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Studying substitute animals will not save endangered species
The reasons behind endangerment of one species cannot easily be applied to another, UC Davis conservation biologists warn in a new study.
In the December issue of the journal Conservation Biology, professors Tim Caro, John Eadie and Andrew Sih examine the common research practice of using surrogate animals to predict or identify what is endangering another species. Such "umbrella" or "flagship" substitutes are chosen because they are biologically similar to the troubled species or can be used to develop a predictive model to which the original species can be related.
But the UC Davis authors say population disturbances affect common and rare species in different ways. "After all, target species are the ones that are doing poorly, whereas [others] continue to persist or even thrive despite human disturbance," they write.
The authors list three criteria that must be met in order to use substitute species with confidence -- and then conclude that meeting all the criteria is virtually impossible. Therefore, they say, "Where at all possible, we advocate making every possible effort to examine the target species directly before resorting to substitute species."
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:bd1a115f-1b78-495c-8b41-7b4c0dd9bada> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2005-12/uoc--ssa120105.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701149548.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193909-00217-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892006 | 269 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In recent weeks I have been watching the way that an uncultivated strip of ploughed ground at the edge of a large maize field has been colonised by wild plants. This wildlife opportunity, the potential to increase biodiversity, must have been a deliberate move on the part of the farmer. He had already left a 4 or 5 metre band of the spring crop standing after the rest had been harvested. (This was a tall rye-type grass that was possibly grown for hay or silage). The unsown margin between this grass and the hedge at the top of the field has been taken over by Nature during the summer months. The flowers have been providing food for many insect species, and the seeds will provide for the birds.
At first, I only noticed the bright red Common Poppies but, after a while, I began to see that beneath and around them were many more varieties of flowering arable weeds. I think I have identified about 20 species so far. The whole area is an intricate mosaic of plants. Some creep along the ground. Some reach up to varying heights. Some have minute flowers and others are large and very noticeable – like the tall yellow-flowering Sow Thistles. Most of them I have never been aware of before. I haven’t noted anything rare. They seem to be just common arable weeds – but such a joy the see.
This series presents some of the pictures I have taken, not only of individual plant types, but also the whole assemblage of plants. You had to look very carefully to discover what is hiding in plain sight. | <urn:uuid:bc37b51c-dcda-450d-9d75-0f0f95351624> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://natureinfocus.blog/2021/09/23/field-margin-flowers-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585246.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019074128-20211019104128-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.981597 | 326 | 2.9375 | 3 |
We believe that the m-state (ORMUS) materials dissolved in water are superconductors which respond to magnetic fields. We have observed that most water, when swirled in the presence of a magnetic field can be separated into two components; a magnetically responsive component and a non-responsive component. Magnetic traps of various designs have been devised to take advantage of this property in order to concentrate a form of the ORMUS elements.
This concentrate tends to be "oilier" than ordinary water, it also tends to be lighter than ordinary water especially when it is moving in relation to magnetic fields. A more detailed look at this theory can be found in my article "Patterns of Motion".
How to build it: | <urn:uuid:4a77140f-d16e-45cb-bf32-090f5eec4fad> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.community-credit.com/cs/forums/p/988/2472.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302428.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00097-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916276 | 148 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Want to prove how well you can speak French? Try a DELF exam.
Passing the DELF earns you a diploma issued by the French Ministry of Education and recognised around the world.
You can sit the exam in Hamilton, through the Alliance Française de Hamilton. If you need to brush up on your French beforehand, the Alliance also runs French lessons.
What is the DELF?
An exam for a diploma which measures your French ability against a benchmark recognised around Europe. DELF stands for Diplôme d’Études en Langue Française. It covers reading, listening, speaking and writing for the A1, A2 (basic users) and B1, B2 (independent users) levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. You can sit it without a placement test.
What can I sit in Hamilton?
DELF scolaire (if you attend a participating school, or your school would like to sign up) or DELF Tout Public.
Sacred Heart Girls’ College is Hamilton's examination centre. There is also a site in Rotorua for Rotorua/Tauranga schools.
How much does it cost to sit a DELF exam?
When are the exams?
Dates are set by the French Embassy in Wellington, after consultation with regional centres.
What do the levels mean?
A1 and A2: basic users
Example statement for A1 level: Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases.
B1 and B2: independent users
Example statement for B1 level: Can deal with most situations likely to arise while travelling in an area where the language is spoken.
Why should I learn French?
Today, French is an official language in 29 countries and in several dependent entities and is spoken by about 300 million people. It is also an official language of the United Nations and many other international organisations.
Who do I contact to sit the DELF in Hamilton?
Email Zsofia Ban for more information. | <urn:uuid:5d9512cb-7179-4a0a-9d36-8ea90cdaac6a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.afhamilton.org.nz/DELFexam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371810617.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408041431-20200408071931-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.907908 | 423 | 2.5625 | 3 |
It has been a busy week in Year 2 studying animals and preparing for our imminent end of key stage assessments. Thank you to all the parent’s who attended the KS1 SAT meeting on Wednesday morning. If anyone has any questions about the upcoming assessments or would like some advice on how to help your child succeed just ask a member of Year 2 staff.
At the start of the week the children conducted a micro-habitat survey to answer the question ‘Do all mini-beasts live in the same habitats?’ They used their Maths skills to record their findings in tables and charts and discussed the results using the science terminology they have learned.
In English we have continued to study the Anthony Browne picture book called ‘Gorilla’ and the children are becoming great reading detectives, using their inference skills to decide how characters are feeling. The words sad and happy have now been banned and the children are improving and widening their vocabulary by coming up with some amazing words to replace these over used ones, which has been reflected in the descriptive language they have used in their writing.
At the end of the week each class held elections to choose two Junior Leadership Representatives. The children took this very seriously by writing their own campaign speeches and thinking about their election platform. After presenting their arguments to the class, there was an official democratic vote and we were very pleased with how all the children took part in such a grown up and mature manner! | <urn:uuid:be6f9eb2-6849-458c-97c4-bd50feb4c19f> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://newshamprimary.co.uk/class-blog/y2/spring-has-sprung-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203991.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325133117-20190325155117-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.980585 | 295 | 2.75 | 3 |
A new tool to enhance tasks of humanitarian deminingDecember 11, 2012 in Technology / Engineering
Researchers at the Centre for Automation and Robotics, a joint centre of the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid and the Spanish National Research Council (UPM-CSIC), have developed a training tool to improve the use of hand-held detectors in humanitarian demining and to increase user security.
The proposed tool opens a wide range of possibilities, particularly to improve the current training techniques used in this field. In the first place, this tool has allowed researchers to study expert operators in order to quantify certain indicators that can be used later as reference values during training sessions. Secondly, it enables experts to assess new operators by providing relevant information to improve the skill of the tool during training sessions.
Landmines and other abandoned explosive ordnance are part of sad legacy of many conflicts. These devices can remain active during decades threating humans in the affected areas and depriving them of their lands and resources.
Today, a huge part of these tasks of humanitarian demining are still conducted by using hand-held detectors, particularly, metal detectors, though other detectors are being introduced gradually. They are based on new technologies such as nuclear resonance, geo-radars and explosive chemical detectors.
Although the design of new sensors can contribute to reduce the time needed to detect a landmine, it does not mean that it increases operator safety responsible for the demining tasks because a mere mistake can cost them their lives. For this reason, training is an essential aspect when we refer to enhance security and efficiency of demining tasks.
The research carried out by the Centre for Automation and Robotics CSIC-UPM, within the European Project of the Seventh Framework Programme, TIRAMISU (Toolbox Implementation for Removal of Anti-personnel Mineles, Submunitions and UXO) have resulted in a monitoring tool capable of analyzing the performance of operators of portable detectors of landmines.
The tool consists of a human-machine interface and a sensory tracking system of monitoring for hand-held detectors based on inertial measurement units, a system of catadioptric stereo omnidirectional vision and a flight time chamber. This tool can be easily adapted to be used with any type of hand-held detector and can be used to acquire information in two different scenarios.
Firstly, the tool can be used to study abilities of experts in different environments and with different types of hand-held detectors. From the information compiled we can extract, asses and quantify some critical variables for the performance, so that they can be used later as reference values during trainings and courses. Amongst these variables we can highlight the advance distance detector, the sweep velocity, the scan height and the inclination of the hand-held detector head with respect to the ground. Secondly, this tool can be used to assess the efficiency of operators in information process, feeding back the information in real time to enhance their skills during training sessions.
Accordingly, the proposed tool will allow researchers to develop and to implement new training methodologies based on scientific analysis of problems and the educational evaluation.
Fernandez, R; Montes, H; Salinas, C; Gonzalez de Santos, P; Armada, M. Design of a training tool for improving the use of hand-held detectors in humanitarian demining. Industrial Robot-An International Journal 39 (5): 450-463. DOI: 10.1108/01439911211249742 . Pub. 2012.
Provided by madrimasd
"A new tool to enhance tasks of humanitarian demining" December 11, 2012 https://phys.org/news/2012-12-tool-tasks-humanitarian-demining.html | <urn:uuid:f02ae203-e14f-4827-b470-d28d796526f0> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://phys.org/print274438383.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812756.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219151705-20180219171705-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.907591 | 763 | 2.65625 | 3 |
+44 1803 865913
By: Geraldene Wharton
92 pages, illus, figs, maps
Provides an insight into the issues and challenges of managing river environments and shows how policies and practices in river management have developed and may develop in the future.
Contents include: Introduction; Understanding the dynamics of river environments; Traditional river engineering approaches to river management; Consequences of traditional river engineering; Revised approaches to river engineering; Managing river environments into the future; Appendices; Bibliography; Index
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Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985 | <urn:uuid:788b3328-df0d-4707-995b-f41ff543be64> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.nhbs.com/managing-river-environments-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741979.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114104603-20181114130603-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.898045 | 161 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Written communication has great significance in todays business world. It is an innovative activity of the mind. Effective written communication is essential for preparing worthy promotional materials for business development. Speech came before writing. But writing is more unique and formal than speech. Effective writing involves careful choice of words, their organization in correct order in sentences formation as well as cohesive composition of sentences. Also, writing is more valid and reliable than speech. But while speech is spontaneous, writing causes delay and takes time as feedback is not immediate.
|Written communication helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules for running of an organization.|
|It is a permanent means of communication. Thus, it is useful where record maintenance is required.|
|It assists in proper delegation of responsibilities. While in case of oral communication, it is impossible to fix and delegate responsibilities on the grounds of speech as it can be taken back by the speaker or he may refuse to acknowledge.|
|Written communication is more precise and explicit.|
|Effective written communication develops and enhances an organizations image.|
|It provides ready records and references.|
|Legal defenses can depend upon written communication as it provides valid records.|
|Written communication does not save upon the costs. It costs huge in terms of stationery and the manpower employed in writing/typing and delivering letters.|
|Also, if the receivers of the written message are separated by distance and if they need to clear their doubts, the response is not spontaneous.|
|Written communication is time-consuming as the feedback is not immediate. The encoding and sending of message takes time.|
|Effective written communication requires great skills and competencies in language and vocabulary use. Poor writing skills and quality have a negative impact on organizations reputation.|
|Too much paper work and e-mails burden is involved.|
More than 60 Courses Added so Far All Courses Contain - Optimum Lively Graphics & Animations to make the Concept Easy to Understand. | <urn:uuid:5aaf7647-65ad-4c10-aacb-e5d359d8e2df> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.managementstudyguide.com/written-communication.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164920565/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134840-00053-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941184 | 408 | 2.921875 | 3 |
*The Pressures of College Student*s Nowadays,college students have to face a number of pressures. For example,they have to face economic problem. When going to college,they and their families have to pay a lot of money for tuition,books,housing,and other school costs. That is a big problem for the poor students. So,they try to find some part-time jobs to earn money to support their study and families. They try to study and work. They worry about their future.
The more they study and work,the more they feel stressful.
Especially,when the price is going up,they are more and more stressful. Another example is time pressures. Being college students,they have to balance between their part-time jobs and their studies. Besides,nowadays,with the development of technology,email,and internet,they have to do everything at home more than in school. There are lots of deadline of homework,reports,and speeches,so every day they have to spend all their time and stay up late to do them.
Because of having so many pressures,they feel very very stressful.
They are really tired,feel sleepy and easy to suffer from digestive problems,mental disorders,or other diseases. One more example is parental pressures. The parents always hope their children will get good results in their studies and succeed in the future. So,some ask and force their children to learn so much. In conclusion,with so many pressures ,college students have been encountering with a lot of problems and trying to overcome by themselves to get good results and succeed in the future.
Cite this The Pressure of College Students
The Pressure of College Students. (2018, Jan 30). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/the-pressure-of-college-students/ | <urn:uuid:36a22871-b381-44f4-91e6-cc298659f347> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://graduateway.com/the-pressure-of-college-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704800238.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126135838-20210126165838-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.974144 | 370 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Strait of Georgia, narrow passage of the eastern North Pacific between the central east coast of Vancouver Island and the southwest mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It averages 138 miles (222 km) in length and 17 miles (28 km) in width. To the north the strait ends in a jumble of islands separating it from Johnstone and Queen Charlotte straits farther north. The southern end is marked by the San Juan Islands of the U.S. state of Washington. Texada and Lasqueti islands are the largest within the strait, which has a midchannel depth of 900–1,200 feet (275–370 m). The mainland coast is cut by many inlets, one of which is the mouth of the Fraser River and the site of Vancouver. The Fraser’s outflow aids a general counterclockwise movement of water in the strait, known locally as the Gulf. The strait forms a link in the scenic and sheltered Inside Passage sea route between Seattle, Wash., and Skagway, Alaska. Its name, honouring George III, was conferred by Captain George Vancouver in 1792.
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Email this page | <urn:uuid:47972bdd-6a26-4c1d-819f-f476ac76d226> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.britannica.com/place/Strait-of-Georgia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860123023.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161523-00039-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928232 | 240 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Dublin Zoo holds the distinction of being the third oldest public zoo in the world – only those in London and Paris have been in existence longer.
Located in Phoenix Park, the zoo was founded in 1830 with only one wild boar in residence.
The zoo is noted for its lion breeding program, and since the 1850’s, more than 700 lions have been bred here- no small feat, since lions have been bred successfully in captivity in very few locations worldwide. The most famous resident is probably the MGM trademark lion. Legend said that his famous roar was in fact a yawn, and the voice of an American lion was dubbed in to created the ferocious roar.
Over 700 animals live at Dublin Zoo, and breeding programs are not exclusive to lions, but are also dedicated to increasing the populations of rare and endangered species, such as the Snow Leopard.
A variety of tropical animals roam their areas in unbarred enclosures designed to replicate the natural environment as closely as possible. Arctic species make their homes in the lakes located near the reptile house. In total, the 60-acre zoo contains more than 235 species of wild animals and tropical birds.
The extremely popular African Plains section of the zoo operates the Nakuru Safari Tour, a 25 minute journey through a savannah where giraffes and lions roam along with other animals from the Serengeti.
The South America House is a strikingly ornate structure housing some of the more exotic species, including golden lion tamaris, two-toed sloths, and squirrel monkeys. For refreshment, visitors go to the Lakeside Café for drinks and ice cream in summer, and take advantage of numerous picnic areas, playgrounds, and gift shops scattered throughout the zoo.
Other popular Dublin Zoo attractions:
- The Discovery Centre, which displays the world’s largest egg
- The Zoo Train, loved by children, it runs all summer and on weekends in winter
- The Meet The Keeper Programme, which allows visitors to observe animals as they feed and to interact with their keepers
- The recently renovated Big Cat Compound
- Pet’s Corner City Farm, filled with guinea pigs, lambs, goats and other petting zoo varieties | <urn:uuid:ab22c7ac-0a5a-4648-a01d-fb83149bd62e> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://babylonradio.com/dublin-zoo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886436.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116125134-20180116145134-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.961065 | 451 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Date: 12 Oct, 2008
See also: http://www.warehamforge.ca/ironsmelting/
Experiment Notes - Norse Short Shaft Smelter in a frame
|Diameter:||25 cm||Stack above Tuyure:||45 cm||Tuyure Diameter:||1" (2.6 cm) I.D.|
|Tuyure Distance above floor:||20 cm||Tuyure Angle:||20°||Tuyure Penetration into stack (start/finish)||N/A|
|Leader||Neil Peterson / Darrell Markewitz|
|Strikers||Neil Peterson / Ken Cook|
|Construction||Ken Cook / Darrell Markewitz|
|Total Charcoal||46 Kg||Weight of Bloom||4.9 Kg||Total Elapsed Time:||6:30|
|Total Ore||23 Kg (8 Kg Virginia Rock ore / 15 Kg Taconite)||Weight of Slag:||??||Bloom Quality||mild steel|
When the original working area was laid out, it was designed to allow for two smelters to be installed side by side. The earth bank that defines the western edge of the working area was retained by a line of concrete blocks, which could be easily moved to make alterations. Two rail road ties were used to block in the 2 m x 2m overall size indicated at Hals. On the actual above ground sod construction, this would be a log crib. With the length of the ties actually a bit more than required (and lots of stones!) the rear dimension was set using a row of rocks. By removing three stacks of the retaining wall blocks, there is about the correct opening for the front V of a working area leading back to the smelter front wall. Measuring from the current work surface to the tops of the two rail ties, establishes about the correct height proposed for the Icelandic construction.
After about 6 hours work, the bank was cut back and concrete blocks used to secure the walls to create the V shape work area. The space between the V of the block walls is the length of a standard block (about 25 cm).
The next task was to first cut a rough cylinder into the earth bank, then build the clay shaft of the furnace. As with past construction, the clay cobb was composed of commercial powdered potter's clay mixed with about 50 % by volume of chopped straw, cut to 5 - 8 cm lengths. A space for the tap arch was determined by framing it with a standard brick about (20 cm long x 10 high) As each course of clay cobb was built up, loose earth was hand packed into the irregular space between the exterior wall surface and the cut earth. To balance this inward force and stabilize the thinner walls, course sand was used to fill the interior space to the identical level. It was also hoped that the sand would help to wick off some of the moisture from the wet clay. As the cylinder reached the level of the working platform (about 65 cm total height) a ring of stones was placed to support the upper edge.
The last step in completing the working platform was to top off the surface with about 5 cm of clean course sand.
The bellows plate was made up of a 50 / 50 mix of powdered clay and shredded, dry horse manure. Replacing the straw with manure gives a finer texture to the finished plate. The plate measured 20 cm wide by 25 cm tall, overall 3 cm thick.
The structure was left to stabilize for a few hours, then the sand inside was scooped out. As the lower area was reached, the brick supporting the tap arch was carefully pulled out, allowing the balance of the sand to be cleared. The brick was then replaced, set so the holes through its center would lead into the shaft. At this point a very gentle split wood fire was started inside the shaft. This process of adding a handful of splits at a time would continue for several hours. At the end of the evening, a metal cover was placed on the open top of the shaft so the coals created would slowly bake dry the smelter over night.
The next morning the whole smelter shaft was found to be still warm to the touch, and was baked dry and hard. A layer of ash and fragments of unburned charcoal was found to a depth even with the tap arch. A dry wall saw was used to lay out a rectangle the same size as the bellows plate, and then that portion of the smelter wall was cut away. The supporting brick was removed from the tap arch so the ash from the drying fire could be scooped out.
The bellows plate was also dry and hard, and was found to have curled up slightly at its edges (from the aggressive drying over the fire). The plate was trimmed slightly to fit, then installed into the smelter. It was positioned so that it would sit flush with the inside smelter surface (thus slightly recessed on the outer face). Fresh clay was used to mortar in the plate to the smelter walls. There was some concern at that time because of the difference between the consistency between the dry surfaces and this fresh clay. It was expected that considerable shrinking and eventual peeling away of the joints might lead to problems latter on in the firing sequence. (Which did prove to be the case.)
Finally a hole was cut into the bellows plate. The position was determined from the earlier layout drawings, the centre roughly 25 cm above the base line. The size of this hole was 8 cm, sized to leave 1.5 cm clearance around the exterior diameter (at 5 cm) of the standard ceramic tubes used for tuyeres.
As one of the objectives was to determine the work pattern (and problems) with the layout including a human powered bellows, the space for this equipment was determined by positioning the frame required to support a Norse style double bellows of suitable size. The space was then simulated with a full sized cut out in the same location. The standard electric blower was then use to provide the required air, with a flexible pipe attached to the normal T fitting. The working end consisted of one of the commercial ceramic tube tuyeres (2.5 cm interior diameter). The measured angle on the air pipe was 15 degrees down. The gap between the tip of the air pipe and the surface of the bellows plate was established by sound (adjusting for the loudest and 'throaty-est' roar). Once this was established, the air pipe was wired into place on the wooden frame. The resulting gap was about 3 - 4 cm determined with an air flow estimated at 740 litres per minute.
As with past smelts, a preheat phase using split wood was applied first. This was done using natural draft for one hour and ten minutes, followed by a brief period with gentle air flow from the blower supplied. No specific base was set for the furnace, the ash and mostly consumed charcoal from the preheat phase was left in place. (The normal practice is to use a layer of charcoal fines to define a floor for the furnace at a measured distance below the tuyere.) The total preheat was one hour and 18 minutes, at this point the smelter was filled with rough charcoal and a full air blast was started. The furnace would require about 45 minutes operation to completely ignite the working column to the top.
At the start of main sequence the consumption rate was about 13 minutes per standard bucket (measured at 1.85 kg), so charging with ore was started.
For this smelt, it was decided to use a combination of the remaining industrial taconite plus the poor quality Virginia rock ore. The rock ore was considered to be a bit low in iron content, and so was added first to establish a working slag bowl. Additions were measured 'by the scoop', with the actual weights determined mathematically later. Larger charges were used right from the start, being 4 scoops (1.1 kg total) within each bucket of charcoal. After a total of about 8 kg of the rock ore was added, charges were switched to the much higher iron content taconite. (Both materials had been roasted and crushed to the normal 'rice to half pea' size.)
Just about the point were the switch was being made to the second ore type, problems were starting to be encountered with the function of the blow hole air system.
After the addition of roughly the first 8 kg of ore, (about 6 kg fallen to tuyere level) the top of the slag bowl could be easily seen just below the bottom edge of the blow hole. Several attempts were made to gather excess slag on to a metal rod to lower the level. This met with limited effect, largely due to limited skill and experience of the operators. A film of hardened slag could be seen developing to the left edge of the blow hole. Clearly the slag was starting on its way to blocking the air flow. Unfortunately, an especially large gather of slag slid off the rod right at the hole's mouth, completely blocking the blast. Immediately, the temperature in the whole furnace began to plummet. With some frantic activity, that slag was shoved into the centre of the furnace, and the ceramic tube was pushed through the bellows plate to convert the smelter into an insert tuyere type.
This effectively halted two of the primary objectives of the experiment (use of bellows plate and blow hole combination), but did recover the furnace temperatures back up to correct operating levels. After about 20 minutes the burning rate had returned to the 13 minutes per charge established before this disaster, and ore charges were resumed.
At this point the air pipe system was hung from an overhead support with wire so the bellows frame could be removed out the way. It was then possible to open the tap arch and clear the wood ash from underneath the slag bowl. Almost immediately, the furnace began self tapping with the typical late stage dark black, solid and fluid slag.
The charges of taconite were denser than the earlier rock ore, with 1.6 kg per bucket being added roughly every 13 minutes for the balance of the smelt (roughly 1 : 1), an additional 15 kg.
When the last ore was added, the remainder of a charcoal bucket was used to cover it, and the furnace taken straight into the burn down phase. The extraction started with an attempt to pull from the top. The charcoal was allowed to burn down to quite close to the top of the slag bowl. For this reason, the debris field was quite limited on the upper working platform. Neil started the extraction process, but was having some problems assessing just where the bloom had formed and for that reason (plus more limited experience) had considerable problems. The initial compaction and loosing of the bloom with the thumper in place inside the smelter was therefore not as effective as might have been desired. Through this effort, the temperature inside the furnace was dropping, and the slag mass slowly congealing. Eventually it proved necessary to switch to a bottom exaction through the tap arch. By the time the bloom was eventually pulled from the smelter, it was in fact too cold to undertake any significant consolidation. It was possible to knock free the loose 'mother' and shape it to a rough brick shape.
