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33,400 | There seems to be an abrupt mid-twentieth-century decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent from whaling records, the direct global estimates of the Antarctic sea-ice cover from satellite observations, since the 1970 provide no clear trends. Because whales tend to congregate near the sea ice edge to feed, their locations cou... | Measurement of sea ice | 0.803454 |
33,401 | Three-site models have three interaction points corresponding to the three atoms of the water molecule. Each site has a point charge, and the site corresponding to the oxygen atom also has the Lennard-Jones parameters. Since 3-site models achieve a high computational efficiency, these are widely used for many applicati... | Explicit water model | 0.803451 |
33,402 | There have been subsequent reparameterizations of the TIP4P model for specific uses: the TIP4P-Ew model, for use with Ewald summation methods; the TIP4P/Ice, for simulation of solid water ice; TIP4P/2005, a general parameterization for simulating the entire phase diagram of condensed water; and TIP4PQ/2005, a similar m... | Explicit water model | 0.803451 |
33,403 | However, the BF model doesn't reproduce well the bulk properties of water, such as density and heat of vaporization, and is thus of historical interest only. This is a consequence of the parameterization method; newer models, developed after modern computers became available, were parameterized by running Metropolis Mo... | Explicit water model | 0.803451 |
33,404 | The 5-site models place the negative charge on dummy atoms (labeled L) representing the lone pairs of the oxygen atom, with a tetrahedral-like geometry. An early model of these types was the BNS model of Ben-Naim and Stillinger, proposed in 1971, soon succeeded by the ST2 model of Stillinger and Rahman in 1974. Mainly ... | Explicit water model | 0.803451 |
33,405 | Born in Cambridge, England, of Scottish parents, Smart began his education locally, attending The Leys School, a leading independent boarding school. His younger brothers also became professors: Alastair (1922–1992) was Professor of Art History at Nottingham University; Ninian was a professor of religious studies and a... | Rate of passage argument | 0.80345 |
33,406 | Smart's main contribution to metaphysics is in the area of philosophy of time. He has been an influential defender of the B-theory of time, and of perdurantism. His most important original arguments in this area concern the passage of time, which he claimed is an illusion. He argued that if time really passed, then it ... | Rate of passage argument | 0.80345 |
33,407 | John Jamieson Carswell Smart (16 September 1920 – 6 October 2012), was a British-Australian philosopher and was appointed as an Emeritus Professor by the Australian National University. He worked in the fields of metaphysics, philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, and political philosophy. H... | Rate of passage argument | 0.80345 |
33,408 | In neuroscience, Golgi cells are inhibitory interneurons found within the granular layer of the cerebellum. They were first identified as inhibitory in 1964. It was also the first example of an inhibitory feedback network, where the inhibitory interneuron was identified anatomically. | Golgi cells | 0.80345 |
33,409 | The latter is guaranteed by the strong confluence property of reduction in this model of computation. Thus interaction nets provide a natural language for massive parallelism. Interaction nets are at the heart of many implementations of the lambda calculus, such as efficient closed reduction and optimal, in Lévy's sens... | Interaction nets | 0.803448 |
33,410 | In molecular biology, the collagen triple helix or type-2 helix is the main secondary structure of various types of fibrous collagen, including type I collagen. In 1954, Ramachandran & Kartha (13, 14) advanced a structure for the collagen triple helix on the basis of fiber diffraction data. It consists of a triple heli... | Collagen helix | 0.803447 |
33,411 | In mathematics, Schur algebras, named after Issai Schur, are certain finite-dimensional algebras closely associated with Schur–Weyl duality between general linear and symmetric groups. They are used to relate the representation theories of those two groups. Their use was promoted by the influential monograph of J. A. G... | Schur algebra | 0.803446 |
33,412 | Generalized Schur algebras (associated to any reductive algebraic group) were introduced by Donkin in the 1980s. These are also quasihereditary. Around the same time, Dipper and James introduced the quantized Schur algebras (or q-Schur algebras for short), which are a type of q-deformation of the classical Schur algebr... | Schur algebra | 0.803446 |
33,413 | The Schur algebra (in degree r {\displaystyle r} ) is the algebra S k ( n , r ) = H o m k ( A k ( n , r ) , k ) {\displaystyle S_{k}(n,r)=\mathrm {Hom} _{k}(A_{k}(n,r),k)} . That is, S k ( n , r ) {\displaystyle S_{k}(n,r)} is the linear dual of A k ( n , r ) {\displaystyle A_{k}(n,r)} . It is a general fact that the l... | Schur algebra | 0.803446 |
33,414 | Now, k {\displaystyle k} has a natural coalgebra structure with comultiplication Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } and counit ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } the algebra homomorphisms given on generators by Δ ( x i j ) = ∑ l x i l ⊗ x l j , ε ( x i j ) = δ i j {\displaystyle \Delta (x_{ij})=\textstyle \sum _{l}x_{il}\otimes x_... | Schur algebra | 0.803446 |
33,415 | The Schur algebra S k ( n , r ) {\displaystyle S_{k}(n,r)} can be defined for any commutative ring k {\displaystyle k} and integers n , r ≥ 0 {\displaystyle n,r\geq 0} . Consider the algebra k {\displaystyle k} of polynomials (with coefficients in k {\displaystyle k} ) in n 2 {\displaystyle n^{2}} commuting variables ... | Schur algebra | 0.803446 |
33,416 | Various bases of S k ( n , r ) {\displaystyle S_{k}(n,r)} are known, many of which are indexed by pairs of semistandard Young tableaux of shape λ {\displaystyle \lambda } , as λ {\displaystyle \lambda } varies over the set of partitions of r {\displaystyle r} into no more than n {\displaystyle n} parts. In case k is an... | Schur algebra | 0.803446 |
33,417 | {\displaystyle S_{k}(n,r)\cong \mathrm {End} _{{\mathfrak {S}}_{r}}(V^{\otimes r}).} In other words, S k ( n , r ) {\displaystyle S_{k}(n,r)} may be viewed as the algebra of endomorphisms of tensor space commuting with the action of the symmetric group. S k ( n , r ) {\displaystyle S_{k}(n,r)} is free over k {\displays... | Schur algebra | 0.803446 |
33,418 | One of the most basic properties expresses S k ( n , r ) {\displaystyle S_{k}(n,r)} as a centralizer algebra. Let V = k n {\displaystyle V=k^{n}} be the space of rank n {\displaystyle n} column vectors over k {\displaystyle k} , and form the tensor power V ⊗ r = V ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ V ( r factors ) . {\displaystyle V^{\otimes r}=V\... | Schur algebra | 0.803446 |
33,419 | In the chemistry of electrolyte solutions, an ideal solution is a solution whose colligative properties are proportional to the concentration of the solute. Real solutions may show departures from this kind of ideality. In order to accommodate these effects in the thermodynamics of solutions, the concept of activity wa... | Debye–Hückel theory | 0.803445 |
33,420 | In Australia, geoSmart is a geodemographic segmentation system based on the principle that people with similar demographic profiles and lifestyles tend to live near each other. It is developed by an Australian supplier of geodemographic solutions, RDA Research. geoSmart geodemographic segments are produced from the Aus... | Geodemographic segmentation | 0.803445 |
33,421 | CanaCode Lifestyle Clusters is developed by Manifold Data Mining and classifies Canadian postal codes into 18 distinct major lifestyle groups and 110 niche lifestyles. It uses current-year statistics on over 10,000 variables ranging from demographics to socioeconomic factors to expenditures to lifestyle traits (e.g. co... | Geodemographic segmentation | 0.803445 |
33,422 | The Output Area Classification (OAC) is the UK Office for National Statistics' (ONS) free and open geodemographic segmentation based upon the UK Census of Population 2011. It classifies 41 census variables into a three-tier classification of 7, 21, and 52 groups. The perceived advantages of OAC over other commercial cl... | Geodemographic segmentation | 0.803445 |
33,423 | Neural networks can handle non-linear relationships, are robust to noise and exhibit a high degree of automation. They do not assume any hypotheses regarding the nature or distribution of the data and they provide valuable assistance in handling problems of a geographical nature that, to date, have been impossible to s... | Geodemographic segmentation | 0.803445 |
33,424 | The use of different algorithms leads to different results, but there is no single best approach for selecting the best algorithm, just as no algorithm offers any theoretical proof of its certainty. One of the most frequently used techniques in geodemographic segmentation is the widely known k-means clustering algorith... | Geodemographic segmentation | 0.803445 |
33,425 | In chemistry, decarbonylation is a type of organic reaction that involves the loss of carbon monoxide (CO). It is often an undesirable reaction, since it represents a degradation. In the chemistry of metal carbonyls, decarbonylation describes a substitution process, whereby a CO ligand is replaced by another ligand. | Decarbonylation | 0.803445 |
33,426 | For example, different sources and sinks of methane have different affinity for the 12C and 13C isotopes, which allows distinguishing between different sources by the 13C/12C ratio in methane in the air. In geochemistry, paleoclimatology and paleoceanography this ratio is called δ13C. The ratio is calculated with respe... | Isotopic signatures | 0.803444 |
