third and later rows of the periodic table can form hypercoordinate or hypervalent molecules in which the central main-group atom is bonded to more than four other atoms, such as phosphorus pentafluoride, PF5, and sulfur hexafluoride, SF6. For example, in PF5, if it is supposed that there are... | Duplet rule | 0.804751 |
30,921 | Orbital elements are the parameters required to uniquely identify a specific orbit. In celestial mechanics these elements are considered in two-body systems using a Kepler orbit. There are many different ways to mathematically describe the same orbit, but certain schemes, each consisting of a set of six parameters, are... | Orbital parameters | 0.804749 |
30,922 | Hatcher, Allen (2002). Algebraic Topology (PDF). Cambridge University Press. | Cocycle condition | 0.804749 |
30,923 | Bott, Raoul; Loring Tu (1982). Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology. Springer. ISBN 0-387-90613-4. | Cocycle condition | 0.804749 |
30,924 | In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, Čech cohomology is a cohomology theory based on the intersection properties of open covers of a topological space. It is named for the mathematician Eduard Čech. | Cocycle condition | 0.804749 |
30,925 | The Fritsch graph is one of only six graphs in which every neighborhood is a 4- or 5-vertex cycle. The dual polyhedron of the triaugmented triangular prism is an associahedron, a polyhedron with four quadrilateral faces and six pentagons whose vertices represent the 14 triangulations of a regular hexagon. In the same w... | Triaugmented triangular prism | 0.804748 |
30,926 | The graph of the triaugmented triangular prism has 9 vertices and 21 edges. It was used by Fritsch & Fritsch (1998) as a small counterexample to Alfred Kempe's false proof of the four color theorem using Kempe chains, and its dual map was used as their book's cover illustration. Therefore, this graph has subsequently b... | Triaugmented triangular prism | 0.804748 |
30,927 | It is an example of a deltahedron and of a Johnson solid. The edges and vertices of the triaugmented triangular prism form a maximal planar graph with 9 vertices and 21 edges, called the Fritsch graph. It was used by Rudolf and Gerda Fritsch to show that Alfred Kempe's attempted proof of the four color theorem was inco... | Triaugmented triangular prism | 0.804748 |
30,928 | The triaugmented triangular prism, in geometry, is a convex polyhedron with 14 equilateral triangles as its faces. It can be constructed from a triangular prism by attaching equilateral square pyramids to each of its three square faces. The same shape is also called the tetrakis triangular prism, tricapped trigonal pri... | Triaugmented triangular prism | 0.804748 |
30,929 | In the case of the triaugmented triangular prism, it is a cluster complex of type A 3 {\displaystyle A_{3}} , associated with the A 3 {\displaystyle A_{3}} Dynkin diagram , the A 3 {\displaystyle A_{3}} root system, and the A 3 {\displaystyle A_{3}} cluster algebra. The connection with the associahedron provides a corr... | Triaugmented triangular prism | 0.804748 |
30,930 | In the geometry of chemical compounds, it is common to visualize an atom cluster surrounding a central atom as a polyhedron—the convex hull of the surrounding atoms' locations. The tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry describes clusters for which this polyhedron is a triaugmented triangular prism, although n... | Triaugmented triangular prism | 0.804748 |
30,931 | The circuit topology enters only in the projector operator Ω 2 = Ω {\displaystyle \Omega ^{2}=\Omega } , defined in terms of the cycle matrix of the graph. The equation provides a concise mathematical description of the interactions due to Kirchhoff 's laws. Interestingly, the equation shares many properties in common ... | Memductance | 0.804747 |
30,932 | For the simplest model with only memristive devices with voltage generators in series, there is an exact and in closed form equation (Caravelli-Traversa-Di Ventra equation, CTD) which describes the evolution of the internal memory of the network for each device. For a simple memristor model (but not realistic) of a swi... | Memductance | 0.804747 |
30,933 | One advantage of memristive networks is that they can be implemented using relatively simple and inexpensive hardware, making them an attractive option for developing low-cost artificial intelligence systems. They also have the potential to be more energy efficient than traditional artificial neural networks, as they c... | Memductance | 0.804747 |
30,934 | The concept of memristive networks was first introduced by Leon Chua in his 1965 paper "Memristive Devices and Systems." Chua proposed the use of memristive devices as a means of building artificial neural networks that could simulate the behavior of the human brain. In fact, memristive devices in circuits have complex... | Memductance | 0.804747 |
30,935 | Sir Humphry Davy is said by some to have performed the first experiments which can be explained by memristor effects as long ago as 1808. However the first device of a related nature to be constructed was the memistor (i.e. memory resistor), a term coined in 1960 by Bernard Widrow to describe a circuit element of an ea... | Memductance | 0.804747 |
30,936 | The complete proteome of stress granules is still unknown, but efforts have been made to catalog all of the proteins that have been experimentally demonstrated to transit into stress granules. Importantly, different stressors can result in stress granules with different protein components. Many stress granule-associate... | Stress granules | 0.804747 |
30,937 | Isotopes with extremely long half-lives and their decay products can be used to study multi-million year processes, such as tectonics and extreme climate change. For example, in rubidium–strontium dating, the isotopic ratio of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) can be analyzed within ice cores to examine changes over the earth's li... | Isotopic labeling | 0.804747 |
30,938 | Mediator is a multiprotein complex that functions as a transcriptional coactivator in all eukaryotes. It was discovered in 1990 in the lab of Roger D. Kornberg, recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Mediator complexes interact with transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. The main function of mediator com... | Mediator complex | 0.804744 |
30,939 | Suslin's problem asks: Given a non-empty totally ordered set R with the four properties R does not have a least nor a greatest element; the order on R is dense (between any two distinct elements there is another); the order on R is complete, in the sense that every non-empty bounded subset has a supremum and an infimum... | Suslin problem | 0.804742 |
30,940 | Any totally ordered set that is not isomorphic to R but satisfies properties 1–4 is known as a Suslin line. The Suslin hypothesis says that there are no Suslin lines: that every countable-chain-condition dense complete linear order without endpoints is isomorphic to the real line. An equivalent statement is that every ... | Suslin problem | 0.804741 |
30,941 | In organic chemistry, alkanolamines (amino alcohols) are organic compounds that contain both hydroxyl (−OH) and amino (−NH2, −NHR, and −NR2) functional groups on an alkane backbone. Most alkanolamines are colorless. Alkanolamines | Amino alcohols | 0.804739 |
30,942 | In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors. A full factorial design may also be called a fully crossed des... | Factorial design | 0.804738 |
30,943 | A factorial experiment can be analyzed using ANOVA or regression analysis. To compute the main effect of a factor "A" in a 2-level experiment, subtract the average response of all experimental runs for which A was at its low (or first) level from the average response of all experimental runs for which A was at its high... | Factorial design | 0.804738 |
30,944 | In thermodynamics and thermal physics, the theoretical formulation of magnetic systems entails expressing the behavior of the systems using the Laws of Thermodynamics. Common magnetic systems examined through the lens of Thermodynamics are ferromagnets and paramagnets as well as the ferromagnet to paramagnet phase tran... | Magnetic Thermodynamic Systems | 0.804738 |
30,945 | This is because a transition will be able to cause the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation only if it involves a change in the electromagnetic dipole of the atom. However, it was recognized in the early years of quantum mechanics that atomic spectra measured in an external magnetic field (see Zeeman eff... | Spin number | 0.804737 |
30,946 | Pauli especially ridiculed the idea of spin, saying that "it is indeed very clever but of course has nothing to do with reality". Faced with such criticism, Kronig decided not to publish his theory and the idea of electron spin had to wait for others to take the credit. Ralph Kronig had come up with the idea of electro... | Spin number | 0.804737 |
30,947 | student, he first proposed electron spin after hearing Wolfgang Pauli in Tübingen. Werner Heisenberg and Pauli immediately hated the idea: They had just ruled out all imaginable actions from quantum mechanics. Now Kronig was proposing to set the electron rotating in space. | Spin number | 0.804737 |
30,948 | The phrase spin quantum number was originally used to describe the fourth of a set of quantum numbers (the principal quantum number n, the azimuthal quantum number ℓ, the magnetic quantum number m, and the spin magnetic quantum number ms), which completely describe the quantum state of an electron in an atom. Some intr... | Spin number | 0.804737 |
30,949 | In physics, the spin quantum number is a quantum number (designated s) that describes the intrinsic angular momentum (or spin angular momentum, or simply spin) of an electron or other particle. It has the same value for all particles of the same type, such as s = 1/2 for all electrons. It is an integer for all bosons, ... | Spin number | 0.804737 |
30,950 | The Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales (LATMOS) is a French research laboratory of the University of Versailles - Paris-Saclay University and Sorbonne University specialized in the study of the physical and chemical processes of the Earth's atmosphere, the study of planets and small bodies of the ... | Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales | 0.804736 |
30,951 | In number theory, a factorion in a given number base b {\displaystyle b} is a natural number that equals the sum of the factorials of its digits. The name factorion was coined by the author Clifford A. Pickover. | Factorion | 0.804735 |
30,952 | Organocadmium chemistry describes the physical properties, synthesis, reactions, and use of organocadmium compounds, which are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to cadmium chemical bond. Cadmium shares group 12 with zinc and mercury and their corresponding chemistries have much in common. The synthetic utili... | Organocadmium compounds | 0.804734 |
30,953 | Adding an overall parity-check digit to a quadratic residue code gives an extended quadratic residue code. When p ≡ 3 {\displaystyle p\equiv 3} (mod 4 {\displaystyle 4} ) an extended quadratic residue code is self-dual; otherwise it is equivalent but not equal to its dual. By the Gleason–Prange theorem (named for Andre... | Quadratic residue code | 0.804732 |
30,954 | Since late 1980, there are many algebraic decoding algorithms were developed for correcting errors on quadratic residue codes. These algorithms can achieve the (true) error-correcting capacity ⌊ ( d − 1 ) / 2 ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor (d-1)/2\rfloor } of the quadratic residue codes with the code length up to 113. Howeve... | Quadratic residue code | 0.804732 |
30,955 | A pedotransfer function (PTF) is a specialized empirical estimation method, used primarily in the soil sciences, however has increasing use in hydrogeology. There are many different PTF methods, however, they all attempt to determine soil properties, such as hydraulic conductivity, given several measured soil propertie... | Hydraulic conductivity | 0.804729 |
30,956 | Search engine optimization (SEO) for traditional web search engines such as Google has been popular for many years. For several years, SEO has also been applied to academic search engines such as Google Scholar. SEO for academic articles is also called "academic search engine optimization" (ASEO) and defined as "the cr... | Google scholar | 0.804729 |
30,957 | In many situations, one can also use such maximum principles to draw precise quantitative conclusions about solutions of differential equations, such as control over the size of their gradient. There is no single or most general maximum principle which applies to all situations at once. In the field of convex optimizat... | Strong maximum principle | 0.804729 |
30,958 | A remark on linear elliptic differential equations of second order. Proc. Amer. | Strong maximum principle | 0.804729 |
30,959 | Furthermore, by the same principle, there is a number λ such that for all x in the annulus, the matrix has all eigenvalues greater than or equal to λ. One then takes α, as appearing in the proof, to be large relative to these bounds. Evans's book has a slightly weaker formulation, in which there is assumed to be a pos... | Strong maximum principle | 0.804729 |
30,960 | The following is the statement of the theorem in the books of Morrey and Smoller, following the original statement of Hopf (1927): Let M be an open subset of Euclidean space ℝn. For each i and j between 1 and n, let aij and bi be continuous functions on M with aij = aji. Suppose that for all x in M, the symmetric matri... | Strong maximum principle | 0.804729 |
30,961 | Here we consider the simplest case, although the same thinking can be extended to more general scenarios. Let M be an open subset of Euclidean space and let u be a C2 function on M such that ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n a i j ∂ 2 u ∂ x i ∂ x j = 0 {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{ij}{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\parti... | Strong maximum principle | 0.804729 |
30,962 | Differential equations on Riemannian manifolds and their geometric applications. Comm. Pure Appl. | Strong maximum principle | 0.804729 |
30,963 | Calabi, E. An extension of E. Hopf's maximum principle with an application to Riemannian geometry. Duke Math. J. | Strong maximum principle | 0.804729 |
30,964 | The weak maximum principle, in this setting, says that for any open precompact subset M of the domain of u, the maximum of u on the closure of M is achieved on the boundary of M. The strong maximum principle says that, unless u is a constant function, the maximum cannot also be achieved anywhere on M itself. Such state... | Strong maximum principle | 0.804729 |
30,965 | In the mathematical fields of partial differential equations and geometric analysis, the maximum principle is any of a collection of results and techniques of fundamental importance in the study of elliptic and parabolic differential equations. In the simplest case, consider a function of two variables u(x,y) such that... | Strong maximum principle | 0.804729 |
30,966 | This definition is equivalent to the standard definition of arc length as an integral: The last equality is proved by the following steps: The second fundamental theorem of calculus shows where t = t i − 1 + θ ( t i − t i − 1 ) {\displaystyle t=t_{i-1}+\theta (t_{i}-t_{i-1})} over θ ∈ {\displaystyle \theta \in } maps ... | Curvilinear length | 0.804728 |
30,967 | For much of the history of mathematics, even the greatest thinkers considered it impossible to compute the length of an irregular arc. Although Archimedes had pioneered a way of finding the area beneath a curve with his "method of exhaustion", few believed it was even possible for curves to have definite lengths, as do... | Curvilinear length | 0.804728 |
30,968 | Small GTPAses is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on small GTPases, including their structural biology, biochemical regulation, and their individual and collective cell biological functions. The journal was established in 2010 and is published by Taylor & Francis. The editor-in-chief is Michael F Ol... | Small GTPases (journal) | 0.804728 |
30,969 | Rewriting Techniques and Applications (RTA) is an annual international academic conference on the topic of rewriting. It covers all aspects of rewriting, including termination, equational reasoning, theorem proving, higher-order rewriting, unification and the lambda calculus. The conference consists of peer-reviewed pa... | Rewriting Techniques and Applications | 0.804725 |
30,970 | Seven CSHL faculty members conduct research primarily in plant biology - Drs. David Jackson, Zachary Lippman, Robert Martienssen, Richard McCombie, Ullas Pedmale, Doreen Ware, and Thomas Gingeras.Simons Center for Quantitative Biology Genome assembly and validation; mathematical modeling and algorithm development; popu... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,971 | In 1945, Delbrück's famous Phage Course was taught for the first time, inspiring, among others, a young James D. Watson; it was repeated for many years after. CSH Symposia important in the cross-fertilization of ideas among molecular biology's pioneers were held in 1951, 1953, 1956, 1961, 1963, and 1966. At the CSH Sym... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,972 | In 1933, Oscar Riddle isolated prolactin, the milk secretion hormone and Wilbur Swingle participated in the discovery of adrenocortical hormone, used to treat Addison's disease.Milislav Demerec was named director of the Laboratory in 1941. Demerec shifted the Laboratory's research focus to the genetics of microbes, thu... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,973 | This would become the foundation of modern agricultural genetics. In 1916, Clarence C. Little was among the first scientists to demonstrate a genetic component of cancer. E. Carleton MacDowell in 1928 discovered a strain of mouse called C58 that developed spontaneous leukemia – an early mouse model of cancer. | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,974 | Today, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory maintains the full historical records, communications and artifacts of the ERO for historical, teaching and research purposes. The documents are housed in a campus archive and can be accessed online and in a series of multimedia websites.Carnegie Institution scientists at Cold Sprin... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,975 | The institution took root as The Biological Laboratory in 1890, a summer program for the education of college and high school teachers studying zoology, botany, comparative anatomy and nature. The program began as an initiative of Eugene G. Blackford and Franklin Hooper, director of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and S... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,976 | As of 2016, a two-week course at CSHL costs between $3,700 and $4,700 per student and three-day conferences cost about $1,000 per attendee.The DNA Learning Center (DNALC), founded in 1988, was among the early pioneers in developing hands-on genetics lab experiences for middle and high school students. In 2013, 31,000 s... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,977 | The Undergraduate Research Program (URP) for gifted college students (established in 1959), and the Partners for the Future Program for advanced high school students (established in 1990) are now hosted at the SBS.The CSHL Meetings & Courses Program brings over 8,500 scientists from around the world to Cold Spring Harb... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,978 | In 2015, CSHL had an operating budget of $150 million, over $100 million of which was spent on research. Half of the research budget was devoted to cancer; 25% to neuroscience; 15% to genomics and quantitative biology; and 10% to plant sciences. The sources of research funding in 2015 were: 34% Federal (primarily Natio... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,979 | Current CSHL educational programs serve professional scientists, doctoral students in biology, teachers of biology in the K-12 system, and students from the elementary grades through high school. In the past 10 years CSHL conferences & courses have drawn over 81,000 scientists and students to the main campus. For this ... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,980 | CSHL was also ranked #1 in research output worldwide by Nature. The Laboratory is led by Bruce Stillman, a biochemist and cancer researcher. Since its inception in 1890, the institution's campus on the North Shore of Long Island has also been a center of biology education. | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,981 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) is a private, non-profit institution with research programs focusing on cancer, neuroscience, plant biology, genomics, and quantitative biology.It is one of 68 institutions supported by the Cancer Centers Program of the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) and has been an NCI-design... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,982 | Other initiatives: genetics of aquatic plants for biofuel development; lead role in building National Science Foundation's iPlant Collaborative cyberinfrastructure. Much of this work takes place on 12 acres of farmland at the nearby CSHL Uplands Farm, where expert staff raise crops and Arabidopsis plants for studies. | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,983 | Research staff in CSHL's 52 laboratories numbers over 600, including postdoctoral researchers; an additional 125 graduate students and 500 administrative and support personnel bring the total number of employees to over 1,200.Cell biology and genomicsRNA interference (RNAi) and small-RNA biology; DNA replication; RNA s... | Station for Experimental Evolution | 0.804723 |
30,984 | In the late 1990s, the idea of top-down and bottom-up processing was translated into a computational model of vision by Rao and Ballard. Their paper demonstrated that there could be a generative model of a scene (top-down processing), which would receive feedback via error signals (how much the visual input varied from... | Predictive coding | 0.804722 |
30,985 | In neuroscience, predictive coding (also known as predictive processing) is a theory of brain function which postulates that the brain is constantly generating and updating a "mental model" of the environment. According to the theory, such a mental model is used to predict input signals from the senses that are then co... | Predictive coding | 0.804722 |
30,986 | The emulation framework was also shown to be hierarchical, with modality-specific emulators providing top-down expectations for sensory signals as well as higher-level emulators providing expectations of the distal causes of those signals. Grush applied the theory to visual perception, visual and motor imagery, languag... | Predictive coding | 0.804722 |
30,987 | Evaluating the empirical evidence that suggests a neurologically plausible basis for predictive coding is a broad and varied task. For one thing, and according to the model, predictive coding occurs at every iterative step in the perceptual and cognitive processes; accordingly, manifestations of predictive coding in th... | Predictive coding | 0.804722 |
30,988 | In 1908, Ehrlich received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his contributions to immunology. Hata was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 and for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and 1913.The first sulfonamide and the first systemically active antibacterial drug, Prontosil, w... | Systemic antibiotic | 0.804721 |
30,989 | There are various approaches to cope with this difficulty (see mathematics of apportionment). The optimization-based approach aims to attain, for eacn instance, an allocation that is "as fair as possible" for this instance. An allocation is "fair" if a i = q i {\displaystyle a_{i}=q_{i}} for all agents i, that is, each... | Optimal apportionment | 0.804717 |
30,990 | Optimal apportionment is an approach to apportionment that is based on mathematical optimization. In a problem of apportionment, there is a resource to allocate, denoted by h {\displaystyle h} . For example, it can be an integer representing the number of seats in a house of representatives. The resource should be allo... | Optimal apportionment | 0.804717 |
30,991 | The second book in the series, by Leonard Susskind and Art Friedman, was published in 2014 by Basic Books under the title Quantum Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum (ISBN 978-0465062904). Video recordings of the complete lectures are available on-line. | The Theoretical Minimum | 0.804715 |
30,992 | Particle Physics 1: Basic Concepts. Particle Physics 2: Standard Model. Particle Physics 3: Super-symmetry and Grand Unification. String theory. Cosmology and black holes.These are also available on-line as video recordings. | The Theoretical Minimum | 0.804715 |
30,993 | Further lecture courses in the Theoretical Minimum series have been delivered by Susskind, on these subjects (or with these titles): Advanced quantum mechanics. Higgs boson. Quantum entanglement. Relativity. | The Theoretical Minimum | 0.804715 |
30,994 | The book is a mathematical introduction to various theoretical physics concepts, such as principle of least action, Lagrangian mechanics, Hamiltonian mechanics, Poisson brackets, and electromagnetism. It is the first book in a series called The Theoretical Minimum, based on Stanford Continuing Studies courses taught by... | The Theoretical Minimum | 0.804715 |
30,995 | The series presently stands at four books (as of early 2023) covering the first four of six core courses devoted to: classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, special relativity and classical field theory, general relativity, cosmology, and statistical mechanics. Videos for all of these courses are available online. In a... | The Theoretical Minimum | 0.804715 |
30,996 | The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Know to Start Doing Physics is a popular science book by Leonard Susskind and George Hrabovsky. The book was initially published on January 29, 2013 by Basic Books.The Theoretical Minimum is a book and a Stanford University-based continuing-education lecture series, which becam... | The Theoretical Minimum | 0.804715 |
30,997 | Forgetful functors tend to have left adjoints, which are 'free' constructions. For example: free module: the forgetful functor from M o d ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {Mod} (R)} (the category of R {\displaystyle R} -modules) to S e t {\displaystyle \mathbf {Set} } has left adjoint Free R {\displaystyle \operatorname {F... | Forgetful functor | 0.804713 |
30,998 | In mathematics, in the area of category theory, a forgetful functor (also known as a stripping functor) 'forgets' or drops some or all of the input's structure or properties 'before' mapping to the output. For an algebraic structure of a given signature, this may be expressed by curtailing the signature: the new signat... | Forgetful functor | 0.804713 |
30,999 | As an example, there are several forgetful functors from the category of commutative rings. A (unital) ring, described in the language of universal algebra, is an ordered tuple ( R , + , × , a , 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle (R,+,\times ,a,0,1)} satisfying certain axioms, where + {\displaystyle +} and × {\displaystyle \times ... | Forgetful functor | 0.804713 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.