The next morning, the tools were cleared away and a closer look was taken of our working area. The layer of clean sand that had been deposited over the upper platform and to the front of the smelter slot made assessing working patterns easier. - There was very little debris of any kind deposited on the upper working platform. This was due partially to the more complete burn down to the top of the slag bowl than had been done in the past. This was not entirely intentional, but more a result of a longer time getting organized by a less experienced operator who started the extraction process. Less partially consumed charcoal remained to be scooped away, also leaving a higher percentage of 'slag drips' mixed in with that material.
The production aim for this experiment was for a 3 - 5 kg bloom, similar to those suggested for Hals (size in range of 15 x 15 x 10 cm). Despite the near disaster of the blocked air hole, the team was able to apply past experience to salvage the smelt, producing a 4.9 kg bloom.
|Plan view||Cut out for smelter||Third layer||Bellows plate|
|Test bellows||New air system||Under bellows view||Cracks around bellows plates|
|Blockage||Smelter insides||Better view||High slag level|
|Collecting a gather||Smelter after a gather||Puntil with slag||Another gather|
|Working the bloom||Working the bloom||Working the bloom||Finished bloom|
|Finished bloom||Bellows plate||Bellows plate|
|12:00||start wood splints pre-heat|
|13:10||1:10||gentle air applied||*400*|
|13:18||1:18||full with rough charcoal||90 ?||740 ?||4||4||4||7.40|
|14:03||first ore addition - Virginia Rock|
|14:43||0:13||temp reading at 2575 F ?||1||10||18.50||4||12||3.3|
|15:08 ?||missed measurement?||77||625||1||11||20.35||8||20||5.5|
|15:18||0:10 ?||adjust air||1||12||22.20||4||24||6.6|
|15:42||0:11||mixed 1 rock / 3 taconite||1||14||25.90||4||32||9.17|
|switch to insert tuyere @ - 10||full'|
|NOTE||Virginia Rock (poor) per scoop||275||gm|
|Taconite per scoop||400||gm|
|Total TIME (less burn down)||6 1/2||hours|
|Reports of all of our iron smelting efforts along with more articles and information are available on the "Iron Smelting in the Viking Age" CD from the Wareham Forge. Copies of the CD can be purchased here.| | <urn:uuid:6b9676a2-9a12-48c7-9bdf-aa786b4c75f0> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://darkcompany.ca/iron/iron1008/index.php?submenu=I | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588420.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216181940-20171216203940-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.950579 | 3,000 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Central San Joaquin Valley gardeners are justifiably proud of their bountiful tomato crops. Our tomato season goes into full swing at the end of June and the first weeks of July when both early- and late-ripening varieties are ready to eat – and when problems become obvious.
Here are a few common summertime tomato problems you may find in your garden.
Cracking and cat-facing – As temperatures rise above 90 degrees in summer, tomato flesh expands faster than the skins, causing the skin to crack; the cracks immediately heal, leaving narrow scars. The cracking is normal and does not usually affect the fruit quality, just its appearance. Keep the soil consistently moist – tomatoes need at least 2 gallons of water a week.
Cat-facing is caused by low temperatures, below 50 degrees, during flowering and fruit set. We did have cooler than normal spells this spring so you may see tomatoes in your garden that have large cavities and cracks at the bottom or blossom end of the fruit. (To some the deformations resemble a cat face – hence the term). The cavities and cracks can make the bottom portion of the fruit inedible.
Sunscald and solar yellowing – Tomatoes that receive too much sun exposure can turn yellow and leathery on the sun side. The unaffected portions of the fruit are still edible. Maintain sufficient leaf cover by increasing levels of nitrogen (slightly) in fertilizers and by not removing smaller branches that grow in the axils or branch junctions.
Summer’s high-intensity light is the cause of solar yellowing. The red pigment fails to develop when tomatoes are grown in open areas where they can receive up to 14 hours a day of sunlight.
Provide shade for scalding or yellowing tomatoes, especially during midday and hot afternoons, with shade cloth structures or moveable market umbrellas. Monitor sun and shade patterns since tomatoes need at least six hours of full sun.
All vine, no fruit – Tomatoes, especially vine or indeterminate varieties, are sensitive to nitrogen in fertilizers and will rapidly produce more vine than flowers if nitrogen levels are too high. Switch to lower nitrogen (less than 5 percent) or apply higher phosphorus (the second number on the label) foods or compost until green growth slows and flower production resumes. Vine-type tomatoes continue to produce over the long summer season; bush or determinate tomatoes have a shorter productive season but are less sensitive to excess nitrogen.
Lower leaves dying – Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne fungus that infects tomatoes as well as many other plants. The fungus blocks water and nutrient uptake. Lower leaves turn brown and die; then the entire plant dies from the bottom up. Symptoms become more severe when plants are water- and heat-stressed.
Buy tomatoes that are labeled as being resistant to verticillium wilt. Look for the letter V on the label. Rotate summer vegetable crops every year to prevent the buildup of the fungus in the soil and pull out dying plants as soon as the disease is obvious.
Soil solarization, using the heat of the summer sun, can significantly reduce the numbers of fungal spores in the soil. Check the UC Integrated Pest Management website (ipm.ucanr.edu) under soil solarization for complete, easy instructions.
Send Elinor Teague plant questions at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:450f7e39-1555-4e90-a5dc-c2f82680bc36> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.fresnobee.com/living/home-garden/article156934994.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157203.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921131727-20180921152127-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.936397 | 703 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Morgantown, W.Va. (AP) -- West Virginia University has won a grant to study how global mapping and precision farming can combine to protect water quality in the eastern panhandle.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture awarded $181,000 for the work, which focuses on a region with porous limestone geology.
WVU extension agent Craig Yohn says karst limestone has sinkholes and fissures that can open at the surface, allowing nutrients and sediments to flow directly into groundwater.
His team will examine whether precision agriculture can improve financial and environmental results.
In precision farming, tractors fertilize land using maps create by a global positioning system.
Precision agriculture is used on large midwestern farms, but WVU will see if it works in smaller fields.
(Copyright 2009 by the Associated Press. All rights reserved.)
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:cac8a31f-8e42-485e-ab0c-b5c8b5008956> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.thenewscenter.tv/news/headlines/59385282.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095775.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00005-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89745 | 258 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Dec 9, 2017 . China's latest environmental crackdown actually has teeth and it's not . 10-year environmental policy action statements the Air Ten, the.
May 27, 2018 . China plans to end its "one size fits all" approach to fighting pollution, the environment ministry said on Monday, as it tries to devise more.
Jan 14, 2018 . This is but one example of the ways in which China's air-pollution . their rush to please has unexpectedly distorted how environmental policy is.
Dec 26, 2016 . China's tougher environmental policies will ultimately prove to be not only good for the locals, but also for a number of local and multinational.
Environmental policy in China is set by the National People's Congress and managed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of.
Mar 18, 2018 . As Beijing boosts its global profile, foreign policy establishment worries . The recent government reshuffle saw the environmental ministry to.
Jul 12, 2018 . China's environmental policy represents a major shift in pollution mitigation and control. There are, however, proactive steps that textile.
In the past ten years, China's struggle with the environmental pollution are associated with both alleviate poverty and control population growth. To reduce.
May 22, 2017 . The country's moves to protect the environment and avoid pollution-related social unrest represent a radical shift in Chinese policy. Just eight.
As a developing country with most population, China is faced with developing economy and environmental protection. From the later 1970s, the China's policies. | <urn:uuid:304b8dca-3618-448e-9eba-7ea60606319d> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://couplescounselingofelpaso.com/wpc-bench/7115.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480240.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216085312-20190216111312-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.939832 | 312 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Huge Race Car to Try for 300 Miles an Hour Speed (Jan, 1931)
Huge Race Car to Try for 300 Miles an Hour Speed
ACTIVE preparations are now being made by the well-known racing drivers, Peter De Paolo and Harlan Fengler, to restore to America the world’s speed record for automobiles now claimed by England and established by the late Major Segrave in 1929 at Daytona Beach, Florida. The present record stands at 231.36 miles an hour. Two Americans, Frank Lockhart and Lee Bible, have lost their lives on the sands of Daytona Beach while attempting to lower this record.
The power plants for the monster juggernaut now being built in Los Angeles are probably the most powerful unit of gasoline motors ever built. One of these motors on a dynamometer test developed 1302 horsepower at 2600 revolutions per minute.
The motors are “Triplet-eights,” similar in design to the “Twin-eight” used in a well-known automobile, with an additional bank of eight cylinders mounted vertically along the center line of the crank-case — 24 cylinders in all. The bore of the cylinders is 5″ and the stroke 6-1/2″, giving a total displacement in each motor of 3755 cubic inches.
Twelve carburetors supply the gas mixture— a carburetor for each two cylinders. Each cylinder has dual ignition; six distributors, twelve high-tension coils, and 43 spark plugs are utilized in the ignition of each motor.
The valve action is operated by an overhead cam-shaft similar to the war-time Liberty motors—in fact, these motors are built up with “Liberty” cylinders. To overcome torque in the long cam-shafts, they are gear-driven from both ends.
Each cylinder is fitted with an individual exhaust pipe. The accompanying photograph shows the exhaust pipes fitted to only one bank of cylinders.
With 1300 horsepower delivered at one end of the crank-shaft, it is obvious that the shaft must be of massive design. The diameter of the main bearings is 3-3/4, and the shaft weighs 400 pounds.
The radiating surface of the cylinder walls is many thousands of square inches, so a huge volume of water must be circulated through the cooling system. The water pumps circulate 250 gallons a minute.
These huge motors are to be mounted in the chassis frame now being built, as shown in the sketch. One motor drives the front pair of wheels and the other the rear pair, with the driver’s compartment between them. The forward motor is directly connected to the front wheels without . clutch or gear-box. A clutch and gear-case with three forward speeds and reverse are interposed between the rear motor and the wheels, the forward motor being switched on after the car is in motion.
The body design differs from many other speed juggernauts in that it is not radically streamlined. Rather than seeking to reduce wind pressure to a minimum the air pressure is used to push and suck the car to the ground and provide more positive traction.
The front of the car looks like a snow-shovel tractor, the force of the air against the inclined front pushing the front end of the car down. The under side of the rear of the body is dished out, and a powerful suction is created to hold the rear end of the car down.
The gear ratio between the motors and the wheels is 1 to 1-1/4; in other words, the wheels turn a quarter faster than the crankshaft of the motor. At 2600 r.p.m. engine speed the wheels will turn 3250 r.p.m. Fitted with 36-inch tires, this represents a circumference velocity of 514 feet a second—350 miles an hour. In actual practice, however, the theoretical figures are cut down due to slippage. Nevertheless, the builders are confident of smashing Major Segrave’s record by a wide margin—maybe 300 miles an hour. | <urn:uuid:033639b8-8368-4cd1-b4f7-dcdcd58466f3> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://blog.modernmechanix.com/huge-race-car-to-try-for-300-miles-an-hour-speed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535920849.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909044549-00158-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934661 | 848 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Red-ruffed Lemur (Varecia rubra)
Image credit: © San Diego Zoo Global. All rights reserved.
Species: Varecia rubra (Saint-Hilaire, 1812) - Red-ruffed lemur
Measurements taken from 3 adults:
Head & Body Length
|Distribution & Status||Behavior & Ecology|
Population in Wild
|Reproduction & Development||Species Highlights|
Age at Weaning
© 2015 San Diego Zoo Global. Updated October 2015.
How to cite: Red-ruffed Lemur (Varecia rubra) Fact Sheet. c2015. San Diego (CA): San Diego Zoo Global; [accessed YYYY Mmm dd]. http://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/ redruffedlemur.
(note: replace YYYY Mmm dd with date accessed, e.g., 2015 Sep 10)
Disclaimer: Although San Diego Zoo Global makes every attempt to provide accurate information, some of the facts provided may become outdated or replaced by new research findings. Questions and comments may be addressed to firstname.lastname@example.org.
We wish to thank Mylisa Whipple for providing expert content review of this fact sheet.
Ms. Whipple has been a Primate Keeper at the Saint Louis Zoo for almost 11 years. She is currently the North American Regional Studbook Keeper and International Studbook Keeper for both Red Ruffed Lemurs and Black and White Ruffed Lemurs.
She holds a Master's of Science in Zoology with an emphasis in Animal Behavior from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, in addition to a Bachelor's of Science in Biology with an emphasis in Zoology from Western Illinois University. | <urn:uuid:1f3d51fa-ddcf-4ad4-847b-8f623d7ce828> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://ielc.libguides.com/c.php?g=692938 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259177.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526125236-20190526151236-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.744252 | 369 | 2.875 | 3 |
Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president, a unicameral legislature, and a population of approximately 5.7 million. In peaceful multiparty presidential and parliamentary elections held in 2007, the opposition All People's Congress (APC) won a majority in parliament, and citizens elected party leader Ernest Bai Koroma president. Domestic and international observers characterized the elections as credible and free but noted irregularities that did not affect the outcome.
In 2002 the devastating 11-year civil conflict officially ended, and the government, backed by a United Nations peacekeeping force (UNAMSIL), asserted control over the country. In 2004 UNAMSIL handed responsibility for security countrywide to the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF) and Sierra Leone Police (SLP). In 2005 UNAMSIL withdrew all remaining peacekeepers and transferred nonpeacekeeping responsibilities to a follow-on peacebuilding UN mission (UNIOSIL). In 2008 UNIOSIL's mandate ended, and the UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL) was established to support government institutions and monitor and protect human rights and the rule of law. Security forces reported to civilian authorities.
Major human rights problems included security force abuse and use of excessive force with detainees, including juveniles; harsh conditions in prisons and jails; official impunity; arbitrary arrest and detention; prolonged detention, excessive bail, and insufficient legal representation; interference with freedom of speech and press; forcible dispersion of demonstrators; widespread official corruption; societal discrimination and violence against women, discrimination based on sexual orientation; female genital mutilation (FGM); child abuse; trafficking in persons, including children; and forced and child labor | <urn:uuid:1725f064-df78-4b87-91f5-bcaf93baf725> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.hrcsl.org/content/state-human-rights-sierra-leone-2010 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510268533.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011748-00435-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923585 | 339 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A lot has been made this week of news that Mexico hedged the bulk of its 2010 oil production at $57 per barrel.
Several analysts chalked this up to a vote of non-confidence in the oil market. And wondered why Mexico would be so bearish when 2010 futures are trading between $70 and $80.
This analysis misses a few key points. Which go to the heart of the philosophy behind hedging.
By hedging at $57, Mexico's leaders are not betting that oil will drop in price. They are making a decision that protecting against downside below $57 is more important than maximizing upside if oil prices go higher.
In other words, the message is: we can live with our situation if oil goes to $100 and we have to sell at $57. But the situation is unworkable if oil drops below $57 and we're forced to sell at $40 or $30.
(In actuality, Mexico will not be selling at $57 if oil goes to $100. The government has purchased options that give them the right but not the obligation to sell at $57. These options are costing the country $1.172 billion to cover 230 million barrels of oil, which amounts to $5 per barrel. If prices go to $100, they will simply not exercise the options, losing that $5 on each barrel. So at $100 oil, they'd effectively be selling at $95.)
From this perspective hedging makes a lot of sense. Mexico's move suggests (hopefully) that the government has analyzed its fiscal needs and decided that at $57, oil revenues will cover necessary expenditures. This is a price they can live with. Whereas at $40, finances might be stretched to the breaking point.
Smart developers of resource projects use the same strategy. If you understand your project, you know what sale price you need in order to make an acceptable return on capital. You also know at what price the project turns into a money-losing black hole.
Let's look at a quick example. Suppose we're planning to drill a development well on an oil project. We know from other wells in the area that the cost to drill will be about $3 million. We also know that at usual initial production and decline rates, we're likely to pump about 200,000 barrels of crude over a ten-year period.
Looking at the decline curve (and assuming that our well behaves similarly), we can predict what yearly cash flows will be at various oil prices. And by discounting these cash flows (a dollar next year is worth more than a dollar ten years from now), we can come up with a net present value (NPV) for the well. And calculate a return on investment.
I've been looking at decline curves for a well very similar to the one described above this week. At today's oil price of $70, the well's NPV would be $5.5 million (assuming 13% royalty and $20 per barrel operating costs). Meaning we would pay back our $3 million drilling cost, and make an additional $2.5 million. Giving us an 85% return on our investment ($2.5 million profit divided by $3 million capital investment).
These are good numbers. However, we don't know if oil will be $70 over the entire ten-year life of the well. What if the crude price falls?
The economics change. At $50 oil, the NPV of the well drops to $3 million. We would cover our drilling cost, but make no additional profit. Obviously not an attractive situation.
Armed with these numbers, we can make some decisions about hedging. We know that we need to lock in a price higher than $50 in order to make a profit. So what do we choose? $70 is nice (remember, 85% return on investment), but buying a hedge program at this price would be expensive (hedge options with "strike prices" close to the current spot price cost more).
This is where we need to decide: what return on investment do we need to make this project worthwhile? Is 10% enough? If we're a large company with lots of drilling prospects, it might be. After all, if you can invest $3 billion in drilling 1,000 wells (at $3 million each), you'd make $300 million at 10%. That's a lot of money.
If we're a small private group, however, we might want more than 10%. I might be able to make 10% on my money day-trading or buying corporate bonds. Which is a lot less work than drilling and managing on oil well. In this situation, we might decide that 30% is the minimum return at which the project is worthwhile for us.
After deciding what our minimum desired return is, it's simply a matter of running the model to figure out what sale price gives us this threshold. For the above example, $53 per barrel gives us 10%. If we want 30%, we need to go up to $58. And we may have to give up a few percentage points on our desired return, in order to account for the cost of purchasing the hedge program. We're paying for certainty.
After doing this analysis and implementing a corresponding hedge program, we could rest easy. No matter what the market does, we're going to have an economic project that (roughly) meets our requirements for return on capital. True, we'll miss out on some money if oil prices rise. But, like Mexico, our financial needs will be covered.
This is a very sensible way to develop a project. Make money by not losing money. In many cases, protecting against your downside is more important than chasing the upside.
Bottom line: decide what you need to make a project work and then make sure you get it. That's what hedging is all about.
By. Dave Forest of Notela Resources | <urn:uuid:fbc3c344-5e5a-46ab-a18f-e375513046fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://oilprice.com/Finance/the-Markets/How-To-Guarantee-Success-Why-Mexico-Hedged-Its-2010-Oil-Production-At-57-Per-Barrel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886124563.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823210143-20170823230143-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.958535 | 1,217 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In 1969, the third man to walk on the moon, astronaut Charles “Pete” Conrad Jr., also became the first lunar archaeologist. As part of the Apollo 12 crew, he examined an earlier robotic lander, Surveyor 3, and retrieved its TV camera, aluminum tubing and other hardware, giving NASA scientists back on Earth the evidence they needed to study how human-made materials fared in the lunar environment.
Conrad examines the unmanned Surveyor 3 spacecraft, which landed on the moon on April 19, 1967. He retrieved its TV camera, aluminum tubing and other hardware. Credit: NASA, Johnson Space Center
Like all astronauts who have visited the moon, Conrad also left behind artifacts of his own. Some were symbolic, such as the U.S. flag. Others were prosaic: cameras, dirty laundry and bags of human waste. NASA’s list of Apollo-related items left on the surface is 18 single-spaced pages. It ranges from geology hammers to earplug wrappers, seismographs to sleep hammocks. Even golf balls belonging to Alan Shepard, who managed some practice during Apollo 14, remain on the moon, though they appear to have escaped the notice of the list makers. All told, six manned landings, two manned orbital missions, over a dozen robotic landings and more than a dozen more crash sites offer signs of a multinational human presence on and around the moon. Each item left behind may seem like a small scrap for a man, but together they offer a giant look at mankind.
“These sites are time capsules,” says Beth O’Leary, an anthropologist at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces. They host valuable artifacts for archaeologists and anthropologists who want to study humanity’s growing space heritage. Failed instruments at lunar landing sites, for example, might reveal the engineering or management missteps behind them, the same way the sinking of a ship on earth could tell us something about its commanders or passengers. Archaeologists might even want to study the DNA of microbes in the astronauts’ waste for clues to the diet and health of these early pioneers. “People’s idea is that archaeologists are interested in 1,000 years ago, 100 years ago,” O’Leary says, “but here we’re talking about the modern past.”
The effort may not sound urgent. The moon has almost no air, water or geological activity to corrode or otherwise damage artifacts, but a new generation of missions are headed there and they boost the risk that someone or something will interfere with existing sites. The recent robotic landing by the Chinese National Space Agency, the first controlled landing since the 1976 Luna 24 mission, signals a renewal of sophisticated lunar exploration. This time around, more countries will be involved, as will commercial entities. Private organizations are in hot pursuit of the Google Lunar X Prize, which offers cash rewards for achieving technical milestones, one of which is landing near the Apollo sites.
O’Leary’s interest goes back to 1999, when a graduate student in a seminar she was teaching asked if American preservation laws applied to artifacts left on the moon. O’Leary didn’t know, so she looked into the question, soon discovering that the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 prevents nations from making sovereignty claims in space. It does not address, however, the preservation of property that nations have left behind. O’Leary persuaded NASA to fund her research into the topic, and published what she calls the Lunar Legacy Project. She and colleagues created an inventory of the Apollo 11 landing site and began lobbying for its formal protection. By then, private companies such as Lockheed Martin were already discussing taking samples from other lunar sites for study. The hardware itself still belonged to the governments that put it there (the United States and Russia, the primary heir of the Soviet space program), but that would be little consolation if a modern mission ran over the first human footprints on the moon, for example, or moved an object without documenting its original location.
O’Leary helped lobby California and New Mexico, states with strong ties to the space program, to list the Apollo 11 objects in their state historic registers. The move offered symbolic protection and attracted attention to the problem but didn’t do anything to solve it. There was, and still is, nothing to stop new visitors from interfering with objects already in space. Vandalism probably isn’t the biggest concern, but even unintentional interference is worrisome. Landing near existing sites could damage the sites, in the case of a crash or from the spray of lunar dust and rocket exhaust. “My concern would be that they miss,” says Roger Launius, senior curator of space history at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. “If they miss by just a little bit, they could end up landing on top of the site.” And well-meaning archaeologists, though guided by the cultural legacy laws and professional codes wherever they work, do destroy part of what they study as a matter of routine.
Lunar Regolith 70050 sample collected from the moon by the Apollo 17 mission
O’Leary would like the moon sites preserved as long as possible so that future archaeologists, perhaps with more sophisticated instruments and less damaging techniques, can examine them for clues about the human story of the landings. Scientists and engineers also have an interest in preserving the sites: They want to study how equipment left on the moon ages, like they did with the samples Conrad took from Surveyor 3. They also want to resolve questions about moon rocks that couldn’t be answered the first time around, including the size of a patch of orange volcanic glass discovered by geologist Harrison Schmitt during the Apollo 17 mission.
Apollo 17 troctolite 76535. This sample has a mass of 156 grams and is up to 5 centimeters across. NASA/Johnson Space Center photograph S73-19456.
Abstract of article by Lucas Laursen on Smithsonian.com | <urn:uuid:2dfb2aff-5884-4f44-bac6-d4ba2eca6ec8> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.genetology.net/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661767.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00235-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947183 | 1,230 | 3.71875 | 4 |
North Carolina Racial Justice Act
Four North Carolina death row prisoners have now had their sentences changed to life in prison without parole under the state’s Racial Justice Act (RJA) after a judge determined that race played a part in their jury selection. The state appealed the decision, and the cases are now pending with the North Carolina Supreme Court.
The North Carolina Racial Justice Act (RJA) allows capital defendants to challenge their death sentences if they successfully prove that race was a significant factor in decisions to seek or impose the death penalty at the time of their trials.
Claims of racial bias in cases brought under the RJA are supported by a comprehensive study of the death penalty in North Carolina by researchers from Michigan State University (MSU) and other, similar studies in North Carolina and southern states.
Cases brought under the RJA
North Carolina v. Tilmon Golphin, Christina Walters, and Quintel Augustine: In December 2012 a North Carolina judge held that prosecutors in these three defendants’ cases impermissibly relied upon race in its jury selection practices. The judge commuted all three defendants’ sentences to life without parole.
Read more here.
North Carolina v. Robinson: In April 2012, a North Carolina judge found statistical evidence of racial bias in the death penalty, commuting the death sentence of Marcus Robinson to life without parole in this landmark case.
