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Elaine Guevara was awarded a Leakey Foundation Research Grant during our spring 2017 cycle for her project entitled “Epigenetics of primate longevity.” Guevara is a doctoral student at Yale University and a visiting student at the Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology at George Washington University.
Humans are long-lived compared with most mammals, including our closest living biological relatives, the chimpanzees. Our exceptional longevity has been proposed to be a key part of what makes us human, potentially having coevolved with a number of other notable human characteristics, including large brain size; enhanced cognitive capacity; an extended juvenile period; social learning; behavioral complexity, including skilled foraging; and cultural innovation. Yet the genetic and physiological bases of our remarkable longevity—as well as the processes underlying human aging—remain poorly understood.
A growing body of recent research has demonstrated a critical role for epigenetics in aging. In particular, methylation—a chemical alternation to DNA that plays a role in adjusting gene expression—shows a consistent pattern of change at many different specific pieces of DNA found throughout the genome with age in humans. In facts, these alternations in methylation level are so predictable that they can be used to accurately estimate an individual’s chronological age. Moreover, slight deviations among individuals of the same chronological age in “methylation age” seem to reflect biological aging: prematurely elevated methylation age is associated with mortality risk, increased frailty, decreased grip strength and lung function, diminished cognitive performance, and increased cancer and cardiovascular disease risk. Thus, methylation age represents a valuable new approach for measuring biological aging, identifying factors that influence aging rate, and potentially uncovering the genetic regulatory changes that underlie physiological aging.
So far, change in methylation with age has primarily been studied in humans and has not been studied at all in any other primates. However, this newly discovered phenomenon offers potential for insight into species differences in aging and lifespan if considered in a comparative context. To this end, I am characterizing the pattern of methylation change with age in chimpanzees by generating genome-wide methylation data for 100 chimpanzees of ages across the lifespan, and comparing it to that data from humans. These data may allow for the identification of genes that are differently regulated with age in the two species and thereby help identify which physiological mechanisms (for example, DNA damage repair or immune function) play critical roles in human survival to advanced ages. | <urn:uuid:f2210a5c-301f-4716-873d-475196ba9bc2> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://leakeyfoundation.org/grantee-spotlight-elaine-guevara/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141460.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217000519-20200217030519-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.941031 | 503 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Nov 20, 2015 This video “Introduction to Microbiology: Microbes & Bacteria” is part of the Lecturio course “Microbiology” ▻ WATCH the complete course on
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Jul 26, 2019 Basic Medical Microbiology Free Download First, almost by definition, it is Just as I have carefully selected organisms and diseases to present in Basic Medical Microbiology book, I have also intentionally not File Type: pdf. This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill. walls are perforated and allow free passage of nuclei and cyto-. Download Food Microbiology: An Introduction ebook free by Array in Chemistry The Central Science Edition by Theodore E. Chemistry Book Pdf, Chemistry Food Microbiology: An Introduction 3rd Edition PDF Download here. 2012 This book was written to encourage students to go beyond Medical Laboratory and Biomedical Science: Handbook of Bacteriology - Free eBook Medical FreeBooks4Doctors: over 300 free medical books and book-like websites. Daily presentations of 4. Year (PDF only) Microbiology and Immunology On-line Download Ananthanarayan 9th Edition PDF Free Download [Direct Link]. 2nd Year MBBS Student? Download other Standard Medical Books of | <urn:uuid:1cfff860-c46d-4bd0-a336-946db88bb201> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://studioislfr.web.app/microbiology-pdf-books-free-download-60.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103947269.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701220150-20220702010150-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.853215 | 1,056 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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Summary: An instructional film on the construction and use of a simple outdoor cooking stove.
Description: The film suggests that the stove could be constructed by and for individual families, but chiefly has in mind larger community efforts for bombed-out streets, or areas where gas/electricity is cut off. The construction of the stoves is explained step-by-step (the stove is to burn wood etc, and is made from bricks, a sheet of metal and a bit of piping, held together by what is called 'pug' - in effect mud). Hints are then given on the use of it, and a meal (stew and a vegetable, steamed pudding, and tea) is shown in preparation on such a stove and being served to a group of people, with additional hints on saving crockery etc.
Production Details: Ministry of Food (Production sponsor)
Ministry of Information (Production sponsor)
Films of Great Britain (Production company)
Buchanan, Andrew (Production individual)
Cooper, Henry (Production individual)
Anderson, James (Production individual)
Grisewood, Frederick Henry18881972British freelance broadcaster (Production cast)
Personalities, Units and Organisations:
Keywords: propaganda, British - practical: building an emergency stove (object name)
society, British - sustenance (object name)
Physical Characteristics: Colour format: B&W
Sound format: Sound
Soundtrack language: English
Title language: English
Subtitle language: None
Technical Details: Format: 35mm
Number of items/reels/tapes: 1
Footage: 785 ft; Running time: 8 mins | <urn:uuid:9185dbea-922e-4893-8045-631d05965e90> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://film.iwmcollections.org.uk/record/1857 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391277.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526160400-20200526190400-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.884296 | 373 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Once data is in the data warehouse and converted into usable formats, it’s ready to be analyzed.
Analysis is fundamental to deriving value from data and enabling information-driven decision making.
Here’s what you need to know about this.
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
Day-to-day business relies on Online Transaction Processing, or the creation and use of data to support operations. Online Analytic Processing (OLAP), on the other hand, refers to the use of data for analysis and intelligence.
If the data warehouse is the back end of business intelligence, OLAP represents the front end.
OLAP tools allow users to access the data in the warehouse and use it to run queries and generate reports. For example, if a user wants to see a comparison of products that were sold in California in September versus those that were sold in New York at the same time, OLAP can perform the processes necessary to retrieve and display that information.
As the foundation for many types of business intelligence applications, OLAP offers the capabilities for complex analysis and trend modelling. A key aspect of OLAP tools is that they store data in multidimensional, rather than relational, databases.
A relational database stores data in two dimensions – think of a spreadsheet, which groups data based on static rows and columns.
With a multidimensional database, however, each attribute of a record is stored as its own dimension in the database.
That allows for much greater flexibility in making comparisons, tracking trends and looking at data from different points of view. In other words, OLAP is what allows data to be used to answer any questions decision makers may have about their business.
These multidimensional databases are often referred to as OLAP cubes.
OLAP cubes are designed to allow for business to make queries using plain English, and the data is organized to allow for minimal processing time.
Different methods of manipulating data in an OLAP cube include:
- Slicing – Pulling out one subset of a cube (think of it as a rectangle) and using it to create a new cube with one fewer dimension. This is used to isolate only the criteria necessary for a given query. For example, if you have data about the sales of products in every state for each month in the last year, you may not need to look at the monthly data.
- Dicing – Producing a smaller cube by pulling out specific values from multiple dimensions. For example, you may only need data about specific product categories.
- Drilling up/down – Moving among levels of data, ranging from the most detailed sets to more summarized sets of data. For example, one level may be about total sales in each state over time, while the user can drill down to see more detail for each product.
- Rolling up – Summarizing data by combining attributes based on a hierarchy. For example, data about sales in each state could be rolled up into data about larger geographic areas.
The goal of business intelligence is to use data to answer questions and drive decision making.
Analytics, in a broad sense, can be defined as the conversion of data into useful information and intelligence. That’s done by using data to answer questions or to spot patterns and trends that the initial questions may not have asked about.
It can be performed by both people and technology. Technology is used to perform analysis and spot patterns that a person may not be able to see – for example, by analyzing lots and lots of Big Data – as well to organize and report data in ways that make it easier for people to spot patterns.
Analytics performed using technology is often based around statistical modeling.
Statistical models use historical data to determine the probability of events occurring based on certain criteria. For example, data about customers who have jumped ship for competitors can be used to create a model to predict which current customers are at the greatest risk of leaving.
Businesses typically use three types of analytics depending on what kinds of questions they’re asking:
- Descriptive Analytics – This is about learning more detail about historical facts. The basic questions answered are: What happened in my business? Why, when and how did it happen?
- Predictive Analytics – This is used to ask questions looking ahead. For example: What is likely to happen to my business or in my industry in the future?
- Prescriptive Analytics – Analytics can also recommend actions based what was discovered using descriptive and predictive analytics. Basically, prescriptive analytics answers the question: What should my business do in response to what has happened or what is likely to happen?
The specific process of getting from raw data to useful analysis is often referred to as data mining.
Despite what the term may sound like, this step doesn’t involve mining or extracting data – that’s already been done during the ETL process. Rather, data mining refers to the extraction of patterns and knowledge from that data. Data mining is also known as knowledge discovery and data discovery.
Analytics and data mining are essentially what turn raw data into information and then actionable intelligence. When we say data, we mean any facts, numbers or text that can be processed by a computer. Through data mining and analytics, data is turned into information about patterns and trends within the data and intelligence, which is knowledge about historical trends and future patterns that can aid in decision making.
Knowledge discovery refers to the process of finding useful patterns in the data that can be used for intelligence. How does knowledge discovery work? Essentially, it’s based around looking at relationships within and among sets of data.
Generally, four types of relationships are sought, according to a paper by UCLA’s Jason Frand:
- Classes – This is data that’s already contained in predetermined groups. For example, a restaurant might want to know at what times customers visit and what they order at those times.
- Clusters – This refers to data grouped according to logical relationships. For example, a business may separate data based on customer segments or geographic areas.
- Associations – This is when data is mined in order to identify unexpected relationships. For example, a supermarket may perform data mining and find out based on associations that when men buy diapers they also tend to buy beer at the same time.
- Sequential patterns – This is used to anticipate future trends and behaviors. For example, Netflix and other content providers often use sequential patterns to predict what content users will like based on what they’ve accessed previously.
For business intelligence to work, the intelligence needs to get into the hands of business users and decision makers. That’s where reporting comes in.
While the processes and tools described earlier are involved in turning data into intelligence, reporting is the way intelligence is accessed and distributed. Basically, business users have questions, and the business intelligence software generates reports that answer those questions.
That doesn’t mean the system simply spits out a spreadsheet listing all of the relevant data. Beyond those simple operational reports, analytical reports contain information specifically targeted to aid in strategic decision making, presented in ways that the user can easily understand.
Since the end goal of business intelligence is to get information to business decision makers and have them act on it, reporting is a critical aspect of any business intelligence system. Here are some of the reporting features organizations should look for:
- Self-service – Business users are able to access the reports they need to answer their questions quickly, without having to go through someone in IT. Self-service is becoming a more integral aspect of all business intelligence tools.
- Flexible reporting – Different types of reports can be presented to different groups. For example, some people may want to view information in different ways. Also, your organization may need to run reports in different languages, so be aware of those requirements, too.
- Drillable reports – Many reporting tools are interactive and allow users to see additional information by clicking on part of the main report. Often, the answers to questions will lead to more questions, so it’s important that users have an easy way of accessing additional data when they need it.
- Interactive and customizable reports – Business intelligence users should be able to view their reports in different ways. Interactive and customizable reports allow users to change the data they’re viewing on the fly so they can more easily have their questions answered. For example, if you’re looking at the performance of different product lines in various contexts, you may want to compare just the top and bottom performers. An interactive report would allow you to remove all the other data that you don’t need to see.
- Sharing and collaboration – One of the benefits of using business intelligence is that it can help companies take a more holistic approach to making decisions about the organization. Therefore, it’s important that reports can be shared with stakeholders throughout the organization, so they can offer their input and understand the reasoning behind decisions. Those decisions are never made in a vacuum, so report sharing is an important way to aid collaboration.
- Mobile reports, so users can access their intelligence when and where they want. In all aspects of running a business, a lot of work is done when people aren’t sitting at their desks. Mobile reporting offers greater flexibility so users never have to wait to get their questions answered.
A key aspect of intelligence reporting is how the data is presented to the user.
The goal is to show the data in ways that are accurate, yet easy for the user to understand. Lists of numbers are rarely the best way to do that. Instead, visualizations are used to present data in a digestible format.
Common types of visualization include charts, graphs and maps, as well as more advanced types such as infographics. Some visualization tools also offer animated and dynamic visualizations that users can interact with.
Seeing information visually is a good way to spot trends or notice warning signs and potential opportunities without the expertise of a data scientist. While different types of reports will require different kinds of visualization, what good visualizations all have in common is that they enhance the viewer’s understanding of the data.
However, it’s important to keep in mind that visualization can sometimes distort the truth. For example, a chart can be set up to make certain trends seem more significant than they really are. When evaluating data visualization tools and coming up with visualization strategies and techniques, it’s important to keep some keys in mind:
- Aim for visualizations that are both accurate and easy to use and understand.
- Consistency is also important; the same design principles should be used for data visualizations throughout the organization.
- Go beyond basic tables and charts. Organizing data into a table isn’t really a visualization; it’s just a different way of listing statistics. For example, if your goal is to compare the sizes of numbers in different categories, use a visualization that uses different-sized objects to make the comparison obvious.
- Make them interactive. Today’s visualization tools use interactive capabilities to pack a lot of information into each visualization without cluttering up the presentation – for example, allowing users to click on a section of a graph in order to see additional information in text.
Many business intelligence and analytics systems come with their own visualization tools. However, external tools are also available if additional functionality is needed beyond what’s offered in the company’s current or preferred business intelligence software.
As self-service becomes a larger aspect of business intelligence, the business intelligence dashboard is becoming a critical tool.
The dashboard is typically the first thing a user sees after logging into the system. Customized for each user or user group, the page displays a collection of the most pertinent information, using various visualizations, for that person’s role.
The dashboard shows snippets of information the user can review quickly, with the option to choose different items for more detailed reports and visualizations. For example, a head of sales or marketing may log in to see a dashboard that includes a map of where leads are located geographically, a chart showing the source of leads, graphs showing the average cost per lead for each channel, etc.
A good dashboard will be critical to getting user buy-in for a business intelligence initiative, and for allowing BI to have an actual impact on company decision making. Here are a few dashboard best practices to keep in mind:
- Only show what’s relevant – The goal of a dashboard is to provide the easiest possible link from intelligence to action. Therefore, the focus must be on relevancy – i.e., giving the user all of the relevant information, and only what is relevant.
- Offer some customizability – Users should be given some control over what information they see, either by allowing them to customize the dashboard on their own or by getting their input when dashboards are designed.
- Incorporate strong visualizations – It’s also important to look for dashboards that are well designed and present information clearly, without any clutter, and using effective and accurate visualizations. To add greater accessibility, many dashboards are web-based, meaning that users can log into their dashboards from anywhere they have an Internet connection. Some systems also offer mobile dashboards that can be accessed from smartphones and tablets.
As with visualization tools, dashboard software is available bundled with larger business intelligence systems or as a standalone product. Businesses will need to evaluate their dashboard needs and capabilities and choose the right tools accordingly. | <urn:uuid:4b1338f4-dd30-47ff-86c8-da0651b670c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.betterbuys.com/bi/definitive-guide-bi/analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189032.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00153-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937089 | 2,775 | 3.046875 | 3 |
While New Atlantis threatened to tear into a fratricidal struggle, Rama the Shepherd of Armen,Ar = country men = stone. Country of Stone or Middle Earth: i.e. the New Atlantis faithful to the tradition of Atlantis, resolved to emigrate with those who would follow.
Rama was a quiet man who always chooses to negotiate rather than fighting. Coming from a humble background, he became a healer after his initiation by lightning at Avebury, in the sacred tradition of Armen, the Country of Stone. Quarrels and discord then shook Middle-earth. Faithful to the ancient science, Rama conceived the project to go eastward in order to conquer an empire where the tradition inherited from Atlantis could find blossom and bear good fruit.
“Rama had given appointments to his supporters in the plain of Hanover, north of the Teutoburg Forest, where the massacre of the army of Arminius Varrus is usually located. The day of departure was fixed for the Spring Equinox. In this quite desert land, was organized the gathering of volunteers – little more than twenty thousand men who, by the way, would snowball. In this crowd, there were several whole clans, starting with that of Rama.” (source)
Initially, the band was more of the exodus as a military expedition. Thus Homer in the adaptation he did, took care to separate the war and wandering into two separate books, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Note that Rama and his captains still had access to the ancient Atlantean technology: while he was a shepherd son, Rama was originally a magician, great initiate and warlord. He brought together quite well in him the fabulous figure of Merlin the magic druid and that of Arthur the warrior prince.
Comparison is not reason, but the captains of Rama are models that later inspire the famous Knights of the Round Table. But the Atlantean technology was no longer used by Middle-Ages knights, while the captains of Rama had several flying machines called vimanas and a fast ship called vailixi as I explained in Rama’s Airlines. If these vehicles were not enough to carry all his people, they were decisive in the war expeditions to reconnaissance patrols and assault.
Most of the clan, however, should follow the land path with arms and baggage.
“The emigrants were in the valley of the Elbe to reach the Danube and along the left bank where already camped Celtic clans from which some elements joined them. Without much skirmishes, they arrived at the river mouth, wisely avoiding clashes with Black people along the right bank and with the irreconcilable Amazons of Thrace. After a pause made necessary by the exigencies of supply, the exodus continued. The Black Sea is skirted to the north to win Armenia which made the first sustained drop (probably from one harvest to another) and not only for supply problems.” (source)
Indeed, Armen’s exiles who came once from Hyperborea were entrenched there for several centuries. They are the ones who gave name to Armenia, from their own name, Armen, those of the Stone. This region is characterized indeed by many megaliths. Comforted by this ancient and familiar presence, some of the companions of Rama settled there, replaced in the ranks of migrants by many young Caucasian Celts thirsting for adventure.
“And the exodus of Rama continued further through the Susa, Persia, Carmania where Rama stopped some time before entering India. It was populated mostly by descendants of survivors of Lemuria, the Black race, with a small proportion of Yellow, other survivors but of the Pacific continent. Indus was crossed in the Katchi plain, to the current Shikarpoor and conquest of the country started by the Indo-Gangetic plain.” (source)
This was the origin of what was then called the Rama Empire, which many relics were found in the proto cities of Mohenjodaro and Harappa – civilization of the Indus Valley.
“As one result of this conquest, a part of aborigines spontaneously joined the federation proposed by Rama who always opposed the unnecessary shedding of blood, another part being repressed southeast while remaining reluctant to ally or to fight, chose to emigrate, taking in reverse the route followed by the Ramas. These are immigrants who founded later Sumerian empire and Akkadian Babylonian empire.
Respecting local prides, making equity the wisest diplomacy, Rama pacified and federated India, extending his own suzerainty or rather his moral authority over Persia, where other Whites expelled or emigrated for similar reasons were organizing, displacing Black people whose decline would quickly increase. It was the same for Tibet where an ancient Hyperborean migration due to glaciation, had more or less merged with elements of the Yellow race.” (source) | <urn:uuid:264bbf76-343c-42c5-9013-ebe157a79f75> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://eden-saga.com/en/odyssey-rama-exodus-armenia-indo-persian-conquest.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153814.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729011903-20210729041903-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.975248 | 1,026 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Signs and Symbols of Native American Indians
The American Indians worship their Ancestors, nature and Animals. They will have a name of an Animal spirit guide.
Categorized Signs and Symbols are at these links
|Racism – Racist groups||False Religion – Cults||More from another Ministry||Native American Indian|
|Dream catchers originated with the Ojibwe people. An ancient legend about the origin of the dream catcher is as follows. Storytellers speak of the Spider Woman, known as Asibikaashi; she took care of the children and the people on the land. Eventually, the Ojibwe Nation spread to the corners of North America and it became difficult for Asibikaashi to reach all the children. So the mothers and grandmothers would weave magical webs for the children, using willow hoops and sinew, or cordage made from plants. The dream catchers would filter out all bad dreams and only allow good thoughts to enter our mind. Once the sun rises, all bad dreams just disappear.
|The eagle is a symbol if courage, strength, and the messenger of the heavens in the Native American culture. Click here for a large image
|Various symbols that represent people, animals and nature Click Here for a Large Image
|Various symbols that represent elements and animals Click here fora Large Image
|Various spiritual symbols Click here for a Large image | <urn:uuid:49e072ae-ea39-41c8-b4c1-44883b1204a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.exposingsatanism.org/signs-and-symbols-of-native-american-indians/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320841.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626170406-20170626190406-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.928646 | 290 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Did you know ?
In Australia, alternatives are up to 80% cheaper than detention
In 2014, the government spent $3. 27 billion on detention
In 2014, the average number of days in detention was 356 days
In 1992, the mandatory detention of people arriving without a valid visa became law in Australia. There was initially a 273-day time limit on detention, but this time limit was removed in 1994. The result was that the Australian Government was able to indefinitely detain anyone who arrived in Australia without a valid visa. This included children and, since the introduction of mandatory detention, thousands of children have spent lengthy periods of time locked up in immigration detention centres in Australia and offshore. In 2005, the Migration Act 1958 was amended to provide the Minister with discretionary powers to release persons from detention into a community option. The government further amended the law to state that, in principle, a minor shall only be detained as a last resort.
These protections and a decrease in boat arrivals resulted in a period, starting in 2005, when no children were held in detention in Australia. However, a dramatic increase in arrivals reduced the government’s ability to implement alternatives for children quickly and eroded political will for such positions. In June 2013, the number of children in immigration detention reached a record high of 1,992. Many of the children who were, and are currently, held in immigration detention by the Australian Government have been incarcerated in Australian-run offshore detention centres. Current Australian law and policy is that all asylum seekers who arrive by boat after 19 July 2013 are transferred to detention centres in countries such as Nauru and are never resettled in Australia, even if they are determined to be refugees in need of protection.
1 Department of Immigration and Border Patrol (2014) Annual Report 2013-2014. Canberra: DIBP. pp. 156-156. Accessed 09.06.2016 at http://bit.ly/2qPa6WE
2 Average time in detention calculated using monthly DIBP Detention Statistics for January -December 2014. Accessed 09.06.2016 at http://bit.ly/1NFGSST
3 Calculated by comparing cost of Community Detention on a per person per day basis (approximately $247) compared with offshore detention on a per person per day basis ($1233). National Commission of Audit (2014) Towards Responsible Government. Appendix to the Report of the National Commission of Audit Volume 2. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. p. 113. Accessed 09.06.2016 at http://bit.ly/2s8oIVf | <urn:uuid:9dfb64cf-d592-4733-8b40-9db758b81326> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://endchilddetentionoz.com/the-issue/understanding-mandatory-detention-in-australia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313536.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818002820-20190818024820-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.95052 | 522 | 2.75 | 3 |
At a recent Extinction Rebellion
demonstration, climate change activists gathered along a beach in Cornwall, England, holding up signs that read: “Black Lives Matter.”
“There is no climate justice without racial justice,” says
15-year-old Alexandria Villaseñor, who co-founded the U.S. Youth Climate Strike. Jamie Margolin, a founder and co-executive director of Zero Hour
(and past WtW Guest Judge), agrees
: “Climate justice is closely tied to other systems of oppression. It’s not a matter of choosing between, say, Black Lives Matter or Climate Justice. Climate Justice is Black Lives Matter: 69% of coal plants are built in POC communities; 20 thousand people die from air pollution alone each year in the United States, and the majority of those people are people of color (that’s not a coincidence.)”
All over the world, climate activists are taking to the streets (and beaches) in alliance with the BLM movement. After the killing of George Floyd, for example, Sam Grant and his staff could be found cooking for hungry protesters in Minneapolis and offering first aid supplies to those injured. Grant is neither a cook, nor a medic. He’s an educator and organizer, and now serves as the executive director of Minnesota’s 350.org
affiliate, a branch of the international organization addressing the climate crisis.
The climate crisis might seem distant from the real and present dangers of the novel coronavirus and police brutality, but Grant believes they are all connected. Structural inequities put people of color at greater risk for all three. “I believe part of our challenge,” Grant says
, “is helping people see that the impacts of climate change are primary.” The issues must be looked at in tandem. “Police violence is an aspect of a broader pattern of structural violence, which the climate crisis is a manifestation of,” he said. “Healing structural violence is actually in the best interest of all human beings.”
Dear writers, we have a challenge for you: Write a poem (of 350 words or fewer) that explores a specific example of the intersection of climate change and social justice from your city, country or world region.
As the poet Sarah Howe puts it, “Poetry and science both seek to peer through to the underlying reality of things, pushing at the borders of imagination.” How can you use both poetry and science as a doorway to truth?
For inspiration, check out these stunning works by Community Ambassadors: "Message for the Canadian Government," "Non-reflective," | <urn:uuid:47067209-b5ea-4124-b90b-3eda547b5410> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://writetheworld.com/groups/1/assignments/3488 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155268.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805000836-20210805030836-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.946315 | 554 | 2.609375 | 3 |
CBD is Cannabidiol, a typically developing phytocannabinoid found in 1940. For that main reason, CBD is often included in items meant to manage health problems that health care marijuana has been recommended for.
These studies have concluded that CBD reduces the indicators of anxiety, improves balance and control, and also decreases agitations in folks detected with mental illness. One research done at the College of California-Davis located that CBD lowers the regularity of epileptic seizures in little ones along with high stress who were actually going through coming from the disease.
The health and wellness benefits of CBD stem from its own principal component, CBD. The chemical has been made use of in Europe for years for a selection of afflictions. Health care cannabis is actually derived from vegetations which contain a lot less CBD than in CBD oil. The United States authorities has certainly not permitted CBD as a medicine or even “treatments” for any sort of sickness or even condition. Because of that, CBD might help reduce several of the damaging negative effects of making use of cannabis, but it is certainly not a treatment in itself.
Stress and anxiety is taken into consideration to be actually a main indicator of numerous various ailments featuring depression, epilepsy, schizophrenia, mania, and psychosis. Numerous people who endure from anxiousness ailments additionally have an inclination towards anxiety. The use of CBD might aid lessen the signs of clinical depression in people who have stress conditions.
In a small professional trial, administered by the College of Cincinnati, and considerably minimized the variety of seizure activity in epileptic clients. When compared to individuals offered inactive drugs, the research found that individuals given CBD had an enhanced cost of renovation. This seeking is actually significant because a lot of drugs for epilepsy have actually disappointed helpful results in some people. The amount of renovation that CBD made was actually certainly not dramatically different coming from inactive drug. It is still not clear just how CBD might function in the physical body.
In a study did at the University of California-Davis, one research found that CBD lowered cholesterol amounts in non-infant rats. An additional research study has figured out that CBD lowers the progress of type 2 diabetes mellitus in individual beings.
In a test-tube research study found at the College of Nebraska Medical Center, CBD substantially decreased the development of abnormal tissues in the brain of epileptic rats. The test-tube study found that CBD decreased the healthy protein collection in the rodent mind that is associated with the development of these irregular tissues.
One of the most current human studies carried out on CBD was actually conducted by the University of Kentucky. The sample dimension for this study was actually reasonably small, the outcomes were actually promising and suggest that CBD might possess the possible to be an effective anti-schizophrenic procedure.
A study conducted through the National Principle on Growing old found that computer mice addressed with CBD showed remodeling in mind, while neglected mice featured no remodeling. The headlines is not all positive for CBD products, due to the fact that the 2021 research study did not include any kind of human beings, implying the information on individual subject matters might not be taken out of situation.
Its own possible as an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug, what creates CBD oil a fantastic alternate medicine is its own effect on center health. A CBD supplement has actually been actually revealed to lesser hypertension, rise cholesterol levels, and lessen stress degrees, according to a research posted by the American Cardiovascular System Association. Like many various other natural ingredients, CBD proves to become favorable when it involves cholesterol as well as high blood pressure management. Since the material hinders the chemical Angiotensin II that is largely responsible for producing the adrenaline rush that is actually the main source of high blood pressure, this is actually.
One more great advantage of CBD oil is actually that it may address acne. Like various other natural materials, CBD shows anti-inflammatory qualities, which makes it an outstanding choice to eliminate the growth of pimples. When used topically, CBD passes through the blood flow and also reaches out to the target skin layer’s receptors, where it exterminates P. acnes micro-organisms that are in charge of swelling. Therefore, the oil minimizes swelling and also inflammation, while calming the skin layer. It is actually quick and easy to find why CBD is becoming even more popular as an alternative drug for acne, because it is actually a very risk-free element with couple of negative effects. CBD oils UK
As discussed in the past, there are actually numerous health and wellness benefits connected along with CBD, featuring lowering irritation and relaxing the stressed system. Lots of suggest CBD to individuals who wish to lower or remove the impacts of radiation treatment as well as various other pharmaceutical medicines. | <urn:uuid:59c10a0a-2dec-472e-af9a-f069d6fda13a> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://circus-band.com/2021/04/23/you-will-definitely-never-thought-that-knowing-cbd-oils-could-be-therefore-beneficial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587606.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024204628-20211024234628-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.962256 | 963 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In pleading. A positive statement of facts, in opposition to argument or inference. 1 Chit. PL 320. In old pleading. An offer to prove a plea, or pleading. The concluding part of a plea, replication, or other pleading, containing new affirmative matter, by which the party offers or declares himself “ready to verify.”
Law Dictionary – Alternative Legal Definition
pleading. Comes from the Latin verificare, or the French averrer, and signifies a positive statement of facts in opposition to argument or inference. 2. Lord Coke says averments are two-fold, namely, general and particular. A general averment is that which is at the conclusion of an offer to make good or prove whole pleas containing new affirmative matter, but this sort of averment only applies to pleas, replications, or subsequent pleadings for counts and a vowries which are in the nature of counts, need not be averred, the form of such averment being et hoc paratus. est verificare. 3. Particular averments are assertions of the truth of particular facts, as the life of tenant or of tenant in tail is averred: and, in these, says Lord Coke, et hoc, are not used. Again, in a particular averment the party merely protests and avows the truth of the fact or facts averred, but in general averments he makes an offer to prove and make good by evidence what he asserts. 4. Averments must contain not only matter, but form. General averments are always in the same form. The most common form of making particular averments is in express and direct words, for example: And the party avers or in fact saith, or although, or because, or with this that, or being But they need not be in these words, for any words which necessarily imply the matter intended to be averred are sufficient. | <urn:uuid:7dc41eff-3814-42ab-8768-ca784d745f36> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://dictionary.thelaw.com/averment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188947.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126200910-20201126230910-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.925807 | 390 | 2.546875 | 3 |
CO2 emissions rise again
A paper published in the Nature Geoscience journal as part of the Global Carbon Project has found that despite the deep financial crisis last year, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2009 dropped only 1.3 per cent on 2008 levels. This is less than half the drop that had earlier been predicted.
Drops in emissions in developed economies were offset by strong growth in many developing countries and an increasing reliance on coal. The carbon intensity of production, a measure of CO2 emissions per unit of GDP, dropped by just 0.7 per cent in 2009, well below the long term average of 1.7 per cent per year.
The study also predicts that global CO2 emissions have risen by 3 per cent in 2010, a return to the high growth rates of emissions between 2000 and 2008. | <urn:uuid:1cee7ece-a0b8-43c3-ae5c-6a7f4775584d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://airclim.org/acidnews/co2-emissions-rise-again | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575515.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922135356-20190922161356-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.944367 | 167 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|Trends in childhood mortality in Kenya: The urban advantage has seemingly been wiped out|
||E.W. Kimani-Murage, J.C. Fotso, T. Egondi, B. Abuya, P. Elungata, A.K. Ziraba, C.W. Kabiru, and N. Madise
||Health and Place, 29: 95–103; doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.06.003
Children under five
We describe trends in childhood mortality in Kenya, paying attention to the urban–rural and intra-urban differentials.
We use data from the Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys (KDHS) collected between 1993 and 2008 and the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) collected in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2010, to estimate infant mortality rate (IMR), child mortality rate (CMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR).
Between 1993 and 2008, there was a downward trend in IMR, CMR and U5MR in both rural and urban areas. The decline was more rapid and statistically significant in rural areas but not in urban areas, hence the gap in urban–rural differentials narrowed over time. There was also a downward trend in childhood mortality in the slums between 2003 and 2010 from 83 to 57 for IMR, 33 to 24 for CMR, and 113 to 79 for U5MR, although the rates remained higher compared to those for rural and non-slum urban areas in Kenya.
The narrowing gap between urban and rural areas may be attributed to the deplorable living conditions in urban slums. To reduce childhood mortality, extra emphasis is needed on the urban slums.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Child mortality, Under five mortality, Urban slums, Sub-Saharan Africa | <urn:uuid:17469ad8-b404-48e5-b8c2-e0579881f870> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dhsprogram.com/Publications/journal-details.cfm?article_id=1796&C_id=0&T_ID=0&P_ID=44&r_id=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572077.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814204141-20220814234141-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.870223 | 505 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Misdiagnosis of ADHD in Adults
Christian Jonathan Haverkampf, M.D.
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is a childhood-onset, persistent, neurobiological disorder associated with high levels of morbidity and dysfunction estimated to afflict up to 5% of adults worldwide. It includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior, which can lead to unstable relationships, poor work or school performance, low self-esteem, and other problems.
The diagnosis is important to design an effective treatment plan with the patient, which often includes medication and psychotherapy or counselling. There is a wide variety of approaches in the diagnosis of adult ADHD, and this article aims at giving an overview of some of the more common ones. However, there is a high risk of misdiagnosing this condition. The ability to concentrate, for example, can also be affected in depression, PTSD, anxiety, psychosis and other conditions, as can the capacity for organizing and seeing through tasks, various aspects of memory and information retrieval and irritability.
Awareness for the communication patterns in the interaction with the patient, and how the patient communicates internally, are important tools in the diagnostic process and in treatment, improving the individualization of treatment and building and maintaining compliance. While the actual interaction with the patient is of primary diagnostic importance, standardized questionnaires and neuropsychological testing batteries are important to support a diagnosis and to adjust treatment.
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, diagnosis, treatment, psychotherapy, psychiatry
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is a childhood-onset, persistent, neurobiological disorder associated with high levels of morbidity and dysfunction estimated to afflict up to 5% of adults worldwide (Kessler et al., 2006). It includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior, which can lead to unstable relationships, poor work or school performance, low self-esteem, and other problems. Due concerns about overdiagnosis and overtreatment, many children and youth diagnosed with ADHD still receive no treatment or insufficient treatment (Giuliano & Geyer, 2017).
Using DSM-IV criteria, in a study by Wilens and colleagues, 93% of ADHD adults had either the predominately inattentive or combined subtypes-indicative of prominent behavioral symptoms of inattention in adults. (Wilens et al., 2009) ADHD often presents as an impairing lifelong condition in adults, yet it is currently underdiagnosed and treated in many European countries, leading to ineffective treatment and higher costs of illness. Instruments for screening and diagnosis of ADHD in adults are available and appropriate treatments exist, although more research is needed in this age group. (Kooij et al., 2010)
The diagnosis of ADHD in adults is a complex procedure which should refer to the diagnostic criteria of a diagnostic manual, such as the DSM or ICD. It normally includes the following information:
- retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD symptoms
- current adult ADHD psychopathology including symptom severity and pervasiveness,
- functional impairment
- quality of life
In order to obtain a systematic database for the diagnosis and evaluation of the course ADHD rating scales can be very useful. However, the interaction with the patient in the clinical interview should remain the central part of the diagnosis. (Haverkampf, 2017c, 2017a) Integrating elements of semi-structured questioning into the clinical interview can be helpful, while awareness for the communication patterns the patient uses is crucial. (Haverkampf, 2018c) Still, specific diagnostic criteria that are more sensitive and specific to adult functioning are needed. (Davidson, 2008)
When focusing on the diagnostic details, one may sometimes run the risk of losing sight of the bigger defining symptoms of ADHD. Attention deficit needs to be present for the diagnosis. Studies of adults with ADHD suggest that the most prominent symptoms of ADHD relate to inattention as opposed to hyperactivity and impulsivity. In a meta-analysis, Schoenlein and Engel integrated 24 empirical studies reporting results of at least one of 50 standard neuropsychological tests comparing adult ADHD patients with controls. Complex attention variables and verbal memory discriminated best between ADHD patients and controls. In contrast to results reported in children, executive functions were not generally reduced in adult ADHD patients. (Schoechlin & Engel, 2005)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with deficits in executive functioning. ADHD in adults is also associated with impairments in major life activities, particularly occupational functioning. Executive functioning deficits contribute to the impairments in occupational functioning that occur in conjunction with adult ADHD. Barkley and Murphy concluded in their study that ratings of executive functioning in daily life contribute more to such impairments than do executive functioning tests. The investigators hypothesize that one reason could be that each assesses a different level in the hierarchical organization of EF as a meta-construct. (Barkley & Murphy, 2010)
The exchange of information, internally and externally, is the process that is generally affected and gives rise to several of the observed symptoms. ADHD interferes with effective and helpful communication internally and externally, which causes several of the observed symptoms. (Haverkampf, 2010b) Internal and external communication patterns should thus be observed in diagnosis and worked with as an important focus later in treatment.
Prevalence of ADHD in adults declines with age in the general population, although the unclear validity of DSM–IV diagnostic criteria for this condition may have led to reduced prevalence rates by underestimation of the prevalence of adult ADHD. (Kessler et al., 2006) Symptoms start in early childhood and continue into adulthood. In some cases, ADHD is not recognized or diagnosed until the person is an adult. Adult ADHD symptoms may not be as clear as ADHD symptoms in children. In adults, hyperactivity often decreases, but struggles with impulsiveness, restlessness and difficulty paying attention usually continue. It is mostly these latter symptoms which can interfere significantly with an individual’s daily life.
Hyperactive–impulsive symptoms seem to decline more with increasing age, whereas inattentive symptoms of ADHD tend to persist. In a study by Millstein and colleagues, inattentive symptoms were most frequently endorsed in over 90% of ADHD adults. An assessment of current ADHD symptoms showed that 56% of adults had the combined ADHD subtype, 37% the inattentive only subtype, and 2% the hyperactive/impulsive subtype. Whereas females had fewer childhood hyperactive-impulsive symptoms than males, there were no gender differences in their ADHD presentation as adults. This suggests that the vast majority of adults with ADHD present with prominent symptoms of inattention. (Millstein, Wilens, Biederman, & Spencer, 1997) Decision-making is another important cognitive process which seems impaired in adults with ADHD (Mäntylä, Still, Gullberg, & Del Missier, 2012), and which can lead to impairment in several domains in life.
The decrease in ADHD symptoms over time may indicate true remission of symptoms, but it may also indicate that the symptom criteria are less robust in older rage groups. Michielsen and colleagues, for example, concluded in their epidemiological study on ADHD in older persons in the Netherlands that ADHD does not fade or disappear in adulthood. (Michielsen et al., 2012)
Rising rates of ADHD have led to the concern that ADHD is often misdiagnosed. The ability to concentrate, for example, can also be affected in depression, PTSD, anxiety, psychosis and other conditions, as can the capacity for organizing and seeing through tasks, various aspects of memory and information retrieval and irritability. There is evidence of medically inappropriate ADHD diagnosis and treatment in school-age children and less so for adults. In a study by Evans and colleagues, for example, age relative to peers directly affected a child’s probability of being diagnosed with ADHD. The relative age effect was present for both ADHD diagnosis and treatment with stimulants (Evans, Morrill, & Parente, 2010).
Because of the high frequency of ADHD symptoms in autism, children with autism may initially be misdiagnosed with ADHD. The core symptoms of ADHD (attention deficit, impulsivity, and hyperactivity) are part of autism, and autism and ADHD have similar underlying neuropsychological deficits (Mayes, Calhoun, Mayes, & Molitoris, 2012). On the other hand, the rate for children with autism spectrum disorder to be also diagnosed with ADHD is as high as 60% (Stevens, Peng, & Barnard-Brak, 2016).
Trauma may also be misinterpreted as ADHD, particularly in children. Hyper-vigilance and dissociation, for example, could be mistaken for inattention. Impulsivity might be brought on by “a stress response in overdrive” (Ruiz, 2014). Cognitive and emotional disruptions that occur in response to trauma, such as difficulty concentrating, dysregulated affect, irritability, and hyperarousal, either overlap with ADHD symptomatology or exasperate it (Szymanski, Sapanski, & Conway, 2011).
Manifestations of OCD-related inattention may be misdiagnosed as ADHD symptoms, particularly again in children. In OCD only, current ADHD symptoms correlate with obsessive-compulsive symptoms There is a risk of misdiagnosis, especially in children when primarily relying on informants (Abramovitch, Dar, Mittelman, & Schweiger, 2013).
Bipolar disorder is also a neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in childhood and early adolescence and commonly persists into adulthood. Both disorders are often undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, and sometimes over diagnosed. The differentiation of these conditions is based on their clinical features, comorbidity, psychiatric family history, course of illness, and response to treatment (Marangoni, De Chiara, & Faedda, 2015). Children with bipolar disorder are more likely to present with
- aggression and lack of remorse, while in ADHD a destructiveness is more likely due to carelessness.
- severe temper tantrums, often of more than an hour in duration, which are less intense and shorter in ADHD
- intentional misbehavior, which is in ADHD more likely to be due to inattentiveness
- underestimating risk, while in ADHD there may be unawareness of risk
- anger for longer periods of time, holding a grudge and being unforgiving, while in ADHD calm is usually restored within half an hour or considerably more quickly and the reasons for the anger forgotten
- stimulation seeking due to boredom, while in ADHD the stimulation seeking is more general
- amnesia for anger outbursts
- flight of ideas (manic phase), while in ADHD the talkativeness is due to a lack of inhibition and can be influenced and redirected
- decreased need for sleep
- sleep inertia and slow awakening (unless in a manic phase)
- rapidly changing mood shifts
- suicidal ideation
- symptoms that routinely improve on lithium, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics
- symptoms that do not improve on stimulants
If both conditions are present, the mood disorder symptoms and the course of the bipolar condition are usually more severe, and the functional scores lower. Since the symptoms of a separate ADHD are often mistakenly assumed to be part of the bipolar conditions, patients with comorbid ADHD and BD are routinely underdiagnosed and undertreated (Klassen, Katzman, & Chokka, 2010).
Many people with ADHD have fewer symptoms as they age, but some adults continue to have major symptoms that interfere with daily functioning also in later stages of life. In adults, the main features of ADHD may include difficulty paying attention, impulsiveness and restlessness. This can make it more difficult to acquire new information, process it together with existing information and communicate with others.
Adults with ADHD may find it difficult to focus and prioritize, leading to missed deadlines and forgotten meetings or social plans. The inability to control impulses can range from impatience waiting in line or driving in traffic to mood swings and outbursts of anger. The difficulties in persisting with a task is probably a consequence of ineffective information transmission internally.
Adult ADHD symptoms may include:
- Disorganization and problems prioritizing
- Poor time management skills
- Problems focusing on a task
- Trouble multitasking
- Excessive activity or restlessness
- Poor planning
- Low frustration tolerance
- Frequent mood swings
- Problems following through and completing tasks
- Hot temper
- Trouble coping with stress
Extensive psychometric studies have provided empirical support for the symptom thresholds used to diagnose ADHD in children, and there is general agreement that ADHD can be reliably diagnosed in children using these formal diagnostic criteria. However, the reliability of the diagnosis of ADHD in adults is less clear. The task would become easier if there were a greater focus on operationalizing internal and external communication patterns, that can be observed, described by the patient or inferred from these observation and descriptions by an experienced therapist. These patterns have been described by the author in for ADHD (Haverkampf, 2017e, 2017a) as well as for several other mental health conditions (Haverkampf, 2010b, 2017d, 2018b). Diagnosis of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) adults is difficult, as neither symptom report nor neuropsychological findings are specific to ADHD. However, the most information can still be gained in the clinical interview if the clinician is receptive to the various levels of information flows and integrates them into the overall assessment.
It is unclear whether the three subtypes recognized in the diagnostic manuals have a different underlying ethology or any other justification to separate them. However, they are frequently used in clinical practice and offer a rough symptom description which can also be useful for many non-medical questions, such as support in school or disability. The subtypes are:
- ADHD combined type (ADHD-C; both inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive symptoms)
- ADHD predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I)
- ADHD predominantly hyperactive–impulsive type (ADHD-H)
The diagnosis of adult ADHD is a clinical decision-making process, where the emphasis lies on the clinical interview and anything that can support the information gained in it. There are no objective, laboratory-based tests that can establish this diagnosis. (Haavik, Halmøy, Lundervold, & Fasmer, 2010) Given the difficulties with the formal diagnostic criteria for ADHD, determining the diagnosis of ADHD in adults presents different challenges than determining the diagnosis in children (Riccio et al., 2005). There is no single neurobiological or neuropsychological test that can determine a diagnosis of ADHD on an individual basis (Rosler et al., 2006).
In most situations, an ADHD assessment should include a comprehensive clinical interview, as rating scales, an assessment of a broader spectrum of psychiatric and somatic conditions and information from third parties if available.
How patients exchange meaningful information with themselves and others to get their needs and aspirations met or in response to an interaction or a perception or sensation is of very high diagnostic values in most psychiatric conditions, including especially so also ADHD. Unfortunately, there is often a lack of focus on a patients’ internal and external communication, which could be diagnostically helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. For example, the effectiveness of ADHD coaching in improving patients’ everyday life has been demonstrated. (Kubik, 2010) Since communication is the basic process by which individuals get their needs and aspirations met in everyday life, increasing their quality of life and integrating them into the community, which in itself can have a protective effect, exploring a patient’s communication patterns should be a primary goal of an assessment for the severity of ADHD. (Haverkampf, 2017f, 2017e, 2017b)
The clinical interview, and thus the interaction with the patient, is at the center of the diagnosis of ADHD. This may make the process more difficult to operationalize for randomized controlled studies if they fail to conceptualize information and communication in a clinical interview. A greater elucidation of communication processes has been described as beneficial by the author and several different techniques and approaches suggested. (Haverkampf, 2010a)
A comprehensive clinical interview is one of the most effective methods to make a diagnosis of ADHD (Adler, 2004; Jackson & Farrugia, 1997; Murphy & Adler, 2004; Wilens, Faraone, & Biederman, 2004). Open-ended questions about childhood and adult behaviors can be used to elicit information necessary to diagnose ADHD. Interviews also include questions regarding developmental and medical history, school and work history, psychiatric history, and family history of ADHD and other psychiatric disorders (Barkley, 2006).
The clinical interview also gives inside into the communication the patient uses, internally and externally, and how he or she attends to and processes meaningful information. (Haverkampf, 2010a, 2018a) This is important for the diagnosis and treatment of any mental health condition, but particularly also ADHD. (Haverkampf, 2017a)
Although many clinicians use unstructured interviews to assess adult ADHD, semistructured interviews do exist. One does not necessarily have to choose between either one, but it can be helpful to at least integrate semistructured elements into a clinical interview, which still offers the latitude to explore more freely, which can be important in assessing any comorbidities. Research suggests that semistructured clinical interviews can reliably and accurately be used for determining a diagnosis of ADHD in adults (Epstein & Kollins, 2006).
Comprehensive diagnostic interviews not only evaluate diagnostic criteria, but also assess different psychopathological syndrome scores, functional disability measures, indices of pervasiveness and information about comorbid disorders. Comprehensive procedures include the Brown ADD Diagnostic Form and the Adult Interview by Barkley and Murphy. The Wender Reimherr Interview which follows a diagnostic algorithm different from DSM-IV. The interview contains only items delineated from adult psychopathology and not derived from symptoms originally designed for use in children. (Rösler et al., 2006)
From a communication perspective, the etiology of ADHD consists generally of the same maladaptive communication and information handling patterns, whether in a child or an adult. However, given differences in developmental stages and environmental factors the symptoms and impairments can be different. Also, the chronicity and entrenchment of a particular patterns, in connection with developmental progress, can influence the phenomenology of the condition. To consider all these factors a certain flexibility and openness in the clinical interview is of paramount importance.
The Conners Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID), for example, assesses for the presence of the ADHD symptoms listed in the DSM-IV and collects information related to history, developmental course, ADHD risk factors, and comorbid psychopathology. Epstein and Kollines examined the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the CAADID for DSM-IV in a sample of thirty patients referred to an outpatient clinic. Kappa statistics for individual symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity were in the fair to good range for current report and retrospective childhood report. Kappa values for overall diagnosis, which included all DSM-IV symptoms, were fair for both current (adult) ADHD diagnosis (kappa = .67) and childhood report (kappa = .69). Concurrent validity was demonstrated for adult hyperactive-impulsive symptoms and child inattentive symptoms. (Epstein & Kollins, 2006)
Another semi-structured interview is the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults, which has gone through improvement updates. It has been compared to the CAADID and other ADHD severity scales, following the DSM-IV criteria. Ramos-Quiroga and colleagues carried out a transversal study on 40 out-patients with ADHD to check the criteria and concurrent validity of the DIVA 2.0 compared with the CAADID. The DIVA 2.0 interview showed a diagnostic accuracy of 100% when compared with the diagnoses obtained with the CAADID interview. The concurrent validity demonstrated good correlations with three self-reported rating scales: the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), the ADHD-Rating Scale, and Sheehan’s Dysfunction Inventory. (Ramos-Quiroga et al., 2016) One advantage of the DIVA is that it is free to use.
Supportive methods in diagnosing ADHD are being explored. Using computerized clinical decision support modules can in higher quality of care with respect to ADHD diagnosis including a prospect for higher quality of ADHD management in children. (Bergman et al., 2009) This is different from using computers for neuropsychological testing, where the patient interacts with the computer. Computer-assisted diagnosis tools could, for example, provide decision trees that are based on empirical insights. While this can be a valuable support for the clinician, it is important to keep in mind that the interactions with the patient is probably the most important instrument in the assessment of ADHD.
Questionnaires may be underutilized in clinical practice. They often are easy to administer, score and interpret, while their reliability and validity can be quite high.
- The Connors Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS)
- the Current Symptoms Scales by Barkley and Murphy (CSS)
- the Adult Self Report Scale (ASRS) by Adler et al. and Kessler et al. and
- the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—Self Report Scale (ADHD-SR by Rösler et al.)
are self-report rating scales focusing mainly on the DSM-IV criteria, although the CAARS and CSS also have other forms.
- The Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and
the Childhood Symptoms Scale by Barkley and Murphy aim at making a retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD symptoms.
- The Brown ADD Rating Scale (Brown ADD-RS) and
- the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Other Report Scale (ADHD-OR by Rösler et al.)
are instruments for use by clinicians or significant others.