33,427 | Sulfur isotopes are generally measured against standards; prior to 1993, the Canyon Diablo troilite standard (abbreviated to CDT), which has a 32S:34S equal to 22.220, was used as both a reference material and the zero point for the isotopic scale. Since 1993, the Vienna-CDT standard has been used as a zero point, and ... | Isotopic signatures | 0.803444 |
33,428 | In the absence of metal catalysts, decarbonylation (vs decarboxylation) is rarely observed in organic chemistry. One exception is the decarbonylation of formic acid: H CO OH ⟶ CO + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {H}}{\color {red}{\ce {CO}}}{\ce {OH}}\longrightarrow {\color {red}{\ce {CO}}}+{\ce {H2O}}} The reaction is induc... | Decarbonylation | 0.803444 |
33,429 | The STRAP-toolbox, similar to BioJava is also a Java-toolkit for the design of Bioinformatics programs and scripts. The similarities and differences between BioJava and STRAP are as follows: Similarities Both provide comprehensive collections of methods for protein sequences. Both are used by Java programmers to code b... | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,430 | For beginners, and for writing larger programs in the Bio domain, especially those to be shared and supported by others, Python’s clarity and brevity make it very attractive. For those who might be leaning towards a career in bioinformatics and who want to learn only one language, Java has the widest general programmin... | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,431 | For programmers who are experienced in only one of these languages, the choice is straightforward. However, for a well-rounded bioinformaticist who knows all of these languages and wants to choose the best language for a job, the choice can be made based on the following guidelines given by a software review done on th... | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,432 | The need for customized software in the field of bioinformatics has been addressed by several groups and individuals. Similar to BioJava, open-source software projects such as BioPerl, BioPython, and BioRuby all provide tool-kits with multiple functionality that make it easier to create customized pipelines or analysis... | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,433 | JEnsembl: A version-aware Java API to Ensembl data systems. MUSI: An integrated system to identify multiple specificity from very large peptide or nucleic acid data sets. Bioshell: A utility library for structural bioinformatics | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,434 | STRAP: A tool for multiple sequence alignment and sequence-based structure alignment. Jstacs: A Java framework for statistical analysis and classification of biological sequences jLSTM: "Long Short-Term Memory" for protein classification LaJolla: An open source structural alignment tool for RNA and proteins using an in... | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,435 | BioWeka: An open source biological data mining application. Geneious: A molecular biology toolkit. MassSieve: An open source application to analyze mass spec proteomics data. | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,436 | Bioclipse: A free, open source, workbench for chemo- and bioinformatics with powerful editing and visualizing abilities for molecules, sequences, proteins, spectra, etc. PROMPT: A free, open source framework and application for the comparison and mapping of protein sets. Uses BioJava for handling most input data format... | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,437 | BioJava provides software modules for many of the typical tasks of bioinformatics programming. These include: Accessing nucleotide and peptide sequence data from local and remote databases Transforming formats of database/ file records Protein structure parsing and manipulation Manipulating individual sequences Searchi... | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,438 | The BioJava libraries are useful for automating many daily and mundane bioinformatics tasks such as to parsing a Protein Data Bank (PDB) file, interacting with Jmol and many more. This application programming interface (API) provides various file parsers, data models and algorithms to facilitate working with the standa... | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,439 | As per the current trends in bioinformatics, web based tools are gaining popularity. The web service module allows bioinformatics services to be accessed using REST protocols. Currently, two services are implemented: NCBI Blast through the Blast URLAPI (previously known as QBlast) and the HMMER web service. | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,440 | Some of the other improvements include optimizations in the biojava-structure module to improve symmetry detection and added support for MMTF formats. Other general improvements include Javadoc updates, dependency versions, and all tests are now Junit4. The release contains 1,170 commits from 19 contributors. | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,441 | The BioJava project grew out of work by Thomas Down and Matthew Pocock to create an API to simplify development of Java-based Bioinformatics tools. BioJava is an active open source project that has been developed over more than 12 years and by more than 60 developers. BioJava is one of a number of Bio* projects designe... | BioJava | 0.803444 |
33,442 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Coxeter graph is a 3-regular graph with 28 vertices and 42 edges. It is one of the 13 known cubic distance-regular graphs. It is named after Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter. | Coxeter graph | 0.803443 |
33,443 | We mention a few of the results which can be viewed as consequences of Stinespring's theorem. Historically, some of the results below preceded Stinespring's theorem. | Stinespring dilation theorem | 0.803437 |
33,444 | In the finite-dimensional case, Choi's theorem as the tracial variant of the Belavkin's Radon–Nikodym theorem for completely positive maps is also relevant. The operators { V i } {\displaystyle \{V_{i}\}} from the expression Φ ( a ) = ∑ i = 1 n m V i ∗ a V i . {\displaystyle \Phi (a)=\sum _{i=1}^{nm}V_{i}^{*}aV_{i}.} a... | Stinespring dilation theorem | 0.803437 |
33,445 | In quantum information theory, quantum channels, or quantum operations, are defined to be completely positive maps between C*-algebras. Being a classification for all such maps, Stinespring's theorem is important in that context. For example, the uniqueness part of the theorem has been used to classify certain classes ... | Stinespring dilation theorem | 0.803437 |
33,446 | While use case theory suggests that UI not be reflected in use cases, it can be awkward to abstract out this aspect of design, as it makes the use cases difficult to visualize. In software engineering, this difficulty is resolved by applying requirements traceability, for example with a traceability matrix. Another app... | Use case | 0.803436 |
33,447 | Use cases are known to be applied in the following contexts: Object Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE), as driving element; Unified Modeling Language (UML), as a behavioral modelling instrument; Unified Software Development Process (UP) and its fore-runner, the IBM Rational Unified Process (RUP); up-front documentati... | Use case | 0.803436 |
33,448 | The case is further detailed with a textual description or with additional graphical models that explain the general sequence of activities and events, as well as variants such as special conditions, exceptions, or error situations. According to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), use cases belong to t... | Use case | 0.803436 |
33,449 | In 1987, Ivar Jacobson presented the first article on use cases at the OOPSLA'87 conference. He described how this technique was used at Ericsson to capture and specify requirements of a system using textual, structural, and visual modeling techniques to drive object-oriented analysis and design. Originally he had used... | Use case | 0.803436 |
33,450 | Lab on a Chip publishes research at the micro- and nano-scale across a variety of disciplines including chemistry, biology, bioengineering, physics, electronics, clinical science, chemical engineering, and materials science focusing on lab on a chip technologies. | Lab on a Chip (journal) | 0.803436 |
33,451 | On the outbreak of the Second World War, Wilson volunteered for military service, but was classed as a specialist and moved into the civil service instead. For much of this time, he was a research assistant to William Beveridge, the Master of University College, working on the issues of unemployment and the trade cycle... | White heat of technology | 0.803436 |
33,452 | In topology, the wedge sum is a "one-point union" of a family of topological spaces. Specifically, if X and Y are pointed spaces (i.e. topological spaces with distinguished basepoints x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} and y 0 {\displaystyle y_{0}} ) the wedge sum of X and Y is the quotient space of the disjoint union of X and ... | Wedge sum | 0.803436 |
33,453 | In computer science, overhead is any combination of excess or indirect computation time, memory, bandwidth, or other resources that are required to perform a specific task. It is a special case of engineering overhead. Overhead can be a deciding factor in software design, with regard to structure, error correction, and... | Overhead (computing) | 0.803435 |
33,454 | In software engineering, overhead can influence the decision whether or not to include features in new products, or indeed whether to fix bugs. A feature that has a high overhead may not be included – or needs a big financial incentive to do so. Often, even though software providers are well aware of bugs in their prod... | Overhead (computing) | 0.803435 |
33,455 | Consequently, the phenomenon is important in the study of the physics of many ball sports. It is also an important factor in the study of the effects of spinning on guided missiles—and has some engineering uses, for instance in the design of rotor ships and Flettner airplanes. Topspin in ball games is defined as spin a... | Magnus effect | 0.803434 |
33,456 | StatMuse Inc. is an American artificial intelligence company founded in 2014. The company maintains its own eponymous website where it hosts a database of sports statistics. | StatMuse | 0.803433 |
33,457 | Dawson shared with VentureBeat that StatMuse brings people in and record them saying different words and phrases. These celebrity voices were made accessible through Google's Google Assistant service, Microsoft's Cortana virtual assistant, and Amazon's Echo devices.The company launched its phone app in September 2017. ... | StatMuse | 0.803433 |
33,458 | Friends Adam Elmore and Eli Dawson founded the company in 2014. In email correspondence to the Springfield News-Leader, Elmore detailed that he and Dawson, fans of the National Basketball Association (NBA), were compelled to create StatMuse after they realized there was not a place online they could search "lebron jame... | StatMuse | 0.803433 |
33,459 | Proton decay is one of the key predictions of the various grand unified theories (GUTs) proposed in the 1970s, another major one being the existence of magnetic monopoles. Both concepts have been the focus of major experimental physics efforts since the early 1980s. To date, all attempts to observe these events have fa... | Proton lifetime | 0.803433 |
33,460 | One of the outstanding problems in modern physics is the predominance of matter over antimatter in the universe. The universe, as a whole, seems to have a nonzero positive baryon number density – that is, there is more matter than antimatter. Since it is assumed in cosmology that the particles we see were created using... | Proton lifetime | 0.803433 |
33,461 | The proper time of objects within a gravity well will pass more slowly than the coordinate time even when they are at rest with respect to the coordinate reference frame. Gravitational as well as motional time dilation must be considered for each object of interest, and the effects are functions of the velocity relativ... | Coordinate time | 0.803432 |
33,462 | The main use of the tables was in statistics and the experimental design of scientific experiments, especially those that used the Monte Carlo method; in cryptography, they have also been used as nothing up my sleeve numbers, for example in the design of the Khafre cipher. The book was one of the last of a series of ra... | A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates | 0.803431 |
33,463 | A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates is a random number book by the RAND Corporation, originally published in 1955. The book, consisting primarily of a random number table, was an important 20th century work in the field of statistics and random numbers. | A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates | 0.803431 |
33,464 | For more complex molecules, a convergent synthetic approach may be preferable, one that involves individual preparation of several "pieces" (key intermediates), which are then combined to form the desired product. Convergent synthesis has the advantage of generating higher yield, compared to linear synthesis. Robert Bu... | Organic synthesis | 0.80343 |
33,465 | Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the intentional construction of organic compounds. Organic molecules are often more complex than inorganic compounds, and their synthesis has developed into one of the most important branches of organic chemistry. There are several main a... | Organic synthesis | 0.80343 |
33,466 | According to the IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology:: 80–81 Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase. Validation is the process of evaluating a system o... | Alpha testing | 0.803428 |
33,467 | In organic chemistry, benzyl is the substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure R−CH2−C6H5. Benzyl features a benzene ring (C6H6) attached to a methylene group (−CH2−) group. | Benzyl group | 0.803427 |
33,468 | Hence, since the difference operators commute, so do the partial differential operators D 1 {\displaystyle D_{1}} and D 2 {\displaystyle D_{2}} , as claimed.Remark. By two applications of the classical mean value theorem, Δ 1 t Δ 2 t f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = D 1 D 2 f ( x 0 + t θ , y 0 + t θ ′ ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{1}^{t}... | Equality of mixed partials | 0.803426 |
33,469 | By the fundamental theorem of calculus for C 1 {\displaystyle C^{1}} functions f {\displaystyle f} on an open interval I {\displaystyle I} with ( a , b ) ⊂ I {\displaystyle (a,b)\subset I} ∫ a b f ′ ( x ) d x = f ( b ) − f ( a ) . {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f^{\prime }(x)\,dx=f(b)-f(a).} Hence | f ( b ) − f ( a ) | ≤ ... | Equality of mixed partials | 0.803426 |
33,470 | {\displaystyle f.} An elementary proof for functions on open subsets of the plane is as follows (by a simple reduction, the general case for the theorem of Schwarz easily reduces to the planar case). Let f ( x , y ) {\displaystyle f(x,y)} be a differentiable function on an open rectangle Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } conta... | Equality of mixed partials | 0.803426 |
33,471 | In mathematical analysis, Schwarz's theorem (or Clairaut's theorem on equality of mixed partials) named after Alexis Clairaut and Hermann Schwarz, states that for a function f: Ω → R {\displaystyle f\colon \Omega \to \mathbb {R} } defined on a set Ω ⊂ R n {\displaystyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , if p ∈ R n {\d... | Equality of mixed partials | 0.803426 |
33,472 | In seven-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the quarter 7-cubic honeycomb is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb). It has half the vertices of the 7-demicubic honeycomb, and a quarter of the vertices of a 7-cube honeycomb. Its facets are 7-demicubes, pentellated 7-demicubes, and {31,1,1}×{3,3} duoprisms. | Quarter 7-cubic honeycomb | 0.803422 |
33,473 | Sensometrics is a scientific discipline that involves the application of mathematical, statistical, and computational methods to the field of Sensory and Consumer Science. It is an interdisciplinary field, closely related to disciplines such as sensory evaluation, statistics, psychometrics, and chemometrics, among othe... | Sensometrics | 0.80342 |
33,474 | The barycenter is one of the foci of the elliptical orbit of each body. This is an important concept in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics. If a is the semi-major axis of the system, r1 is the semi-major axis of the primary's orbit around the barycenter, and r2 = a − r1 is the semi-major axis of the secondary's o... | Barycentric coordinates (astronomy) | 0.80342 |
33,475 | In seven-dimensional geometry, a truncated 7-simplex is a convex uniform 7-polytope, being a truncation of the regular 7-simplex. There are unique 3 degrees of truncation. Vertices of the truncation 7-simplex are located as pairs on the edge of the 7-simplex. Vertices of the bitruncated 7-simplex are located on the tri... | Truncated 7-simplex | 0.803414 |
33,476 | In seven-dimensional geometry, a truncated 7-simplex is a convex uniform 7-polytope, being a truncation of the regular 7-simplex. | Truncated 7-simplex | 0.803414 |
33,477 | : 4 Conventional hydrogeologic methods such as aquifer tests and potentiometric mapping are insufficient to characterize the complexity of karst aquifers. These conventional investigation methods need to be supplemented with dye traces, measurement of spring discharges, and analysis of water chemistry. U.S. | Aquifer | 0.803414 |
33,478 | In these simple cases, no automatic calculation software packages are needed and the cross-section analytical expression can be easily derived at least for the lowest approximation: the Born approximation also called the leading order or the tree level (as Feynman diagrams have only trunk and branches, no loops). Inter... | Initial state radiation | 0.803412 |
33,479 | Single-photon detection is useful in fields such as: Fiber-optic communication Quantum information science Quantum encryption Medical imaging Light detection and ranging DNA sequencing Astrophysics Materials science | Photon counter | 0.803411 |
33,480 | It does for quadratic forms, but certainly not in general (for example for elliptic curves). The point of view that one would like to understand what extra conditions are needed has been very influential, for example for cubic forms. Some form of local analysis underlies both the standard applications of the Hardy–Litt... | Local analysis | 0.80341 |
33,481 | In group theory, local analysis was started by the Sylow theorems, which contain significant information about the structure of a finite group G for each prime number p dividing the order of G. This area of study was enormously developed in the quest for the classification of finite simple groups, starting with the Fei... | Local analysis | 0.80341 |
33,482 | In number theory one may study a Diophantine equation, for example, modulo p for all primes p, looking for constraints on solutions. The next step is to look modulo prime powers, and then for solutions in the p-adic field. This kind of local analysis provides conditions for solution that are necessary. In cases where l... | Local analysis | 0.80341 |
33,483 | Many preservation surveys are conducted by collecting data on a random sample of items. University librarians may consult with the institution’s statistics department to design a reliable sampling plan. A random sample may be derived by the randomization of call numbers, by the creation of a sampling frame that assigns... | Preservation survey | 0.803408 |
33,484 | Preservation surveys are often the first step when planning and implementing a preservation program in a library. By collecting data and compiling statistics about a collection’s condition, library staff can determine environmental threats and preservation needs. It is also possible to use the resulting data to predict... | Preservation survey | 0.803408 |
33,485 | Alternatively, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from nutritive compounds such as niacin; similar compounds are produced by reactions that break down the structure of NAD, providing a salvage pathway that recycles them back into their respective active form. Some NAD is converted into the coenzyme n... | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | 0.803408 |
33,486 | Bugg T (2004). Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing Limited. | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | 0.803408 |
33,487 | Nelson DL; Cox MM (2004). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-4339-2. | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide | 0.803408 |
33,488 | Data collected from a number of plasma discharges — for which the location of the fiber bundle system is varied — are used to construct radial profiles of the impurity ion temperature and velocity, providing important information for understanding the physics of plasmas in MST. Typical ion temperatures measured by CHER... | Madison Symmetric Torus | 0.803407 |
33,489 | Fusion plasmas are typically generated from ionization of a neutral gas. In most cases, an isotope of hydrogen — called deuterium — is used as the plasma fuel. These plasmas are therefore primarily made up of deuterium ions (plus electrons), and it is necessary to diagnose the behavior of these ions if the relevant pla... | Madison Symmetric Torus | 0.803407 |
33,490 | The ability to deposit very specifically the auxiliary current gives us the opportunity to optimize our current drive schemes. The heating is also very localized, allowing us to study how hot (at least locally) the plasma can become within this magnetic confinement scheme — in plasma physics terms, this is called findi... | Madison Symmetric Torus | 0.803407 |
33,491 | The Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) is a reversed field pinch (RFP) physics experiment with applications to both fusion energy research and astrophysical plasmas. MST is located at the Center for Magnetic Self Organization (CMSO) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. RFPs are significantly different from tokamaks (the ... | Madison Symmetric Torus | 0.803407 |
33,492 | NASA's Biosatellite program was a series of three uncrewed artificial satellites to assess the effects of spaceflight, especially radiation and weightlessness, on living organisms. Each was designed to reenter Earth's atmosphere and be recovered at the end of its mission. Its primary goal was to determine the effects o... | Biosatellite program | 0.803406 |
33,493 | In quantum mechanics, the ordered (continuous) family of all Dirac distributions, i.e. the family is called the (unitary) position basis (in one dimension), just because it is a (unitary) eigenbasis of the position operator X {\displaystyle X} in the space of distributions dual to the space of wave-functions. It is fun... | Position Operator | 0.803405 |
33,494 | In quantum mechanics, the position operator is the operator that corresponds to the position observable of a particle. When the position operator is considered with a wide enough domain (e.g. the space of tempered distributions), its eigenvalues are the possible position vectors of the particle.In one dimension, if by ... | Position Operator | 0.803405 |
33,495 | Usually, in quantum mechanics, by representation in the momentum space we intend the representation of states and observables with respect to the canonical unitary momentum basis In momentum space, the position operator in one dimension is represented by the following differential operator where: the representation of ... | Position Operator | 0.803405 |
33,496 | The product of a temperate distribution by the imbedding x {\displaystyle \mathrm {x} } lives always in the space S 1 ′ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}'_{1}} , which contains L 2 {\displaystyle L^{2}} . In this case the position operator reveals continuous (with respect to the canonical topology of S 1 ′ {\displaystyle {... | Position Operator | 0.803405 |
33,497 | It is (fully) self-adjoint with respect to the scalar product of L 2 {\displaystyle L^{2}} in the sense that for every ψ {\displaystyle \psi } and ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } belonging to its domain S 1 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}_{1}} . This is, in practice, the most widely adopted choice in Quantum Mechanics literature... | Position Operator | 0.803405 |
33,498 | The position operator is defined on the space S 1 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}_{1}} of complex valued Schwartz functions (smooth complex functions defined upon the real-line and rapidly decreasing at infinity with all their derivatives). The product of a Schwartz function by the imbedding x {\displaystyle \mathrm {x} ... | Position Operator | 0.803405 |
33,499 | In the above definition, as the careful reader can immediately remark, does not exist any clear specification of domain and co-domain for the position operator (in the case of a particle confined upon a line). In literature, more or less explicitly, we find essentially three main directions for this fundamental issue. ... | Position Operator | 0.803405 |
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