Petitions Filed Under North Carolina’s Historic Racial Justice Act: On August 3, 2010, five North Carolina death row inmates filed claims under the RJA Act. Their cases are based on specific incidents of racial bias as well as statistical evidence from three new comprehensive studies of the death penalty in North Carolina.
These studies show:
Racial Bias in Jury Selection: The MSU study of jury selection found significant evidence that North Carolina prosecutors select juries in a racially biased manner. Prosecutors used peremptory strikes to remove qualified African-American jurors at more than twice the rate that they excluded white jurors. Of the 159 inmates now on death row in North Carolina, 31 were sentenced by all-white juries, and another 38 had only one minority on their sentencing juries.
Racial Bias in Prosecutorial Charging Decisions and Jury Sentencing: The MSU study of capital charging and sentencing found that those who kill whites are more likely to get the death penalty than those who kill blacks. The MSU study found that a defendant is 2.6 times more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white.
Read the studies: | <urn:uuid:b3bab8f2-0811-4f5b-ba8e-477fc8e06e25> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.aclu.org/north-carolina-racial-justice-act?quicktabs_content_video_podcasts=0&redirect=capital-punishment/north-carolina-racial-justice-act | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171078.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00094-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942032 | 520 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Decoding the Bloat
We all know that bloated feeling – it’s nothing short of pure discomfort. Wouldn’t we all love it if we never felt like that again? We asked around for some advice, and here’s what we found.
What is it?
“Bloating is a feeling of fullness, tightness or distention in your belly area, that often makes one feel overly full or uncomfortable,” says Catherine Crow, a holistic Nutritional Therapy Practitioner.
What causes it?
“In most cases, bloating is caused by the foods that we eat,” says Shantea Johnson, owner of DHW Nutrition and Fitness in Atlanta, Georgia.
Johnson explains bloating can be a result of consuming foods our stomachs have a difficult time digesting, or foods to which we have an intolerance. Bloating can also be tied to consuming too much salt, having Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and even to chewing gum, she says.
“Common dieting and food restriction are common causes of bloating because it tells your body to slow the metabolism, dialling down your digestive juices over time,” says Crow, who runs Butter Nutrition out of Seattle.
Slowing the metabolism essentially means weaker digestion, Crow says, offering this analogy to explain:
“Think of your body like a house,” she says. “If you’re not making enough money to pay your electricity bill, what do you do? Well, you turn down the heat in your house to compensate, you may not turn the lights on as often, or you may fail to perform regular maintenance. The body operates in a similar way. When there are not enough calories coming in, the body saves energy by reducing body temperature (slowing the metabolism), turning down digestive juices (making digestion weaker), reducing the pulse and slowing thyroid function (resulting in less energy). This is a built-in survival response by the body, to help you go longer on less food.”
How do we stop it?
To avoid bloating, Johnson recommends drinking lots of water to “flush out your system”. As well as limiting your dairy and salt intake, Johnson suggests monitoring the foods you eat and taking note of how your body responds.
“If we really take the time to see how our body responds to certain foods, your body will tell you what it likes and dislikes – we only need to slow down and pay attention!” Johnson says.
Crow offers these additional tips to avoid bloating:
- Consume enough nutrients and calories to support your body’s cellular metabolism and energy production.
- Avoid over-exercising – “Too much exercise, especially when the diet is poor or restricted,” Crow explains, “is a sure way to send your body running for safety by slowing the metabolism, and that means weaker digestion.”
- Reduce stress around meal time – “Stress decreases your digestion significantly, as your body directs energy elsewhere … to survive the stress,” Crow explains. Think back to our primal roots – digestion would not be a priority when our bodies think we’re being chased by a lion, she explains.
- Avoid foods that can be hard to digest, such as dairy (especially if you are lactose intolerant) and gluten.
- Eat things that are easy to digest, especially when it comes to carbohydrates – think fruits, root vegetables, and squashes. | <urn:uuid:33672996-4189-43ba-9c85-ecfda0eddb51> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.weightwatchers.com/ca/en/article/decoding-bloat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057158.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921041059-20210921071059-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.942419 | 735 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Taking the old notion that too much of a good thing is no good at all, Canon has just invented a 120Mp, yes, you read that right 120 MEGAPIXEL sensor in APS-H (1.3x crop) format.
Holy cow! That's a lot of pixels in a tiny space!
In its official press release, Canon stated that the sensor can shoot full HD video using just 1/60th of its surface area and is capable of 9.5 frames per second continuous shooting. The new sensor is praised for its ability to offer resolution that surpasses all film formats, its capability to offer photographers previously unheard of cropping ability, and the ability to revolutionize dSLR video capability. In all, the sensor offers 2.4x improvement in resolution over Canon's current high MP full frame cameras: the 5DII and 1Ds III.
Do we need all those pixels? Probably not. The problems created by such a sensor are twofold:
First, all of those pixels crammed onto a small sensor means extremely high pixel density, which is basically the relationship between the amount of pixels on a sensor and the size of the sensor itself. Example: let's compare two 12Mp cameras: a Nikon D3 and any generic 12Mp point and shoot. Okay, pixel density is all about the pixel count to sensor area ratio. So, the D3 uses a sensor that measures 24x36mm, the same size as 35mm film. So, divide the Mp count by area and you get a very low pixel density of 1.5Mp per sq. cm. pixel density, which is the lowest thing going. Next, compare the P&S camera, which will have a tiny sensor. The P&S pixel density for 12Mp: around 40Mp per sq. cm.
Okay, one sensor packs pixels more tightly than the other, so what?
Why it matters: signal to noise ratio. All electronic sensors have some background noise to them, this is just the function of it being an electronic device. Now, let's assume that the D3 and the P&S have the same inherent noise levels in the sensor. Being unscientific, let's say they both produce 5 units of noise. With its very large pixels, each individual pixel on the D3 captures a lot of light, more than enough to completely drown out the noise and produce a grain-free image. Let's say the D3 captures 100 units of signal to only 5 of noise, that's a difference of 95 units. Onto the P&S and its tiny sensor. To get the same amount of pixels into a smaller area, one must shrink the pixels themselves. Now let's say that the P&S pixel only captures 10 units of signal per pixel. That's a 10 signal to 5 noise ratio. Bottom line: the noise will be a lot more apparent in the P&S image. That's why P&S cams are terrible in low light/high ISO conditions.
Problem 2: lenses. With today's highest pixel count cameras over 20Mp, the lenses just can't keep up. Basically, in lower Mp days, one could stop down a lens to get optimal sharpness. Now, even at slow apertures of f8-f11, the images still look mushy. Why? The lens simply can't resolve all of the detail that the sensor captures. So, if a lens can't produce a crisp image at 20Mp, how on Earth is it going to it at 120Mp?
Those lens engineers better start getting to work!
Now, after all this griping, there is a very positive side to the 120Mp sensor besides the fact that there are no plans to put it into production (okay, done bashing the sensor now, promise!). The good news: Canon claims that the 120Mp sensor can shoot 9.5 frames per second. Obviously, a 120Mp image is a lot of data and for such a huge file (a 24Mp RAW file from a Nikon D3x is over 1GB) to be processed that quickly means that Canon must have one mega processor behind the sensor. What does this mean? If this ultra high-speed processing ability does trickle down into production models, the only real limit for continuous shooting may be how fast the mirror in the camera can physically move, not the amount of data the camera can process and write to a memory card.
Now that's some good news!
For more good news:
Yes, the Tokina 28-70 review is almost done
If you found this informative (or at least entertaining), help me pay my bills and check out my Examiner pages for photography and astronomy for more great stuff.
Think this was cool? Why not tell a friend?
For something even better, become a follower. | <urn:uuid:e15b019e-17ae-4192-aa36-5a483374368c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://bodzashphotoastro.blogspot.com/2010/08/canon-120-megapixel-sensor-just-what.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00147-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937665 | 992 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Very often, making research papers turns out to be a challenging task. The challenge of research paper making lies in 3 major difficulties that should be overcome: choosing a topic, conducting research and drawing correspondent conclusions. Let us dwell upon each of the difficulties presented.
- Choosing a Topic. Choosing a topic appears to be a challenge sometimes, because students are not aware of the main principles of choosing it. What are these principles? Firstly, the topic of your research paper should be interesting for you. Secondly, there should be enough information for making research papers on this topic. Thirdly, the topic should attract your reader’s attention. Making research papers is impossible if you are not interested in the problem. So, keep it in your mind;
- Conducting research. Perhaps, it is the major stage of making research papers, the basis of any research paper. Making research papers is impossible without conducting deep and thorough research. The main thing is to choose the right method for your topic investigation, and making research papers will be plain sailing. Besides, making research papers is almost impossible without the identification of different positions and points of view on the problem. You will also have to define the evidences supporting each of the viewpoints and present them in a logical consecution;
- Drawing conclusions. What does analysis mean without making conclusions? Rational conclusions are the indicators of analytical abilities. Since one of the main requirements for a research paper is that the writer presents his/her logical thinking, the concluding part should be paid special attention to. Without drawing a proper conclusion, making research papers is useless. Compare your expectations from research with the results obtained. Do they coincide or are they different?
If you take the information presented into consideration, making research papers will never be a big problem for you. So, good luck! | <urn:uuid:e95936af-92de-4e69-9c10-2543b87f41d3> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://blog.researchpaperz.net/2008/03/20/making-research-papers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768169.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00166-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941338 | 367 | 3.09375 | 3 |
|Binomial name:||Nerodia fasciata|
The Banded Water Snake, otherwise known as Southern Water Snake Nerodia Fasciata, is not poisonous and more of an aquatic type Colubrid variety of snake that is widespread in the South East and central parts of the United States. In their common habitat, they are often misled by their manifestation, for other snakes. This also includes the cottonmouth, a venomous snake that is rarely seen.
The standard length to which a banded water snake grows is 30 (76 cm), even though it is capable of growing up to 4 1/2 ft. These keel snakes have solid bodies. Generally they are colored either dark brown or with a background of brownish red and cross bands colored brown. They have broad backs sliming towards the sides. The color of the belly is of a yellow tint, with black and red bright spots. The bands of the adults gradually disappear and they become fully brown in color
The temperament of the Banded Water Snakes is rather horrible, but taking care of them is reasonably effortless. At the onset of danger, this variety of snakes usually find a way out.
In such a situation they let go nauseating musk, or bite when they sense danger. If not, they survive with ease amidst human being and other types of animals. Be on your guard, do not lift them up since they get offended and attack back. At times, you come across aquatic snakes that take in food given by you. Still, it is better to avoid this activity. You normally come across these snakes, both day and night. Still, their activities are more prolific at night.
These Banded Water Snakes adapt well to water. You can frequently see them taking a sunbath in the flora. When you aggravate them, they slip into the water. These snakes take pleasure in surviving in areas of freshwater such as lakes, rivers, marshy lands, streams and ponds. We see them in the southern most parts of North America. At times we see them hanging on the branches of the trees, on land. These snakes are not good looking pets, even then they do not mind living in captivity. We find these snakes generally in many countries, particularly in Florida, they are but not protected.
As a Pet
The Banded Water Snake bears live babies and normally a litter can account for 25 baby snakes during the end of summer. These babies are brilliantly patterned and have a length 8(20 cm). They have glands with musk. Fully grown, they bite. While in captivity, they breed with ease. These snakes mate in the months of January or perhaps in February. After 3 to 4 months of mating, the babies are born.
It is possible to keep these snakes either single or in groups along with the other snakes of similar habits and sizes, since they never eat other snakes.
You would do well to arrange for a terrarium either in wood or go for a water tank. These snakes are mostly aquatic and require a higher humidity. Maintain the basking area in the terrarium always dry so that they are prevented from infection of the skin, particularly boils. These Banded Water Snakes require a tiny water vessel and a place for hiding. They are fond of climbing, and as such, it is fine to set up some vines, trees or branches placed vertically or slanting.
Have a terrarium with sufficient water. It is essential to keep some tree branches, projecting above the water. These snakes are fond of having a sunbath in those places. Since the snake uses the water area for the purpose of a toilet, facilitate easy cleaning of the tank.
They are comfortable with a temperature nearing 770F (280C) at day and at night they need it cooler. For sustaining the health of your snakes, it is vital to have a lighting of total spectrum that is sufficient for a long time without sustenance. Make use of an incandescent bulb of low voltage with the total spectrum for the day and use a red or blue bulb during the night for providing heat, if required. It is mandatory to place a thermometer to control the temperature, to prevent an excess heat.
Feed your Banded Water Snake with frogs, crayfish, tiny fish and salamanders. These snakes are very agile. So, feed them daily, since their consumption of food is limited. At all times reserve a flat bottom vessel of water.
If you lift them, they send out a nasty foul smell as a defense mechanism and sometimes they even bite. If you handle them with utmost care, they become calm and avoid the nasty fart. Some of these snakes become quiet when food is offered to them, while many often bite.
Having discovered a fondness for insects while pursuing her degree in Biology, Randi Jones was quite bugged to know that people usually dismissed these little creatures as “creepy-crawlies”. | <urn:uuid:97027ad6-3c6c-4613-8e6d-bd3abd1e8f05> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.learnaboutnature.com/reptiles/snakes/banded-water-snake/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643585.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528051321-20230528081321-00740.warc.gz | en | 0.951568 | 1,147 | 3.484375 | 3 |
IBM Research has a long history of inventing the future, so the big tech company’s researchers take their predictions seriously. Today they are revealing their annual “5 in 5” predictions, which detail five innovations that will change our lives in the next five years.
IBM will talk about the predictions at its Think 2019 event in San Francisco on Wednesday from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. Pacific time.
Spurring the need for innovation is demand placed by the Earth’s expanding population. Arvind Krishna, senior vice president of IBM Cloud and Cognitive Software, said in a blog post that the world’s population will soon cross 8 billion for the first time.
“Our complex food chain — already stressed by climate change and a finite water supply — will only be tested further,” he wrote. “To meet the demands of this crowded future, we will need new technologies and devices, scientific breakthroughs, and entirely new ways of thinking about food safety and security.”
IBM researchers around the world are already working to augment food supply in order to meet this challenge. Efforts include helping farmers maximize crop yields and developing ways to curb the epidemic of waste that destroys 45 percent of our food supply. They are also working to create a safety net to catch pathogens and contaminants before they make people sick. And they’re inventing ways to keep plastic out of landfills and oceans.
Without further ado, here are the predictions, mostly in Krishna’s words:
Farming’s digital doubles will help feed a growing population using fewer resources
How do you give a farmer who has never set foot in a bank access to credit? By digitizing and capturing all aspects of agriculture, from the quality of the soil to the skills of the tractor driver to the price of a melon sold at the market. It’s known as a Digital Twin, and within the next five years, using AI, we can use this data to accurately forecast crop yields, which in turn will give banks and financial institutions the data points they need to provide credit to help farmers expand — maybe money does grow on trees after all.
Blockchain will reduce food waste
Within five years, we’ll eliminate many of the costly unknowns in the food supply chain. From farmers to grocery suppliers, each participant in the supply chain will know exactly how much to plant, order, and ship. Food loss will diminish greatly, and the produce that ends up in consumers’ carts will be fresher — when blockchain technology, IoT devices, and AI algorithms join forces. [Blockchain is a decentralized ledger that is secure and transparent, and it can be used to label products from harvest to consumption.]
Mapping the microbiome will protect us from bad bacteria
Within five years, food safety inspectors around the world will gain a new superpower: the ability to use millions of microbes to protect what we eat. These microbes — some healthy for human consumption, others not — are regularly introduced into foods at farms, factories, and grocery stores. Thanks to a new technique that enables us to analyze their genetic makeup cost-effectively, microbes will tell us a lot about the safety of what we consume.
AI sensors will detect foodborne pathogens at home
Within five years, the world’s farmers, food processors, and grocers — along with its billions of home cooks — will be able to detect dangerous contaminants effortlessly in their food. All they’ll need is a cell phone or a countertop with AI sensors. IBM researchers are creating powerful, portable AI sensors that can detect foodborne pathogens anywhere and everywhere they might turn up. These mobile bacteria sensors could dramatically increase the speed of a pathogen test from days to seconds, allowing individuals up and down the food chain to detect the existence of harmful E. Coli or Salmonella before it becomes an outbreak.
VolCat will change plastics recycling
In five years, IBM said the disposal of trash and the creation of new plastics will be completely transformed. Everything from milk cartons to cookie containers to grocery bags and cheese cloths will be recyclable, and polyester manufacturing companies will be able to take in refuse and turn it into something useful. This transition will be powered by innovations like VolCat, a catalytic chemical process that can turn PET, a type of plastic commonly used in food packaging and polyester clothing, into a renewable resource.
The cost-effective and sustainable innovation is capable of breathing new life into old plastic. Currently, more than 272 million metric tons of plastic are produced each year around the globe, with one-quarter of that made up of PET. VolCat aims to use a precise combination of chemicals, heat, and pressure to reduce this amount of plastic, and ultimately the amount of waste, produced. This could completely transform the way we discard and manufacture plastic in the next five years.
For the record, here are five IBM predictions from 2013 that should have already come true by now. I’ll leave the results for you to judge.
- The classroom will learn you.
- Buying local will beat online.
- Doctors will use your DNA to keep you well.
- A digital guardian will protect you online.
- The city will help you live in it.
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- networking features, and more | <urn:uuid:a0c17787-44eb-4e0a-9a22-3238341aaf40> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://venturebeat.com/2019/02/11/ibm-researchers-predict-5-innovations-will-change-our-lives-in-5-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988725.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506023918-20210506053918-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.93909 | 1,199 | 2.75 | 3 |
Doug’s research and development delves deep into the design of stirling engines running off of solar energy. The above video shows his engine model 3d purring along right nicely –
I’m in the process of performance testing the engine to see how closely its power output agree with my simulation. There are many sinks for losing power including: bearing friction on the rotating shaft, sliding friction on the piston and displacer shaft, compression leakage around the piston and displacer shaft seal, air friction on the air moving around the displacer, and air friction on the spinning flywheel.
My basic and inexpensive instrumentation for this operation includes a stopwatch and a bicycle speedometer used as a tachometer. Using engineering computations and these two instruments I can derive the friction based on how long it takes the unpowered engine to spin down.
Come see the efficient results of his labors at Bay Area Maker Faire – Solar Heat Engines
Maker Faire is a two-day, family-friendly event that celebrates the Do-It-Yourself (DIY) mindset May 3rd and 4th at the San Mateo Fairgrounds, CA (Upcoming.org). It’s for creative, resourceful people of all ages and backgrounds who like to tinker and love to make things. Buy tickets now and save, discount ticket sales end on April 25th, 2008.
If you’re in the Bay Area, or plan to attend Maker Faire add “makerfaire” to your Twitter, we’ll be giving away tickets and will have updates before and during Maker Faire!
In the Maker store:
Stirling Engine Kit | <urn:uuid:37532104-876b-4abe-8dbe-4a422042b1d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://makezine.com/2008/04/25/solarpowered-stirling-eng/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607806.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524074252-20170524094252-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.925168 | 346 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Dwarf cassowaries are regarded as high altitude birds in relation to other cassowaries. Their habitat is steep mountainous terrain up to 3000 m (10000 ft) that is thickly vegetated with subtropical to tropical forests. ("Cassowaries-Bennett's cassowary", 2003; "Family Casuariidae-Dwarf Cassowary", 1990; "Cassowary", 1985)
Dwarf cassowaries are the smallest of the cassowaries (Casuariidae). They stand about 99 to 135 cm (39 to 53 in) tall when measured to the top of the head and weigh around 18 kg (39 lb). Their plumage is black and coarse, while their feathers are similar to drooping bristles. Dwarf cassowaries have wings that are much reduced and they are flightless. The head and neck are lacking in feathers and are blue and red in color. The top of their head is crowned with a horny “casque,” which is similar to a bony helmet. Dwarf cassowaries, unlike their near relatives, do not have colored wattles of flesh hanging from their necks. Their legs do not have feathers and are solid and powerful. Dwarf cassowaries have three toes and the innermost toe has an enlarged claw, which can be up to 10 cm (4 in) in length. Females and males are monomorphoric, although females are larger than males. ("Family Casuariidae-Dwarf Cassowary", 1990; "Cassowary", 1985)
Little is known about the mating system of Casuarius casuarius, commonly known as southern cassowaries. Female southern cassowaries will become more tolerant of males as the breeding season approaches. Eventually, pairs of male and female cassowaries will form. When the female is ready to lay eggs, the pair will find a nesting site. The male will dance around the female in circles while his throat trembles and swells and he emits a series of low booming calls. Finally, the male will lead the female a short distance from the nest where the female will squat and allow the male to mount her. The eggs will be laid shortly after copulation. In captivity, C. casuarius has been known to copulate between the laying of each egg. After the eggs have been laid, the female will leave to mate with other males. ("Cassowary", 1985; Richard, 1996; "Cassowary", 1985). However, more research has been completed on a related species,
In the genus Casuarius, the breeding season begins in May or June and lasts until October or November. Breeding is an annual occurrence. Females may mate with more than one male during a season and must be healthy and well-nourished in order to lay multiple clutches of eggs. The clutch size of dwarf cassowaries is between 4 and 6 eggs. The incubation period lasts between 49 and 52 days. Young become independent in 7 to 16 months and sexually mature at around 4 years old. ("Cassowary", 1985; "Wet Tropics Management Authority", 2006)
In the genus Casuarius, mating with males and laying eggs are the only responsibilities of the female birds with regard to reproduction. Once the female has laid a clutch of eggs, she will move on to find another male with which she can mate. The eggs are incubated by the male, who is also responsible for raising and defending the chicks. The chicks will follow their father but are responsible for feeding themselves. Young fledge after about nine months and are driven out of the home range of their father. (Rand and Gilliard, 1986; "Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation", 2006)
Members of the genus Casuarius have been known to live up to 40 years in captivity and possibly to 60 years in the wild, although these claims of age in the wild are unconfirmed. Age can be estimated using the appearance of the casque, the size of the footprint, and the presence of wrinkles on the neck. Lifespan in dwarf cassowaries has not been documented. ("Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation", 2006)
Dwarf cassowaries are shy birds that are rarely seen in the wild. They are active during the day, spending their time searching for food. They are usually found alone or in pairs and occasionally in small groups. If these birds are cornered, they will defend themselves with powerful kicks. Dwarf cassowaries have reportedly killed both humans and dogs when they were provoked. (Diamond, 1972; "Family Casuariidae-Dwarf Cassowary", 1990; Ramel, 2005; "Cassowary", 1985)
The home range of members of Casuarius is roughly 7 square kilometers and the territory size varies from 1 to 5 square kilometers. The size and shape of the range change based on the food supply and the occurrence of the annual breeding season. Female cassowaries tend to have home ranges that overlap the home ranges of several males. ("Wet Tropics Management Authority", 2006)
The call of dwarf cassowaries consists of low, booming tones that resonate at a frequency near the lower end of human hearing. This low-frequency communication is ideal for solitary birds that occur at low densities in thick forests, as dwarf cassowaries do. Little is known about communication when dwarf cassowaries meet to mate, although visual cues may be involved. (Mack and Jones, 2003)
Dwarf cassowaries feed mainly on fallen fruits or fruits that they pluck from shrubs. Dwarf cassowaries also use the crest on their head to sort through leaf litter and reveal other sources of food, such as fungi, insects, plant tissue, and small vertebrates, including lizards and frogs. ("Cassowaries-Bennett's cassowary", 2003; Gould, 1970; "Family Casuariidae-Dwarf Cassowary", 1990; "Cassowary", 1985; "Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation", 2006)
Dwarf cassowaries have a large claw on their innermost toe and a powerful kick that they use to defend themselves when provoked. Dogs are considered predators of Casuarius species, particularly older birds, hatchlings, and sub-adults. Feral (introduced) pigs are also predators of Casuarius because they eat the eggs of these birds and are potential predators of hatchlings and young birds. Humans occasionally hunt cassowaries for their meat and feathers. Dwarf cassowaries have no natural predators; dogs, pigs, and humans are not endemic to New Guinea. ("Family Casuariidae-Dwarf Cassowary", 1990; "Cassowary", 1985; "Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation", 2006)
Members of the genus Casuarius are responsible for the distribution of large fruits for about 70 species of trees. The fruits of these trees are too large for many other forest dwelling fruit eaters to disperse. They also play a role in the dispersal of smaller seeds for about 80 plant species. These seeds are often toxic, but can be consumed by members of Casuarius because of their rapid digestive system. Members of Casuarius are considered keystone species. ("Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation", 2006)
Dwarf cassowaries have been known to attack humans when provoked. Using their strong legs and sharp claws, several deaths of humans have been recorded as the result of cassowary attacks. ("Cassowaries-Bennett's cassowary", 2003; "Cassowary", 1985)
Dwarf cassowaries are hunted extensively but populations seem to be stable at this time. Habitat destruction and excessive hunting could threaten populations. ("The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", 2004)
Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
Stephanie Jones (author), Kalamazoo College, Ann Fraser (editor, instructor), Kalamazoo College.