Both self-rating scales and observer report scales quantify the ADHD symptoms by use of a Likert scale mostly ranging from 0 to 3, which makes comparison of follow-up tests easier.
Self-report checklists are commonly used in the assessment of ADHD. In addition to self-report rating scales, rating scales completed by an individual’s spouse or significant other can provide useful information in determining the individual’s overall life functioning. They are easy to administer, and a number of reliable and valid measures exist. Problems may be bias or malingering, which are difficult to control for. Distorted memories probably play a negligible role in rating scales that focus on current symptoms, but could become important in those screening for symptoms in childhood and adolescence.
Research has demonstrated that rating scales can accurately reflect the frequency and intensity of symptoms (Wadsworth & Harper, 2007) and, when used retrospectively, are valid indicators of symptomatology (Murphy & Schachar, 2000). Murphy and Schachar (2000) examined the validity of self-reported ratings of current and childhood ADHD symptoms by adults. In one study, participants’ ratings of their childhood ADHD symptoms were compared to their parents’ ratings of childhood symptoms. In a second study, participants’ ratings of their current ADHD symptoms were compared to a significant other’s rating of current symptoms. All correlations between self-ratings and parent ratings were significant for inattentive, hyperactive–impulsive, and total ADHD symptoms, as were correlations between self-ratings and significant other ratings.
Belendiuk and colleagues examined in 2007 the concordance of diagnostic measures for ADHD, including self-ratings and collateral versions of both rating scales and semistructured interviews. Results supported the findings of Murphy and Schachar, showing high correlations between self-reports and collateral reports of inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive symptoms. Results also demonstrated high correlations between self-report rating scales and diagnostic interviews. (Belendiuk, Clarke, Chronis, & Raggi, 2007)
The CAARS (Conners, Erhart, & Sparrow, 1999) assesses ADHD symptoms in adults and comprises short, long, and screening self-report and observer rating scale forms. The CAARS produces eight scales, including scales based on DSM-IV criteria and an overall ADHD index. Internal consistency is good, with Cronbach’s alpha across age, scales, and forms ranging from .49 to .92 (Conners et al., 1999; Erhardt, Epstein, Connors, Parker, & Sitarenios, 1999). Test–retest reliability (1 month) estimates are high, ranging from .85 to .95 (Conners et al., 1999; Erhardt et al., 1999). The ADHD index produces an overall correct classification rate of 85%, and the sensitivity of the ADHD index has been estimated at 71% and the specificity at 75% (Conners et al., 1999).
Adler and colleagues compared the reliability, validity, and utility in a sample of adults with ADHD and also as an index of clinical improvement during treatment of self- and investigator ratings of ADHD symptoms via the CAARS. They analyzed data from two double-blind, parallel-design studies of 536 adult ADHD patients, randomized to 10-week treatment with atomoxetine or placebo. The CAARS demonstrated good internal consistency and inter-rater reliability, as well as sensitivity to treatment outcome. (Adler et al., 2008)
Taylor and colleagues retrieved 35 validation studies of adult ADHD rating scales and identified 14 separate scales. The majority of studies were of poor quality and reported insufficient detail. Of the 14 scales, the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating scale and the Wender Utah Rating Scale (short version) had more robust psychometric statistics and content validity. (Taylor, Deb, & Unwin, 2011)
The Current Symptoms Scale (Barkley & Murphy, 1998) is an 18-item selfreport scale with both a patient version and an informant version. It contains the 18 items from the diagnostic criteria in DSM-IV. Validity has been demonstrated through past findings of significant group differences between ADHD and control adults (Barkley, Murphy, DuPaul, & Bush, 2002). An earlier DSM-III version of the scale correlated significantly with the same scale completed by a parent (r = .75) and by a spouse or intimate partner of the ADHD adult (r = .65; Murphy & Barkley, 1996a).
The ASRS-v1.1 (Adler, Kessler, & Spencer, 2003) is an 18-item measure based on the DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD that produces three scale scores. Questions are designed to suit an adult rather than a child, and the language provides a context for symptoms that adults can relate to. Internal consistency estimates are high, and the ASRS-v1.1 has been shown to have high concurrent validity (Adler et al., 2006).
Adler et al conducted a study to validate the pilot Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (pilot ASRS) versus standard clinician ratings on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD RS). Sixty adult ADHD patients took the self-administered ADHD RS and then raters administered the standard ADHD RS. Internal consistency was high for both patient and rater-administered versions. The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) between scales for total scores was also high, as were ICCs for subset symptom scores. There was acceptable agreement for individual items and significant kappa coefficients for all items. The pilot Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale symptom checklist was thus a reliable and valid scale for evaluating ADHD for adults and showed a high internal consistency and high concurrent validity with the rater-administered ADHD RS. (Adler et al., 2006)
Retrospective assessments collect information to help make a retroactive diagnosis of ADHD.
The WURS (Ward, Wender, & Reimherr, 1993) is based on items from the monograph Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children (Wender, 1971), which is more detailed than the symptoms listed in the DSM or ICD-10. McCann and colleagues examined the factor structure and discriminant validity of the WURS in adults seeking evaluation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Three factors (Dysthymia, Oppositional/Defiant Behavior, and School Problems) accounted for 59.4% of the variance. In a stepwise discriminant function analysis, age and childhood school problems emerged as significant variables. The classification procedure correctly classified 64.5% of patients. Among those who did not have ADHD, only 57.5% were correctly classified compared with 72.1% among those with ADHD. The WURS thus appears to be sensitive in detecting ADHD, but it misclassified approximately half of those who do not have ADHD. (McCann, Scheele, Ward, & Roy-Byrne, 2000)
The Brown ADD-RS (Brown, 1996; Brown & Gammon, 1991) assesses symptoms of ADHD in adults. It was developed before the DSM-IV concept of ADHD was published and focuses more on symptoms of inattention rather than hyperactivity and impulsivity. The scale shows high internal consistency (α = .96) and satisfactory validity (M. Weiss, Hechtman, & Weiss, 1999).
To measure treatment response, the Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) was developed to better capture symptoms of ADHD in adult patients. The AISRS uses a semistructured interview methodology with suggested prompts for each item to improve interrater reliability. (Spencer et al., 2010) The authors analyzed psychometric properties of the AISRS total and AISRS subscales and compared them to the investigator rated version of the CAARS and the Clinical Global Impression-ADHD-Severity Scale using data from a placebo-controlled 6-month clinical trial of once-daily atomoxetine. Results showed that the AISRS and its subscales were robust, valid efficacy measures of ADHD symptoms in adult patients. Its anchored items and semistructured interview are mentioned as advancements over existing scales. (Spencer et al., 2010)
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behaviorally defined diagnosis. Despite the fact that neuropsychological tests have typically been used successfully to investigate the functional neuroanatomy of ADHD in neuroimaging research paradigms, these tests have been of surprisingly limited utility in the clinical diagnosis of the disorder. (Koziol & Stevens, 2012) Still, if used discriminatingly and with an understanding for their place in an assessment, neuropsychological testing can play a significant role in the assessment of ADHD. However, one needs to keep in mind that there is no single test or battery of tests that has adequate predictive validity or specificity to make a reliable diagnosis of ADHD. Although there seem to be differences between adults with ADHD and control participants on measures of cognitive functioning, these measures probably have limited predictive value in distinguishing ADHD from other psychiatric or neurological conditions that are associated with similar cognitive impairments (Wadsworth & Harper, 2007).
In adult ADHD, neuropsychological testing is most beneficial when the results are used to support conclusions based on history, rating scales, and analysis of current functioning. Cognitive assessments can be useful in that they can improve the validity of an ADHD assessment and be used in assessing the efficacy of pharmacological and/or psychological interventions (Epstein et al., 2003). Also, many researchers agree that a neuropsychological assessment will be most sensitive to ADHD when the assessment incorporates multiple, overlapping procedures measuring a broad array of attentional and executive functions (Alexander & Stuss, 2000; Cohen, Malloy, & Jenkins, 1998; Woods et al., 2002).
Important functional domains of neuropsychological tests are:
- verbal ability
- figural problem solving
- abstract problem solving
- executive function
- simple attention
- sustained attention
- focused attention
- verbal memory
- figural memory
Woods and his colleagues (2002) reviewed the role of neuropsychological evaluation in the diagnosis of adults with ADHD. In their review of 35 studies, the authors found that the majority of the studies demonstrated significant discrepancies between adults with ADHD and normal control participants on at least one measure of executive function (i.e., the ability to assess a task situation, plan a strategy to meet the needs of the situation, implement the plan, make adjustments, and successfully complete the task; Riccio et al., 2005) or attention. Moreover, Woods et al. found that the most prominent and reliable executive function and attention measures that differentiated adults with ADHD were Stroop tasks (Stroop, 1935) and continuous performance tests (CPTs). (The Stroop phenomenon demonstrates that it is difficult to name the ink color of a color word if there is a mismatch between ink color and word. For example, the word GREEN printed in red ink. The CPT measures a person’s sustained and selective attention.)
Neuropsychological tests generally have a poor ability to discriminate between patients diagnosed with ADHD and patients not diagnosed with ADHD. Pettersson and colleagues investigated in their study the discriminative validity of neuropsychological tests and diagnostic assessment instruments in diagnosing adult ADHD in a clinical psychiatric population of 108 patients, 60 were diagnosed with ADHD. The Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults (DIVA 2.0) and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) v.1.1 together with eight neuropsychological tests were investigated. All instruments showed poor discriminative ability except for the DIVA, which showed a relatively good ability to discriminate between the groups (sensitivity = 90.0; specificity = 72.9). A logistic regression analysis model with the DIVA and measures of inattention, impulsivity, and activity from continuous performance tests (CPTs) showed a sensitivity of 90.0 and a specificity of 83.3. This means that while the ability to discriminate between patients with and without ADHD is poor, variables from CPT tests can contribute to increasing the specificity by 10% if used in combination with the DIVA. (Pettersson, Söderström, & Nilsson, 2018)
Schoechlin and colleagues conducted a meta-analysis integrating 24 empirical studies reporting results of at least one of 50 standard neuropsychological tests comparing adult ADHD patients with controls. The 50 tests were categorized into the following 10 functional domains: verbal ability, figural problem solving, abstract problem solving, executive function, fluency, simple attention, sustained attention, focused attention, verbal memory, figural memory. For each domain a pooled effect size d′ was calculated. Complex attention variables and verbal memory discriminated best between ADHD patients and controls. Effect sizes for these domains were homogeneous and of moderate size (d′ between 0.5 and 0.6). In contrast to results reported in children, executive functions were not generally reduced in adult ADHD patients. (Schoechlin & Engel, 2005) Woods et al. (2002), on the other hand, concluded that although a general profile of attentional and executive function impairment is evident in adults with ADHD, expansive impairments in these domains (i.e., impairments on all attention and executive function tasks) is not common. Their review demonstrated inconsistencies in specific instruments across studies, indicating that adults with ADHD may not perform poorly on all attentional measures all the time. This finding is not surprising given the fact that adults with ADHD often demonstrate sporadic or inconsistent attention, which can be difficult to identify given the structure provided by the one-on-one testing environment (Barkley, 1998).
One popular family of measures for the assessment of attention and executive control is the continuous performance test (CPT). A review of the available research on CPTs reveals that they are quite sensitive to CNS dysfunction. This is both a strength and a limitation of CPTs in that multiple disorders can result in impaired performance on a CPT. The high sensitivity of CPTs is further complicated by the multiple variations of CPTs available, some of which may be more sensitive or demonstrate better specificity to ADHD in adults than others. If CPTs are to be used clinically, further research will be needed to answer the questions raised by this review. (Riccio & Reynolds, 2006).
Several theoretical models suggest that the core deficit of ADHD is a deficiency in response inhibition. While neuropsychological deficits in response inhibition are well documented in ADHD children, research on these deficits in adult ADHD populations is minimal. In a study by Epstein and colleagues, twenty-five adult ADHD patients, 15 anxiety-disordered adult patients, and 30 normal adults completed three neuropsychological tests of response inhibition: the Continuous Performance Test, Posner Visual Orienting Test, and the Stop Signal Task. ADHD adults demonstrated response inhibition performance deficits when compared to both normal adults and anxiety disordered adults only on the Continuous Performance Test. A similar pattern of differences was not observed on the other two neuropsychological tests. Differing results between tasks may be due to differences in test reliability, task parameters, or the targeted area of brain functioning assessed by each test. (Epstein, Johnson, Varia, & Conners, 2001)
Abibullaev and colleagues proposed a decision support system in diagnosing ADHD through brain electroencephalographic signals. (Abibullaev & An, 2012) Lenartowicz and Loos concluded that while EEG cannot currently be used as a diagnostic tool, vast developments in analytical and technological tools in its domain anticipate future progress in its utility in the clinical setting. (Lenartowicz & Loo, 2014) However, the overall assessment still requires a clinical decision, which may depend on many factors, including the individual attitude towards the diagnosis held by the therapist.
Malingering is an important issue in ADHD diagnosis and is defined as the conscious fabrication or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms in the pursuit of a recognizable goal. A diagnosis of ADHD can provide an individual with several benefits, including stimulant medication, disability benefits, tax benefits, and academic accommodations, and such benefits may motivate adults undergoing diagnostic evaluations for ADHD to exaggerate symptomatology on self-report measures and tests of neurocognitive functioning. Musso and colleagues identified and summarize nineteen peer-reviewed, empirical studies published between 2002 and 2011 that investigated malingered ADHD in college students. Few of the measures examined proved useful for detecting malingered ADHD. Most self-report questionnaires were not sensitive to malingering. While there is some variability in the usefulness of neuropsychological test failure, profiles between malingerers and individuals with ADHD were too similar to confidently detect malingered ADHD. Failure of three or more symptom validity tests proved most useful at detecting malingered ADHD. The authors concluded that there is substantial need for measures designed specifically for detecting malingered ADHD simulators are able to produce plausible profiles on most tools used to diagnose ADHD. (Musso & Gouvier, 2014)
Detection of faking can prove difficult with adults in particular, as clinicians often do not have access to a parent or sibling who can attest to prior history of ADHD symptoms or the resources to follow up do not exist. Moreover, adults often lack developmental documentation such as report cards, teacher evaluations, or prior psychological testing reports.
Quinn (2003) examined the issue of malingering by comparing the susceptibility of a self-report ADHD rating scale and a CPT to faking in an undergraduate sample of individuals with and without a diagnosis of ADHD. Results indicated that the CPT showed greater sensitivity to malingering than did the self-report scale and that a CPT can successfully discriminate malingerers from those with a valid diagnosis of ADHD. Given the potential benefits associated with an ADHD diagnosis, clinicians should include a symptom validity measure in their assessment battery. At present, however, there is no demonstrated best practice for this.
Suhr and colleagues utilized archival data from young adults referred for concerns about ADHD, divided into three groups: (1) those who failed a measure of noncredible performance (the Word Memory Test; WMT), (2) those who met diagnostic criteria for ADHD, and (3) controls with psychological symptoms but no ADHD. Results showed a 31% failure rate on the WMT. Those who failed the WMT showed clinical levels of self-reported ADHD symptoms and impaired neuropsychological performance. Neither self-report measures nor neuropsychological tests could distinguish ADHD from psychological controls, with the exception of self-reported current hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and Stroop interference. (Suhr, Hammers, Dobbinsbuckland, Zimak, & Hughes, 2008) These results underscore the effect of noncredible performance on both self-report and cognitive measures in ADHD.
It is difficult to tell how much a greater focus on the communication dynamics in a clinical interview can improve the problems around malingering. However, communication in its diverse synchronous forms is probably much more difficult to consciously influence and ‘fake’ than a simple task. However, a greater focus on communication patterns and dynamics also requires the skills and experience in the clinician to work with them.
Diagnosing ADHD in adults requires careful consideration of differential diagnoses, as it can be difficult to differentiate ADHD from a number of other psychiatric conditions (Pary et al., 2002), including major depression, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), substance abuse or dependence, personality disorders (borderline and antisocial), and learning disabilities (Searight, Burke, & Rottnek, 2000). For example, differential diagnosis of ADHD from mood and conduct disorders may be difficult because of common features such a mood swings, inability to concentrate, memory impairments, restlessness, and irritability (Adler, 2004). Differential diagnosis of learning disabilities can also prove difficult because of the interrelated functional aspects of the disorders that have the common outcome of poor academic functioning (Adler, 2004; Jackson & Farrugia, 1997).
High rates of comorbidities are also seen in adults with ADHD, with the majority having at least one additional psychiatric disorder. ADHD is associated with a high percentage of comorbid psychiatric disorders in every lifespan. In adulthood between 65–89% of all patients with ADHD suffer from one or more additional psychiatric disorders, above all mood and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders and personality disorders, which complicates the clinical picture in terms of diagnostics, treatment and outcome issues. (Sobanski, 2006) Outcome studies have demonstrated that individuals diagnosed with ADHD in childhood are at risk for developing comorbid conditions, some of which are likely secondary to ADHD-related frustration and failure.
The most frequent comorbid psychopathologies include mood and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and personality disorders. (Katzman, Bilkey, Chokka, Fallu, & Klassen, 2017) Biederman and colleagues (1993) found a relatively high incidence of lifetime diagnoses of anxiety disorders (43% to 52%), major depressive disorder (31%), ODD (29%), CD (20%), antisocial personality disorder (12%), and alcohol and drug dependencies (27% and 18%, respectively) in their sample of clinic-referred adults with ADHD. There are strong familial links and neurobiological similarities between ADHD and the various associated psychiatric comorbidities. Comparable rates of comorbidities have been found in men and women with ADHD, with the exception of men having higher rates of antisocial personality disorder. (Millstein et al., 1997)
With respect to ADHD subtypes in adults, Millstein and colleagues found higher rates of ODD, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorders in patients with the combined type of ADHD than in those with other subtypes and higher rates of ODD, OCD, and PTSD in patients with the hyperactive type than in those with the inattentive type. In their study, Sprafkin and colleagues found that all three subtypes reported more severe comorbid symptoms than did a control group, with the combined group obtaining the highest ratings of comorbid symptom severity. The authors found that the ADHD symptom subtypes in adults are associated with distinct clinical correlates and conclude that the diversity of self-reported psychopathology in adults who meet symptom criteria for ADHD highlights the importance of conducting broad-based evaluations. (Sprafkin, Gadow, Weiss, Schneider, & Nolan, 2007)
In addition to comorbid psychiatric disorders, adults with ADHD often complain of psychosocial difficulties, which can manifest in a significantly higher rate of separation and divorce and lower socioeconomic status, poorer past and current global functioning estimates, and higher occurrence of prior academic problems relative to the control group.
Murphy and Barkley (1996a) documented high rates of educational, employment, and marital problems in adults with ADHD. Multiple marriages were more common in the adult ADHD group, and significantly more adults with ADHD had performed poorly, quit, or been fired from a job and had a history of poorer educational performance and more frequent school disciplinary actions against them than did adults without ADHD. Low self-concept and low self-esteem are common secondary characteristics of adults with ADHD, often resulting from problematic educational experiences and interpersonal difficulties (Jackson & Farrugia, 1997). Adults with ADHD often have strong feelings of incompetence, insecurity, and ineffectiveness, and many of these individuals live with a chronic sense of underachievement and frustration (Murphy, 1995).
Variations in communication processes and patterns, both internally and externally, play an important role in the etiology and the symptomatology of ADHD. Unfortunately, there is not enough focus on them in diagnosis and treatment. The author has proposed a theoretical approach and several practical approaches elsewhere (Haverkampf, 2010b, 2017e, 2017d, 2018b) Since the symptoms of ADHD are consequences of maladaptive internal communication and processing mechanisms of meaningful information, while at the same time there are maladaptive external communication patterns with the world, which lead to the observed difficulties in the personal and professional life of the patient, a greater focus on communication is important.
The use of DSM-IV criteria for ADHD in adults has been criticized. Barkley (1998) suggests that applying current ADHD criteria to adults is not developmentally sensitive. The DSM-IV criteria for ADHD were designed for and selected based on studies with children (Riccio et al., 2005), and validation studies of ADHD criteria in adults have not been conducted (Belendiuk, Clarke, Chronis, & Raggi, 2007). It has thus been suggested that the symptom lists in DSM-IV may be inappropriately worded for adults and that diagnostic thresholds may be too stringent or restrictive when applied to adults (Heiligenstein, Conyers, Berns, & Smith, 1998). The level of impairment caused by ADHD symptoms may also be different between adults and children, and symptoms will likely affect more domains in adults. However, when looked at from a communication perspective, and when focusing on the basic of ADHD, such as the attention deficit, it seems possible to view ADHD as a condition where external and internal communication, including the receptiveness for and decoding of information, is altered in predictable patterns. (Haverkampf, 2017f)
Dr Jonathan Haverkampf, M.D. MLA (Harvard) LL.M. trained in medicine, psychiatry and psychotherapy and works in private practice for psychotherapy, counselling and psychiatric medication in Dublin, Ireland. He is the author of several books and over a hundred articles. Dr Haverkampf has developed Communication-Focused Therapy® and written extensively about it. He also has advanced degrees in management and law. The author can be reached by email at firstname.lastname@example.org or on the websites www.jonathanhaverkampf.ie and www.jonathanhaverkampf.com.
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Sobanski, E. (2006). Psychiatric comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(S1), i26–i31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-006-1004-4
Spencer, T. J., Adler, L. A., Meihua Qiao, M., Saylor, K. E., Brown, T. E., Holdnack, J. A., … Kelsey, D. K. (2010). Validation of the Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS). Journal of Attention Disorders, 14(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709347435
Sprafkin, J., Gadow, K. D., Weiss, M. D., Schneider, J., & Nolan, E. E. (2007). Psychiatric Comorbidity in ADHD Symptom Subtypes in Clinic and Community Adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(2), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054707299402
Stevens, T., Peng, L., & Barnard-Brak, L. (2016). The comorbidity of ADHD in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 31, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.07.003
Suhr, J., Hammers, D., Dobbinsbuckland, K., Zimak, E., & Hughes, C. (2008). The relationship of malingering test failure to self-reported symptoms and neuropsychological findings in adults referred for ADHD evaluation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23(5), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2008.05.003
Szymanski, K., Sapanski, L., & Conway, F. (2011). Trauma and ADHD – Association or Diagnostic Confusion? A Clinical Perspective. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2011.575704
Taylor, A., Deb, S., & Unwin, G. (2011). Scales for the identification of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(3), 924–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RIDD.2010.12.036
Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V, Martelon, M., Westerberg, D., & Spencer, T. J. (2009). Presenting ADHD symptoms, subtypes, and comorbid disorders in clinically referred adults with ADHD. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(11), 1557–1562. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04785pur
This article is solely a basis for academic discussion and no medical advice can be given in this article, nor should anything herein be construed as advice. Always consult a professional if you believe you might suffer from a physical or mental health condition. Neither author nor publisher can assume any responsibility for using the information herein.
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This article has been registered with the U.S. Copyright Office. Unauthorized reproduction, distribution or publication in any form is prohibited. Copyright will be enforced.
This article is an expanded version of the article “The Diagnosis of ADHD in Adults” (2019) by the same author.
© 2020 Christian Jonathan Haverkampf. All Rights Reserved
Unauthorized reproduction, distribution and/or publication in any form is prohibited. | <urn:uuid:c92f1c7e-2874-4228-be90-8b5b929fbb61> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://jonathanhaverkampf.ie/wp/category/diagnosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141182776.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125100409-20201125130409-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.900902 | 13,730 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The list of health issues faced by mature bunnies and their owners may seem overwhelming to the novice. However, some problems can be easily remedied at home, and avoided altogether by maintaining the proper diet, keeping a healthy environment, and taking care of your pet. Once you’ve established a bond with your rabbit, care and concern will be second nature to you.
Gastrointestinal Stasis is a fairly common, but potentially life-threatening, condition which can effect your pet rabbit. GI Stasis occurs when the digestive system slows down or stops and there is a build up of bacteria. Your pet will suffer bloating due to a build up of gas and this will limit his or her desire for food or water. The less your pet eats and drinks, the more dehydrated and malnourished he or she will become. Eventually the impacted digestive tract will release toxins into your pet’s system, causing the liver to fail.
Stress, urinary tract issues, improper diet and lack of exercise are all causes of GI Stasis. Seek attention from your vet immediately if you suspect your pet is suffering and/or if your rabbit has stopped pooping or eating.
By keeping your bunny clean, you can prevent the deadly occurrence of a parasitic condition call fly strike in which flies are drawn to an area, usually the rear-end, lay their eggs and the larvae literally eat the rabbit’s flesh, causing infection and disease. The best way to clean your rabbit’s butt is with lukewarm water and some pet shampoo. Using a cloth, clean the poopie area everyday. Also, make sure your pet is consuming enough roughage and has no molar issues which could interfere with the digestive process.
Conditions such as heat stroke and conjunctivitis are also quite common. If your rabbit is lethargic, has reddening of the ears, is panting, or convulsing, and outside conditions are hot, you may suspect heatstroke. Begin treatment immediately by spritzing the ears with cool water. Never immerse your rabbit in cool water as he or she could go into shock and die. Call your vet immediately if you suspect heatstroke.
Conjunctivitis can be it’s own condition, caused by an infection of the eye, or a secondary condition brought on by many things. If your pet has a swollen eye, with redness and a pus-like discharge, seek medical attention immediately. Not knowing if the conjunctivitis is it’s own condition or because of an underlying affliction makes it impossible to treat at home.
Of course, avoiding the common health problems to begin with is a smart move. Always adopt from a reputable shelter or breeder. Frequent chronic problems can be traced to breeding or early weaning.
Preventative medicine is best and establishing a good relationship with a veterinarian you trust is essential. Always keep routine and well-bunny appointments and keep up with vaccinations and health check-ups to ensure continued good health. Knowing you can trust your vet means you won’t ever feel as though your bothering him or her with a question or concern. After all. Your rabbit’s health is in your hands. | <urn:uuid:f2582993-6354-4f52-b00c-ec1bb5184d39> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://ilovemyhouserabbit.com/common-health-problems-for-house-rabbits-part-i/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510271862.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011751-00258-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95914 | 664 | 2.625 | 3 |
November 21, 2008
China May Endure Massive Erosion
A three-year nationwide survey has found that over a third of China's land is being scoured by serious erosion that is putting its crops and water supply at risk.
The country's bio-environment security research team said soil is being washed and blown away not only in remote rural areas, but near mines, factories and even cities.Every year, 4.5 billion tons of soil are lost, which threatens the country's ability to feed itself.
Harvest in China's northeastern breadbasket could fall 40 percent in 50 years if the loss continues at this rate. Adding to erosion costs estimated at 200 billion yuan ($29 billion) in this decade alone.
"China has a more dire situation than India, Japan, the United States, Australia and many other countries suffering from soil erosion," the research team said.
Beijing has been worried about the desertification of its northern grasslands, and scaled back logging after rain rushing down denuded mountainsides during a mass flooding in the late 1990s.
Around 1.6 million square km of land are still being degraded by water erosion, with almost ever river basin affected. The report said, another 2.0 million square km are under attack from wind. The survey was the longest survey on soil conservation since the Communist Part took control of China in 1949. | <urn:uuid:f380182e-7476-4131-a9b8-c95042837513> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1602164/china_may_endure_massive_erosion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807344.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124085059-20171124105059-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.975332 | 280 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Portrait of Roman woman
The head is made of white marble with a yellowish brown patina. The nose has been broken off, and the head seems to have belonged to a statue.
Frederik Poulsen noted in his catalogue (Poulsen, 1951), that vestiges of red colour were seen at the nape of the neck with the naked eye.
In 1957 the head was cleaned and given a new plinth.
Description of object
The nose has been broken off and is missing. The neck is formed for insertion in a statue.
This older woman with the tightly closed lips possesses an energetic appearance, with an almost wry smile. The hair over the forehead is wavy, with small curls in front of the ears. The eyebrows are prominent, framing large round eyes.
Choice of methods
F. Poulsen (1951), Catalogue of Ancient Sculpture in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, cat. no. 752.
F. Johansen (1994), Catalogue. Roman Portraits III. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, cat. no. 68.
- IN 1492
- c. 240 C.E.
- Roman Imperial
- White marble
- Bought in 1896 from Martinetti’s art store in Rome.
- H. 33 cm. | <urn:uuid:111ac703-c16c-4840-a2c2-bb2607a5be79> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://trackingcolour.com/objects/69 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107922411.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031181658-20201031211658-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.914085 | 285 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Edwin McMasters Stanton (1814-1869) was a lawyer and politician who served as Abraham Lincoln’s secretary of war during the Civil War (1861-65). A native of Ohio, Stanton briefly served as attorney general under President James Buchanan before succeeding Simon Cameron as the U.S. secretary of war in January 1862. Stanton proved an influential force in managing the Union war effort and eventually became one of Abraham Lincoln’s closest advisers. He would continue to serve under President Andrew Johnson from 1865 to 1868 but was bitterly opposed to Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction policies in the South. Johnson attempted to replace Stanton in 1867 and 1868, and Stanton later supported radical Republican efforts to remove Johnson from office. Stanton resigned as secretary of war in May 1868. He was later appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in December 1869 but died only days later at the age of 55.
Edwin M. Stanton: Early Life and Political Career
Edwin McMasters Stanton was born in Steubenville, Ohio, on December 19, 1814. After his father died in 1827, Stanton worked in a bookstore to help support his widowed mother. He attended Kenyon College in 1831 but left the following year due to his family’s worsening financial situation. In 1835 Stanton passed the Ohio state bar and began practicing as a lawyer. A year later he settled in Cadiz, Ohio, and married Mary A. Lamson, with whom he had two children.
Over the next 10 years, Stanton built a robust law practice in Ohio. He also became active in politics and regularly served as a delegate to the Ohio Democratic convention. In 1844 Stanton’s first wife died in childbirth. He later remarried Ellen Hutchinson, a young woman from a prominent Pennsylvania family, and had four more children.
Stanton next moved his law practice to Pittsburg before settling in Washington, D.C., in 1856. While in Washington, Stanton was involved in several high-profile legal cases, including the murder trial of future Union General Daniel Sickles, in which he made one of the earliest successful uses of the insanity defense.
In December 1860 Stanton was appointed attorney general in the cabinet of James Buchanan, who was set to leave office in early 1861. During his short tenure Stanton helped convince Buchanan that the secession of the Southern states was unconstitutional, a move that effectively prevented the Confederacy from peaceably separating from the Union.
Edwin M. Stanton: Lincoln’s Secretary of War
Stanton had been an early critic of Abraham Lincoln’s presidency, but he remained in Washington after the start of the Civil War and served as an adviser to Secretary of War Simon Cameron. In November 1861 Stanton counseled Cameron to issue a report arguing that slaves should be armed to fight against the Confederacy. Coupled with allegations of corruption, this premature proclamation resulted in Cameron’s removal as secretary of war. Stanton would succeed him shortly thereafter in January 1862.
As secretary of war, Stanton acted swiftly to untangle the bureaucracy of the War Department. A shrewd strategist, he also seized the U.S. telegraph system and used it to control military actions and filter the flow of information to the press. Like many in the North, Stanton believed the war would be quickly won, and in the spring of 1862 he made a famous error when he mandated that all military recruiting offices be closed. He would later strongly support Lincoln’s decision to institute the federal draft law in March 1863.
A small man who suffered from severe asthma, Stanton was nevertheless relentless in his management of the war effort. Early in his tenure he issued an order canceling all foreign contracts for military goods, a move that helped bolster U.S. industry. He also revamped the transport system and made extensive use of railroads to speed the shipment of war materiel. One of Stanton’s most notable accomplishments came in September 1863, when he took a mere 10 days to coordinate the transport of 20,000 troops over 1,500 miles to reinforce Union General William Rosecrans at Chattanooga, Tennessee.
A staunch Unionist, Stanton was suspect of any military officers or public servants he thought might hold neutral or pro-Confederate stances. He was tireless in his efforts to arrest or remove those he viewed as disloyal, and during his tenure civilians and other figures deemed to have undermined the war effort were often jailed without charge. Stanton’s opinions made him no shortage of enemies during his tenure. He was particularly critical of General George B. McClellan and actively campaigned to see him stripped of his title as general-in-chief of the Union Army in 1862.
Although he had been critical of Abraham Lincoln’s early administration of the war, Stanton later joined Secretary of State William Seward as one of Lincoln’s closest advisers and even switched his allegiance to the Republican Party. He was a strong supporter of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and vehemently encouraged the use of Black troops in the U.S. war effort. Lincoln eventually came to view Stanton as one of his most valuable assets, ignoring repeated calls from Stanton’s political opponents that he be removed from office. When Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865, Stanton reportedly said of the president, “Now he belongs to the ages.” Stanton would go on to manage the prosecution of the various conspirators involved in assassinating Lincoln, ensuring that they were tried in a military court.
Edwin M. Stanton: Post-Civil War Career and Later Life
After the end of the Civil War, Stanton remained secretary of war under President Andrew Johnson and oversaw the demobilization of the U.S. Army. During Reconstruction, he clashed with Johnson over his lenient treatment of the former Confederate states. Stanton openly criticized Johnson for failing to provide more federal intervention in the affairs of Southern states that denied blacks basic civil rights after the ratification of the 13th Amendment, which banned slavery. Congress largely supported Stanton and passed the Tenure of Office Act in early 1867 in an attempt to prevent Johnson from removing him as secretary of war. Johnson ignored the new law and attempt to fire Stanton anyway, but he was quickly overruled by Congress. Stanton later resorted to briefly barricading himself in his office when Johnson tried to remove him a second time in early 1868. Already vocal in his opposition to Johnson’s Reconstruction policies, Stanton openly supported congressional efforts to impeach the president over his supposed violation of the Tenure of Office Act. After Johnson was acquitted of any wrongdoing, Stanton chose to voluntarily resign as secretary of war in May 1868.
After leaving Johnson’s cabinet, Stanton resumed his former career as a lawyer. In December 1869 he was nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court by President Ulysses S. Grant. While the U.S. Senate confirmed Stanton to the high court, he died only four days later at the age of 55. | <urn:uuid:2285b341-e4c9-47f7-ae94-9c7694a5c5f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/edwin-m-stanton | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652184.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605221713-20230606011713-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.983304 | 1,427 | 3.375 | 3 |
Javelin is a medium-range anti-tank guided missile developed by a joint venture between Raytheon and Lockheed Martin. The missile is currently in service with U.S. forces and has been battle tested in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Considered the best shoulder-fired anti-tank weapon in the world, the Javelin uses a long-wave infrared seeker to guide the missile for the destroying battle tanks, bunkers, buildings, small ships and low-flying helicopters with a high probability of hit. It can also be launched from tripods, light armored vehicles, trucks, and remote-controlled vehicles, and has the maximum striking range of 2,500 meters.
The “Javelin” anti-tank weapon is a portable anti-tank missile developed by the United States. It can not only be used through shoulder launch method, but can also be installed on wheeled or amphibious vehicles to launch and destroy enemy targets. The missile development began in June 1989, and it was officially adopted into service in 1996. The Javelin makes use of infrared focal plane array seeker, it is a new type of anti-tank missile that has fully automatic guidance system.
It has the ability to fight day and night and forget after launch. The full weapon system package consists of missiles and launchers. The total weight of the system is 22.5 kg, the diameter of the missile is 114 mm, the length of the missile is 957 mm, and the weight of the missile is 11.8 kg. The ATGMs uses Image infrared homing guidance system and a two-stage solid thruster for propulsion.
In view of the fact that the use of anti-tank missiles on the Vietnam battlefield made the US military very dissatisfied, they began to develop their own in the mid-1960s. At that time, two missiles were proposed, the light anti-tank missile carried by individual soldiers was the “Dragon” M-47, and the heavy vehicle anti-tank missile was the “Tao” M-220. The tail wind during launch is an important factor affecting the use of the missile and the shooter’s control of the missile.
Therefore, the U.S. military uses tube launch mechanism to eliminate the impact of the tail wind in the design of these two types of missiles. A take-off gas generating charge is installed at the bottom of the launch tube. When launching, the projectile is pushed out of the launch tube by the take-off charge.
After flying a certain safe distance from the shooter, the missile engine ignites and flies. The advantage of this launch method is that the shooter does not have to spend time to capture the missile position, so the dead angle of the shot is very small. Both missiles are guided by semi-automatic line-of-sight wire commands, and were in service with U.S. troops in 1970 and 1974, respectively.
Unlike other anti-tank missiles, the Javelin anti-tank missile does not fly straight to the target and detonate after aiming at the target, but ejects the launch tube after aiming and locking the target, and the ejection distance is about 10 meters, and then the missile engine ignites and automatically adjusts the attitude and climb vertically to a height of about 100 to 200 meters before descending vertically.
At the same time, the infrared guidance located at the front of the missile quickly finds and aims at the previously locked target, and then rushes to the target at full speed to penetrate and detonate the tank at an extremely fast speed, completing the top attack. Even some skilled veterans can use Javelin anti-tank missiles to shoot down low-flying helicopters and other slow-flying low-flying aircrafts. | <urn:uuid:fa556e19-9b30-4eef-a1f9-a088e2500b63> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://defenceview.in/2022/08/22/how-powerful-is-the-javelin-anti-tank-weapon-that-destroyed-thousands-of-russian-equipment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.956876 | 765 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.
This English edition of a textbook on electrocardiography that has already had three Spanish editions is most welcome. The book is written primarily for students and incorporates within it the many years of teaching experience that the author has had at the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico. For instance, one will find in this book the clearest explanation of the electrical position of the heart given anywhere. Although the author follows the lead of his teacher, the late Dr. Frank Wilson, he has also included results of his own research, particularly in reference to the correlation of electrocardiographic, clinical, and pathological data. The first chapters follow the conventional pattern of describing the electrophysiological basis for electrocardiography. Subsequent chapters are more concerned with the direct application of these principles than with the long detailed descriptions of clinical electrocardiography commonly found in most textbooks. Vectorcardiography, the ventricular gradient, and intracavitary potential
New Bases of Electrocardiography. JAMA. 1956;162(16):1507. doi:10.1001/jama.1956.02970330079036
Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
Create a personal account or sign in to: | <urn:uuid:fdefafd3-2afd-48f1-a7c8-6d39a3d4033d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/319249 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823657.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211151237-20181211172737-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.941754 | 287 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In order to construct the homes, businesses, and other structures that Illinois residents see throughout their communities, construction workers must erect supports that allow them to reach higher to finish their building projects. These supports are often called scaffolds or scaffolding, and scaffolds can be made out of wood and other building materials. Generally, scaffolds are temporary structures that workers may use to reach further or higher than they would otherwise be able to from the ground.
Through this definition a reader may be able to surmise some of the ways that scaffolds cause injuries to workers. One way that workers can be hurt by scaffolds is when those scaffolds collapse while the workers are on them. A collapsing scaffold may cause a worker serious injuries or death due to their trauma. Any workers who are under or near a collapsing scaffold may also suffer harm if they are in the path of the falling structure.
Additionally, even if a scaffold does not fall, a worker may do so if they are not properly secured to the structure. State and federal standards dictate how high a worker may do their job without being tied to a scaffold or other structure; falls are a major cause of construction accidents in the United States.
A properly built scaffold with safety equipment for workers installed upon it should offer construction workers a secure structure on which to do their work and accomplish their building tasks. When workers are hurt on the job due to dangerous scaffolds, however, they may need legal help to protect their interests and livelihoods as they fight to recover from their injuries. | <urn:uuid:727701b8-f5ab-4b69-9d48-f95bfd1efcf2> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.vpelaw.com/blog/2019/01/how-can-scaffolds-be-dangerous-to-construction-workers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896169.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708000016-20200708030016-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.974495 | 313 | 3.421875 | 3 |
We are all aware by now that the world faces several challenges towards making a more sustainable planet. Therefore, as a society, we have established certain long-term goals to accomplish sustainability. These goals are represented in the UNESCO’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals to transform the world (SDG’s). But, today we´re going to talk about the Gender Gap of Women in STEM and Tech, specifically among the software development industry.
Even though, there’s still a long road that the world has to travel to meet Goal #5 of UNESCO’s SDG’s (Gender Equality) to transform the world, especially in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), at all levels of education and labor market. These are four of the areas in which the world can still recognize shocking gender inequality and underrepresentation.
According to the EQUALS and UNESCO study: I’d blush if I could: closing gender gaps in digital skills through education from 2019, “women and girls are 25 percent less likely than men to know how to leverage digital technology for basic purposes; 4 times less likely to know how to program computers and 13 times less likely to file for a technology patent”, not to mention statistics like the fact that “only 12 percent of individuals around the world with an identifiable STEM job are women” according to the 2015 Gender Bias Without Borders study by the Geena Davis Institute.
According to UIS data, less than 30% of the world’s researchers are women. The Gender Gap of Women in STEM
Experts argue that even though women represent the majority of all graduates from tertiary education in most countries of the world. Fewer women than men choose to pursue STEM degrees. Some of the reasons that explain this counterintuitive insight are: “discrimination, biases, social norms and expectations that influence the quality of education they receive and the subjects they study, according to Irina Bokova, former Director-General of UNESCO (2009-2017)
In a world with strong gender stereotypes and a culture that promotes the lack of self-confidence. Women end up opting for careers outside of the STEM fields. Which, in consequence, causes low representation in the labor market, especially in leadership roles.
This vicious cycle keeps on reproducing itself and as a result of women not entering STEM careers. There is a lack of role models that girls can look up to. Learn and internalize how a woman in a leadership role looks like. In addition to, how they can see themselves in her and emulate her.
Percent of women in the company’s board of directors. World Economic Forum.
The greatest challenge preventing the economic gender gap from closing is women’s under-representation in emerging roles. In cloud computing, just 12% of professionals are women. Similarly, in Engineering and Data and AI, the numbers are 15% and 26% respectively.
Global Gender Gap Report 2020. World Economic Forum
In Cafeto, we firmly believe in the power of diversity and inclusion. And we firmly believe that taking positive action towards common global goals is our responsibility. We believe that to break the cycle of underrepresentation of women in the labor market, companies must create actionable plans to make a change. And we also believe that when companies commit CHANGE HAPPENS because we are proof of it.
“I am particularly proud to see that our board of directors is full of women.”Luis Perez
Many years ago, in a very natural and intuitive way, we started incorporating women into our workforce. However, we were pleasantly surprised by the discovery that this decision represented an enormous potential on a seldom untapped resource.
It was at this moment that we decided to actively and consciously contribute to closing the gender gap.
All of this by breaking the cycle of underrepresentation of women in leadership roles.
This decision has led us to be able to say with pride that we have designed an ecosystem where the company as a whole, can benefit from the vantage points gender diversity naturally brings to teams. So much so that as of today five out of seven members of our board of directors are women and we consider this result as a win.
Having brought to our team our latest board of directors’ member has made us look back and see how much we have accomplished in so little time just by making a choice and taking positive action. And we have hundreds of reasons to demonstrate why this has been one of the best investments we could have ever made. Being led by women has made us better. Our teams are more diverse, more creative, we have gained perspective. We’ve acquired values of relentlessness; versatility, and adaptability and we are ready to go to the next level.
Therefore, for us, having accomplished this goal is just the beginning of our deep commitment to closing the gender gap. We already know the power of how making a single and simple decision can impact the world.
“We want to be a different company in many ways, and this also has to do with the way we organize and lead”Felipe Tabares
These videos will be available on all our social media platforms and we want to invite you to take positive action and share this campaign with every girl and woman, who you believe, needs to hear these empowering messages and experiences from the role models of the future.
We hope together we can contribute to the defeat of gender inequality and overcome the Gender Gap of Women in STEM and the Women in Tech (software development).
“We support gender equality 100%. It is necessary to delete from our minds the paradigm that this is an industry of/for men”Felipe Tabares | <urn:uuid:f3935308-83cf-412a-a95f-f94c28423442> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://cafeto.co/women-in-tech-wednesdays-closing-the-gap-one-day-at-a-time-women-gender-gap-women-in-stem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988882.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508151721-20210508181721-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.954783 | 1,169 | 3.40625 | 3 |
What is the difference between Anglican Church and Catholic?
Anglicans and Catholics were one in the same until Henry VIII broke from the Church . 2. The Anglican Church eschews hierarchy while the Catholic Church embraces it. Much of the mass is the same, but Catholics believe the bread and wine is actually the body and blood of Christ.
Is the Anglican Church Catholic or Protestant?
The Church claims to be both Catholic and Reformed. It upholds teachings found in early Christian doctrines, such as the Apostles Creed and the Nicene Creed. The Church also reveres 16th century Protestant Reformation ideas outlined in texts, such as the Thirty-Nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer.
What is a Catholic Anglican?
Anglo- Catholicism , Anglican Catholicism , or Catholic Anglicanism comprises people, beliefs and practices within Anglicanism that emphasise the Catholic heritage and identity of the various Anglican churches.
Can an Anglican go to a Catholic church?
Basically, if you are a baptized Anglican in good standing (not a heretic), and you freely approach the Catholic church for the sacrament, share Catholic understanding of the sacrament (e.g., believe in the Real Presence), and have a spiritual need or desire for it, you can receive.
Do Anglicans pray the rosary?
Anglican prayer beads, also known as the Anglican rosary or Anglican chaplet, are a loop of strung beads used chiefly by Anglicans in the Anglican Communion, as well as by communicants in the Anglican Continuum.
Do Anglicans recognize the Pope?
The Vatican says more Anglicans have expressed an interest in joining the Catholic Church. The process will enable groups of Anglicans to become Catholic and recognize the pope as their leader, yet have parishes that retain Anglican rites, Vatican officials said.
What religion is closest to Anglican?
The majority of Anglicans are members of national or regional ecclesiastical provinces of the international Anglican Communion , which forms the third-largest Christian communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
What Bible do Anglicans use?
The King James Bible
What is the difference between Baptist and Anglican?
Anglican is Church of England – quite formal NO not formal at all, expect in some ‘high churches’ – most are just as modern as any other church out there. Baptist – adults make a consious decision to be baptised rather tan babies. They don’t baptuse babies at all.
Do Anglicans believe in the Virgin Mary?
Some Anglicans agree that the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary is sound and logical, but without more scriptural proof it cannot be considered dogmatic. No Anglican Church accepts belief in Mary as Co-Redemptrix and any interpretation of the role of Mary that obscures the unique mediation of Christ.
Can Anglican priests marry?
Churches of the Anglican Communion have no restrictions on the marriage of deacons, priests , bishops, or other ministers to a person of the opposite sex. Early Anglican Church clergy under Henry VIII were required to be celibate (see Six Articles), but the requirement was eliminated by Edward VI.
Do Anglican churches have crucifixes?
Catholic (both Eastern and Western), Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Moravian, Anglican and Lutheran Christians generally use the crucifix in public religious services.
Can a Catholic receive Communion in an Anglican church?
That can be summarised simply. Catholics should never take Communion in a Protestant church , and Protestants (including Anglicans ) should never receive Communion in the Catholic Church except in case of death or of “grave and pressing need”. There is much talk of pain and brokenness in the document.
Do Anglicans make the sign of the cross?
Anglicans and Episcopalians make the sign of the cross from touching one’s forehead to chest or upper stomach, then from left side to right side of the breast, and often ending in the center.
Do Anglicans have confession?
