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33,500 | It would be much more desirable for some to have an amplifier that would give Class A performance up to the transition level, with Class B after that, rather than AB. This would abolish the AB gain changes that cause extra distortion. This is the basic Class XD principle, to develop a topology that displaces the crosso... | Class-XD Amplifier | 0.803404 |
33,501 | The element Aer provides high-performance quantum computing simulators with realistic noise models. In the near-term, development of quantum software will depend largely on simulation of small quantum devices. For Qiskit, this is provided by the Aer component. | Qiskit | 0.803404 |
33,502 | As of version 0.9.0, released on 2nd April 2021, Qiskit Aqua has been deprecated with its support ending and eventual archival being no sooner than 3 months from that date. The element Aqua provided a library of cross-domain algorithms upon which domain-specific applications can be built. However, the Qiskit 0.25.0 rel... | Qiskit | 0.803404 |
33,503 | The Machine Learning package simply contains sample datasets at present. It has some classification algorithms such as QSVM and VQC (Variational Quantum Classifier), where this data can be used for experiments, and there is also QGAN (Quantum Generative Adversarial Network) algorithm. | Qiskit | 0.803404 |
33,504 | Qiskit is made up of elements that work together to enable quantum computing. The central goal of Qiskit is to build a software stack that makes it easy for anyone to use quantum computers, regardless of their skill level or area of interest; Qiskit allows users to easily design experiments and applications and run the... | Qiskit | 0.803404 |
33,505 | A range of Jupyter notebooks are provided with examples of quantum computing being used. Examples include the source code behind scientific studies that use Qiskit, as well as a set of exercises to help people to learn the basics of quantum programming. An open source textbook based on Qiskit is available as a universi... | Qiskit | 0.803404 |
33,506 | Qiskit is an open-source software development kit (SDK) for working with quantum computers at the level of circuits, pulses, and algorithms. It provides tools for creating and manipulating quantum programs and running them on prototype quantum devices on IBM Quantum Experience or on simulators on a local computer. It f... | Qiskit | 0.803404 |
33,507 | Qiskit Optimization is an open-source framework that covers the whole range from high-level modeling of optimization problems, with automatic conversion of problems to different required representations, to a suite of easy-to-use quantum optimization algorithms that are ready to run on classical simulators, as well as ... | Qiskit | 0.803404 |
33,508 | Qiskit Nature is an open-source framework that supports problems including ground state energy computations, excited states and dipole moments of molecule, both open and closed-shell. The code comprises chemistry drivers, which when provided with a molecular configuration will return one and two-body integrals as well ... | Qiskit | 0.803404 |
33,509 | Qiskit Finance is an open-source framework that contains uncertainty components for stock/securities problems, Ising translators for portfolio optimizations and data providers to source real or random data to finance experiments. | Qiskit | 0.803404 |
33,510 | The references to 100 mSv in this position statement should not be construed as implying that health effects are well established for doses exceeding 100 mSv. Considerable uncertainties remain for stochastic effects of radiation exposure between 100 mSv and 1,000 mSv, depending upon the population exposed, the rate of ... | Linear no-threshold | 0.803401 |
33,511 | The Health Physics Society's position statement first adopted in January 1996, last revised in February 2019, states:Due to large statistical uncertainties, epidemiological studies have not provided consistent estimates of radiation risk for effective doses less than 100 mSv. Underlying dose-response relationships at m... | Linear no-threshold | 0.803401 |
33,512 | Van Schooten published a Latin version of La Géométrie in 1649 and this was followed by three other editions in 1659−1661, 1683 and 1693. The 1659−1661 edition was a two volume work more than twice the length of the original filled with explanations and examples provided by van Schooten and this students. One of these ... | La Géométrie | 0.8034 |
33,513 | The third book, On the Construction of Solid and Supersolid Problems, is more properly algebraic than geometric and concerns the nature of equations and how they may be solved. He recommends that all terms of an equation be placed on one side and set equal to 0 to facilitate solution. He points out the factor theorem f... | La Géométrie | 0.8034 |
33,514 | Other curves like the quadratrix and spiral, where only some of whose points could be constructed, were termed mechanical and were not considered suitable for mathematical study. Descartes also devised an algebraic method for finding the normal at any point of a curve whose equation is known. The construction of the ta... | La Géométrie | 0.8034 |
33,515 | In the second book, called On the Nature of Curved Lines, Descartes described two kinds of curves, called by him geometrical and mechanical. Geometrical curves are those which are now described by algebraic equations in two variables, however, Descartes described them kinematically and an essential feature was that all... | La Géométrie | 0.8034 |
33,516 | This appendix is divided into three "books".Book I is titled Problems Which Can Be Constructed by Means of Circles and Straight Lines Only. In this book he introduces algebraic notation that is still in use today. The letters at the end of the alphabet, viz., x, y, z, etc. are to denote unknown variables, while those a... | La Géométrie | 0.8034 |
33,517 | La Géométrie was published in 1637 as an appendix to Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method), written by René Descartes. In the Discourse, he presents his method for obtaining clarity on any subject. La Géométrie and two other appendices, also by Descartes, La Dioptrique (Optics) and Les Météores (Meteorology)... | La Géométrie | 0.8034 |
33,518 | A reference on mathematical terminology notes that characteristic originates from the Greek term kharax, "a pointed stake":From Greek kharax came kharakhter, an instrument used to mark or engrave an object. Once an object was marked, it became distinctive, so the character of something came to mean its distinctive natu... | Characterization theorem | 0.803398 |
33,519 | The Center for Open Science is a non-profit technology organization based in Charlottesville, Virginia with a mission to "increase the openness, integrity, and reproducibility of scientific research." Brian Nosek and Jeffrey Spies founded the organization in January 2013, funded mainly by the Laura and John Arnold Foun... | Open Science Framework | 0.803397 |
33,520 | in computer science at Cornell University. She "designs and analyzes algorithms, discrete optimizations, network-based, computational strategies to increase access to opportunity for historically disadvantaged populations," according to her web bio.Timnit Gebru was born in Ethiopia and moved to the United States at th... | Black in AI | 0.803396 |
33,521 | Rediet Abebe is an Ethiopian computer scientist who specializes in algorithms and artificial intelligence. She is a Computer Science Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley. She was previously a Junior Fellow at Harvard's Society of Fellows. She was the first Black woman to receive a Ph.D. | Black in AI | 0.803396 |
33,522 | Black in AI, formally called the Black in AI Workshop, is a technology research organization and affinity group, founded by computer scientists Timnit Gebru and Rediet Abebe in 2017. It started as a conference workshop, later pivoting into an organization. Black in AI increases the presence and inclusion of Black peopl... | Black in AI | 0.803396 |
33,523 | Black in AI was created in 2017 to address issues of lack of diversity in AI workshops, and was started as its own workshop within the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) conference. Because of algorithmic bias, ethical issues, and underrepresentation of Black people in AI roles; there has bee... | Black in AI | 0.803396 |
33,524 | Black in AI received grants and support from private foundations like MacArthur Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation. The organization received $10,000 in 2018 for its annual workshop and $150,000 in 2019 for its long-term organizational planning.In 2020, during the pandemic, the organization received a grant of $300,... | Black in AI | 0.803396 |
33,525 | Hundreds of participants who were supposed to attend or present work at the Black in AI session on Friday were unable to fly to Canada; many of the participants were from African countries.The third workshop was held in NeurIPS 2019, one of the premier machine learning conferences Vancouver, Canada. The workshop was ab... | Black in AI | 0.803396 |
33,526 | At NeurIPS 2017, the first Black in AI event took place in December 8, 2017 in Long Beach, California. The goal was to bring together experts in the area to share ideas and debate efforts aimed at increasing the participation of Black people in artificial intelligence, both for diversity and to avoid data bias. Black A... | Black in AI | 0.803396 |
33,527 | She got her B.S. and M.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford University, as well as a PhD from the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, where she studied computer vision under Fei-Fei Li. She formerly worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Microsoft Research in the Fairness Accountability Transparency, and... | Black in AI | 0.803396 |
33,528 | Thiosulfinates can eliminate in the manner analogous to sulfoxides. Representative is the fragmentation of allicin to thioacrolein, which will go on to form vinyldithiins. Such reactions are important in the antioxidant chemistry of garlic and other plants of the genus Allium. | Ei mechanism | 0.803394 |
33,529 | In organic chemistry, the Ei mechanism (Elimination Internal/Intramolecular), also known as a thermal syn elimination or a pericyclic syn elimination, is a special type of elimination reaction in which two vicinal (adjacent) substituents on an alkane framework leave simultaneously via a cyclic transition state to form ... | Ei mechanism | 0.803394 |
33,530 | When considering light's particle-like properties, the light is modelled as a collection of particles called "photons". Quantum optics deals with the application of quantum mechanics to optical systems. Optical science is relevant to and studied in many related disciplines including astronomy, various engineering field... | Optical physicist | 0.803394 |
33,531 | Progress in electromagnetic theory in the 19th century led to the discovery that light waves were in fact electromagnetic radiation. Some phenomena depend on light having both wave-like and particle-like properties. Explanation of these effects requires quantum mechanics. | Optical physicist | 0.803394 |
33,532 | Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms ... | Optical physicist | 0.803394 |
33,533 | Mating systems can also have large impacts on the genetics of a population, strongly affecting natural selection and speciation. In plover populations, polygamous species tend to speciate more slowly than monogamous species do. This is likely because polygamous animals tend to move larger distances to find mates, contr... | Mating systems | 0.803394 |
33,534 | Certain rodents’ mating systems—monogamous, polygynous, or socially monogamous with frequent promiscuity—are correlated with suggested evolutionary phylogenies, where rodents more closely related genetically are more likely to use a similar mating system, suggesting an evolutionary basis. These differences in mating st... | Mating systems | 0.803394 |
33,535 | Monogamy has evolved multiple times in animals, with homologous brain structures predicting the mating and parental strategies used by them. These homologous structures were brought about by similar mechanisms. Even though there have been many different evolutionary pathways to get to monogamy, all the studied organism... | Mating systems | 0.803394 |
33,536 | The Latin American Student Council Symposium (LA-SCS) is held in even-numbered years directly preceding ISCB-LA. The LA-SCS has been held every other year since 2014. The African Student Council Symposium (SCS Africa) is held preceding the ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics since 2015.In addition to the mai... | International Society for Computational Biology Student Council | 0.80339 |
33,537 | In 2006, the student council created the Regional Student Group (RSG) initiative to tailor the efforts of the council for the local community. RSGs are locally managed groups established at various regions. Each RSG operates either under the aegis of a higher education institution or as an independent organisation sub-... | International Society for Computational Biology Student Council | 0.80339 |
33,538 | As a worldwide organization, the SC organizes symposia, workshops and different events across the globe. After more than ten years of existence, many new experiences have been gained on how to deal with different obstacles that arise when trying to tackle complex objectives. Learning experiences are published as articl... | International Society for Computational Biology Student Council | 0.803389 |
33,539 | A special focus is made on the development of soft skills in order to develop potential in bioinformatics and computational biology students around the world. The ISCB-SC is composed of Regional Student Groups (RSGs) which are located in various regions across the globe. Since its foundation, the ISCB-SC has gained rep... | International Society for Computational Biology Student Council | 0.803389 |
33,540 | The International Society for Computational Biology Student Council (ISCB-SC) is a dedicated section of the International Society for Computational Biology created in 2004. It is composed by students from all levels (undergraduates, postgraduates, and postdoctoral researchers) in the fields of bioinformatics and comput... | International Society for Computational Biology Student Council | 0.803389 |
33,541 | The ISCB Student Council was officially established in 2004 by a vote from the ISCB Board of Directors at the ISMB/ECCB meeting. The concept of the student council was first proposed by Manuel Corpas in late 2003. The establishment of the student council was the first move of the ISCB to include the new generation of c... | International Society for Computational Biology Student Council | 0.803389 |
33,542 | In particular, the article "Explain Bioinformatics to Your Grandmother!" that aims to simplify the answer to the question "What is bioinformatics?" to non-scientists, has accumulated more than 17,000 views (as of 2017) and constitutes one of the most read articles in PLOS Computational Biology. The Student Council also... | International Society for Computational Biology Student Council | 0.803389 |
33,543 | In chemistry, a salt bridge is a combination of two non-covalent interactions: hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding (Figure 1). Ion pairing is one of the most important noncovalent forces in chemistry, in biological systems, in different materials and in many applications such as ion pair chromatography. It is a most com... | Salt bridge (protein) | 0.803389 |
33,544 | Supramolecular chemistry is a field concerned with non-covalent interactions between macromolecules. Salt bridges have been used by chemists within this field in both diverse and creative ways, including sensing of anions, the synthesis of molecular capsules and double helical polymers. | Salt bridge (protein) | 0.803389 |
33,545 | In physics and engineering, in particular fluid dynamics, the volumetric flow rate (also known as volume flow rate, or volume velocity) is the volume of fluid which passes per unit time; usually it is represented by the symbol Q (sometimes V ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {V}}} ). It contrasts with mass flow rate, which is the... | Volumetric flow rate | 0.803387 |
33,546 | Ribonuclease P (EC 3.1.26.5, RNase P) is a type of ribonuclease which cleaves RNA. RNase P is unique from other RNases in that it is a ribozyme – a ribonucleic acid that acts as a catalyst in the same way that a protein-based enzyme would. Its function is to cleave off an extra, or precursor, sequence of RNA on tRNA mo... | Ribonuclease P | 0.803387 |
33,547 | The use of mathematical models and computer simulations to describe such systems, however, makes it possible to deconstruct an experimental system into individual components and determine how the pieces combine to create the infection we observe. Virophysics has large overlaps with other fields. For example, the modell... | Virophysics | 0.803385 |
33,548 | Research in virophysics typically focuses on resolving the physical structure and structural properties of viruses, the dynamics of their assembly and disassembly, their population kinetics over the course of an infection, and the emergence and evolution of various strains. The common aim of these efforts is to establi... | Virophysics | 0.803385 |
33,549 | Virophysics is a branch of biophysics in which the theoretical concepts and experimental techniques of physics are applied to study the mechanics and dynamics driving the interactions between virions and cells. | Virophysics | 0.803385 |
33,550 | Virophysics 2015 2nd Workshop on Virus Dynamics | Virophysics | 0.803385 |
33,551 | In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, many important families of graphs can be described by a finite set of individual graphs that do not belong to the family and further exclude all graphs from the family which contain any of these forbidden graphs as (induced) subgraph or minor. A prototypical example of this phe... | Forbidden graph characterization | 0.803385 |
33,552 | That is, every substructure (of a given type) of a graph in the family must be another graph in the family. Equivalently, if a graph is not part of the family, all larger graphs containing it as a substructure must also be excluded from the family. When this is true, there always exists an obstruction set (the set of g... | Forbidden graph characterization | 0.803385 |
33,553 | A control knob works by turning a shaft which connects to the component which produces the actual input. Common control components used include potentiometers, variable capacitors, and rotary switches. An example where the knob does not produce a variation in an electrical signal may be found in many toasters, where th... | Control knob | 0.803384 |
33,554 | By repeatedly applying the first two Kuroda identities, UE lengths of the lines feeding into the ports of the circuit can be moved between the circuit components to physically separate them.A second difficulty that Kuroda's identities can overcome is that series connected lines are not always practical. While series co... | Commensurate line theory | 0.803382 |
33,555 | Significant studies are of the eye, cancer research, drug distribution, and neuroscience.MALDI-MSI has been able to differentiate between drugs and metabolites and provide histological information in cancer research, which makes it a promising tool for finding new protein biomarkers. However, this can be challenging be... | MALDI imaging | 0.80338 |
33,556 | A team of aerospace engineering students from the University of Southampton designed and constructed the SUHPA.In 2012, the Royal Aeronautical Society brought the Icarus Cup for human powered flying into being. The first cup was won by Airglow, designed by John and Mark McIntyre. The Icarus Cup is different from the Kr... | Human-powered aircraft | 0.803379 |
33,557 | To the same end and independently of da Costa, Dalla Chiara and di Francia (1993) proposed a theory of quasets to enable a semantic treatment of the language of microphysics. The first quasi-set theory was proposed by D. Krause in his PhD thesis, in 1990 (see Krause 1992). A related physics theory, based on the logic o... | Quasi-set theory | 0.803378 |
33,558 | The American Mathematical Society sponsored a 1974 meeting to evaluate the resolution and consequences of the 23 problems Hilbert proposed in 1900. An outcome of that meeting was a new list of mathematical problems, the first of which, due to Manin (1976, p. 36), questioned whether classical set theory was an adequate ... | Quasi-set theory | 0.803378 |
33,559 | Using quasi-set theory, we can express some facts of quantum physics without introducing symmetry conditions (Krause et al. 1999, 2005). As is well known, in order to express indistinguishability, the particles are deemed to be individuals, say by attaching them to coordinates or to adequate functions/vectors like |ψ>.... | Quasi-set theory | 0.803378 |
33,560 | Quasi-set theory is a formal mathematical theory for dealing with collections of objects, some of which may be indistinguishable from one another. Quasi-set theory is mainly motivated by the assumption that certain objects treated in quantum physics are indistinguishable and don't have individuality. | Quasi-set theory | 0.803378 |
33,561 | Many authors do not require rings to have a multiplicative identity element and, accordingly, do not require ring homomorphism to preserve the identity (should it exist). This leads to a rather different category. For distinction we call such algebraic structures rngs and their morphisms rng homomorphisms. | Category of fields | 0.803377 |
33,562 | A 1.5 km (0.93 mi) maglev test track has been operating since 2006 at the Jiading Campus of Tongji University, northwest of Shanghai. The track uses the same design as the operating Shanghai Maglev. Top speed is restricted to 120 km/h (75 mph) due to the length of track and its topology. | Magnetic levitation train | 0.803377 |
33,563 | In the early 1970s, Laithwaite discovered a new arrangement of magnets, the magnetic river, that allowed a single linear motor to produce both lift and forward thrust, allowing a maglev system to be built with a single set of magnets. Working at the British Rail Research Division in Derby, along with teams at several c... | Magnetic levitation train | 0.803377 |
33,564 | In the late 1940s, the British electrical engineer Eric Laithwaite, a professor at Imperial College London, developed the first full-size working model of the linear induction motor. He became professor of heavy electrical engineering at Imperial College in 1964, where he continued his successful development of the lin... | Magnetic levitation train | 0.803377 |
33,565 | Since antiquity, the arcminute and arcsecond have been used in astronomy: in the ecliptic coordinate system as latitude (β) and longitude (λ); in the horizon system as altitude (Alt) and azimuth (Az); and in the equatorial coordinate system as declination (δ). All are measured in degrees, arcminutes, and arcseconds. Th... | Arc seconds | 0.803375 |
33,566 | Rule-based modeling is a modeling approach that uses a set of rules that indirectly specifies a mathematical model. The rule-set can either be translated into a model such as Markov chains or differential equations, or be treated using tools that directly work on the rule-set in place of a translated model, as the latt... | Rule-based modeling | 0.803373 |
33,567 | Groups of mutually corresponding substances are subject to mutually corresponding interactions. BioNetGen is a suite of software tools used to generate mathematical models consisting of ordinary differential equations without generating the equations directly. | Rule-based modeling | 0.803373 |
33,568 | A topology can also be defined on a set by declaring which filters converge to which points. One has the following characterizations of standard objects in terms of filters and prefilters (also known as filterbases): Given a second topological space Y , {\displaystyle Y,} a function f: X → Y {\displaystyle f:X\to Y} is... | Axiomatic foundations of topological spaces | 0.803372 |
33,569 | A topology on X {\displaystyle X} defines a notion of a filter converging to a point x {\displaystyle x} of X , {\displaystyle X,} by requiring that any open set U {\displaystyle U} containing x {\displaystyle x} is an element of the filter. Given a set X , {\displaystyle X,} a filterbase is a collection of nonempty su... | Axiomatic foundations of topological spaces | 0.803372 |
33,570 | {\displaystyle S.} Given a topological space ( X , S ) , {\displaystyle (X,S),} one refers to the elements of S {\displaystyle S} as the open sets of X , {\displaystyle X,} and it is common only to refer to S {\displaystyle S} in this way, or by the label topology. Then one makes the following secondary definitions: Gi... | Axiomatic foundations of topological spaces | 0.803372 |
33,571 | If U {\displaystyle U} is a neighborhood of x , {\displaystyle x,} then there exists a neighborhood V {\displaystyle V} of x {\displaystyle x} such that U {\displaystyle U} is a neighborhood of each point of V {\displaystyle V} .If X {\displaystyle X} is a set and one declares a nonempty collection of neighborhoods for... | Axiomatic foundations of topological spaces | 0.803372 |
33,572 | For example, in Kazimierz Kuratowski's well-known textbook on point-set topology, a topological space is defined as a set together with a certain type of "closure operator," and all other concepts are derived therefrom. Likewise, the neighborhood-based axioms (in the context of Hausdorff spaces) can be retraced to Feli... | Axiomatic foundations of topological spaces | 0.803372 |
33,573 | In the mathematical field of topology, a topological space is usually defined by declaring its open sets. However, this is not necessary, as there are many equivalent axiomatic foundations, each leading to exactly the same concept. For instance, a topological space determines a class of closed sets, of closure and inte... | Axiomatic foundations of topological spaces | 0.803372 |
33,574 | In: European Journal of Physics, 17/1996, pp. 295–302, ISSN 0143-0807, pdf Rudolf Dvorak, Florian Freistetter, J. Kurths, Chaos and Stability in Planetary Systems., Springer, 2005, ISBN 3540282084 J. Moser: "Stable and Random Motion", Princeton Univ. Press, 1973, ISBN 978-0691089102 | Sitnikov problem | 0.80337 |
33,575 | 647–650) K. Wodnar: The original Sitnikov article – new insights. In: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, 56/1993, pp. 99–101, ISSN 0923-2958, pdf D. Hevia, F. Rañada: Chaos in the three-body problem: the Sitnikov case. | Sitnikov problem | 0.80337 |
33,576 | K. A. Sitnikov: The existence of oscillatory motions in the three-body problems. In: Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 133/1960, pp. 303–306, ISSN 0002-3264 (English Translation in Soviet Physics. Doklady., 5/1960, S. | Sitnikov problem | 0.80337 |
33,577 | The notion of kernel in category theory is a generalisation of the kernels of abelian algebras; see Kernel (category theory). The categorical generalisation of the kernel as a congruence relation is the kernel pair. (There is also the notion of difference kernel, or binary equaliser.) | Kernel (algebra) | 0.80337 |
33,578 | Thus, it makes sense to speak of the quotient monoid M/(ker f). The first isomorphism theorem for monoids states that this quotient monoid is naturally isomorphic to the image of f (which is a submonoid of N; for the congruence relation). This is very different in flavour from the above examples. In particular, the pre... | Kernel (algebra) | 0.80337 |
33,579 | For many types of algebraic structure, the fundamental theorem on homomorphisms (or first isomorphism theorem) states that image of a homomorphism is isomorphic to the quotient by the kernel. The concept of a kernel has been extended to structures such that the inverse image of a single element is not sufficient for de... | Kernel (algebra) | 0.80337 |
33,580 | This means that the kernel can be viewed as a measure of the degree to which the homomorphism fails to be injective.For some types of structure, such as abelian groups and vector spaces, the possible kernels are exactly the substructures of the same type. This is not always the case, and, sometimes, the possible kernel... | Kernel (algebra) | 0.80337 |
33,581 | In algebra, the kernel of a homomorphism (function that preserves the structure) is generally the inverse image of 0 (except for groups whose operation is denoted multiplicatively, where the kernel is the inverse image of 1). An important special case is the kernel of a linear map. The kernel of a matrix, also called t... | Kernel (algebra) | 0.80337 |
33,582 | In 1880, the first attempt was made to form a Society of Chemical Engineers in London. This eventually resulted in the formation of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1881. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) was founded in 1908, and the UK Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) in 1922. These bot... | History of chemical engineering | 0.803368 |
33,583 | For the other established branches of engineering, there were ready associations in the public's mind: Mechanical Engineering meant machines, Electrical Engineering meant circuitry, and Civil Engineering meant structures. Chemical engineering came to mean chemicals production. | History of chemical engineering | 0.803368 |
33,584 | Batch processes are still performed today on higher value products, such as pharmaceutical intermediates, speciality and formulated products such as perfumes and paints, or in food manufacture such as pure maple syrups, where a profit can still be made despite batch methods being slower and inefficient in terms of labo... | History of chemical engineering | 0.803368 |
33,585 | Chemical engineering is a discipline that was developed out of those practicing "industrial chemistry" in the late 19th century. Before the Industrial Revolution (18th century), industrial chemicals and other consumer products such as soap were mainly produced through batch processing. Batch processing is labour-intens... | History of chemical engineering | 0.803368 |
33,586 | Industrial chemistry was being practiced in the 1800s, and its study at British universities began with the publication by Friedrich Ludwig Knapp, Edmund Ronalds and Thomas Richardson of the important book Chemical Technology in 1848. By the 1880s the engineering elements required to control chemical processes were bei... | History of chemical engineering | 0.803368 |
33,587 | Gradually however, the subject of chemical reaction engineering has largely replaced the unit process concept. This subject looks at the entire body of chemical reactions as having a personality of its own, independent of the particular chemical species or chemical bonds involved. The latter does contribute to this per... | History of chemical engineering | 0.803368 |
33,588 | In the early part of the last century, a parallel concept called Unit Processes was used to classify reactive processes. Thus oxidations, reductions, alkylations, etc. formed separate unit processes and were studied as such. This was natural considering the close affinity of chemical engineering to industrial chemistry... | History of chemical engineering | 0.803368 |
33,589 | Margaret Hamilton: the director of the Software Engineering Division at MIT, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo's Missions to Space. Barbara Liskov: developed the "Liskov substitution principle." Radia Perlman: invented the "Spanning Tree Protocol", a key network protocol used in Ethernet networks. | History of computing | 0.803366 |
33,590 | The numerical solution of differential equations, notably the Navier-Stokes equations was an important stimulus to computing, with Lewis Fry Richardson's numerical approach to solving differential equations. The first computerised weather forecast was performed in 1950 by a team composed of American meteorologists Jule... | History of computing | 0.803366 |
33,591 | By the late 1960s, computer systems could perform symbolic algebraic manipulations well enough to pass college-level calculus courses. | History of computing | 0.803366 |
33,592 | Konrad Zuse designed and built electromechanical logic gates for his computer Z1 (from 1935 to 1938). The first recorded idea of using digital electronics for computing was the 1931 paper "The Use of Thyratrons for High Speed Automatic Counting of Physical Phenomena" by C. E. Wynn-Williams. From 1934 to 1936, NEC engin... | History of computing | 0.803366 |
33,593 | Lee De Forest's modification, in 1907, of the Fleming valve can be used as a logic gate. Ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version of the 16-row truth table as proposition 5.101 of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). Walther Bothe, inventor of the coincidence circuit, got part of the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics, for ... | History of computing | 0.803366 |
33,594 | Starting with known special cases, the calculation of logarithms and trigonometric functions can be performed by looking up numbers in a mathematical table, and interpolating between known cases. For small enough differences, this linear operation was accurate enough for use in navigation and astronomy in the Age of Ex... | History of computing | 0.803366 |
33,595 | It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC. Mechanical analog computer devices appeared again a thousand years later in the medieval Islamic world and were developed by Muslim astronomers, such as the mechanical g... | History of computing | 0.803366 |
33,596 | Panini used metarules, transformations and recursions.In the 3rd century BC, Archimedes used the mechanical principle of balance (see Archimedes Palimpsest § The Method of Mechanical Theorems) to calculate mathematical problems, such as the number of grains of sand in the universe (The sand reckoner), which also requir... | History of computing | 0.803366 |
33,597 | In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-3-5 octagonal honeycomb a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb). Each infinite cell consists of an octagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a 2-hypercycle, each of which has a limiting circle on the ideal sphere. The Schläfli symbol of the order 3-5 heptagonal ... | Order-3-5 heptagonal honeycomb | 0.803363 |
33,598 | The other deduction is related to previous experience. However, this assumption does not explain how past experience influences perception of images.In order to model the calculation of depth values from relative movement, many efforts have been made to infer these values using other information like geometry and measu... | Kinetic depth effect | 0.803361 |
33,599 | In all eukaryotes, each cisternal stack has a cis entry face and a trans exit face. These faces are characterized by unique morphology and biochemistry. Within individual stacks are assortments of enzymes responsible for selectively modifying protein cargo. These modifications influence the fate of the protein. The com... | Golgi membrane | 0.80336 |
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