Living in Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and associated islands.
uses sound to communicate
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
an animal that mainly eats fruit
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
animals that live only on an island or set of islands.
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
a species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area (Example: sea otter).
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets.
Referring to a mating system in which a female mates with several males during one breeding season (compare polygynous).
rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.
breeding is confined to a particular season
remains in the same area
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
uses touch to communicate
Living on the ground.
defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
uses sight to communicate
young are relatively well-developed when born
2003. Cassowaries-Bennett's cassowary. Pp. "75-81" in M Hutchins, J Jackson, D Olendorf, eds. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol. 8-11, 2nd Edition. Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale.
The British Ornithologists' Union. 1985. Cassowary. Pp. 82 in B Campell, E Lack, eds. A Dictionary of Birds, Vol. 1, 1st Edition. Vermillion, South Dakota: Buteo Books.
Wet Tropics Management Authority. 2006. "Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation" (On-line). Cassowary. Accessed October 14, 2006 at http://www.cassowaryconservation.asn.au/noframedocs/Cassowary.html.
Marshall Editions Developments Limited. 1990. Family Casuariidae-Dwarf Cassowary. Pp. "43-44" in C Perrins, ed. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds, Vol. 1, 1st Edition. New York: Prentice Hall Press.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2004. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" (On-line). Casuarius bennetti. Accessed October 14, 2006 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/4010/summ.
Wet Tropics Management Authority. 2006. "Wet Tropics Management Authority" (On-line). Birds - The Cassowary. Accessed October 14, 2006 at http://www.wettropics.gov.au/pa/pa_casso.html.
Diamond, J. 1972. Avifauna of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. Cambridge: Nuttal Ornithological Club.
Gould, J. 1970. Birds of New Guinea. Great Britain: Methuen & Co Ltd.
Mack, A., J. Jones. 2003. Low-Frequency Vocalizations By Cassowaries. The Auk, 120/4: "1062-1068". Accessed October 14, 2006 at http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1642%2F0004-8038%282003%29120%5B1062%3ALVBCCS%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
Ramel, G. 2005. "Struthioniformes" (On-line). Earthlife Web. Accessed November 12, 2006 at http://www.earthlife.net/birds/struthioniformes.html.
Rand, A., E. Gilliard. 1986. Handbook of New Guinea Birds. Garden City: The Natural History Press.
Richard, R. 1996. "Cassowary Husbandry Workshop" (On-line). The Sonoma Bird Farm. Accessed November 12, 2006 at http://www.cassowary.com/workshop.html. | <urn:uuid:9c291368-c71c-4642-85c1-b5845b2d9ed6> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Casuarius_bennetti.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444582.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00069-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929526 | 2,883 | 3.71875 | 4 |
morning glory, common name for members of the Convolvulaceae, a family of herbs, shrubs, and small trees (many of them climbing forms) inhabiting warm regions, especially the tropics of America and Asia. The family is characterized by milky sap. The largest groups are the predominantly tropical morning-glory genus (Ipomoea), with species most abundant in Mexico, and the bindweed genus (Convolvulus) of more temperate regions. Many bindweeds are also called morning glory. Species of both are chiefly herbaceous vines of prolific growth and with colorful funnel-shaped blossoms that often open only in the morning. I. purpurea is the morning glory cultivated as an ornamental in North America. The moonflowers (including I. alba), tropical American night-blooming vines, have similarly shaped but much larger blossoms, often heavily fragrant. Convolvulus scammonia is the scammony of Asia Minor; a resin exuded from its roots is exported from Aleppo and Smyrna as a medicine. The most important commercial plant of the family, the sweet potato, belongs to the morning-glory genus. The wild sweet potato or potato vine (I. pandurata), a common weed of North America, is not eaten. The dodders (genus Cuscuta, formerly classified as a separate family) are common leafless, parasitic vines that often resemble bright orange threads. Each of the widely distributed species parasitizes a specific host; C. epilinum, for example, lives on flax. The morning-glory family is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Solanales.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Plants | <urn:uuid:d244282f-b303-4dfd-872a-55e82d1cb4d0> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/ecology/plants/types/morning-glory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056856.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919095911-20210919125911-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.912275 | 387 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Californian fiddler crab females might be the choosiest mates in the world, Animal Behaviour journal reports.
The largest female fiddler crabs were the least picky
Uca crenulata females will routinely check out 100 or more males before finally picking a mate.
Apparently, in the world of fiddler crabs, size does matter, both in terms of the male himself and his abode.
"The size of a male's burrow affects the development time of his larvae," said Catherine deRivera of the University of California, US.
"A burrow of just the right size allows larvae to hatch at the safest time, the peak outward night time flow of the bi-weekly tidal cycle."
Dr deRivera and her team conducted their observations in the Sweetwater River estuary in Chula Vista, south of San Diego, US.
She said previous studies of mate selection in other animals highlighted the fiddler crab's extreme pickiness.
"Most animals sample just a few mates, presumably because search costs override the benefits of lengthy searches," Dr deRivera explained.
The average fiddler female, however, will inspect about 23 potential suitors and their bachelor pads before selecting a lucky winner. One especially hard to please female visited 106 male burrows, fully entering 15 of them, during her one hour and six minute search.
Male fiddler crabs attract suitors by standing in front of their burrows and waving their enlarged claws, in a motion reminiscent of a human "come hither".
"The California fiddler crabs use a lateral wave that looks much like a human beckoning 'come here'," Dr deRivera said. "It also seems to serve as a 'come hither' signal, as a male waves, standing at his burrow entrance, and interested females come over."
An approaching female will eye up the male and, if she likes what she sees, will partially or fully enter the burrow to size it up.
"The burrow openings, which are circular, are just big enough for the owners to get in," Dr deRivera said. "Crabs enter burrows sideways so have to fit in front to back and top to bottom."
When a female has found a suitor to her taste, either she or the male will plug up the opening of the burrow and the couple will mate and incubate their eggs. Later these hatch and release tiny larvae that are quickly flushed from the estuary by high night tides.
Dr deRivera also found that the largest females were the least picky, primarily because they could not fit into most of the burrows they visited. Therefore they were forced to choose one of the limited number of males with "super-size" burrows. | <urn:uuid:a962ff13-e3a0-4447-a914-601166094a6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4748553.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112539.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822181825-20170822201825-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.967322 | 565 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Dental implants are the modern solution to the problem of lost teeth and an alternative to dentures. They are already a routine and are offered by majority of dentists worldwide. New implant systems are much easier to apply and their application is not accompanied by risks. The implantation is associated with certain requirements, the most important of which is a sufficient amount of bone.
Even for relatively small sized dental implants should have enough space in the bone to be placed so as to serve as carriers of bridges or crowns. The possible positions are limited by a number of factors and especially the availability of adequate bone that surrounds and supports the tooth implant itself and remoteness from situated adjacent structures such as the maxillary sinuses in the upper jaw and the lower jaw channel in which pass nerves and blood vessels.
Only after we have secured enough bone to place the implant can plan where and how many of them to be. So the first step in deciding whether a case can be treated with implants is precisely the available and sufficient bone.
Most importantly – is there enough bone?
Therefore, the first step towards implantation is to make sure that we have enough volume and bone quality. This requires imaging ( X-ray ) tests of the facial bones ( upper and lower jaw ) – orthopantomography ( OPG ) and computed tomography 3D ( CBCT – Cone Beam Computed Tomography ) which can clearly show the location of existing teeth, the shape and anatomy of the sinuses, the thickness and volume of the bone in different areas and computerized image can be examined from different angles, directions and cuts. This helps a lot in choosing the best place for not risky implants.
There are modern computer systems for planning the positions of implants that are positioned very accurately in three dimensions observing all risk areas, ensuring sufficient distance from neighboring natural teeth, sinuses into the nasal cavity and vascular nerve bundle running in the channel bottom jaw.
Unfortunately not every location in the mouth where there is missing a tooth that has been removed is a place to put the implant. Implants are not used as substitutes for teeth 1:1 and is looked for suitable locations for their placement. This allows a smaller number of implants to replace a large number of missing teeth.
For this purpose using high-tech 3D X-ray imaging which shows in real size all bony structures of the face and head and allows to determine the “right” best place to implantation. It is wrong to think that every place where there are removed ( missing ) tooth is suitable for implant placement. The implant must be placed at certain distances from the existing natural teeth but also far enough from the bottom of the sinus or the channel of the lower jaw, while there is sufficient bone which it surrounds and supports. Experience shows that such “ideal” cases are rare and the objective reality in most patients face dentist-implantologist with the need to seek solutions under adverse conditions.
Bone quality is also a key. The structure of the bone is porous, spongy bone made of rods surrounding bone cells. Too porous bone and low bone density and hardness are unfavorable for placement of dental implants and can not guarantee their stability for a long time. The quality of the bone is determined according to a scale for practical purposes be divided into four basic types.
With advances in dental implants are designed as additional procedures that provide the necessary space and specific systems implants – short dental implants and micro implants not need a lot of space and place even in a serious lack of bone. While the lack of bone can be provided by various additional grafts and techniques the bad and soft bone can not be “corrected” to serve as a good receiver implant. With the use of additional surgical techniques can be provided sufficient bone and subsequent implantation. Proximity to the sinus is adjusted with “sinus lift” procedure the lack of bone volume is obtained by “bone grafting” ( bone grafting ) or ridge split procedure. The follow-up to the implant placement will be described in the sequel of the material. | <urn:uuid:053ff972-e19a-4cab-8315-0c0499dd1ad2> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://alldentaltravel.com/how-are-dental-implants-placed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583667907.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119115530-20190119141530-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.943282 | 832 | 3.375 | 3 |
What is my role as an educator?
Your role as a teacher is primarily to teach. However, in the course of your classes, you are at a unique place to notice the preliminary signs that something may be wrong with a student.
Your job is not to be a counselor. Your responsibility in this role is to learn how to identify students that may be hurting or at-risk, and to refer those students to the appropriate resource.
Where is the appropriate resource?
Start by becoming familiar with the resources available in the school. Most schools offer student counselors that you can reach out to. Additionally, public schools in PA are required to have a Student Assistance Program.
Your in-school resources will also have information on community agencies. Have a list of this information readily available in your desk so that when you notice concerning signs, you know who to refer your student to.
How do I talk about this with a student?
Honesty is always the best policy. Students – especially high school and college aged – can tell when you’re being less than truthful. In addition, youth that are struggling with depression or anxiety tend to be more in-tuned to the nuances of nonverbal communication. So our suggestion is to just be real.
Here’s a suggested script that may help bring up the conversation:
“[Student Name], Can I see you after class for a minute?”
“I’ve noticed some behavior that is concerning me. I noticed that your grades are dropping, you’re missing more days of school, and you seem tired all the time. I just wanted you to know that if you’re struggling, there are resources here at school that can help. If you want, I can go to the counselor with you if you are nervous going by yourself.”
This simple script does three important things:
– Lets the student know that you have noticed them and the change in behavior
– Lets the student know that you care and are available to talk
– Lets the student know that there are resources at school they can utilize, and that they don’t have to access those resources alone.
Some other great questions to ask:
- “How have you been feeling?”
- “Are you doing okay?”
- “You seem stressed, is everything alright?”
- “I’ve noticed [behavior] and I wanted to see how you were doing?”
- “I know things have been rough for you lately. Is there anything you would like to talk about?”
When talking with students, use a calm, gentle tone and remember that it’s okay to ask hard questions. If the student is saying that they haven’t been feeling great about themselves or exhibits signs of withdrawal from peers, lack of interest in typical activities, or desperation, it’s okay to ask deeper questions like, “Are you thinking about hurting yourself?” or “Are you thinking about ending your life/suicide?” Asking the difficult questions about how they are doing could save the student’s life.
Asking follow up questions is also important. If they are noting that they feel like hurting themselves, you will need to know if they have the means to do so, and if they have a time or date to do it. This is a sign that the student is serious about completing their self-harm/suicide plan.
If you do not feel comfortable talking with your student, get in touch with your in-school resources. Get the school counselor involved, or make a referral to the Student Assistance Program. Remember, your job as a teacher is not to be a counselor, but to identify and refer the student where they can get help.
Tips for Conversations
During your conversation it is important to be interested and involved with that student. Making eye contact and nodding, paraphrasing, and repeating back what you believe the student is saying can be helpful ways to show that they are important. Think about how you would want to be talked to. Remember students pick up on body language and tone just like adults. Are you talking down to the student? Are you nodding in understanding as they are speaking or leaning forward to show interest? Remember that your interest and involvement could save a life.
What not to do
The biggest mistake that adults do when talking to struggling students is devaluing the student’s feelings. This is often done unintentionally in the spirit of providing hope. The most common faux-pas sound similar to:
- “This is just a phase.”
- “This won’t matter 10 years from now.”
- “At least you have a family that loves you, at least your parent’s divorce means you’ll get two Christmases, at least [insert anything here].”
It is tempting for us as adults to view a student’s problems as insignificant, because we know what “real” problems look like – such as living paycheck to paycheck, or failing to pay bills, or going hungry. In comparison, drama with friend groups, bullying, or self-image problems can seem silly to us. However it is important to remember that while a student’s problems may seem insignificant to you, it is significant to them, and you must treat those problems with the same seriousness that the student is taking them. To do anything less is insulting to the student and devalues their very real feelings.
Additionally, it is tempting to give advice to the student. Initially, advice should be withheld until the student has spoken their piece or unless asked. When talking with a student, try using these phrases and clarifying questions to keep a conversation going:
- “Wow, that must have been really frustrating for you.”
- “I can see how that would have hurt your feelings.”
- “I imagined you felt betrayed when that happened.”
- “That must have been really frightening to experience.”
- “I can see how important this is to you.”
- “It sounds like this made you very angry.”
- “When this happened, what did you do next? What did you want to do?”
- “How did [other person] respond to that?”
- “What are you going to do now?”
These kinds of questions and statements allow the student to know that you are really listening and you are interested in hearing all angles of the story. When you have heard everything, you can then help prompt the student into action.
- “When I was in school, something similar happened to me. Would you like me to tell you about it?”
- “Can I tell you what I think about this situation?”
- “Would you like to hear my opinion?”
A common complaint of young people is that adults are too quick to judge and tell them what to do. By offering advice in such a way to allow the student to say “No”, you are respecting their ability to choose. Also, if they do say “No”, respect that answer.
When to get someone else involved
Anytime you are concerned about a student, you may get someone else involved. You may not feel comfortable tackling this issue and that is OK – if that’s the case, get the school counselor or the Student Assistance Program involved.
However, if you are comfortable talking with your student, keep in mind the important questions to ask. If your student is distressed, be sure to ask the following:
- Do you sometimes feel so hopeless that you want to go to sleep and never wake up?
- Have you ever thought about ending your life?
- (if yes), Do you have a plan for how you would do it?
- (if yes), Do you have the means to follow through with that plan? (e.g., access to a gun or pills)
- (if yes), Do you have a timeframe to do it?
- Have you ever attempted suicide before?
If the student expresses suicidal ideation (thinking about suicide at all, or a “Yes” answer to the first two questions), then you must get the school counselor or student assistance program involved. Do not let the school day end without reaching out to the in-school resources.
Following up with students can be another way to show concern and help the student trust authority figures and those who could help them. This is a huge part of caring for students and creating a school environment that is safe and knowledgeable about mental illness. | <urn:uuid:de0d6abf-248b-461c-b746-694cd342dc99> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.pleaselive.org/for-teachers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103316.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817131910-20170817151910-00703.warc.gz | en | 0.974492 | 1,818 | 3.359375 | 3 |
In 1998, Russia became a party to the European Convention on Human Rights and thereby to the European Court of Human Rights (the Court, ECtHR) in Strasbourg. Since then, the ECtHR has played an important role in the country. Russian Supreme Court judges receive training on the Convention, and courts often refer to ECtHR case law. Russian victims of human rights can appeal to the ECtHR. One in seven ECtHR cases are from Russia, proportionate to the country’s population; the Court has ruled against Russia in a significantly higher number of cases (94%) than the average for all countries in the Court’s jurisdiction (84%). | <urn:uuid:d6433727-601f-470e-8454-e1348b014bd6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://epthinktank.eu/2016/09/16/human-rights-in-russia/human-rights-violations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.969841 | 138 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Choosing fish and nuts instead of pickles and ice cream may help prevent your daughters from developing breast cancer later in life. According to recent evidence, pregnant and nursing women who eat foods packed with omega-3 fatty acids may reduce breast cancer risk in their daughters.
“Diet matters, Mom,” says lead researcher W. Elaine Hardman, PhD. “Pregnant women need to eat more fish or take an omega-3 supplement to help reduce the risk of cancers in the next generations.”
A typical Western diet—which is deficient in omega-3s but heavy in omega-6 fatty acids found in meat, eggs, poultry, cereals, breads, baked goods, vegetable oils, and margarine—can increase maternal estrogen levels, which raise the risk of breast cancer in offspring, according to an animal-based study presented at the American Association for Cancer Research’s annual meeting. | <urn:uuid:424b4891-0d7e-4440-8f17-9d98bf48e7b4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://deliciousliving.com/print/supplements/expecting-eat-omega-3s-protect-your-daughters-against-breast-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943909 | 190 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Reading Clinic: Use Predictions to Help Kids Think Deeply About Books
- Grades: PreK–K, 1–2, 3–5, 6–8
Predicting is the reading strategy I always introduce early in the school year. Predicting involves more than trying to figure out what happens next. As kids find evidence to form hunches, they also ask questions, recall facts, reread, skim, infer, draw conclusions, and, ultimately, comprehend the text more fully. And, as third grader Douglas told his class, "It's fun!" Here are some activities that prove his point.
Materials: a picture book, large chart paper, two different colored bold markers, Prediction Chart (below)
Time Needed: two 45-minute periods
- Write these headings on chart paper: PREDICTIONS and EVIDENCE. Explain the importance of making predictions while reading and supporting those predictions with evidence. Tell the children that evidence could include the book´s cover, illustrations, a specific passage, or personal experience or knowledge.
- Explore the title, front and back covers, and title page. Collect predictions and evidence from students. For example, first graders predicted that Helen Oxenbury´s Farmer Duck (Candlewick, 1991) was about "a sad and lonely duck who had to plant a field" based on the book´s title and cover illustration.
- Stop once or twice during the reading and invite students to predict again. Record responses on chart paper. Take two or three predictions each time you stop.
- Help students think about where the evidence came from by asking such questions as, "What made you say that?" or "Can you find an example from the text or pictures?"
- Once you´ve completed the book, return to the chart to confirm and adjust predictions. For instance, when the first graders revisited their prediction about Farmer Duck, they responded: "The duck worked alone because the lazy farmer made him. But the other animals loved the duck, so they chased that lazy farmer away and then helped the duck run the farm." Model how rereading and scanning text and pictures helps find evidence.
- Write adjustments on the chart with a different colored marker. Then compare and discuss early predictions about the story.
- Once students understand the strategy, they can complete the reproducible Prediction Chart on their own using a book of their choice.
Materials: large chart paper, a bold marker, any novel a student chooses to read
Time Needed: one 40-minute period to present guidelines, then time for students to write
Use this activity to help students make predictions independently.
- Record the Guidelines for Students, below, on chart paper, and review them as a class, allowing time for questions.
- Keep the chart on display as a resource.
- Share a model prediction book report with students so they can see how the guidelines that follow work.
Guidelines for Students:
- At the top of a sheet of paper, write your name and the title and author of your book.
- Study the cover illustrations. Read the title and first page. Write down predictions and reasons for your predictions, using complete sentences.
- Read the first two chapters then predict what will happen using what you´ve read to support your theory.
- Read on, stopping before the last chapter. Predict the outcome and offer reasons from the story as support.
- When you´ve completed the book, reread all of your predictions. Make adjustments on a separate sheet of paper.
Write your predictions on this chart. Also write in the evidence (reasons) for your predictions. Later, go back and write adjustments to your predictions.
Title, cover, title page, first page of text
Stopped on page _
Stopped on page _ | <urn:uuid:f37a1bcc-3f3e-43b1-a78c-ec54491ed966> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plan/reading-clinic-use-predictions-help-kids-think-deeply-about-books | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275645.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00153-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918455 | 786 | 3.953125 | 4 |
( Originally Published 1938 )
To cure tobacco means to dry it for the market. Throughout the years this process, always performed near the fields where the leaf is grown, has developed along with methods of cultivation. The ultimate quality of every crop depends largely upon the care with which it is cured.
The earliest method employed in Virginia was to hang the cut plants along the rafters of the kitchen or in the smoke house. Tobacco of the dark-fired type still is prepared by this method in special barns wherein direct, smoky heat is applied. Another way is to suspend the leaves in well ventilated sheds exposed to the air. Burley and Maryland, two types in the Lucky Strike blend, are air-cured. Still another is to hang the tobacco in the sun. Turkish is dried in this fashion.
Bright tobacco, however, the type of leaf whose cultivation we have described, is prepared for the market by that complicated process known as flue-curing.
Specially constructed log barns eighteen to twenty-five feet square by twenty-five feet tall are built near the fields. On one side is a lean-to shed and in the side of the structure beneath this shed are two brick or stone "kilns," or fire-places which extend into the barn. To these kilns, inside, are attached long sheet-iron flues which pass through the barn and carry heat to every cranny of it when the fires are lighted. The flues serve as radiators just as do the long pipes on stoves in rural homes. No smoke can enter the barn, but virtually all of the heat from the kiln fires can be imprisoned within the tight building. Beneath the eaves are small windows called ventilators, and there is a square door.
For days before the first tobacco is ripe for harvest, the farmer has worked part time at his barn. He has sealed up the chinks between the logs, checked the joints of his flues, overhauled the shingle roof, and repaired his kilns. Beside each of his barns he has stacked wigwam fashion a great pile of hardwood and pine poles for use as firewood. At the door are his tobacco sticks—riven pine rods as thick as his thumb and about five feet long.
He is ready now to "prime" his tobacco—to pull the first ripening leaves from each stalk in his fields. At one time whole stalks were cut, but this method no longer is popular. Producers have learned that to strip leaf by leaf as the foliage reaches the proper stage means a better quality product. The plant grows as the harvest continues from day to day, so that nearly every leaf is permitted to reach full maturity before it is hauled away to the barn for curing.
Even on the finest plants, however, there are leaves of varying degrees of quality. Though the plants have been "topped" earlier in the sea-son, leaves now near the top, farthest from the nourishment of the soil, are thinly flavored and somewhat anemic. Those near the bottom tend to be coarse, earthy and fibrous. The center leaves of the plant are the most tender and are richest in flavor. They bring the farmer the highest prices when he takes his tobacco to market.
The stripped leaves are strung evenly upon tobacco sticks as they arrive at the barn, and as each stick is loaded, it is placed across the poles inside the barn. The women help in this important task. Soon the interior is festooned with the leaves, each loaded stick carefully spaced so that its burden will receive its share of heat when the fires are lighted. Care is taken not to overcrowd the barn. As it is filled the word is passed to pull no more tobacco for the day.
Now comes the curing. Thermometers are placed so that the heat within the barn can be measured and regulated. A slow fire is started in the kilns. As the flues warm up, the farmer watches the fire carefully because during this early phase the heat within the barn must not be more than twenty degrees above the average temperature outside.
For thirty to forty-eight hours the moderate heat is maintained, depending upon the appearance of the leaf inside. The idea is to bring the tobacco to a bright orange-yellow shade.
As the leaf reaches its proper color the temperature within the barn is slowly raised. The tobacco soon begins to curl and dry. The ventilators are opened so that the damp, sap-laden air will pass out, and the fires are built up to compensate for the loss of heat. Despite the high temperature sixteen to eighteen hours are required in normal weather for all the leaves to dry.
At the end of this period one more vital task lies ahead. The man who is tending the barn is weary now. Day and night he has been feeding the fires and watching the cure. But like a runner at the end of a tiresome race, he must sprint at the finish.