Although more commonly associated with Catholicism, the Church of England has long offered a form of confession to worshippers, on request. Anglican priests meet parishioners to hear confession face to face, often in their own home, without such trappings as confessional booths, and offer absolution for sins. | <urn:uuid:aceeacd3-9b74-4dbd-8ad3-42707817b278> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://elrenosacredheart.com/question-answer/what-is-an-anglican-catholic-church.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499695.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128220716-20230129010716-00868.warc.gz | en | 0.942565 | 914 | 2.796875 | 3 |
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1 W. H. Kern, Jr. and P. G. Koehler2 1. This document is Fact Sheet ENY-243 (MG218), a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: October 1991. Revised: September 2007. Reviewed March 2011. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2. W. H. Kern, Jr., associate professor, Entomology and Nematology Department, Ft. Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Ft. Lauderdale, and P. G. Koehler, professor, Entomology and Nematology Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. Rats and mice often enter homes, farm buildings, and warehouses in search of food and shelter. The most common rodent pests in Florida are the commensal rats and mice. These are Old World rodents that have adapted to live with man. They include the Roof Rat, Norway Rat, and House Mouse (Figure 2). These commensal rodents have been carried by man to every corner of the Earth. Rats and mice consume or contaminate large quantities of food and damage structures, stored clothing, and documents. They also serve as reservoirs or vectors of numerous diseases, such as Rat-bite fever, Leptospirosis (Weil's Disease), Murine Typhus, Rickettsial pox, Plague, Trichinosis, Typhoid, Dysentery, Salmonellosis, Hymenolepis tapeworms, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, and Hanta virus. Young rat; feet large, head large. Credits: World Health Organization In most cases of rodent infestation, the pest animals can be controlled without having to resort to the use of poisons. The practices of good sanitation and exclusion will prevent most problems. If rodents do find their way indoors, small populations can be easily eliminated with various nontoxic methods. Rodenticides (rodent poisons) need only be used in cases of large or inaccessible infestations. The trapping of rodent pests is often preferable to the use of poisons. Traps prevent rodents from dying in inaccessible places and causing an odor problem. There is no chance of an accidental poisoning or secondary poisoning of nontarget wildlife, pets, or
Non-Chemical Rodent Control 2 House mouse; feet small, head small. Credits: James Castner, University of Florida children with the use of traps. Secondary poisoning of pets or wildlife can result from eating poisoned rodents. Traps can be used in situations where poisons are not allowed or recommended, such as in food handling establishments. Know Your Opposition The house mouse is the most common commensal rodent invading houses in Florida. It is primarily nocturnal and secretive. The presence of mice is usually indicated by sightings, damage from gnawing into food containers, or presence of droppings (Figure 3). In the wild, house mice feed primarily on seeds. In the home, they prefer grain products, bird seed, and dry pet food. Peanut butter or gum drops stuck to the trigger, rolled oats or bird seed sprinkled on the trap are good baits. House mice are inquisitive and actively explore anything new. They tend to nibble on many small meals a night. House mice are good climbers. They have a small home range and usually stay within 10 to 30 feet of their nest. Therefore traps for mice should be set 6 to 10 feet apart. Nests are usually in structural voids, in undisturbed stored products or debris, or in burrows outdoors. When food is abundant, nesting material, such as a cotton ball, attached to the trigger can act as an effective lure. Mice and rats are very nervous about moving in the open. The more cover they have, the more comfortable they are. They would prefer running behind an object or along the baseboard of a wall than to run across an open space. House mouse droppings. Credits: W. H. Kern, Jr., University of Florida The roof rat or black rat is the most common rat encountered in Florida. These rats are excellent climbers and often nest in attics, wall voids, hollow trees, and in palm thatch. They prefer to travel off the ground and enter houses from nearby trees or along powerlines. Roof rats prefer fruit (they are sometimes called citrus rats), but will eat any type of human, pet, or livestock food. Peanut butter, pieces of fruit or nut meats are the best baits. Rats are usually fearful of new items in their environment and avoid them for several days. This means that traps should be left in place for at least one week before they are moved to a new location. The presence of roof rats can be determined by gnawing damage, the presence of droppings (Figure 4), sightings, sounds of scratching, squeaking, or gnawing in walls or ceilings, and characteristic dark, greasy rub marks along frequented paths along walls and on rafters. Rats have large home ranges and may travel over 50 yard to reach food or water. Concentrating traps along rat runways or favorite routes of travel is most effective. The Norway rat is uncommon in Florida, but can occur anywhere in the state. Rats occurring in sewers are generally Norway rats. These rats are strong burrowers, but can also climb well. They are excellent swimmers and can swim under water for up to 30 seconds and can enter houses by coming up toilet pipes. These rats usually dig burrows along building foundations and under debris piles. They have a strong preference for meat and fish, but will do well on any type of human or pet food. Raw or cooked meat and fish, especially sardines, are excellent baits, but peanut butter also works well. Like the roof rat, the Norway rat is cautious of new
Non-Chemical Rodent Control 3 Roof rat droppings. Credits: W. H. Kern, Jr., University of Florida objects and has a very large home range, over 50 yards in radius. The Norway rat is very aggressive and will drive roof rats out of an area. However, both species of rats can be found in the same building, with roof rats in the attic and Norway rats in the basement. Norway rat droppings. Credits: W. H. Kern, Jr., University of Florida Comparison of Roof rat and Norway rat. Proper sanitation will do a great deal to control rodent pests. All animals have three requirements for life; food, water, and cover. Removal of any one will force an animal to leave. The removal of debris such as, piles of waste lumber or trash, used feed sacks, abandoned large appliances, and trimming the dead fronds from palm trees will substantially reduce the harborages for rodent pests. Stacked firewood stored for long periods provides good harborage for all three commensal rodents. Storage of pet food and seeds, such as wild bird seed, in rodent proof containers of glass or metal, will eliminate these food sources. Collect and remove fallen fruit from backyard trees and orchards. Keeping lids on trash cans and closing dumpsters at night will also make an area less attractive to rats and mice. The drainage holes in dumpsters should be covered with hardware cloth to keep rodents out. Trim tree branches at least 6 feet from the roof. Exclusion is also called rodent-proofing. This involves making your home a fortress that rodents can not breach. Rodents can squeeze through any opening that their head can fit through. That is a 1/4 inch opening for mice and a 1/2 inch opening for young rats. Young rats and mice are the dispersing individuals, so these are the ones most likely to invade new areas, like your home. Any opening that a pencil can fit through will admit a mouse. Below is a list of recommended materials for excluding rats and mice. 1. Galvanized, stainless, or other non-rusting metal. Sheet metal, 24 gauge or heavier. Expanded metal, 28 gauge or heavier.
Non-Chemical Rodent Control 4 Perforated metal, 24 gauge or heavier. Hardware cloth, 19 gauge or heavier, 1/4 inch or smaller mesh. 2. Cement mortar with a 1 part cement: 3 part sand mix or richer. 3. Concrete with a 1 part cement: 2 part gravel: 4 part sand mix or richer. Broken glass added to mortar or concrete will deter rodents from tunneling through a patched hole before the material hardens. 4. Brick, concrete block, tile, or glass will exclude rodents if in good repair. 5. Wood will exclude rodents if no gnawing edges are present. Rodentproofing openings around pipes with sheet metal (left) and concrete (right). Rodentproofing drains with 1/4" hardware cloth. Rodentproofing a door, placing sheet metal channel at bottom and cuffs at sides, over channel. There are several main types of rodent traps; snap traps, multicatch traps, single catch live traps, electrocuting traps (Figure 19), and glue board traps. Snap traps (Figure 20) include the classic rodent traps with wood, plastic or metal base, chocker loop traps and clothespin traps. They are designed to kill the trapped animal quickly and humanely. Snap traps should not be set where children or pets will come in contact with them. Traps can be isolated from children and pets by using trap stations made from wood or cardboard boxes. There are three different types of triggers; wood / prebaited, metal for holding bait, and expanded trigger, which is used in runways. The expanded trigger is the most versatile type since it can also be baited. Older snap traps with other types of triggers can be modified to produce an expanded trigger (Figure 25). Traps should be placed where rodents are likely to be. Rodents are creatures of habit and prefer to follow the same runways they usually use. It is
Non-Chemical Rodent Control 5 Rodentproofing a vent with 1/4" hardware cloth. Rodentproofing phone lines and communication cables. Contact your power company for assistance with any power lines. Never work on live power lines yourself. Use 18-24 inch sections of plastic shower curtain rode covers. The tubes role when the rodents try to walk over it. Rodentproofing openings where wires enter buildings. Rodentproofing air vents and chimneys using 1/4" hardware cloth. important to identify these runways and place traps there. Runways can be identified by sprinkling a fine layer of flour or baby powder in suspected areas and looking for tracks. This is a safe diagnostic method for determining rodent activity, but should not by confused with the use of Rodenticide Tracking Powders which require a restricted use pesticide license. Rodents often run along edges and traps should be set along walls (Figure 24 & 26), especially where objects such as a box or appliance will guide them into the trap. The type of bait used depends on the species of rodent pest. Roof rats prefer to travel above the ground and are easier to trap along these precarious pathways than on the ground (Figure 21). Multicatch traps (Figure 27) are designed to repeatedly catch a rodent and reset themselves for another capture. Advantages of these traps are the ability to capture several rats or mice with one setting and the scent from the captured mice entices others to the trap. The disadvantages are that the captured mice or rats are alive and must be dealt with and these traps can be expensive. Methods for dealing with the
Non-Chemical Rodent Control 6 Use steel wool, copper scourering pads, or hardware cloth to prevent rodents from climbing up the inside of the cover for the air conditioning lines from the outside unit. Credits: W. H. Kern, Jr., University of Florida Blocking end spaces of wall void using sheet metal, concrete, brick, or wood. Rat guard over pipes and utility wires against a wall. Rat guards for utility wires near a wall. captive rodents includes euthanasia with CO2 in a CO2 chamber, using drowning attachments available for some traps, or finding someone with a pet snake that eats mice or rats. The release of exotic rodents outside is illegal in Florida and is not a solution, since they will quickly find a way back into your home or someone else's. Trap-wise rodents are also more difficult to trap than naive ones. Multicatch traps must be checked on a regular basis like any other trap to prevent the capture rodents from starving or dying of thirst and creating an odor problem. Several makes and models of multicatch traps are available. Single catch live traps (Figure 28) are rodent-sized cage traps of various styles. These traps capture the rat or mouse alive and unharmed, but again you have to deal with the captured rodent. The native rodents, cotton mice (Figure 29) and eastern wood rat, that occasionally invade rural and suburban homes can be released back in the woods with little chance of them returning indoors. They can
Non-Chemical Rodent Control 7 Hardware cloth curtain wall on a storage building. Top edge covered with strip of sheet metal. Electrocuting trap. Snap traps are humane, effective, and inexpensive. Many are designed to act as runway traps with expanded triggers and they can also be baited like traditional traps. Securing snap trap placement on pipes, rafters or conduit using heavy duty rubber bands. Credits: W. H. Kern, Jr., University of Florida Securing snap trap placement on rafters or fence boards using a nail through a pre-drilled hole. Credits: W. H. Kern, Jr., University of Florida be recognized by their fine brown fur, white belly, large eyes, very large ears, and bicolored tail (brown on top to white on teh bottom). Live traps should be used in areas of Florida known to be occupied by endangered native rodent species, especially on barrier islands and the Florida Keys, to confirm the species of invading rodent and prevent the accidental killing of an endangered species.
Non-Chemical Rodent Control 8 (Top) Improper placement of snap traps. (Middle) Proper placement of double traps and use of structure to guide rodents into traps. (Bottom) Proper placement. Methods of converting metal bait-triggers to expanded triggers for runway sets. Snap trap by the wall. Credits: Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida Multicatch mouse traps. Credits: W. H. Kern, Jr., University of Florida Single catch live traps. Credits: W. H. Kern, Jr., University of Florida The native Cotton Mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus). Note white belly and bi-colored tail. Credits: James Castner, University of Florida These traps should be placed against walls or in runways. The most effective bait for mice with this type of trap is rolled oats (uncooked oatmeal) sprinkled inside the trap with a fine trail leading out. Rat-sized live traps and mouse sized live traps are produced by several manufacturers. Glue boards are used just like snap traps. While both rat and mouse sized glue boards are made, these traps are most effective against mice. Rats are often strong enough to pull themselves free from glue traps. Glue boards should not be set in wet or dusty areas because these conditions render the traps ineffective. Wet feet and fur will not stick to the glue and dust
Non-Chemical Rodent Control 9 coats the glue till it is no longer sticky. These traps also should not be set where children or pets will contact them. Glue boards are not hazardous to children or pets, but the encounter will create a frustrating mess. Clean up hands with room temperature cooking oil and clean surfaces with paint thinner or mineral spirits. The best glue boards have at least a 1/8 to 1/4 inch layer of glue. Do not set glue boards near open flames or above carpets. Glue boards should be secured with a tack or small nail, wire, or double sided tape if they are placed on ledges, pipes, or rafters over food preparation surfaces or carpets. Shooting rodent pests is not an efficient method of control. If you choose to use this method, observe the following safety rules. Remember that discharging a firearm within city limits is illegal, as is the use of a firearm by a minor without adult supervision. A .22 cal. bullet can travel over a mile and can easily penetrate corrugated metal walls and roofs, so always be sure of your backstop when using this weapon or any firearm. The use of shot cartridges is safer than using solid bullets, since each of the smaller pellets possess less energy and it is easier to hit your target with a pattern of shot than a single bullet. When using any projectile weapon, always wear eye protection such as shooting glasses or goggles. Rats are strongly nocturnal, so the best hunting is at dusk and after dark. A red or amber filter over your flash light will aid you in seeing your targets without alarming them. Rodents, like most nocturnal mammals do not see in color and do not seem to see in the red or amber wavelengths. Predators are nature's method of controlling rodent populations. There are many native and domestic predators that feed on rats and mice. Snakes such as black racers, yellow, black, or gray rat snakes, corn snakes (red rat snakes), king snakes, Florida pine snakes (gopher snakes), and coachwhips are non-poisonous native reptiles that feed primarily on rodents and may help control outdoor infestations. Hawks and owls, especially Barn Owls, eat large numbers of rats and mice. Nest boxes of the proper proportion will encourage Barn Owls and Screech owls to nest in your area and raise their young. Hawk and owl parents kill many more rodents when they are feeding their hungry broods. Foxes, bobcats, striped and spotted skunks, weasels, and mink will all eat plenty of rodent pests, but these wild predators avoid people. Domestic cats, dogs, and ferrets help in controlling rodents in some situations. In general, dogs and cats are most effective at preventing an infestation than eliminating a current population. This is because they are better able to catch and kill an invading rodent that does not know any escape routes, than an established animal that knows numerous escape points. Cats are very effective predators of mice, but usually will not attack an adult rat. They will also kill birds at bird feeders, wild rodents, baby rabbits, and any small animals in your yard, so these factors must also be considered. To prevent cats from becoming a pest themselves, be sure to have any cat that goes outside spayed or neutered. This service is required and provided by most county humane societies at the time of adoption. Pet ferrets will kill rats and mice indoors but should never be released outside. The establishment of wild ferret populations could decimate our native wildlife. Many people propose the mongoose for rodent control, but the importing, possession, or release of any mongoose is strictly illegal because of the ecological damage they can do. The mongoose has repeatedly shown a preference for native birds and mammals over commensal rodent pests. The principal of ultrasonic devices is to create a loud noise above the range of human hearing (above 18-20 kHz) that is unpleasant to pest species. The problems with ultrasound are numerous. Animals can adapt to most situations, and in a short amount of time they become accustomed to the sound. If the original attractant, such as food, is present, the rodents will return. The short wavelengths of ultrasound are easily reflected and creates sound shadows and the rodents simply shift their activity to these low noise shadows.
Non-Chemical Rodent Control 10 Ultrasonic devices will not drive rodents from your home if food, water, and shelter are available. However, ultrasonic devices may have a part to play in rodent integrated pest management. Ultrasonic devices may increase trapping effectiveness by altering the normal movement patterns of individual rodents. Traps set in the sound shadow areas will become more effective since the rodents will be concentrated in these areas. The high cost of the units must be considered against the increase in trapping effectiveness to determine if they are cost effective. Ultrasonic devices can be heard by dogs, cats, hamsters, gerbils, and other pet mammals. They have been shown to cause hearing loss in dogs and should not be used around pets. | <urn:uuid:7fff95b1-36de-41a0-b429-a33e9dc58589> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://ufdc.ufl.edu/IR00004258/00001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423681.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721022216-20170721042216-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.926735 | 4,275 | 3.140625 | 3 |
September 22, 2009
Developing Countries Need More Swine Flu Vaccines: WHO
The head of the World Health Organization announced on Monday that the swine flu has not transformed into a more hazardous disease.
The number of swine flu cases is anticipated to grow as winter approaches, WHO Director-General Margaret Chan stated at the organization's yearly meeting in Hong Kong.
She noted that the vaccines created thus far are successful, but that the largest problem in fighting the virus is making sure enough vaccines are sent to the world's poorest countries.
Her statement was made after the WHO announced last week that the yearly manufacture of swine flu vaccines will fall short of their goal. For now there is "a limited supply" of the vaccines, but the more will be made in the first part of 2010, Chan noted.
"Results of early clinical trials suggest that a single dose of pandemic vaccine will be sufficient. If confirmed, these findings will literally double the amount of vaccine available," Chan said.
"Here's the big question: Will this result in more equitable distribution of vaccines? Let me assure you: I am pursuing this opportunity from several angles."
The WHO is cooperating with the UN on collecting funds to aid in buying vaccines for countries that cannot buy them.
The A(H1N1) death toll has hit 3,486, with South America having the largest amount, stated the new WHO figures.
Developing countries cannot create enough of the vaccine for the virus and their habitants are more prone to infection due to poverty and the absence of healthcare.
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:1ecfe7eb-b70b-4630-ae2a-e479c2eb0063> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1757350/developing_countries_need_more_swine_flu_vaccines_who/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398461113.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205421-00233-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95805 | 325 | 2.8125 | 3 |
NASA managers have approved Orbital’s Cygnus spacecraft for a second attempt to rendezvous and berth with the International Space Station. Cygnus required one line of code to be updated to its software, following a GPS discrepancy between the spacecraft and the Station. The successful action resulted in approval to press ahead with berthing on Sunday morning.
Following its successful launch on Orbital’s Antares rocket on September 18, Cygnus ably pressed through its opening COTS milestones designated to its ORB-D mission.
Closing in on the ISS from behind and below, the spacecraft continued towards the orbital outpost with no technical issues until a discrepancy in the GPS readings between the Cygnus and the ISS was noted.
The problem is no “fault” of the Cygnus, but more to do with an issue that would only come to light during an actual mission – in turn showing the value of a demonstration mission such as ORB-D.
The issue, which is rather complicated, relates to the facts that GPS time is specified using week numbers, and that this number is transmitted by GPS satellites as a 10 bit number that ranges from 0 to 1023. In 1999 this number reached 1023 and the next week was again “week zero”.
This is similar to two-digit years in normal dates where year ’00 follows year ’99 and ’12 could mean 1912, 2012 or any century’s year 12. If the user of this two-digit date knows that the date is in the 21st century, he/she adds “2000” to the two digit number and gets the right year, 2012.
Similarly, each group of 1024 weeks forms a new GPS “century”, and these start 1980, 1999 (current “century”), 2019, etc.
As long as the GPS receiver knows the approximate date, it can work out which GPS “century” it’s in, and derive an unambiguous 13 bit number of weeks since the start of the 1980 epoch. This is like converting a short date into one that includes the century.
Cygnus uses GPS to sample its position at various times, and these samples are used to determine its trajectory. Cygnus also receives “position versus time” information from the Japanese PROX system on the ISS, providing the ISS’ location and trajectory over time. By comparing the two, Cygnus knows relative distance and speed, and can rendezvous.
Unfortunately, the time data that PROX transmits uses the raw 10 bit short format for number of weeks – while Cygnus was expecting a 13 bit “weeks-since-start-of-the-1980 epoch” value.
Cygnus therefore misinterpreted the ISS data as a position from 1024 weeks – 19.7 years – previously. As such, the spacecraft couldn’t match this with its own navigational data and rejected it.
The solution was known almost immediately, requiring one line of code to be inserted into Cygnus’ software, allowing for commonality between the GPS data sent from the ISS and its own GPS software.
As of Sunday morning, Orbital began running regression tests to ensure no systems would be adversely affected as a result of what was a minor change. However, in order to execute the new code, Cygnus required its avionics to be reset – an action that had to be conducted several hundred miles away from the ISS.
All associated actions were completed successfully, with Cygnus healthy and in position to reattempt the rendezvous and berthing on Sunday morning.
“The Cygnus spacecraft remains healthy in-orbit, with all major onboard systems performing as expected. Over the past several days, the Cygnus engineering team has developed, validated and uploaded the one-line software “patch” that resolved the GPS data roll-over discrepancy that was identified during the initial approach to the ISS last Saturday,” Orbital noted.
“Orbital and NASA are currently discussing the best rendezvous opportunity, with the current trajectory plan supporting Sunday morning, September 29 as the next opportunity to rendezvous and approach the ISS. This schedule is still subject to final review and approval by the NASA and Orbital teams.”
That approval came on Friday morning, following a review by the International Space Station’s Mission Management Team.
With Cygnus patiently waiting for the second attempt, 2,400 km behind the International Space Station, Orbital gave the spacecraft permission to perform the first of a series of thruster burns to begin the journey back towards the ISS to be in the right position for a rendezvous during Sunday morning.
“Cygnus mission operations team has been monitoring the spacecraft 24/7 with two operational teams – the blue team and the green team – pulling alternate shifts,” Orbital added. “Program personnel are well-rested and fully prepared for Sunday’s approach and rendezvous.”
(Images: via L2’s Antares/Cygnus Section – Containing presentations, videos, images, interactive high level updates and more, with additional images via Orbital and NASA).
(Click here: http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/l2/ – to view how you can support NSF and access the best space flight content on the entire internet). | <urn:uuid:5a7fa257-66e3-4d7f-b7ee-158a51b31b6e> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/09/green-light-cygnus-re-approach-iss-sunday-berthing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499966.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209112510-20230209142510-00878.warc.gz | en | 0.945705 | 1,125 | 2.625 | 3 |
Dating violence timeline Webchat online gratis sexo
VAWA 2013 reauthorized and improved upon lifesaving services for all victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence and stalking - including Native women, immigrants, LGBT victims, college students and youth, and public housing residents.
VAWA 2013 also authorized appropriate funding to provide for VAWA's vitally important programs and protections, without imposing limitations that undermine effectiveness or victim safety. Justice and safety for Native American Women: Native American victims of domestic violence often cannot seek justice because their courts are not allowed to prosecute non-Native offenders -- even for crimes committed on Tribal land.
Protections for immigrant survivors: VAWA 2013 maintains important protections for immigrant survivors of abuse, while also making key improvements to existing provisions including by strengthening the International Marriage Broker Regulation Act and the provisions around self-petitions and U visas.
This major gap in justice, safety, and violence prevention must be addressed.
VAWA 2013 prohibits such discrimination to ensure that all victims of violence have access to the same services and protection to overcome trauma and find safety.Safe housing for survivors: Landmark VAWA housing protections that were passed in 2005 have helped prevent discrimination against and unjust evictions of survivors of domestic violence in public and assisted housing.The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) is the cornerstone of our nation's response to domestic and sexual violence. 47) passed in the Senate on February 12, 2013 (78-22) and in the House of Representatives on February 28, 2013 (286-138). The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) has improved our nation's response to violence.President Obama signed the bill into law on March 7, 2013. However, not all victims had been protected or reached through earlier iterations of the bill.
Justice and safety for LGBT survivors: Lesbian, gay, bisexul and transgender survivors of violence experience the same rates of violence as straight individuals.However, LGBT survivors sometimes face discrimination when seeking help and protection. | <urn:uuid:926e73d9-d77f-4001-b208-5b1da612cfac> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://konstantin-elena.ru/dating-violence-timeline-10677.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999200.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620085246-20190620111246-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.940704 | 407 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Most shooters are aware that brass work hardens as it is fired in a rifle and sized in a die. The work hardening process makes the brass harder and less ductile. If you have ever bent a piece of solid copper wire back and forth repeatedly, you’ll notice it breaks. This is an example of the soft ductile copper work hardening (and why extension cords use braided wire). When the case expands and then contracts in a rifle chamber, or is resized as part of the reloading process, it is work hardened. Work hardened brass in a rifle can manifest itself with the appearance of split necks, increased chamber pressure, inconsistent neck tension and poor accuracy in cases that are repeatedly reloaded. This is one of the many reasons reloaders track the number of firings on a given case. (Note: for a material sciences explanation of annealing, please see The Science of Cartridge Brass Annealing).
One way to avoid work hardened brass is to mitigate the work hardening process. For instance, using a traditional full length or neck sizing die during the reloading process works the brass twice, once when the case neck is sized down (and shoulder depending on how the die is adjusted) and again when the expander passes back up through the neck. A bushing die without an expander works the brass less, and in my experience as well as others, provides more case life (I’ve notice far fewer cracked necks since I adopted bushing dies). The bushing are available in .001″ increments and when the proper size is selected, the brass isn’t worked more that it is needed for the operation.
Another area to avoid work hardening brass is only setting shoulder back too far. It is common for new reloader to set back the shoulder more than necessary, causing the brass to stretch in the chamber and over time, potentially leading to a dangerous condition known as case head separation.
Annealing is a process that heats the brass case to make it softer and more ductile, effectively reversing the work hardening process. All brass is annealed as part of the manufacturing process. On many brass cases you’ll notice the telltale discoloring around the neck shoulder junction (if you don’t see it on a new case that just means it was polished away). In the image below, note the discoloration around the neck and shoulder, evidence of factory annealing on the 300 BLK brass.
Over the last two decades of reloading, I’ve heard the benefits of annealing debated to great extent. One of the best experiments I’ve found of the annealing process was conducted by Col. Art Alphin. In “Any Shot You Want: The A-Sqaure Handloading and Rifle Manual”, Alphin uses pressure testing equipment to compare the annealed versus non annealed cases with the same 30-06 load over five firings. His annealed cases do not show a noticed able increase in pressure, however, his non annealed cases l show an increase of 8,400 PSI! This is telling.
A quick note: this post isn’t a how to guide on annealing, rather an overview of the process and review of an annealing machine. Improper technique during the annealing process can result in unsafe cases that can cause death or serious injury.
Traditionally, annealing was accomplished by placing the case in a pan of water, heating the neck with a small torch and tipping the case over when the neck was the proper temperature. The water served as a heat sink for the bottom of the case, which you do not want to soften. The problem with this method was it yielded inconsistent results. Back in the 90s my good friend made a few unsuccessful attempts to use this method to anneal his brass after reading “Any Shot You Want”. He still refers to it as witchcraft that ruined his brass and is bitter about it to this day (and I’m still laughing).
Unhappy with the water pan technique, forward thinking shooters developed what was known as the “socket method”. A deep well socket was selected that would cover the majority of the case body. It was chucked in a drill and spun with the case neck exposed to a torch. This method provided even heat to the neck, but still wasn’t as consistent as many would like.
In recent years annealing machines have arrived on the shooting market. These machines use a torch or induction heater to provide an even heat to the case neck and shoulder area. The speed and consistency in annealing process is a far cry above the traditional methods. One of these machines is the Annealeez (shown above).
The Annealeez is annealer that uses a propane torch to provide an even heat on case necks. The machine is fully adjustable to work with cartridges as small as 221 Fireball or 300 BLK and as large as 50 BMG!
Setting up the Annealeez is fairly simple and straight forward. Screw a bottle of propane onto the hose and adjust the torch and dwell time of the cases and you are done. Jeff Buck, owner of Annealeez has created a series of instruction videos on how to use the machine and anneal brass. He includes guidance on how to properly anneal cases (if you look at the graph in The Science of Cartridge Brass Annealing you’ll see under annealing doesn’t do anything- over annealing is unsafe). After some reading, I decided to use Tempilaq, a heat indicating paint, to adjust the amount of heat on the case since I had it on hand.
Once the machine is set up, the brass is deprimed, cleaned and fed into the hopper. A wheel picks up a case to feed into the flame, while another wheel rotates the case allowing even distribution of heat. After the case is in the flame for a predetermined time adjusted by the user, the case is dropped into a pan and a new case if fed in. Very easy. Since I am not going to go into detail on setting up the machine, take a look at this YouTube video:
Running a batch of brass is extremely straight forward, just load the deprimed cases (loaded or primed cases would be REALLY BAD) into the hopper and watch the magic. The machine runs off of a standard 110 volt plug and a 1 pound cylinder or propane (mine cost $4.95 at the local hardware store). According to the manufacturer, one pound of propane should be sufficient for 2,000 cases.
Before we get into the good stuff, take time to read our disclaimer: WARNING: The loads shown are for informational purposes only. They are only safe in the rifle shown and may not be safe in yours. Consult appropriate load manuals prior to developing your own handloads. Rifleshooter.com and its authors, do not assume any responsibility, directly or indirectly for the safety of the readers attempting to follow any instructions or perform any of the tasks shown, or the use or misuse of any information contained herein, on this websi
Annealed brass in hand, I decided some sort of test was in order. I don’t have the fancy equipment Art Alphin and A-Square had to pressure test annealed versus non annealed, cases, but I did have a rifle and brass.
As noted above, all of these cases have been neck sized only in with a Redding Competition Match bushing die without an expander ball.
I decided to compare the annealed versus non annealed brass in a 308 Winchester. I loaded up some Federal brass that was fired three times with 175 grain Serra MatchKings (SMK) over 42 grains of IMR 4064 and a Wolf large rifle primer. Cartridge overall length was 2.808″.
The test gun was my custom Savage Axis HB in 308 Winchester. No longer the $285 (after rebate) rifle I scored at my dealer, this bad boy is tricked out. I sourced the MDT LSS and Timney trigger direct from the manufacturers. The other parts came from Brownells. Let’s look at the cost break down less rings, bipod and optic (prices are April 2016):
- Rifle $285
- Scope base $11
- LSS FDE Cerakote $399
- CTR stock $57
- CTR riser $19
- Extension tube and nut $26
- Pistol grip $19
- Timney trigger $112
Total cost $928. If you are recycling some parts from your AR or buy some of the items used, you’ll save even more. While $928 puts you at a price point on par with a Remington 700 or a well equipped Savage 10, those rifles aren’t running a customizable chassis system with an AICS style magazine. Street price in my area for a Ruger Precision Rifle is $1299 plus tax, this custom Axis is nearly $400 cheaper. Build one of these and you have a lot of money left over to invest into optics, ammunition, or buy an annealing machine.
A look at the annealed (right) and non annealed (left) hand loads. Note the discoloration from the annealing process. The photograph doesn’t do the discoloration justice, in person, it is much more noticeable.
To test the loads, I shot the rifle prone, from a bipod with rear bag. The targets were 2″ orange dots at 100 yards. Velocity data was recorded with a MagnetoSpeed barrel mounted ballistic chronograph.
I fired three, 5 shot groups of the annealed and non annealed brass loads. The annealed brass loads are shown above, in the top row. The non annealed loads are shown in the bottom row. Average group size for the annealed brass loads was .743″, average group size for the non annealed loads was .835″. The annealed loads had an average group size 11% smaller than the non annealed loads.
Average velocity for the annealed load was 2551 feet/second with a standard deviation of 17.1. Average velocity of the non annealed load was 2567 feet/second with a standard deviation of 22.2.
In my testing, average group size was smaller for reloads using the annealed brass than those using non annealed brass. Lower velocities and standard deviations were recorded in the annealed loads. A note on sample size- my sample size was small, I note this as a fact and plan on conducting further tests with more groups in the future.
I plan on annealing as part of my reloading process in the future. I know quite a few high volume match shooters who anneal, but those aren’t the only shooters who can benefit from annealing, wildcatters and improved cartridge shooters can benefit as well. A few months back I built a 257 Improved hunting rifle. 257 Roberts brass is difficult to find, expensive when you do, and the fire forming process work harden the brass. Annealing the cases to extend the brass life for a cartridge like this is cheap insurance.
If you are considering annealing your brass to decrease pressure and increase case life and accuracy, the Annealeez is a great machine. To learn more about annealing brass or the Annealeez, click here. | <urn:uuid:ebeaa508-a0d6-4d34-b199-306c8bf37404> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://rifleshooter.com/2016/06/annealing-brass-for-reloaders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724001211-20210724031211-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.940746 | 2,398 | 2.78125 | 3 |
1Behind the Courthouse
Start at the back door of the magnificent stone courthouse, where a wave of white men dragged Jesse Washington into the alley, tearing his clothes off as they went. Walk 65 steps over the red alley bricks to North 5th Street, where the swelling mob paused to cinch a chain around Jesse’s neck. Cross 5th, turn right, and take the short walk to Washington Avenue. Thousands of people massed here to partake in the killing of the 17-year-old farmhand. As Jesse was pulled down the wide street that cruelly shares his last name, they attacked him with knives, bricks, shovels and clubs. Blood covered Jesse’s dark skin.
It was almost noon on May 15, 1916. With the Texas heat climbing into the 80s, the Waco Horror had begun.
I can feel the boiling blood lust of the mob on a cool night in April as I retrace the final steps of Jesse Washington’s life. I’ve come to Waco to explore the meaning of this century-old atrocity, to probe beneath the eerie coincidence of sharing a name with one of the most famous lynching victims in U.S. history.
I first saw a photo of Jesse’s remains nearly 20 years ago and delved into the story from afar. After being convicted of the rape and murder of Lucy Fryer, a white farmer’s wife, he was dismembered, hanged and burned as more than 10,000 people watched, including the police chief and mayor. Then he was dragged behind a horse until his head flew off. No one was prosecuted for those crimes. But international publicity of such public brutality helped galvanize the anti-lynching movement and solidify the influence of the recently formed NAACP.
A decade ago, I watched indignantly as efforts to commemorate Jesse’s lynching were stymied by the white power structure in Waco. More recently, I pondered the parallels with recent killings of unarmed black males that exploded into national prominence. Above all, I yearned to confront the city in person.
Now I stand on the corner of Washington and 5th, nighttime spotlights illuminating the courthouse’s stained white walls, deserted streets cutting through acres of empty parking lots, and I feel the weight of history and hate.
2Monuments and Markers
Mayor Malcolm Duncan Jr. meets me in a trendy coffee shop near the courthouse. Half of the storefronts flanking the shop are vacant; downtown Waco has been hollowed out by suburban sprawl and misguided 1980s development strategies. Looming over the block is the 22-story ALICO Building, once the tallest structure west of the Mississippi, a relic of when Waco’s culture, commerce, and cotton wealth made it the “Athens of Texas.”
Duncan, 63, is a white former truck dealer whose father and grandfather also were Waco mayors. He has pushed programs to address poverty, jobs for released prisoners, and health care for low-income residents. Waco’s poverty rate is almost 30 percent, much of it concentrated in the black community. About 21 percent of its 128,000 residents are black.
Duncan supports efforts to memorialize the lynching. He wants his children to know about it. He worries that his grandfather, who was in his 20s at the time, may have watched it happen. Other members of Waco’s white elite – Greater Waco Chamber of Commerce President Matthew Meadors and county commissioners Will Jones, Kelly Snell and Ben Perry – didn’t respond to my messages.
I like Duncan. I ask to see the spot where Jesse was killed, but Duncan is uncertain of the exact location. I ask him about the 1905 lynching of Sank Majors from the steel bridge at the end of Washington Avenue, one block from where we stand. Duncan has never heard of Sank Majors.
Throughout downtown Waco there are monuments, memorials and markers filled with names — for slain law enforcement officers, Vietnam veterans, a fatal 1897 duel between a newspaper editor and a judge, the 114 people killed by the tornado of 1953. A wide plaza called Heritage Square features handsome benches, gurgling fountains, two long L-shaped trellises supported by graceful columns, and hundreds of bricks bearing names of donors. I observe aloud that Jesse Washington’s name is nowhere to be found downtown.
“Is that denial?” asks Duncan.
You tell me, I reply.
“I’m just trying to understand it,” Duncan says. “I can’t explain it.”
Scheherazade Perkins can explain it. “We’ve been so focused on trying to cover it up, hide it, ignore it, say it didn’t happen, say it’s not our fault, we didn’t have anything to do with it, that it was them, not us,” she says.
Perkins is a member of the Community Race Relations Coalition, which for more than a decade has been trying to foster some sort of healing around Jesse’s lynching. I meet Perkins, a black woman with a resume ranging from chemist to consultant, at the spacious ranch home of coalition chair Jo Welter in China Springs, a 25-minute drive north of Waco.
Welter, a white mother and homemaker who has dedicated herself to social justice issues, recounts their 2006 efforts to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the lynching through a memorial service and official resolutions from local authorities. White members of the McLennan County Commissioners Court, which runs much of Waco, “acted like we didn’t exist,” Welter says. They refused to respond to messages or meet with her, even when she showed up at their offices.
Lester Gibson, the sole black commissioner, did propose a resolution that included such phrases as “regret,” “atonement” and “travesty of justice.” The white commissioners didn’t say a word in response and moved on to the next order of business.
This year, the coalition planned a ceremony that included an “official apology” from Duncan. They have received encouraging signals from the Texas Historical Commission about an application for a marker, although the process takes up to 18 months.
Driving back downtown from Welter’s home, I wonder if white citizens are as burdened by this history as black folks. I stop along a beaten-down commercial strip of North 19th Street, but none of the people I meet there know about the lynching. When I describe the event to Paula McCommas, a Mexican-American pawn shop proprietor, she’s opposed to the idea of a historical marker. “It’s been so many years ago. All we can do is pray,” she says. “Sometimes you just gotta say, if God is in control of all our lives, we all pay our debts.”
I get back in my rental car and drive to the courthouse where the mob seized Jesse, hoping that God has come to collect.
3The House of Justice
Built in 1901 by renowned architect James Riley Gordon, the McLennan County Courthouse is a grandiose, three-story neoclassical structure of limestone, marble and red Texas granite. Thirty-two wide steps lead to a front entrance flanked by six Corinthian columns. From afar, the stone walls gleam white beneath the cloudless blue sky. Up close, they are yellowed by age, weather, and what I imagine are the sins within.
Atop the central dome of the courthouse stands an 18-foot-tall statue of Themis, the Greek goddess of moral order and justice. Circling the building, I notice something awry with the statue. Two years ago, a 65 mph storm ripped off Themis’ left arm, along with the scales of justice she held aloft. The scales were found hanging in a nearby magnolia tree. What remains of the arm is a bent, blackened rod that reminds me of Jesse’s charred limbs.
Through the entrance and past the metal detector is a circular lobby, three stories high, with wide hallways heading north, south, east and west. High above, the dome beneath Themis’ feet glitters with blue and red stained glass. Six painted murals circle the ground-floor lobby, depicting Waco’s history starting from its 1837 founding as Fort Fisher, a temporary Texas Ranger station. Painted on one panel is a circular piece of rope suspended from a bushy green tree outside the courthouse.
“ ‘Hanging tree’ with noose,” the caption reads, below a list of educational and cultural landmarks and the headline “Athens of Texas.”
I’d been aggravated by the noose for years, since reading about an unsuccessful attempt to have it painted over. But then I see something even more disturbing.
Beneath the mural, mounted on a small wooden stand, is the resolution ultimately passed by the county commissioners after they refused to say a word in response to the proposal by Gibson, the lone black commissioner.
The document begins by saying lynching was “a widely documented and accepted practice in the United States, the State of Texas, and McLennan County from the early 1800’s to the 1920’s.” The second paragraph says “lynching affected people of all colors and races.” The resolution concludes three vague paragraphs later, without mentioning the specific lynching that was so barbaric it immediately made international headlines.
The name Jesse Washington is not there.
Somehow, in years of studying this story, I had missed this brazen refusal to acknowledge even the basic facts of Waco’s horrifically racist crime. To see the document displayed in what’s supposed to be a house of justice feels like a backhand to the face. Reading it again, I’m pulled into other powerless moments. I feel the despair of seeing the Cleveland officers who killed 12-year-old Tamir Rice escape responsibility. The anger from the acquittal of the Los Angeles cops who beat Rodney King. The sickness of learning that segregationist South Carolina Sen. Strom Thurmond fathered a daughter at age 22 with his 16-year-old black maid.
“Hello, judge,” I hear the deputy manning the metal detector say.
The judge, a white man with white hair and a blue blazer, makes small talk with the deputy. The judge enters the elevator. I hurry in after him and the door closes on the two of us.
“My name is Jesse Washington,” I say. “Does that name mean anything to you? Are you familiar with the history of the name here in Waco?”
“No, I’m not,” he responds. He looks uncomfortable – he probably thinks he sent me to prison years ago and I’m back for revenge. The elevator door opens on the third floor. “I have to go,” the judge says. I don’t ask him his name.
Confronting this symbol of the white power structure gives me a small measure of satisfaction, and a large portion of determination. The burial of my name is starting to feel like a twisted sort of validation. If my name and what it stands for weren’t so potent, they wouldn’t be so scared of it. But I’m not going to let them ignore it.
The building contains six courtrooms. I don’t know which one, if any, is where Jesse sat in chains while the jury took four minutes to determine his guilt. Outside several of the courtrooms are dockets of names and cases pinned to bulletin boards. They make me think about the machinery of mass incarceration, the way laws passed and enforced over the past 50 years in a racially biased fashion have wrecked the black community. I think about how Ferguson, Mo., funded the city government by targeting black residents with petty fines and court fees that often led to arrest warrants, jail terms and lost jobs. I think how likely it is that much injustice has been done in this building.
On the second floor, an older white man with a black judge’s robe over his arm is walking down the marble-floored hallway. “My name is Jesse Washington,” I tell Justice Al Scoggins. He’s never heard of the lynching. I tell him the briefest version of the story and ask if he has any thoughts. “No,” he says. “I’m not from McLennan County.”
A wooden door opens on the darkened, empty 10th Court of Appeals. The only light comes through three stained-glass ceiling windows. Marble columns circle the room, giving the sense of prison bars. The walls are lined with 22 photographs of judges going back to 1923. Twenty-two white men.
Back in the lobby, I see a black sheriff’s deputy. We shake hands and I introduce myself. His grip tightens.
“That’s a powerful name,” the cop says.
4Into Black Waco
I exit the courthouse and turn left on Washington Avenue. It’s three blocks to the graceful crescent moon of the Washington Avenue Bridge, built of steel in 1901, and the site of Sank Majors’ lynching, 11 years before Jesse’s. I cross the Brazos River into East Waco. Black Waco.
Eight blocks past the bridge is the Kelly-Napier Justice Center, which handles noncriminal legal matters such as small claims and traffic violations. This small building feels much different from the courthouse across the bridge. Portraits of black officials hang on the walls, including one of Lester Gibson, who was elected to the board of commissioners from this district. Matters are adjudicated by a black justice of the peace, Judge James E. Lee Jr.
Lee knows exactly who Jesse Washington was. His parents told him the story as a child. Lee has told it to his four children, and shown them the frightful pictures. “Future generations need to know what happened,” Lee says.
In a nearby barbershop, the lynching is common knowledge. “Even today, you get caught up in the wrong place in Texas, you gone,” says Keith Pullens, 34, the shop owner. A conversation ensues about towns and counties to be avoided, lest a brother end up dying like James Byrd Jr., dragged behind a pickup truck by white supremacists in Jasper, 220 miles to the east, in 1998.
All of the customers bring up the legend of the tornado of 1953, which killed 114 people and destroyed downtown. The tornado, they say, traveled the exact path along which Jesse’s corpse was dragged.
I drive past a boxy old Chevy Caprice parked in door-high weeds and a large lot planted with neat rows of vegetables to visit the home of Linda Lewis, a longtime activist in local politics. Lewis was valedictorian of Waco’s segregated George Washington Carver High School in 1965 and attended the state’s flagship university, the University of Texas-Austin, which had just admitted black students.
“But I grew up in Waco, so I was ready,” Lewis says.
Her parents told her about Jesse and Sank Majors as a warning. She was not allowed to cross the Washington Avenue Bridge. “When you grow up in the recent shadow of a lynching, you learn that life is not fair, that you have to work twice as hard, be twice as smart, don’t cause any problems, don’t cause any undue attention to yourself, study real hard,” Lewis says.
“I have lived long enough now to know that the things that are written and taught in history are not true,” she says. “I’m not surprised that non-African-descended Wacoans don’t know about Jesse Washington. It’s not significant to them in their lives or world view.”
On Elm is a gift shop filled with kente cloth, books, jewelry, greeting cards, dozens of church hats and dresses, and shirts that say “Real Men Pray Every Day.” When I introduce myself to the proprietor of 26 years, Marilyn Banks, her eyes flicker.
“You have a meaningful name,” Banks says.
Her shop is filled with black memorabilia, but she doesn’t like the idea of a historical marker for Jesse. “It’s painful,” she says. “It brings too much sadness for now. I know it’s part of our history, but I’m not willing to relive it every day and make a big issue out of it. I prayed about it, put closure to it, then put it away.”
5A Name’s Bitter Past
My own name comes from pain and shame.
My great-grandmother, Mary White, was born in Bamberg, S.C., in the early 1900s, in rural conditions not far removed from slavery. Mom White, as she was known to all of us, worked as a sharecropper and gave birth to her first child, a girl named Curlean, when she was in her early teens. Nobody still alive knows who Curlean’s father was.
Mom White moved to North Philadelphia amid the Great Migration. She got married and had four more children. From a very young age, Curlean was sexually assaulted by the brother of Mom White’s husband. The abuse became apparent when, at 14, Curlean turned up pregnant. Mom White, who kept a pistol in her nightstand, swore she would shoot the rapist dead if she ever set eyes on him again. He disappeared.
In 1937, 14-year-old Curlean gave birth to a boy named McCleary. Everyone called him Bunch. Growing up, nobody would tell Bunch who his father was. Curlean eventually moved to another state and left Bunch to be raised by Mom White and Curlean’s younger sisters, who were so close to Bunch’s age he considered them more siblings than aunts. Bunch was a born artist, sensitive and observant, deeply damaged by his family’s dysfunction and the repressive racial atmosphere of Philadelphia. Bunch also was extremely intelligent, so of course he discovered his father’s identity.
As soon as he could, Bunch fled Philly for New York City, where he met Judith, a young white social worker. They had a son in 1969. Bunch named his firstborn after his mother’s rapist. He told family members that he wanted “to turn something horrible into something beautiful.”
I am Bunch’s son. The child molester’s name was Jesse Washington.
Bunch was never told how long his mother was abused, but he knew there was something he did not know. A lifetime of trying to scratch this unreachable itch is part of what eventually pushed Bunch into mental illness, drug abuse, and death as a 71-year-old homeless man on a New York City park bench.
This is my name. To discard it would mean being defeated by the past. To reject it would betray my father’s determination to confront his identity and history, as horrific as they might be.
“We’ve been so focused on trying to cover it up, hide it, ignore it, say it didn’t happen, say it’s not our fault, we didn’t have anything to do with it, that it was them, not us.”
6The Lynching of Jesse Washington
Jesse Washington worked and lived on the farm of George and Lucy Fryer in the town of Robinson, just south of Waco. Jesse was illiterate and possibly mentally disabled, according to an NAACP investigator who visited Waco soon after the lynching. At about sunset on May 8, 1916, 21-year-old Ruby Fryer found her mother, Lucy, 53, with her skull bashed in. Jesse was plowing a nearby cotton field. Three hours later, the 17-year-old farmhand was arrested in his yard while whittling a piece of wood. He had blood on his clothes, a deputy later testified.
A mob was already forming, so Jesse was taken about 100 miles to the Dallas County Jail, where he signed a detailed confession with an “X,” police said. The written document said that Lucy Fryer was “fussing with me about whipping the mules” when Jesse hit Fryer in the head several times with a hammer, raped her, then struck her twice more with the hammer.
The trial was set for Monday, May 15. “All day Sunday and into Monday morning, people poured into Waco” from miles away, Patricia Bernstein wrote in her 2006 book, “The First Waco Horror: The Lynching of Jesse Washington and the Rise of the NAACP.”
Spectators jammed the courtroom for the trial, which began at about 10 a.m. and lasted slightly more than an hour. Witnesses testified that Jesse told authorities where to find the murder weapon. There was no testimony about rape. Jesse’s court-appointed attorneys asked just one question: “Who were present when the hammer was found?”
The verdict and death sentence were barely spoken when the mob surged forward, carried Jesse out the back door of the courthouse and dragged him to the square outside City Hall. The chain around his neck was flung over a tree. He was dangled above a large dry goods box filled with wood, which had been prepared earlier that morning.
While Jesse was still alive, “Fingers, ears, pieces of clothing, toes and other parts of the negro’s body were cut off by members of the mob,” the Waco Times-Herald reported. Someone castrated Jesse, according to the NAACP investigation, and carried his penis around in a handkerchief, showing it off as a souvenir.
The killers yanked Jesse into the air, then lowered him into the woodpile and poured coal oil over him. About 10,000 people crowded the area, according to the Waco Times-Herald, hanging from nearby windows and perched atop buildings and trees. “As the negro’s body commenced to burn,” the paper reported, “shouts of delight went up from the thou¬sands of throats.”
Jesse burned for two hours, leaving just a skull, torso and limb stumps. A horseman lassoed the body and dragged it through town until the head popped off. Some boys extracted Jesse’s teeth and sold them for $5 each. The headless mess was dragged behind a car to Robinson and hung in a sack outside a blacksmith’s shop, until a constable took it away that evening. Jesse was buried in an unmarked grave.
Jesse was one of 2,842 black men known to have been lynched between 1885 and June 1, 1916, according to the NAACP magazine, The Crisis. Yet Jesse’s demise was so extraordinarily barbaric, Crisis editor W.E.B. DuBois documented the crime in an eight-page supplement to the July 1916 issue, which he titled “The Waco Horror.” The NAACP’s focus on Jesse’s lynching gave the new organization prominence as a civil rights advocate, and helped make the fight against lynching a national issue.
The Crisis account includes a photo of Jesse lying on a pile of burning wood. His short hair is still visible, his facial features not yet charcoaled. It’s the most life I’ve ever seen in Jesse.
“Hang there,” reads an anti-lynching poem by activist Leila Amos Pendleton in the June 1916 issue of The Crisis, “until their eyes are unsealed and they behold themselves as they are.”
7100 Years of Grief
Jesse had several siblings. One of them had a daughter named Caldonia Majors. Caldonia had a daughter named Maddie Ervin. Maddie Ervin had children named Mary Pearson, Shirley Bush, Denise Mitchell, Maddie Brawley and Howard Majors Jr.
I’m sitting with Mary, Shirley and Denise, plus Shirley’s daughter Yolanda, listening to them talk about their cousin Jesse.
“My mom was always telling us what had happened, my grandma, my grandfather, my aunties, my uncles, and all of them,” says Pearson, 67. “They always said this here, that one day justice was going to be done. They always said that. They said, we may not be here when it happens, but it will happen.”
For Jesse’s family, justice would be a historical marker at the spot of the lynching and an official apology. Even though both seem within reach, the decades of resistance have made the family bitter.
“It’s something I just can’t shake. I look at the pictures … it just makes me want to go get me a machine gun,” Pearson says. “You lose rest. You can’t sleep.”
I suspect living in Waco hasn’t helped. Waiting to meet the sisters and Yolanda in the lobby of one of Waco’s nicest hotels, I count 63 white patrons, one black, and one white man with a mixed-race daughter. Pearson calls ahead and asks, “Should we come in the front door?” A benign question, or perhaps an unconscious reflex from her younger years, when she would have had to enter through the back.
The four women believe Jesse was innocent. They get riled up during the conversation, their observations piling on top of each other into a mountain of righteous consternation.
“… What really gets me is how could you have a heart to do another soul like that? I mean, you can see a chicken, a hog that have no soul … How could you sit up there and go and get pieces of his body and save it as a souvenir? … How they drug him in his flesh, flesh was falling off the bone … Seventeen years old? Seventeen? That takes a whole lot out of me. I’ve tried to keep from getting angry, but I can’t help it. That’s the reason why I had to go up under the doctor to get me some medicine…”
The more they grieve, the more my heart swells. I’ve chosen this journey; they were saddled with it. I think of Zora Neale Hurston writing that the black woman is the mule of the earth. Their pain grows into demands for a statue of Jesse like the Martin Luther King Jr. memorial in D.C., a movie like “The Ten Commandments,” a documentary, reparations.
Finally, I ask them, “How do you think it would feel not to be angry?”
The possibility doesn’t seem to register. Pearson brings up the historical marker again. She calls it a “monument.”
“This is where we have to accept justice,” Pearson says. “We can’t accept it no other way. We don’t have the ones that did it.”
When the women hug me goodbye, it feels like they’re family.
Bush says, “Thank you, Jesse Washington.”
8A Woman Was Murdered
Ruby Fryer, who found her mother’s bludgeoned body, had a daughter named Mildred Wollitz Saffle. Mildred had a daughter named Charlotte Morris. I’m sitting with Morris in the home of her son Coy Morris, listening to her talk about her great-grandmother Lucy Fryer.
I’ve been dreading this moment. I found Morris through an email she sent to organizers of a Baylor University march in Jesse’s memory. “To have you start this in our hometown is disgusting,” she wrote. “You want to commemorate the last lynching, then fine, but don’t immortalize Mr. Washington in grace and glory. What the mob did to him was wrong, I don’t disagree, but what he did to my great-grandmother was also wrong.”
I have a responsibility to explore their side of the story, but I worry that Morris and her son, like others I encountered in Waco, will be ignorant of and resistant to history. I fear any exploration of Jesse’s guilt will lessen the lesson of his lynching. I fear my heart will close to them.
Morris rocks nervously in a recliner in the living room of her son’s comfortable two-story brick home. Unlike people in black Waco, Morris did not grow up knowing about the lynching. Her Grandma Ruby always said Lucy Fryer was killed, but went no further. Morris only discovered Jesse’s fate as an adult after Ruby, aging and gripped by dementia, ran away from her nursing home because she was scared of her black caretakers.
It’s an article of faith for Morris that Jesse smashed open her great-grandmother’s skull with a hammer. Jesse had blood on his clothes, he confessed, there was a trial, he was convicted by a jury – Jesse was guilty.
“Do they even know what they’re marching for?” Morris says of those who commemorate the lynching. “Do they just think that this man was picked out of the cotton field and hung for no reason?”
Morris is equally certain that “it’s never been about race to us, it’s about a man murdering a woman.” She repeats this theme several times. I think it’s because Morris is a product of her time and place. She recalls swimming in a pool where black people weren’t allowed and her father ran a gas station where black customers used the back door. Yet she says, “I never remember in Robinson there being a difference” between whites and blacks.
I remind myself that her family has suffered. I try to extend the same understanding to her as I did to Jesse’s cousins when they said Jesse deserved a statue like Martin Luther King Jr.’s.
It’s not easy. Not when she says things like, “I don’t understand how people today can apologize for something that happened 100 years ago … that’s like us asking [Jesse’s kin] to apologize for Jesse killing our great-grandmother.”
I might not have been able to extend that understanding if it wasn’t for Coy.
He’s 34, studied history in college. Grew up in Robinson and loves his town, but also spent time in integrated Waco neighborhoods with his dad’s family. Coy shares his mother’s dismay that Lucy Fryer is often referred to as just “a white woman” in accounts of the Waco Horror.
“Look,” Coy says, sitting next to me on the couch, “she has a name. Just say her name.”
He volunteers that the lynching “is something that Waco has tried to sweep under the rug and is still continuing to.”
He states unequivocally that Jesse killed his great-great-grandmother with that hammer, but then doubles back to leave some wiggle room. He questions how an illiterate teen could dictate such a detailed confession. He knows the verdict and the lynching were preordained, “that innocent or guilty, his fate was sealed from the get-go.”
Later, when he mentions that the good thing about American history is you can see the documents for yourself, I interrupt. I have to give Coy my personal litmus test.
Documents written by the secessionist states clearly state the cause of the Civil War was slavery. I’m unbothered by anyone’s opinions about politics, affirmative action or gay marriage, but my heart reflexively slams shut on those who refuse to face plain facts about why the Southern states rebelled.
“What do you think caused the Civil War?” I ask.
“The South didn’t want to give up the slave labor,” Coy replies.
I extend a hand across the couch. Coy shakes it. Our connection makes it easier to confront my biggest fear.
There is a widespread belief in white America that black people are primarily responsible for the ills plaguing the black community, that the problems created by 350 years of slavery, lynching and segregation have somehow been solved in the last few decades. This leads to the claim that the recent killings of unarmed black people were in part the fault of the victims. Each was responsible for his own demise, according to this false narrative.
So I have to ask the great-granddaughter of Lucy Fryer, do you believe Jesse was in any way responsible for his lynching?
“He bears responsibility for the murder,” Morris says. “He does not bear the responsibility for a mob coming in and getting him and burning him and cutting him up and dragging him to another town.
“He doesn’t have to bear responsibility for that at all,” she says. “Nobody does.”
I feel a brief wave of relief, then my optimism is deflated by her final two words. Nobody bears responsibility? What about Waco, the city, the leadership of the hypocritical Athens of Texas, which sent a black boy’s burnt head rolling down its oh-so-civilized streets and has refused to admit guilt for the last hundred years?
Maybe I have to accept that every one of the thousands of culprits, those who yanked the chain or lit the match or watched approvingly, have escaped responsibility in this world. Maybe I need to seek solace in God’s admonition to forgive. This is the modern African-American dilemma, after all, between uplifting ourselves and relying on white people to have a change of heart.
I start looking for a way to show Morris my truth.
I tell her I’m sorry her relative was killed. She’s thankful. I gently tell her that the destruction of Jesse Washington is not more important than the murder of Lucy Fryer; a life is a life. But Jesse’s name has more meaning, especially since the racist roots of the Horror linger on.
She agrees. “More significant in history, but not more important.”
Coy says, “a man confessed, a man was tried and convicted and sentenced to hang and so our family got that justice. The man that murdered her in our eyes was brought to justice, so if anything else we always have that.”
That’s painful to hear. What happened to Jesse, with the consent and approval of Waco’s government, was the definition of injustice. And injustice still strikes black America, through mass incarceration and the killings of Trayvon, Tamir, and all those killed in anonymity before the internet let us say their names.
Jesse’s family – by now, I count myself among them – says justice would be a historical marker. Charlotte and Coy Morris accept that resolution, as long as it includes Lucy Fryer’s name.
I suppose that’s fair. Neither black nor white can solve America’s race problem alone. We all must release some suspicion, bias or bitterness. So when the historical marker is finally bolted to the scene of Waco’s crime, I can accept Lucy Fryer’s name next to Jesse’s.
“I hope,” Coy says, “that it heals whatever they need healed.”
9Say My Name
The spot where Jesse burned is now a little-used parking lot near City Hall, within sight of the courthouse topped by the statue of justice with her broken arm. Birds chirp in nearby trees amid a misty midday rain. Closing my eyes, it’s easy to imagine the mob closing in on Jesse, the agony, the flames.
I’m suddenly flooded with gratitude that I was born in a different century. That I can walk these streets proud and unbothered, question the mayor, sit on the couch with Lucy Fryer’s family, stalk white judges in the courthouse.
As much as the spot of the lynching itself resonates with me, I’m also powerfully drawn to Heritage Square, 40 paces away. It’s all the names on the bricks. Each inscription is another arrow to the heart, evidence of Waco’s refusal to say my name. How many names are there? I must count them.
Ten names, a hundred, two hundred. Ellen North Taylor. Nell & Jim Hawkins. Murray Watson Jr. Three hundred, four hundred, and still no end in sight.
Names are hiding everywhere, names of schools, citizens, mayors, businesses and civic organizations. Lehigh White Cement Company. George Washington. United Daughters of the Confederacy, Waco Chapter 2381. We Are One Family — The Human Family — The Baha’i Faith.
One hour, 90 minutes, two hours. I’m going to miss my flight, but I can’t stop. The thousandth name rolls by. The count finally ends at 1,312.
I feel soiled, vengeful … then triumphant. Empowered. The one name missing from Heritage Square symbolizes Waco’s attempt to deny its full heritage and pave over the sins of the past. Yet here I stand, living proof of the power of that past. Jesse is an ancestor of today’s victims of injustice, the names we never would have known save for the world-changing power of camera phones and social media. A large part of America tried to discredit these names, to say they did not matter. They failed, and unwittingly unleashed their power. By trying to deny these names, they burned them into history: | <urn:uuid:7c6b4ad2-1c9c-4e30-b756-88c3d03bfdef> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://theundefeated.com/features/the-waco-horror/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170875.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00032-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968565 | 8,109 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Reshaping colonial cities, African architects reclaim history – and the future
South Africa's Umkhumbane Museum, located in the multiracial township of Cato Manor in Durban, took the grand prize in the Africa Architecture Awards, the first ever pan-African award for building design.
Johannesburg, South Africa —For decades, crammed neighborhoods of matchbox houses and tin shacks lined the edges of South Africa’s cities like grand human filing cabinets: places the white government could store the vast quantities of black labor it needed to keep the country going.
When these "townships" of workers – forbidden from living in the cities proper – got too crowded, too diverse, or too revolutionary, the government would often simply tear them down and start over.
Today, however, these architectural afterthoughts have become the sites of some of the country’s most creative and forward-thinking design projects – buildings that seem by their very existence to demand a new way of seeing places once confined to the margins of both South Africa’s cities and its history.
Among these projects is the airy and elegant community history museum that now soars above the township of Cato Manor in Durban, a coastal city here. And on Thursday night, the Umkhumbane Museum took the grand prize in the Africa Architecture Awards, the first ever pan-African award for building design.
“We come from a deep history of pain and suffering, but also a deep history of resilience,” says Rod Choromanski, the lead architect on the project. “And we want to show people how important their lives and histories are.”
In a wider sense, too, many of the award’s finalists embody a continent whose architects are simultaneously reclaiming a design history snuffed out – often violently – by colonialism while also creating spaces that are asserting Africa loudly in the global architecture world.
Finalists for the main award included a cultural center in rural Senegal whose thatched roof undulates like a sine wave and a Ghanaian office building whose design was inspired by the geometrical triangular patterns found in the bark of a palm tree. The finalists capture “an incredible moment in time for pan-African architecture,” wrote Evan Lockhart-Barker, managing director of a retail business development initiative for Saint-Gobain, the construction multi-national that sponsored the awards. “The values and aspirations displayed in the awards have led to incredible insights about the continent and its shape-shifting ways,” he wrote in a form response to journalists.
To many outsiders, architecture in Africa has long been synonymous with aging colonial cities, whose crumbling art deco and modernist facades at times felt like they were copy-pasted from European capitals. In many countries, indeed, colonial conquest had wiped out much of the existing architecture to make way for Western-style cities and towns. But even in those spaces, Africans have always innovated, often designing new spaces for themselves in the relics of old ones. In Johannesburg, for instance, one of the city’s main synagogues is now a popular Pentecostal church, where below the delicate Hebrew etchings on its stone gates hawkers now sell cell phones and sandwiches to congregants and passerby.
African architecture, meanwhile, has become increasingly prominent globally in recent decades. Like the continent they come from, Africa’s architects – and their projects – are staggeringly diverse, but many are united by a loudly announced sense of belonging to the places they come from.
One of the finalists for the architectural awards this year, for instance, was an “adventure playground” in Addis Ababa designed by two Ethiopian architects, which incorporates local materials like bamboo, recycled tires, jerry cans, and satellite dishes. Another, the Senegalese cultural center, was built only using entirely local construction techniques.
'A new vision of this country'
Though a number of the projects in this year’s awards were produced by architecture firms outside the continent, African architects say their voices – and their ideas – are shaping the continent’s design future.
“We do have an African architecture, but sometimes we feel we don’t have the vocabulary yet to describe what it is,” says Ogundare Olawale Israel, a graduate student at the University of Johannesburg’s school of architecture and the winner of this year’s “emerging voices” prize.
For many African architects, the language their work speaks is deeply personal. Mr. Choromanski, for instance, comes from a mixed-race family in Durban who were forcibly separated by apartheid’s racial laws. Some of the family were classified as white, while others, including him, were labeled “coloured,” a term for mixed-race people. That label allowed them to be denied access to the city’s nicest schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods.
Similarly, the vibrantly multiracial Durban neighborhood of Cato Manor – where the Umkhumbane Museum is located – was the site of an infamous forced removal of its residents in the 1950s and ‘60s in order to re-segregate the area. Much of the neighborhood’s architecture literally crumbled beneath the apartheid government’s bulldozers.
The new museum, which was finished last year but has not yet opened to the public, holds exhibits on the area’s history, as well the history of the Zulu people. The mother of the current Zulu king was recently reburied in the space, further adding to its significance for residents.
“Sometimes I think of the 1980s, when I was sitting in a classroom studying architecture while the country was burning, while Mandela was locked in prison,” Choromanski says. “People were fighting for a new vision of this country, and the architecture can be part of that.” | <urn:uuid:1593f289-038c-4b38-95c5-d211d3012ad2> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2017/0929/Reshaping-colonial-cities-African-architects-reclaim-history-and-the-future | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947822.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425135246-20180425155246-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.967278 | 1,243 | 2.828125 | 3 |
“The superstitious man is to the rogue what the slave is to the tyrant.” —Voltaire
A superstition is a false belief based on ignorance (e.g., if we don’t beat the drums during an eclipse, the evil demon won’t return the sun to the sky), fear of the unknown (e.g., if we don’t chop up this chicken in just the right way and burn it according to tradition while uttering just the right incantations then the rain won’t come and our crops won’t grow and we’ll starve), trust in magic (e.g., if I put spit or dirt on my beautiful child who has been praised, the effects of the evil eye will be averted), trust in chance (if I open this book randomly and let my finger fall to any word that word will guide my future actions), or some other false conception of causation (e.g., homeopathy, therapeutic touch, vitalism, creationism, or that I’ll have good luck if I carry a rabbit’s foot or bad luck if a black cat crosses my path).
The indiscriminate power of nature is obvious. For as long as humans have been making sounds and instruments, magical methods have been created in the attempt to control the forces of nature and the life and death matters of daily existence. Good and evil befall us without rhyme or reason. We imagine spirits or intelligible forces causing our good and bad fortune. We invent ways to placate them or direct them. Many of the superstitions we developed seemed to work because we didn’t know how to properly evaluate them. There are many instances of selective thinking that might lead to a superstitious belief that something is good or bad luck, for example. The “curse of Pele” exemplifies this kind of superstition. According to one website devoted to the legend of the Hawaiian goddess Pele:
It is well known to locals on the island of Hawaii, that there is a curse upon those who take one of Pele’s lava rocks. It is said that he who takes a lava rock, is taking something from Pele and shall receive bad luck because of it. In the old days people were said to die from the curse, but now you only receive bad luck.
Every day, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park receives several rocks from people who took them home from the park and are returning them because of the bad luck they’ve had since taking the rocks. Many of these people think there is a causal connection between their taking the rocks and their perceived bad luck because their bad luck came after they took the rocks. Of course, their perceived bad luck may have happened even if they hadn’t taken any rocks from the park. Or they may not have paid much attention to the “bad luck” had they not heard there was a curse associated with taking the rocks. Such people may . . .
MORE . . .
- Uri Geller (illuminutti.com)
- Reiki (illuminutti.com)
- Perfect Prediction Scam (illuminutti.com)
- Thoughtography (illuminutti.com)
- How Superstitions Really Work (creativitypost.com)
- On the Lighter Side: Top 10 Superstitions for New Home Buyers and New Home Owners (soundbuilthomes.wordpress.com)
- #homeopathy – The Skeptic’s Dictionary – Skepdic.com (matteorossinifano.wordpress.com)
- Super Bowl Superstitions or OCD? (abcnews.go.com)
- New Year’s Day Superstitions (nightcaptv.com)
- Do traditional Chinese death beliefs increase superstition and anxiety about death? (secularnewsdaily.com) | <urn:uuid:bec69871-8d69-4f1d-b3cf-c09b8994b576> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://illuminutti.com/2013/01/29/superstition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133447.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824082227-20170824102227-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.942573 | 813 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Increased use of sensitive MRI imaging has enlarged the number of women diagnosed with multiple breast tumors. However, with no guiding studies, mastectomy – complete removal of the breast – has been mostly recommended for such patients.
A new study by American scientists shows: mastectomy is not the only treatment option for women with multiple breast tumors.
About breast cancer
According to the National Cancer Institute, breast cancer is the most common malignant cancer in Ukraine. The number of breast cancer cases is increasing annually. Every year, almost half a million women die from this disease worldwide.
In 2020, more than 2.26 million new cases of breast cancer in women were registered. In Ukraine – 12 824, of which 88 cases in men, the rest women. About 685 thousand died, mostly residents of low-income countries.
Mortality from this cancer is decreasing annually due to early diagnosis and therapy. However, the percentage could be even lower if more women, especially in the menopause, had regular examinations. Read more about breast cancer, early diagnosis and proper self-examination.
According to study author Judy K. Boughey, advances in imaging techniques have led to more frequent detection of additional breast tumors. This has led to more patients undergoing mastectomy who might otherwise have preferred breast-conserving therapy.
Mastectomy is no longer the only treatment option
The study involved 204 women aged 40 and older with two or three tumors in one breast that were separated by normal breast tissue. They were treated with lumpectomy and radiation. The 5-year recurrence rate among the participants was 3.1%, which is similar to the recurrence rate in cases of single-tumor lumpectomy, Boughey said.
Another important finding of the study was that the recurrence rate was lower among patients who had an MRI before surgery. This probably gave surgeons more detailed information about which areas to remove. In the 15 patients who did not have an MRI, the recurrence rate was 22.6%, compared to 1.7% in the 189 patients who had an MRI before surgery.
The study, presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, did not randomly assign patients to lumpectomy or mastectomy, Boogie noted. So it had this limitation. After all, it would be difficult to get patients to sign up for the trial if they couldn’t make that decision. | <urn:uuid:e68bc5b8-0ab2-423d-a223-6b1308adc024> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://drsilina.com/en/news/mastectomy-is-not-for-every-multitumor-breast-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500641.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207201702-20230207231702-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.971805 | 498 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis types. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are becoming an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.
Stator winding is specialy designed to be compactible with operation via converter. Winding is single layer, made of rectangular copper wires insulated by varnish. Winding is arranged with additional interturn insulation.
Stator core with winding is subjected to impregnation and temperature treatment to ensure winding long life and resistance on humidity and air pollution. Rotor consists of poles mounted on the hub. Pole coils are made of rectangular wires insulated by vanish. Damper winding is built in pole shoes. | <urn:uuid:ad8d73b7-9778-403b-a8e2-3577ef3b4f23> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://inpirioas.com/synchronous-machines/generators-for-wind-mills | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153521.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728025548-20210728055548-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.96492 | 157 | 2.9375 | 3 |
To understand a monomer, picture a set of beads made for a very young child, designed to interlock together. Each individual bead is an item on its own, but it can also snap tightly together with another bead, forming something entirely different.
The term monomer comes from the Greek words mono, meaning "one," and meros, which means "part." Put them together to form "one part," and they describe a monomer: any one molecule that joins with other monomers to create a larger molecule. One common natural monomer is glucose, for example, which commonly bonds with other molecules to make starch and glycogen.
Just like the interlocking beads, the monomers must connect properly. This occurs through a chemical process called polymerization, where two separate molecules bind together by sharing pairs of electrons, forming a covalent bonds [source: Larsen]. The two monomers joining together can be the same kind, or they can be different.
The result of this union is called a polymer, which is a structure made from many repeating monomer units, forming a long chain [source: Larsen]. The capacity to bond with at least two other monomer molecules is a characteristic of monomers called polyfunctionality [source: Brittanica]. The number of molecules a monomer is able to bond with is determined by the number of active sites on the molecule where covalent bonds can be formed – you only have two hands, for instance, so the maximum number of other people you can hold hands with at any one time is two.
The number of these bonds dictates the resulting type of structure. If a monomer can bond with only two other molecules, the resulting polymer has a chain-like structure. If it can bond with three or more molecules, three-dimensional, cross-linked structures can be formed [source: Innovate Us].
Most monomers are organic [source: Brittanica]. Amino acids, for instance, are natural monomers that can polymerize to form proteins. Nucleotides, which are found in the cell nucleus, polymerize to form DNA and RNA. Some monomers, on the other hand, are synthetic; a common man-made monomer is vinyl chloride. Through polymerization, vinyl chloride monomers combine to form the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC) – one of the oldest synthetic materials, and an abundantly used form of plastic. Building materials, bottles, toys and even fashion products use some form of PVC [sources: Innovate Us, PVC].
Next time you reach for a plastic water bottle, think of that solitary child's bead just waiting to be put on a string. In order to form the bottle you're holding, monomers bonded together, resulting in a plastic polymer. | <urn:uuid:5128f134-5ac4-4362-a640-de11a6443f13> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://science.howstuffworks.com/monomer.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514796.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118123320-20210118153320-00786.warc.gz | en | 0.933751 | 568 | 4.34375 | 4 |
It has been stated many times that developing software is an art, and in some ways it isyou can look at it from varying angles and perspectives, and you will see a hologram of methodologies that can be used to implement a solution. However, if you sift through the complexities presented by the hologram, you will see that there is a core suite of activities or phases that are common to many of the methodologies, which can be applied toward developing J2EE solutions. These core phases are illustrated in Figure 2.4.
Figure 2.4 The core phases of a J2EE software development effort are common to most of the methodologies that can be applied toward J2EE development.
The Project Initiation or Feasibility Phase
Is a pre-project, due diligence exercise to verify the validity of a J2EE software development effort. This is accomplished through the discovery of high level requirements, technical and operational complexities, risks, costs, and lastly a proposed project plan. The Project Initiation phase defines the value proposition for the J2EE solution.
The Requirements Phase
Is an iterative exercise that captures the needs of the stakeholders and end users, as well as capturing a clear definition of the problem domain and scope.
The requirements must be captured in a format that the stakeholders and end users can relate to. The format will dictate the business vocabulary and the depth of the presented information. Hence multiple formats will be needed to address the varied audiences required to be involved in the gathering of requirements.
The Analysis Phase
Is an iterative exercise with the Requirements phase, where business analysts develop an understanding of the problem domain and scope, and then begin to conceptually develop a solution.
The Design Phase
Is an interactive exercise with the Analysis phase, where architects and developers begin to develop a technical and conceptual solution based on the results of the Analysis phase.
The Development or Construction Phase
Is an iterative exercise with the Design phase, where developers begin to program and develop J2EE objects and services, using the software design proposed in the Design phase.
The Testing Phase
Is an iterative exercise with the Development phase, where each logical unit of code (EJB, Servlet, JSP, or Bean) is tested. Upon successful testing, it is deployed for integration testing with other aspects of the system, which have also completed unit testing.
The Implementation or Production Phase
The final phase of the software development effort is to deploy the J2EE solution into a production-ready BEA WebLogic Server. A final production test is required to ensure that all J2EE objects and services are working as expected and interactions with any external (legacy) systems and databases are operational.
The whole purpose of following a software development methodology is so you have a methodical set of process or tasks that, if followed correctly, will deliver the system solution you and your end users coherently envisioned. By understanding these phases in the context of a methodology, and the activities they entail, you will be well informed to validate whether your organization can successfully embrace it to develop your J2EE solutions.
Selecting a Software Development Methodology
There are plenty of software development methodologies available; each one being unique in the way it performs the core phases of a SDLC. The methodology that you decide to adopt should be well-documented and supported in order to act as a guide when in you are in doubt. It is important to review the origin of the methodology, since it can be developed in-house by large consulting companies, fostered by consultants/authors, or crafted by software product companies. Based on the origin, you will quickly understand all the support infrastructures available for that methodology. You will also be able to evaluate whether there is a cost factor involved for using a specific methodology or obtaining any support.
Another important factor for selecting a methodology is whether it supports the type of system you intend to build. Since this book is focused on the BEA WebLogic Server, there is a high probability that you will be developing a Web-centric system. As a result, not only will you be dealing with a project staff quite different from the kind of project staff involved in most software engineering endeavors (graphic designers and HTML developers, and so on), you will also need to include a usability study throughout the SDLC.
At a high level there are two types of methodologiesPredictive (Heavyweight) and Agile (Lightweight).
Predictive methodologies, also known as heavyweights due to the sheer overhead that comes with using them, such as the Rational Unified Process (RUP), are full lifecycle methodologies which posses the following attributes:
They are tools-based, which means that a modeling tool is required to support the adoption of the methodology. As in the case of RUP, you can use either TogetherSoft's Control Center 5.5 product or Rational Rose 2001.
The methodologies are extremely well documented for the phases of a software development lifecycle.
They are either process- or architecture-driven.
The methodologies are template-driven, which means that document templates guide the use of the methodology. All you have to do is execute according to the guidelines, and fill in the blanks of the template. Hence, the project will produce a large set of documentation, all of which will need to be read, signed off, and managed.
Rational Rose 2001 has a plug-in template for developing BEA WebLogic applications. You can download it from Rational's Web sitehttp://www.rational.com. However, since it is a Rational product, it ultimately implies that you will use the Rational Unified Process.
They encourage knowledge collaboration within the project team, using a common vocabulary.
They are flexible and modular in nature, suiting small- to large-scale projects.
They are developed and supported by software houses.
The software development methodology will need to be purchased at a cost.
Agile methodologies, such as BEA Systems Accelerated Process and SteelThread, eXtreme Programming, SCRUM, Feature Driven Development (FDD), and Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM), possess the following attributes:
They are not bound to one specific modeling tool.
The project staff is not required to fill out specific templates.
Depending on the methodology, the software development guidelines can be documented anywhere from a very general to a detailed manner.
Books dedicated to Agile methodologies are becoming more prevalent, such as Agile Software Development and Surviving Object-Oriented Projects (The Agile Series for Software Developers) by Alistair Cockburn and Agile Software Development Ecosystems by Jim Highsmith.
The methodologies promote Rapid Application Development (RAD) philosophies, focusing on a quick time-to-market approach for the solution.
They are supported by formal consortiums or public communities of practice, which provide revisions to the methodology for public appraisal.
The Agile software development methodologies are either typically free to use, or the supporting documentation may be purchased for a small nominal fee, as in the case of DSDM.
The following sections will outline the more popular methodologies that you may want to initially consider in your selection process. Since a detailed analysis of each methodology would be beyond the scope of this book, it is recommended that you first develop an overview of the methodologies discussed and if need be, investigate them further through the resource links provided at the end of each methodology section.
Since this book is focused on BEA Technologies, the BEA Systems methodologies will be discussed in some detail.
BEA Systems Accelerated Process (Project Initiation Phase)
The Project Initiation or Feasibility phase of a project validates the value proposition of developing a technical solution for a problem domain, and creates the environment for the project to be successful. The bottom line for this phase is to decide on whether the project is a "Go" or "No Go." If it is a Go, then you must consider what are the initial project plan, resource requirements, software development methodology, and the technology that will be applied toward the solution.
It is important to have an open mind when trying to derive a solution to a business domain. Not all problem domains require technical solutions. Forcing technology upon a solution as the answer may not only be costly proposition, it may be one that does not get accepted organizationally by its end-users.
There are two main problems in developing software today. First, sometimes this phase is completely omitted, causing the software development lifecycle to begin with the Requirements phase. The problem with this situation is that there is no substantial due diligence that the project delivers value or will be successful. Second, this phase often takes too long and the project goes over budget, suffers from poor morale, and then dies a slow death.
In order to validate the viability of a project and arrive at a point that decisions can be made, there will be some questions that need to be answered. Obviously, each organization will have their own set of questions before a project is initiated, but here is a sample of questions that should be answered:
What is the problem domain, in a clear uninterruptible formatfor example, does it hold a value proposition for a solution?
What are the needs from the business or problem domainfor example, a vision or mission statement?
What are the constraints the project will have to operate withinfor example the political, technical, and cultural environment?
What are the corporate or organizational rules that will apply to the projectfor example policies on spending and technology?
What is the longevity of the solution, and what solution (operational or technical) will scale to the end?
At a high level, what are the technical and operational requirements for the projectfor example scalability, availability, and scheduled usage time (24*7)?
In order to move forward with a stable footing on a project, it is extremely important how you execute this phase. Remember, you and your organization must enter a project with a high confidence level that it will be delivered successfully with a minimum number of surprises.
Most OO methodologies will concur that this phase is required; however they fail to explain how it should be conducted, and hence how the deliverables can be achieved. BEA Systems, cognizant of this void in systems development efforts, and in an effort to ensure projects utilize J2EE and their WebLogic application servers, have developed an approach called the "Accelerated Process" (AP), which is provided through their Professional Services Group.
The objective of the Accelerated Process is to execute the project initiation phase in the shortest and most feasible time frame possible, without sacrificing the quality of any of the following deliverables:
A Feature Set Document (FSD), where system requirements are defined into categories in terms of their respective release schedules.
A Project Strategy, which describes how the project should be conducted and what software development methodology best suits the project.
A Project Plan to develop the solution, which includes the project phases, schedules, resources requirements, and other associated costs.
Even though this section briefly describes the Accelerated Process, it is advisable to contact BEA Systems Professional Services Group to get guidance on its full usage and practice.
The Accelerated Process is principally comprised of the following activities:
API EventAccelerated Project Initiation
ARM SessionAccelerated Requirements Method
ATFA SessionAccelerated Technical Feasibility Assessment
CVM EventCustomer Validation Meeting
ARRP SessionAccelerated Risk Reduction Planning
RVM EventRisk Validation Meeting
APP SessionAccelerated Project Planning
The sessions are highly structured and participatory activities. The events are informal meetings, all of which are conducted by an experienced facilitator, whose responsibility is to guide the sessions and events to ensure the outcome is delivered successfully (see Figure 2.5).
Figure 2.5 The BEA Systems Accelerated Process is composed of highly structured and participatory events.
The Participators of the Accelerated Process
The participators of this process fall into two categoriesCustomers and Suppliers. Customers should be empowered people or Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) from cross-sections of your organization that will derive a direct benefit from the J2EE and BEA WebLogic solution.
Customers of the potential system should not include self-appointed proxies, as this can cause skewed or biased views that are not true to the real business domain under examination.
Alternatively, Suppliers are technical personnel or experts whose responsibility is to provide input into the technical decisions that need to be made during this phase, and potentially for all subsequent phases of the SDLC (analysis, design, development, test, documentation, and training). Examples of Suppliers include architects, lead developers, database architects, the project manager, and any external personnel representing the technical vendors for the project, for example BEA Systems, as in the case for BEA WebLogic Server.
Accelerated Project Initiation
The API is the first phase of the Accelerated Process. This is a very short event; typically in the context of a meeting, the executive sponsors, stakeholders, and project managers define the project in terms of its scope and vision. The result of this meeting leads to the development of the framework and a decision where emphasis will be placed in the subsequent sessions and events that comprise the Accelerated Process.
The outputs of the API event include
An identification of the project sponsors and other authoritative decision makers.
Establishing a vision, the objectives, and scope of the project.
Establishing the business and functional success metrics for the project.
An initial schedule of the required Accelerated Process events and sessions.
A preliminary list of project Customers and Suppliers with names and defined roles.
Identification of any related Customer documentation pertinent to the project.
As in all the events and sessions in the Accelerated Process, the outputs lead into the next phase.
Accelerated Requirements Method
The ARM is a very formal facilitator-based and documented session with the Customers of the project. It typically lasts anywhere from a few hours to a maximum of a few days, depending on the complexity of the project. The objective is to gain consensus and alignment at a high level on the business requirements for the project, without any emphasis on the technological feasibility of the solution. The goal here is to concisely, but accurately, state the problem that needs to be solvedthe what is and the whys, not the how is. Even though requirements for the system are gathered at a high level from the Customers, this exercise is not a replacement for the Requirements phase. In this phase, the requirements will be gathered in a more formal and due diligent manner across the spectrum of the project's scope.
Suppliers are encouraged to observe, listen, and learn more about their Customers and their respective needs.
The output of this session is a real-time list of functional requirements, as proposed by the customers, with the following value-added descriptors:
CategorizationCategories are developed by grouping requirements according to their likeness.
Benefit PointsDefine how a functional requirement will profit the target business or problem domain.
Proof PointsRepresent one or more positive statements that prove a functional requirement has been met.
Annotated CommentaryIs a set of assumptions, issues, action items, and comments made about each functional requirement.
PrioritizationPrioritization artifacts identify the precedence or importance of each functional requirement defined in conjunction with the other functional requirements.
The outputs of the ARM session become the inputs to the next AP event, the ATFA.
Accelerated Technical Feasibility Assessment
The ATFA is very similar to the ARM, except in ATFA the Suppliers are in the spotlight. Again, this is a very formal facilitator-based session with inputs directly from the ARM session. Ideally, the Accelerated Process facilitator will coordinate this session with a technology expert/architect or evangelist from BEA Systems or the J2EE technology world.
Customers are invited to observe, but the input comes directly from the Supplier team.
The objectives of this session are to solidify the scope of the project through discussing the technical feasibility concerns, technical requirements, overall project approaches, and key technical assumptions which stem from the business requirements that were proposed by Customers in the ARM session. Depending on the complexity of the project, the duration of this session could be anywhere from a couple hours to a few days.
The delivered outputs of the ATFA are consolidated with the API and ARM outputs to form a document formally known as the Combined Findings Document (CFD).
The outputs of the ATFA include the following:
An early high-level technical architecture diagram, providing the Suppliers with an initial vision of how the solution will be designed.
A list of assumptions made by the Supplier team regarding the project.
A list of issues or concerns identified by the Supplier team which could potentially impact the project.
A list of potential functional requirements made by the Supplier team that were not collected during the ARM session.
A list of non-functional requirements the Supplier team requires in order to begin to develop the potential solution.
A technical assessment for each of the functional requirements identified in the ARM session, which ensures synchronicity between the two groups, the Customers and Suppliers.
BEA Systems have an AP Tool that is specifically designed to capture and evolve the Combined Findings Documents throughout the various phases of the Accelerated Process.
The output of this session provides input into the next AP event, the Customer Validation Meeting (CVM).
Customer Validation Meeting
During this meeting, the facilitator of Accelerated Process and the advocates from the Customer team review the Combined Findings Document. The output from the ATFA is included in the Combined Findings Document.
The objective of the CVM is to identify any technicalities from the ATFA session that may affect the scope or complexity of the project. Since the Accelerated Process is really gauged to be customer-driven, it is the Customers who decide whether to accept or refute the conditions and requests made by the Suppliers in the ATFA.
Since this is a validation meeting, typically one day is an optimal period required to review the results of the ATFA session.
Accelerated Risk Reduction Planning
The ARRP is a highly formal session with the Supplier team to identify, assess, and document the risks of the project in the Combined Findings Document. The starting point for this session is a review of the Combined Findings Document and the results of the Customer Validation Meeting. By focusing on risks involved prior to any planning exercises, the risks can either be mitigated or contained through inclusion strategies, ensuring the initial project plan has a safe start. The outputs of the ARRP session directly affect the Project Plan.
Depending on the complexities of the project, the duration of the ARRP can be anywhere from a few hours to a few days.
The output from this session is a documented list of risks in the Combined Findings Document, their associated consequences if not managed, any plans of mitigation, and any proposed containment strategies. These outputs then feed directly into the next AP event, the Risk Validation Meeting (RVM).
Risk Validation Meeting
In this event, the advocates from the Customer team review and assess the key risks in the Combined Findings Document, as proposed in the ARRP session. The advocates from the Customer team can accept the risks or request further clarification from the Supplier team, but they cannot refute any risks.
The output of this meeting, which typically lasts a day, is documented in the Combined Findings Document. It is used as a basis to develop the initial project plan.
Accelerated Project Planning
In this event, the Accelerated Process facilitator in conjunction with the project manager begin to review the Combined Findings Document, which includes output from all previous AP sessions.
Their objective is to identify the project requirements with their associated technical metrics for realization, and begin to formularize the following:
Project StructureProject tasks and their estimated start and end dates, and any milestones.
The Software Development ProcessA methodology, which should embrace the following activities:
Implementation of best practices or standards for consistent development
Object and code reuse
Software change management
The project management approach.
Augmentation to the project using consultants.
Any training that will need to be conducted to educate the project staff.
By determining the estimated project tasks, and associated start and end dates, an overall project duration can be developed.
The outputs from this event are as follows:
A Feature Set Document (FSD), where system requirements are defined into categories in terms of their respective release schedules.
A Project Strategy, which describes how the project should be conducted and what software development methodology would be best suited to deliver a rapid time-to-market solution.
A Project Plan to develop the solution, which includes the project phases, schedules, resource requirements, and other associated costs.
The two factors that will greatly influence the success of the APP event fall on how well the project plans and strategies have adapted themselves for component-based development. It is imperative that the touchpoints described in the following sections exist quite prominently in the project plan and strategy.
Refactoring the Project Plan into Binary Deliverables The project plan should be refactored into smaller incremental and iterative phases with milestones or binary deliverables.
Since it can be quite difficult to measure the progress of a project continuously, you must measure it using the concept of milestones.
A binary deliverable is an executable deliverable that has one of two statesdone or not done. Since Analysis and Design can never be shown to be complete, they should not be considered binary deliverables. Ideally, a binary deliverable should be some software code which demonstrates a requirement the end-user (Customer) can relate to. For a J2EE system, this will include the presentation, server-side, and even data tiers of the system.
Every organization is different, so it is up to the project manager to define the duration between milestones that is acceptable to the end-users, without giving the impression too much time has passed without anything to show for it.
Perception plays a key factor in software development efforts. As long as milestones are being met and showcased, the project appears to be moving in the right direction regardless of the challenges and risks that it may be hiding.
Iterative and Incremental Software Development Practices These two philosophies will stand the test of time in the development of component-based systems. First, you must acknowledge that you will not always get things right the first time around in developing software. Therefore, you will have to return to certain activities, but knowing more than you did initially enables you to be closer to getting it right. This is the concept of iterative development, which recognizes a single return to an activity is unlikely to result in complete success. As a result, each activity is repeated many times to refine the deliverables.
Iterative development will span across the Requirements, Analysis, Design, Development, and Testing phases of the SDLC.
A software development process should never attempt to build an entire system in one monolithic effort. It should be partitioned into binary deliverables, each with its own independent, parallel streamlined effortindividual sub-project plan. The process involves each binary deliverable being developed, unit tested independently, and then integrated into the full system. This concept is known as incremental development.
Iterative and incremental software development practices should not blind the project members to the overall software development objective. This is quite common, as people are so consumed in what they need to deliver that they forget about the rest of the world. Hence, it is important to keep people connected in how the project is progressing as a group, not only so they understand there are other aspects of the project, but also to promote knowledge transfer from anything learned, positive or negative.
Continuous Project Control Through Feedback In order to control a software development effort, you need a natural feedback communication mechanism. The term natural is used because if it is not natural, there will be resistance in providing feedback over time.
The project manager is the person solely responsible for managing the project, and will consistently need to measure its progress; identify new risks and provide counter measures; compare that progress against the plan; and then fine-tune the development parameters to correct any deviations from the plan.
There is no given rule to what the feedback communication must be; for example, meetings, presentations, or artifacts such as status reports are normal means to provide feedback. The bottom line is that it must be acceptable to the people that will provide it; otherwise it will not work.
Most methodologies provide a choice of feedback mechanisms.
Realistic Deadlines on Milestones Unrealistic deadlines can cause unnecessary stress to everyone involved in the project, especially the development staff that has to produce a tangible product to show the user at the end of each milestone. This inevitably renders poor quality in the work and morale of the software development effort.
To prevent such environments, it is important to assess the iterative cycles of development, and reflect the true measures of effort for the delivery of each milestone into the project plan. In addition, during times of stress, it is important to keep people focused and involved in their domains of expertise, thus gaining the maximum return on their time. For example, developers should not be gathering requirements in times of stress; that should be the role of the business analysts.
In order to foster a good working environment for the people involved in a project, deadlines and milestones must be realistic and achievable, and not strain the cultural bounds that people are prepared to sacrifice toward a project. When milestones are aggressive, clear communication surrounding the justification for the schedule and some form of reward system on meeting the milestone work well. In an increasingly health conscious work environment, serving food, such as donuts and pizza, is losing its appeal!
The outputs of the APP become the inputs to the next AP event, the Project Commitment Meeting (PCM).
Project Commitment Meeting
In this final meeting in the Accelerated Process, the Supplier team, including the project manager, formally presents their plans of executing the project and developing the technical solution to the Customer team, using the output from the APP.
This meeting has to be couched entirely in the vocabulary of the business. Even though a decision to move forward with a project may be implied, the plan has to be clear and concise, and address a balanced perspective of the value proposition as well as the risks to ensure acceptance.
During this meeting, the Customers will provide challenges by asking qualifying questions of the Supplier team, in order to make a decision on whether the project will be given the "Green Light" to proceed. Once agreed, the Project Plan, Feature Set Document, and the Project Strategy are all leveraged into the actual software development effort, thus providing a high confidence level for success to the overall project.
For more specific details of the Accelerated Process, please contact BEA Systems or visit their Web site (http://www.bea.com).
BEA Systems SteelThread (Architectural Prototyping)
One of the key architectural risks you will encounter in today's J2EE system development efforts is the question of integration with other systems.
If your integration is going to occur inside WebLogic Server, it is going to be Java-based, and more than likely it will be successful, given that it is on the same platform and all you will need to do is tap into the appropriate interface with the right information and do some through testing. Tuning BEA WebLogic Server will take care of the performance and scalability issues.
However, if you are developing a distributed architecture which will include legacy, database, and vendor-based solutions outside the realm of WebLogic Server, the immediate question is the feasibility, scalability, and performance of the distributed architecture. It is imperative you validate all distributed architectures up front before any concentrated development efforts occur.
A BEA Systems SteelThread, rendered as a service through their Professional Services Group, is a prototyping methodology that embraces the concept of quickly developing an end-to-end "thread" of technical and procedural functionality the distributed architecture will need to support, as illustrated in Figure 2.6.
Figure 2.6 SteelThread promotes the idea of developing a single end-to-end "thread" or functionality the distributed architecture will need to support.
Ideally a SteelThread should be a single requirement that spans the complexities of your distributed architecture. Metaphorically, a requirement should be an inch wide and be proofed a mile deep, as illustrated in Figure 2.7.
Figure 2.7 In the SteelThread prototyping approach the thread should be a single requirement that spans your entire distributed architecture.
For example, a thread may include the presentation layer (JSP, HTML), server-side Java (Servlets, Beans, EJBs), and span all the way to the legacy and data layers.
An important aspect of the SteelThread prototype is that it is built with a mindset that it will serve first as a system design framework, and second as a foundation for future development. A SteelThread is not a throw-away, as the prototype term can sometimes imply. If the SteelThread is not successful in its objectives, it will at least serve as an excellent early proofing method for the design of a system. At the same time, another approach for the distributed architecture will need to be devised and executed using the SteelThread method.
The benefits of using a SteelThread are
You are able to realize early the capabilities, risks, and constraints of the distributed architecture. This will in turn enhance your understanding of the total system as you move closer to the actual development phases.
There is an extensive amount of knowledge transfer from BEA Professional Services to your development staff around the BEA WebLogic Server 7.0 capabilities and its facilitation of J2EE distributed architectures.
After participating in a SteelThread effort, your development staff will have experienced an end-to-end solution of a requirement. Hence, they will be better poised to develop the J2EE solution in parallel efforts.
For complex distributed architectures, multiple SteelThreads can be developed and executed in parallel.
Surprisingly, the Analysis and Design phases do not need to be completed for any SteelThread activity to begin. However, since the objective is to derive an end-to-end solution for a specific requirement, the duration a SteelThread will depend on the quality of the following factors, as illustrated in Figure 2.8.
Figure 2.8 Several factors influence a SteelThread effort.
Defined technical requirements.
An understanding of the business requirements by the development staff.
Project knowledge of the interfacing systems (Integration).
Availability of vendors and personnel from the interfacing systems (Integration).
The availability of any environment to design, develop, and test the SteelThread.
The output of an Accelerated Process is an excellent feed into a SteelThread.
The better the information that feeds into a SteelThread, the quicker the pace for its execution. However, the less input you provide into a SteelThread, the more work the SteelThread will incur to gather the base inputs.
eXtreme Programming or "XP" is a lightweight software methodology that was developed by Kent Beck. Since its inception approximately five years ago, XP has evolved and inspired a developer-centric revolution. The XP methodology has its roots in projects where requirements are prone to change; development risks need to be mitigated to ensure success; and there are a small number of developers within an extended development team.
Everyone who participates in XP is considered an integral part of the team, including the advocates from the business. The "Whole Team" concept includes the following roles:
TrackerIs in contact with the XP developers regularly, and provides a roadmap action for any concerns or problems.
CustomerPlays the role of the subject matter expert, and has the responsibility and authority to explain the requirements and set priorities as to which requirements are designed and developed.
Having an on-site customer can dramatically cut documentation costs since the information can be relayed verbally or visually through a white board. The more documentation that is generated, the less "XP" becomes extreme.
ProgrammerEstimates the length of the development and testing cycle, and implements one or more requirements into a functional piece of software.
Programmers perform their own unit testing.
TesterImplements and runs the functional and acceptance test of the software code.
CoachEnsures the project remains focused and does not deviate from being "eXtreme."
ManagerIs the administrative arm of the group, who for example arranges meetings and ensures they are conducted to meet their objectives.
The manager and tracker can typically share the same roles.
Doom SayerShouts out when there are severe problems with the project.
In order to provide unbiased focus in their roles, the Programmer should not be the same person as the Tracker, Tester, or Customer. Also, the Coach should not be the same person as the Tracker.
The success of XP in today's methodology wars has been how it has evolved using the following core principles:
SimplicityThe design of the system is kept deliberately simple and clean, thereby delivering the software your customer needs, when it is needed.
CommunicationXP emphasizes teamwork between project managers, customers, and software developers, all being part of the XP team.
FeedbackXP developers communicate regularly with their customers and fellow programmers. Through testing their software early with continuous feedback, XP developers can deliver the system to the customers as early as possible, and implement changes as suggested.
XP stresses complete customer satisfaction.
CourageXP empowers developers to confidently respond to rapidly changing customer requirements and technology, even late in the life cycle.
Using these principles, XP itself is conducted through a few rules and a large number of software development practices, thus establishing a methodology that is quite streamlined toward developing software. It embraces the rules and practices that promote the development of creativity, speed, and quality, and overlooks anything that can seem too complex to practice or an overhead for the development effort; hence the reason why this approach was coined the name "eXtreme Programming" and is considered extreme by most software development traditionalists. For example, XP eliminates the unnecessary artifacts of most heavyweight processes (formal status report, large volumes of requirements and analysis documents, and even UML diagrams), which can slow down and drain the development staff.
XP, as you will discover in the following sections, is very development- and test-centric. Through developing test scenarios and associated prototypes, the software solution is evolved from concept to actual code to refined design. It is this test-first-and-design-later approach that makes XP so efficient, as illustrated in Figure 2.9.
Figure 2.9 XP is very strongly dependent on iterative testing.
Even though refactoring and testing code is the most important emphasis of XP, as opposed to requirements gathering, analysis, and design as in most traditional methodologies, industry surveys have identified XP as the one methodology which stimulates the most productivity from the people involvedhence proving the validity of XP as a methodology for software development projects.
The 12 Core Practices of eXtreme Programming
In order to gain an introduction to XP, you will need to understand the 12 core practices of eXtreme Programming, which can be broadly described through the following:
The Planning Game Practices, Small Releases Practices, and Customer Test Practices
The XP team embraces a simple form of planning and tracking that allows the development of a solution in a series of small, fully integrated releases, in close consensus with the customer.
The Simple Design Practices, Pair Programming Practices, Test-First Development Practices, and Design Improvement Practices
XP developers work together in pairs, continuously improving the design of the solution through a repetitive testing ritual.
Continuous Integration Practices, Collective Code Ownership Practices, and Coding Style Practices
Once the initial skeleton system can be deployed, the XP developers will continuously work as a group to keep it operational and maintained through incremental code integration and a consistent coding style.
Metaphor Practices and Sustained Pace Practices
The XP team shares the same perspective of the requirements and solution, developing it at a sustained pace.
The Planning Game
The main idea behind this practice is to make a rough plan quickly, and refine it as things become more clear, since both the customers and the developers will evolve their understanding of the requirements and desired solutions as the project progresses. The planning game also emphasizes visibility of the progress through some tangible releases as soon as possible, not only to show progress, but also to validate the projects existence.
Planning requires user/programmer cooperation in defining feature benefits and costs.
This practice focuses on steering the project toward predicting the answers to two key questions:
What to initially release, and by what due date?
What to do next?
These are addressed through two exercisesInitial Release Planning and Iteration Planning.
Initial Release Planning
During this exercise, the customer presents the desired requirements of the system to the XP programmers through user stories, which are small descriptions of the features and functionality of the system written on index cards. After the initial user stories have been collected, the customer sorts the stories by prioritizing them into the following three piles:
Critical for system to meet its business goals.
Will have a measurable impact on the system's business goals.
Will make the user happy, but without explicit justification.
The programmers then sort user stories by risk into the following three piles:
We know exactly how to do this.
We think we know how to do this.
We have no idea what this means or how to do this.
By now, each card will carry a priority and risk factors, allowing the whole team to pinpoint the business requirements that require further clarification. The ones that carry a high priority and risk can then be refined through improved requirements or a prototyping exercise. Features with low priority and high risk are suspended until the whole solution has taken shape, thereby allowing the requirement to be better understood.
Once the requirements have been identified, the programmers estimate the level of difficulty and associated costs involved, and then lay out a plan to prototype the requirements into a tangible initial release that the customer can relate to. Initial release plans are imprecise, since the priorities and their estimates are not truly solid, and until the first prototype is built, the release schedules will not be accurately predicted.
After the initial release of a requirement, the knowledge of the amount of effort required is very visible, hence cultivating more predictable release schedules as the project progresses through subsequent prototyping efforts.
Within the Iteration planning exercise, the customer provides the programmers with features that will need to be delivered into the software system within a two-week window frame. Using the knowledge from preceding prototyping efforts, the programmers decompose the requirements into a granular roadmap consisting of tasks, time, and costs. The amount of progress made every two weeks is binarya user story may or may not be implemented as a software component.
Through the Iteration Planning exercise, the XP team delivers running and operational software every two weeks.
A golden practice in XP is to get something in front of the customers as soon as possible. The only technique to enable you to facilitate this is iteratively developing small releases of the system, each one having a bearing on a user story that the customer has provided. Some XP Web projects release to their customers as often as daily.
Not only can the customer reap the business value, but also this provides a mechanism for early positive and negative feedback to the whole XP process.
Customer Tests (Acceptance Testing)
As part of providing user stories to the programmers, customers must also provide a means to test whether the desired features are functional in a specific manner. This acceptance testing criteria is embossed into a programmer's efforts, causing all releases to be validated prior to customer viewing. This not only saves the customers time, but also illustrates that progress is positive. The customer is encouraged to be available as much as possible to the XP programmers.
In an incremental, iterative process like XP, a simple consistent design philosophy is critical to the formula for success. As each project will be different, the definition of a simple design can be quite nebulous. Probably the best definition can be derived from the touchpoints provided by Kent Beck, where a simple design
Runs all the programmer's tests
Contains no duplicate code
Clearly states the intent of the programmer within the source code
Contains the fewest possible classes and methods
The idea of a simple design is to provide exactly what the customer has requestedno more, no less. Deviations from simplicity can cause extended release schedules and undue complexities in the actual deployed solutions.
Of all the aspects of XP, pair programming is probably the most questioned and argued for its productivity. Through the Pair Programming Practice, a user story is designed, developed, tested, and deployed by two programmers sitting side by side, at the same machine. Pair programming involves writing all production code in pairs, sharing a single machine. The notion is that two heads think better than one, while at the same time functioning as a single entity. This ensures that every aspect of an XP release is a collaborative effort between two XP programmers.
One XP programmer typically sits in the driver's seat, designing and coding, while the other (co-driver) sits and watches, questioning any decisions and providing helpful resources as needed. After a release is deployed, the two XP programmers will move either together or separately to assume similar or opposite roles in other XP release efforts.
This arrangement can be quite difficult to fathom, but there are advantages to pair programming:
Business and technical knowledge transfer is osmotic when two people sit side-by-side.
An experienced XP programmer functioning as the driver can easily teach the co-driver at the same time as delivering a release.
Changing paired XP programmers will increase the comprehension of the total system solution.
The design and source code must be consistently reviewed by one person.
The budgetary personnel in a project who are used to heavyweight methodologies may faint when they learn that two resources are required to sit side-by-side, which can be perceived to be an expensive endeavor. However, industry evaluations have proved that two programmers working together can do a better job than one. An excellent resource to further investigate pair programming can be found at http://www.pairprogramming.com.
Test-First Development (Unit Testing)
XP programmers use the concept of unit testing as a means to design and develop their specific software releases. Unit testing has programmers first write tests, and then create software to fulfill test requirements. Unit testing is a means for testing a thread of a system at any point in time. Even before a line of Java code is written, comprehensive unit test cases are envisioned for each method that will be developed.
Once the unit test cases are specified, development can begin. Source code is written in a test-centric manner, writing enough source code to execute and pass the associated unit test. As a result, software development evolves, preserving the simple design philosophy and providing 100% test coverage on the source code.
Only software that has undergone successful unit testing is checked into a software change management system. The test cases are then automated and collected to a large test set. As software releases are integrated into the larger solution, the test cases are run in an automated manner to ensure nothing is broken.
Design Improvement (Refactoring)
Continuous design improvement, or refactoring as it is termed, is a technique of improving the source code of a unit of software without modifying any of its functionality.
Throughout the XP programming efforts, programmers (the drivers and co-drivers) will be continuously predicting whether there is a better way to implement their software development effort. Programmers will be looking toward providing high cohesion and low coupling in their software, which is typically the trademark of a well-thought-out software solution. Hence, all duplication of any kind (objects, methods, and services) is removed.
There is a technical phrase back east, "A software system does not break; it is delivered broken." In the west, this is known as integration hell, where the entire software system is broken and no one knows why.
XP aims to mitigate this horror of a situation by imposing that as soon as the developed system is mature enough to be integrated, it stays integrated, with rebuilds on every new introduction of code and multiple scheduled rebuilds on a daily basis.
Frequent code integration helps you to avoid integration nightmares.
There are three primary reasons why XP puts a lot of emphasis on this practice:
The XP team collectively becomes knowledgeable on the building process, not relying on inexperience at any time.
Problems with newly integrated code can be addressed immediately by the associated developers at hand; the cause of failure for any particular integration effort is obvious.
The only code that is frozen is off a working system, which can be rebuilt to provide a stable platform for future integration efforts.
With XP providing a continuous feedback loop to the success of a developed piece of code, it should not end when it is integrated into the large system set.
Collective Code Ownership
There are software development projects today where programming code becomes an emotional asset owned by its author, with all subsequent changes having to go through some approval and coordination process directly with the author of the code. This is such a lengthy and unnecessary process and can cause inter-team conflicts.
XP does not believe in any of this possessive nonsense. Within an XP project, every programmer owns and is responsible for all the code. Therefore, any pair of programmers can improve or modify any line of code at any time, practicing Unit Testing of course. This provides more eyes and minds to review the software as it is developed.
In order to practice Collective Code Ownership and Design Improvement consistently though an XP project, a coding standard and style need to be in place that all programmers follow religiously. The objective is for all the code in the system to appear as if it were written by one person on the XP project.
Without having any coding standard, it will be extremely difficult to refactor code, switch pairs of programmers to manage other software development efforts, and practice collective code ownership.
The coding standard and style should be discussed and implemented as much as possible before coding begins, to avoid any retrofitting further into the development effort.
Metaphors within the context of an XP project are a glossary of terms that becomes a fundamental part of an XP vocabulary within a project, making it easier for people to converse about how the solution system will work, where to look for functionality, and where to place functionality in the context of the overall system. Metaphors are defined at project launch and prevent ad-hoc names from being created to define aspects of the technical system, such as Java classes, methods and variables.
The XP methodology is a very team-oriented methodology, which implies that the pace of the project is governed by the people who will collectively execute it. There is no point having 70-hour work weeks if only one third of your project team can live up to those terms. It is unreasonable to impose unnecessary hours of work when the work will not be productive or conducive to the success of the project. There have been many studies on the harmful effects of working long hours: stress, poor productivity, coding mistakes, hair-loss, weight-gain and loss, poor vision, metabolic fatigue, and mental burn out are just a few of the possible harmful effects.
XP has a philosophy that the project will be a success if the selected pace of the project can be sustained by everyone throughout the SDLC. If people are having fun on a project, they will naturally work the hours necessary to make it successful. The "whatever it takes" attitude should come from the team, and not be imposed on it.
eXtreme Programming Resources
To get a better and detailed perspective of XP, you should review the following books:
Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change, by Kent Beck
Extreme Programming Applied: Playing to Win, by Ken Auer and Roy Miller
Extreme Programming Installed, by Ron E. Jeffries, Chet Hendrickson and Ann Anderson
Planning Extreme Programming, by Kent Beck and Martin Fowler
Extreme Programming Examined, by Giancarlo Succi and Michele Marchesi
Extreme Programming in Practice, by James W. Newkirk and Robert C. Martin
Agile Modeling: Effective Practices for Extreme Programming and the Unified Process, by Scott W. Ambler
The Rational Unified Process
The Rational Unified Process, or RUP as it is known in the development community, is an excellent example of a predictable or heavyweight software development methodology.
The Rational Unified Process has its roots in the Objectory Process developed by Ivar Jacobson, which was an object-oriented design methodology that focused on development through the use of case modeling. With the efforts of Ivar Jacobson, Grady Booch, Jim Rumbaugh, Philippe Kruchten, Walker Royce, and other people from Rational Software, the Objectory Process began to evolve. The realization of the effort being the Rational Unified Process, which
Unified the crème de la crème of proven software development practices.
Embraced UML as the de facto notation for all of its modeling artifacts.
Addressed the full software development lifecycle from project inception to post-production phases.
The Rational Unified Process is in essence a very comprehensive software engineering process that needs to be followed meticulously, since it asks the following:
Who are the members of the project team, and what are their explicit roles and tasks?
When do the tasks need to be performed?
How do you reach a specific activity or objective?
What are the artifacts for each activity (input and output)?
The Rational Unified Process Product
In order to effectively utilize the Rational Unified Process, you not only need to purchase the product from Rational Software, but you also have to purchase a modeling tool that supports the current implementation of UML and the Rational Unified Process. Unfortunately, there is only one to choose fromRational Software's Rational Rose 2001.
The product itself, as illustrated in Figure 2.10, is Web-enabled, and needs to reside on every project member's desktop while the process is underway. This allows all of the team members to share one knowledge base, one view of the process, and one modeling language reference (UML).
Figure 2.10 The Web-enabled Rational Unified Process interface needs to reside on every project member's desktop.
In conjunction with Rational Rose, you have access to a wide range of features and support resources, for example
A powerful graphical navigation system and search engine.
An interactive knowledge base.
Guidelines, templates, and tool mentors.
Examples and templates for how to construct UML models in Rational Rose 2001.
Access to Rational's Resource Center, where you can review white papers, updates, hints, and add-on products, such as the BEA WebLogic Plug-in.
Both the Rational Unified Process and Rational Rose 2001 are available for download for a fifteen-day trial at the Rational Software Web site (http://www.rational.com).
The Principles of the Rational Unified Process
The principles of the Rational Unified Process are all based on the following software development practices:
Interactive Development: Through the feedback achieved in every design and development cycle, an evolving understanding of the problem is refined, illuminating potential risks before they can arise.
Use Case Driven: Use cases provide the primary requirements of the problem domain, which are then further refined to detailed use cases. They provide a visual perspective of the system by answering who its users are and how they interact with it.
Architecture-Centric design: An architectural blueprint of the desired system is built early, and is central to the future development of the solution system. Having a stable upfront architecture paves the road for parallel development efforts, and clearly identifies where and how the software design will be implemented.
Risk Management: Encourages the high priority risks to be mitigated sooner rather than later.
Software Quality Control: Using appropriate metrics, quality control is built into every aspect of the Rational Unified Process.
Software Change Management: The Rational Unified Process is a collaborative effort from a mid-to-large number of people within a team. A high frequency of documents, artifacts, and source code are generated, all of which need to be stored centrally and managed to control any changes.
The Organization of the Unified Process
The Rational Unified Process has two dimensionsPhases and Process Workflows, as illustrated in Figure 2.11.
Figure 2.11 The Software Development Lifecycle as defined by the Rational Unified Process has two dimensions.
The Phases of a Rational Unified Process
There are four distinct phases in a Rational Unified Process SDLCInception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition.
Each phase is composed of a number of iterations. Each iteration constitutes a complete development lifecycle, from requirements to deployment of an executable piece of code, as illustrated in Figure 2.12.
Figure 2.12 Iterative development constitutes each phase.
The first pass through the four phases is called the Initial Development Cycle. Unless the life of the product stops, an existing product will evolve into its next generation by repeating the same sequence of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases, which is known as the Evolution Cycles.
A phase is analogous to a milestone, with instructions on how to achieve a given set of objectives, what artifacts to produce, and how to evaluate the quality of the deliverables. Based on this information, a management decision can be made on whether to proceed to the next phase.
The objective of this phase is to specify a business case and project scope, including initial requirements, costs, and risks for the desired system. If the project is feasible, a plan is developed for the next phase of the RUP, the Elaboration Phase.
To gain an understating of the problem domain and scope, multiple high-level use cases are developed. A use case defines and describes a way an end user (actor) performs a series of steps to obtain a result. Use case diagrams model all interactions between an actor and a system in a single high-level diagram. This allows everyone to be in sync with the intent and scope of domain.
The documents and models that are produced from this phase contribute toward the Requirement Set artifacts, and can include
A vision of the desired system.
Use case models of the primary functionality of the system.
A tentative architecture.
A project plan for the Elaboration Phase.
This phase can include prototyping efforts to proof the feasibility of a technical requirement.
The primary objective of this phase is to analyze and stabilize all the requirements (technical and non-technical), and mitigate any potential high risks in order to derive an architectural foundation that will be sustained until the end of the project.
All architectural decisions are made based on the requirements illustrated through detailed use case models, and only those architecturally significant use cases are used to design the architecture.
The documents and models that are produced from this phase contribute toward the Design Set artifacts, and can include
An architecture prototype of the system
Detail use case models
A development plan for the Construction Phase
A project plan for the Elaboration Phase
The objective of this phase is to complete any outstanding analysis work and most of the design and implementation. The software is iteratively and incrementally developed toward a point when the first or beta release of the product can be transitioned into the user community.
The documents and models that are produced from this phase contribute toward the Implementation Set artifacts, and can include
A Deployment model
An Implementation model
During this phase, depending on the development cycle, a beta or final release of the software product is transitioned into the user community. With initial deployments to the user community, bug fixes, addition feature requests, and feature-based training will need to occur.
At the end of this phase, the objectives are measured against the associated requirements, and a decision is made whether to iterate through another development lifecycle.
The Process Workflows of a Rational Unified Process
The Process Workflows outline the steps you actually follow to develop your system through each development cycle of a phase. As illustrated in Figure 2.13, the Process Workflows are
Business Modeling: Develops an understanding of the problem domain through visual modeling techniques such as use cases.
Requirements: Use cases are used to functionally specify the system and its boundaries.
Analysis and Design: A detailed design of how the system will be implemented.
Implementation: Code development, compilation, and unit testing followed by software deployment.
Test: Testing the software to ensure it meets the needs of the end users.
Deployment: Deployment of the software to the actual end user community, and providing any supporting documentation and training.
Figure 2.13 Each of the Process Workflows has associated deliverables.
The supporting workflow processes include Configuration and Change Management, Project Management, and environment.
Even though the activities associated with a specific workflow process can overlap into multiple phases, as illustrated in Figure 2.10, the objectives of the activities will be governed by the phase they are executed within.
Rational Unified Process Resources
To get a better and detailed perspective of RUP, you should visit the Rational Software Web site (http://www.rational.com) or review the following books:
The Rational Unified Process, An Introduction (The Addison-Wesley Object Technology Series), by Philippe Kruchten
The Unified Process Explained, by Kendall Scott (Paperback)
The Road to the Unified Software Development Process (Sigs Reference Library), by Ivar Jacobson and Stefan Bylund
A Practical Guide to Unified Process, by Donald Kranz and Ronald J. Norman | <urn:uuid:e130d1fa-59f8-49a5-b7d7-52687a122110> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=101200&seqNum=6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202688.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322180106-20190322202106-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.928786 | 11,978 | 2.578125 | 3 |
When Will My Child Get/Lose This Tooth?
Even before your child was born, tooth buds were already beginning to develop. Usually, a baby will get its first tooth in about three months but do not be alarmed if it doesn’t come in before he/she is a year old. Usually, it will take 2-3 years for your child to develop a full set of teeth.
By the time your child is 2-3 years old, he or she should have a full set of baby teeth, also known as primary teeth. As your child’s facial bones and jaw continue to grow, spaces appear to allow the permanent teeth to come in. Usually, the baby teeth start to fall out at ages 6-7 and the permanent teeth begin to appear.
Why Are My Child’s Permanent Teeth Coming in Yellow?
This is nothing to worry about. It is perfectly normal for the permanent teeth to appear darker, or more yellow, than the baby teeth. This is because the deciduous (baby) teeth have less dentin than the permanent teeth. Dentin is yellow and it shows through the enamel. Once the permanent teeth have fully erupted, the yellowish shade will be considerably less apparent.
What Should I Do If My Child Knocks Out a Tooth?
First, stay calm. Your child is likely to be upset and you do not want to make matters worse. If it is a baby tooth, you probably will not even need to see a dentist. Just make sure that the child rinses out his or her mouth and if there seems to be a fair bit of bleeding, apply a cold compress.
If a permanent tooth is knocked out, you will need to take your child to the dentist. If you do so immediately, it may be possible to re-attach the tooth. Rinse it gently using water. If the child is able, have him or
What Should I Do If My Child Gets Into an Accident and the Tooth is Broken/Wiggly/Out of Place?
Contact your child’s dentist immediately. If the tooth is broken and you can find the missing fragment, bring it with you to the dentist office – it may be possible to bond it back into place. If the tooth is wiggly or seems like it is out of place, you should also take your child to see the dentist, in order to make sure that there is no damage to the gum or underlying jaw structure.
Is It Necessary to Sedate My Child for Dental Work?
Most of the time, a child does not have to be sedated. However, if the procedure is going to be complex and time-consuming, or if the child is very young, or very nervous, sedation may be recommended. Most of the time, parents are far more apprehensive about their child’s dental work than the child is, so if you do not communicate your anxiety to your child, chances are he or she will not be afraid of the dentist. If sedation is needed though, your dentist can offer a variety of safe options.
When Should I Bring My Child in to See the Dentist for the First Time?
In order to ensure a lifetime of dental health, your child should see the dentist before his or her first birthday. At the very least, you should not wait more than six months after the first tooth appears.
How, When and With What Should I Brush Their Teeth?
At 2-3 years of age, your child should begin using a fluoridated toothpaste and a soft toothbrush. Earlier, you can brush their teeth using just water, or a non-fluoridated paste and a soft brush. A pea-sized amount of paste sufficient and you should make sure that your child spits out the toothpaste instead of swallowing it.
When Can I Start Brushing My Baby’s Teeth?
You can begin brushing as soon as the teeth appear.
At Boss Dental Care, we welcome children and their parents. Our dental office is located at 801 Everhart Rd, Corpus Christi, TX 78411. Call us at Boss Dental Care, or use the form on our Contact Us page to book an appointment. Learn more by reading our children’s dentistry overview, benefits of children’s dentistry and Children’s Dentistry FAQs.
Boss Dental Care
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A new case report, published in the journal Frontiers in Oncology, describes the discovery of throat cancer in a subject using a novel saliva test designed to detect human papillomavirus virus (HPV). The patient displayed no clinical cancer symptoms, but the promising saliva screening test needs further validation before broad deployment.
“The incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven throat cancers is on the rise in developed countries and, unfortunately, it is often discovered only when it is more advanced, with patients needing complicated and highly impactful treatment,” explains Chamindie Punyadeera, one of the researchers developing the new test, from the Queensland University of Technology. “In the US, HPV-driven throat cancers have surpassed cervical cancers as the most common cancer caused by HPV but unlike cervical cancer, up until now, there has been no screening test for this type of oropharyngeal cancer.”
The cancer case was detected as part of an ongoing HPV DNA prevalence study. The trial is following over 600 cancer-free subjects, using the experimental test to measure viral DNA in saliva samples. Of particular focus is a strain of the virus called HPV-16, which has previously been linked to the onset of cervical cancer.
The case report describes a 63-year-old man with absolutely no clinical symptoms or signs of any type of cancer. Over 36 months he undertook several HPV-16 DNA saliva tests as part of the prevalence study and the researchers detected significantly rising viral levels as time progressed. Forwarding the subject to an ear, nose and throat surgeon for closer examination revealed the presence of a tiny, asymptomatic tumor in his throat.
“The patient was found to have a 2-mm squamous cell carcinoma in the left tonsil, treated by tonsillectomy,” says Punyadeera. “This has given our patient a high chance of cure with very straightforward treatment. Since the surgery, the patient has had no evidence of HPV-16 DNA in his saliva.”
Prior research has suggested high HPV-16 viral loads, detectable in saliva, can be effectively linked with advanced oropharyngeal cancer. However, this is the first time researchers have successfully found an early-stage cancer using the new saliva test technique.
The key finding here is the association between increasing HPV viral loads in saliva across several tests and throat cancer. It is this temporal progressive increase in viral load over time the researchers suggest could be key to detecting early-stage oropharyngeal cancer.
This finding of course needs wider validation before a test could be clinically deployed. But, considering HPV is thought to be the cause of 70 percent of all oropharyngeal cancers in the United States, and there is no screening method currently available, this easy saliva test could be extraordinarily useful for doctors tracking high-risk patients.
“The presence of this pattern of elevated salivary HPV-DNA must be fully evaluated, as it may provide the critical marker for early cancer detection,” says Punyadeera. “We now have the promise of a screening test for oropharynx cancer and there is an urgent need to undertake a major study to validate this test and the appropriate assessment pathway for people with persisting salivary HPV-DNA.”
The study was published in the journal Frontiers in Oncology.
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For the scientists gathered recently for the 2009 Space Weather Enterprise Forum in Washington, D.C., the talk of the Earth being hit by catastrophic solar storms — both past and predicted — was almost casual, the currency of the work they do.
There was the legendary "Carrington Event," a series of magnetic storms from the sun that hit the Earth in August and September of 1859, disrupting telegraph lines across the U.S. and triggering auroras so bright they turned the night skies into day as far south as the Caribbean. The storm went on for days.
They spoke of a solar storm in May of 1921 that stunned scientists with its power, and one in March of 1989 that blacked out the entire power grid in Quebec in just 92 seconds.
In 2003, the "Halloween storm" caused a massive blackout in the Northeast U.S. and $10 billion worth of damage to electrical systems.
There are lessons to be learned from these past events, the researchers emphasized, and the danger posed by solar storms is increasing.
This growing threat comes not from changes in the Sun, but from the increasing dependence of human societies on technology and electricity.
A storm on the scale of the Carrington Event could damage the U.S. electrical grid to such an extent that vast regions of the country could be without power for weeks, perhaps months.
Without electricity, drinkable water would soon be in short supply, as would fuel, food, communications and just about everything else society depends on to function.
"The consequences would be almost incalculable," said Daniel Baker, director of the University of Colorado's laboratory for atmospheric and space physics.
An extreme solar storm hitting our modern, high-tech world would severely disrupt oil and gas supplies, emergency and government services, the banking and finance industry, and transportation. The cost of the damage could reach into the trillions of dollars, he said.
New electrical systems are designed to be efficient, which is different from being robust and hardened against the effects of a solar storm.
"There is an efficiency-vulnerability tradeoff," said George Mason University social scientist Todd LaPorte, who studies critical infrastructures. "Sometimes efficiency isn't your friend."
"Large storms can literally place millions of lives at risk," he said, and our growing dependence on technology is increasing that risk. "We should be preparing for a storm four to 10 times the intensity of the 1989 event [that blacked out Quebec]. There is a false sense of security."
The reason the danger posed by space weather is not drawing more concern from the federal government, electric utilities or the public was summed up by David Crain of the space systems division of ITT, an engineering and technology company.
"The problem with space weather is nobody directly dies of space weather, and that is a detriment in getting funding and increasing public education," he said.
Unlike hurricanes or floods, the damage caused by solar storms is to underlying systems and not obvious in terms of visible devastation.
Preparing for extreme solar storms also involves spending millions, even billions, of dollars, and it is difficult to get the government to spend significant money to prepare for an event that is merely predicted, the speakers agreed.
"We have a hard time thinking about anticipation," said LaPorte. "We tend to react to events, not anticipate them. We're not good at heeding warnings."
"We have developed a new awareness of the extremes of severe geomagnetic storms," said John Kappenman, founder of Storm Analysis Consultants and an expert on the vulnerability of the power grid to solar storms.
Proposed designs for the grid may actually escalate the risk, he said. "There is an unrecognized, system-wide risk to the grid [from solar storms]. ... There is no design code to minimize this threat."
The scientists were assured by officials from the Obama Administration's Office of Science and Technology Policy that the threats of space weather are a concern.
But because solar storms do not result in immediate, visible damage, the participants at the forum said public education is critical to developing and implementing a plan to mitigate the damage from a future extreme solar storm.
"But if you do too much of that, what you end up with in the public is disaster fatigue," Crain said.
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February 25th, 2012 18:46 EST
Coronal Mass Ejection Expected in the Next 24-48 hours
A Coronal Mass Ejection that occurred on the 24th of February may affect the Earth sometime on the 26th or 27th.
According to reports the CME (Coronal Mass Ejection) is not expected to hit the Earth directly, but may cause a Geomagnetic Storm on a moderate G2 scale. Like Hurricanes and Tornados, the severity of the storm is rated in numbers (5 usually being the highest and most dangerous).
A G2 Geomagnetic Storm, according to the Space WeatherPrediction Center, is likely to produce the following results:
Power systems: high-latitude power systems may experience voltage alarms, long-duration storms may cause transformer damage.
Spacecraft operations: corrective actions to orientation may be required by ground control; possible changes in drag affect orbit predictions.
Other systems: HF radio propagati.on can fade at higher latitudes, and aurora has been seen as low as New York and Idaho
The effects of a Geomagnetic Storm were first observed in the early 19th century and the largest occurred on the 1-2 September, 1859, commonly known as the 1859 solar superstorm or the Carrington Event. It was so powerful that telegraph operators received shocks and it caused fires. Aurorae, usually only seen near the poles, was witnessed as far south as Hawaii, Mexico, Cuba, and Italy.
Such large storms normally occur once every 500 years and smaller less notable storms have happened in 1921 and 1960, although a severe geomagnetic storm in 1989 did affect the Hydro-Québec power grid, leaving six million people without power for nine hours.
Whilst there is limited proof that such storms can affect humans (unless they are extremely strong), I often get quite bad headaches when they occur and this is something that others have mentioned as well.
A G5 Geomagnetic Storm is certainly capable of doing some damage and can potentially damage transformers and create voltage control problems. Thankfully, electronic devices were few and far between when the storm in 1859 hit our planet, which helped us to avoid more extensive damage.
This latest Geomagnetic Storm is unlikely to cause too many problems, but it may offer an opportunity of seeing aurora in more southern locations.
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Tuesday, Nov. 14, 1967 was a day of celebration in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. The Scott paper company was set to officially open a state-of-the art pulp mill. It brought 300 new jobs and millions of dollars a year in new economic activity to the area.
Employees gently laid white cloths over the tabletops, and set down trays of appetizers and dips for a celebratory luncheon. They placed a $90,000 scale model of the mill on a table. Men in white-collared shirts hovered around the model, fiddling with levers and tightening pipes.
At 11 in the morning, Premier George Isaac Smith and a long list of dignitaries would formally welcome Scott paper. They would then go on a tour of the $50 million mill.
It was good news for almost everyone. But not for those who lived or owned property near a little-known body of water called Boat Harbour. For them, life was about to change for the worse.
To produce pulp, the mill had to use 25 million gallons (112 million litres) of water a day. Once used, the water emerged from the back end of the plant as murky, liquid waste. It was the plans to treat that waste that would create for Nova Scotians an enduring toxic legacy, and seal the fate of Boat Harbour.
To find the roots of the story, King’s journalism students dug into the official records of the era, stored now at the Nova Scotia Archives. These included the personal papers of the premiers of the day, and meeting minutes of a long-forgotten body called the Nova Scotia Water Authority.
Robert Stanfield’s Conservative government created the authority in 1963 and gave it sweeping control over development of water bodies across the province. As one of its first acts, the authority set out to re-engineer the landscape around Pictou Harbour for the benefit of Scott paper. As well as turning Boat Harbour into a waste treatment lagoon, it dammed off the Middle River branch of Pictou Harbour to create a huge water reservoir for the mill.
Bob Christie, a Pictou-area environmentalist, said the area’s economy was in deep trouble at the time. “The coal industry was dying, the steel industry after the Second World War was going and gone, and we had a guy called Frank Sobey who was part of Industrial Estates Ltd., the part of government that handed out money to bring in industry,” said Christie. “And the industry they offered here was pulp and paper.”
Boat Harbour wasn’t really a harbour at all, but rather a tidal inlet from Northumberland Strait. The water authority said publicly the treatment lagoon wouldn’t harm the environment, that residents could practically drink the waste. But the story in private was different.
Minutes of the water authority show officials knew the waste flow from the new mill would be acutely toxic, and that the authority used Boat Harbour to keep that pollution from flowing directly into Pictou Harbour and Northumberland Strait. Though primitive by current standards, the waste treatment plan was revolutionary in one respect –the other four mills in the province didn’t treat their waste at all.
The Boat Harbour Scheme: meet Dr. Bates
The Water Authority’s first chairman, appointed with a salary of $10,000 a year, was Dr. John Seaman Bates. He was a chemist from the pulp and paper industry who helped set up mills across the country
At the time, Bates was head of both the Nova Scotia and New Brunswick water authorities and would later hold the job in P.E.I. as well. He would later receive the Order of Canada for his work in establishing the Technical Division of the Pulp and Paper Association of Canada and the Chemical Institute of Canada.
Robert Wood, the former executive director of the technical division (now called the Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada or PAPTAC) inducted Bates into the International Paper Hall of Fame in 2006. The two met at a dinner in the 1980s
“He is the type of leader who helped develop this country and gave jobs to people,” said Wood. “I can’t say enough nice words about him, a true gentlemen, polite; he could’ve had an ego the size of a truck but he was very down-to-earth individual right up to his 101st birthday.”
In 1964, Bates penned an essay called “Damage and Disgrace” for the Atlantic Advocate magazine. In it, he gave damning reviews of pulp mills and industrial polluters in general, and showcased large photos of grimy waterways with high piles of soggy pulp and dead fish—all from industrial waste. In one striking image, white piles of foam float over a dark river: this is exactly what Boat Harbour ended up looking like, months after the Scott mill opened.
Certainly, Bates and other members of the water authority had no misconceptions about what came out of the back end of paper mills. Bates told the water commission toxicity from bleach kraft mills was “very high,” the minutes record. “Tests with young salmon have shown that at least 90 per cent dilution is necessary.”
At a conference in Montreal, Bates said that used mill water “carries solids, solubles and toxic substances, often in quantity and condition too staggering for polite conversation.”
The fateful decision to use Boat Harbour as a kind of crude settling pond was made in a series of water authority meetings. They were held over the summer and fall of 1965 in a fifth-floor boardroom at the old Nova Scotia government building, not far from Province House in downtown Halifax.
While early discussion focused on dumping the wastewater directly into Pictou Harbour, Bates soon set his sights on Boat Harbour.
The Water Authority minutes refer to using Boat Harbour as “Bates’ scheme.” And quite a scheme it was. The lifetime paper industry employee envisioned Boat Harbour as a government-owned treatment site, where multiple industries could treat waste, and the area municipalities could dispose of human waste.
At a meeting in July, Bates said he had visited Boat Harbour with Scott paper officials. They were impressed and phoned Bates later to say the company approved of the plan. The water authority members agreed unanimously at that July meeting that Boat Harbour should be used to treat the mill waste.
“The plan at the time was for the whole Abercrombie Point to become an industrial complex,” said Chris Moir, who heads the environmental services branch of the department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal. “That was the day. That was economic development in the ‘60s.”
But before “Bates’ scheme” could be put into action, approval from the Pictou Landing band – and its protector, the federal Department of Indian Affairs – would be required. While the province expropriated other landowners adjacent to Boat Harbour, it couldn’t expropriate the band. The band would have to co-operate, and so would Ottawa. Discussions began in August, 1965.
In September, water authority manager Armand Wigglesworth reported to one of those downtown Halifax meetings that he had visited the “Micmac Indians at Pictou Landing.” He said the band had raised “four major objections” to using Boat Harbour to treat waste. The specifics of the objections weren’t recorded.
Bates had a blunt reply. It was “absolutely necessary,” he said, to use Boat Harbour, so as to protect Pictou Harbour.
The story of how the native objections were overcome has become almost legendary.
“The shenanigans that went on were almost criminal,” said Daniel Paul, an author and former bureaucrat with the federal Department of Indian and Northern Affairs who later persuaded the band to sue Indian Affairs over its handling of Boat Harbour. He said Pictou Landing band officials were taken to New Brunswick and shown what they were told was a similar, operating waste treatment facility. An engineer even took a drink of the water, saying the water at Boat Harbour would be just as pure. The problem was, it wasn’t true. “We discovered afterwards, at that particular place the (treatment) unit didn’t come into operation for two years after that visit” Paul said.
But the tactic worked. On Oct. 21, 1965, only slightly more than a month after Wigglesworth reported the band’s “major objections,” the band council passed a resolution accepting payment of $60,000 as compensation for lost fishing and hunting revenues and “other benefits from the Indian use of Boat Harbour.”
Wigglesworth officially reported back to the Water Authority in November that the necessary approvals had been obtained, and by September 2, 1966, a federal order in council confirmed the arrangement. Archival records show the province was angry with Ottawa because the order in council failed to give Nova Scotia the absolute control of Boat Harbour that it wanted. Still, it was enough to move ahead with Bates’ plan to convert Boat Harbour into a sewage treatment lagoon for Scott Paper.
It wasn’t long before other, non-native residents, got wind of the scheme. They weren’t happy.
In a letter to Premier Stanfield dated March 19, 1966, Joseph B. MacDonald, a doctor from Stellarton, ridiculed a suggestion, attributed to Bates, that Boat Harbour would be improved by turning it into a treatment lagoon.
“This claim of theirs—that Boat Harbour will be improved by damming—would be much more reasonable if they were going to dam Boat Harbour and then use it for the storage and propagation of sharks” he wrote. The presence of sharks, argued MacDonald, would make swimming difficult, but putting industrial waste into Boat Harbour would rule it out entirely.
King`s students also pored through records of the Pictou Town and Pictou County councils. The records show no evidence the province ever brought its scheme to councillors’ attention. Even so, one councillor in the Pictou Landing area heard rumours and wrote a letter to Bates, asking him to verify what he had heard, that the province was going to run a pipeline into Boat Harbour to carry the wastewater from the mill.
“It is hard to understand that this Company or anybody (sic) or corporation being given authority to pollute this body of water,” Henry Ferguson wrote. He argued doing so would turn the inlet into “a cesspool.” He worried for residents whose properties bordered Boat Harbour.
Ferguson copied his letter to Premier Stanfield. The premier, in turn, passed it on to W.S.K Jones and Donald Macleod, both past ministers under the Water Act. His note suggests he had expressed concerns earlier. “This is the sort of thing I was afraid of,” the premier wrote. “Someone should see Henry Ferguson and reassure him.”
Undeterred, the water authority pressed ahead.
An engineer in Truro prepared plans to dam off Boat Harbour from Northumberland Strait, and turn it into a two-stage waste-treatment facility. He reported it would cost less than $100,000, the exact amount depending on how the facility was configured. Meantime, the fiberglass pipe to carry the wastewater from the mill was estimated to cost $2 million. And a combination railway causeway/dam was constructed across the Middle River to create the enormous water reservoir. The pieces were falling into place for both a water supply, and waste treatment, for Scott paper.
The charge to the company for wastewater treatment would eventually be set at about $100,000 a year, and the same for the water supply. A bargain, said Christie, the environmentalist.
“Cheap wood, cheap land, cheap treatment. Cheap, cheap, cheap,” he said. “Even in the day, in the early 1960s, that whole sequence of buying water and treating it would have (cost) between five and $10 million in 1964 dollars.”
Christie learned firsthand Scott Paper’s side of the story.
“Walter Miller was the first plant manager at Scott Paper and before he died I had the opportunity to spend long times talking to him,” Christie explained.
Miller told Christie about company meetings held at one Scott Plaza in Philadelphia. “‘At the meetings we had there it was hard to keep a straight face’” Christie quotes Miller as telling him. “They couldn’t believe how stupid the government was up here.”
In 1966, before Bates’ scheme was completed, both Bates and Wigglesworth left the water authority, although Bates stayed on as a consultant. It was left to Bates successor E.L.L. Rowe, to actually start the flow of waste into Boat Harbour.
Rowe later became a controversial figure, with residents later telling a consultant looking into problems with the operation of Boat Harbour that Rowe refused to install aerators to help treat the waste because it would cost too much. When improvements were suggested by the consultants, Rowe told a news conference he’d rather spend the money on something else.
Within a few short years of its inception, Bates’ plan to save Pictou Harbour by treating toxic pollution in Boat Harbour, would explode into one of the worst environmental fiascos ever seen in Nova Scotia. In the years to come, the province would spend millions on treatment upgrades, consultant studies, and cleanup plans that led nowhere.
It truly became a toxic legacy. | <urn:uuid:81d84cc0-18be-4101-a083-a2d11a230e20> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://signalhfx.ca/pulp-mills-warm-welcome-to-pictou-county-sealed-fate-of-boat-harbour/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476205.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303043351-20240303073351-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.971669 | 2,846 | 2.8125 | 3 |
But do we have enough water?
I laugh when I hear people talk about a water shortage. A shortage falsely implies there is a chance we could run out of water. While the total amount of water on the planet does not increase in volume, it also does not decrease. We have had the same amount of water we have always had, about 326 million cubic miles and will continue to have the same amount as long as the earth and the atmosphere is in tact .
What we do have are distribution problems both at the micro and macro level. On the macro level about 97% of water is the oceans and another 2% is frozen in polar ice caps or glaciers. So 99% of the water on Earth is either too salty or too inaccessible for human use.
The water we borrow for our use comes from groundwater, lakes, rivers and wetlands. A little more than ½ of the remaining 1% is stored underground as groundwater. While a little less than ½ of 1% is stored in lakes, rivers, and wetlands and as vapor in the atmosphere.
From vapor to precipitation, water is in a constant state of motion. Like a very large terrarium, the Earth is a closed system. Plants transpire and oceans evaporate to form vapor which cools in the upper atmosphere and falls back in the form of rain which recharges the lakes, streams and groundwater. Where the rain falls is not always convenient to where we would like it to be thus creating distribution problems at the micro level.
In the U.S. we need to borrow over 137 million gallons of water every day of which 60% goes to irrigation. Most of the 82 million gallons go to massive irrigation to support large-scale farming in order to provide food. Irrigation makes it possible for the mega farms to grow crops in the dessert where nature never intended. Getting water to the desert is a micro distribution problem.
We are our own worst enemy when it comes to creating the micro distribution problem. Air, water and a little food are the only things we really need. Air is free, while water and food are commodities we can make available anywhere with the right amount of time and resources. The problem is the more we make an area livable by providing water the more the population increases and eventually the demand for water outpaces the distribution system especially in times of drought.
The nomads in the dessert learned centuries ago they must go to where the water is. When the economics of water distribution no longer makes sense, will the growth and development slow and will the populations adjust accordingly?
As a side note I understand about metabolic water “creation”, but this process borrows water and is eventually returned to the water cycle…think human sweat or plant transpiration | <urn:uuid:255333a4-6d40-474a-8677-725b0e3a84ee> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://valleycresttakeson.com/watermanagement/trends/we-have-plenty-of-water-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737931434.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221851-00179-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947769 | 556 | 2.84375 | 3 |
3 things to know about Blue Dots
UNICEF is working with UNHCR, local authorities and partners to bring safety, stability and advice to families fleeing the war in Ukraine.
Like all children driven from their homes by war and conflict, Ukrainian children arriving in neighbouring countries are at significant risk of violence, sexual exploitation, and trafficking. They are in desperate need of safety, stability and child protection services, especially those who are unaccompanied or have been separated from their families.
UNICEF teams are working alongside the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other partners to assist and mobilize support for displaced and refugee children and families escaping to Moldova, Poland, Romania and Belarus.
What are Blue Dot hubs?
Jointly established by UNICEF and UNHCR together with local authorities and partners, ‘Blue Dots’ are safe spaces along border crossings in neighbouring countries that provide children and families with critical information and services. Blue Dot hubs provide refugees with critical information and practical support to help them in their onward journeys. They identify and register children travelling on their own and connect them to protection services, and also offer referral services to women, including for gender-based violence.
For children, Blue Dot hubs provide a safe, welcoming space to rest, play and simply be a child, at a time when their world has been abruptly turned upside down in fear and panic, and they are facing the trauma of leaving family, friends and all that is familiar.
Where will they be located?
They are located along entry points of major refugee arrivals, registration sites and some urban centres. Blue Dot Hubs are organized in close coordination with national and local authorities in selected strategic sites, in close collaboration with UNHCR and other protection partners. Where possible, Blue Dot hubs build on and bring together existing services; otherwise, a new hub will be created to deliver these vital services. Read more on protection of displaced and refugee children in and outside of Ukraine.
What support can children and women access?
Blue Dot hubs offer essential services delivered by UNICEF and other agencies, including:
- Information and advice desks where families on the move can find out about the support and services available to them as refugees, including from host countries, humanitarian agencies, civil society organizations and others. Families are also made aware of their rights under international humanitarian law.
- Child-friendly spaces, allowing children to rest, play and benefit from structured activities and psychosocial support from trained staff, with separate spaces/activities for young children and adolescents to meet their unique needs.
- Family reunification services to restore and maintain contact among family members and ensure the safety of children. These services also provide information on how to best prevent the separation of families travelling together.
- Counselling and psychosocial support for both children and parents/caregivers who may be facing considerable trauma and stress from their experiences. Psychologists, social workers and other trained professionals are on hand to identify children who might need further support, especially unaccompanied or separated children.
- Referral services to connect refugees who have suffered violence or are experiencing health conditions and other circumstances that require specialized support. Blue Dots also enable UNICEF and partners to identify vulnerable children and women and refer them to specialized services. The vulnerable may include families, single mothers or children at risk, such as unaccompanied children, those with disabilities or illnesses, cases of suspected trafficking, and survivors of sexual or gender-based violence.
- Safe areas to sleep where people with specific needs can rest for a short time or be referred to longer-term emergency accommodation.
- Emergency items (such as clothing, hygiene items, blankets) for highly vulnerable children and women, including children with disabilities. | <urn:uuid:ff464ad4-0725-4b0d-b634-ac7d7a6179de> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/3-things-know-about-blue-dots | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034930.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625095705-20220625125705-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.95228 | 755 | 2.875 | 3 |
The passage of Russia's anti-gay "propaganda" law in the summer of 2013 amplified an already hostile environment just months before the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games.
International human rights organizations and activists roundly condemned the law but were divided on how best to respond. Calls for boycott threatened to further injure disenfranchised Russians and a lack of response from the IOC along with strict rules governing the behavior and dress of participants limited options for legal protest.
Meanwhile, requests to create a Pride House for Sochi were rejected by Russian authorities, and calls on the National Olympic Committees to host went unanswered. In response, Pride House International partner the Russian LGBT Sport Federation planned their Russian Open Games, a programme of eight sports competitions plus a culture component, as an in-country response. Follow this link for a message from Federation co-Presidents Elvina Yuvakaeva and Konstantin Yablotskiy about the Pride House movement.
In light of the law and the potential danger to anyone demonstrating within Russia, Pride House International responded with two actions: first, people were encouraged to attend or support the Russian Open Games; also, activists and fans were invited to hold "remote Pride Houses" internationally.
Russian Open Games
Held in Moscow during the days between the end of the Sochi Olympic Games and the beginning of the Sochi Paralympic Games, the Russian LGBT Sport Federation offered sporting and cultural events in an inclusive event called the Russian Open Games.
Although organizers had taken every precaution to ensure that their events were in line with the anti-gay "propaganda" law (there were no protests, the activities focused on sport, and participants had to be 18 years or older), the Russian authorities took an interest in the proceedings. The day before the athletes and supporters were set to arrive, the host hotel--a Hilton--cancelled the reservation, an action the organizers attributed to negative pressure put on the managers.
Champion diver Greg Louganis attended the Russian Open Games.
Pictured, left, with Russian LGBT Sport Federation co-President Konstantin Yablotskiy, via ABC News.
Things failed to improve once the events got underway. Someone called the venue for the opening ceremonies claiming there was a bomb in the building. The human rights conference had already been cancelled when the Hilton closed its doors to the event, and the police showed up at the sporting events, disrupting them all and cancelling some.
Despite these obstacles, the event welcomed participants from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Canada, the United States, and across Russia.
Julianne Moore's video message of support for the Russian Open Games
Remote Pride Houses
A remote Pride House could be any event, demonstration, gathering, or expression of support and solidarity with Russian LGBT people. Interested parties were invited to use the logo to publicize their event, and to report back on their activities. Almost immediately, groups in Vancouver (Whistler), Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, Chicago, Cleveland, Toronto, Montreal, Philadelphia, Glasgow, Manchester, London, Copenhagen, Paris, Brussels, Utrecht, Amsterdam, Wellington, Sao Paulo, and Brasilia voiced their interest.
Perhaps one of the most robust remote Pride Houses was held in Manchester, England in late February 2014. Engaging community and businesses in and around world-famous Canal Street, Manchester's Gay Village, the event used performance, debate, sport, and ceremony to show solidarity with LGBT Russians. The Pride House Manchester Steering Group also partnered with the To Russia With Love: Street & Stage event which sent all proceeds to Russian LGBT groups.
By the end of the campaign, organizers reported more than 80 events held in 40 cities worldwide.
Same-Sex Hand-Holding Initiative (SSHHI)
This highly-visual campaign was conceived of by Konstantin Yablotskiy of the Russian LGBT Sport Federation, and was designed to circumvent the restrictions on behavior and dress by athletes at Olympic Games. The idea is simple: everyone present in Sochi – athletes, staff, media, officials, spectators, sponsors, vendors, and fans – are asked to take every opportunity to hold hands with a person of the same sex.
“Long after the 2014 Olympics, we in Russia will continue to live under this horrible law. For a few weeks we have the opportunity to bring the attention of the world to the situation in Russia. The Same-Sex Hand-Holding Initiative enables everyone to get involved with a simple yet iconic gesture.”
People from around the world participated in the action, with Sydney, Australia setting the bar high.
Organizers staged a mass same-sex hand-holding at the city's Mardi Gras Fair Day--an event that typically attracts upwards of 70,000 people.
In Manchester, the Police Commissioner was highly visible in his support.
See more images from the SSHHI campaign's Tumblr here. | <urn:uuid:a4ab9822-0b59-4c22-bf78-ed20e09ac15a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.pridehouseinternational.org/2014-sochi-olympics-remote/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.950343 | 1,035 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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23 results for Popular sovereignty: ||
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Authors: No authors specified.
Date: May 30, 1854
The Kansas territorial seal supposedly was engraved by Robert Lovett of Philadelphia from a design developed by Andrew H. Reeder, the first Territorial Governor of Kansas. Encircling the border of the two-inch brass die is the text, "SEAL OF THE TERRITORY OF KANSAS / ERECTED MAY 30, 1854." The face features a pioneer holding a rifle and hatchet opposite Ceres (the goddess of agriculture) who stands next to a sheaf of grain. At their feet lie a tree and the axe that felled it. Between these two figures is a shield with a plow in the top compartment and a hunter stalking a buffalo below. Above the shield is a banner reading, "POPULI VOCE NATA." This Latin motto has been translated to read "Born by the voice of the people" or "Born of the popular will." The motto speaks directly to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, creating the territory and establishing popular sovereignty whereby voting residents would decide if Kansas became a slave or free state.
Keywords: Agricultural implements; Agriculture; Kansas Nebraska Act; Kansas Territory; Objects; Popular sovereignty; Reeder, Andrew H. (Andrew Horatio), 1807-1864; Territorial government
Letter, W. A. Gorman to Speaker of the House of Reps [Minnesota Territory]
Authors: Phillips, Wendell
Date: February 18, 1856
In response to a January 22, 1856, appeal from free-state leaders in Kansas, the governor of Minnesota Territory, Willis A. Gorman (St. Paul, February 18, 1856), conveyed the appeal to his territory's House of Representatives and encouraged Minnesota officials to follow a policy of "Non intervention." Governor Gorman refused to recognize Lane and Robinson as "officers in the Territory of Kansas, under any authority of the laws of the United States or of that Territory."
Keywords: Border ruffians; Free State Party; Free state movement (see also Topeka Movement); Gorman, Willis A.; Lane, James Henry, 1814-1866; Miller, Josiah; Minnesota; Missouri; Popular sovereignty; Robinson, Charles, 1818-1894; Topeka Movement (see also Free state movement)
Letter, [I. Sabin] to Chad Kellogg
Authors: Sabin, I.
Date: August 8, 1856
I. Sabin wrote to Chad Kellogg regarding real-estate transactions and troubles along the Missouri-Kansas border. Sabin, the commander of a 40-man company against pro-slavery forces, described the amount of firearms needed by each fighting man and his lack of money with which to purchase them. The letter is written on a printed circular "Appeal of Kansas to the Voters of the Free States," which enumerates various offenses done to free state men, focusing particularly on the contested election of 1856.
Keywords: Barber, Thomas W.; Brown, Frederick; Buford, Jefferson; Free state perspective; Guns; Kellogg, Chad; Leavenworth County, Kansas Territory; Leavenworth, Kansas Territory; Pierce, Franklin, 1804-1869; Popular sovereignty; Sabin, I.; Shannon, Wilson, 1802-1877; Sharps rifles; Shawnee County, Kansas Territory; Topeka, Kansas Territory; Wakarusa War, November-December 1855; Weapons (see also Guns)
Pamphlet, Defence of Kansas
Authors: Beecher, Henry Ward
This pamphlet, written by an impassioned Henry Ward Beecher, spoke vehemently against permitting slavery in Kansas Territory. Beecher excerpted the "Act to punish offenses against slave property", written by the first session of the Territorial Legislature, to the free state supporter the "Bogus Legislature", citing the Act as among " the laws of armed scoundrels".
Keywords: Antislavery perspective; Beecher, Henry Ward; Bogus legislature; Free state support; Kansas Territory. Legislature - Pawnee/Shawnee Mission; Popular sovereignty; Violence
Pamphlet, "The Coming Struggle: or, Shall Kansas Be a Free or Slave State?"
Authors: No authors specified.
This pamphlet, authored anonymously by "One of the People" directs the question "Slavery or Liberty?" primarily to a Northern audience. The context of the argument supports Kansas achieving status as a free state, though it pointedly states that "the Free States desire not to control the internal arrangements of their sister States; but while they are willing that State rights should be respected, they will not submit to the nationalization of Slavery".
Keywords: Catholic Church; Democratic Party (U.S.); Missouri compromise; National politics; Popular sovereignty; Republican Party (U.S.: 1854- ); Secession; Sectionalism (United States); Slavery
|See results 6 - 10| | <urn:uuid:72263452-7bf1-4864-93cc-58834b38061a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/~imlskto/cgi-bin/index.php?SCREEN=keyword&selected_keyword=Popular%20sovereignty&sort_by=true&submit=Go&startsearchat=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639482.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00110-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891684 | 1,114 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Terms like justice, democracy, freedom and moral accountability are generalized with varied meanings for different people. They also mean something different for citizens of other countries who want to live in America.
Google Bahrain and you will see how inexcusably the popular uprising in the Persian Gulf sheikhdom is being blacked out by the mainstream media and how discriminatingly the Western leaders ignore the vociferous demands of a nation for democracy and social justice.
The U.S. is touted as having a great democracy. Everything good–either real or imagined—is supposedly due to their principles of democracy. Seldom do American politicians or members of the public define or clarify what those principles include.
Claims of electoral fraud followed. All elections have irregularities. At issue is whether results are comprised. Election monitor Golos accusations were spurious. America’s National Endowment for Democracy (NED) funds it. It supports regime change in non-US client states.
America has great attributes and achievements to export to the Arab world such as advances in medical, science, and information technology, excellent systems of higher education, and a truly generous population that contributes hundreds of billions to social causes.
The early Gush Emunim settlers, living in their tents on West Bank hills, may have dreamed of this day, but they could not have imagined that the world’s greater power, the United States of America, would so easily fall into line and follow the dictates of what has become a settler-dominated Israeli government.
Liberty lies in the hearts of men and women. The USA converted, in practice, from a republic to a democracy during the reign of FDR. Without a miraculous change of course, our democracy’s brief life is almost over and its violent death is imminent. | <urn:uuid:b9fc3cb9-759a-4e99-9e3b-a3c4a5822401> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.veteranstoday.com/tag/democracy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900160.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00158-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950697 | 363 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The subduction factory plays a major role in the cycling of volatiles in the deep Earth, because the subducting plate (slab) is enriched in fluids after millions of years of interaction with seawater. Thus, fluids in the slab are dragged down to depths of several hundreds of kilometers. Some of these fluids are released through dehydration reactions during the slab descent and percolate through the Earth’s mantle. One of the major consequences of the presence of fluids in the mantle is that it facilitates melting and production of arc lavas. This is one of the reasons why arcs (e.g. Andes, Mariana) form at the surface of the planet.
However no constraints currently exist on the scale of hydrous melting (melting in the presence of water) in subduction environments because mantle rocks are impossible to access insitu. That is why most subduction-related studies focus on the melt product (arc lavas) to indirectly assess the composition of the Earth’s mantle at depth in these environments. However, ophiolites – tectonically thrusted pieces of oceanic crust and mantle – are considered to be close analogs to subduction-related rocks. Here we propose to use a novel geochemical approach to trace hydrous melting directly, in natural mantle rocks recovered from arcs and ophiolites, using the NENIMF facility (secondary ion mass spectrometer) at WHOI. Particularly, we will test whether halogen elements Fluorine (F) and Chlorine (Cl) can differentiate between hydrous melting and dry melting, as suggested in the recent experimental study of Dalou et al. (2013). If we can show that experimental results in the laboratory readily apply to natural mantle rocks, F and Cl could be one of the most useful tracers of fluid cycling in the Earth’s mantle.
Those who help with the project: Brian Monteleone (WHOI, USA), Celia Dalou (UT Austin, USA), Nobumichi Shimizu (WHOI, USA)
(image Robert Lillie) | <urn:uuid:677c5c81-31cd-4407-99bc-1290a712fe01> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://leroux.whoi.edu/research/volatile-cycling-during-subduction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320226.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624050312-20170624070312-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.897995 | 430 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The Philadelphia Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC), a nonprofit corporation controlled jointly by the city government and the Greater Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, formed in 1958 to support existing businesses and attract new ones by offering land and low-cost financing for both for-profit and nonprofit enterprises. To accomplish this mission, PIDC manages the oldest municipal land bank in the United States, pioneering a novel approach to assembling, upgrading, and marketing urban land to business owners.
During the 1950s the prevailing analysis of Philadelphia’s economic problem was that a lack of suitable land discouraged companies from expanding their plants and prevented new firms from moving into the city. Modern technology and production processes had made one-story factories more efficient than multistory industrial buildings. Investors favored one-story factories with convenient access to highways, off-street parking for employees, and easy loading and unloading of freight—all features more likely to be found in suburban locations than in the city’s congested industrial districts.
Elected in 1956, Mayor Richardson Dilworth (1898-1974) made industrial renewal a top policy priority. In 1958 Dilworth secured the cooperation of the city’s Chamber of Commerce to establish PIDC as a jointly-controlled nonprofit corporation. The city and chamber each furnished half of its initial operating budget. PIDC also received financial support from state industrial-development programs.
Moving quickly and at times controversially, PIDC acquired an inventory of abandoned industrial sites, as well as undeveloped parcels that might prove attractive to new firms or expanding companies whose owners wanted to stay in Philadelphia. Often PIDC improved the sites with water, sewer, and street installations before selling them to manufacturers. PIDC then used the proceeds of those sales to create a revolving fund for further purchases. Most of this help went to small and medium-sized manufacturers and wholesalers in a wide variety of industries that reflected the historic diversity of the city’s economy: metal fabricators, publishers, machinists, food processors, makers of furniture, clothing, chemicals, and dozens of other products.
PIDC soon realized it would also have to help companies acquire financing in order to counteract the lure of suburban and Sunbelt locations, many of which offered financial incentives. Older plants, especially small family-owned businesses, suffered from declining property values in older industrial sections of the city. Their declining equity made it hard for them to borrow money for upgrades they needed in order to compete against suburban producers. PIDC found it could borrow money at below-market interest rates because the debt issued by municipalities is treated as tax-exempt by the federal government. Borrowing at low interest rates, PIDC could then lend to companies at similarly low interest rates. As historian Guian McKee has observed, that arrangement has meant over time that the subsidy enjoyed by PIDC’s client companies came largely from the federal government, not from local taxpayers.
PIDC used its inventory of land parcels combined with financial incentives to lure companies to large industrial parks it began creating at the edges of Philadelphia during the 1960s. Two prime examples are the Philadelphia Industrial Park created in the far northeast corner of the city and the Penrose Industrial District in the city’s southwest corner. Each was constructed on land originally set aside for the city’s two airports, but not needed for that purpose. These complexes provided the same modern buildings, landscaping, and ample parking as suburban industrial parks, with easier access to the city’s ports and airports. Not surprisingly, they attracted dozens of companies, including both new arrivals and older established firms wanting to expand.
PIDC also played a role in creating the nation’s first urban research park in 1963. As early as 1959 PIDC began pursuing that goal in partnership with the West Philadelphia Corporation (a nonprofit organization focused on drawing research and development activities to the area adjoining the universities in West Philadelphia). Hoping that the city’s combination of medical schools, along with pharmaceutical and chemical companies, could attract new research and development firms, PIDC and WPC together created a nonprofit entity, the University City Science Center, with a dual mission: to promote scientific, medical, and engineering research that could be commercialized, and to develop real estate that would attract companies and individuals engaged in those pursuits. Since the Science Center’s incorporation in 1963, PIDC has supported its growth with low-interest loans and other assistance for real estate development, in addition to funding early-stage companies bringing health care and life science technologies to market.
Starting in the 1970s, PIDC began devoting major efforts to reinforce downtown Philadelphia as the region’s commercial center. By the early 1970s it was becoming clear that business services were overtaking manufacturing as the backbone of the Philadelphia economy. PIDC added hotels, offices, shopping, entertainment, and commercial properties to its redevelopment agenda. For example, PIDC bought the Bellevue Stratford Hotel on South Broad Street when it closed after a 1976 outbreak of Legionnaire’s Disease. That transaction allowed a critical property in a strategic location to be returned to productive use. Other commercial projects included the Market East Shopping Center known as the Gallery, along with downtown parking garages, movie theaters, and restaurants.
The largest of all PIDC endeavors is its ongoing campaign to redevelop 1,200 acres of land at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, which the federal government decommissioned after it had served for 125 years as a shipyard and naval base. When the Navy transferred ownership of the yard to the city in 2000, PIDC was assigned responsibility for transforming the enormous installation into a mixed-use campus with an emphasis on green technology. Combining office suites, manufacturing spaces, and research-and-development buildings, the area has benefited from $130 million in public investments for utilities, landscaping, roadways, and other infrastructure. PIDC has incorporated environmental values into its redevelopment, including LEED building design, advanced storm water management, preservation of open spaces, smart grid, and renewable power sources. More workers are now employed there than were employed by the naval shipyard before it closed.
Despite its record over more than fifty years of investment and job development, PIDC has its critics. Some have faulted PIDC for shifting manufacturing to industrial parks at the far edges of the city. In so doing, PIDC spurred job growth in locations only reachable by automobiles, and that requirement discouraged employment of low-income workers who did not own cars. Good-government advocates, including the city controller, have periodically complained that PIDC conducts its business without regard to the checks and balances that normally constrain government. As a separate nonprofit corporation, PIDC is able to circumvent debt-protection and bidding requirements and spend money outside of the usual appropriation process, without the transparency normally expected from government departments. Balancing such criticism is PIDC’s record of completing over 5,000 transactions involving 2,000 acres in land sales and about $8 billion in financing—numbers that increase each year as PIDC continues to attract business investment.
Carolyn T. Adams is Professor of Geography and Urban Studies at Temple University and associate editor of the Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia.
Copyright 2014, Rutgers University
Eisinger, Peter. The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. Chapter 7: “Geographically Targeted Policies on the Supply Side.” pp. 173-199.
Graves, Richard. “Industrial Philadelphia: Its Greatest Need is More Land,” Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, December 14, 1958.
Knox, Andrea and Douglas Campbell. “PIDC: Fighting to Slow the Ebb of City’s Industry,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 20, 1978.
McKee, Guian. The Problem of Jobs: Liberalism, Race, and Deindustrialization in Philadelphia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
McKee, Guian. “Urban Deindustrialization and Local Public Policy: Industrial Renewal in Philadelphia, 1953-1976,” Journal of Policy History, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2004. pp. 66-98.
Oberman, Joseph. Planning and Managing the Economy of the City: Policy Guidelines for the Metropolitan Mayor. New York: Praeger Publisher, 1972.
Petshek, Kirk. The Challenge of Urban Reform: Policies and Programs in Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1973.
Philadelphia Industrial Development Corporation. An Industrial Land and Market Strategy for the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, September 2010. (PDF)
Saidel, Jonathan. Study of Activities Conducted on Behalf of the City of Philadelphia by the Philadelphia Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) and the Philadelphia Authority for Industrial Development (PAID). Philadelphia, Office the City Controller, April 3, 2000. (PDF)
Places to Visit
Gallery Market East, Ninth and Market Streets, Philadelphia.
Navy Yard, 4747 South Broad Street, Philadelphia.
Northeast Philadelphia Airport Industrial Park, Roosevelt Boulevard and Woodhaven Road, Philadelphia.
Philadelphia Wholesale Produce Market, 6700 Essington Avenue, Philadelphia.
University City Science Center, 3711 Market Street, Philadelphia. | <urn:uuid:9dd85942-e59d-4323-bdfa-17d9000004c4> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/philadelphia-industrial-development-corporation-pidc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794869732.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527170428-20180527190428-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.944687 | 1,905 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In Montenegro, 348 bird species has been registered so far (of the total 533 registered in Europe until today or 65% of the European bird fauna), including Turnix sylvaticus, whose appearance remained suspicious. Also, the presence (for example: Fulmarus glacialis) and the status of some species (for example: Carpodacus erythrinus) was determined on the basis of the findings of authors, which have not been published yet.
Out of the total number of bird species registered so far, 213 species belong to the certain breeding and seven species are possible breeding, while ten are considered to be extinct, such as for example, Aegypius monachus. 106 species are considered to be resident, i.e. species which spend the whole life cycle in Montenegro. This number includes two species that are introduced (pheasant and chukar). 107 species of birds registered in Montenegro are breeding migratory birds.
The occurrence of 21 species, such as Tetrax tetrax, represents a historical data, because for at least 30 years back they had not been registered on the territory of Montenegro. Out of the total number of species (348), 266 species are regularly seen in Montenegro, while 14 species are occasionally seen.
The richness of bird fauna of a country is viewed through the total number of registered species or, more often, trough the number of breeding species. In Montenegro, the density index of breeding species, which represents the ratio between the logarithm of the number of breeding species and the logarithm of the country's surface area, is significantly above the Balkan average (0.435) and it amounts 0.563. This is contributed by the diversity of habitats: from the sea coast, across the salinas, freshwater lakes, semi steppes, canyons, dense forests, mountain plateaus and high mountain peaks. On the other hand, Montenegro is located in one of the four most important corridors for birds in Europe - Adriatic Flyway, through which millions of birds annually migrate to Africa and vice versa.
In comparison to other European countries, the number of 213 species that breed in Montenegro is relatively high, taking into consideration that Montenegro is one of the smallest European countries. For example, according to its surface, Montenegro is on the 39th place, while according to the number of breeding birds at 22th, just below Hungary, which is nearly seven times larger than Montenegro. Also, Montenegro has more breeding birds than the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Portugal, Denmark, Slovenia or Switzerland, for example.
First preview of the ornithological richness of Montenegro in the form of a list of bird species was published as the Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae by the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Slovenia in 1973, as pertaining part of the Catalog of the bird fauna of SFR Yugoslavia. Later, the bird fauna of Montenegro was elaborated in the context of the Diversity of Bird Species in Yugoslavia, with an Overview of Species of International Importance in 1995, and, finally the List of Birds of Montenegro with Bibliography, which represents the first independent paper related solely to its territory.
Due to the lack of field research and the large part of territorial non-coverage, many species in this list have been rated stricter than it would be the case in the field. This List of Birds of Montenegro is subject to a revision and all scientifically proven feedback is more than welcome.
List of Birds of Montenegro with Bibliography can be downloaded here. | <urn:uuid:014f61b1-ecb4-4b68-b7bc-ad610b7b8b92> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.birdwatchingmn.org/en/birds-of-montenegro/birds-of-montenegro | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900614.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709162634-20200709192634-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.933203 | 740 | 3.390625 | 3 |
In an update to the Madagascar plague outbreak, L’Express de Madagascar (computer translated) reports the number of cases have risen to 189, up from 138 on Nov. 25.
In addition, the number of plague fatalities now stands at 52, bringing the case fatality to 28% on the island country.
The vast majority of cases are of the bubonic plague variety (179, or 95%), 5 cases are pneumonic plague and the remaining 5 cases are unclear.
The Pasteur Institute in Madagascar have confirmed about half the cases, according to the report.
Out of the 44 districts with plague, the remaining currently infected districts in the Big Island are Amparafaravola, Miarinarivo, Tsiroanomandidy, according to health officials.
According to the general secretary of the Madagascar Ministry of Health, between 300 and 600 suspected cases are reported each year, with about 30 cases of pulmonary plague and 10 to 70 deaths.
The World Health Organization earlier this week released a statement clarifying ” that the plague is endemic in the country, with epidemic seasonal peaks ranging from September to March” after numerous media accounts on the outbreak.
For more infectious disease news and information,visit and “like” the Infectious Disease News Facebook page | <urn:uuid:67d5aa5c-c4bb-4098-84b6-6f1952a7f234> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | http://outbreaknewstoday.com/madagascar-plague-outbreak-climbs-to-189-cases-92912/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358702.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129074202-20211129104202-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.904728 | 263 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Researchers found that high doses of the vaccine protected 12 out of 15 patients from the disease.
A new malaria vaccine in the US has shown promising results in early stage clinical trials, having protected 12 out of 15 patients from the disease. The vaccine involves injecting live but weakened malaria-causing parasites directly into patients which triggers immunity.
A US biotech company called Sanaria took lab-grown mosquitoes, irradiated them and then extracted the malaria-causing parasite (Plasmodium falciparum), all under the sterile conditions. These living but weakened parasites are then counted and placed in vials, where they can then be injected directly into a patient's bloodstream. This vaccine candidate is called PfSPZ.
In the clinical trial, the researchers looked at a group of 57 volunteers, none of whom had had malaria before. Of these, 40 received different doses of the vaccine, while 17 did not. They were then all exposed to the malaria-carrying mosquitoes. The researchers found that for the participants not given any vaccine, and those given low doses, almost all became infected with malaria. However, for the small group given the highest dosage, only three of the 15 patients became infected after exposure to malaria.
The vaccine is still in the development phase as researchers are finding if the vaccine is durable over a long period of time and can the vaccine protect against other strains of malaria.
The detailed results of the study were published in the journal Science.
Read more Health News.
All possible measures have been taken to ensure accuracy, reliability, timeliness and authenticity of the information; however Onlymyhealth.com does not take any liability for the same. Using any information provided by the website is solely at the viewers’ discretion. In case of any medical exigencies/ persistent health issues, we advise you to seek a qualified medical practitioner before putting to use any advice/tips given by our team or any third party in form of answers/comments on the above mentioned website. | <urn:uuid:a214cb48-371a-4a40-b366-50f52b448b38> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.onlymyhealth.com/a-malaria-vaccine-shows-promise-1376291722 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986648343.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013221144-20191014004144-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.953751 | 405 | 3.0625 | 3 |
When camera manufacturers moved from film to digital, they adopted a new standard image size. The dimensions of this new image size are in the ratio of 4:3 and do not fit evenly into many of the conventional size prints … the print areas are either a bit too wide on one side or too long on the other.
This is no different than watching an old movie on your widescreen TV!
You have the black bars at both ends of the widescreen TV when watching an old movie because the movie was formatted for a standard TV. In the normal version, the entire picture area is visible. If we zoom in to fill the entire screen, we lose some of the picture in the vertical direction.
A similar situation exists in photography, but we use different terms.
Normal (on TV) is called Crop to Fit in photography. This means that 100 percent of your image is on the print, but there may be white space that is not used because the image is a different shape.
Zoom (on TV) is called Crop to Fill in photography and means that your image has been enlarged to fill the entire print, so some of it may be off the edge of the print and not visible - just like zoom mode on TV.
• When snapping a photo, make certain that important subject matter is not close to the bottom, top, or sides of your image.
• Look for a print size that conforms exactly to your captured image size. Examples: 4" x 5 1/3", 4.5" x 6", or 6" x 8".
• Understand your camera and what print format best fits your camera's output.
• Check to see if your camera offers the capture of an image in a conventional print size format.
• If seeing 100 percent of your image is crucial, make a larger Crop to Fit print and trim it to suit. Remember that the trimmed print will not fit a standard frame.
• If you are in a retail store, ask to see a chart of the print sizes.
• If you are submitting images for printing on the web, pay close attention to messages on the site. Most websites do an excellent job of alerting and explaining this problem. | <urn:uuid:d0919d92-cea3-41bf-88be-8fba426de988> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://ritzcamera.com/pages/pma_croppedprints | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649741.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604093242-20230604123242-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.927014 | 462 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The displacement vector is the change in position of an object or the far an object is from its starting point.
When we add a displacement vector to another displacement vector, the result is:
A) a velocity.
B) an acceleration.
C) another displacement.
D) a scalar.
E) none of the above.
Frequently Asked Questions
What scientific concept do you need to know in order to solve this problem?
Our tutors have indicated that to solve this problem you will need to apply the Adding Vectors by Components concept. You can view video lessons to learn Adding Vectors by Components. Or if you need more Adding Vectors by Components practice, you can also practice Adding Vectors by Components practice problems. | <urn:uuid:04e195d2-2b7e-4067-9bbd-d7a64d447a71> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.clutchprep.com/physics/practice-problems/146633/when-we-add-a-displacement-vector-to-another-displacement-vector-the-result-is-a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141202590.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129184455-20201129214455-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.869189 | 157 | 3.625 | 4 |
New & Noteworthy
December 19, 2013
Just like the chicken or milk you buy at a store, chromosomes have a shelf life too. Of course, chromosomes don’t spoil because of growing bacteria. Instead, they go bad because they lose a little of the telomeres at their ends each time they are copied. Once these telomeres get too short, the chromosome stops working and the cell dies.
Turns out food and chromosomes have another thing in common—the rates of spoilage of both can be affected by their environment. For example, we all know that chicken will last longer if you store it in a refrigerator and that it will go bad sooner if you leave it out on the counter on a hot day. In a new study out in PLoS Genetics, Romano and coworkers show a variety of ways that the loss of telomeres can be slowed down or sped up in the yeast S. cerevisiae. And importantly, they also show that some forms of environmental stress have no effect.
The authors looked at the effect of thirteen different environments on telomere length over 100-400 generations. They found that caffeine, high temperature and low levels of hydroxyurea lead to shortened telomeres, while alcohol and acetic acid lead to longer telomeres. It seems that for a long life, yeast should lay off the espresso and and try to avoid fevers, while enjoying those martinis and sauerbraten.
Romano and coworkers also found a number of conditions that had no effect on telomere length, with the most significant being oxidative stress. In contrast, previous studies in humans had suggested that the oxidative stress associated with emotional stress contributed to increased telomere loss; given these results, this may need to be looked at again. In any event, yeast can deal with the stresses of modern life with little or no impact on their telomere length.
The authors next set out to identify the genes that are impacted by these stressors. They focused on four different conditions—two that led to decreased telomere length, high temperature and caffeine, one that led to longer telomeres, ethanol, and one that had no effect, hydrogen peroxide. As a first step they identified key genes by comparing genome-wide transcript levels under each condition. They then went on to look at the effect of each stressor on strains deleted for each of the genes they identified.
Not surprisingly, the most important genes were those involved with the enzyme telomerase. This enzyme is responsible for adding to the telomeres at the ends of chromosomes. Without something like this, eukaryotes, with their linear chromosomes, would have disappeared long ago.
A key gene they identified was RIF1, encoding a negative regulator of telomerase. Deleting this gene led to decreased effects of ethanol and caffeine, suggesting that this gene is key to each stressor’s effects. The same was not true of high temperature—the strain deleted for RIF1 responded normally to high temperature. So high temperature works through a different mechanism.
Digging deeper into this pathway, Romano and coworkers found that Rap1p was the central player in ethanol’s ability to lengthen telomeres. This makes sense, as the ability of Rif1p to negatively regulate telomerase depends upon its interaction with Rap1p.
Caffeine, like ethanol, affected telomere length through Rif1p-Rap1p but with an opposite effect. As caffeine is known to be an inhibitor of phosphatydylinositol-3 kinase related kinases, the authors looked at whether known kinases in the telomerase pathway were involved in caffeine-dependent telomere shortening. They found that when they deleted both TEL1 and MEC1, caffeine no longer affected telomere length.
The authors were not so lucky in their attempts to tease out the mechanism of the ability of high temperature to shorten telomeres. They were not able to identify any single deletions that eliminated this effect of high temperature.
Whatever the mechanisms, the results presented in this study are important for a couple of different reasons. First off, they obviously teach us more about how telomere length is maintained. But this is more than a dry, academic finding.
Given that many of the 400 or so genes involved in maintaining telomere length are evolutionarily conserved, these results may also translate to humans too. This matters because telomere length is involved in a number of diseases and aging.
Studies like this may help us identify novel genes to target in diseases like cancer. And they may help us better understand how lifestyle choices can affect your telomeres and so your health. So if you have a cup of coffee, be sure to spike it with alcohol!
by D. Barry Starr, Ph.D., Director of Outreach Activities, Stanford Genetics | <urn:uuid:9104b273-49c3-4859-aa2a-53fcba2b6fd7> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.yeastgenome.org/affecting-the-shelf-life-of-chromosomes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768044.102/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00003-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955669 | 1,008 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Sewell Mining Town
Just as the rivers flow down from the Andes, so does the wealth of Chile. For here, high in the mountainous border of the country, are the natural resources which have made Chile one of the most stable economies in South America.
Over the years, the mining techniques have evolved and the exact locations moved.
Left on the mountains are the husks of the communities that once dug up the earth to keep the nation prosperous. The most famous of these in Chile is the old mining town of Sewell.
Built into the mountainside, layered upwards with a system of staircases and bridges, Sewell was home to more than 15,000 people at its peak.
At the time, it was the largest underground copper mine in the world. Today the mine itself still operates but the town was abandoned in the 1970s when the residences were moved downhill to give workers better facilities.
Mining in Chile
The mine has life still. Trucks thunder along the dirt roads, dirtied men emerge from the dark caverns underground, and smoke wisps up from the factory-like buildings in the high terrain. About three per cent of the world’s copper is produced here.
Sewell is a ghost town, though. It’s been left as it once was… minus the people.
There’s an old theatre that is empty but for the memories of the nights that the workers would spend here to find relief from the loneliness of their lives.
Dormitory buildings have corridors of doors that are never opened or closed and hide an emptiness behind them. The wide and steep staircases between the buildings lead to nowhere.
It’s strange to stand in the middle of silence in the shell of a community that would once have been so noisy and busy.
The buildings are all painted bright and varied colours, which give the town a vibrance in stark contrast to the rocky mountain it is built on. It’s the only thing that is vibrant today, though.
The history of Sewell
Investors from the United States began to take ownership of the mine and built Sewell in the early 1990s. The equipment and conditions for the men who lived here had the benefit of modernity but it was a remote and hostile environment.
More than 2000 kilometres above sea level, the cold winds have a harshness as they swirl around the buildings, carrying dirt and dust with them, they would’ve chilled the inhabitants. The sun beats down but it brings no warmth.
From this altitude the views are striking but the homes and families of the workers are nowhere to be seen. They would’ve felt trapped up here in the Andes.
Both the Chilean government and UNESCO have deemed Sewell to be a town of historical importance. It is “an outstanding example of the company towns that were born in many remote parts of the world from the fusion of local labour and resources from an industrialized nation, to mine and process high-value natural resources.”
It is also a tribute to the men who braved such harsh conditions. And a memorial to the 355 workers who died during a fire in the mine in 1945.
The town is situated on land that is still owned by the mining company and can only be visited with an authorised guide.
Driving along the tracks to reach it, you pass operational parts of the business. The living conditions may be a bit better for the workers these days.
In some ways, though, not much has changed. It’s a hard life high up in the mines but there are always people willing to do it. This is not just about history.
This is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. For more info click here. You can see all the UNESCO World Heritage Sites I’ve visited here.
WANT TO KNOW MORE ABOUT CHILE?
To help you plan your trip to Chile:
- What you’ll see on a free walking tour of Santiago
- Here’s why you’ll see so many healthy street dogs in Chile’s capital
- The wonderful quaint fish market in Santiago
- Valparaiso: The most colourful city in Chile
- Visiting an incredible abandoned mining town in the Andes
- Climb to the top of an active volcano covered in snow
- Things to do in Pucon
- Why the churches in Chiloe are a World Heritage Site
- Learn about the mythology of southern Chile
Let someone else do the work for you:
You may also want to consider taking a tour of the Chile, rather than organising everything on your own. It’s also a nice way to have company if you are travelling solo.
I am a ‘Wanderer’ with G Adventures and they have great tours of Chile.
You could consider:
When I travel internationally, I always get insurance. It’s not worth the risk, in case there’s a medical emergency or another serious incident. I recommend you should use World Nomads for your trip. | <urn:uuid:b9b9b3bf-b2c6-44ab-8316-c34d2492c816> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.timetravelturtle.com/sewell-mining-town-chile/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334514.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925035541-20220925065541-00747.warc.gz | en | 0.963188 | 1,045 | 2.859375 | 3 |
When editing a document sometimes we need to scribble with the aim of showing the word or sentence is wrong. Usually this is done when correcting a document. Microsoft Word as the most popular word processor has a Strikethrough feature to help us scribble on text.
There are 2 options that can be used, namely regular strokes (Strikethrough) and double strokes (Double Strikethrough).
Strikethrough is a feature in Microsoft Word software that has a function to scribble on text in documents. This feature can be accessed via the toolbar in the Font group. In addition to the toolbar, users can also access it from the Font dialog box.
In addition to showing the wrong word or sentence, the strikethrough command is also sometimes used to cross out text that is considered unnecessary. Then how to use it? In this Microsoft Word study material we will discuss 2 ways. Please see below.
Cross Out in Word with Strikethrough
Similar to the bold, italic and underline commands in Word, the strikethrough button is on the Font toolbar. Precisely located to the right of the underline button. The scribble form of this feature is only 1 line.
The following is how to cross out text in word using strikethrough.
- Block or highlight the text you want to cross out.
- Click the Home menu.
- Click the Strikethrough button.
- Then the highlighted text becomes crossed out.
There are no keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys to activate strikethrough. However, to remove the streak, we can use the keyboard's hotkeys by pressing CTRL+SPACEBAR.
Well, the way above is to cross out with 1 line. There is another option in MS Word which is to cross out with 2 lines or double strokes.
Strikethrough Text in Word With Double Strikethrough
The double strikethrough feature does not have a dedicated toolbar or keyboard hotkeys. This feature can be accessed only through the font dialog box. So we have to open the dialog box to use it.
Here's how to strike out text in Microsoft Word with double strikethrough.
- Highlight the text to be crossed out.
- Click on the arrow button in the left corner of the Font toolbar. Then the font dialog box will appear.
- Check the Double strikethrough option to cross out the text with 2 lines.
- Click OK. Then the text display is crossed out.
How, easy is not it? The same as the first method, to remove the streaks on the text can use the CTRL + SPACEBAR keys.
Actually, the official use of double Strikethrough has no specific meaning. We can use both types of strokes as we wish.
Unlike bold, italic or underline features, the Strikethrough feature is still relatively rarely used. Although rarely used, the Strikethrough feature is quite important in some situations. Especially in the process of editing and correcting Word documents. With this feature, users can mark incorrect text so that the document owner can correct it. | <urn:uuid:985c264e-c383-4f9f-a64e-c156cdfde2a6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.misnia.com/2021/07/strikethrough-in-word-function.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150308.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724191957-20210724221957-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.889546 | 652 | 3.3125 | 3 |
We know it’s a worrying time for people with cancer, we have information to help. If you have symptoms of cancer contact your doctor.
Read our information about coronavirus and cancer
Oesophageal cancer starts in the food pipe, also known as your oesophagus or gullet. The oesophagus is the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach.
Read more about oesophageal cancer
Find out about tests to diagnose Oesophageal cancer, screening and seeing a specialist.
Read more about getting diagnosed
Doctors can use these tests to diagnose oesophageal cancer.
Read more about tests to diagnose
You may have these tests after you've been diagnosed with oesophageal cancer.
Read more about tests to stage
Treatment options for Oesophageal cancer, how your doctors decide and what to expect.
Read more about treatment
Find out where oesophageal cancer can spread and about how treatment can control your symptoms.
Read more about advanced cancer
Find out how, where and when you have chemotherapy for oesophageal cancer and get drug information.
Read more about chemotherapy
This is the most common treatment for early cancer of the oesophagus. Doctors remove all or part of your oesophagus.
Read more about surgery
Radiotherapy uses high energy waves similar to x-rays to kill oesophageal cancer cells.
Read more about radiotherapy
Find out how treatments aim to control symptoms when oesophageal cancer is advanced.
Read more about treatment for advanced cancer
Your doctor may recommend treatment with laser, radio waves or light sensitising drugs for very early cancer.
Read more about other treatments
Get support to cope during and after cancer treatment, including diet tips to help you eat well.
Read more about practical and emotional support
You might have some of these tests to help find out if an oesophageal cancer has come back or whether it has spread. The tests can also sometimes check how well treatments are working.
You might have a CT scan of your stomach, chest and the area between your hips (pelvis) to find out where the cancer is and whether it has spread.
You might have an ultrasound to find out if the cancer has spread to your liver.
A PET-CT scan combines a CT scan and a PET scan into one. It can show where your oesophageal cancer is and whether it has spread.
About Cancer generously supported by Dangoor Education since 2010.
Search our clinical trials database for all cancer trials and studies recruiting in the UK
Talk to other people affected by cancer
Questions about cancer? Call freephone or email us | <urn:uuid:cea7133e-5901-407f-8aa7-53b646e94aec> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/oesophageal-cancer/advanced-cancer/tests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738562.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809162458-20200809192458-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.934748 | 571 | 2.84375 | 3 |
fifth year | fall '19
Spotblinds is a project that uses motion tracking technology and a system of reactive panels for an interactive window shading system. Twelve semi-transparent louvres are each outfitted with their own servo motor and LED, that receives information from a Kinect that tracks user movement and positioning in space. User movement in front of the Kinect will indicate angles for the panels to point themselves towards, creating a gradation of openness.
A single Arduino UNO controls all 12 servo motors boards while three AA battery packs are used to power the servos. The computer is connected to both Kinect and Arduino, which allows for testing an active response from the user. The way the code works is through utilizing a Processing library called Kinect4WinSDK, which is a wrapper for the Windows Kinect development kit. The Kinect provides a skeletal reading of any body it detects, and creates a list of x, y, z points per each point on the skeleton. The library makes it easy to read these coordinates from the Kinect and write its values to the serial port the Arduino is connected to. As the Arduino is constantly listening for new serial values, it is actively writing new servo values the Kinect is providing. | <urn:uuid:62e65bb9-9075-4e2d-9077-69fb3434b54c> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.mitchellfoo.com/spotblinds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335190.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928082743-20220928112743-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.900965 | 254 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Programme for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Finland was implemented on the FIN-D2D Project (2003-2008) comprising three concurrent strategies:
- Population Strategy: prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes at population level
• High-Risk Strategy: screening of people with elevated risk and management of risk factors by lifestyle counselling
• Early Diagnosis and Management Strategy: prevention of complications among newly diagnosed people with type 2 diabetes by bringing them within the sphere of appropriate treatment
The FIN-D2D Project tested the Programme for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Finland in practise and developed new action models in the project area to be disseminated to all primary health care centres and occupational health care units in Finland.
The FIN-D2D Project also evaluated both the effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness of the new prevention and care practices.
The project covered five hospital districts: Pirkanmaa Hospital District, the Hospital District of South Ostrobothnia, the Central Finland Hospital District, the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District and the Hospital District of Northern Savo, which cover a total a population of 1.5 million Finns.
The coalition of the hospital districts, the National Public Health Institute and Finnish Diabetes Association in the FIN-D2D Project was unique. The project was coordinated by the Finnish Diabetes Association and Pirkanmaa Hospital District.
In order to ensure that the practices developed during FIN-D2D are established as permanent health care measures throughout Finland, there was a follow-up project to FIN-D2D in 2009-2010.
The project for making the prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases part of health care routine also stresses that the prevention of diabetes and the ultimate objective of treatment is the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
- Screened and prevented diabetes
- Prevented complications
- Supported self-care | <urn:uuid:83f189d9-ee7d-448d-be1a-ebe8932ff366> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.diabetes.fi/en/finnish_diabetes_association/dehko/fin-d2d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927844.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00183-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923126 | 378 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Ministry of Health today attested to the fact that, thanks to strict preventive measures, the incidence of meningitis in the Kingdom is low, with only 11 cases reported in the first ten months of 1420 H [May 1999 to February 2000]. The measures taken include comprehensive campaigns every three years, the most recent in 1998 when over 3 million people were vaccinated; regulations stipulating presentation of certificates of vaccination against meningitis for all citizens and residents planning to perform Hajj, and for all those arriving in the Kingdom from anywhere in the world to perform pilgrimage, both Hajj and Umrah; inspection of these vaccination certificates at the air, land and sea arrival points for all pilgrims, in conjunction with mandatory on-the-spot vaccinations for any pilgrim not carrying a valid certificate; and campaigns conducted around the Holy Sites to locate any person who has neglected to be vaccinated.
In spite of these efforts two cases of meningitis were detected on February 24, 2000. It is a matter of record that some pilgrims who carry vaccination certificates have not actually been vaccinated in their country of origin, and that about 10 to 15 percent of those vaccinated do not acquire immunity. Therefore, the number of cases rose with the increasing number of pilgrims. In the week ending March 30, a peak was reached with 56 cases registered. The following week there were 51 cases, and thereafter the number dropped. As of April 11, the total number for this year's Hajj season was around 200, which, given the vastness of the gathering, cannot be considered to constitute an epidemic. Moreover, the source of all the cases is from overseas. When the French health ministry reports five cases of meningitis among returning pilgrims, two of which resulted in death, it has to be remembered that the source of the infection is not Saudi Arabia.
The text of Hajj requirements (dated January 14, 2000) as provided to all pilgrims applying for Hajj visas in the United States contains the following item:
9. Meningitis Vaccination Certificate. All pilgrims must submit their vaccination certificates to the Comsular Section of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. All pilgrims must carry these certificates to Saudi Arabia for inspection by the Saudi Arabian Passport Authority. Children from the age of two (2) and above must take a dose of the meningitis A + C vaccine and those between the ages of three (3) months and two (2) years must take two doses of the vaccine A, which requires an interval of three months between each dose. | <urn:uuid:c08b6c8c-00c9-4e75-a200-6616064946e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://saudiembassy.net/archive/2000/news/Page427.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257822172.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071022-00161-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959037 | 512 | 2.578125 | 3 |
How many times a day do you say to yourself, well, it's all a matter of timing? Or check your watch? Probably more than once. Notions of time are deeply embedded in our culture, and in the felicitous words of William Y. Arms, they are "highly context dependent." Or, as my grandmother might have said, where you sit is what you see. (She may have been talking about the movies.)
Certainly, the post-industrial West has striven to commodify time, and more than one historian of industrialization has noted the importance of accurate clocks and measurement as an enabling technology. Frederick W. Taylor built a science of management based on timing tasks and apportioning hours. Taylor's time and motion studies contributed to Henry Ford's successful implementation of assembly line organization, which was predicated in part on breaking down a manufacturing process into its replicable components and calibrating the movement of the equipment past the various stations.
In pure science, until Albert Einstein's invention of relativity in the early twentieth century, classical physics was based on Sir Isaac Newton's space and time. Newton's physics postulated time as an absolute; however, he also explored notions of historical time, compiling elaborate -- and inaccurate -- biblical chronologies. Newton's notion of time as an absolute is similar to the concepts of time embedded in Taylor's time/motion studies, but his understanding of historical time is akin to time as we experience it, that is, "psychological time," as described by Stephen Hawking, who now occupies Newton's chair at Cambridge.
Hawking talks about concepts of time that can be captured mathematically or imagined but not experienced, such as the reconstruction of a tea cup at the edge of black hole where it is unlikely any of us will stand. Yet time as a function of the speed of light is really quite different from an engineer's notion of time, which is still different from psychological time understood by historians and social scientists -- or even biologists and geophysicists. Notions of geologic time enabled Charles Darwin to imagine incremental changes that took place over tens of millions of years. In contrast, the slivers of time in which software engineers measure performance seem like completely different phenomena.
For example, a 1,000-byte packet takes approximately one thousandth of a second to be sent on an Ethernet. The machine in front of me processes a single machine instruction in approximately one hundredth of a microsecond. Expectations of and within the inanimate system are quite different and more precise from those that derive from the human end-user. Delays of less than a tenth of a second are widely accepted as imperceptible to users, but users may be willing to wait. How much is situational. When I asked some of my knowledgeable colleagues, one software engineer stated flatly that keystroke echoes are "mandatorily fast", but then said more speculatively that users' patience is a function of their perception of load on the system. A second systems designer told me that users' willingness to accept delay is a function of how hard they think the system must work to, say, return responses to a query. And at least one author has told me that I can expect D-Lib's readers to tolerate about 90 seconds for files to download. But even then, there are visual cues -- interlaced images, flashing messages -- to reassure users that the system is working and that, in fact, move them along before the transfer is complete. Yet as those of us who remember life before fax machines can verify, expectations of time and performance change, and what was acceptable yesterday may be unforgivable tomorrow.
It seems to me that digital libraries will have to deal with many of these kinds of time. Certainly, engineering time at the machine and human scale is fundamental to systems and networks that are and will be built. These embed notions of psychological time as well as time that is measurable yet not perceptible to humans. But the content side also carries notions of time. There is time as a subject access component of a metadata record, which may borrow from existing subject domain definitions (i.e., Jurassic). There is the passage of time in the sense of legacy data that must be integrated into current and future systems. And then there will be obsolesce of time-sensitive content and formats. Notions of obsolesce are likely to vary, since there will continue to be some institutions, like the Library of Congress and the National Archives, which will maintain an archival mission, and must be able to access and "read" obsolete formats; this requirement is a possible barrier to use of the digital medium as a preservation strategy. Finally, there is capturing time as a characteristic of the information itself. The simplest example is dating, which is an element of registration and authentication. More subtle are notions of capturing and representing information in which the linear, temporal sequence matters to the meaning of the discrete values -- econometric time series data, for example, or weather data. -- and which must be stored in a way that is different from data that is not time-dependent in the same way.
Digital libraries are proving a fertile area of research not just because they are collections of information for users on the electronic networks but because they compel us to look at research problems in a rich spectrum -- from response time of the processor to the patience and needs of users yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Thus, information technologies come full circle from fractions of seconds to the forward passage of psychological time.
Or, as my grandmother might have said, all things come in time. | <urn:uuid:a7a4253e-cbd2-4b3c-b925-635cbdf242e3> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://dlib.org/dlib/december95/12editorial.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131295084.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172135-00054-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960092 | 1,133 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Old Church in Thaon, consecrated to Saint Peter, was built from the XIth to the XIIth century in a hollow of the Mue valley, a bit apart from a former hamlet named "La Vallée". This hamlet linked with three other ones : "Thaon", "Barbières" and "Bombanville" constitued the mediaeval parish. The seigniory of Thaon was a dependency of the mighty barony of Creully which had been created by Hamon le Dentu [i.e. : Longteethed Hamon !]. In the XIIth century, the barons of Creully were in charge of the whole Bessin : from the river Orne to the river Vire. Saint Peter's church was depending of the Bayeux Cathedral and the equally on Savigny Abbey, in Manche, which owned large estates in Thaon. The power of the Creully barons and the reputation of its two protectors can easily explain the architectural quality of the Old Church.
The Old Church, as it can be seen nowadays, is composed of a chancel, a central tower and a nave that originally was fitted with two aisles : the flat apse chancel, which is slightly shifted to the South in relation to the centre line of the steeple, and the nave were built at the beginning of the XIIth century after the first sanctuary was pulled down for unknown reasons. The nave, which has five spans, originally comprised aisles the sketch of which could have been restored after excavations in 1998.
The steeple built on four strong pillars frames the oldest part of the building ; they can be dated from the years 1050 to 1070 when the upper parts were erected a few years later between 1080 and 1090. This steeple is the only remnant of a first narrower Romanesque church built at the same period, which was revealed by the first archaeological excavations.
The Old Church of Thaon has still kept up its Romanesque look with its "modillons", its chequered decoration in the south and west sides and its capitals the sculptures of which call to mind the huge sites of Bayeux and of "La Trinité" in Caen. Obviously, the church of Thaon profited by the same artists who worked in those famous neighbourings building sites.
At the XIIIth century, wide ogival bays were cut through the south wall to let more light enter the chancel. At the XVIIIth century (a bit earlier than 1729 according to the parish records), the aisles were pulled down and the wide archways of the nave were completely walled up. At the end of the XVIIIth century, in order to contend with the increasing dampness of this area the church floor and the graveyard were heightened of about thirty inches.
Between 1896 and 1900, a restoration left the capitals bare from the stonework, and the roof and the XVth century framing were reconditioned. The building, which was scheduled as a place of historic interest as far back as 1840, was soon deconsecrated when a new church was built in the new cemetery about 1845-1850. From 1994 to 1999, the Old Church was the object of a huge restoration supervised by Bruno Decaris, the head architect of the local historic monuments service : the steeple nearly falling down was wholly restored as well as the roofs of the chancel and the nave. | <urn:uuid:26af799e-b1c2-44b5-9492-15f260bd34dd> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://vieilleeglisedethaon.free.fr/Eglise_en.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827596.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216073608-20181216095608-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.981976 | 726 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Musicians have many skills that ordinary people may take for granted. One is transposing a song. This involves more than changing a song’s key because it also needs a working knowledge of scales. Many beginners may find the process too complicated. However, it is a skill that all aspiring musicians should learn. Let us start with a clear understanding of what transposing a song means.
An Overview of Song Transposition
In its simplest definition, transposing a music piece is the changing of the song’s key to another key. For example, you can change a song written in a minor key to another minor key. You can also change a music piece from a major key to a minor key, and vice versa. However, changing from major to minor or minor to major often involves more complex steps than a straightforward transposition.
What Does it Mean to Transpose a Song?
Transposing a song will make the music piece sound lower or higher than the original. For example, a song written in the key of C major will have a higher pitch if you transpose it to the key of D-major. In this example, the key of D is a full tone higher than the key of C.
There are several reasons why musicians, composers, performers, and arrangers transpose a song. Transposing a musical piece allows you to create a song that is perfect for your vocals.
For example, some singers may find a song’s notes to be too high or too low. Transposing the song will make it easier for the singer to perform the music piece. It will also sound better because of the match between the instrument’s tone and the vocalist’s pitch.
Transposing a song can also make it easy for musicians to play their instruments. Most of the plucked-string and bowed-string instrument players prefer their musical pieces to be in sharp keys. It makes tuning and fingering easier.
On the other hand, players of brass and woodwind instruments prefer flat keys. They are more comfortable tuning and playing their instruments with a lower key.
Whatever musical instrument you play, transposing a song will make it sound like someone composed it especially for you. You can play almost any instrument. The song will still sound perfect, even though it is for another instrument.
Players of transposing instruments, such as the clarinet, trumpet, cornet, saxophone, and French horn, also require the correct transposition of any song before they can play it.
If you have a music piece in the key of C written for the piano, you will have to transpose it in the key of D if you want to play it on a clarinet.
Transposing instruments often come in B-flat. So, the key of C will sound like a B-flat on the clarinet. Transposing the song, a full tone higher than the key of C will make it sound like a piece for a clarinet.
How to Transpose a Song: 3 Basic Steps
Transposing any song requires three easy steps.
1. Determine the Reason for Transposing the Song
There are three main reasons for transposing a song.
One is to rewrite the song for a transposing instrument. Another reason is to make the song more compatible with a singer’s vocal range. The third reason is to make the song more playable and tunable on your instrument.
2. Identify the Correct Key Signature
It is easy to identify the correct key signature if you already have a key in mind.
However, if you want to transpose the song using an interval, you may have to transpose the notes using the desired interval. For instance, you can transpose a D-major song a full step higher to an E-major. The song’s new music signature is now E-major.
You can use the Circle of Fifths to make it easy for you to transpose any key. Moving clockwise in the circle will raise the key. Doing the opposite will create a lower pitch.
If you are transposing to accommodate a singer’s vocals, you must determine his or her vocal range. You may have to ensure that the change in notes will not make it difficult for musicians to play the instrumentals of the song.
If you are transposing a song for a clarinet, know that the instrument is almost always a B-flat. Cornets and trumpets come in both C and B-flat. The French horn often comes in F, while the baritone and alto saxophones are in E-flat. Tenor and soprano saxophones are in B-flat.
3. Transpose the Notes
With the new key signature set, you can start transposing the song’s notes to the new key. Move the notes across the spaces and lines on the staff, applying the correct interval.
If you moved one note down three spaces or lines, make sure to move the rest of the notes in the same interval.
So, if you are transposing to a B-flat from C-major, all notes will move one full tone lower. A G note will become an F. An A note will become a G.
Transposing a song this way is easy. It can be challenging if you are transposing a lot of music.
Other Methods for Changing the Pitch of a Song
Some situations do not call for the manual transposition of a music piece’s notes. An excellent example of this is the guitar. You can use a capo to change the song’s pitch. It is an effortless way to play any song, regardless of its original key.
High-end electronic keyboards can also transpose the song for you. All you need is the correct software and a digital copy of your music piece. With a few clicks, you can have the keyboard change the pitch of the song.
Transposing a song means you get to play your favorite instrument a lot easier. You can also perform music in a way that is perfect for your vocalist. You can also play the different parts of a musical piece using a transposing instrument like a pro. It is not surprising song transposition is a skill that all musicians should have. | <urn:uuid:d8604984-cf3d-4280-9f3a-bf32fc9a717d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.studentpages.biz/what-does-it-mean-to-transpose-a-song-an-overview-for-beginners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585653.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023064718-20211023094718-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.936449 | 1,293 | 4.03125 | 4 |
The research into the transfer of biological traces aims to investigate whether the traces have a relationship with a committed offence and if so what is the relationship?
Except for the origin of the cells, which can be identified through a DNA-profile the determination of the relationship between the cell donor and the offence is of great significance to evidential value. This relationship can be derived from, for example, the place where the trace is discovered. In addition, the evidential value depends on the nature of the act, the action or the process in which cells are left behind. Therefore a DNA-profile that is obtained from, for example, a sampling of strangulation has more evidential value than the same profile that is obtained from a cigarette butt found at a distance from the victim. After all, the strangulation is in direct relationship with the crime meanwhile the relationship to the cigarette butt is not obvious straight away.
In selecting the traces we shall take into account the likelihood of obtaining a DNA-profile from the sample of evidence. The probability of a proper DNA-profile is much higher from a blood sample than from a touch DNA sample on a random “grabbed” object.
The different types of cells can be subdivided into four categories with reference to the concentration of DNA per volume unit:
- Category 1: semen and tissue;
- Category 2: blood;
- Category 3: cellular material from orifices, such as saliva and nasal moisture;
- Category 4: skin cells.
The type of cells under category 1 are the cells that contain the most DNA per volume unit and from which a full DNA-profile is generally obtained.
Category 4, are the type of cells that contain the least usable DNA per volume unit. Skin cells fall into this category. The chance of obtaining a proper DNA-profile is the smallest in this category.
If the number of samples increases the chance of obtaining a profile will rise. Furthermore the chance of a proper DNA-profile will grow when handling force is increased on the sampled object or when the surface of the sampled object has rough/porous parts. The chance to obtain cells of persons who have been in physical contact with a victim depends on the search strategy (where traces are expected to be found) and the experience of the researcher. The methods used for DNA sampling, DNA-isolation and DNA amplification also play an important role. | <urn:uuid:89562f97-a83b-4e2f-96f4-d10844282857> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ifscolorado.com/biological-trace-recovery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.925274 | 485 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Digital currency, also known as
cryptocurrency, represents the future of financial transactions, but to date,
adoption has been hampered by a lack of user identification. Without the
identification of users, the world of
commerce has not yet embraced new digital currencies as a medium of exchange.
The development of GreenCoinX (digital symbol XGC) could be the breakthrough
that brings digital currency into the mainstream.
GreenCoinX is the first cryptocurrency to combine beneficial features of the blockchain with the security and assurances of a regulated financial business. The developers of this platform have solved the cryptocurrency KYC issue by creating a convenient in-house software platform that meets existing financial regulations on customer identification.
Digital currency systems function as closed electronic ledgers with numbered accounts. Online payments are digital units moving over the Internet between numbered accounts within that ledger. This online accounting is the basic structure for all digital currency payment systems including PayPal, WebMoney Transfer, Bitcoin and many others. An offline digital ledger is also how electronic money is accounted for as it moves through a regulated bank. A centralized digital ledger keeps track of balances and transactions for each account and reconciles the entire system.
Any other account features, mobile apps or benefits that may evolve from this basic structure are additional creations and build-outs that software designers have added according to the demands of system operators, users, and regulatory agencies.
Many of the older digital currency systems use centralized digital ledger software operating from one or more individual servers. Newer cryptocurrency platforms use a distributed digital ledger that functions without a central location or server. Blockchain transactions move from person to person, and each client throughout the entire system maintains an individual copy of the digital ledger. The blockchain protocol allows all users to record the network's activity, and there is no need for a central operator, server or supervisor.
With early digital currency and online payment systems, such as e-gold in 1996 and PayPal in 1998, the system administrator that operated the software platform had both the access and ability to control customer accounts and transactions.
An operator's ability to "own" the system and the client account information was provided through accessing the records on the centralized ledger. For a transaction to be completed and recorded in the digital ledger, the units had to move through that centralized server. This central point for all transactions, allowed an operator to close accounts, block transactions, reverse operations and even manipulate the data and balances in customer accounts.
On top of this basic centralized platform, system designers had the ability build out required features and designs based on the operator's requirements. For example, PayPal has reversible transactions integrated into the payment platform. Also, if a PayPal customer is unhappy with a purchase, they can withhold the payment or block it, and freeze the funds. The e-gold operators purposely did not feel the need to build such conveniences into their system. In the old e-gold system, no transaction could be reversed, blocked, frozen or changed. "Get Paid and Stay Paid," was the e-gold motto.
PayPal requires customer identification and verifies each person's information including address, phone and government issued identification. Meeting these account requirements are features that developers had to build on the original basic online payments platform. The PayPal system follows the strict compliance requirements of U.S. financial regulations. Those U.S. rules also include AML, and other KYC regulations focused on preventing the system from being exploited by criminals.
While e-gold had the ability to add compliance requirements and optional features, the operators chose not to integrate the fundamental elements of a Know Your Customer program. Consequently, year after year, the e-gold payment system was exploited and misused by criminals. Eventually, the system operators were charged and convicted of multiple felonies directly related to the customer's criminal activity.
In 2016, there is a critical need for stronger boundaries in the cryptocurrency industry. As history proved, it will be beneficial for both merchants and users, engaged in legitimate online business, to distinguish themselves from the infinite backdrop of today's digital unknown. GreenCoinX provides these critical safeguards. The XGC system software and online platform create precise boundaries that meet current financial compliance requirements, protect users and discourage potential misuse of the digital currency.
GreenCoinX cryptocurrency is innovative blockchain technology that delivers legitimacy, protection and the financial compliance required for use in global commerce and efficient integration with the regulated financial industry.
In the Bitcoin network, no single point exists where financial regulations or even common sense rules could be administered to all users or wallets. By design, the ability to implement outside controls over user accounts, in bitcoin, just does not exist. Because the value of a bitcoin transaction moves from person to person, it cannot be blocked, frozen, reversed or even properly supervised. Furthermore, neither the sending wallet nor the receiving bitcoin wallet can be proactively registered in a user's name. The ability to "own" bitcoin customer accounts does not exist as it does in many other centralized systems. Additionally, there is no bitcoin system operator controlling user activity or preventing bad actors from exploiting the currency.
Unlike PayPal and e-gold, there is no "Bitcoin" company, no officers or employees to create and enforce KYC or AML programs. Through the decentralized ledger, Bitcoin facilitates the direct movement of value between users without supervision or control. For anyone seeking to hide their online payments, bitcoin is an exceptional solution. For others looking to avoid government imposed financial restrictions, Bitcoin is a savior. In these situations and others, Bitcoin's blockchain has transformed the global economic landscape.
However, as digital currency history has revealed, unregulated and unsupervised online payment products can be universally exploited by bad actors. The more cash-like features a digital currency presents, the more convenience it delivers to both good and bad users. Throughout the dozens of unregulated digital currency products that have emerged since the mid-1990s, all of the systems which did not actively verify customer identities were exploited and used for criminal activity.
Without a proper "Know Your Customer" (KYC) program, every digital currency system that has operated since 1996, was widely used for illegal activity.
(Note: You can view every article as one long page if you sign up as an Advocate Member, or higher). | <urn:uuid:a93efda6-5e9d-448a-b234-2b0a64340b37> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.opednews.com/articles/GreenCoinX-Can-Bring-Digit-by-Carl-Mullan-Banks_Commerce_Currency-Devaluation_Currency-Manipulators-160324-419.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.93564 | 1,268 | 2.796875 | 3 |
We are asked to determine the pKb of the butyrate ion given the pKa of butyric acid.
Butyric acid is a weak acid (i.e. does not completely dissociate in solution).
The dissociation in water is:
C4H8O2(aq) + H2O(l)→C4H7O2-(aq) + H3O+(aq) pKa = 4.84.
Butyric acid is responsible for the foul smell of rancid butter. The pKa of butyric acid is 4.84.
Calculate the pKb for the butyrate ion.
Frequently Asked Questions
What scientific concept do you need to know in order to solve this problem?
Our tutors have indicated that to solve this problem you will need to apply the Ka and Kb concept. You can view video lessons to learn Ka and Kb. Or if you need more Ka and Kb practice, you can also practice Ka and Kb practice problems. | <urn:uuid:390de48d-83ff-439c-9fff-7d05bcf7015f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://admin.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/120805/butyric-acid-is-responsible-for-the-foul-smell-of-rancid-butter-the-pka-of-butyr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886095.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704073244-20200704103244-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.936801 | 218 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Why Do Seasons Occur?
Seasons occur because of the change in how high the sun is in the sky. The sun is highest for the northern hemisphere on June 21st and lowest on December 21st. This is the exact opposite for the southern hemisphere.
Absorbing and Storing Heat
Different materials such as land and water absorb and store heat at different rates. So different areas globally and locally will vary in temperature based terrain and natural bodies of water.
Quick Note: I need to also study air is demo sheet along with the properties of air sheet, Types of energy sheet.
(Just Study em')
List the layers of the atmosphere:
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere- Ionosphere and Exosphere
Uneven heating of the earth's atmosphere, land and water lead to movements of the waters and air. These movements determine climate and weather.
Why do we split up the atmosphere into layers?
We split the layers up by how the temperature behaves as you move through the layers.
The layer where we live. Weather happens here. Regular jets fly at the top of the troposphere. Temperature decreases as you move up.
The ozone layer exists here. It absorbs harmful UV (ultra violet). Temperature increase as you move up.
The first part of the atmosphere in which the suns energy hits. made up of the ionosphere, home to the aurora borealis and the exosphere, where there are communication satellites. Temperature rises as you move up. | <urn:uuid:96018d24-fe81-47c8-83ef-779358eead98> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://quizlet.com/10946958/science-flashcards-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657114105.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011154-00224-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925809 | 314 | 3.5625 | 4 |
The internet runs on free and open-source code. LAMP is shorthand for the basic stack of applications that makes the internet work. It stands for: Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP. Together, those four pieces of software provide the foundation that lets us share both important data and elaborately filtered selfies all over the world. They are also all free and open-source projects, maintained by core teams of developers. These workers are the saints of the information age.
Open-source has a tendency to be more stable than proprietary code, thanks in no small part to what’s called Linus’s Law: “given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.” Because open-source projects invite anyone to contribute, the idea is that lots of developers and testers will find and fix all the problems. It’s worked well so far, but it’s a theory that gets a bit creakier with age, as we’ve begun to see.
For example, another crucial application, the Network Time Protocol (NTP), has been in operation since at least 1985. It synchronizes actions taken by users across the web. So, for example, for banking systems, it can be very important to know exactly what order payments were made in, which NTP makes easy. The problem is, the codebase has been maintained by a shrinking core of developers, and facets of the codebase were as much as 16 years out of date when Susan Sons, a systems analyst from Indiana University’s Center for Applied Cybersecurity Research, began organizing a rescue for the software.
‘My doomsday scenario is not that the internet falls down, but that internet starts to fall down enough that the public gets concerned enough that the Feds take over.’
Sons offered a corollary to Linus’s Law Wednesday at the O’Reilly Security conference in Manhattan. “If no one is looking at the code, all bugs are impossible to find,” she said. Sons gave a talk about how she and a team of developers came together to rescue NTP, ultimately resulting in a fork of code called NTPSec.
She came to the conference to offer lessons learned from the team’s rescue of the code, because there is a lot of critical software out there that either needs a rescue or may soon. “Open source infrastructure easily becomes a tragedy of the commons,” she said. This point has been previously made by two key members of the Apache community, David Nalley and Daniel Gruno, who pointed out that the number of core contributors to the codebases of major pieces of software has gotten dangerously small.
“My doomsday scenario is not that the internet falls down,” she explained, “but that internet starts to fall down enough that the public gets concerned enough that the Feds take over.” In order to continue enjoying a free and open internet, the hacker community needs to make sure that the code that runs everything continues to work.
“Sometimes you just have to say: There is an emergency, and no one is fixing it; and I am in charge,” Sons said. She hoped her talk would inspire others to make the same determination about some other key pieces of code.
“It takes a certain amount of arrogance,” she added.
After co-leading the build of a new version of NTP that’s quickly getting adopted around the web and leaving a team in place to continue updating, adding features and fixing bugs, here are some of the key recommendations she has for others who would undertake a code rescue:
- Set a clear scope. Decide what you are going to fix and stick with it. Be sure to fix the right thing (in the case of NTP, Sons said that the process was as much of a problem as the code). “Long-term impact comes from making bugs easier to fix,” she said. Don’t dive right in. Figure out the problem and make a plan.
- The code will be the easy part. “The truth is that the code’s needs are always going to be the clearest part of the scope,” Sons said. As much work as that will be, a once vital open source project usually ends up with a tiny team due more to social dynamics than technical ones. In fact, Sons ended up spending all of her time managing relationships during the code triage, while other contributors dealt with fixing software.
- There will be drama, so get ready to forgive. Remember that a part of the reason that people get involved with open-source projects is for the ego payoff of contributing to something important, which also means that their ego will become involved in any changes. Plan for delays caused by social difficulties along the way.
- Fix the social aspect or it won’t stay fixed. Open source projects have to have an open system, welcome newcomers and use a clear, modern process. If they don’t, all the technical triage in a rescue will soon be wasted as new bugs accumulate and no one fixes them.
- Less code, less vulnerability. NTPSec reduced the codebase from 227,000 lines of code to 74,000. As Sons put it, that reduction eliminated bugs before they were discovered. Nevertheless, “there will be bugs,” she cautioned.
- Technical takeaways. Going forward, make sure people can get to the code, document changes and test it. NTP also involved a major refactoring (writing the code to do the same things in a more efficient way).
In addition to her work at Indiana University, Sons now also runs the Internet Civil Engineering Institute, which is devoted to recruiting experts to address major issues in the software that runs the web. | <urn:uuid:5213ab8e-05fc-44b3-9fbd-7d426fc840b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://observer.com/2016/11/open-source-too-big-to-fail/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948529738.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213162804-20171213182804-00684.warc.gz | en | 0.962761 | 1,206 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens in your eye. This causes images to appear cloudy, as if you are looking through a foggy window. Cloudy vision caused by cataracts can make it more difficult toRead more
Eye M.D.'s, or ophthalmologists, are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating diseases of the visual system. Treatment can include dietary or lifestyle changes, medicine, or surgery (laser or incisional). Use eyemds.org to find an ophthalmologist near you! | <urn:uuid:1a4e588f-8926-4a92-b29a-a3eb49ab40f6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.eyemds.org/category/patient-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891808539.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217224905-20180218004905-00794.warc.gz | en | 0.935935 | 117 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Children who are not progressing with their development at normal rates should be seen by a doctor. Problems are usually first discovered by a primary care doctor, but your child may be referred to a specialist for more advanced levels of treatment. Children are far more likely than adults to experience problems with their ears, noses, and throats, so a trip to an ENT doctor is a relatively common occurrence. The most common problems include tonsillitis, adenoiditis, and ear infections.
Most parents will make the decision to visit an ENT specialist when the child starts experiencing regular symptoms such as a fever, sore throat, ear pain, or inflammation. All of these problems could indicate a potentially more serious problem. Parents should also consider visiting an ear, nose, and throat doctor if the child experiences delays with his or her speech development. An ENT doctor may be able to offer other ways to help treat the problem.
Reviewing Potential Development Problems
You should tell your doctor if you feel like your child is not progressing at a proper rate in terms of his or her speech and language development. This is something that should be addressed as a part of every routine check-up. Not all children develop at an equal pace, so some delays may not really be a problem at all. Some children may just be advancing at a slower pace than others, while other children may have development issues that stem from a more serious underlying physical problem. The only way to know for sure is to have the problem examined by a doctor.
A primary care doctor will be able to do basic hearing, vision, and physical examinations, but they will need to refer you to a specialist for more advanced testing and treatment. An ear, nose, and throat doctor will help detect any hearing or speech abnormalities that could be inhibiting normal development.
Signs Indicating Speech and Language Development Problems
If your child is not beginning to respond to sounds or start making sounds of his or her own by 18 months, this raises a red flag in terms of your child’s development. A lack of responding to sounds in younger children is a significant sign of hearing problems. Children should be able to develop basic speech skills around the age of two, though most words may not be comprehensible. At around the age of four, the child should be able to generally communicate without any major problems in understanding the child’s speech. Any significant delays from this time frame should be at least reviewed by a doctor.
What Leads to Delayed Speech Development
There are many different types of causes that can affect your child’s speech and language development. Problems with a child learning to speak may actually be caused by an underlying hearing problem. Simple problems like an undiagnosed ear infection or build-up of fluid in the ear could be inhibiting your child’s hearing and make it difficult to develop a normal understanding of speech. Other children could have a physical abnormality of the mouth or ears that makes normal speech or hearing impossible.
An ear, nose, and throat doctor can easily identify many common problems. Some cases, like ear infections, are an easy fix. Others may require ongoing treatment with a speech therapist or speech pathologist. In either case, an ENT doctor is instrumental in helping to diagnose the problem. | <urn:uuid:8bf9113e-d645-4cce-890b-8b805953d2e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://thediscoveryblog.com/can-an-ent-doctor-help-diagnose-problems-with-your-childs-speech-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189031.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00304-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957524 | 663 | 3.375 | 3 |
Saturn’s moon, Titan, has been considered a “unique world in the solar system” since 1908 when, the Spanish astronomer, José Comas y Solá, discovered that it had an atmosphere, something non-existent on other moons. One of Saturn’s 60 moons, Titan is the only moon in the solar system large enough to support an atmosphere.
Titan is the only moon in the solar system with a substantial atmosphere, and the origin of its nitrogen-rich air is a mystery. A new theory is that the atmosphere was created 3.9 billion years ago in a period known as the late heavy bombardment, when armadas of comets zipped through the solar system.
“Huge amounts of cometary bodies would have collided with outer icy satellites, including Titan,” says Yasuhito Sekine of the University of Tokyo, Japan. | <urn:uuid:6619562d-59bb-42a3-8e46-2a6cbf2263b0> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://spacesciences.wordpress.com/2011/05/10/did-comets-create-the-atmosphere-of-saturns-moon-titan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324225928-20180325005928-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.949335 | 182 | 3.8125 | 4 |
What Is Pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Normally, the small sacs in the lungs are filled with air. In someone who has pneumonia, the air sacs fill up with pus and other fluid.
What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Pneumonia?
The signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include:
- fast breathing
- breathing with grunting or wheezing sounds
- working hard to breathe
- chest pain
- belly pain
- being less active
- loss of appetite (in older kids) or poor feeding (in babies)
What Causes Pneumonia?
Viruses, like the flu or RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), cause most cases of pneumonia. Kids with pneumonia caused by a virus usually have symptoms that happen over time and tend to be mild.
Less often, bacteria can cause pneumonia. When that happens, kids usually will become sick more quickly, starting with a sudden high fever, cough, and sometimes fast breathing. Types of bacterial pneumonia include pneumococcal pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia (walking pneumonia), and pertussis (whooping cough).
How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed?
Doctors will do an exam to look for pneumonia. They’ll check the person’s appearance, breathing pattern, and vital signs. They'll listen to the lungs and might order a chest X-ray.
How Is Pneumonia Treated?
People who have viral pneumonia do not need antibiotics. Antibiotics only work against bacteria, not viruses. Someone with viral pneumonia from the flu virus or COVID-19 might get an antiviral medicine if it’s early in the illness.
Doctors treat bacterial pneumonia with an antibiotic taken by mouth. Usually, this can be done at home. The antibiotic they use depends on the type of bacteria thought to have caused the pneumonia.
Some children might need treatment in a hospital if the pneumonia causes a lasting high fever or breathing problems, or if they need oxygen, are vomiting and can’t take the medicine, or have a lung infection that may have spread to the bloodstream.
Hospital treatment can include IV (given into a vein) antibiotics and fluids and breathing treatments. More serious cases might be treated in the intensive care unit (ICU).
How Can Parents Help?
Kids with pneumonia need to get plenty of rest and drink lots of liquids while the body works to fight the infection.
If your child has bacterial pneumonia and the doctor prescribed antibiotics, give the medicine on schedule for as long as directed. Keeping up with the medicine doses will help your child recover faster and help prevent the infection from spreading to others in the family. If your child is wheezing, the doctor might recommend using breathing treatments.
Ask the doctor before you use a medicine to treat your child's cough. Over-the-counter cough and cold medicines are not recommended for any kids under 6 years old. If your child doesn’t seem to be feeling better in a few days, call your doctor for advice.
How Long Does Pneumonia Last?
With treatment, most types of bacterial pneumonia are cured in 1–2 weeks. Walking pneumonia and viral pneumonia may take 4–6 weeks to go away completely.
Is Pneumonia Contagious?
In general, pneumonia is not contagious, but the upper respiratory viruses and bacteria that lead to it are. When these germs are in someone’s mouth or nose, that person can spread the illness through coughs and sneezes.
Sharing drinking glasses and eating utensils, and touching used tissues or handkerchiefs of an infected person also can spread pneumonia. If someone in your home has a respiratory infection or throat infection, keep their drinking glasses and eating utensils separate from those of other family members, and wash your hands well and often, especially if you're handling used tissues or dirty handkerchiefs.
Can Pneumonia Be Prevented?
The flu vaccine is recommended for all kids ages 6 months through 19 years. The COVID-19 vaccine is recommended for all kids ages 5 and up. These vaccines are extra important for kids who have a chronic illness, such as a heart or lung disorder or asthma.
When possible, keep kids away from anyone with symptoms (stuffy or runny nose, sore throat, cough) of a respiratory infection. During the pandemic, masks have been very helpful in preventing the spread of viruses and bacteria that cause pneumonia.
- Walking Pneumonia
- Strep Throat
- Hib Disease (Haemophilus Influenzae Type b)
- The Flu (Influenza)
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Your Child's Immunizations: Hib Vaccine
- Lungs and Respiratory System
- Fever (High Temperature) In Kids
- Does My Child Need an Antibiotic? (Video)
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995- KidsHealth® All rights reserved.
Images provided by The Nemours Foundation, iStock, Getty Images, Veer, Shutterstock, and Clipart.com. | <urn:uuid:d7cbb0cd-db36-4963-9536-90e5387128a7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://kidshealth.org/CHOC/en/parents/pneumonia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500837.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208155417-20230208185417-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.917883 | 1,104 | 3.546875 | 4 |
During the past decade, immigrants accounted for 47% of the increase in the US workforce and 70% in Europe. Family reunification is one of the main forms of immigration in many countries. However, in recent times, immigration has become increasingly regulated with many countries encouraging stricter vetting measures. In this climate, countries’ laws and policies applicable to family reunification seek a balance between an individual’s right to a family life and a country’s right to control the influx of immigrants. The use of DNA testing (using blood samples or buccal swabs collected from the sponsor and each of the applicants) has been included in the family reunifications processes to help confirm a biological link between the sponsor and the applicants in at least 21 countries including Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the USA. As numerous jurisdictions use DNA testing in their family reunification processes, can the use of DNA testing help achieve a better balance between promoting family reunification and enabling better control of the immigration demands?
On the one hand, given that the test results are considered very accurate, reliable, and scientifically valid, the use of this test has been deemed to have a number of benefits. It is viewed as helpful for immigrants whose birth or baptismal certificates are unavailable, non-existent, or unreliable. It is deemed to add neutrality to the migratory process, as the decision becomes less discretionary than if it solely depended on the immigration officer’s interpretation of the supportive documentation. It is also considered to make the process more efficient, faster, and cheaper, because the results can be self-explanatory. Therefore, it is not necessary for immigrants to hire lawyers or for the government to train its immigration officers to be able to properly interpret the supporting evidence or to interview the potential immigrants or for either of them to wait long periods of time for all of the above to be concluded. Lastly, it is considered helpful to prevent fraud, human trafficking, and misuse of the process, as potential immigrants who know they do not have a true familial link may be discouraged from initiating the process.
On the other hand, there are criticisms based on legal, social, and ethical concerns raised not by the test itself, but by the way it is implemented. The test is usually “suggested” in cases where documents are unavailable or unreliable (mainly in cases of potential immigrants from a specific list of countries of Africa, Asia, or Latin America), done in accredited laboratories, and paid by the immigrant (although in some cases, the government will directly cover or reimburse the costs of the test). Some countries assign such an enormous evidential weight to the test that a negative result or a refusal to undergo the test would very likely lead to the rejection of the application.
Can the use of DNA testing help achieve a better balance between promoting family reunification and enabling better control of the immigration demands?
Sociologically, the definition of “family” based solely on a biological link (the result of a DNA test), disregards any other physical, psychological, social, intellectual, or spiritual factor or element of a relationship between two family members. In this sense, the requirement of DNA testing in these terms can disrupt immigrants’ family lives and consequently, parents’ care of their children; their emotional well-being; personality; identity; social and affective skills; integration to the host country; and even their work/school performance. The latter could have a negative impact on the host country’s economy, as immigrants constitute an important part of the world’s workforce.
There are various ethical concerns with the use of DNA testing in family reunification processes. Firstly, it is problematic that the majority of the countries using DNA testing in their family reunification processes neglect to provide genetic counseling services prior to or after the immigrants undergo the test. Additionally, signatories to the Prüm Convention store and share the information collected from the migratory process with the other signatories to combat terrorism, cross-border crime, and illegal migration without the immigrants’ consent. Moreover, their state of vulnerability while applying for family reunification diminishes their autonomous consent to undergo the test. Finally, their informed consent can be violated because they lack the power to prevent secondary uses of their genetic information.
Legally, there are concerns about issues of discrimination based on country or origin, religion (some religions do not allow forms of this test), socio-economic class (the cost per applicant is between $230 and $1250), non-traditional models of families (e.g. LGBT, blended, extended, or reproductively assisted families, and those that include orphans), and unwed parents (it is more frequent for unwed parents to be suggested to undergo the test). Furthermore, nationals’ privacy and dignity are better protected and their familial relationships are less scrutinized than those of foreigners.
Countries have a sovereign right to control their immigration regulations and policies, and as discussed, DNA testing can be useful in protecting this right. The consistency in the benefits of families as the optimal foundation for physical and emotional well-being has even resulted in international agencies and instruments upholding a human right to a family. However, families are formed and shaped by many factors, complexities, and dynamics that DNA is incapable of fully capturing. Immigration laws, regulations, policies, and practices have to be reasonable, justifiable, and proportional to principles of equality, inclusiveness, efficiency, human dignity, and respect for more pluralistic concepts of family. Specifically, it would be beneficial if countries truly maintained the use of the DNA testing as a “last resort” for cases where it is appropriate/necessary to suggest it, preserved an inclusive concept of family, and provided immigrants with as much information as possible regarding the test and its potential outcomes.
Featured image credit: Puzzle by qimono. CC0 public domain via Pixabay. | <urn:uuid:80d6a2bd-eab7-4274-a850-70aa10511943> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://blog.oup.com/2017/08/dna-testing-immigration-family-reunification/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314959.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819201207-20190819223207-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.953145 | 1,205 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Smoking Maternal Grandmothers Associated With Autistic Traits In Granddaughters, New Study Finds
A recent study found a link between autism and smoking. Researchers from the United Kingdom learned that grandmothers who smoked while bearing a child carried autistic traits to their granddaughters.
University of Bristol researchers studied nearly 15,000 participants in Children of the 90s, as per Science Daily. Participants whose maternal grandmother smoked during pregnancy had 53 percent chance of developing autistic traits.
The study also found that these children had a 67-percent chance of developing poor social communication skills and repetitive behaviors. Authors of the study believed that cigarette smoke triggered developing egg cells in a mother's womb, hence causing impairments that lead to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that could be passed even up to her second generation.
Smoking damages the DNA of mitochondria in every cell of a mother's egg. It may not cause mutations on the mother herself but the effect can be seen on her future children.
— ASF (@AutismScienceFd) April 28, 2017
Earlier studies that linked ASD and pregnancy smoking were inconclusive. The new study published in Scientific Reports answered a gray area in this subject matter, but further questions emerged after the discovery.
Researchers aimed to broaden the findings in the future by finding out which molecular changes were responsible for the link. The researchers also found no explanation for the sex difference, but also noted that grandmaternal smoking affected the growing patterns of her grandkids.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention strictly recommended mothers to quit smoking, especially during pregnancy. Aside from its link to ASD, it could also cause premature birth, birth defects, and even infant death.
The organization not only discouraged tobacco use but also the use of vaporizers such as e-cigarettes. CDC said while it contained fewer chemicals compared to commercial tobacco products, it still contained nicotine that could harm an unborn child.
Twelve to twenty percent of the pregnant women in the United States smoke, according to American Pregnancy Association. At least 1,000 babies die annually due to maternal smoking.
See Now: Top 30 Best The Incredibles 2 Toys | <urn:uuid:cb4db027-7e38-446d-b1e5-0d4ca0f8ff55> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.parentherald.com/articles/100466/20170428/smoking-maternal-grandmothers-associated-autistic-traits-granddaughters-new-study-finds.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202671.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322135230-20190322161230-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.956886 | 443 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In previous chapters, we have discussed the equations governing the structure of a steady flow and the evolution of an unsteady flow, and derived selected solutions for simple flow configurations by analytical and numerical methods. To generate solutions for arbitrary boundary geometries and flow conditions, it is necessary to develop general-purpose numerical methods. In this chapter, we discuss the choice of governing equations and the implementation of finite-difference methods for incompressible Newtonian flow.
KeywordsStream Function Unidirectional Flow Projection Step Homogeneous Neumann Boundary Condition Vorticity Formulation
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. | <urn:uuid:c2c600ec-07cc-4035-9868-12b5606b7956> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3323-5_8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217970.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821053629-20180821073629-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.822343 | 128 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In a world driven by societal expectations and materialistic pursuits, the true essence of success often gets lost in the shuffle. We are conditioned to believe that success is synonymous with wealth, power, and fame. However, it is time to break free from this narrow definition and embark on a journey to define success in a way that aligns with our personal happiness. By exploring inspiring stories, metaphors, and examples, we can unlock the key to a fulfilling and meaningful life.
1. Success as a Journey, not a Destination:
Success should be seen as a continuous journey rather than a fixed destination. It is not about reaching a specific point, but rather about the growth, learning, and self-discovery we experience along the way. Just like climbing a mountain, success lies in the effort, determination, and resilience we exhibit during the ascent. Embrace the process, relish the challenges, and celebrate each milestone achieved.
2. The Power of Authenticity: True success can only be achieved when we are authentic to ourselves. It is about embracing our unique talents, passions, and values, and aligning them with our goals. The story of J.K. Rowling, who faced numerous rejections before finding success with the Harry Potter series, exemplifies the power of staying true to oneself. By being authentic, we not only find personal fulfillment but also inspire others to do the same.
3. Pursuing a Purposeful Life: Success is deeply intertwined with finding and pursuing our life's purpose. When we engage in activities that bring us joy, fulfillment, and a sense of meaning, we unlock the door to personal happiness. Consider the story of Malala Yousafzai, who fought for girls' education despite facing immense adversity. Her purpose-driven life not only brought her personal satisfaction but also transformed the lives of countless others. Discover your passion, align it with a purpose, and success will follow.
4. Embracing Failure as a Stepping Stone: Failure is an inevitable part of any journey towards success. It is through failure that we learn, grow, and evolve. Thomas Edison's journey to inventing the light bulb is a testament to this. Despite facing thousands of failures, he never gave up and eventually succeeded. Embrace failure as a steppingstone rather than a stumbling block, and let it guide you towards personal growth and ultimate success.
5. Cultivating Relationships and Gratitude: Success is not solely measured by personal achievements but also by the quality of relationships we cultivate. Surround yourself with positive, supportive individuals who inspire and uplift you. Cherish the bonds you form along the way, for they contribute immensely to personal happiness. Additionally, practicing gratitude for the blessings in our lives fosters a sense of contentment and fulfillment.
Success should not be confined to external markers of wealth, power, or fame. By redefining success as a journey, embracing authenticity, pursuing purpose, learning from failure, and cultivating relationships and gratitude, we can unlock the true meaning of success that aligns with personal happiness. Let us embark on this transformative journey, empowering ourselves and inspiring others to redefine their own paths to success. Remember, success is not a destination; it is a way of life. | <urn:uuid:fcd91654-b668-4995-bf1f-b9b6542f4994> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.christinewaltercoaching.com/post/redefining-success-in-2024 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474649.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225234904-20240226024904-00730.warc.gz | en | 0.938046 | 656 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Posted By Eco Plumbers 5 Mar. 2015
Modern travelers want to explore the world without damaging it. There are many travel planning resources available that preserve the environment for the future.
According to the World Tourism Organization, last year there were over 715 million international arrivals worldwide. This trend is making the travel industry the fastest growing industry in the world.
How to Prepare for Travel
Caring for the environment can happen before you step out the door. Here are some steps all people can take before they leave their homes to reduce their environmental footprint:
Lower thermostat and water heater settings, which waste energy heating an empty house.
Appliances use energy in their off mode, so unplug the TV, stereo, desktop computer, toaster, microwave, and any other appliances around the house.
Stop your newspaper or ask that it be delivered elsewhere while you are gone.
Use public transportation as much as possible when going to the train station or airport. When flying, try to book direct travel because aircrafts consume the most fuel during takeoff and landing. Try to avoid flying, if possible, and choose more fuel efficient rail and bus travel options.
Packing is perhaps the most stressful part of preparing for a trip. Invest in reusable containers instead of travel-sized disposables with wasteful packaging. Travel as lightly as possible to reduce weight, fuel use, and make it easier to get around on public transit.
Book a hotel that has an environmental program and participate as much as possible. There are often guides in the rooms and staff will be happy to explain how to participate in the environmental program. This often means reusing towels and sheets, which saves energy and water and prevents the release of toxic chemicals.
What to Do While Away
Use the natural light to gauge the thermostat and regulate the temperature of the room. If traveling in a warm climate, close the drapes or angle blinds upward so the light will bounce off the ceiling and keep the room cooler. Leaving the blinds or curtains open during the day will warm the room if you are travelling to a colder region.
Many parts of the world have limited drinking-water resources, so be sure to conserve water as much as possible while traveling. A few ways to conserve water include showering instead of taking a bath, using refillable containers, and sterilizing water when necessary rather than buying bottled. These choices will help you stay healthy and hydrated, and protect the environment.
In many ways, while traveling you should simply act how you would when at home. Be conscientious with waste, recycle and reuse as much as possible, and limit the use of energy. Turning off climate controls, lights, and other electronics when leaving the room reduces energy usage.
Consider your plans for fun and make an effort to engage in environmentally conscientious recreation. This means going for a hike instead of a snowmobile ride, snorkeling instead of jet skiing, and so on. Research endangered species and the ecology of the region you are travelling to and ask tour guides about their environmental impact.
Leave a Small Footprint
Try as much as possible to leave the place you visit just as you found it. The US National Park Service uses the motto, “Take only pictures, leave only footprints.” This is a good principle for all travelers, wherever they roam.
Categories: Eco-Friendly Tips | <urn:uuid:db393694-94e9-40c6-9a69-96f8e443d24c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://dayton.ecoplumbers.com/2015/03/05/how-to-reduce-your-ecological-footprint-when-travelling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585405.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021102435-20211021132435-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.946717 | 689 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Two day Historical GIS Workshop
Computers are a necessary tool for all types of historians. They facilitate access to sources via digital archives, help manage large quantities of documents, and influence our interpretation. Despite these time- and cost-saving benefits, the growth of computing technologies also challenges the pedigree of the historian. Often the historian is required to gain intermediate or even expert knowledge in a particular type of software in order to carry out his or her analysis. Computer skills are also increasingly important in teaching and communicating with students. This is an area seldom taught during the historian’s formal training.
We are currently seeking funding to hold a two day “crash course” in historical GIS. The workshop is tentatively schedualled for July 24th and 25th and it will take place in Toronto.
Marcel Fortin, GIS and Map Librarian at the University of Toronto, will offer hands-on training to a group of interested historians.
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- Contributors Welcome - September 29, 2017
- Applicants Sought for Editor of Environmental History - September 18, 2017
- Refresh: A New Look for NiCHE - September 11, 2017
- CHESS 2017 Keynote Address: Bonnie Devine, “Claims, Names, and Allegories” - May 23, 2017
- Day of Canadian Environmental History at CHA 2017 - May 15, 2017
- Chicago: The Conference - April 7, 2017
- Canadian Environmental History at ASEH 2017 - March 29, 2017 | <urn:uuid:b396871b-f305-4e1d-8151-df99eb2af4d7> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://niche-canada.org/?event=historical-gis-workshop | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812756.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219151705-20180219171705-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.925683 | 363 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Throughout background, people have sought to specify the meaning of health. In today’s culture, health is the absence of disease, the state of full physical, psychological, and social well-being. The World Health Organization’s 2017 State of the Country Wellness Evaluation reported that genes compose just 15% of the definition of healthy, while the various other 70% is credited to social components of well-being. These variables influence the health of people, neighborhoods, and populaces. Wealth and power play a crucial role in figuring out an individual’s health and wellness, including education, hardship, and also access to health care.
The 3rd interpretation of wellness concentrates on specific habits and also lifestyle selections. While the initial 2 strategies are focused on decreasing or eliminating threat aspects, the third meaning must take into consideration people as an integral part of advertising health and wellness. This indicates that health and wellness actions require to include people and also consider different scales of value. If people value their very own health and wellness, they are more likely to seek preventive treatment and treatment when they feel unwell. The second interpretation of health emphasizes the need for individuals as well as communities to collaborate to develop a healthier culture.
The third interpretation of wellness concentrates on individual actions. It emphasizes the requirement for people as well as communities to stay in a setting where they can pursue their dreams. Desires as well as needs need to be fulfilled in a healthy environment. Those who do not have such ambitions are most likely to deal with chronic illness. The that definition of health and wellness worries the value of social and ecological problems for keeping a healthy and balanced lifestyle. The WHO defines wellness as the lack of disease and also defines it accordingly.
The World Health and wellness Organization specifies that health and wellness is a mix of physical, psychological, and also social wellbeing. Numerous aspects influence health, some of which can be advertised by encouraging much healthier behaviors as well as staying clear of undesirable scenarios. Nevertheless, there are a number of crucial elements that determine a person’s capability to live healthy. It is crucial to find a healthy and balanced balance in between these aspects. There is no single definition of health, and also everyone’s circumstance must be taken into consideration before executing any kind of kind of health-promoting strategy.
In a modern culture, health and wellness can be defined as the state of total physical, psychological, and also social wellness. The Globe Wellness Company (WHO) defines health and wellness as the state of being healthy. This problem is specified by the Globe Health Organization as a problem in which a person is free from illness or injury. The interpretation of health and wellness is a continuous procedure that varies from one person to an additional. A person’s level of health and wellness is a continuum from optimum functioning to illness.
The ‘complete wellness’ interpretation of health and wellness is disadvantageous to culture as well as is an impractical concept. Couple of people have the exact same level of complete health and wellbeing as others, so the principle of ‘total health and wellness’ is a misconception. It is impossible to be completely healthy and balanced constantly. It is additionally misleading as well as commonly overlooks the facts of special needs and also chronic disease. It is the upside-down to watch health. In a digital atmosphere, we need to take a different perspective.
Establishing a healthy lifestyle can be challenging, yet it is possible to attain a balanced way of life and also remain healthy with the appropriate mindset and also way of life. Because of this, a person’s health is a crucial consider their ability to join society. This can bring about far better social, financial, and also academic results. These are simply a few of the many determinants of wellness. The social factors of health are a wonderful instance.
The World Wellness Organization’s starting constitution defines health as “a state of total health and the lack of disease”. This is not a sensible objective. It is not practical for anyone to be totally healthy and balanced all the time. Furthermore, it contributes to overmedicalisation of society. Therefore, a person’s health should be individualized and also be analyzed in the context of their way of living. While some of us might not be able to attain full health and wellbeing, we should not disregard our genetics.
On The Planet Health Organisation’s 2012 record on wellness promotion, the record highlights the relevance of specifying health and wellness. The term “wellness” describes the capability to satisfy one’s own demands and adapt to the atmosphere. It is a favorable idea. It can additionally be defined as “great” or “alive.” A person can have a premium quality of life when he or she is literally and also mentally healthy and balanced. There are lots of factors that identify health and wellness.
The World Health and wellness Organization defines wellness as “complete health”: an individual’s physical, psychological as well as social well-being. The that meaning of health and wellness is likewise an useful overview for evaluating the top quality of a person’s life. The that additionally has guidelines for the proper use of drug. On top of that, the that supplies health services to communities as well as their people. If they require healthcare, they can describe a physician. If they don’t, they can suggest appropriate treatment.
In the USA, wellness is a crucial element of living in a culture. It is the best indication of a culture’s well-being. The Globe Health and wellness Organisation likewise defines wellness as the capability of a specific to work in society. An individual’s physical problem reflects his or her general wellness. A person’s life span is the best pen of their well-being. It mirrors the state of a person’s psychological and social capacities.
An individual’s health and wellness can be specified in terms of its physical, mental, as well as social well-being. Inequalities in wellness can occur in between populations, social groups, and also individuals. Several of these elements are because of a person’s selections, while others are an outcome of architectural elements. Inequalities in health and wellness can affect a person’s physical and also mental health. So, it is essential to consider the impact of all these variables on the lifestyle.
Health is a subjective principle. It can be specified as a state of being devoid of illness or as an incapacity to exercise. The WHO’s meaning of wellness was first embraced in 1948, and has actually considering that been used by countries throughout the world. In a healthy culture, the body is healthy and balanced when it functions appropriately. Having a healthy and balanced body means that an individual is not ill. The that specifies health and wellness as a “total” state of health. click here
The interpretation of health can differ. One of the most basic definition is that it is an absence of illness. The second is that it includes functioning as well as is free from illness. Additionally, it can likewise imply that a person is healthy and balanced if she or he is literally healthy as well as has a premium quality of life. It can be a physical problem or a mood. This sort of health is specified in the founding constitution of the that. Its governing body is in charge of making certain that the globe’s population has an equal opportunity of living long and also pleased lives. | <urn:uuid:e2993dee-ecf5-47fb-8e09-af0860104bf0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cardsofcharacter.com/2022/03/29/quick-tips-concerning-health-and-wellness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.96731 | 1,538 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Mole video Transcript
Moles are rarely seen by humans, as they live primarily underground and surface only occasionally. They're not dangerous or aggressive but can ruin the aesthetics of your property and can become a homeowners nightmare. Although moles are carnivores and do not eat plants, their burrowing activities can destroy your vegetation and landscaping. They can also do severe damage to the root systems of your flowers and plants. Because moles love to feast on earthworms, they can rob your other plants of the many benefits earthworms provide for healthy soil and roots.
MOLE YARD DAMAGE?
Despite being a relatively small animal, only ranging between 4-6 inches in length, the mole can do a lot of damage to your property, lawn, and landscaping. Moles are capable of creating tunnels at the astonishing rate of 15 feet per hour, utilizing large front claws to handle the excavation. Small but mighty, these animals burrow mere inches below the surface of your property, looking for grubs, worms or other insects on which to dine. The burrowing will result in a series of raised ridges in the yard. Often a mound of dirt will be a telltale sign of a deep tunnel where moles have dug down even further. You may not even realize that you are dealing with a mole infestation until you notice the ridges.
In our line of business, Armadillo Wildlife can generally rely on live cage trapping to get rid of pests and unwanted intruders. However, because of the mole's habit of living underground, the trapping process is a bit more challenging and requires a different method.
Armadillo Wildlife begins each extraction effort by performing a comprehensive inspection of your property. We will identify burrows and tunnels, and once we fully understand the problem. We will provide you with a thorough action plan which will outline our strategy for getting rid of the moles.
Once you fully understand our course of action, we will get to work trapping the moles. Traps are set at the entrance to each identified tunnel.
Once the moles are extracted, the tunnels will start to collapse and cut off the ventilation into the tunnels. This action makes the tunnels and burrows less hospitable to any newly arriving moles.
Armadillo Wildlife will perform a second inspection before we close your extraction project. This inspection will ensure than tunnels are sealed off and collapsed, rendering them useless to opportunistic animals.
AFTER WE LEAVE
Although some do-it-yourself home remedies are floating around, there is no truly effective way to repel moles from your property. If you have a mole infestation, it is necessary to trap and remove them to deal with the problem. However, once the moles are gone, there are several ways which you can prepare your yard to make it unattractive to new moles. It may help to maintain a low grass height and harden your soil to discourage digging. As moles prefer overgrown areas and moist and loose dirt, these two methods may encourage them to find a more palatable habitat.
If you have an evident mole problem on your property, there is no time to waste. Moles move quickly and can damage your lawn at a remarkable pace. Therefore, it is necessary to call in assistance as soon as you notice the ridges and molehills. Armadillo Wildlife is proud to serve the Fort Wayne community, as well as Warsaw, Auburn, Angola, Syracuse, and surrounding areas. For more expert information about moles, mole trapping and mole exclusion, call on the professionals at Armadillo Wildlife. | <urn:uuid:b41f3e1d-1be0-4234-b269-ab6a2d33c786> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.armadillowildlife.com/rodents-and-wildlife/mole-video-transcript | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738816.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811150134-20200811180134-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.932163 | 735 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Main / Music / Index numbers ppt
Index numbers ppt
Name: Index numbers ppt
File size: 465mb
20 Mar INDEX NUMBERS PRESENTED BY- Deepak Khandelwal Prakash Gupta. Interpret and use a range of index numbers commonly used in the Australian business sector; Define an index number and explain its use; Perform calculations. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Index Numbers. Chapter 2. GOALS. Describe the term index. Understand the difference between a weighted and an unweighted index.
South-Western/Thomson Learning . 2. Slide. Chapter Index Numbers. Price Relatives; Aggregate Price Indexes; Computing an Aggregate Price Index. Index Numbers. LEARNING GOAL. Understand the concept of an index number; in particular, understand how the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used to . Index Numbers. Price Relatives. Aggregate Price Indexes. Computing an Aggregate Price Index. from Price Relatives. Some Important Price Indexes. Deflating a.
Index numbers are convenient devices for measuring relative changes of differences from method of selection of the units for compilation of index numbers. Price Indices: Part 1. MEASUREMENT ECONOMICS. ECON ECON PAGE 2. What is an index number? The problem of how to construct an index. A Number used to measure how much somthing has changed from one time period to another Tend to underestimate price change. Weights have to be. Index numbers are used in measuring changes in a set of related variables: A simple TFP index example; Price index numbers; Quantity index numbers. LESSON 7. INDEX NUMBERS. Economic activities have constant tendency to change. Prices of commodities which arc the total result of number of economic.
The Rules Of Indices. Rule 1: Multiplication of Indices. a n x a m = Rule 2: Division of Indices. a n a m = . Rule 4: For Powers Of Index Numbers. Learning Objectives LO1 Compute and interpret a simple index. LO2 Describe the difference between a weighted and an unweighted index. LO3 Compute and . 2 Learning Objectives LO Compute and interpret a simple, unweighted index . LO Compute and interpret an unweighted aggregate index. LO Index Number. Measures change over time relative to a base period; Price Index measures changes in price. e.g. Consumer Price Index (CPI). Quantity Index. | <urn:uuid:ff499a93-d8f4-4314-88d4-f63d5ae44192> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://le-val.com/music/index-numbers-ppt.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583823140.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122013923-20190122035923-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.790505 | 517 | 3.609375 | 4 |
- Schizophrenia is a serious
disorder of the mind and brain but it is also highly treatable. Although there is no cure
(as of 2007) for schizophrenia, the treatment success rate with antipsychotic
medications and psycho-social therapies can be high. If the appropriate
level of investment is made in research,
it has been estimated that a
cure for schizophrenia could be found within 10 years (by the year 2013).
Traditionally, however, schizophrenia has only received a small fraction
of the amount of medical research dollars that go into other serious diseases and disorders (see below - Schizophrenia
Research - for more information).
- New Treatments: There are over 15 new medications for the treatment of schizophrenia currently in development by different biotech and pharmaceuticals companies (source: Special report on New Schizophrenia Medications). Additionally, there are many new and improving psycho-social treatments and cognitive therapies for schizophrenia that are being rolled out with significant success. Together these new treatments hold significant promise of a better life in the future for people who have schizophrenia. Check here for the latest news coverage of these new therapies.
- Schizophrenia is a devastating disorder for most people who are afflicted, and very costly for families and society. The overall U.S. 2002 cost of schizophrenia was estimated to be $62.7 billion, with $22.7 billion excess direct health care cost ($7.0 billion outpatient, $5.0 billion drugs, $2.8 billion inpatient, $8.0 billion long-term care). (source: Analysis Group, Inc.)
- Today the leading theory of why people get schizophrenia is that it is a result of a genetic predisposition combined with an environmental exposures and / or stresses during pregnancy or childhood that contribute to, or trigger, the disorder. Already researchers have identified several of the key genes - that
when damaged - seem to create a predisposition, or increased risk, for schizophrenia. The genes, in combination with suspected environmental factors - are believed to be the factors that result in schizophrenia. These genes that seem to cause increased risk of schizophrenia include the DISC1,
Neuregulin and G72 genes, but it has been estimated that up a dozen or more genes could be involved in schizophrenia risk. See our Schizophrenia Genetics news for the latest information in this fast-moving area.
- One of the most positive areas of schizophrenia research today is in the area of identification of early risk factors for development of schizophrenia, and prevention of schizophrenia in those people who are predisposed to the disease. (source: Neuropsychiatry Review). For more information see Schizophrenia Causes and Prevention. One of the most easily avoided factors linked to development of schizophrenia are brain-altering street drugs like marijuana and cannabis.
- Schizophrenia is a disease that typically begins in early adulthood;
between the ages of 15 and 25. Men tend to get develop schizophrenia
slightly earlier than women; whereas most males become ill between 16
and 25 years old, most females develop symptoms several years later, and the incidence in women is noticably higher in women after age 30. The average age of onset is 18 in men and 25 in women. Schizophrenia
onset is quite rare for people under 10 years of age, or over 40 years
of age. The diagram below demonstrates the general "age of onset" trends for schizophrenia in men and women, from a representative study on the topic.
Source: A typological model of schizophrenia based on age at onset, sex an familial morbidity. Acta Psych8atr. Scand. 89, 135-141 (1994).
The diagram below represents the differences in needs for hospitalizations, at different ages, for men and women who have schizophrenia. As shown in the diagram, schizophrenia tends to hit younger males hardest, with a much higher rate of hospitalization required between the ages of 15 and 40. (source: Hospital data from Canada).
- The earlier that schizophrenia is diagnosed and treated, the better
the outcome of the person and the better the recovery. (Source: Yale University Medical School)
- Schizophrenia occurs in all societies regardless
of class, colour, religion, culture - however there are some variations in terms of incidence and outcomes for different groups of people. (Source: Dr. Robin Murray )
- Schizophrenia Ranks among the top 10 causes of disability in developed
countries worldwide (source:
The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality
and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and
projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA: Published by the Harvard School of
Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization and the World
Bank, Harvard University Press, 1996. http://www.who.int/msa/mnh/ems/dalys/intro.htm
) For additional information See the World
Health Organization's mental health publications.
The Prevalance Rate for schizophrenia is approximately 1.1% of the
population over the age of 18 (source: NIMH)
or, in other words, at any one time as many as 51 million people worldwide
suffer from schizophrenia, including;
- 6 to 12 million people in China (a rough estimate based on the population)
- 4.3 to 8.7 million people in India (a rough estimate based on the population)
- 2.2 million people in USA
- 285,000 people in Australia
- Over 280,000 people in Canada
- Over 250,000 diagnosed cases in Britain
- Rates of schizophrenia are generally similar from country to countryabout
.5% to 1 percent of the population (there are variations - but the variance is difficult to track due to differing measuring standards in many countries, etc.).
Source: Dr. Robin Murray.
Another way to express the prevalence of schizophrenia at any give
time is the number of individuals affected per 1,000 total population.
In the United States that figure is 7.2 per 1,000. This means that
a city of 3 million people will have over 21,000 individuals suffering
Incidence: The number of people who will be diagnosed as having schizophrenia
in a year is about one in 4,000. So about 1.5 million people will
be diagnosed with schizophrenia this year, worldwide. About 100,000
people in the United States will be diagnosed with schizophrenia this
[Note: The term 'prevalence' of Schizophrenia usually refers to the
estimated population of people who are living with Schizophrenia at
any given time. The term 'incidence' of Schizophrenia refers to the
annual diagnosis rate, or the number of new cases of Schizophrenia
diagnosed each year. ]
Prevalence of schizophrenia compared to other well-known diseases
Therefore, the approximate number of people in the United States
- Schizophrenia: Over 2.2 million people
- Multiple Sclerosis: 400,000 people
- Insulin-dependent Diabetes: 350,000 people
- Muscular Dystrophy: 35,000 people
The Course of Schizophrenia
- Early intervention and early use of new medications lead to better
medical outcomes for the individual
- The earlier someone with schizophrenia is diagnosed and stabilized
on treatment, the better the long-term prognosis for their illness
- Teen suicide is a growing problem -- and teens with schizophrenia
have approximately a 50% risk of attempted suicide
- In rare instances, children as young as five can develop schizophrenia.
Anti-psychotic medications are the generally recommended treatment
for schizophrenia. If medication for schizophrenia is discontinued,
the relapse rate is about 80 percent within 2 years. With continued
drug treatment, only about 40 percent of recovered patients will suffer
relapses.( Source: NIMH)
Wide variation occurs in the course of schizophrenia. Some people
have psychotic episodes of illness lasting weeks or months with full
remission of their symptoms between each episode; others have a fluctuating
course in which symptoms are continuous but rise and fall in intensity;
others have relatively little variation in the symptoms of their illness
over time. At one end of the spectrum, the person has a single psychotic
episode of schizophrenia followed by complete recovery; at the other
end of the spectrum is a course in which the illness never abates
and debilitating effects increase. (source: Openthedoors).
Recent research increasingly shows that the disease process of schizophrenia
gradually and significantly damages the brain of the person, and that
earlier treatments (medications and other therapies) seem to result
in less damage over time (source: UCLA
NeuroImaging Lab , Other info - see
"Early Treatment" section of this page).
After 10 years, of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia:
- 25% Completely Recover
- 25% Much Improved, relatively independent
- 25% Improved, but require extensive support network
- 15% Hospitalized, unimproved
- 10% Dead (Mostly Suicide)
After 30 years, of the people diagnosed with schizophrenia:
- 25% Completely Recover
- 35% Much Improved, relatively independent
- 15% Improved, but require extensive support network
- 10% Hospitalized, unimproved
- 15% Dead (Mostly Suicide)
Where are the People with Schizophrenia?
- 6% are homeless or live in shelters
- 6% live in jails or prisons
- 5% to 6% live in Hospitals
- 10% live in Nursing homes
- 25% live with a family member
- 28% are living independently
- 20% live in Supervised Housing (group homes, etc.)
Homelessness and Schizophrenia
- Approximately 200,000 individuals with schizophrenia or manic-depressive
illness are homeless, constituting one-third of the approximately 600,000
homeless population (total homeless population statistic based on data
from Department of Health and Human Services). These 200,000 individuals
comprise more than the entire population of many U.S. cities, such as
Hartford, Connecticut; Charleston, South Carolina; Reno, Nevada; Boise,
Idaho; Scottsdale, Arizona; Orlando, Florida; Winston Salem, North Carolina;
Ann Arbor, Michigan; Abilene, Texas or Topeka, Kansas.
- At any given time, there are more people with untreated severe psychiatric
illnesses living on Americas streets than are receiving care in
hospitals. Approximately 90,000 individuals with schizophrenia or manic-depressive
illness are in hospitals receiving treatment for their disease.
The Cost of Schizophrenia to Society:
Schizophrenia, long considered the most chronic, debilitating and costly
mental illness, now consumes a total of about $63 billion a year
for direct treatment, societal and family costs. Richard Wyatt,
M.D., chief of neuropsychiatry, National
Institutes of Mental Health, has said that nearly 30 percent ($19
billion) of schizophrenia's cost involves direct treatment and the rest
is absorbed by other factors -- lost timefrom work for patients and
care givers, social services and criminal justice resources.
Wyatt said schizophrenia affects one percent of the population, accounts
for a fourth of all mental health costs and takes up one in three psychiatric
hospital beds. Since most schizophrenia patients are never able to work,
they must be supported for life by Medicaid and other forms of public
assistance. Source: NIMH
A more recent estimate of the cost of schizophrenia and other serious
mental illnesses (biplar disorder, serious depression, etc) from
Dr, E. Fuller Torrey in Q1, 2004 was that federal costs for the
care of seriously mentally ill individuals now total $41 billion
yearly and are rocketing upward at a rate of $2.6 billion a year.
More hospital beds in Canada (8%) are occupied by people with schizophrenia
than by sufferers of any other medical condition (Source: BCSS)
In the UK, in economic terms: some 80 million working days are lost
each year at a cost of £3.7 billion; the NHS spends around £1
billion on treatment and personal social services another £400
The greatest cost of schizophrenia , however, is the non-economic costs
to those who have it and their families.
Schizophrenia Ranks among the top 10 causes of disability in developed countries worldwide (source: The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA: Published by the Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization and the World Bank, Harvard University Press, 1996. http://www.who.int/msa/mnh/ems/dalys/intro.htm ) For additional information See the World Health Organization's mental health publications.
Schizophrenia Research Expenditures:
Research expenditures on schizophrenia still lag far behind those on
other serious illnesses. US Government spending on research per person
- Comparison (For More information: A
Federal Failure in Psychiatric Research, November, 2003)
Research Expenditure by Disease, 1999
1999 NIH research expenditures
Individuals with this disease
research dollars per person affected
1999 NIMH expenditures by disease were provided by the NIMH
budget office, July 24, 2000. There are suggestions that
some of these expenditures are inflated. The $196.5 million
estimate for schizophrenia research in 1999, for example,
is more than 50 percent higher than the $124.3 million estimate
for 2002, recently made public by NIMH. The number of persons
affected with serious mental illness was derived by using
the “best estimate” one-year prevalence figures from the
1999 Report of the Surgeon General (op. cit., p.
47) and multiplying by the 1999 U.S. population figures
for all individuals 18 and over (202,492,000). The figure
for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is consistent with
other prevalence figures for these disorders. However, the
figures for depression (unipolar major depression), panic
disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder clearly include
individuals with non-severe forms of these disorders. The
authors are not aware of reliable prevalence data that include
only severe forms of these disorders.
1999 NIH expenditures for other diseases were obtained from
NIH’s annual report “Research Initiatives/Programs of Interest
” for 1999, http://www4.od.nih.gov/ofm/diseases/index.stm.
The number of individuals with various cancers was obtained
from the National Cancer Institute, http://seer.cancer.gov/faststats/html/pre_all.html
(click on “Prevalence” on the left, under “Available
Statistics”) and represents complete prevalence, i.e., anyone
who has ever had that cancer who is still alive. The number
of individuals with other diseases was taken from the websites
of the various advocacy organizations
People with the condition have a 50 times higher risk of attempting
suicide than the general population; the risk of suicide is very serious
in people with schizophrenia. Suicide is the number one cause of premature
death among people with schizophrenia, with an estimated 10 percent
to 13 percent killing themselves and approximately 40% attempting suicide
at least once (and as much as 60% of males attempting suicide). The
extreme depression and psychoses that can result due to lack of treatment
are the usual causes. These suicides rates can be compared to the general
population, which is somewhere around 0.01%. (source: Treatment
Advocacy Center and other sources)
Schizophrenia and Violence
People with schizophrenia are far more likely to harm themselves than
be violent toward the public. Violence is not a symptom of schizophrenia.
News and entertainment media tend to link mental illnesses including
schizophrenia to criminal violence. Most people with schizophrenia,
however, are not violent toward others but are withdrawn and prefer
to be left alone. Drug or alcohol abuse raises the risk of violence
in people with schizophrenia, particularly if the illness is untreated,
but also in people who have no mental illness.
Schizophrenia and Jail
The vast majority of people with schizophrenia who are in jail have
been charged with misdemeanors such as trespassing.
As many as one in five (20%) of the 2.1 million Americans in jail and
prison are seriously mentally ill, far outnumbering the number of mentally
ill who are in mental hospitals, according to a comprehensive study.
The American Psychiatric Association estimated in 2000 that one in
five prisoners were seriously mentally ill, with up to 5 percent actively
psychotic at any given moment.
In 1999, the statistical arm of the Justice Department estimated that
16 percent of state and federal prisoners and inmates in jails were
suffering from mental illness. These illnesses included schizophrenia,
manic depression (or bipolar disorder) and major depression.
The figures are higher for female inmates, the report says. The Justice
Department study found that 29 percent of white female inmates, 22 percent
of Hispanic female inmates and 20 percent of black female inmates were
identified as mentally ill.
Many individuals with schizophrenia revolve between hospitals, jails
and shelters. In Illinois 30% of patiants discharged from state psychiatric
hospitals are rehospitalized within 30 days. In New York 60% of discharged
patients are rehospitalized within a year. Source: Surviving
What Percentage of Individuals with sever mental illnesses are untreated,
Recent American studies report that approximately half of all individuals
with severe mental illnesses have received no treatment for their illnesses
in the previous 12 months. These findings are consistent with other
studies of medication compliance for individuals with schizophrenia
and manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder). The majority (55 percent)
of those not receiving treatment have no awareness of their illness
(anosognosia) and thus do not seek treatment. Stigma and dissatisfaction
with services are relatively unimportant reasons why individuals with
severe mental illnesses do not seek treatment.
The 45 percent who acknowledged that they needed treatment (and thus
had awareness of their illness) but still were not receiving treatment
cited many reasons for this. These included (respondent could check
32% "wanted to solve problem on own"
27% "thought the problem would get better by itself"
20% "too expensive"
18% "unsure about where to go for help"
17% "help probably would not do any good"
16% "health insurance would not cover treatment"
The Risks of Getting Schizophrenia
After a person has been diagnosed with schizophrenia in a family, the
chance for a sibling to also be diagnosed with schizophrenia is 7 to
9 percent. If a parent has schizophrenia, the chance for a child to
have the disorder is 10 to 15 percent. Risks increase with multiple
affected family members. | <urn:uuid:8c600bec-97ae-4c99-8946-5ea9f2a86a41> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.schizophrenia.com/szfacts.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.91971 | 4,703 | 3.140625 | 3 |
If key fields of the table are being used to check foreign key entries, only key fields of the check table can be contained in the foreign key fields.
A foreign key creates a link between two tables, the CHECKTAB and DATATAB. Every primary key field from CHECKTAB is assigned a field within your DATATAB(foreign key fields). The main function of a foreign key is to improve data integrity, ensuring only data contained within your check table is inserted into the foreign key field.
The check table is also used to validate input help values (i.e. F4 help) and are the basis for defining lock objects, maintenance views and help views.
If entries are made to a currency amounts field, the associated currency from the assigned reference field is determined at runtime, based on whatever is contained in the reference field at this time. This then determines which currency is used.
Select this flag if the field should always be filled with initial values based data type of the field. Please note that fields in the database which do not have this flag set can also be filled with initial values but setting this flag forces all table entries to have initial values in this field.
Restrictions and notes:
• The initial value cannot be set for fields of data types LCHR, LRAW, and RAW. If the field length is greater than 32, the initial flag cannot be set for fields of data type NUMC.
• If a new field is inserted in the table and the initial flag is set, the complete table is scanned on activation and an UPDATE is made to the new field. This can be very time-consuming.
• If the initial flag is set for an included structure, this means that the attributes from the structure are transferred. That is, exactly those fields which are marked as initial in the definition have this attribute in the table as well.
• Key fields are always filled automatically with initial values.
Domains allow different technical fields of the same type to refer to the same domain. These fields are then updated at the same time the domain is updated, ensuring the consistency of these fields.
A field containing currency amounts (data type CURR) must be assigned a reference field including the currency key (data type CUKY).
A field containing quantity specifications (data type QUAN) must be assigned a reference field including the associated quantity unit (data type UNIT).
An input help can be assigned to a table or structure field in different ways:
• Attachment of a search help to the field
• Input help with the check table assigned to the field
• Attachment of a search help to the data element assigned to the field
• Fixed values from the domain assigned to the field
• Input help for data types DATS and TIMS
If more than one of these mechanisms is possible for a field, the first one mentioned is used. | <urn:uuid:392d7012-246d-4013-82cf-4c2de80400f1> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.se80.co.uk/training-education/sap-table-field-attributes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481111.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216190407-20190216212407-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.884965 | 596 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Few homeowners know this plant’s name, but many have cursed it. I’ve heard people describe it as that vine with the baby watermelons. Creeping cucumber or Guadeloupe cucumber are two of its most common names.
This delicate-looking vine (Melothria pendula) is far from timid. It has a growth rate almost comparable to kudzu. I’ve even had people bring it to me asking if it was kudzu. Some have inquired as to its edibility.
That’s a loaded question. According to the state of North Carolina it is poisonous, but many sources list it as edible. I’ve eaten a lot of it, so it can’t be but so poisonous.
There is one rule of thumb foragers should not ignore. Only eat small quantities initially. In this case make sure fruits are young and firm. They taste like cucumbers and can be eaten raw like berries. They’re great in salads. Vines are aggressive, so short supply is seldom a concern.
Older fruits will taste somewhat bitter, so you likely wouldn’t eat many anyway. Upon making the decision to ignore that advice you wouldn’t have to worry about irregularity for a while. Other than diarrhea I can find no other toxicity symptoms, but that alone can be sufficient to discourage most people. I have also found no sources that can pinpoint the toxicity to any compounds. Alkaloids and saponic glycosides are sometimes mentioned as being present but never implicated as dangerous.
The seedy fruits turn yellow and then nearly black upon maturity. Once they reach this stage they are extremely bitter, so toxicity shouldn’t be a problem for sane people. If they taste bitter spit them out. I suppose strong vinaigrette dressing and other flavors of a salad could complicate this.
Creeping cucumber is a perennial vine so it is important to identify individual plants for eradication. That sounds simple but it also spreads profusely by seed. Birds love the tiny fruits even when they are totally unpalatable to humans.
Delicate stems and soft English ivy-shaped leaves with tendrils can envelop shrubs in short order. Tiny yellow flowers look like cucumber or watermelon blooms and it’s easy to tell which are male and which are female just as it is on domestic types.
Those who have it want desperately to rid themselves of this uninvited guest. It covers anything, from vines to vinyl siding. It even grows underneath the siding. It can slither through any imaginable crack or crevasse.
We can’t blame this one on the Europeans or the Asians. This little devil is native. Control is difficult. Chemicals such as Round-up are effective early, but once this vine grows on your plants the only recourse is hand weeding.
The real funny, or from my perspective, tragic part of the story is that some nurseries and seed companies actually sell this plant as an ornamental. People flock to buy it just as they do trumpet vine, ironweed, ornamental deadnettle and Bradford pears. The next thing you know someone will develop ornamental dandelions or market spur weed as a ground cover.
Ted Manzer teaches agriculture at Northeastern High School. | <urn:uuid:8ec3df8a-2ccd-4cc5-b056-8277c00fee0c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://tedmanzer.com/2012/07/09/creeping-cucumber/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201953.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319093341-20190319115341-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.960115 | 690 | 2.78125 | 3 |
So I organized the book in such a way that — after a brief introductory chapter — one chapter is devoted to each in turn of the “three Ts”: tone (falls, rises, and fall-rises), tonicity (which words do we accent?), and tonality (how do we divide the material up, where do we place boundaries?). The matters I regard as “the less crucial choices” (p. 10) I relegate to chapter five, “Beyond the Three Ts”. Among them are the prenuclear part of the intonation phrase (preheads, different kinds of head), finer analysis of tone (e.g. high fall vs. low fall), non-nuclear accenting, major and minor focus, and a discussion of which function words are (against the general rule) typically accented.
Now I read in David Deterding’s blog an account of a presentation given in China by my colleague Francis Nolan, who made an additional point.
However, it is not so important to imitate the finer distinctions of the intonational tunes of native speakers, partly because there is a huge amount of variation in tone usage in Britain and elsewhere, so listeners are accustomed to hearing substantial differences among the people they talk to. To support this, he played lots of data from speakers from around the UK and Ireland.I think this is exactly right. Deep down, nearly all native-speaker varieties agree very substantially in the way they use intonation. Superficially, there are considerable differences in the details of pitch movement.
However, a questioner in the audience disagreed, saying that differences in head types must be important, since they are “shown” in my book. David says, rightly,
While [the account of different types of head] is almost certainly an accurate description of the intonational patterns of native speakers of RP British English, there is no way that listeners will misunderstand the message if a non-native speaker uses a rising head rather than a high head. But the questioner was adamant that the distinction is absolutely vital. It is in the book by John Wells, she insisted, so it must be important.
You can see my dilemma. If I hadn’t included the possibility of rising heads in my account, I would have been rightly criticized for lack of completeness. If I had followed the O’Connor and Arnold (1973) model, and presented rising head plus high fall as one of ten apparently equally important tunes — this is their number 6, the “Long Jump” — I would have failed to make the point that the distinction between this pattern and high head plus high fall (their number 2, the “High Drop”) is not actually terribly important.
I have assured David that I agree with him and with Francis. Perhaps in the book I ought to have made my point more clearly, so that all my Chinese readers could grasp it more readily. | <urn:uuid:91f0e5fb-2e90-416b-9a32-f5a910505bd7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/09/are-two-heads-better-than-one.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00072-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957967 | 609 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park is spread over an area of 1,148 sq, km in 1976, of the Himalayan ecological zone in the Khumbu region of Nepal. The Park includes the upper catchments areas of the Dudhkoshi and Bhotehoshi Rivers and is largely composed of rugged terrain and gorges of the high Himalayas, ranging from 2,845m at Monjo to the top of the world's highest Himal - Sagarmatha at 8,848m above the sea level. Other peaks above 6,000m are Lhotse, Cho Oyu, Thamserku. Nuptse, Amadablam and Pumori, The famed Sherpa people, whose lives are interwoven with the teachings of Buddhism, live in the region. The renowned Tengboche and other monasteries are common gathering places to celebrate religious festivals such as Dumje and Mane Rumdu. In addition to Tengboche, Thame, Khumjung and Pangboche are some other famous monasteries. For its superlative natural characteristics, UNESCO listed SNP as a World Heritage Site in 1979.
Flora and Fauna
The vegetation found at the lower altitude of the park include pine and hemlock forests, while fir, juniper, birch and rhododendron, scrub and alpine plant communities are common at the higher altitude. The park is home to the red panda, snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan tahr, marten, Himalayan mouse hare (pika) and over 118 species of bird including the Impeyan pheasant, snow cock, blood pheasant, red billed cough etc.
How to Get There
The most common ways to reach the park from Kathmandu are: - Flight to Lukia and two day's walk - Bus to Jiri and 10 day's walk - Flight to Tumlingtar and 10 day's walk - Flignt to Phaplu and 5 day's walk
Government of Nepal has declared a buffer zone in and around the park in 2002 with the objective of reducing biotic pressure in the slow growing vegetation. The government has also made a provision of plowing back 30 - 50 percent the revenue earned by the park to community development activities in the buffers zone. In collaboration with local people it aims to conserve biodiversity in the region. Popular Trekking Routes The trek from Namche to Kala Pathar is very popular. The Gokyo Lake and Chukung valleys also provide spectacular views. The Thame Valley is popular for Sherpa culture while Phortse is famous for wildlife viewing. There are some high passes worth crossing over. However, the trekkers must have a guide and proper equipment for the trek. | <urn:uuid:0226f2cc-f20f-4c91-b1cb-acd1b16e31d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.nepaltourismdirectory.com/itinerary/83/nepal-sagarmatha-national-park.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121453.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00126-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923454 | 581 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Near North Side, Chicago
The Near North Side is one of 77 community areas of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the northernmost of the three areas that constitute central Chicago, the others being the Loop and the Near South Side. The community area is located north and east of the Chicago River.
To its east is Lake Michigan, and its northern boundary is the early 19th-century city limit of Chicago, North Avenue. Of the downtown community areas, the Near North Side has the second largest total area, after the Near West Side, the highest number of skyscrapers, and the largest population.
With the exception of Goose Island and the remains of Cabrini-Green, to the west, the Near North Side is known for its rich neighborhoods, the Magnificent Mile, Gold Coast, Navy Pier, and its world-famous skyscrapers such as the John Hancock Center.
The Near North Side is the oldest part of Chicago.
References[change | change source]
- "History". St. Michael in Old Town. 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015. | <urn:uuid:c3f1c724-14f5-4865-8703-3f3b3d293f5e> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_North_Side,_Chicago | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864725.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522112148-20180522132148-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.948816 | 223 | 2.78125 | 3 |
In recent years there has been much outrage at corporations who do not pay their “fair share” of tax. But since corporations are merely legal constructs, they technically don’t pay any share at all; instead the burden of tax is shared between shareholders, through lower profits, workers, through lower wages, or consumers, through higher prices.
If it turns out shareholders, the owners of capital, bear the burden of tax, this would provide the strongest economic rationale to oppose it. Capital flows to wherever it will earn the highest profit, so taxing capital provides a disincentive to invest. Capital investment is crucial for one simple reason: giving workers more machines to work with makes them more productive, which in turn is what leads to wage increases and rising living standards. What’s more, in an open economy like the UK, capital is free to leave to be invested in less heavily taxed parts of the world. Conversely, a relatively low corporation tax will make investing in the UK more attractive, boosting long term economic prospects.
However, there’s reason to believe that capital does not in fact pay the full share of corporation tax. In fact, empirical evidence points to workers paying 57.6% of the total share via lower wages. Surely it would be both more efficient and transparent to tax that income directly?
But what of inequality? It’s certainly true that owners of capital tend to be the richest members of society, however there are more efficient means of income redistribution that are less detrimental to investment, wages and growth.
The UK tax code is…a huge waste of time, resources and talent
Another issue with corporation tax is that it skews companies’ incentives towards debt when they finance new investments. Because the interest paid on debt is [corporation] tax deductible, firms often prefer to raise capital via bond markets rather than equity markets. In fact, some companies will borrow despite having cash readily available to invest. The prime example of this is Apple who, in 2015, despite sitting on a hoard of cash worth $170bn, borrowed $6.5 billion through issuing bonds. Now debt is not a bad thing ipso facto, but the bias towards debt, and the associated higher share of debt-financed corporate investment, increases financial risks within the economy. Do we really want to encourage more borrowing than necessary? Furthermore, recent research has found that in advanced economies, an increase in credit is associated with slower growth, while stock market expansions are associated with higher growth. Perhaps rebalancing incentives away from debt and towards equity finance is desirable.
Additionally, because large companies are able to employ legions of corporate lawyers and tax advisors to help them whittle down their tax obligation to as low a level as possible, the burden of corporate tax falls disproportionately on small companies. Not only is this unfair, but it also creates a drag on investment in small firms, who employ about half of all workers in the UK economy. This constraint on investment, as discussed earlier, hampers productivity and therefore limits wage growth.
Corporate tax evasion would cease to exist if there were no tax to dodge
But wouldn’t this significantly reduce government tax revenues? No, not really. Once tax breaks have been taken into account, corporation tax currently accounts for 6.2% of tax receipts, compared with 25.7% from personal income tax and 17.1% from VAT. What’s more, there’s little reason to think abolishing corporate tax would actually reduce revenues by the entire 6.2% because tax revenues from dividends and wages would likely increase somewhat due to higher profits. And that’s ignoring the fact that a Britain with zero corporation tax would likely see a flood of companies arrive, boosting the stream of income and consumption taxes being paid to HMRC.
The UK tax code is over 17,000 pages long, meaning companies operating in Britain have little choice but to hire tax advisors to help them make sense of how much they need to pay (or reduce what they pay). It’s a huge waste of time, resources and talent. Corporate tax evasion would cease to exist if there were no tax to dodge. One final thought: if there were no corporate tax, maybe all those lawyers and tax accountants would have to go off and do something productive? | <urn:uuid:ce599842-05fb-4224-bc4c-48e8c807a303> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://theworldly.co.uk/the-case-for-abolishing-corporation-tax/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863811.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520224904-20180521004904-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.971024 | 880 | 2.75 | 3 |
The number of chikungunya cases in the Dominican Republic now stands at 429,000 as of Aug. 15, making it by far the country with the most people infected in the Western hemisphere, according to a Diario Libre report today (computer translated). Six people have died from the mosquito borne illness.
According to the latest Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) report last Friday, there has been approximately 585,000 cases reported in the Americas since the first cases were discovered last December.
Despite the large numbers on the Caribbean island, Health Minister, Freddy Hidalgo Núñez says that the incidence of the disease remains a decreasing trend in all regions of the country in the last six weeks.
After reporting some 13,000 cases during the latest week, the epidemiological report states that the provinces with the highest incidence at week 32 are Puerto Plata, with 1,733; La Vega, with 1,370; Santiago recorded 1,210; Espaillat, 1,217; and the National, District 1,315.
Hidalgo says he expects the decline to continue in coming weeks. For more infectious disease news and information, visit and “like” the Infectious Disease News Facebook page
Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It can cause high fever, join and muscle pain, and headache. Chikungunya does not often result in death, but the joint pain may last for months or years and may become a cause of chronic pain and disability. There is no specific treatment for chikungunya infection, nor any vaccine to prevent it. Pending the development of a new vaccine, the only effective means of prevention is to protect individuals against mosquito bites. | <urn:uuid:c3ca9384-c865-4dbb-8848-5cbc8bc3f40b> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://outbreaknewstoday.com/dominican-republic-chikungunya-case-count-at-429000-incidence-decreasing-health-officials-15261/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948581053.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216030243-20171216052243-00773.warc.gz | en | 0.937883 | 377 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Get out the microscope, because we’re going through this poem line-by-line.
Icicles filled the long window
With barbaric glass.
The shadow of the blackbird
Crossed it, to and fro.
Traced in the shadow
An indecipherable cause.
- Now we're back to winter again. Or maybe it's just a very cold autumn.
- These lines start out concrete and become hugely abstract. Stevens paints an image of icicles hanging from a window. The icicles look like glass, and you would expect to find glass in a window, but not this primitive or "barbaric" variety.
- Meanwhile, a blackbird flies back and forth in front of the window, casting its shadow on the ice.
- The shadow captures a certain "mood" – an atmosphere or emotion. You could read these lines as saying that the "mood" traced the "indecipherable cause" in the shadow, or that the mood, which is traced in the shadow, is an indecipherable cause. Tricky stuff, we know.
- An "indecipherable cause" is a cause that is hidden or unknown. Our best guess for what this means is that, if you didn't know that a blackbird was flying back and forth in the window, you wouldn't know what was causing the strange pattern of shadow. | <urn:uuid:808dd904-dc5c-4dad-b1ce-c3b50a2d147c> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.shmoop.com/thirteen-ways-of-looking-at-a-blackbird/section-vi-summary.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00593-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951887 | 289 | 2.875 | 3 |
Nowhere in the U.S. Constitution or in Federal law even, does it say the definition of marriage is between a man and a women. The reason why states started passing same-sex marriage bans in the last ten years or so, as some other states legalized same-sex marriage, because they didn’t have a definition of marriage as between a man and a women.
Until the 1960s, women were supposed to stay at home and not work outside of the house and raise her kids. While the husband/father worked and paid the bills. That was how parenthood was looked at and unofficially defined. Man works and pays the bills. Women stays home and raises the family. That was the definitions of the roles for parents in America, up until the mid or late 1960s. But nowhere in the U.S. Constitution or in Federal law did it say that was how it was supposed to be by law. Back then, men assumed they would be working and getting married and having kids with that women. And working to pay the bills so their kids could have a better life. As their wife stayed home and raised their kids.
My point is, that just because something has been done for a very long time and has become the societal norm, doesn’t mean that is how it should always be. And that people from different generation’s and era’s can adapt to meet the challenges of their era’s and live accordingly. This is just the main difference between a Liberal such as myself and a Religious-Conservative. The Liberal believes the individual should be able to make their own decisions and live their own lives. As long as they aren’t hurting innocent people. The Religious-Conservative, or the Traditional Values Conservative, believes, “this is how things are done and this is how they’ve always been done. And when you move away from that, you’re the morality and character of the country.”
It’s just until the last thirty-years or so that gays male and female felt the freedom to be who they are in public and private. And they’ve always only represented at best 5-10% of the American population and back then probably less than that, because so many gays lived in the closet and weren’t counted as a result. So the idea of same-sex marriage for gays was simply not on the map. Especially since the idea of homosexuality seem weird and even immoral to so many Americans. But as a country moves along and is exposed to people other than themselves and gets to learn about other people than themselves, they become more tolerant. And learn that people of other backgrounds are people just like them. In the sense that they want and believe in similar things, but perhaps look, talk and act differently. But aren’t good, or bad simply because of who they are.
America, has become that true liberal democracy for all Americans. Where we all now feel and have the freedom to be ourselves. And not looked down upon, or punished by law simply because of who we are. So now homosexuality is not only considered not that big of a deal in the sense of that person is not good or bad, simply because they are gay. And if they’re not hurting anyone, so what when it comes to who they’re attracted to and how they live their lives. Which is now has become sort of the consensus attitude about gays in America. “And if they want to get married, by all means. Their marriage doesn’t affect my marriage.” Which has become the majority position when it comes to same-sex marriage in America. | <urn:uuid:48951ec9-1e04-4057-8f2a-2cb3eeb39b9b> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://thenewdemocrat1975.wordpress.com/2015/06/07/american-thinker-opinion-paul-kengor-from-communists-to-progressives-the-lefts-takedown-of-family-and-marriage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448146.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728083322-20170728103322-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.98462 | 756 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Touch your toes
A touch sensitive floor system, that can detect individual users by their foot postures, was recently unveiled by researchers at the Human Computer Interaction Lab at the Potsdam Hasso Plattner Institute in Germany. The multi-touch system is based on frustrated total internal reflection, which has the ability to sense pressure from the user's sole. Video content demonstrates the new concept.
The researchers argue that, whilst tabletop computers cannot become larger than an arm’s length without giving up direct touch, the back-projected floor concept will allow direct manipulation via the user’s feet.
“We based our design on frustrated total internal reflection because its ability to sense pressure allows the device to see users’ soles when applied to a floor,” explained the researchers on the Institute’s website. “We demonstrate how this allows us to recognise foot postures and to identify users. These two functions form the basis of our system. They allow the floor to ignore inactive users, identify and track users based on their shoes, enable high-precision interaction, invoke menus, as well as track heads and allow users to control several multiple degrees of freedom by balancing their feet.”
Mutitoe is a research project by Caroline Fetzer, Thomas Augsten, Konstantin Kaefer, Dorian Kanitz, Rene Meusel, Thomas Stoff, Christian Holz, and Torsten Becker. | <urn:uuid:bfa978e5-9a0a-4c8e-a534-4ea5599bed2f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.inavateonthenet.net/news/article/touch-your-toes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376832330.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219130756-20181219152756-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.910632 | 296 | 2.625 | 3 |
“Be careful about reading health books. You might die of a misprint.” –Mark Twain
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services defines health literacy as “the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.” Only 12% of Americans have proficient health literacy skills, according to the National Assessment of Adult Literacy.
Low health literacy affects people from all ages, races, education and income levels.
Importance of Health Literacy
Health literacy goes beyond general reading level and relates to better understanding and navigating the health care system. We live in an increasing consumer-centric health care environment and must collect, assimilate and take action on health information for our personal health.
Improve your health literacy to better understand:
- Your company’s health benefits
- Your doctor’s and pharmacist’s directions
- Instructions on prescription bottles and treatment brochures
- Health education materials and utilize the knowledge for personal health decisions
Improve Your Health Literacy
Oftentimes, we need to understand and process health information at the doctor’s office (which can be an intimidating place!). Prepare ahead of time for receiving information by bringing: a list of medications, a written list of questions for your doctor, and, perhaps, a trusted friend or family member. Also, engage in the teach-back method after your doctor gives you instructions. Do this by restating the instructions back to your doctor to ensure you understood correctly.
You can also improve your health literacy online. Just make sure you visit trusted, up-to-date Web sites. Government Web sites, like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Library of Medicine or the United States Department of Agriculture are good sources of information. Large nonprofit organizations, like the American Cancer Society or the American Heart Association, also provide useful information and links to other helpful sources.
When you have questions about information you find online, discuss it with your doctor.
On the Job
You can also take measures to meet your company’s employees at the appropriate health literacy level when communicating health-related information like health insurance benefits or wellness education. First, use information that is written at the appropriate reading level (e.g., do not distribute materials at a 10th grade reading level if the majority of employees are a 6th grade reading level). Second, try including pictures or charts. Many individuals respond better to visuals than text only. Finally, offer workshops or forums where employees can obtain more information and ask questions about information that concerns them.
Research over the past two decades shows major shortcomings in how we present and take in health information. Improving health literacy is an important step in achieving better health outcomes and lowering health care costs. The government includes increasing the nation’s health literacy skills in its Healthy People 2020 health promotion plan. How about including increasing your own health literacy skills among your personal goals for 2012?!
Photo credit: iStockphoto
About the author: M. Courtney Hughes, PhD, is Founder of Approach Health, a data-driven health behavior change company. She is an expert in corporate disease management and wellness and enjoys working with employers on employee health promotion strategies and programs. Courtney lives in the Chicago area and can be found on Twitter as @ApproachHealth. | <urn:uuid:d11f517f-93f6-4959-ad90-76bf146590ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://womenofhr.com/improve-your-health-literacy/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+WomenOfHR+%28Women+of+HR%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321553.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627203405-20170627223405-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.918642 | 687 | 3.71875 | 4 |
This Demonstration depicts the cross section of an animal cell. Students can graphically explore the structure and relative location of each organelle, as well as their unique functions.
Mouseover any organelle for its name and a detailed description of its function. The control options let you select the information that shows up within the tooltip. If neither control labels are checked, the tooltip says, "What is this?" | <urn:uuid:d43d3b33-1768-4416-95a1-2cc2d329799d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.demonstrations.wolfram.com/AnimalCellStructure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543030.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00268-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908367 | 82 | 3.265625 | 3 |
NASA’s Cassini spacecraft has begun returning its best-ever views of the northern extremes of Saturn’s icy, ocean-bearing moon Enceladus. The spacecraft obtained the images during its 14 October flyby, passing 1,839 kilometres (1,142 miles) above the moon’s surface. Mission controllers say the spacecraft will continue transmitting images and other data from the encounter for the next several days.
Scientists expected the north polar region of Enceladus to be heavily cratered, based on low-resolution images from the Voyager mission, but the new high-resolution Cassini images show a landscape of stark contrasts. “The northern regions are criss-crossed by a spidery network of gossamer-thin cracks that slice through the craters,” says Paul Helfenstein, a member of the Cassini imaging team at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. “These thin cracks are ubiquitous on Enceladus, and now we see that they extend across the northern terrains as well.”
Cassini’s next encounter with Enceladus is planned for 28 October, when the spacecraft will come within 49 kilometres (30 miles) of the moon’s south polar region. During the encounter, Cassini will make its deepest-ever dive through the moon’s plume of icy spray, sampling the chemistry of the extraterrestrial ocean beneath the ice. Mission scientists are hopeful data from that flyby will provide evidence of how much hydrothermal activity is occurring in the moon’s ocean, along with more detailed insights about the ocean’s chemistry – both of which relate to the potential habitability of Enceladus.
Cassini’s final close Enceladus flyby will take place on 19 December, when the spacecraft will measure the amount of heat coming from the moon’s interior. The flyby will be at an altitude of 4,999 kilometres (3,106 miles). | <urn:uuid:dd141d53-0bdb-474c-b75d-b332bb1b8b07> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.spaceanswers.com/news/cassini-gets-closest-ever-views-of-saturns-moon-enceladus2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886436.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116125134-20180116145134-00743.warc.gz | en | 0.898758 | 413 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The first written reference to the game of chance appears in the Chinese Book of Songs, in which the ancient Han dynasty recorded lottery slips dated between 205 BC and 187 BC. The game is thought to have helped finance major government projects, as it is described in the Book of Songs as “drawing wood” or “lots.”
Probability of winning a jackpot
In the 1960s, state-sponsored lotteries began with raffles. The probability of winning varied based on the number of tickets sold. In 1975, New Jersey started daily number drawings. Players guess a three or four-digit number drawn at random. If they match the three or four-digit number correctly, they win the jackpot. The odds of winning are much lower than if someone were to strike lightning. Luckily, there are several ways to improve your odds of winning the jackpot.
If you want to improve your odds, you should compare the probability of winning the lottery to other outcomes. For example, the odds of being struck by lightning are a hundred million to one, so if you’re lucky, you can expect to miss it by one number. However, if you’re lucky, you can get close to the jackpot by playing multiple times. The odds of missing the Mega Ball, on the other hand, are one in every twelve million.
Rules of lotteries
While lottery rules have traditionally been blindly followed, using common sense when playing the lottery is an excellent idea. While some lotteries are popular, others remain relatively unknown. In either case, your odds will be much better if you follow your own logic. The rules and odds of winning a particular lottery will vary based on the number of players. So, how do you choose the right one for you? Consider these factors before you make your decision.
The history of lotteries dates back to the early colonies. Lotteries were originally created to fund public works and were used as a means to fund town projects, wars, and charities. Although the number of winners varies across countries, many lotteries began as government-run projects. In America, for example, the lottery was sponsored by George Washington to help fund the construction of a road across the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Common types of lotteries
There are many types of lotteries. For example, a raffle is a prize competition that involves knowledge and skill. A lottery is a type of gambling, while a sweepstakes is a game of chance. But which types of lotteries are legal? This article will discuss some of the most common types of lotteries and explain the difference between them. It will also give you an idea of the types of lotteries you can play.
One of the most popular types of lottery is the Powerball, which is played in 44 states and the District of Columbia. The Powerball draws are also held in the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. This lottery has been around since 1992 and has many winners. There are even games for children. You may be able to win millions of dollars by playing the Powerball lottery. But you don’t have to be an expert to win a lottery to reap the benefits.
Social impact of winning a jackpot
The social impact of winning a lottery jackpot is difficult to determine, because the studies tend to have varying results. While some find a direct effect, others question the long-term effects of lottery wins. However, one study concluded that the lottery jackpot has a positive effect on financial satisfaction. The authors interpreted this finding as an indicator of the development of a sense of deservingness. While the results of this study are largely consistent with other previous research, there are a few limitations to this study.
For instance, Sandra Hayes, a social worker, won the $224 million Powerball jackpot in 2006. She shared the money with her twelve coworkers. She eventually had $10 million in her pocket after taxes. Hayes used that money to purchase a Lexus and pay off her current home. She also gave her current home to her daughter and grandchildren. After she retired, she began writing and published a book about her experience. | <urn:uuid:136d885e-1030-4344-816c-bf499ad5823c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://guitaraffecs.com/the-history-of-the-lottery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510903.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001141548-20231001171548-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.974957 | 858 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Distracted drivers killed 2841 people in 2018 across the country, according to data from the National Highway Safety Traffic Administration (NHTSA).
When you think of a distracted driver, you probably think of someone else talking or texting on their phone. Phone use is the form of distracted driving that recent campaigns have concentrated on, and it is incredibly dangerous. However, there are many more forms of distracted driving, most of which go back years, long before anyone had cellphones. Here are some of them:
- Tune to a new radio station.
- Read a road map.
- Find your route on your GPS.
- Put on makeup or check your appearance in the mirror.
- Raise your cup of coffee to your mouth.
- Rip a burger out of its wrapper and dip the fries into ketchup.
- Chat with your fellow passengers.
- Reach round to calm your enraged toddler.
- Fumble to click your seat belt into place.
- Tell your dog to sit down and pull their head inside.
- Stare at someone in the street.
- Wave to a friend in the street.
- Read the billboards along the side of the road.
It can be hard to maintain a laser-like focus when driving. The world is full of distractions and many of them, such as billboards, are purposefully designed to distract drivers. However, when you get behind the wheel of a car, you take on the responsibility that comes with it. So if you have an accident that was caused by someone who was distracted while they were driving, they need to accept their responsibility toward you. | <urn:uuid:f1f52635-3ef5-4a49-b559-ac16517a15de> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.derekmhays.com/blog/2020/05/you-may-be-distracted-while-driving-more-often-than-you-think/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00734.warc.gz | en | 0.978267 | 331 | 3.1875 | 3 |
- Students understand the definitions of a general prism and a cylinder and the distinction between a cross-section and a slice.
Resources may contain links to sites external to the EngageNY.org website. These sites may not be within the jurisdiction of NYSED and in such cases NYSED is not responsible for its content.
|G.GMD.1||Give an informal argument for the formulas for the circumference of a circle, area of a circle,...|
|G.GMD.3||Use volume formulas for cylinders, pyramids, cones, and spheres to solve problems.★|
|G.GMD.4||Identify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of three- dimensional objects, and identify...| | <urn:uuid:fc9187c3-8b17-430e-8581-fe5720895a02> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.engageny.org/resource/geometry-module-3-topic-b-lesson-6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509196.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015121848-20181015143348-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.871829 | 154 | 4.09375 | 4 |
As you age, your need for regular medical testing usually increases . It may seem troublesome and expensive, but now is when you need to be proactive about your health and monitor changes in your body. Here is an outline of common tests older adults should undergo.
One in every three to four adults has elevated blood pressure, which is known as hypertension. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 64 percent of men and 71 percent of women between the ages of 65 and 74 have high blood pressure. It’s often called a “silent killer” because symptoms may not show up until it’s too late. Hypertension increases your risk for stroke or heart attack. This is why it’s essential to have your blood pressure checked at least once a year.
Healthy cholesterol and triglyceride levels decrease your risk of a heart attack or stroke. If test results show high levels of either, your doctor may recommend an improved diet, lifestyle changes, or medications to reduce them.
A colonoscopy is a test where a doctor uses a camera to scan your colon for cancerous polyps. You should get a colonoscopy every 10 years, and more frequently if polyps are found or if you have a family history of colorectal cancer. A digital rectal exam can be performed to checks for any masses in the anal canal. A DRE checks only the lower part of the rectum, whereas a colonoscopy scans the entire rectum. Colorectal cancer is highly treatable if caught early. However, almost half of cases are not caught until they have progressed to advanced stages.
Get a tetanus booster every 10 years. The CDC recommends a yearly flu shot especially those who are chronically ill. At age 65, ask your doctor about a pneumococcal vaccine to protect against infection. Pneumococcal disease can result in a number of health issues, including:
- inner ear infections
Everyone over age 60 also should be vaccinated against shingles.
The American Academy of Ophthalmology suggests adults get a baseline screening at age 40. Your eye doctor will then decide when follow-ups are needed. This may mean annual vision screenings if you wear contacts or glasses, and every other year if you don’t. Age also increases the chances for eye diseases like glaucoma or cataracts as well as new or worsening vision problems.
Learn more about eye health and vision problems.
Oral health becomes more important as you age. Many older Americans also may take medications that can have a negative effect on dental health like antihistamines, diuretics, and antidepressants. These problems may lead to loss of natural teeth. Your dentist should perform a periodontal exam during one of your twice-annual cleanings. Here, your dentist will X-ray your jaw and inspect your mouth, teeth, gums, and throat for signs of problems.
Hearing loss often is a natural part of aging. Or it can sometimes be caused by an infection or other medical condition. Every two to three years you should get an audiogram. This checks your hearing at a variety of pitches and intensity levels. Most hearing loss is treatable, although treatment options depend on the cause and seriousness of your hearing loss.
Learn more about age-related hearing loss.
According to the International Osteoporosis Foundation, about 55 percent of Americans over age 50 either have or are at risk for osteoporosis. Both women and men are at risk for this disease. A bone density scan measures bone mass, which is a key indicator of bone strength.
Over 40 percent of Americans are deficient in Vitamin D. This vitamin helps protect your bones. It may also defend against heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers. As you get older and your body has a harder time synthesizing the vitamin you may need this test performed annually.
Sometimes the thyroid, a gland in your neck that regulates your body’s metabolic rate, may not produce enough hormones. This may lead to sluggishness, weight gain, or achiness. In men it may also cause problems like erectile dysfunction (ED). A simple blood test can check your level of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and determine if your thyroid is under-functioning.
Learn more about thyroid disorders.
According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, about 5 million are treated for skin cancer in the United States each year. The best way to catch it early is to check for new or suspicious moles and see a dermatologist once a year for a full-body exam.
According to the American Diabetes Association, in 2012, 29.1 million Americans had diabetes. Everyone should be screened beginning at age 45 for the condition. This is done with a fasting blood sugar test.
Not all doctors agree on how often women should have a breast exam and mammogram. Some believe every two years is best. The American Cancer Society says women over age 40 should have a clinical breast exam and an annual screening mammogram. If your risk for breast cancer is high because of family history, your doctor may suggest an annual screening.
Many women over age 65 may need a regular pelvic exam and Pap smear. Pap smears can detect cervical or vaginal cancer. A pelvic exam helps with health issues like incontinence or pelvic pain. Women who no longer have a cervix may stop getting Pap smears.
Possible prostate cancer can be detected either by a digital rectal exam or by measuring prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in your blood. There is a debate about when screening should begin, and how often. The American Cancer Society suggests doctors discuss screening with patients at age 50 who are at average risk for prostate cancer, and those age 40 to 45 who are at high risk- a family history of prostate or an immediate relative who has died from the disease. | <urn:uuid:89bd1414-fe86-49cc-ba71-aec2af7bf0c6> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.healthline.com/health/senior-health-tests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246650671.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045730-00200-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940775 | 1,205 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Panama owns a cultural multiplicity that makes it unique in the region, one of the biggest contributors to this cultural richness is the constant presence of visitors from all parts of the world. The origin of this singular cultural mix is without a doubt the crossroads characteristic of the country. In addition, the intense connection of Panama with the sea makes it very similar to an island of the Caribbean.
Being a point of contact and a crossing site, this small strip of land is considered a true crucible of races. With almost 3 and a half million inhabitants, its population is compounded 67% of mestizos (amerindian with targets) and mulatos (white with black), 14% blacks, 10% whites, amerindian 6% (indigenous) and a 3% of people are from varied ethnic origins. This mixture is particularly rich, because although it comes from cultural origins and very diverse traditions, the mixture has been stimulated by the atmosphere of tolerance and harmony that always has reigned in the territory.
Although the free religious creed is respected, the population of the country mainly professes catholicism, this religion is deeply bound to the traditions and cultural expressions. In the interior of the country, for example, the greatest celebrations are related to diverse saints. These saints are even denominated as the owners of different towns. One of the greatest celebrations relating to cultural and catholic beliefs is the Carnival of Panama. The Carnival is a massive celebration of four days that precedes to the Cuaresma.
Also an Important part of the cultural wealth of the country are the traditions of the seven indigenous groups of Panama. These groups are based in semi-independent territories, in these territories they maintain the cheers and celebrations of their ancestral customs. These groups of indigenous origins cultivate music and dance traditions which date back many years, but their most appreciated cultural contribution are their abilities as masterful craftsmen. The artful pieces produced by some of these groups are true jewels, works of a great beauty produced by an art that has its roots in the pre-Columbian times. The Molas of the Kuna, chaquiras and chácaras of the Ngäbe, the miniatures of ivory palm and the baskets of the Emberá are of an unusual beauty.
Other many ethnic groups, of more recent arrival, complete the cultural enigma of Panama. Making it a warm and friendly place. The country has always been propulsive to the mixture of towns and cultures, which are then amalgamated here in a harmonic and dynamic way. | <urn:uuid:44cb868e-f23c-42b4-92e4-da764e402616> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.visitpanama.com/about-panamaen/historial-facts/item/88-cultura-de-panamá.html?lang=en&format=html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464840.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00172-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948528 | 519 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Did you know Abraham Lincoln suffered from severe foot pain? He often sought help from local physicians, but usually to no avail. It’s hard to imagine having to be president and not being comfortable on your feet. You use your feet every day. So, when problems arise that stop you from doing, or even just enjoying everyday activities, it can take a toll on your life, just like it did to Honest Abe. Luckily, a podiatrist can help you find solutions to common podiatric problems so your feet can heal. Dr. Juan A. Gonzalez, DPM has the experience necessary to alleviate your foot pain.
Podiatrists are specially trained to treat feet, ankles, and problems related to your lower extremities through years of education and specialized training. The study of podiatry actually has a long history. It has also evolved over time into what we have today, ensuring you receive the best treatment possible.
How the Podiatrist Came to Be
The first evidence of podiatry came from a tomb of a physician in Ancient Egypt made in 2400 BC. Archaeologists found carvings of people caring for feet on the walls of his tomb around his grave. This is thought to be the first evidence of the study of podiatry, but the actual origins may still be unknown.
In Greece, philosopher Hippocrates studied people’s severely dry and bumpy feet; what we know today as corns and calluses. But it wasn’t until the late 1800s that doctors got together and attempted to create an organized system of podiatrists and podiatry.
In 1904, the famous Dr. Scholl of Dr. Scholl’s, William Mathias Scholl, developed the first form of arch support after attending medical school and studying the anatomy and physiology of feet. In 1912, he founded a college specifically for the study of podiatry.
During this time, the first journal of podiatry was established and more and more places began establishing colleges and schools dedicated to podiatry. So by 1958, the American Podiatric Medical Association was created. Since then, podiatry has evolved to the practice it has become today.
How a Podiatrist Can Help You
“Podiatrist” isn’t a word you hear passed around often. As opposed to your primary care doctor or dentist, you don’t always have to see your podiatrist on a regular basis. He or she will be there for you should an issue arise with your feet or ankles. Podiatrists are trained to treat everything from problems with your toenails to issues with arthritis and aging feet. They can remove ingrown toenails, give you diabetic foot care as well as offer help with fungi like athlete’s foot. If you suffer from podiatric issues, it’s best to make an appointment with your podiatrist to get it treated right away.
Get the Podiatric Assistance You Deserve
Whether you have a stubborn foot fungus that just won’t go away or you need diabetic foot care, we’ve got you covered. Health issues, especially with your feet, can take a toll on your life. For this reason, we focus on helping you get better fast. Make an appointment with Dr. Juan A. Gonzalez, DPM today! | <urn:uuid:68ab8b4d-9b9a-411a-b068-cfbdb06c17b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.drjuangonzalez.com/2017/06/22/623/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481994.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217132048-20190217154048-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.963643 | 686 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Key to keeping Animals out of the Garden
The first step is to identify the animals that are causing the damage and learn a little about that particular animal's habits. This way you can put together an effective solution. Making your garden less attractive to wildlife is a major key as well.
- Eliminate hiding or nesting areas, such as brush piles and tall grass and seal off any access to crawl spaces.
- Minimizing other food sources nearby will help to keep animals away.
- Be sure to cover your compost pile, this will help discourage raccoons.
- Cleaning up birdseed that has fallen on the ground will help to discourage squirrels and other animals.
- Using scent repellents, like garlic clips, castor oil and animal urine can be very effective in keeping animals out of gardens. Products that use hot peppers can help deter rabbits and other small animals.
- Fences are the most effective solution. Fences offer the best way to provide complete protection for your plants while not harming the wildlife.
- Live traps, there are many sizes available and they offer a good solution for removing the animals without harming them.
What Can I Do?
Modify the environment:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Having Snakes in Your Garden | <urn:uuid:407ba909-85a4-4e09-a021-dfa856bdd2dd> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.ecgrowscg.org/garden-animals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987763641.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021070341-20191021093841-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.904269 | 262 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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