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5,600 | Some view the birth of quantum chemistry as starting with the discovery of the Schrödinger equation and its application to the hydrogen atom. However, a 1927 article of Walter Heitler (1904–1981) and Fritz London is often recognized as the first milestone in the history of quantum chemistry. This was the first applicat... | Quantum chemist | 0.825824 |
5,601 | The power of probabilistic methods in dealing with uncertainty was shown by Gauss's determination of the orbit of Ceres from a few observations. The theory of errors used the method of least squares to correct error-prone observations, especially in astronomy, based on the assumption of a normal distribution of errors ... | History of probability | 0.825819 |
5,602 | In the 18th century, the term chance was also used in the mathematical sense of "probability" (and probability theory was called Doctrine of Chances). This word is ultimately from Latin cadentia, i.e. "a fall, case". The English adjective likely is of Germanic origin, most likely from Old Norse likligr (Old English had... | History of probability | 0.825819 |
5,603 | Probability has a dual aspect: on the one hand the likelihood of hypotheses given the evidence for them, and on the other hand the behavior of stochastic processes such as the throwing of dice or coins. The study of the former is historically older in, for example, the law of evidence, while the mathematical treatment ... | History of probability | 0.825819 |
5,604 | Probability and statistics became closely connected through the work on hypothesis testing of R. A. Fisher and Jerzy Neyman, which is now widely applied in biological and psychological experiments and in clinical trials of drugs, as well as in economics and elsewhere. A hypothesis, for example that a drug is usually ef... | History of probability | 0.825819 |
5,605 | On January 21, 2015, Nick Goldman from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), one of the original authors of the 2013 Nature paper, announced the Davos Bitcoin Challenge at the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos. During his presentation, DNA tubes were handed out to the audience, with the message that e... | DNA data storage | 0.825814 |
5,606 | The genetic code within living organisms can potentially be co-opted to store information. Furthermore synthetic biology can be used to engineer cells with "molecular recorders" to allow the storage and retrieval of information stored in the cell's genetic material. CRISPR gene editing can also be used to insert artifi... | DNA data storage | 0.825814 |
5,607 | In geometry, a square trisection is a type of dissection problem which consists of cutting a square into pieces that can be rearranged to form three identical squares. | Square trisection | 0.825812 |
5,608 | The dissection of a square in three congruent partitions is a geometrical problem that dates back to the Islamic Golden Age. Craftsman who mastered the art of zellige needed innovative techniques to achieve their fabulous mosaics with complex geometric figures. The first solution to this problem was proposed in the 10t... | Square trisection | 0.825812 |
5,609 | The relaxation time (or its inverse which is the interaction rate) is found from other calculations (ab initio or MD) or empirically. BTE can be numerically solved with Monte Carlo method, etc.Depending on the length and time scale, the proper level of treatment (ab initio, MD, or BTE) is selected. Heat transfer physic... | Heat transfer physics | 0.825796 |
5,610 | Thermophysical properties of matter and the kinetics of interaction and energy exchange among the principal carriers are based on the atomic-level configuration and interaction. Transport properties such as thermal conductivity are calculated from these atomic-level properties using classical and quantum physics. Quant... | Heat transfer physics | 0.825796 |
5,611 | Heat transfer physics describes the kinetics of energy storage, transport, and energy transformation by principal energy carriers: phonons (lattice vibration waves), electrons, fluid particles, and photons. Heat is energy stored in temperature-dependent motion of particles including electrons, atomic nuclei, individual... | Heat transfer physics | 0.825796 |
5,612 | Once states and kinetics of the energy conversion and thermophysical properties are known, the fate of heat transfer is described by the above equation. These atomic-level mechanisms and kinetics are addressed in heat transfer physics. The microscopic thermal energy is stored, transported, and transformed by the princi... | Heat transfer physics | 0.825796 |
5,613 | The electron specific heat is based on the energy states and occupancy distribution (the Fermi–Dirac statistics). In general, the heat capacity of electron is small except at very high temperature when they are in thermal equilibrium with phonons (lattice). Electrons contribute to heat conduction (in addition to charge... | Heat transfer physics | 0.825796 |
5,614 | For example, electric dipole which in turn are excited by optical phonons or fluid particle vibration, or transition dipole moments of electronic transitions. In heat transfer physics, the interaction kinetics of phonon is treated using the perturbation theory (the Fermi golden rule) and the interaction Hamiltonian. Th... | Heat transfer physics | 0.825796 |
5,615 | The thermal energy conversion rate involving phonon is included in s ˙ i - j {\displaystyle {\dot {s}}_{i{\mbox{-}}j}} . Heat transfer physics describes and predicts, cv,p, Kp, Rp,b (or conductance Gp,b) and s ˙ i - j {\displaystyle {\dot {s}}_{i{\mbox{-}}j}} , based on atomic-level properties. For an equilibrium poten... | Heat transfer physics | 0.825796 |
5,616 | Chapters: Atoms in motion Basic Physics The relation of physics to other sciences Conservation of energy The theory of gravitation Quantum behavior | The Feynman Lectures on Physics | 0.825786 |
5,617 | Six readily-accessible chapters were later compiled into a book entitled Six Easy Pieces: Essentials of Physics Explained by Its Most Brilliant Teacher. Six more chapters are in the book Six Not So Easy Pieces: Einstein's Relativity, Symmetry and Space-Time. “Six Easy Pieces grew out of the need to bring to as wide an ... | The Feynman Lectures on Physics | 0.825786 |
5,618 | The textbook comprises three volumes. The first volume focuses on mechanics, radiation, and heat, including relativistic effects. The second volume covers mainly electromagnetism and matter. The third volume covers quantum mechanics; for example, it shows how the double-slit experiment demonstrates the essential featur... | The Feynman Lectures on Physics | 0.825786 |
5,619 | The analog of Lagrange's theorem for double cosets is false. This means that the size of a double coset need not divide the order of G. For example, let G = S3 be the symmetric group on three letters, and let H and K be the cyclic subgroups generated by the transpositions (1 2) and (1 3), respectively. If e denotes the... | Double coset | 0.825778 |
5,620 | Commutativity of the convolution product is closely tied to Gelfand pairs. When the group G is a topological group, it is possible to weaken the assumption that the number of left and right cosets in each double coset is finite. The group algebra Z is replaced by an algebra of functions such as L2(G) or C∞(G), and the ... | Double coset | 0.825778 |
5,621 | If H is normal, so that the H-double cosets are the same as the elements of the quotient group G / H, then the product on Z is the product in the group algebra Z. In particular, it is the usual convolution of functions on G / H. In this case, the ring is commutative if and only if G / H is abelian, or equivalently, if ... | Double coset | 0.825778 |
5,622 | This product turns Z into an associative ring whose identity element is the class of the trivial double coset . In general, this ring is non-commutative. For example, if H = {1}, then the ring is the group algebra Z, and a group algebra is a commutative ring if and only if the underlying group is abelian. | Double coset | 0.825778 |
5,623 | By the way in which this function was constructed, it is left invariant under H and right invariant under K. The corresponding element of the group algebra Z is ∑ x ∈ G f H x K ⋅ , {\displaystyle \sum _{x\in G}f_{HxK}\cdot ,} and this element is invariant under left multiplication by H and right multiplication by K. C... | Double coset | 0.825778 |
5,624 | {\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} \times \mathbf {Z} \to \mathbf {Z} .} Assume for simplicity that G is finite. To define the product, reinterpret these free abelian groups in terms of the group algebra of G as follows. | Double coset | 0.825778 |
5,625 | Double cosets are important in connection with representation theory, when a representation of H is used to construct an induced representation of G, which is then restricted to K. The corresponding double coset structure carries information about how the resulting representation decomposes. In the case of finite group... | Double coset | 0.825778 |
5,626 | Then the double stabilizer is a subgroup of H × K. Because G is a group, for each h in H there is precisely one g in G such that hxg = x, namely g = x−1h−1x; however, g may not be in K. Similarly, for each k in K there is precisely one g′ in G such that g′xk = x, but g′ may not be in H. The double stabilizer therefore ... | Double coset | 0.825778 |
5,627 | In molecular biology, protein threading, also known as fold recognition, is a method of protein modeling which is used to model those proteins which have the same fold as proteins of known structures, but do not have homologous proteins with known structure. It differs from the homology modeling method of structure pre... | Fold recognition | 0.825768 |
5,628 | The GTS hosts a congress every four years. The previous meetings were in Bilbao (2000), Marseille (2004), Evanston, Illinois (2008), Istanbul (2012) and Maastricht (2016). The society is associated with two journals: Games and Economic Behavior International Journal of Game TheoryThe society honors individuals by selec... | Game Theory Society | 0.825761 |
5,629 | The methods used for biological sequence alignment have also found applications in other fields, most notably in natural language processing and in social sciences, where the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm is usually referred to as Optimal matching. Techniques that generate the set of elements from which words will be sele... | Sequence alignment | 0.825754 |
5,630 | Sequence alignments are useful in bioinformatics for identifying sequence similarity, producing phylogenetic trees, and developing homology models of protein structures. However, the biological relevance of sequence alignments is not always clear. Alignments are often assumed to reflect a degree of evolutionary change ... | Sequence alignment | 0.825754 |
5,631 | Phylogenetics and sequence alignment are closely related fields due to the shared necessity of evaluating sequence relatedness. The field of phylogenetics makes extensive use of sequence alignments in the construction and interpretation of phylogenetic trees, which are used to classify the evolutionary relationships be... | Sequence alignment | 0.825754 |
5,632 | Alignments are also used to aid in establishing evolutionary relationships by constructing phylogenetic trees. Multiple sequence alignments are computationally difficult to produce and most formulations of the problem lead to NP-complete combinatorial optimization problems. Nevertheless, the utility of these alignments... | Sequence alignment | 0.825754 |
5,633 | In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented... | Sequence alignment | 0.825754 |
5,634 | The dot plots of very closely related sequences will appear as a single line along the matrix's main diagonal. Problems with dot plots as an information display technique include: noise, lack of clarity, non-intuitiveness, difficulty extracting match summary statistics and match positions on the two sequences. There is... | Sequence alignment | 0.825754 |
5,635 | This concerns the sign of the error in the prime number theorem. It has been computed that π(x) < li(x) for all x ≤ 1025 (see this table), and no value of x is known for which π(x) > li(x). In 1914 Littlewood proved that there are arbitrarily large values of x for which π ( x ) > li ( x ) + 1 3 x log x log log ... | Critical line (mathematics) | 0.825751 |
5,636 | Hadamard (1896) and de la Vallée-Poussin (1896) independently proved that no zeros could lie on the line Re(s) = 1. Together with the functional equation and the fact that there are no zeros with real part greater than 1, this showed that all non-trivial zeros must lie in the interior of the critical strip 0 < Re(s) < ... | Critical line (mathematics) | 0.825751 |
5,637 | Montgomery (1973) suggested the pair correlation conjecture that the correlation functions of the (suitably normalized) zeros of the zeta function should be the same as those of the eigenvalues of a random hermitian matrix. Odlyzko (1987) showed that this is supported by large-scale numerical calculations of these corr... | Critical line (mathematics) | 0.825751 |
5,638 | In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis is the conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers and complex numbers with real part 1/2. Many consider it to be the most important unsolved problem in pure mathematics. It is of great interest in number theory because it implies res... | Critical line (mathematics) | 0.825751 |
5,639 | The prime number theorem implies that on average, the gap between the prime p and its successor is log p. However, some gaps between primes may be much larger than the average. Cramér proved that, assuming the Riemann hypothesis, every gap is O(√p log p). This is a case in which even the best bound that can be proved u... | Critical line (mathematics) | 0.825751 |
5,640 | Artin (1924) introduced global zeta functions of (quadratic) function fields and conjectured an analogue of the Riemann hypothesis for them, which has been proved by Hasse in the genus 1 case and by Weil (1948) in general. For instance, the fact that the Gauss sum, of the quadratic character of a finite field of size q... | Critical line (mathematics) | 0.825751 |
5,641 | In particular it implies the conjecture that Siegel zeros (zeros of L-functions between 1/2 and 1) do not exist. The extended Riemann hypothesis extends the Riemann hypothesis to all Dedekind zeta functions of algebraic number fields. The extended Riemann hypothesis for abelian extension of the rationals is equivalent ... | Critical line (mathematics) | 0.825751 |
5,642 | Order theory is the study of partially ordered sets, both finite and infinite. It provides a formal framework for describing statements such as "this is less than that" or "this precedes that". Various examples of partial orders appear in algebra, geometry, number theory and throughout combinatorics and graph theory. N... | Combinatorial analysis | 0.825745 |
5,643 | Finite geometry is the study of geometric systems having only a finite number of points. Structures analogous to those found in continuous geometries (Euclidean plane, real projective space, etc.) but defined combinatorially are the main items studied. This area provides a rich source of examples for design theory. It ... | Combinatorial analysis | 0.825745 |
5,644 | Combinatorics on words deals with formal languages. It arose independently within several branches of mathematics, including number theory, group theory and probability. It has applications to enumerative combinatorics, fractal analysis, theoretical computer science, automata theory, and linguistics. While many applica... | Combinatorial analysis | 0.825745 |
5,645 | Matroid theory abstracts part of geometry. It studies the properties of sets (usually, finite sets) of vectors in a vector space that do not depend on the particular coefficients in a linear dependence relation. Not only the structure but also enumerative properties belong to matroid theory. Matroid theory was introduc... | Combinatorial analysis | 0.825745 |
5,646 | Adleman's theorem states that membership in any language in BPP can be determined by a family of polynomial-size Boolean circuits, which means BPP is contained in P/poly. Indeed, as a consequence of the proof of this fact, every BPP algorithm operating on inputs of bounded length can be derandomized into a deterministi... | BPP (complexity) | 0.825743 |
5,647 | More precisely, the Sipser–Lautemann theorem states that B P P ⊆ Σ 2 ∩ Π 2 {\displaystyle {\mathsf {BPP}}\subseteq \Sigma _{2}\cap \Pi _{2}} . As a result, P = NP leads to P = BPP since PH collapses to P in this case. Thus either P = BPP or P ≠ NP or both. | BPP (complexity) | 0.825743 |
5,648 | The Manifold Sculpting algorithm, for example, uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction. It gradually scales variance out of extra dimensions within a data set while optimizing in the remaining dimensions. It has also been used to calculate conditions for fraction... | Graduated optimization | 0.825734 |
5,649 | Graduated optimization is commonly used in image processing for locating objects within a larger image. This problem can be made to be more convex by blurring the images. Thus, objects can be found by first searching the most-blurred image, then starting at that point and searching within a less-blurred image, and cont... | Graduated optimization | 0.825734 |
5,650 | These conditions are: The first optimization problem in the sequence can be solved given the initial starting point. The locally convex region around the global optimum of each problem in the sequence includes the point that corresponds to the global optimum of the previous problem in the sequence.It can be shown induc... | Graduated optimization | 0.825734 |
5,651 | Graduated optimization is an improvement to hill climbing that enables a hill climber to avoid settling into local optima. It breaks a difficult optimization problem into a sequence of optimization problems, such that the first problem in the sequence is convex (or nearly convex), the solution to each problem gives a g... | Graduated optimization | 0.825734 |
5,652 | Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem. | Graduated optimization | 0.825734 |
5,653 | Simulated annealing is closely related to graduated optimization. Instead of smoothing the function over which it is optimizing, simulated annealing randomly perturbs the current solution by a decaying amount, which may have a similar effect. Because simulated annealing relies on random sampling to find improvements, h... | Graduated optimization | 0.825734 |
5,654 | The Giant Virus Finder is a free bioinformatics software for finding giant viruses in metagenomes. | Giant Virus Finder | 0.825732 |
5,655 | In mathematics, a homogeneous relation (also called endorelation) on a set X is a binary relation between X and itself, i.e. it is a subset of the Cartesian product X × X. This is commonly phrased as "a relation on X" or "a (binary) relation over X". An example of a homogeneous relation is the relation of kinship, wher... | Identity relation | 0.825726 |
5,656 | Like logic programming, narrowing of algebraic value sets gives a method of reasoning about the values in unsolved or partially solved equations. Where logic programming relies on resolution, the algebra of value sets relies on narrowing rules. Narrowing rules allow the elimination of values from a solution set which a... | Narrowing of algebraic value sets | 0.825718 |
5,657 | Lazy evaluation is an essential feature of modern functional programming languages such as Haskell. Haskell is the latest in a series of languages based on lambda calculus and let expressions. These languages provide rich functionality through lazy evaluation, and a polymorphic type system using type inference. | Narrowing of algebraic value sets | 0.825718 |
5,658 | This is fundamental to the mathematical approach. Functional languages based on lambda calculus allow this mathematical approach to programming. Functional languages developed by implementing lazy evaluation, and allowing functions to be passed as parameters. | Narrowing of algebraic value sets | 0.825718 |
5,659 | Quaternions also capture the spinorial character of rotations in three dimensions. For a three-dimensional object connected to its (fixed) surroundings by slack strings or bands, the strings or bands can be untangled after two complete turns about some fixed axis from an initial untangled state. Algebraically, the quat... | Rotation formalisms in three dimensions | 0.825706 |
5,660 | Many agricultural operations are automated with machinery and equipment to improve their diagnosis, decision-making and/or performing. Agricultural automation can relieve the drudgery of agricultural work, improve the timeliness and precision of agricultural operations, raise productivity and resource-use efficiency, b... | Automatic control | 0.825702 |
5,661 | Technologies like solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable energy sources—together with smart grids, micro-grids, battery storage—can automate power production. | Automatic control | 0.825702 |
5,662 | The cluster of data-analysis methods concerning effect sizes is referred to as estimation statistics. Effect size is an essential component when evaluating the strength of a statistical claim, and it is the first item (magnitude) in the MAGIC criteria. The standard deviation of the effect size is of critical importance... | Effect sizes | 0.825694 |
5,663 | In statistics, an effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of a parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation th... | Effect sizes | 0.825694 |
5,664 | Security – If a middleware provider is acquired by another company or development is discontinued, developers can switch engines. Scalable – The abstraction layer allows developers to run their code on handheld console platforms up to supercomputers. Ease of use – Implementation details of the physics engine are abstra... | Physics Abstraction Layer | 0.825693 |
5,665 | PAL supports multiple physics engines, including: Box2D Bullet Newton Game Dynamics Open Dynamics Engine PhysX (formerly NovodeX and incorporating Meqon) Tokamak physics engine | Physics Abstraction Layer | 0.825693 |
5,666 | PAL supports multiple file formats, including: COLLADA Scythe Physics Editor file format XML | Physics Abstraction Layer | 0.825693 |
5,667 | It also features COLLADA, Scythe Physics Editor, and XML-based file storage. The Physics Abstraction Layer provides a number of benefits over directly using a physics engine: Flexibility – It allows developers to switch between different physics engines to see which engine provides their needs, as well as quickly testi... | Physics Abstraction Layer | 0.825693 |
5,668 | PAL is a high-level interface for low-level physics engines used in games, simulation systems, and other 3D applications. It supports a number of dynamic simulation methodologies, including rigid body, liquids, soft body, ragdoll, and vehicle dynamics. PAL features a simple C++ API and intuitive objects (e.g. Solids, J... | Physics Abstraction Layer | 0.825693 |
5,669 | The Physics Abstraction Layer (PAL) is an open-source cross-platform physical simulation API abstraction system. It is similar to a physics engine wrapper, however it is far more flexible providing extended abilities. PAL is free software, released under the BSD license. | Physics Abstraction Layer | 0.825693 |
5,670 | The PAL project provides a set of standard benchmarks allowing developers to directly compare the physics engines and select the engine that provides the best solution in terms of computational efficiency and physical accuracy. Care should be taken when deciding on which engine to actually use though, since engines may... | Physics Abstraction Layer | 0.825693 |
5,671 | In physics, a body force is a force that acts throughout the volume of a body. Forces due to gravity, electric fields and magnetic fields are examples of body forces. Body forces contrast with contact forces or surface forces which are exerted to the surface of an object. Normal forces and shear forces between objects ... | Body forces | 0.825687 |
5,672 | A force in physics is any action that causes an object's velocity to change; that is, to accelerate. A force originates from within a field, such as an electro-static field (caused by static electrical charges), electro-magnetic field (caused by moving charges), or gravitational field (caused by mass), among others. Ne... | Newtonian Physics | 0.82568 |
5,673 | The large amount of sequence data available has created the subfield of genomics, research that uses computational tools to search for and analyze patterns in the full genomes of organisms. Genomics can also be considered a subfield of bioinformatics, which uses computational approaches to analyze large sets of biologi... | Genetic trait | 0.825666 |
5,674 | DNA sequencing, one of the most fundamental technologies developed to study genetics, allows researchers to determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA fragments. The technique of chain-termination sequencing, developed in 1977 by a team led by Frederick Sanger, is still routinely used to sequence DNA fragments. Using... | Genetic trait | 0.825666 |
5,675 | Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including molecular genetics, epigenetics and population genetics. Organisms studied within the br... | Genetic trait | 0.825666 |
5,676 | He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene. Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century... | Genetic trait | 0.825666 |
5,677 | Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inh... | Genetic trait | 0.825666 |
5,678 | In addition to studying genetic diseases, the increased availability of genotyping methods has led to the field of pharmacogenetics: the study of how genotype can affect drug responses.Individuals differ in their inherited tendency to develop cancer, and cancer is a genetic disease. The process of cancer development in... | Genetic trait | 0.825666 |
5,679 | Medical genetics seeks to understand how genetic variation relates to human health and disease. When searching for an unknown gene that may be involved in a disease, researchers commonly use genetic linkage and genetic pedigree charts to find the location on the genome associated with the disease. At the population lev... | Genetic trait | 0.825666 |
5,680 | Physics Letters was a scientific journal published from 1962 to 1966, when it split in two series now published by Elsevier: Physics Letters A: condensed matter physics, theoretical physics, nonlinear science, statistical physics, mathematical and computational physics, general and cross-disciplinary physics (including... | Physics Letters B | 0.825663 |
5,681 | In statistics, a variables sampling plan is an acceptance sampling technique. Plans for variables are intended for quality characteristics that are measured on a continuous scale. This plan requires the knowledge of the statistical model (e.g. normal distribution). The historical evolution of this technique dates back ... | Variables sampling plan | 0.825658 |
5,682 | It can also be used in conjunction with antibiotics for a cumulative effect.Medical microbiology is not only about diagnosing and treating disease, it also involves the study of beneficial microbes. Microbes have been shown to be helpful in combating infectious disease and promoting health. Treatments can be developed ... | Medical microbiology | 0.825645 |
5,683 | Not all medical microbiologists study microbial pathology; some study common, non-pathogenic species to determine whether their properties can be used to develop antibiotics or other treatment methods. Epidemiology, the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations, is an im... | Medical microbiology | 0.825645 |
5,684 | The academic qualification as a clinical/Medical Microbiologist in a hospital or medical research centre generally requires a Bachelors degree while in some countries a Masters in Microbiology along with Ph.D. in any of the life-sciences (Biochem, Micro, Biotech, Genetics, etc.). Medical microbiologists often serve as ... | Medical microbiology | 0.825645 |
5,685 | Medical microbiology, the large subset of microbiology that is applied to medicine, is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health. There are ... | Medical microbiology | 0.825645 |
5,686 | Biochemistry deals with the chemistry of the growth and activity of living organisms. It is a chemistry where most reactions are controlled by complex proteins called enzymes and are moderated and limited by hormones. The chemistry is always highly complex and is still not fully understood. Decomposition of organic mat... | Chemical change | 0.825638 |
5,687 | Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. These processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. Some r... | Chemical change | 0.825638 |
5,688 | Organic chemistry is concerned with the chemistry of carbon and the elements and compound with which it reacts. These compounds include mineral oil and all of its products and much of the output of industries manufacturing pharmaceuticals, paints, detergents, cosmetics, fuels etc. Typical examples of organic chemical c... | Chemical change | 0.825638 |
5,689 | Inorganic chemistry describes the reactions of elements and compounds that, in general, do not involve carbon. The changes typically take place in laboratories, or on a larger scale in heavy industries. Typical types of change include neutralization (mixing an acid with a base, resulting in water and salt), oxidization... | Chemical change | 0.825638 |
5,690 | In machine learning, the kernel perceptron is a variant of the popular perceptron learning algorithm that can learn kernel machines, i.e. non-linear classifiers that employ a kernel function to compute the similarity of unseen samples to training samples. The algorithm was invented in 1964, making it the first kernel c... | Kernel perceptron | 0.82562 |
5,691 | It maintains an active set of examples with non-zero αi, removing ("forgetting") examples from the active set when it exceeds a pre-determined budget and "shrinking" (lowering the weight of) old examples as new ones are promoted to non-zero αi.Another problem with the kernel perceptron is that it does not regularize, m... | Kernel perceptron | 0.82562 |
5,692 | PCR has been applied to many areas of research in molecular genetics: PCR allows rapid production of short pieces of DNA, even when not more than the sequence of the two primers is known. This ability of PCR augments many methods, such as generating hybridization probes for Southern or northern blot hybridization. PCR ... | PCR test | 0.825619 |
5,693 | Such a large generator is not required when an engine directly drives a propeller. The first prototype, a 3-meter (10-feet) long submarine called EMS-1, was designed and tested in 1966 by Stewart Way, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. | Magnetohydrodynamic drive | 0.825612 |
5,694 | The same optimizations can be applied to induction variables that are not necessarily linear functions of the loop counter; for example, the loop may be converted to | Induction variable recognition and elimination | 0.825611 |
5,695 | In computer science, an induction variable is a variable that gets increased or decreased by a fixed amount on every iteration of a loop or is a linear function of another induction variable.For example, in the following loop, i and j are induction variables: | Induction variable recognition and elimination | 0.825611 |
5,696 | In some cases, it is possible to reverse this optimization in order to remove an induction variable from the code entirely. For example: This function's loop has two induction variables: i and j. Either one can be rewritten as a linear function of the other; therefore, the compiler may optimize this code as if it had b... | Induction variable recognition and elimination | 0.825611 |
5,697 | In the lossless case, it is possible to show that V ( x ) = V 1 e − j k x + V 2 e + j k x {\displaystyle \ V(x)=V_{1}e^{-jkx}+V_{2}e^{+jkx}\ } and I ( x ) = V 1 Z 0 e − j k x − V 2 Z 0 e + j k x {\displaystyle \ I(x)={\frac {\ V_{1}\ }{Z_{0}}}\ e^{-jkx}-{\frac {\ V_{2}\ }{Z_{0}}}\ e^{+jkx}\ } where k {\displaystyle \ k... | Telegraphers equations | 0.825607 |
5,698 | In theoretical computer science, a discrete system is a system with a countable number of states. Discrete systems may be contrasted with continuous systems, which may also be called analog systems. A final discrete system is often modeled with a directed graph and is analyzed for correctness and complexity according t... | Discrete system | 0.825604 |
5,699 | In mathematics, especially homological algebra and other applications of abelian category theory, the five lemma is an important and widely used lemma about commutative diagrams. The five lemma is not only valid for abelian categories but also works in the category of groups, for example. The five lemma can be thought ... | Five Lemma | 0.8256 |
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