The thick, fibrous stems are not yet entirely dry. Unless they, along with the much thinner membrane of the leaves, are completely cured, the leaf tissue will "scald" or become discolored from a back flow of the sap.
So up goes the fire again. The temperature must be held high until every molecule of dampness is drawn from every stem. Often this takes at least sixteen more hours of firing.
This is no time for the barn tender to go to sleep. He may be operating two or three barns at once. He may be so tired he hardly can keep his eyes open, but without this final spurt, all his work may be useless.
Now is the occasion for one of the all night barn parties for which the tobacco country is noted.
The family and guests assemble to help the barn tender and to celebrate the final curing. There is fried chicken, hoe cake and cool butter-milk. Sweet potatoes and apples are roasted in the embers beneath the kilns. Cider flows. Uncle Joe has brought his banjo and the Walker boys have their fiddles ready. Stories are told; news exchanged.
Light from the glowing kilns shines now upon bright faces. Old hymns are sung. The barn man's drowsiness no longer bothers him. There are friends to help at the fires and share the long night hours. But he must watch the temperature.
Also he has another care. Some of the flues within the barn have become red hot. A faulty pipe, a crack in the kiln, a bit of falling tobacco may set afire the contents of the barn and bring his work to nothing. Carefully he lowers the heat to cool the pipes a bit—but not too much or he will cool the barn. The temperature must stay just as high as he can keep it—safely. Most of the tobacco now is as dry as tinder.
Someone shouts. On the southern horizon there is a glare in the sky. A distant neighbor's barn is burning. There is a groan of sympathy, and some nervous laughter. The barn tender looks at his flues again, and thinks about the time two years ago when one of his own barns flared up almost like a flash of gunpowder when a defective flue gave way.
The fiddlers are playing "Money Musk" and a banjo player is strumming melodiously. The girls are laughing. Over the trees the harvest moon has risen like a giant pumpkin... .
As the merrymakers stroll home through the gray dawn light, the barn tender ducks into the superheated structure to test the stems again, to sniff the hot air. Sometimes he must wait until noon or later before he is satisfied that every leaf from tip to stem is tinder dry. When this happy time comes, he can permit his fires to go down.
Carefully he watches lest a spark find its way into his precious tobacco.
As the barn cools, the outside air flows in and the dry leaves begin to absorb some of the atmospheric moisture. The tobacco becomes soft and pliable again. The barn tender takes a last look to be sure his fire is out, and goes home for a badly needed rest.
Later the loaded sticks are taken down and the tobacco sorted for temporary storage and for sale.
The farmer may have produced a crop of fine quality, thanks to good land, good weather, good luck and hard work. He may have brought out the most beautiful color during his curing. But inevitably in every barn there is some good tobacco and some better tobacco. He must be sure that all of his best center leaf tobacco is in one lot, all of his average leaf in another, and that none of the poor quality creeps into either lot.
Even the most competent farmers frequently have trouble sorting their lots properly and seek the advice of expert professional graders. Few of the farmers have much opportunity to learn the market and its constantly shifting demands. Often, too, in a hurry to finish a long, trying season, they are careless and permit more than one grade to creep into the same pile. This inevitably depresses the value.
Sorting, then, with the greatest possible care, he ties each lot up into little bundles or "hands" of from twelve to twenty-five leaves each, which he places in his storage barn, ready to be hauled to market.
The farmer can relax now. I found him one afternoon sitting on the sill of his last barn, a good-humored, sun-burned giant of a man. He chewed a fragrant leaf reflectively:
"Guess I've had good luck," said he. "The weather wasn't any worse than usual."
"What will the prices be?"
He did not look up.
"I make good tobacco. It's the boys who make the common stuff that have to worry so much about the prices."
He smoothed a beautiful yellow leaf between his hands, as a woman might fondle a bit of fine satin.
"Of course everybody has some mean tobacco. All of it just can't turn out right, but with three thousand pounds of this good leaf, I'm going to have some money to spend, and I'm going to be able to lay something by."
I offered him a cigarette.
"I guess the manufacturers have their troubles too," he said philosophically as he examined it. "They don't get a cigarette like this by accident any more than I make tobacco like this by accident." He waved his yellow leaf. "They don't have weather to bother them much but some years I bet they have the dickens of a time getting enough decent tobacco for their needs. I've known wet seasons when my leaf wasn't fit for bug juice and I could hardly give the stuff away. A man who'd put that leaf in cigarettes would have been a fool. But then again there have been years when I cleared twenty cents a pound or more above all expenses and counting labor, too. But the manufacturers can't let their cigarettes have ups and downs. They've got to keep them up to standard every year. I've often wondered how they do it." | <urn:uuid:52386c90-3634-4f9b-9f42-779ce3ec58f0> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.oldandsold.com/articles09/tobacco-3.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987171.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00294-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978668 | 2,294 | 3.484375 | 3 |
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Gardening is so good for the soul and the only thing better to watch than something grow that you planted by seed with your hands, is to watch the look in a child's eyes when they see something they planted grow. Gardening is a natural for kids. Digging in dirt, being allowed to get dirty, wonderment and excitement, doing something with their own little hands. Well, need I say more?
My grandchildren love Grandma's back yard. I converted a shed into a potting shed for them and, needless to say, we spend a lot of good times out there. I bought them their own little garden tools, finding them at dollar stores and thrift stores. Seeds are very inexpensive so they tried growing several things. Pumpkins, watermelon, tomatoes,string beans and squash.
But, the greatest plant for them was the "Mammoth" sunflower and I recommend this to anyone who wants to garden with kids. They planted them by seed and they grew rapidly. We had no pest problems and they soon reached 9 feet tall. My joy comes from the look in their eyes as the plants grow and it is so much fun gardening with them. Try it with a child and you will plant many wonderful memories!
By Mary from Palm Coast, FL
Whether it was from a parent, a grandparent, a neighbor, or even a teacher, people who garden as adults were usually exposed to the positive aspects of gardening when they were children. Studies show that children, no matter how small, can benefit socially, physically, and academically from participating in gardening. Here are some helpful tips for getting (and keeping) small children engaged in gardening.
It's easy to see how gardening teaches children patience, responsibility, nurturing, and gives them a sense of pride in their accomplishments. According to the National Garden Association, gardening affects children in even more surprising ways. Research shows that children who have access to gardens in their classrooms:
So what about children too young to be in school? They benefit by gardening, too. We all know that a child's early years are a crucial time of mental, physical, social, and emotional development, and that educational experiences during these first years significantly influence the rest of their lives.
With small children, go with the motto "Simple is Best." They have an extremely short attention span and need constant supervision. Keep the space where kids engage in gardening small (e.g. a paper cup, a small window box, or part of a row). Have a few simple activities planned ahead of time (digging for worms, planting seeds, picking flowers) and be prepared to swap them around according to the child's mood.
As children develop in age, so do their imaginations (think tree-forts, fairies, and secret gardens). Let them act out garden dramas through creative play. For example, the life cycle of a butterfly might be acted out through a dance, or by painting a picture or by making up a silly song.
Young children learn best though repetition and practice. When teaching them new gardening skills (like how to use a watering can or how to plant seeds), avoid criticizing and over-correcting them. Instead, teach with encouragement and enthusiasm. Then give them plenty of time and space to practice under more relaxed standards (e.g. don't worry about them planting perfectly straight rows).
Small children develop dexterity and hand-eye coordination at different rates. Struggling with small seeds or heavy bags of soil can make their time in the garden frustrating. To help build their self-confidence, keep tools and supplies size-appropriate to the task (e.g. a small watering can or large seeds for planting).
As early as age 4-5, children begin to show pride and concern about their possessions. They may still delight in flinging dirt and digging up worms (who doesn't?), but they also appreciate having some garden space of their own-especially one with a marker or sign that announces it is their garden. Children this age are discovering their independence and can be left alone (but within site) to conduct their own activities.
The most important thing to remember when gardening with small children is to keep things fun. Let the kids take the lead and if the opportunity presents itself, you can use the moment to fill in the rest of the story (e.g. explain how a seed grows into a plant while the child is covering seeds with dirt).
For more ideas on gardening with kids and information on how to get a gardening program started at your school, visit: www.kidsgardening.org
Planting seeds with your kids is a very rewarding project for everyone. Getting to see the seeds that they planted sprout into plants is fun and educational.
Anyone that takes the time and effort to teach a child to garden will reap great rewards for their effort. Being responsible for tending a garden also fosters a sense of "nurturing" and helps them learn to care for other living things.
I have two little boys and they are growing pumpkins this year in our garden. We bought these little kits for a dollar each but you could use a recycled container and a package of pumpkin seeds just as easily (maybe a yogurt container).
My little granddaughter wanted to help me work in my garden but she needed to wear gloves. I realized the inexpensive stretchy winter gloves that are one-size-fits-all would work for her, and they did. These gloves are often sold for as little as $1.
Kids (of all ages) love to play in the dirt. That makes an activity like gardening naturally appealing to young children. It provides them with exercise, helps grow their self-esteem, and gives them an outlet for creativity.
Ask a QuestionHere are the questions asked by community members. Read on to see the answers provided by the ThriftyFun community or ask a new question.
I have a 4 year old granddaughter. We did a garden together that did OK, but I am looking for other planting projects to do with her. I have 6 big pots that we can put stuff in.
Clarissa from East Chicago, IN
You just have to grow giant sunflowers!
Kids love them as they recognise them easily, and you can have a competition to see whos grows the tallest!
Easy to Grow Good to Use
Herbs - just about any kind
Miniature Ornamental Sunflowers
Johnny Jump Ups ( mini viola) > lovely in pots
Marigolds from seed
Mint - many varieties & great in pots
Ornamental Cabbage - grow well in pots, and look great through into the winter
For a bit of fun. Have your Child grow a carrot forest.
Cut the top end off the carrots. Place a paper towel on a saucer or shallow dish. Add water, add carrot tops. Place in a sunny window. Keep wet watering daily. In about 7 to 10 days they will have a carrot forest! Also, you can grow alfalfa sprouts the same way. My kids loved it. Great for winter gardening and totally fun for kids. Hedera
I plant tomatoes in pots and enjoy them. They flower then have little green tomatoes for a long time before they turn red and are ready to eat. For a child tomatoes may require too much time to reap the reward which can be around July 4th or later depending on the variety. We use a tomato cage to support the heavy branches. I love the taste of home-grown tomatoes so much. I grow one plant of grape tomatoes and one of larger tomatoes for slicing. The funny thing is DH doesn't like fresh tomatoes, so I give the overabundance to neighbors.
Last year growing tomatoes upside down was very popular. I think this site had instructions to make those in a DIY project. If you have a place to hang them, you might search for those.
Have fun and good luck with whatever you plant.
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True gardeners develop the passion early in life . . . and quickly become serious about their newfound reason to awaken each morning.
ThriftyFun is one of the longest running frugal living communities on the Internet. These are archives of older discussions.
If you can, set aside a special area in the garden
where they can grow the flowers and vegetables of
their choice. Decide what kind of garden your child
wants - butterfly, herb, flower, vegetable etc.
Sketch a plan for the garden and mark off the area
in the garden. Turn the soil breaking up any lumps
and condition with organic compost if necessary.
Tip: Buy child's sized gloves, gardening tools and
watering can to make the project fun and more real.
If you don't have a suitable area of ground use
container pots, planter boxes, or even an old half
wine barrel will do.
With very young children it is easier to grow flowers
directly from seed. The roots on seedlings easily
become damaged as they take them from the pots and
transplant into the soil.
Let children choose their own plants and look for
easy germinating types such as Cosmos, Snapdragons,
Sunflowers or spring bulbs such as Daffodils as young
children are typically impatient waiting for plants
to germinate and grow.
For vegetables - carrots, peas and strawberries tend
to be a favorite as they are easy to grow and great
Create a garden journal and take photos as the project
progresses so your child will have something to remember
over the winter months until the next season begins. | <urn:uuid:981f8a3d-4603-470c-ad9b-01c09171ef92> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.thriftyfun.com/Gardening-With-Children-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589757.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717164437-20180717184437-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.958963 | 2,023 | 2.84375 | 3 |
w = 33 - (10.45 + 10√V - V) (33 - T
Where, W is wind chill temperature (temperature with no wind), T is actual temperature in Celcius
V is wind speeds in m/sec
Then we have to find the wind chill temperature given the following information;
a) T - 10 degrees Celcius, v=9m/sec (with step by step information)
b) T = 0 degrees celcius, v = 15m/sec (with step by step work)
c) T = -10 degress celcius, v = 20m/sec (with step by step work in finding answers)
It is so confusing!!!!! | <urn:uuid:ceea55d1-c652-443f-acc8-9b73dc88b1fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.wyzant.com/resources/answers/9795/we_are_told_the_wind_chill_temperature_is_given_by_w_33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106865.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820170023-20170820190023-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.8848 | 146 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Explanatory Notes on the Whole Bible, by John Wesley, [1754-65], at sacred-texts.com
psa 120:4Arrows - The wrath and vengeance of the mighty God, which in scripture is often compared to arrows, and here to coals of juniper, which burn very fiercely and retain their heat for a long time.
psa 120:5Mesech - Mesech and Kedar are two sorts of people often mentioned in scripture, and reckoned amongst the barbarous nations. But their names are here to be understood metaphorically. And so he explains himself in the next verse. | <urn:uuid:40149493-0760-4bf4-b1d7-dd2114e6f5db> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/wesley/psa120.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445679.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00257-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93534 | 130 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Mr. B. M. Patten 3G., an assistant in zoology, has received an appointment from the United States Fisheries Department to go upon a zoological expedition in the North Atlantic. This trip is to be made in conjunction with the work of the "Seneca," a Government patrol vessel.
Last year the large nations of the world agreed to send a skip to the North Atlantic to patrol the region in which the "Titanic" sank, the district traversed by the chief steamship lines. It is the duty of this boat's crew to watch the icebergs and inform the steamships by wireless of the conditions of the route. England equipped and sent out a vessel last year. This year, the United States is sending the derelict destroyer "Seneca." Each year the other countries share the expenses of the expedition.
In addition to this work, the government is sending a zoologist and a physicist. Mr. Patten is the only zoologist to make the trip. Since Mr. Patten has not yet received the apparatus necessary for this work, he has been forced to delay his departure for a few days. He will meet the "Seneca," which has already started, when it comes in to Halifax to coal. Mr. Patten will carry on his investigations when the "Seneca" is not actively engaged in its patrol work. He will study "ocean-ography," in every form, testing the temperature and salinity of the ocean at its various depths. Mr. Patten will leave the "Seneca" about the middle of May. Mr. Patten graduated from Dartmouth in 1911, entering the graduate school here. He is an assistant in Zoology 3, and just obtained his doctor's degree last February. | <urn:uuid:4f5486f6-00ec-487d-9a8b-ef132a855354> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1914/3/14/u-s-to-patrol-n-atlantic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736679756.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215759-00082-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976302 | 358 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Follow the track that intersects the beach access path to the left. This is actually the Bibbulmun Track. There is a lookout part way along, after which the Track steepens considerably. When you reach a fork in the path, turn right. You will soon reach the lookout at the top. Whales are frequently seen from the Conspicuous Beach Lookout from July to October. You may spot the distinctive cloud that is formed as a whale exhales air from the blow-hole on the top of its head. Southern right whales calve and suckle their young in sheltered bays along the southern coast. About the size of a bus, these large stocky creatures weigh up to 80 tonnes and may be 18m long. Despite their size, they are agile and active, and their acrobatic antics can keep whale watchers entranced for hours. However, their commonest behaviour is lying around like logs at the surface. The large head comprises up to a quarter of the total body length, and the lower jawline is distinctively bowed. There is no dorsal fin, but they have broad, triangular and flat flippers. The twin blow-holes produce a high, V-shaped blow. There are horny growths called callosities on various parts of the head. The patterns formed by the callosities are different for each individual. In July and August, humpback whales pass quickly on the way to their breeding grounds in the north, and return in October at a more leisurely pace, when they may be seen breaching and playing quite close to the shore. Humpbacks are the fifth largest of the great whales. Named because of the distinct 'hump' that shows as the whale arches its back when it dives, humpbacks also have knobby heads, very long flippers with knobs on the front edge, and a humped dorsal fin. They are blackish, with white undersides and sides. The maximum length is 18 metres and a mature adult may weigh up to 45 tonnes. | <urn:uuid:cc467c4d-2560-453f-a0c8-5219378c1f46> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://trailswa.com.au/trails/bibbulmun-track-daywalk-conspicuous-cliff-to-rame-head-campsite/points-of-interest/view/742355 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576965.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923125729-20190923151729-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.970533 | 412 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The Steelpan, the only pitched percussive instrument invented in the 20th century, was created in the twin republic islands of Trinidad and Tobago. It has journeyed throughout the decades to evolve into an accepted and celebrated instrument.
Join Suzette Vidale as she speaks about the instrument's origins, evolution and current innovations.
Have fun while learning the proper technique of holding the sticks, stance and playing a steelpan.
Expect to learn a simple song, no musical knowledge required*.
Saturday, September 29, 2012 — 1:30 PM - 2:30 PM
Saturday, September 29, 2012 — 3:30 PM - 4:30 PM
Adults & Children (ages 7 & up)
327 Bathurst Street (Bathurst & Dundas)
This activity is wheelchair accessible.
*Please register at the branch or call 416-393-7653 as space is limited. | <urn:uuid:c35ad956-bc0f-4800-b0e3-cbccc739002c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://ymlp.com/zf24Zj | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202003.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319163636-20190319185636-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.894998 | 187 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Guizailing Sacrifice Site
Guizailing is located in Tianguangdong Village of Dao County in Yongzhou City, where thousands of stone statues which had been buried in the ground surface were discovered. The stone statuses have stretched across a number of dynasties. In a long period, Guizailing is ranked as a forbidden area, and people can go there for sacrifice when there were disasters and chaos caused by war. Based on authenticate, the oldest ones are thousands of years early than the terracotta warriors. The largest stone statues are about 1 meter long and the smallest ones are about 30 centimeter. The lengths for most of the stone statures range from 40 cm to 80cm. Some of the stone statues’ facial contours are clear, and some are fuzzy. The figures of the stone statues have the appearance of warriors in the ancient times. They wear armors with sharp swords in their hands. It’s still a puzzle until now about those stone statues. | <urn:uuid:6f1c0c37-e1de-4ba6-97c2-f025f76de170> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.chinatravel.com/dao-county-attraction/guizailing-sacrifice-site/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701508530/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105148-00003-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961391 | 204 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Editor's note: This editorial has been corrected to reflect the measles advisory for Ellis County was issued in 2018.
A measles outbreak health advisory issued last year by the Texas Department of State Health Services is a reminder that this state is walking down a dangerous path by issuing too many waivers to parents who don’t want their children to get immunization shots required to attend school.
Texas is one of 18 states that allows waivers of school vaccine requirements based on parents’ conscience or personal beliefs. Last year nearly 57,000 students claimed a non-medical exemption from taking otherwise mandatory shots to attend school. Houston, Austin, Fort Worth and Plano all rank among the top 15 metropolitan areas in the nation for vaccine exemptions.
Many of these waivers were granted at the request of parents who still believe the debunked theory that childhood immunization may cause autism or other disorders. Despite scientific evidence that the theory is just plain wrong, Texans for Vaccine Choice has successfully lobbied the Texas Legislature to kill any bill that would make it more difficult to get a vaccine waiver.
The state issued a measles advisory after six cases were confirmed in Ellis County, south of Dallas. The advisory noted that one person with the disease went to the movies at a Waxahachie theater last January. It takes 10-12 days for measles symptoms to show. What if a child at that movie theater wasn’t vaccinated? What if that child went to school not knowing he was contagious. That’s how easily an outbreak can spread.
A public health emergency was declared Jan. 18 in Washington state, where 26 measles cases have been confirmed since the month began. The outbreak was mostly confined to Clark County, Wash., where almost a quarter of all public school students are not vaccinated. Officials said 19 of the 23 cases had never received a measles vaccine. Eighteen are children 10 years old or younger.
For most people, measles means a blotchy skin rash, a runny nose, maybe a cough — but the disease can be fatal. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the last measles death in the United States was recorded in 2015. Worldwide, however, the disease kills more than 100,000 people a year, most of them children with no access to the vaccine that could have saved their lives.
Texas needs to clamp down on the number of vaccine waivers this state is granting. Legislators swayed by “preservation of personal liberties” groups like Texans for Vaccine Choice forget that every freedom has its limits. That is especially so when it comes to protecting the lives of vulnerable children.
“Children have a fundamental right to be protected against deadly childhood infections, just like they are entitled to be placed in a car seat or a safety belt,” said Dr. Peter Hotez, head of the Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development. That shouldn’t be so hard for legislators to understand. | <urn:uuid:1e62aa86-23f1-4a14-b63d-d5eaee9125e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Houston-s-vaccination-exemption-rate-should-13563896.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881984.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703091148-20200703121148-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.969152 | 595 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Through the years, computer os’s emerged because the most integral know element of every computer on the planet. With no operating-system, you almost will not have the ability to make use of a computer. You don’t have to know any complicated instructions settings or codes so that you can make use of a computer using a pc operating-system.
In the actual first couple of many years of computers, os’s weren’t around. But following the invention of effective computers, these were developed. What is known ‘punch cards’ had been accustomed to enter information’s onto a pc before os’s found existence. To obtain the preferred information’s needed on computers, punch card machines where used. But they weren’t everything efficient.
Software engineers could effectively design the very first computer os’s. They considered the truth that existence is going to be simpler if common people like all of us will be able to make use of a computer not understanding much or perhaps noting about complex computer languages.
With the prosperity of early software engineers, there are plenty of computer os’s nowadays available in the realm of computers today. A great deal will also be still being developed even when you are studying this now. Virtually the majority of resent os’s are made using the common user in your mind. A typical computer user are now able to load most software having a simple utilization of a mouse and merely a couple of clicks.
Every system includes a specific function to do behind the curtain. The consumer won’t even have the ability to see or perhaps have to know that they’re there. What these os’s do behind your pc is generally referred to as multiple tasking. It can make utilizing a PC a lot more easily without managing computer sources by hand.
One of the primary fundamental functions every computer operating-system does perform include:
* Managing your Ram (RAM)
* Managing your Hard Disc
* Scheduling of numerous tasks on your pc
* Supplying an acceptable degree of security for your computer, to avoid any exterior party to get into your computer
* To navigate various programs on your computer without notice to spread out them
* And much more
Microsoft Home windows and Apple’s Mac OS would be the world’s most well-known os’s today. Other similar computer os’s are available also. However they got their technologies in the famous two computer leading giants.
When searching for diploma in computing and systems development singapore, you should look for Lithan. The website has been providing to your specific needs in the best manner possible. The company should be able to cater to your computing needs in the right manner. | <urn:uuid:159973f8-8c52-4d95-960e-def615fd8486> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://reuters-articles.net/understanding-your-pc-operating-system.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805894.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120013853-20171120033853-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.951497 | 565 | 3.015625 | 3 |
- What is the smallest and lightest subatomic particle?
- What is smaller than a quark?
- What happens when you split a quark?
- Is a quark made of sound?
- What are the 5 subatomic particles?
- What is smaller than a Planck length?
- Can two photons collide?
- Why can two electrons have the same 4 quantum numbers?
- Who gave the name of electron?
- What is the smallest particle?
- What is the smallest of the three subatomic particles?
- What is inside a quark?
- Why is the God particle called the God particle?
- What particle has no charge?
- Does light occupy space?
- Is there anything smaller than an atom?
- Can two particles occupy same space?
- Do quarks decay?
- How small is a quark?
- What is the heaviest subatomic particle?
- Which subatomic particles carry a negative charge?
What is the smallest and lightest subatomic particle?
Electron, lightest stable subatomic particle known.
It carries a negative charge of 1.602176634 × 10−19 coulomb, which is considered the basic unit of electric charge.
The rest mass of the electron is 9.1093837015 × 10−31 kg, which is only 1/1,836the mass of a proton..
What is smaller than a quark?
In particle physics, preons are point particles, conceived of as sub-components of quarks, and leptons. The word was coined by Jogesh Pati and Abdus Salam, in 1974. … More recent preon models also account for spin-1 bosons, and are still called “preons”.
What happens when you split a quark?
Scientists measuring the attractive force of two quarks are stymied because when one tries to separate a quark from a proton or neutron ends up with the original particle plus a meson (quark-antiquark pair). The meson is created from the extra energy used to pry the quark out of the proton or neutron.
Is a quark made of sound?
Both protons and neutrons are made out of quarks and gluons. … The quarks – based on present-day knowledge – have nothing to do with sound (vibrations of air molecules). However, some (yet unproven) theories suggest that they might be vibrations of a multi-dimensional space. The theory is called Superstring Theory.
What are the 5 subatomic particles?
Subatomic particles include electrons, the negatively charged, almost massless particles that nevertheless account for most of the size of the atom, and they include the heavier building blocks of the small but very dense nucleus of the atom, the positively charged protons and the electrically neutral neutrons.
What is smaller than a Planck length?
Originally Answered: Is there anything smaller than a Planck length? There is no even theoretically possible measuring device that can measure differences between two locations that are closer together than a Planck length. Thus, the Planck length is the smallest possible unit of measurement.
Can two photons collide?
However, two photons heading towards each other can indeed collide indirectly. … A photon can spontaneously degenerate into a particle with mass and its antiparticle in a process known as pair production. In this process, the energy of the photon is completely transformed into the mass of the two particles.
Why can two electrons have the same 4 quantum numbers?
There are four quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms). No two electrons in the same atom can have the same four quantum numbers. Each quantum number describes a different aspect of the electron and its orbital. These numbers are obtained from the solution of the Schrödinger Equation for atoms in spherical coordinates.
Who gave the name of electron?
During the 1800s it became evident that electric charge had a natural unit, which could not be subdivided any further, and in 1891 Johnstone Stoney proposed to name it “electron.” When J.J. Thomson discovered the light particle which carried that charge, the name “electron” was applied to it.
What is the smallest particle?
Today, we know that atoms do not represent the smallest unit of matter. Particles called quarks and leptons seem to be the fundamental building blocks – but perhaps there is something even smaller. Physicists are still far from understanding why a proton has about 2,000 times more mass than an electron.
What is the smallest of the three subatomic particles?
Answer and Explanation: Of the three subatomic particles, the electron has the smallest mass.
What is inside a quark?
A quark is a tiny particle which makes up protons and neutrons. Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. It was once thought that all three of those were fundamental particles, which cannot be broken up into anything smaller. … Only up and down quarks are found inside atoms of normal matter.
Why is the God particle called the God particle?
The story goes that Nobel Prize-winning physicist Leon Lederman referred to the Higgs as the “Goddamn Particle.” The nickname was meant to poke fun at how difficult it was to detect the particle. It took nearly half a century and a multi-billion dollar particle accelerator to do it.
What particle has no charge?
NeutronNeutron, neutral subatomic particle that is a constituent of every atomic nucleus except ordinary hydrogen. It has no electric charge and a rest mass equal to 1.67493 × 10−27 kg—marginally greater than that of the proton but nearly 1,839 times greater than that of the electron.
Does light occupy space?
Explanation: In simple terms, light is electromagnetic radiation, and is therefore composed of photons. Photons do not have mass nor do they occupy space, therefore they are not classed as matter.
Is there anything smaller than an atom?
In the physical sciences, subatomic particles are smaller than atoms. They can be composite particles, such as the neutron and proton; or elementary particles, which according to the standard model are not made of other particles.
Can two particles occupy same space?
The laws of physics says that two objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time. … The “law of physics” you’re referring to is the Pauli exclusion principle , which states that two identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin ) cannot occupy the same quantum state simultaneously.
Do quarks decay?
Quarks cannot exist as singlets and therefore, cannot decay on their own into anything. It is known however, that a neutron consists of two down quarks and one up quark, while a proton consists of two up quarks and a down quark.
How small is a quark?
It is, as one might expect, very small indeed. The data tell us that the radius of the quark is smaller than 43 billion-billionths of a centimetre (0.43 x 10−16 cm).
What is the heaviest subatomic particle?
ElectronsElectrons are negatively charged and are the heaviest subatomic particle.
Which subatomic particles carry a negative charge?
A third type of subatomic particle, electrons, move around the nucleus. The electrons have a negative electrical charge. An atom usually contains an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. | <urn:uuid:f3a88d30-fd93-4336-a3e0-0a42b71b7a58> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://theshippingforecastmusic.com/qa/what-is-the-smallest-subatomic-particle.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038917413.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419204416-20210419234416-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.9321 | 1,592 | 3.296875 | 3 |
What were the beliefs of transcendentalism, and how did American writers incorporate them into their work?
Transcendentalism is a term used to describe writers who have certain beliefs. These writers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller, believed there was a relationship between humans and nature. They also believed in listening to one's conscience. They focused on emphasizing spiritual concepts over material ones. They believed that people have the ability to "transcend" or move past what they are experiencing from their senses. Thus, we see these writers tackle important issues about which they had very strong feelings. Margaret Fuller wrote about the need for equal rights for women. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote about ending prejudice. He also believed everybody was good. He encouraged Americans to look at themselves for ideas instead of looking toward other countries and people from other countries. Henry David Thoreau believed in civil disobedience. He refused to pay his taxes because he was against the war with Mexico. Thoreau also tried to live very closely with nature. He spent two years living at Walden Pond being tied very closely to nature and not pursuing material wealth. Transcendentalist ideas were a part of some American writers (especially in New England), and the beliefs of the movement are reflected in their writing. | <urn:uuid:4dee37c2-1c3a-416b-bbdc-d7d5083c69bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-were-beliefs-transcendentalism-how-did-495836 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806620.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122175744-20171122195744-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.983451 | 263 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Is the Hawaiian Language Dead or Alive?
Thousands more young people today speak ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i (Hawaiian language) than did their counterparts 30 years ago. Or at least they’re schooled in it. But is that enough to revive a language?
(page 4 of 4)
The Rebirth of the Hawaiian Language • a Timeline
The State Constitutional Convention designates Hawaiian as one of the state’s official languages.
UH Mānoa initiates a B.A. in Hawaiian language and a companion degree in Hawaiian Studies.
The state Department of Education (DOE) receives money from the state to begin a comprehensive sequential program of instruction in Hawaiian language, culture and history in public elementary schools.
UH Hilo initiates a Hawaiian Studies degree taught in Hawaiian. It's the first time that Hawaiian has been used as a medium of government-funded education since 1895.
A survey estimates that about 1,500 people remain in Hawai‘i who can speak Hawaiian fluently, fewer than 50 of them children.
Hawaiian-language teachers Ilei Beniamina, Hōkūlani Cleeland, Kauanoe Kamanā, Larry Kimura, No‘eau Warner, Koki Williams and Pila Wilson meet on Kaua‘i to discuss the dismal state of the Hawaiian language. They form a grassroots organization, ‘Aha Pūnana Leo Inc., “The Language Nest Corporation,” on Jan. 12.
The first Pūnana Leo preschool opens with 12 students in Kekaha, Kaua‘i.
A bill is submitted to the Legislature to provide Pūnana Leo with the same status accorded private foreign-language schools. Another bill to allow Hawaiian as a medium of education in Hawai‘i public schools is submitted. Neither bill passes.
Pūnana Leo O Honolulu opens in Kalihi. Pūnana Leo O Hilo opens. Inadequate funding results in strong parent participation via in-kind service. This develops into a hana makua, or “parent-participation,” component.
The Hawai‘i state Legislature passes bills removing legal barriers for Pūnana Leo and allowing Hawaiian as a medium of instruction in public schools.
The Hawaiian Lexicon Committee is established to create words for current new concepts in the progression of time, with emphasis on the curriculum content of the Hawaiian Language Immersion Program.
The DOE opens the first elementary indigenous-language immersion classes in the United States, on a trial basis, at Keaukaha Elementary in Hilo, and Waiau Elementary in Pearl City.
The state Board of Education reviews the immersion program and deems it successful. Kula Kaiapuni is allowed to continue another year.
The Hawai‘i state Legislature passes the Native Hawaiian Education Act (NHEA). drawing attention to the high literacy rates of Hawaiians at the time of annexation and the sharp drop during the period of American control.
Eighty children on four islands attend preschool at Pūnana Leo.
The state Legislature establishes the Hale Kuamo‘o Hawaiian Language Center at UH Hilo to provide support and curriculum materials.
‘Aha Pūnana Leo receives funding through the U.S. Department of Education under Title IV.
President Bill Clinton signs the Native American Languages Act, sponsored by Hawai‘i’s Sen. Daniel Inouye, partly modeled on the 1987 Native American languages resolution of the Hawai‘i state Legislature.
Nearly 500 children, ages 2 to 11, are to be taught in Hawaiian in the academic year. The Board of Education approves continuation of the Kula Kaiapuni Hawai‘i program through grade 12 with one hour of English a day beginning in fifth grade.
The Department of Hawaiian Home Lands commissioners approve the site on Hawaiian Homes Land at Waimea, Hawai‘i, for Pūnana Leo O Waimea.
Hōkūle‘a returns from the South Pacific, and U.S. Customs agent Lyons Naone conducts his inspection in Hawaiian.
Four hundred children are enrolled in Kula Kaiapuni.
Hui Hi‘i Pēpē, a mother-infant play group, begins at the future Pūnana Leo O Kona site. Pūnana Leo O Kona expands to a full-day preschool.
Ni‘ihau families on Kaua‘i form Hui Ho‘ona‘auao O Nā Mākua and request Hawaiian as a medium of education for their children through sixth grade at Kekaha School. Parents boycott the public schools when the request is denied.
Children in Pūnana Leo are now at 155. Enrollment in DOE immersion programs for grades K-6 is offered at six schools, with more than 600 students. Enrollment in classes at UH Mānoa has risen to nearly 1,700 from 700 in 1989. State funds for immersion classes: $900,000.
Leokī, the first computer bulletin-board system operating in a Polynesian or Native American language, is established, and Kualono, the website of the Hale Kuamo‘o, debuts on the World Wide Web.
The deed with which the Navy conveyed the island of Kaho‘olawe to the state is written entirely in Hawaiian and the 6-and-a-half-hour ceremony on the former Target Island is conducted entirely in Hawaiian.
OHA runs a TV ad featuring several people speaking Hawaiian with English subtitles.
‘Aha Pūnana Leo assists Hilo Kula Kaiapuni families in renting a building for an intermediate/high school program to be named after the noted Hawaiian scholar and politician, Joseph Nāwahīokalani‘ōpu‘u. OHA provides a grant of $2.1 million to ‘Aha Pūnana Leo to purchase a permanent site near Hilo to house the Nāwahīokalani‘ōpu‘u program. Nāwahīokalani‘ōpu‘u becomes the first of three model school programs administered by ‘Aha Pūnana Leo in partnership with DOE and Ka Haka ‘Ula o Ke‘elikōlani.
Pūnana Leo enrollment reaches 219. More than 1,500 students are enrolled in Kula Kaiapuni. In addition, 1,800 people are taking Hawaiian language in public high schools.
The Board of Education approves Ānuenue Elementary on O‘ahu as the state’s first kindergarten-to-high-school total immersion site.
Gov. Benjamin Cayetano proclaims 1996 to be the “Year of the Hawaiian Language.”
Sixteen-hundred students are enrolled in public and private immersion classes, with 2,500 taking ‘Ōlelo classes in high school, and 2,500 are enrolled in college courses.
Ka Haka ‘Ula O Ke‘elikōlani College (at UH Hilo) begins its two-year master's program in Hawaiian Language and Literature, the first master's program focusing on, and taught entirely in, a Native American language. Twelve students enrolled in the first class.
Kahuawaiola Hawaiian Medium Teacher Certification Program at Ka Haka ‘Ula O Ke‘elikōlani College becomes the first teacher certification program conducted entirely in a Native American language.
‘Aha Pūnana Leo funds translation of the popular Netscape Web browser into Hawaiian, the first indigenous language to be used and only the second non-English translation completed independently of Netscape Communications.
The first edition of Māmaka Kaiao: A Modern Hawaiian Vocabulary is published by the Hawaiian Lexicon Committee.
The immersion program now encompasses 16 public schools with about 1,600 students and a $1.1 million statewide budget.
For the first time in more than 100 years, a class of students educated entirely in Hawaiian from kindergarten to 12th-grade graduates. Five seniors graduate at Nāwahīokalani‘ōpu‘u and six at Ānuenue. All Nāwahīokalani‘ōpu‘u seniors also pass a university English composition placement examination.
Kamehameha Schools establishes a strategic plan that includes among its goals and priorities the cultivation, perpetuation and practice of ‘ike Hawai‘i, including the Hawaiian language. All Kamehameha students will be required to learn some Hawaiian.
Maui graduates its first immersion senior class from Ke Kula Kaiapuni Ki‘eki‘e ‘O King Kekaulike.
Kaua‘i graduates its first immersion senior class from Ke Kula Kaiapuni Ki‘eki‘e ‘O Kapa‘a.
The first M.A. degree in Hawaiian Language and Literature is awarded at UH Hilo, to Hiapo Perreira, marking the first time in the nation a student has received an M.A. in any Native American language.
Apple Computer introduces Hawaiian-language support into Macintosh OS X 10.2 (“Panther”), which includes a Hawaiian keyboard in all of its new computers and the ability to type ‘okina (glottal stop) and kahakŌ (macron).
The first Hawaiian-language classes are offered via the Internet, through Leokī (“strong voice”), taught by Ka Haka ‘Ula O Ke‘elikōlani to 14 students in seven states. Subsequent classes included students from more than 20 states, Japan, Switzerland and Germany.
The Honolulu Star-Bulletin publishes Kauakūkalahale (“the rain of Honolulu”), the first Hawaiian-language column in a mainstream daily newspaper since 1949.
Ulukau, the Hawaiian Language Digital Library project, goes online, making available more than 100,000 pages of searchable newspaper archives, books, dictionaries, the Hawaiian Bible, Ka Ho‘olina academic journal and other source material in the Hawaiian language.
Bishop Museum’s Hawaiian-language newspapers project, Ho‘olaupa‘i, starts to digitize pages from 125 different Hawaiian-language newspapers published from the early 1800s to mid-1900s. The longest running was Ka Nupepa Kuakoa, in print from 1861 to 1927. It had a total of 125,000 broadsheet pages, or 1 million manuscript pages.
The UH Board of Regents approves UH Hilo’s first doctoral program, Ka Haka ‘Ula O Ke‘elikōlani’s Ph.D. in Indigenous Language and Cultural Revitalization.
Kalena Silva at UH Hilo estimates 6,000 to 8,000 Hawaiian-language speakers throughout the state, most under 30. There are now 19 immersion sites, with 1 percent of the state’s
180,000 public school students attending immersion programs, and 100 students majoring in Hawaiian at UH Hilo.
‘Aha Pūnana Leo institutes a program to support parents who are fluent in Hawaiian and using Hawaiian as the language of their homes before their children enter Pūnana Leo. This Hui Hi‘i Pēpē established at Nāwahīokalani‘ōpu‘u takes children of Hawaiian-speaking working parents as early as 6 weeks of age and cares for them entirely in Hawaiian.
The UH Board of Regents approves offering an M.A. in Hawaiian and an M.A. in Hawaiian Studies at UH Mānoa.
Hawaiian is the only indigenous language in the U.S. that showed growth in the 2000 census.
About 1,800 K-12 students attend immersion programs. The 2008 graduating class had 66 students.
‘Ōiwi TV partnered with Oceanic Time Warner Cable, Kamehameha Schools and ‘Aha Pūnana Leo to establish the first Native-Hawaiian-owned and -operated television station.
Two thousand students attend Hawaiian immersion programs in 16 public schools and six public charter schools.
Hawaiian-language educators petition the federal government to exempt students from English-language testing standards and other No Child Left Behind mandates.
The total of immersion campuses statewide drops to 20; there are more than 450 graduates.
Today there are 11 Pūnana Leo preschools on five islands, as well as 20 elementary, middle and high school immersion schools statewide. Approximately 2,370 students are enrolled for fall 2013.
Scholars estimate that there are 10,000 people who speak the Hawaiian language fluently.
Sources: ‘Aha Pūnana Leo, Hawai‘i State Library, The Honolulu Advertiser, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Spirit of Aloha, additional interviews by Constance Hale | <urn:uuid:146d91b2-0b19-4684-aae3-ee72ea2faa55> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/November-2013/Hawaiian-Dead-or-Alive/index.php?cparticle=4&siarticle=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717783.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00365-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916327 | 2,752 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Negative Stereotype: Non-Christians believe we have a Superficial or Blind Faith.
This essentially means they believe we don’t know what we believe (or don’t really believe what we believe because of our actions) and are uncomfortable and unprepared to discuss our beliefs with others who might disagree. They believe our beliefs are “skin deep”, and don’t go much beyond the Sunday school stories of “Jonah and the whale” or “Daniel and the lion’s den”. They dispute the Bible’s truth; claiming it is full of myth, inaccuracies, and contradictions.
• What’s your definition of having a superficial faith?
A Story to Make It Real:
• “Bible ‘study’ is an exercise in affirming/reinforcing their beliefs, instead of critical inquiry.”
• “Blind faith: willful ignorance, maintaining ignorance even when presented with the evidence.”
Examples: (Do you have any stories to share? What’s the impact of having a superficial faith?)
1. We have faith, but we don’t live as if we truly believe. E.g. it’s fake and superficial. Read Titus 1:16, James 2:14-24
2. Atheist Penn Jillette (Penn & Teller comedy duo) challenges Christians saying “IF you really believe God exists and I’m going to hell, then you SHOULD come talk to me. I admire those that do. If you really believe and DON’T talk to me, then you must really hate me!”
• If we are unwilling to talk to other people about God, what does this say about our faith or what does it say about our love for other people? Read Philemon 1:6
• People are rarely “reasoned” into believing. However, I DO believe having a confident and reasoned defense can propel someone into a self-discovery of God through the Holy Spirit. How well could you defend the Bible or God, which is the object of our faith?
• Jesus says that if we truly love Him, we will obey His commands (John 14:15). How would you respond if you were challenged about selectively picking and choosing which commands from the Bible to obey, or picking and choosing which practices to follow or ignore? Read Exodus 20:9-10, Exodus 21:17, Matthew 15:3-9, Galatians 3:25
• Is it appropriate to continue with a Child-Like understanding after accepting Christ with a Child-Like faith? Read Mark 10:15
What God Say About It (The Bible):
• 1 Peter 3:15 “Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect.”
• 2 Timothy 3:14-17 “But as for you, continue in what you have learned and have become convinced of, because you know those from whom you learned it, and how from infancy you have known the holy Scriptures, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus. All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.”
• Jude 1:3 “Dear friends, although I was very eager to write to you about the salvation we share, I felt I had to write and urge you to contend for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints.”
• 1 Corinthians 3:1-4 “Brothers, I could not address you as spiritual but as worldly—mere infants in Christ. I gave you milk, not solid food, for you were not yet ready for it. Indeed, you are still not ready. You are still worldly. For since there is jealousy and quarreling among you, are you not worldly? Are you not acting like mere men?”
• Hebrews 5:12-14 “In fact, though by this time you ought to be teachers, you need someone to teach you the elementary truths of God’s word all over again. You need milk, not solid food! Anyone who lives on milk, being still an infant, is not acquainted with the teaching about righteousness. But solid food is for the mature, who by constant use have trained themselves to distinguish good from evil.”
• Hebrews 4:2 “For we also have had the gospel preached to us, just as they did; but the message they heard was of no value to them, because those who heard did not combine it with faith.”
Closing Thoughts on Christian superficial faith: (Being Prepared With An Answer)
• Essential vs non-essential beliefs: review the early church statements of belief (creeds)
o Nicene Creed, Confession of Chalcedon, Athanasian Creed, Apostles Creed, Westminster Confession and Westminster Catechisms
o Creeds focus on doctrine of the Trinity (God the father, Son of God-Jesus, Holy Spirit), Jesus being eternal with God, not made or a creation of God, Jesus taking on flesh and becoming human, suffering, dying, and resurrecting after 3 days.
• Understand the history of the church and its splits over theological differences (Eastern Orthodox/Western Orthodox, Protestant Reformation). Some denominations place more emphasis on the Bible, while some emphasizes prophesy or tradition. Is there a perfect denomination or does it really matter, assuming they agree on the essentials?
• Accuracy of the Bible, compilation “canonization” process, and how books were included/excluded over time, rejection of Gnostic gospels, and the translation process
• Defense of the Resurrected Christ – Lee Strobel’s “Case for Christ” focuses on this
• Understand why man needs salvation (original sin, nature of man), that salvation is available for everyone, and how Jesus’ sacrifice made salvation possible (substitution).
• Understanding the transformed life: before and after acceptance of Jesus Christ
• Is action more important than understanding? You don’t have to become a Bible scholar, theologian, or apologist, but you should understand the essential beliefs, decide whether you believe them, praise and worship God according to those beliefs, and be able to offer a reasonable explanation as to why you believe them to be true. | <urn:uuid:0d73bb24-ec40-4d86-bcc5-247909421764> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://truth4freedom.wordpress.com/the-heart-god-revives/negative-christian-stereotype-do-christians-have-a-superficial-or-blind-faith/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578806528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426133444-20190426155444-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.953777 | 1,369 | 2.640625 | 3 |
NASA marks the 45th anniversary of the first moon landing this month while it takes the steps needed for America's next giant leap to send astronauts to Mars.
NASA's Apollo 11 crew landed on the moon July 20, 1969. The world watched 45 years ago as astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set their lunar module, Eagle, down in the Sea of Tranquility, while crewmate Michael Collins orbited above in the command module Columbia.
The agency will commemorate Armstrong's "one giant leap for mankind" through a number of events across, and above, the United States during the next two weeks, as well as on the agency's website and NASA Television.
On Friday, July 18 at 10:30 a.m. PDT (1:30 p.m. EDT), NASA TV will air a live conversation about the future of space exploration with actor, director and narrator Morgan Freeman. He will speak at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, about his personal vision for space. The event also will include NASA astronaut Reid Wiseman participating from the International Space Station.
Also on Friday at 3:30 p.m. EDT, NASA will host a discussion with Buzz Aldrin and astronaut Mike Massimino at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York during the Intrepid Space and Science Festival. NASA also will have exhibits and activities at the festival Thursday, July 17 through Saturday, July 19. For more information about the festival, visit:
On Sunday, July 20 at 7:39 p.m. PDT (10:39 p.m. EDT), when Armstrong opened the spacecraft hatch to begin the first spacewalk on the moon, NASA TV will replay the restored footage of Armstrong and Aldrin's historic steps on the lunar surface.
On Monday, July 21 at 7 a.m. PDT (10 a.m. EDT) from the agency's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA TV will air live coverage of the renaming of the center's Operations and Checkout Building in honor of Armstrong, who passed away in 2012. The renaming ceremony will include NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, Kennedy Center Director Robert Cabana, Apollo 11's Collins, Aldrin and astronaut Jim Lovell, who was the mission's back-up commander. International Space Station NASA astronauts Wiseman and Steve Swanson, who is the current station commander, also will take part in the ceremony from their orbiting laboratory 260 miles above Earth.
Kennedy's Operations and Checkout Building has played a vital role in NASA's spaceflight history. It was used during the Apollo program to process and test the command, service and lunar modules. Today, the facility is being used to process and assemble NASA's Orion spacecraft, which the agency will use to send astronauts to an asteroid in the 2020s and Mars in the 2030s.
On Thursday, July 24 at 3 p.m. PDT (6 p.m. EDT), which is the 45th anniversary of Apollo 11's return to Earth, the agency will host a panel discussion -- called NASA's Next Giant Leap -- from Comic-Con International in San Diego. Moderated by actor Seth Green, the panel includes Aldrin, NASA Planetary Science Division Director Jim Green, JPL systems engineer Bobak Ferdowsi, and NASA astronaut Mike Fincke, who will talk about Orion and the Space Launch System rocket, which will carry humans on America's next great adventure in space.
The NASA.gov website will host features, videos, and historic images and audio clips that highlight the Apollo 11 anniversary, as well as the future of human spaceflight. To explore all the special content, visit:
To join the ongoing conversation on social media about the anniversary and NASA's deep space exploration plans, use the hashtags #NextGiantLeap and #Apollo45.
For NASA TV streaming video, downlink and scheduling information, visit:
For information about the activities, planning and preparations for the next giant leap in space exploration, visit:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California
David Weaver/Bob Jacobs
NASA Headquarters, Washington
firstname.lastname@example.org / email@example.com | <urn:uuid:5e2b5ddd-a505-4c0e-b70f-d216208f9a37> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1667 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297146.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00067-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893769 | 863 | 2.625 | 3 |
You may have heard of the saying, “food is fuel.” What you put into your body ultimately determines how much energy your body will put out.
Every athlete swears by certain foods to give him the boost he needs. The world’s fastest human, Usain Bolt, claims chicken nuggets, Jamaican yams and porridge are his go-to pre-race snacks—but this doesn’t mean you should head to the drive-through before each competition. In reality, there is no specific diet or magic food that will automatically make you faster, stronger or quicker. The best thing to do is eat a variety of healthy, well-balanced meals.
Here are some of the things you should know to help point you in the right direction:
- Do not skip meals.
- Eat four to six meals per day or three meals with snacks in between.
- Eat snacks. This is ok as long as they are healthy foods.
- Always eat breakfast.
- Eat a variety of foods: include various carbohydrates (oatmeal, whole grains, pasta, etc.), proteins (chicken, fish, lean beef), legumes, fruits, vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, etc) in your diet.
- Eat lots of fruit and vegetables. The richer the color the better, as this is a sign that the food has a high content of vitamins.
- Avoid an excessive amount of highly processed foods (high in sugars, oils, fat and flour).
- Eat a sufficient amount of protein for your activity level and specific needs.
- Eat or drink something within 30 minutes after your workout. This will drastically reduce the time needed to recover.
- Drink at least eight glasses of water a day. Better yet, bring a bottle of water with you everywhere, especially to practice.
Eating right will provide a number of benefits, such as consistently better practice sessions (which in turn leads to consistently better races), quicker recovery from practices and races, and increasing your body’s ability to prevent injury. You will both feel better, and perform better.
Your Daily Nutrition
With an event-specific sport like track & field, a distance runner will not necessarily eat like a sprinter and a jumper will not eat like a thrower. If you are a long distance runner, you may need to eat more carbohydrates to fuel muscle, while a sprinter may eat more lean meats to help build muscle tissue. The best thing to keep in mind when you eat throughout the day is to balance out your body’s individual needs based upon your activity or event.
In general, athletes need to include lean proteins (legumes, fish, chicken or beef), carbohydrates, vegetables, fruits and vitamins as part of a balanced, daily diet. Excluding an entire food group can put you at risk of injury, lack of energy, and poor performance.
Proteins and carbohydrates can be found in foods you eat every day. Protein helps repair and build muscle tissue, makes you feel full, and allows your hormones and enzymes to regulate your metabolism and daily body functions. Carbohydrates are converted to glucose in the body, which fuel muscles and give you the energy to both physically train and mentally deal with the stresses of competition. Eat carbohydrates that are whole grain products, this means it contains the entire grain kernel and the fiber, iron and B vitamins have not been removed.
High in Protein: Eggs, Milk, Cheese, Yogurt, Legumes, Lentils, Nuts and Fish Meat
High in Carbohydrates: Breakfast cereals, Whole wheat bread, Rice Pasta Muffins and Rice cakes
The amount of protein and carbohydrates you need depends on the physical demands of your event and your specific demographic. There is no formula to predict the amount of food you should intake–variables like your size, gender, age, energy use and the amount and type of training you do impacts the proportion of protein to carbohydrates in the food you eat.
No matter what the event, make sure you focus on quality over quantity and eat a variety of different foods to give you enough fuel throughout the day. If you are not sure about your diet talk to a trusted sports nutritionist.
Eat Foods Rich in Vitamins
Eating foods rich in protein and carbohydrates is key, but it’s not the only important thing to consider when choosing what to eat. Heavy training, prolonged exercise and high-intensity workouts deplete vitamins and minerals in your body as well. It helps to think of filling your plate with all the colors to the rainbow:
- White: Cauliflower, bananas, onions, potatoes
- Green: Broccoli, lettuce, green apples, grapes
- Blue/Purple: Blueberries, plums, grapes, raisins
- Orange/Yellow: Carrots, apricots, peaches, oranges, cantaloupe, mangoes
- Red: Tomatoes, watermelon, cherries, berries, apples, peppers
Include fruits and vegetables in every meal to help replenish these levels and refuel your body after hard efforts.
Food for Throwers, Sprinters and Jumpers
Many power and sprint athletes believe that increasing their protein intake is the key factor in enhancing muscle mass and strength. This is not necessarily true. The best way to maintain and achieve this goal is by eating a mixed diet of proteins, carbs, and fruits and vegetables.
Think of carbohydrate-rich foods as the fuel that gives your body the energy it needs to workout. Protein-nutrient foods give your body something to build on. If your diet lacks either of these, you will not achieve the power and speed needed to improve on the track, the runway or in the ring. It is also important to stay away from foods and drinks that contain excess fat, sugar or alcohol.
If you are a thrower, your body mass or body fat may be higher than other athletes and vary with each individual. The goal is to be at your most functional, high performance body weight to achieve a power to weight ratio. If you need to reduce your body fat levels, do so reducing simple carbohydrates, while still maintaining a nutrient-rich diet.
Some throwers (and even some sprinters) have been known to cut their carbohydrate intake during the track season. Some cut out carbs completely or eat it only before a competition. Those who have done it properly have seen their results improve dramatically. If you are considering trying this out, do it with the guidance of your couch and the support of a sports nutritionist! He or she will be able to help you do this in a safe way. Do not practice this on your own!
Food for Middle-Distance Runners
Some distance athletes are overly concerned about a low body-fat count and think lighter is always better in the endurance events. This can be a very dangerous obsession—too few calories results in muscle fatigue, nutritional deficiencies, injury, illness, and hormonal imbalances.
Middle-distance runners do both endurance and resistance types of training and need to find the balance between their protein and carbohydrate intake. They also need to frequently restore their glycogen levels. It can be hard to eat before or after workouts because of the intensity of the training, but it is also one of the easiest things a middle distance athlete can do to optimize recovery.
Middle distance runners should also pay extra attention to their iron levels—especially if you are a woman. It is important to eat red meat, liver, seafood, iron-fortified breakfast cereals and green leafy vegetables are at least two to three times per week to keep or restore high iron levels.
Food for Long-Distance Runners and Race Walkers
Distance runners need to eat more carbs than most athletes since endurance training quickly depletes glycogen levels.
Meals and snacks should be carbohydrate-rich, including breads, pastas noodles, whole grains, fruits, legumes and starchy vegetables. Protein-rich foods and vegetables should also be consumed to balance all other nutrition goals.
If you know that your workout or race is going to be tough, schedule your meal about three to four hours before practice. A high-calorie meal is hard to digest, and if you don’t give your body enough time, you may feel uncomfortable at practice.
Snacking is one of the most valuable nutritional strategies for track & field athletes. Snacking does not mean grabbing cookies or candy—it means eating throughout the day (every 2-3 hours) to ensure portion control at mealtime, maintain balanced blood-sugar levels, sustain energy and reduce cravings. Here are some examples of good snacking choices, broken down by timing:
- Before your workout: Eat or drink something high in carbs 60 to 90 minutes before practice. You can also eat something with some protein to curb hunger. Some good examples are fruit with cottage cheese, fig cookies, energy bars, bagel with peanut butter or jam, dried fruits, nuts or a sports drink.
- During your workout: Keep an energy bar or sports drink handy in case you feel sluggish. It may help give you that extra boost.
- After your workout: Eating or drinking something soon after a workout will help tremendously in the recovery. The optimal snack is general thought to have a ratio of 4:1 carbohydrates to proteins and should be eaten within 30 minutes of practice. Chocolate milk, half a turkey sandwich or a fruit and yogurt smoothie would all work well in this situation.
- Before dinner: Sometimes you may not be able to eat dinner right away. If you want to snack before the main meal, make sure it is loaded with fiber and protein. Vegetable soup, salad, hummus with vegetables or yogurt with berries and almonds are all great things to eat shortly before a meal; they’re very healthy, and won’t fill you up.
- Before bedtime: Some nights you may need a bedtime snack, so make sure to choose a food with protein and complex carbohydrates (like high-fiber cereal). Try not to eat sugary foods, since they can interfere with your sleep. A frozen yogurt bar, cereal with milk, instant oatmeal or low-fat cheese and crackers would all work to this end.
Whenever you snack, aim to eat fruits, vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats.
How to Eat on a Competition Day
On the day of a competition, don’t try anything new or drastically change your eating habits. Find what foods and drinks work best for you by testing them out during tough workout days or more low-key meets, then stick to what works the day of real competition.
- Sometimes athletes get pre-event jitters and have a hard time keeping food down or eating at all the day of a competition. Make sure you prepare for the nerves by eating well the day before your event.
- Drink water throughout the day. Don’t wait until practice to get hydrated—try filling a water bottle at least halfway and make it a goal to drink the whole thing gradually before the workout.
Consuming both water and a sports drink will help to quickly replace your electrolytes. And when the weather is warmer, drink more fluids to minimize dehydration.
Always Treat Yourself Well
Think of a sports car. You would put the best oil, gas and fluids in it to make sure the engine stays strong and the car drives fast. Now pretend you body is the sports car and the oil, gas and fluids are actually food, water and vitamins. You want to put the best things in your body to get the best results. | <urn:uuid:a8490897-6725-4733-855b-8224848d9b1e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://vaultermagazine.com/how-to-maintain-a-healthy-diet-for-track-field/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986648481.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014003258-20191014030258-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.94363 | 2,386 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Corvid family of bird includes birds like Crows, Ravens, Magpies, and rooks. All of these birds of the Corvid family are known to be intelligent bird creatures. These birds are adept in doing the following things.
- Using tools
- Planning ahead of time
- Solving puzzles
- Even hold grudges against others
The brains of some birds in the Corvid family have high neuron in the region of the brain which is called nidopallium caudolaterale, or NCL. This part of the brain similar to the Prefrontal Cortex of the human brain which helps us humans solves problems.
One special theme park in France decided to make use of the incredible problem-solving skills of the Corvids to better use.
Six rooks named Boubou, Bamboo, Bill, Black, Bricole, and Baco were trained by Christopher to pick up the trash after people. They are now full-time employees of the Puy du Fou Park located in Les Epesses, four hours drive from Paris, France.
The bird were trained by the Project manager of the park at the “Academy of Falconry” whose name is Christopher Gabroit
He trained them first by picking up cigarette butts and some other small pieces of trash and putting them in the trash box.
Christopher Gabroit started his project by training two rooks at first. He did so by using a cabinet with two doors.
After the birds put the trash in the trash box, the trainer would pull a board to reveal snacks for them. With these treats for them, rooks were happy to pick up small pieces of trash for getting these delicious rewards.
Rooks were able to overcome the trouble with a scam
The rooks tried to deceive Christopher by putting in small pieces of wood in the garbage disposable box instead of garbage.
Now these trash picking birds are working at the park four times a week picking up the trash
De Villiers explained to the media that the purpose of this project is not to clean up the park as it is already clean enough
These birds are there to educate the visitors in the park to not litter.
This post was created with our nice and easy submission form. Create your post! | <urn:uuid:b961eede-e356-4566-b011-7fd77128cc97> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://luveurpet.com/theme-park-in-france-has-6-crow-employees-to-pick-up-trash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249530087.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223183059-20190223205059-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.964873 | 469 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Course detail: Ankle sprains, chronic pain , instabilities, dance injuries, sports injuries of ankle and foot are some of the most common diagnoses of the foot. In addition to these musculoskeletal diagnoses underlying conditions such as cancer, osteomyelitis, stress fractures, to name a few, presents with similar symptomatology which makes it difficult for a clinician to diagnose the real underlying condition.
Unlock the expertise you need to excel in ankle and foot physiotherapy with our comprehensive course. Learn to apply advanced musculoskeletal evaluation strategies to pinpoint and assess injuries effectively. Discover how to identify red flags, yellow flags, and physician referral criteria, ensuring safe and informed patient management. Gain the skills to differentiate between systemic and musculoskeletal diagnoses, enabling precise therapeutic interventions or referrals to physicians or emergency services when necessary. Elevate your physiotherapy practice in ankle and foot care with our specialized training.
1. Demonstrate the practical application of musculoskeletal evaluation strategies specific to the ankle-foot joint to identify and assess musculoskeletal injuries effectively.
2. Evaluate red flags, yellow flags, and physician referral criteria to make informed clinical decisions for patients with ankle and foot conditions, ensuring patient safety and proper management.
3. Distinguish between systemic and musculoskeletal differential diagnoses, enabling the accurate identification of therapeutic needs or appropriate referrals to physicians or emergency services in ankle and foot cases.
Audience: Physiotherapists, Physiotherapy students , Physiotherapy assistants , orthopedic nurses, Orthopedic students, Athletic trainers | <urn:uuid:44c9bec1-7b34-4433-ac2a-b6775433e22d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://physiotherapyonline.net/courses/differential-diagnosis-of-the-ankle-and-foot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.866938 | 329 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A non empty subset H of a group G is a subgroup of G if, under the binary operation defined on G, H is a group.
In order to test whether a subset is a subgroup it is sufficient to complete the following three tests:
For example, the even integers are a subgroup of the integers under addition. Certainly the identity 0 is an even integer, the sum of two even integers is an even integer and the inverse of an even integer is an even integer.
The rotations and the identity in are a subgroup of . However, the reflections in together with the identity do not constitute a subgroup.
For any group G and , let be the subset defined by . This is a subgroup of G and is the cyclic subgroup generated by x. So, in the non zero real numbers under multiplication the set is a cyclic subgroup.
A very important result concerning subgroups of finite groups is Lagrange's Theorem which states that the order of a subgroup divides the order of a group.
With regard to finite cyclic groups, if G is a finite cyclic group of order n and x is a generator, then is a cyclic subgroup of order . Indeed, every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic. Now Lagrange's Theorem would tell us that a cyclic subgroup of a finite cyclic group of order n must have order a divisor of n. In this case, the converse is true, namely, for every divisor m of n there is a cyclic subgroup of order m. It is generated by where x is a generator of the cyclic group and k satisfies km = n. This converse statement is not true for groups in general. | <urn:uuid:69ec44b5-e6d8-44a3-be1f-b1b23c628fd8> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.math.csusb.edu/notes/advanced/algebra/gp/node5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398449793.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205409-00234-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928411 | 362 | 3.484375 | 3 |
So, you’re reading a tutorial on creating comics. Congratulations! You must be interested in one of the oldest and most popular forms of visual arts in the world.
What? – Comics? – Old? – The medium of Superman and the X-Men, old? Yes!
First, let us examine, what is "comics"? Is it brightly colored kiddie books, with shallow plots and one-dimensional characters? Well, some are. However, I believe—and, if you are reading this, I hope you believe—that "comics" (sometimes referred to as sequential art or graphic storytelling) is a broad, flexible, and powerful artistic medium. It is capable of effectively transmitting information and communicating messages, limited only by the imagination of the artist.
In this series of tutorials, I will attempt to aide the beginning creator in understanding the complete process of creating a comic, while also giving those with some experience some good tips. I will endeavor to help those who are completely unfamiliar with it, to learn to respect this fascinating medium. Future tutorials will start with the broadest concepts (definitions, history), move on to the process in its biggest steps, then get down to the details of the skills necessary to successfully work with this medium.
Definition and Early History
Let’s start by defining "comics". Scott McCloud, in Understanding Comics, defines comics as "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer." In other words, if an artist creates two or more images and places them in such away that you are supposed to look at them in a certain order to get the point, that’s comics. To narrow it down to a definition more useful (and simpler) to us, it is a series of pictures that tell stories or make a point. Note that this definition allows for words to be part of the image or not, as the artist sees fit.
Some of the earliest man-made images known, prehistoric cave paintings, may fit that definition. The earliest written languages started out as pictorial representations of things and events. Egyptian painting, Greek vases, Roman relief, a Mayan manuscript, all have shown sequential images telling a story. The Bayeux Tapestry is particularly recognizable as a comic. It even uses text and illustrations together. The advent of printing created a mass audience and the beginning of mass literacy. Comics, telling the lives of saints, or the sins of man, were popular topics.
The First Modern Comics
Today’s comics are more directly descended from political cartoons in broadsides and newspapers from the 18th century. Though in the strictest sense, many of these cartoons are not "comics" (they were usually just one image, not a sequence), they did establish much of the language of comics today, most especially the use of words and images together. We will examine that specific language in other tutorials.
Throughout the 19th century, the art of the political cartoon was brought to fantastic heights. Even by the end of the century, photographs had not completely taken over the illustrative duties, so illustrators were in high demand. A high standard of draftsmanship had developed. More sensational illustrations and cartoons served a sensation-seeking audience. In this environment, the first "comic strip," which became known as Yellow Kid, appeared in the New York World, February 16, 1896. The New York American collected these strips into the first book of comics in 1897. For the next thirty years or so, comics were usually found in the newspapers, with collected books and occasional attempts at original-material books showing up in various formats and places. The term "comic book" was first applied to a collection of newspaper reprints called Comic Book, published in 1917.
The Big Jump
In 1933, the first modern American comic book was published, Funnies on Parade. This was full-color, and about half the size of a tabloid newspaper. It was given away as a premium. Then Max C. Gaines (father of William C. Gaines of EC comics and Mad Magazine fame) got the idea of putting 10-cent stickers on a stack of comics and leaving them at a newsstand. They sold out over the weekend. The following year, Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson started publishing New Fun Comics, a book of all original material, with advertisements. His comic company went on to become DC Comics.
In 1938, the single most defining event in American comics occurred. Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, after working for several years on the concept, finally saw the publication of what would be their most successful creation, and possibly the greatest icon of the western world: Superman. The popularity of this character gave comic sales a rocket boost and established the super-hero as the dominant genre in comics for most of its history.
Continued on Pg. 2: Comics Today
To support this site, we have partnered with Amazon.com. By clicking on the title, the cover graphic or the link next to it, you can purchace the books on the suggested reading list. A portion of the proceeds will go to supporting this site.
Cerebus Guide to Self Publishing, Dave Sim; Format: Paperback, 96pp.; ISSN 0712-7774; Publisher: Dave Sim.; Pub Date: 1997
Comics & Sequential Art Will Eisner; Format: Hardcover ISBN: 0-9614728-0-4 and Paperback, ISBN: 0-9614728-0-2; 154pp; Publisher: Poorhouse Press; Pub. Date: 1985
The Comic Book in America: An Illustrated History, New Updated Edition , Mike Benton; Format: Paperback, 207pp.; ISBN: 0-87833-835-7; Publisher: Taylor Publishing Co.; Pub. Date: 1993
Graphic Storytelling Will Eisner; Format: Hardcover ISBN: 0-9614728-3-9; Paperback, ISBN: 0-9614728-2-0; 164pp; Publisher: Poorhouse Press; Pub. Date: 1995
Over 50 Years of American Comic Books Ron Goulart; Format: Hardcover, 320pp.; ISBN: 0-88176-396-9; Publisher: Publications International, Ltd.; Pub. Date: 1991
Understanding Art Lois Fichner-Rathus; Format: Paperback, 520pp.; ISBN: 0-13-932203-5; Publisher: Prentice-Hall, Inc.; Pub Date: 1992
Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art Scott McCloud; Format: Hardcover, ISBN: 8-87816-244-3 and Paperback, ISBN: 0-87816-243-7; 215pp.; Publisher: Kitchen Sink Press Inc.; Pub. Date: 1993
Comic Book Confidential
Comic Book Collector
Click here for a thorough list of books and videos for comics creators.
Use theze links to find more resources on Amazon.com:
Pg.2: Comics Today
Pg.3: Terms of the Trade
The Process of Creating a Comic
Writing: Story and Plot
Penciling: Tools: Short Answers
Penciling: Tools: Furniture and Paper
Penciling: Tools: Pencils and Erasers
Penciling: Tools: Straightedges and More
Penciling: Creating Characters
Penciling: Character Sheets
Penciling: Props and Vehicles
Read Zorikh's comics
Go to the Watch This Space catalog of products
Go to the Watch This Space Home Page
Go to Zorikh's home page | <urn:uuid:1744b1c1-6b34-4a02-925d-b234075ecf77> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://reocities.com/watchthisspaceent/tutorial1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021227262/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305120707-00059-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917199 | 1,589 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The designs for the 1946 Peace issue were prepared in 1943 by James Berry
who designed many of the 1940 Centennial stamps. They were greatly admired
and when Stanley Gibbons ran a competition to determine the 12 best stamp
designs of 1945 and 1946, four of the stamps came from this issue, with the
nine penny view of Franz Josef Glacier winning first prize.
quantities of sheets of this issue were purchased by returning servicemen
as investments, making this issue very easy to source, even
All stamps were recess printed except the 1½d and
shilling stamps which were the first New Zealand stamps to be printed by
The halfpenny stamp features Lake Matheson with the
Southern Alps in the background, including Mount Cook and part of the Fox
The penny stamp shows Parliament House in Wellington with a
portrait of King George VI inset in an oval frame to the left.
1½d stamp has Saint Paul's Cathedral in London superimposed over
the Union Jack in the background with a large 'V' for victory and
laurel sprays on each side. Below Saint Pauls is inscribed "This was
their finest hour". James' original design featured a portrait of
Winston Churchill in the place of Saint Pauls - this was the only stamp
where the design had to be altered as at that stage, only the portraits of
members of the royal family, or dead famous people could be included on
The twopence stamp features the Royal Family - King George
VI, Queen Elizabeth, Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret in a frame in
the shape of the Royal Crown. At the top is inscribed "In Peace, long
may they Reign"
The 3d stamp features the badge of the Royal
New Zealand Air Force with the aircraft that New Zealanders flew alongside
the RAF during the Battle of Britain to the left. To the right are civilian
aircraft that the pilots will fly in peace with a white dove in the top
The four penny stamp is a similar tribute to the New
Zealand Army, with a tank in Egypt replaced with a tractor on the farm. New
Zealand forces played a prominent role in in Africa, Italy and the Pacific
during the Second World War.
The five penny stamp completes the
trilogy with a tribute to the Royal New Zealand Navy with HMNZS Achilles in
the war time role and the MV Dominion Monarch on the right.
Achilles, manned by New Zealanders, was one of three British naval vessels
in the Battle of the River Plate in 1939 which tracked down and engaged the
German pocket battleship 'Admiral Graf Spee'. The Graf Spee was
damaged in the battle and docked for repairs in the neutral port of
Montevideo, but was forced by international law to leave within 72 hours.
Faced with what he believed to be overwhelming odds, the German captain
scuttled his ship rather than risk the lives of his crew.
the war, the Dominion Monarch was the largest ship in the Australasian
trade and with a low passenger to crew ratio, offered exceptional luxury
and service. During the Second World War she was stripped of her fittings
and utilised as a troop transport eventually bringing New Zealand troops
home after the war. She was refitted and returned to her former role after
The sixpence stamp features the New Zealand Coat of Arms
with steel workers to the left and agriculture to the right and various
tools and implements at the bottom under the inscription 'onward'.
At the top of the stamp "freedom from fear and want".
8d stamp features a knight holding a banner with the Cross of Saint George
and the inscription 'their name liveth for evermore'. The image is
taken from a stained glass window at the Wellington College Memorial
The ninepence stamp features the view of the Franz Josef
Glacier and Southern Alps from the Waiho Gorge Chapel window.
shilling stamp has the National Memorial Campanile, Wellington with
heavenly bells ringing on either side.
New Zealand postage stamps
were often overprinted for use in other South Pacific countries such as
Niue, the Cook Islands and Western Samoa, as shown above. | <urn:uuid:a5e50f85-f28f-494c-b100-6b5b1842e7b9> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.stampsnz.com/1946_peace.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145538.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221203000-20200221233000-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.954351 | 884 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Nearly one billion people in Africa to be protected against yellow fever by 2026.
Many people worldwide who fall ill with Tuberculosis have no access to quality care, hence increasing efforts to close this enormous gap will be crucial in the forthcoming years to effectively reduce TB incidence and mortality worldwide.
The final results of a 4-year project to analyse the challenges and opportunities for health in sub-Saharan Africa are now published as a Lancet Commission—The Path to Longer and Healthier Lives for All Africans by 2030—led by African physicians, health scientists, and policy makers.
The year 2018 will mark the 100th anniversary of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. There was no digital communication then to disrupt - or aid - the outbreak response, but there were also far fewer health technologies available, while rapid spread of the virus by plane travel was very limited. In 2018, when we face the next major infectious disease outbreak, it will be a test of how well we use - or abuse - the technologies and knowledge we've gained since 1918.
Access to contraceptives in Africa has not increased at the same pace as elsewhere in the world. Some African nations are investing in family planning services to reduce fertility rates, improve economic development and their population's health. | <urn:uuid:6cb87261-d164-4681-8660-9d4836e5cfc8> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://africahealthnews.com/news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947693.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425041916-20180425061916-00505.warc.gz | en | 0.957358 | 252 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Yellow Hammer is found across the UK all year round, but less commonly seen in the North and West. They are absent from some upland areas, such as the Pennines, Inner Hebrides, Orkneys and the Scottish Highlands.
Male: A small, graceful bird with yellow and green colouring and a medium-length tail which it distinctively wags. It has a bright yellow head and breast and rust-brown tinged wings.
Female: Similar to the male, but with generally darker head markings and more subdued yellow colouring.
Bill: Grey, short and stubby.
Legs: Buff in colour, medium length.
Habitat: Heaths, fields, hedges and gardens.
Behaviour: Hops, perches openly, takes off/lands on vegetation/ground.
Voice: Familiar, “little-bit-of-bread-and-no-cheese” sound.
Nest: Low bush.
Eggs: 3–5. White/purple in colour, blotchy appearance.
Incubation period: 11–14 days.
Fledgeling: 16 days.
Broods: 2–5. April–June.
Food: Seeds, insects and berries.
UK breeding pairs: 1.2 million.
Countrywide No Mess Wild Bird Feed, Countrywide Sunflower Hearts | <urn:uuid:5b138c3e-0ac3-44bc-8f20-d7feef74f58f> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.aejames.com/bird-guides/yellow-hammer-emberiza-citrinella/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987763641.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021070341-20191021093841-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.869741 | 288 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Did you know that an average of 91% of Americans over the age of 20 will have cavities throughout their life? Now, while you can usually treat cavities with regular dentist appointments and preventative care, it’s harder to notice problems with your wisdom teeth.
Cavities and other infections left untreated in your wisdom teeth can actually lead to tooth decay and other significant health problems.
Read on to learn everything you need to know about wisdom tooth decay and how to treat it!
Wisdom Tooth Decay
Third molars, commonly known as wisdom teeth, typically develop between ages 17-21. Even though some form without concerns, they do have a high likelihood of problems, such as cavities or infections.
This is why 59% of orthodontists suggest they be extracted to avoid changing your smile or potential tooth decay.
What Are Signs of Decay?
Are you feeling discomfort in your mouth? This could be a warning sign of tooth decay or infection. Read on to see some symptoms of tooth decay:
- Jaw pain or stiffness
- Persistent gum disease
- Inflamed soft tissue
- Oral cysts or abscess
- Bad breath or taste
If you see any of these signs of decay, seek out your dentist right away. The earlier you seek out healthy solutions, the more options you have for treatment.
How is Tooth Decay Treated?
If you are noticing the telltale signs of tooth decay, it’s time to act! While you may find some relief with warm salt rinses or pain relievers, you will need antibiotics to treat the infection.
At your appointment, the dental team will take X-Rays to see what type of treatment you need. Some examples of treatments are listed below.
- Cavity fillings
- Root canals
- Wisdom tooth removal
If you need to have your impacted or infected wisdom teeth removed, you will need to see an oral surgeon for wisdom teeth removal. Since they are larger than your normal teeth, this is a more extensive procedure than a regular extraction, so you will likely require anesthesia.
Afterward, your gums will be inflamed post-procedure while they heal, but you should be able to be back to work in a couple days.
Tips For Improving Oral Health
Did you know that having an infection in your mouth can affect your heart? Studies show that poor oral health and gum disease can cause cardiovascular problems, like heart disease, heart attack, or stroke. Bacteria from the plaque can break off and enter the bloodstream.
That’s why it’s even more important to maintain a healthy mouth. Check out some tips on how to do that below!
- Brush your teeth twice a day
- Floss everyday
- Add an astringent or salt mouth rinse
- Schedule regular dental cleanings
All of these will help to maintain a healthy smile and focus on preventative care. If you do need additional help, talk to your dentist to find a solution.
The Best Los Angeles Oral Surgeon!
At Synergy Dental Implant and Oral Surgery Center, our team understands how important addressing and treating tooth decay is for your wellbeing.
With over twenty years of hands-on experience, Dr. Vladimir Polyakov has the expertise and skills to treat your tooth decay and get you on your way.
Stop suffering from your wisdom tooth decay symptoms, and contact our oral surgery team today!
We can’t wait to help you at either of our two convenient locations in Reseda or Beverley Hills, CA. | <urn:uuid:4d229a76-6050-4b1c-b697-2334d6809a8f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://synergyoms.com/2021/03/17/wisdom-tooth-decay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150308.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724191957-20210724221957-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.921814 | 738 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Idiom: Stay Put; used as a verb.
“Small children usually have so much energy and can never sit still for very long. You should not expect your three year-old to stay put for very long.”
Meaning: Stay Put is usually used to express the idea of staying in one place and to not move. In the example above, it is very difficult for small children to stay in one place for an extended period of time. This idiom can be used as a general verb to relate the idea of staying in one place. The words, stay and put cannot be separated.
Here is another example:
“If you ever become lost while hiking in the mountains, it is generally a good idea to stay put until help arrives. It might be more difficult for people to find you if you continue to move around without any sense of direction.”
Meaning: In this case, the idiom, Stay Put, is used to express the advice that you should not move around if you ever become lost. It is generally easier for search parties to find a lost hiker if they are still in the general area where they had originally intended to go. In this example, the idiom is being used as a verb.
This idiom is from the book "The Idiom Advantage – Fluency in Speaking and Listening," which is used as primary material in LSI’s Advanced Conversation classes.
For more information, please visit http://www.languagesystems.com/ | <urn:uuid:a191b307-01bc-42bd-800e-d09f8cb6e90e> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://idioms.languagesystems.edu/2013_11_03_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710916.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202215443-20221203005443-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.960744 | 322 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Rights, Remixes, and Respect (9-12)
Students reflect on the differences between taking inspiration from the creative work of others and appropriating that work without permission. Students review their knowledge of copyright and fair use, and examine a case study involving the appropriation of music by a popular band. Students then form groups in which they role-play different stakeholders in the music industry, and then debate the ethical and legal issues involved in using other people’s creative work in practices such as remixes and sampling.
Students will be able to ...
- define the key concepts of inspiration, appropriation, copyright, and fair use and examine how they relate to creative work.
- understand the legal and ethical debates that surround using other people’s creative work.
- consider the perspectives of the original creator, potential audiences, and the broader community when using others’ material.
Alignment with Standards
Common Core State Standards:
Grades 9-10: RL.1, RL.2, RL.4, RL.7, RL.8, RL.10, RI.1, RI.2, RI.4, RI.10, W.2a-f, W.4, W.5, W.10, SL.1a-d, SL.2, SL.3, SL.5, L.4a, L.6
Grades 11-12: RL.1, RL.2, RL.4, RL.7, RL.8, RL.10, RI.1, RI.2, RI.4, RI.10, W.2a-f, W.4, W.5, W.10, SL.1a-d, SL.2, SL.3, SL.5, L.4a, L.6
1c, 2b, 2c, 7b, 7c, 7d
3a, 3d, 4a-d, 5a-f | <urn:uuid:73978076-00f8-4c04-a246-7a61a0297a2a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.commonsense.org/education/lesson/rights-remixes-and-respect-9-12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247506094.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221172909-20190221194909-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.872923 | 411 | 4 | 4 |
But my question was what would be the value when class A is run for the second time (assuming that the threads have incremented the value in the first run of A)?
Look into thread pools in Java Tiger 5.0, Doug Lea's thread packages or the Apache Commons Thread Pool. you could use that technique to increment it every time a thread starts, but be sure to decrement it when the thread ends. Stefan, I am incrementing the count in the run method.
PHP static variable is used to remember the value of a local variable when we call the function in our program.
While your script is running a static variable is only retained by the function , but it is NOT shared with the main code.
Returns the last return value of the function, * * Notes : uses call_user_func_array() so passing parameters doesn't depend on $fun signature * It also returns FALSE upon error.
This means get the current value of x, add one, and then update x with the new value. Although this assignment statement may look a bit strange, remember that executing assignment is a two-step process. Second, let the variable name on the left-hand side refer to this new resulting object.
Assignment to zero, on using static keyword is only for primitive datatypes, not for user defined datatypes.
Among other things, this can be used to implement callbacks, function tables, and so forth.
Variable functions won't work with language constructs such as A good method to pass around variables containing function names within some class is to use the same method as the developers use in preg_replace_callback - with arrays containing an instance of the class and the function name itself.function call_within_an_object($fun)function some_other_fun()class x$x = new x();/* the following line calls $x- If you want to call a static function (PHP5) in a variable method: Make an array of two entries where the 0th entry is the name of the class to be invoked ('self' and 'parent' work as well) and the 1st entry is the name of the function.
In this line, we make an array of months and increases the current value of the $text variable by 1.
This means that if a variable name has parentheses appended to it, PHP will look for a function with the same name as whatever the variable evaluates to, and will attempt to execute it.
Sometimes programmers also talk about bumping a variable, which means the same as incrementing it by 1. | <urn:uuid:c7306a22-f340-4911-bc31-6a53d95714dc> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://it-strateg.ru/php-updating-a-static-variable-4409.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657867.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116195543-20190116221543-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.881668 | 535 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Steam Vacuum Experiment
Edited by David Collins, Eng, Doug Collins
In today's project we will show you how to do make a steam vacuum.
The materials you will need for this project are:
- Oven mitts.
- A deep dish glass container.
- Glass bottle.
- Some ice cubes.
Fill your glass container up with some cold water
Now, fill your glass bottle with water about 4 cm from the bottom
You need to make sure that your glass bottle can be tipped over on its side without water pouring out of it
Once your bottle is partially filled, go ahead and put some ice in your glass container
We need the water to be cold.
Take your bottle filled with the small amount of water and place it in your microwave on full power for 1 minute and 40 seconds
Using your oven mitts, remove your bottle from the microwave then quickly flip the bottle upside down pouring out the excess water inside
Submerge your bottle underwater applying pressure to the bottom
You should feel a rapid force of water rush inside the bottle replacing the space left by the condensing steam.
This experiment works best when you pull your bottle straight out of the microwave then place it directly in your cold water container
The longer you hesitate, the harder it is to get the best results.
If you are wondering why we added ice cubes to cool down our water in the container, it's because we want the steam inside the bottle to cool down and condense at the fastest rate
Since the steam takes up a larger volume of space when it's hot, there is a vacuum created inside the glass bottle once the steam condenses into a denser gas form (when it starts to cool down). This experiment could be done with larger bottles, which would yield a larger vacuum suction force. If you have any questions, feel free to leave them in the section below!
Video: Steam Vacuum Experiment
Arts & Crafts
Recent edits by: Eng, David Collins | <urn:uuid:85c88f44-d4dc-4c12-9486-66ce82004898> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://visihow.com/Steam_Vacuum_Experiment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739048.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813161908-20200813191908-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.900527 | 412 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Editor’s Note: This website is not designed to, and should not be construed to, provide medical advice, professional diagnosis, opinion or treatment to you or any other individual, and is not intended as a substitute for medical or professional care and treatment. For serious.
Cancer is Never a Death Sentence. Here’s a Different Approach…
When we hear someone we love has cancer or if we’re diagnosed ourselves, we feel a grim prognosis. But the worst thing we can do is to succumb to hopelessness. Being diagnosed with cancer does not automatically entail a death sentence.
Instead of asking what disease we have and what drug should be used to treat it—as conventional medicine does—we must ask why the disease has occurred. In this case, what underlying causes lead to cancer?
Functional medicine is a systems-biology approach to personalized medicine that focuses on the underlying causes of disease. It is the medicine of why, not what.
Numerous things can contribute to cancer. Studies show diet, exercise, thoughts, feelings and environmental toxins all influence the initiation, growth and progression of cancer.
If a nutrient-poor diet full of sugar, lack of exercise, chronic stress, persistent pollutants and heavy metals can cause cancer, could it be that a nutrient-dense, plant-based diet, physical activity, changing thoughts and reactions to stress and detoxification might treat the garden in which cancer grows?
I don’t want to oversimplify cancer, but I want to be clear that dietary and lifestyle factors can significantly impact this devastating disease.
The best thing we can do to prevent or control cancer is to control insulin levels with a real, fresh, whole foods, high-fiber diet that minimizes or eliminates sugary, processed insulin-raising foods.
Dr. Dean Ornish showed that after just three months on an intensive lifestyle program, including a whole-foods plant-based diet, over 500 genes that regulate cancer were beneficially affected, either turning off the cancer-causing genes or turning on the cancer-protective genes. No medication can do that.
Cancer results from an imbalance in our system where the immune system can’t fight off tumors. We can do many things to prevent that cancer from getting to its full stage, and if we have cancer, we can possibly make our body inhospitable to that cancer with these strategies:
- Eliminate food sensitivities. In a major study in the Journal of the American Medical Association, hidden gluten sensitivity was shown to increase risk of death by 35 to 75 percent, mostly by causing heart disease and cancer. By just this mechanism alone, more than 20 million Americans are at risk for heart attack, obesity, cancer and death. Dairy and gluten are the most common triggers of food allergies linked to insulin resistance. Temporarily cutting them out of the diet allows the inflamed gut and an inflamed body to heal.
- Reduce inflammation. Inflammation is the common thread connecting most chronic diseases, including cancer. We can reduce inflammation with anti-inflammatory foods, including omega-3 rich foods like wild fish and flaxseeds.
- Improve gut health. Cancer often originates in our gut: Not just colon cancer, but with many cancers. There are currently studies being done on the connection between the gut micro-biome and breast and prostate cancers. Beyond avoiding inflammatory foods, we can reduce gut-based inflammation with probiotics, prebiotics and phytonutrients found in plants like curcumin and resveratrol.
- Reduce toxic exposure. The average newborn has 287 chemicals in his or her umbilical cord blood, 217 of which are neurotoxic. These chemicals have a broad range of negative effects on human biology; they damage the nervous system and increase the risk of cancer. They’ve also been shown to contribute to obesity. Going clean and green means becoming more aware about how environmental toxins affect our health. Visit the Environmental Working Group (EWG) to learn more.
- Change our thoughts to change our immune system. Science shows how we live, our relationship quality, the food we eat, how we use our bodies and the environment that washes over us, determines much more than our genes ever will.
There are numerous strategies to combat or prevent cancer, including sufficient sleep, controlling stress levels and exercising regularly. Numerous supplements, including curcumin and vitamin D, can also help through various mechanisms.
The important thing is to figure out what works for you and develop a plan to stick with it. That might involve working with a functional medicine doctor, chronic disease specialist or nutritionist.
Even if we don’t have cancer, the preventative measures cultivate a healthy soil to create an environment inhospitable to cancer.
It’s scary, but there are things we can do. Please don’t lose hope.
Most people reading this will have experienced cancer, either personally or with family and friends. Did you find a particular mindset helped you cope with the news? Did a particular dietary or lifestyle strategy help you in this situation? Share your story below or on my Facebook page.
Ornish D, et al. Changes in prostate gene expression in men undergoing an intensive nutrition and lifestyle intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 17;105( 24): 8369– 74.
Ludvigsson JF, et al. Small-intestinal histopathology and mortality risk in celiac disease. JAMA. 2009 Sep 16;302( 11): 1171– 78.
http:// www.ewg.org/ reports/ bodyburden2/ newsrelease.php.
Author: Mark Hyman
Editor: Rachel Nussbaum
Photo: Google Images for Reuse | <urn:uuid:22898aaf-aeec-4890-a249-d49771a82d2b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.elephantjournal.com/2015/08/a-functional-medicine-approach-to-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189264.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918221856-20200919011856-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.925693 | 1,187 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Math Worksheets for Grades 1 to 6
For practicing some math skills, there is nothing more effective than a pencil and paper. Our free Math Worksheets complement our K5 Math program.
Preschool and Kindergarten Worksheets
Our printable Preschool and Kindergarten Worksheets help younger kids learn their letters, numbers, shapes, colors and other basic skills.
Reading Comprehension Worksheets for Grades 1 to 5
Our Reading Comprehension Worksheets for grades 1-5 provide passages and questions for reading practice.
Vocabulary Worksheets for Grades 1 to 5
Our Vocabulary Worksheets provide vocabulary and , word usage exercises for grade 1-5 students.
Spelling Worksheets for Grades 1 to 5
Our Spelling Worksheets for grades 1-5 help kids practice and improve spelling.
Grammar Worksheets for Grades 1 to 3
Learn about nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and articles with our free & printable grammar worksheets.
Cursive Writing Worksheets
Kids can practice their handwriting skills with our free Cursive Writing Worksheets.
Practice basic skills with our free math flashcards and reading flashcards. | <urn:uuid:e730b8fc-66c7-489d-a8c5-c35bd3684258> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://rnbdr.xf.cz/310-homework-sheets-for-6-year-olds.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513009.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020163619-20181020185119-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.80157 | 261 | 3.921875 | 4 |
1. wind - verb
· to move or cause to move in a sinuous, spiral, or circular course; "the river winds through the hills"; "the path meanders through the vineyards"; "sometimes, the gout wanders through the entire body"
2. wind - verb
· extend in curves and turns; "The road winds around the lake"; "the path twisted through the forest"
3. wind - verb
· arrange or or coil around; "roll your hair around your finger"; "Twine the thread around the spool"; "She wrapped her arms around the child"
4. wind - verb
· catch the scent of; get wind of; "The dog nosed out the drugs"
5. wind - verb
· coil the spring of (some mechanical device) by turning a stem; "wind your watch"
6. wind - verb
· form into a wreath
7. wind - verb
· raise or haul up with or as if with mechanical help; "hoist the bicycle onto the roof of the car"
8. winded - adjective
· breathing laboriously or convulsively
The only site you need for word puzzles, home work, anagrams and scrabble games. The best site for two word anagram solutions.
Enter the letters to get anagrams for the word
Definitions, synonyms, antonyms and related words
Enter the word below with '?' to indicate missing letters
Enter the word to find the rhymes
Enter the letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word. | <urn:uuid:e39b8507-61d3-4ec0-9c70-a9d6096ae6ca> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | https://www.unscramble.net/modules.php?name=Dictionary&word=winded | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246661095.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045741-00025-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.841811 | 334 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Healthy Diet Helps Kids' Blood Pressure
Serving Up Fruits, Veggies, and Dairy Can Keep Blood Pressure in Check for Years
WebMD News Archive
Jan. 20, 2005 -- Eating lots of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products can help kids avoid high blood pressure into their teen years -- and perhaps, for a lifetime.
It's no secret that kids fare best on healthy diets. Reams of research have shown that's true for healthy weight and development. Kids are also more likely to avoid obesity and eat healthfully as adults if they ate nutritiously as children.
But no one knew if healthy diets also helped kids' blood pressure. It seemed possible, since a healthy diet high in fruits and vegetables has been shown to lower blood pressure in adults.
Also for years, experts have urged grown-ups to restrict their salt to about 1 teaspoon a day. The government's fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products; limiting saturated fats, sugar, alcohol, and salt; and getting plenty of exercise.
However, no studies had been done to see if the same strategy worked for kids.
Kids at Risk for High Blood Pressure
high blood pressure has become more common among children, mostly due to the increasing rates of obesity in children. Up to 750,000 toddlers and school-aged children in the U.S. already have high blood pressure.
is a timely topic. Over the last decade,
All kids should have their blood pressure routinely measured starting at age 3. Monitoring can start even earlier, according to guidelines published last year in the journal Pediatrics.
Those guidelines apply to children younger than 3 who were born prematurely or at a low birth weight. The recommendations also cover those with heart disease, babies who had a long hospital stay after birth, and those taking medications that affect blood pressure. It's normal for blood pressure to rise as kids' bodies mature, so doctors will use charts like "growth tables" to see if a child is on track.
High blood pressure is a big problem for adults. In the U.S., it strikes nearly one in three adults (though many of them don't know it), says the American Heart Association. High blood pressure is called the "silent killer," since it can lead to heart attack, stroke, and other serious health problems.
With that in mind, Boston University researchers set out to see if diet could help control children's blood pressure. The study was partially funded by a grant from Dairy Management Inc., a WebMD sponsor. | <urn:uuid:2f3bc3da-2cae-4b64-a58f-a19de6a5068b> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20050120/healthy-diet-helps-kids-blood-pressure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302428.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00037-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963357 | 521 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Stalactites and stalagmites in the Grail's Castle section of the Fairy Caves in Saalfeld, southeastern Germany, had a spring cleaning this week. The caves are renowned as the most colourful in the world, a result of the unusual composition of the encrusting rocks. Most stalactites are formed of calcium carbonate and similar minerals: Saalfeld's are iron phosphate.
In geological terms, these speleothems are youngsters: they have formed only 90 years ago. The cave system originated as mines for the mineral alum between 1543 and 1846. In 1910, the caves were flooded and the stalactites and stalagmites began to form as water carrying dissolved minerals seeped through the rocks. Now the caves are known as the most beautiful in Germany.
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:7840936d-39a7-4443-a144-22759ece72eb> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13318052.300-grottiness-removed-from-grottos.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164022208/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133342-00078-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965478 | 193 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Meaning and Origin of: Drake
Search for Names & Meanings Top 100 Names for Boys Top 100 Names for Girls Last Name History & Meaning Name Popularity Tracker Celebrity Names Search for Names by Trait Browse First Names A-Z Browse Last Names A-Z Browse First Names by Origin Browse Last Names by Origin Baby Name Lists How to Choose a Name
First name origins & meanings:
- Latin : Dragon
- German : Male swan
First name variations
Last name origin & meaning:
- English : from the Old English byname Draca, meaning ‘snake’ or ‘dragon’, Middle English Drake, or sometimes from the Old Norse cognate Draki. Both are common bynames and, less frequently, personal names. Both the Old English and the Old Norse forms are from Latin draco ‘snake’, ‘monster’ (see Dragon).
- English and Dutch : from Middle English drake, Middle Dutch drāke ‘male duck’ (from Middle Low German andrake), hence a nickname for someone with some fancied resemblance to a drake, or perhaps a habitational name for someone who lived at a house distinguished by the sign of a drake.
- North German : nickname from Low German drake ‘dragon’ (see Drach 1). | <urn:uuid:f0a89da4-1a80-4bb4-a4b0-36355ae80c25> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/name-meaning/drake | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00235-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.863506 | 276 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The city Šibenik is one of Croatia’s more historical cities whose main claim to fame are the four fortresses that lie within its vicinity. Situated at the point along the Dalmatian coast where the Krka River flows into the Adriatic Sea, Šibenik today is one of the country’s leading industrial, transport, educational and now, tourist hubs.
Šibenik is unique in amongst Adriatic towns in that unlike other urban centers in the region, it was actually founded by Croats. Most of the other present-day population centers of Croatia’s western Adriatic coast were founded by Illyrians, Greeks, Roman and other ancient peoples. The city is also known as “Krešimirov grad,” meaning Krešimir’s city after the Croatian King Krešimir who once held his court here. Due to its strategic location at the mouth of the Krka River, the city was fought over by Venetians, Byzantines and Hungarians, especially during the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1412 after much fighting, the Venetians took over the city and controlled it until 1797 when it was brought into the Habsburg Empire of Austria-Hungary, the latter ceasing to exist after World War I. Taking advantage of the post-war political vacuum along the Adriatic, the Italians overran the city and kept it until 1921 when they relinquished their claim to the newly-founded Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Šibenik would remain part of Yugoslavia until Croatia’s independence in 1991.
Today the city is one of Croatia’s more interesting historical spots with several sites of interest for visitors, a few of which are listed below.
Fortresses of Šibenik
Fortress of St. Nicholas (Tvrđava Sv. Nikole)
Once a small monastery, the little island of St. Nicholas was slowly transformed into a 32-cannon medieval battle station. This triangular island-fortress was built in the 16th century to help defend Šibenik from Ottoman attack. Now over 500 years old and in a state of restoration, the fortress is open to the public for tours.
Fortress of St. Michael
Supposedly founded in the 11th century by the Croatian King Petar Krešimir, St. