id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
31,000 | In the words of Nobel chemistry laureate Bruce Merrifield, it was "probably the most important instrument ever developed towards the advancement of bioscience. "Once it became discontinued in 1976, Hewlett-Packard created the first commercially available diode-array spectrophotometer in 1979 known as the HP 8450A. Diod... | Spectrophotometry | 0.804711 |
31,001 | While the theory E C S T + E x p {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ECST}}+{\mathrm {Exp} }} does not exceed the consistency strength of Heyting arithmetic, adding Excluded Middle gives a theory proving the same theorems as classical Z F {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ZF}}} minus Regularity! Thus, adding Regularity as well as either P... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,002 | To highlight the strength of full Choice and its relation to matters of intentionality, one should consider the classes a = { u ∈ { 0 , 1 } ∣ ( u = 0 ) ∨ P } {\displaystyle a=\{u\in \{0,1\}\mid (u=0)\lor P\}} b = { u ∈ { 0 , 1 } ∣ ( u = 1 ) ∨ P } {\displaystyle b=\{u\in \{0,1\}\mid (u=1)\lor P\}} from the proof of Diac... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,003 | In the program of reverse mathematics, all mathematical objects discussed are encoded as naturals or subsets of naturals. Subsystems of Z 2 {\displaystyle {\mathsf {Z}}_{2}} with very low complexity comprehension have a language that does not merely express arithmetical sets, while all sets of naturals particular such ... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,004 | Likewise, care must always be taken with insights about totality of functions. In computability theory, the μ operator enables all partial general recursive functions (or programs, in the sense that they are Turing computable), including ones e.g. non-primitive recursive but P A {\displaystyle {\mathrm {PA} }} -total, ... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,005 | The strong form is very casually used in classical general topology. Adding P E M {\displaystyle {\mathrm {PEM} }} to a theory even weaker than C Z F {\displaystyle {\mathsf {CZF}}} recovers Z F {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ZF}}} , as detailed below. The system, which has come to be known as Intuitionistic Zermelo–Fraenkel... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,006 | Those last mentioned arithmetic theories all have ordinal ω ω {\displaystyle \omega ^{\omega }} . Let us mention one more step beyond the Σ 1 0 {\displaystyle \Sigma _{1}^{0}} -induction schema. Lack of stronger induction schemas means, for example, that some infinite versions of the pigeon hole principle are unprovabl... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,007 | Indeed, formulations of the three omniscience principles are then each equivalent to theorems of the apartness, equality or order of two reals in this way. Yet more can be said about the Cauchy sequences that are augmented with a modulus of convergence. A famous source of computable undecidability - and in turn also of... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,008 | In the constructive set theory C Z F {\displaystyle {\mathsf {CZF}}} introduced below, it implies B D {\displaystyle {\mathrm {BD} }} - N {\displaystyle {\mathbb {N} }} , M P {\displaystyle {\mathrm {MP} }} , the Π 1 0 {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}^{0}} -version of the fan theorem, but also W K L {\displaystyle {\mathrm {WKL... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,009 | Examples of famous sentences that are of Goldbach type, i.e. can be written down in this Π 1 0 {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}^{0}} -fashion, are the Goldbach conjecture, Fermat's last theorem but also the Riemann hypothesis. In raw P A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {PA}}} , example functions can be defined on N {\displaystyle {\mat... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,010 | It strictly includes those intervals, in the sense of I ⊊ B ( R ) ⊊ P R {\displaystyle I\subsetneq {\mathcal {B}}({\mathbb {R} })\subsetneq {\mathcal {P}}_{\mathbb {R} }} , but in Z F {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ZF}}} also only has the cardinality of the reals itself.) E C S T {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ECST}}} proves ω {\d... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,011 | It also holds in many realizability models. In the condition of the formally similar recursion theorem, one is already given a unique choice at each step, and that theorem lets one combine them to a function on ω {\displaystyle \omega } . So also with D C {\displaystyle {\mathrm {DC} }} one may consider forms of the ax... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,012 | For example, for the diagonal halting problem, which cannot have a T 1 {\displaystyle T_{1}} -total index, it is H A {\displaystyle {\mathsf {HA}}} -independent whether the corresponding graph predicate on N × { 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle {\mathbb {N} }\times \{0,1\}} (a decision problem) is total functional, but P E M {\d... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,013 | Given a representing predicate, then at the cost of making use of P E M {\displaystyle {\mathrm {PEM} }} , one can always also systematically (i.e. with a ∀ a . {\displaystyle \forall a.} ) prove the graph to be total functional.Which predicates are provably functional for various inputs, or even total functional on th... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,014 | Its existence claims are intended to only concern natural numbers and instead of using the full mathematical induction schema for arithmetic formulas, the theories' axioms postulate that every number is either zero or that there exists a predecessor number to it. Focusing on T 1 {\displaystyle T_{1}} -total recursive f... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,015 | By Kleene's normal form theorem, each partial recursive function on the naturals computes, for the values where it terminates, the same as a ↦ U ( μ w . T 1 ( e , a , w ) ) {\displaystyle a\mapsto U(\mu w.T_{1}(e,a,w))} , for some partial function program index e ∈ N {\displaystyle e\in {\mathbb {N} }} , and any index ... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,016 | Naturally, the meaning of existence claims is a topic of interest in constructivism, be it for a theory of sets or any other framework. Let R {\displaystyle R} express a property such that a mathematical framework validates what amounts to the statement ∀ ( a ∈ A ) . ∃ ( c ∈ C ) . R ( a , c ) {\displaystyle \forall (a\... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,017 | Let us mention another very weak theory that has been investigated, namely Intuitionistic (or constructive) Kripke–Platek set theory I K P {\displaystyle {\mathsf {IKP}}} . It has not only Separation but also Collection restricted to Δ 0 {\displaystyle \Delta _{0}} -formulas, i.e. it is similar to B C S T {\displaystyl... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,018 | Variants of the functional predicate definition using apartness relations on setoids have been defined as well. It is a metatheorem for theories containing B C S T {\displaystyle {\mathsf {BCST}}} that adding a function symbol for a provenly total class function is a conservative extension, despite this changing the sc... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,019 | A set theory with just bounded Separation can thus also be strengthened by adopting arithmetical induction schemas for predicates beyond just the bounded ones. The recursion principle for set functions mentioned in the section dedicated to arithmetic is also implied by the full induction schema - in the form of a schem... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,020 | Now a proposition like this exponentiation claim, the claim ∀ ( n ∈ ω ) . Q ( n ) {\displaystyle \forall (n\in \omega ).Q(n)} and the subclass claim ω ⊂ { n ∈ ω ∣ Q ( n ) } {\displaystyle \omega \subset \{n\in \omega \mid Q(n)\}} are just two ways of formulating the same desired statement, namely an n {\displaystyle n}... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,021 | For contrast, consider the theory Z F C {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ZFC}}} given by Z F {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ZF}}} plus the full axiom of choice existence postulate. Recall that this collection of axioms proves the well-ordering theorem, implying well-orderings exists for any set. In particular, this means that relati... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,022 | These are features of a fixed theory which metalogically relate judgements of propositions provable in the theory. Particularly well-studied are those such features that can be expressed in Heyting arithmetic, with quantifiers over numbers and which can often be realized by numbers, as formalized in proof theory. In pa... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,023 | A standard example is choice in all non-empty subsets of the reals, i.e. on the domain P R ∖ 1 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}_{\mathbb {R} }\setminus 1} . Also when restricted to the Borel algebra of the reals, Z F {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ZF}}} alone does not prove the existence of a function selecting a member from ea... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.80471 |
31,024 | In organic chemistry, the principle of least motion is the hypothesis that when multiple species with different nuclear structures could theoretically form as products of a given chemical reaction, the more likely to form tends to be the one requiring the least amount of change in nuclear structure or the smallest chan... | Principle of least motion | 0.804708 |
31,025 | While most techniques focus on increases in lateral resolution there are also some techniques which aim to allow analysis of extremely thin samples. For example, sarfus methods place the thin sample on a contrast-enhancing surface and thereby allows to directly visualize films as thin as 0.3 nanometers. On 8 October 20... | Light microscopes | 0.804708 |
31,026 | Before development of Köhler illumination the image of the light source, for example a lightbulb filament, was always visible in the image of the sample. The Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Dutch physicist Frits Zernike in 1953 for his development of phase contrast illumination which allows imaging of transparent... | Light microscopes | 0.804708 |
31,027 | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1724) is credited with bringing the microscope to the attention of biologists, even though simple magnifying lenses were already being produced in the 16th century. Van Leeuwenhoek's home-made microscopes were simple microscopes, with a single very small, yet strong lens. They were awkward... | Light microscopes | 0.804708 |
31,028 | The book is made of four lectures. The first is titled "Space and Time in Pre-Relativity Physics". The second lecture is titled The Theory of Special Relativity and discusses the special theory of relativity. | The Meaning of Relativity | 0.804705 |
31,029 | It is also his only book that provides an overview of the physics and mathematics of general relativity in a comprehensive manner that was accessible to non-specialists. Einstein explained his goal in the preface of the book's German edition by stating he "wanted to summarize the principal thoughts and mathematical met... | The Meaning of Relativity | 0.804705 |
31,030 | The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, May 1921 is a book published by Princeton University Press in 1922 that compiled the 1921 Stafford Little Lectures at Princeton University, given by Albert Einstein. The lectures were translated into English by Edwin Plimpton Adams. The lecture... | The Meaning of Relativity | 0.804705 |
31,031 | A 1956 review of the fifth edition summarizes its publication history and contents and closes by stating "Einstein's little book then serves as an excellent tying-together of loose ends and as a broad survey of the subject. "Among other references to the book, a 2005 column of The Physics Teacher, included the work in ... | The Meaning of Relativity | 0.804705 |
31,032 | In mathematics, specifically in abstract algebra, power associativity is a property of a binary operation that is a weak form of associativity. | Power associative | 0.804704 |
31,033 | ParameciumDB is a database for the genome and biology of the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. | ParameciumDB | 0.804704 |
31,034 | A newer approach, (bottom-up/rules-based structuring) utilizing a proprietary search engine scheme transversing through selectable componentry at high speeds eliminates the planning modular BOM duplications. The search engine is also used for all combinatorial feature constraints and GUI representations to support spec... | Assembly variant | 0.804701 |
31,035 | Optimization-based methods aim to attain, for each instance, an allocation that is "as fair as possible" for this instance. An allocation is "fair" if a i = q i {\displaystyle a_{i}=q_{i}} for all agents i; in this case, we say that the "unfairness" of the allocation is 0. If this equality is violated, one can define a... | Mathematics of apportionment | 0.804699 |
31,036 | The mathematical theory of apportionment was studied as early as 1907 by the mathematician Agner Krarup Erlang. It was later developed to a great detail by the mathematician Michel Balinsky and the economist Peyton Young. Besides its application to political parties, it is also applicable to fair item allocation when a... | Mathematics of apportionment | 0.804699 |
31,037 | The main topic of the book is the conjecture that there exist infinitely many twin primes, dating back at least to Alphonse de Polignac (who conjectured more generally in 1849 that every even number appears infinitely often as the difference between two primes), and the significant progress made recently by Yitang Zhan... | Closing the Gap: The Quest to Understand Prime Numbers | 0.804699 |
31,038 | The book is written for a general audience untrained in mathematics, and in many cases finds clever and accessible ways of explaining mathematical concepts using visual intuition, although in other cases she uses complicated formulas and algebra that could be intimidating. The book could also be of interest to mathemat... | Closing the Gap: The Quest to Understand Prime Numbers | 0.804699 |
31,039 | This line of research began with Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and in a more mathematically developed form with Pascual Jordan around 1933. Subsequently, John von Neumann attempted to establish a general framework for these algebras, which culminated in a series of papers on rings of operators. These papers cons... | C* algebra | 0.804698 |
31,040 | In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis, a C∗-algebra (pronounced "C-star") is a Banach algebra together with an involution satisfying the properties of the adjoint. A particular case is that of a complex algebra A of continuous linear operators on a complex Hilbert space with two additional properties: A i... | C* algebra | 0.804698 |
31,041 | Von Neumann algebras, known as W* algebras before the 1960s, are a special kind of C*-algebra. They are required to be closed in the weak operator topology, which is weaker than the norm topology. The Sherman–Takeda theorem implies that any C*-algebra has a universal enveloping W*-algebra, such that any homomorphism to... | C* algebra | 0.804698 |
31,042 | Around 1943, the work of Israel Gelfand and Mark Naimark yielded an abstract characterisation of C*-algebras making no reference to operators on a Hilbert space. C*-algebras are now an important tool in the theory of unitary representations of locally compact groups, and are also used in algebraic formulations of quant... | C* algebra | 0.804698 |
31,043 | SThM allows thermal measurements at the nano-scale. These measurements can include: temperature, thermal properties of materials, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, glass transition temperature, latent heat, enthalpy, etc. The applications include: Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) lithography research and cellula... | Scanning thermal microscopy | 0.804696 |
31,044 | 300 BCE Euclid's Elements contains an algorithm for the greatest common divisor, whose modern version generates a continued fraction as the sequence of quotients of successive Euclidean divisions that occur in it. 499 The Aryabhatiya contains the solution of indeterminate equations using continued fractions 1572 Rafael... | Continued fraction | 0.804695 |
31,045 | Physica Status Solidi, often stylized physica status solidi or pss, is a family of international peer-reviewed, scientific journals, publishing research on all aspects of solid state physics, and materials science. It is owned and published by Wiley–VCH. These journals publish over 2000 articles per year, making it one... | Physica Status Solidi | 0.804694 |
31,046 | In 2003, series C (Current Topics in Solid State Physics) was created to accommodate the publication of conference proceedings.Following the reunification of Germany in 1990 the journal's original publisher Akademie Verlag became part of the VCH Publishing group, which again was merged into John Wiley & Sons, leading t... | Physica Status Solidi | 0.804694 |
31,047 | Physica Status Solidi was founded by Karl Wolfgang Böer (then at Humboldt University of Berlin) in East Berlin and published its first issue in July 1961. Shortly after the journal was founded, the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 exacerbated the distances between scientists from the Eastern and Western b... | Physica Status Solidi | 0.804694 |
31,048 | Nonnegative rank has important applications in Combinatorial optimization: The minimum number of facets of an extension of a polyhedron P is equal to the nonnegative rank of its so-called slack matrix. == References == | Nonnegative rank (linear algebra) | 0.804693 |
31,049 | In linear algebra, the nonnegative rank of a nonnegative matrix is a concept similar to the usual linear rank of a real matrix, but adding the requirement that certain coefficients and entries of vectors/matrices have to be nonnegative. For example, the linear rank of a matrix is the smallest number of vectors, such th... | Nonnegative rank (linear algebra) | 0.804693 |
31,050 | NACE International (now known as Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP)) and CIBO (Council of Industrial Boiler Owners) have several recommendations to increase the life of the deaerator unit. First, regular inspections (and testing) of the pressure vessel for cracking of welds, and repairing of an... | Deaerator | 0.80469 |
31,051 | Scrip has now developed into an online global pharma news and analysis service. It provides daily news and analysis on the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry including areas such as policy & regulation, business news, research & development, generics, drug delivery, and clinical trials. In 2022, Informa sold its... | Scrip World Pharmaceutical News | 0.804689 |
31,052 | Differential forms on a manifold, together with the exterior derivation and the exterior product form a DG-algebra. These have wide applications, including in derived deformation theory. See also de Rham cohomology. | Graded derivation | 0.804686 |
31,053 | The singular cohomology of a topological space with coefficients in Z / p Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /p\mathbb {Z} } is a DG-algebra: the differential is given by the Bockstein homomorphism associated to the short exact sequence 0 → Z / p Z → Z / p 2 Z → Z / p Z → 0 {\displaystyle 0\to \mathbb {Z} /p\mathbb {Z} \to \... | Graded derivation | 0.804686 |
31,054 | One of the foundational examples of a differential graded algebra, widely used in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, is the Koszul complex. This is because of its wide array of applications, including constructing flat resolutions of complete intersections, and from a derived perspective, they give the derived... | Graded derivation | 0.804686 |
31,055 | There are several theorems that establish existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems involving ODEs both locally and globally. The two main theorems are In their basic form both of these theorems only guarantee local results, though the latter can be extended to give a global result, for example, i... | Inhomogeneous differential equation | 0.804685 |
31,056 | Two memoirs by Fuchs inspired a novel approach, subsequently elaborated by Thomé and Frobenius. Collet was a prominent contributor beginning in 1869. His method for integrating a non-linear system was communicated to Bertrand in 1868. Clebsch (1873) attacked the theory along lines parallel to those in his theory of Abe... | Inhomogeneous differential equation | 0.804684 |
31,057 | Some differential equations have solutions that can be written in an exact and closed form. Several important classes are given here. In the table below, P(x), Q(x), P(y), Q(y), and M(x,y), N(x,y) are any integrable functions of x, y; b and c are real given constants; C1, C2, ... are arbitrary constants (complex in gen... | Inhomogeneous differential equation | 0.804684 |
31,058 | The main areas covered are: Atomic Physics Molecular Physics and Chemical Physics Atomic and Molecular Collisions Clusters and Nanostructures Cold Matter and Quantum Gases Plasma Physics Nonlinear Dynamics Optical Phenomena and Photonics Quantum Optics Quantum Information Ultraintense and Ultrashort Laser FieldsThe ran... | European Physical Journal D | 0.804681 |
31,059 | The EPJ D arose from various predecessors: Il Nuovo Cimento (Section D), Journal de Physique, and Zeitschrift für Physik D. Prior to 1998, this journal was named Zeitschrift für Physik D: Atoms, Molecules and Clusters. Until 2003, Ingolf Hertel was the editor-in-chief of EPJ D. From May 2003 on EPJ D had two editors-in... | European Physical Journal D | 0.804681 |
31,060 | The European Physical Journal D: Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics is an academic journal recognized by the European Physical Society, presenting new and original research results. | European Physical Journal D | 0.804681 |
31,061 | The role of Bayes' theorem is best visualized with tree diagrams such as Figure 3. The two diagrams partition the same outcomes by A and B in opposite orders, to obtain the inverse probabilities. Bayes' theorem links the different partitionings. | Bayes' Theorem | 0.80468 |
31,062 | The emergence of the field of systems engineering can be traced back to Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1940s. The need to identify and manipulate the properties of a system as a whole, which in complex engineering projects may greatly differ from the sum of the parts' properties, motivated various industries to app... | Functional model | 0.804679 |
31,063 | The function model in the field of systems engineering and software engineering originates in the 1950s and 1960s, but the origin of functional modelling of organizational activity goes back to the late 19th century. In the late 19th century the first diagrams appeared that pictured business activities, actions, proces... | Functional model | 0.804679 |
31,064 | Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT) is a software engineering methodology for describing systems as a hierarchy of functions, a diagrammatic notation for constructing a sketch for a software application. It offers building blocks to represent entities and activities, and a variety of arrows to relate boxes.... | Functional model | 0.804679 |
31,065 | Thus such a system may, but need not, describe the system throughputs other than at the input and output, and it may also contain a description of the operation which each element carries out on the throughput, but once again this is not.One of the first well defined function models, was the functional flow block diagr... | Functional model | 0.804679 |
31,066 | In the field of systems and software engineering numerous specific function and functional models and close related models have been defined. Here only a few general types will be explained. | Functional model | 0.804679 |
31,067 | The assertion of B ⟹ A {\displaystyle B\implies A} is captured by certainty of the conditional, the assertion of P ( A | B ) = 1 {\displaystyle P(A\vert B)=1} . Relating the directions of implication, Bayes' theorem represents a generalization of the contraposition law, which in classical propositional logic can be exp... | Bayes' Theorem | 0.804679 |
31,068 | Using P ( ¬ B | A ) = 1 − P ( B | A ) {\displaystyle P(\neg B\vert A)=1-P(B\vert A)} twice, one may use Bayes' theorem to also express P ( ¬ B | ¬ A ) {\displaystyle P(\neg B\vert \neg A)} in terms of P ( A | B ) {\displaystyle P(A\vert B)} and without negations: P ( ¬ B | ¬ A ) = 1 − ( 1 − P ( A | B ) ) P ( B ) P ( ¬ ... | Bayes' Theorem | 0.804679 |
31,069 | In genetics, Bayes' theorem can be used to calculate the probability of an individual having a specific genotype. Many people seek to approximate their chances of being affected by a genetic disease or their likelihood of being a carrier for a recessive gene of interest. A Bayesian analysis can be done based on family ... | Bayes' Theorem | 0.804679 |
31,070 | In probability theory and statistics, Bayes' theorem (alternatively Bayes' law or Bayes' rule), named after Thomas Bayes, describes the probability of an event, based on prior knowledge of conditions that might be related to the event. For example, if the risk of developing health problems is known to increase with age... | Bayes' Theorem | 0.804679 |
31,071 | Every infinite sequence of real numbers has an infinite monotone subsequence (This is a lemma used in the proof of the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem). Every infinite bounded sequence in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} has a convergent subsequence (This is the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem). For all integers r {\displa... | Subsequence | 0.804673 |
31,072 | Subsequences have applications to computer science, especially in the discipline of bioinformatics, where computers are used to compare, analyze, and store DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. Take two sequences of DNA containing 37 elements, say: SEQ1 = ACGGTGTCGTGCTATGCTGATGCTGACTTATATGCTA SEQ2 = CGTTCGGCTATCGTACGTTCTATT... | Subsequence | 0.804673 |
31,073 | The Kibble balance (known as a "watt balance" before 2016) is essentially a single-pan weighing scale that measures the electric power necessary to oppose the weight of a kilogram test mass as it is pulled by Earth's gravity. It is a variation of an ampere balance, with an extra calibration step that eliminates the eff... | Alternative approaches to redefining the kilogram | 0.804672 |
31,074 | Monopoles would carry "magnetic charge" analogous to electric charge. Despite systematic searches since 1931, as of 2010, they have never been observed, and could very well not exist.Nevertheless, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of these magnetic monopoles. Paul Dirac observed in 1931 that, becaus... | Magnetic properties | 0.804669 |
31,075 | In mathematics, particularly algebraic topology, cohomotopy sets are particular contravariant functors from the category of pointed topological spaces and basepoint-preserving continuous maps to the category of sets and functions. They are dual to the homotopy groups, but less studied. | Cohomotopy group | 0.804666 |
31,076 | David Gries (ed.). Programming in the 1990s: An introduction to the calculation of programs. Texts and Monographs in Computer Science. | Guarded commands | 0.804665 |
31,077 | Monographs in Computer Science (in English, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, Italian, and Russian). New York: Springer Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5983-1. | Guarded commands | 0.804665 |
31,078 | Second-order automata may be used to simulate billiard-ball computers and the Ising model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics. They may also be used for cryptography. == References == | Second-order cellular automaton | 0.804664 |
31,079 | From 1991 to 1994, users of the Worm Community System, a major biology database on worms, switched to the Web and Gopher. While the Web did not include many advanced functions for data retrieval and collaboration, it was easily accessible. Conversely, the Worm Community System could only be browsed on specific terminal... | Open scientific data | 0.804663 |
31,080 | The structure of ENQUIRE was closer to an internal web of data: it connected "nodes" that "could refer to a person, a software module, etc. and that could be interlined with various relations such as made, include, describes and so forth". While it "facilitated some random linkage between information" Enquire was not a... | Open scientific data | 0.804663 |
31,081 | The World Wide Web was originally conceived as an infrastructure for open scientific data. Sharing of data and data documentation was a major focus in the initial communication of the World Wide Web when the project was first unveiled in August 1991: "The WWW project was started to allow high energy physicists to share... | Open scientific data | 0.804663 |
31,082 | "In 2011, 67% of 1329 scientist agree that lack of data sharing is a "major impediment to progress in science." and yet "only about a third (36%) of the respondents agree that others can access their data easily" In 2016, a survey of researchers in the environment science find overwhelming support easily accessible ope... | Open scientific data | 0.804663 |
31,083 | In quantum mechanics, a Dirac membrane is a model of a charged membrane introduced by Paul Dirac in 1962. Dirac's original motivation was to explain the mass of the muon as an excitation of the ground state corresponding to an electron. Anticipating the birth of string theory by almost a decade, he was the first to int... | Dirac membrane | 0.804661 |
31,084 | August: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols proposed new prefixes kibi (symbol Ki), mebi (Mi), gibi (Gi) and tebi (Ti), etc. for powers of 1024. | Timeline of binary prefixes | 0.80466 |
31,085 | January: Bruce Barrow endorses the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's proposal for prefixes kibi, mebi, gibi, etc. in "A Lesson in Megabytes" in IEEE Standards Bearer IEEE requires prefixes to take the standard SI meaning (e.g., mega always to mean 10002). Exceptions for binary meaning (mega to mean 10... | Timeline of binary prefixes | 0.80466 |
31,086 | The company began distribution of the original Sifteo Cubes in September 2011. The product's successor, Sifteo Cubes Interactive Game System, was announced on August 30, 2012 and began shipping on November 23, 2012. The company was acquired by 3D Robotics in July 2014. | Sifteo Cubes | 0.804659 |
31,087 | Sifteo Cubes are an interactive gaming platform developed by Sifteo, Inc. The cubes are 'motion-aware' and 1.5-inch in size with touch screens. They are designed for use by players ages six and up. On August 30, 2012, Sifteo announced the second generation of their product, Sifteo Cubes Interactive Game System, which w... | Sifteo Cubes | 0.804659 |
31,088 | Presuming knowledge of projectivity and the projective group of projective geometry, the affine group can be easily specified. For example, Günter Ewald wrote: The set P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} of all projective collineations of Pn is a group which we may call the projective group of Pn. If we proceed from Pn t... | Special affine group | 0.804657 |
31,089 | Informatics Engineering is the direct translation from many southern European languages of an engineering discipline most commonly known in English as Computer Science & Engineering. In Portugal, for example, universities may use the term Engenharia Informática to refer strictly to Computer Science or a distinction may... | Informatics engineering | 0.804656 |
31,090 | In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Partition functions are functions of the thermodynamic state variables, such as the temperature and volume. Most of the aggregate thermodynamic variables of the system, such as the total energy, free energy, ... | Partition function in statistical mechanics | 0.804656 |
31,091 | The study of nature revived in the Renaissance, and quickly became a third branch of academic knowledge, itself divided into descriptive natural history and natural philosophy, the analytical study of nature. In modern terms, natural philosophy roughly corresponded to modern physics and chemistry, while natural history... | Natural history | 0.804655 |
31,092 | The meaning of the English term "natural history" (a calque of the Latin historia naturalis) has narrowed progressively with time, while, by contrast, the meaning of the related term "nature" has widened (see also History below). In antiquity, "natural history" covered essentially anything connected with nature, or use... | Natural history | 0.804655 |
31,093 | Still, the traditions of natural history continue to play a part in the study of biology, especially ecology (the study of natural systems involving living organisms and the inorganic components of the Earth's biosphere that support them), ethology (the scientific study of animal behavior), and evolutionary biology (th... | Natural history | 0.804655 |
31,094 | Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is called a naturalist or natural historian. Natural history encompasses scientific ... | Natural history | 0.804655 |
31,095 | Natural history begins with Aristotle and other ancient philosophers who analyzed the diversity of the natural world. Natural history was understood by Pliny the Elder to cover anything that could be found in the world, including living things, geology, astronomy, technology, art, and humanity.De Materia Medica was wri... | Natural history | 0.804655 |
31,096 | During the heyday of the gentleman scientists, many people contributed to both fields, and early papers in both were commonly read at professional science society meetings such as the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences—both founded during the 17th century. Natural history had been encouraged by practical ... | Natural history | 0.804655 |
31,097 | Natural history, formerly the main subject taught by college science professors, was increasingly scorned by scientists of a more specialized manner and relegated to an "amateur" activity, rather than a part of science proper. In Victorian Scotland, the study of natural history was believed to contribute to good mental... | Natural history | 0.804655 |
31,098 | A significant contribution to English natural history was made by parson-naturalists such as Gilbert White, William Kirby, John George Wood, and John Ray, who wrote about plants, animals, and other aspects of nature. Many of these men wrote about nature to make the natural theology argument for the existence or goodnes... | Natural history | 0.804655 |
31,099 | The fastest growing M2M segment in Germany, with an average annual growth of 47 percent, will be the consumer electronics segment. In April 2013, OASIS MQTT standards group is formed with the goal of working on a lightweight publish/subscribe reliable messaging transport protocol suitable for communication in M2M/IoT c... | Machine to Machine | 0.804655 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.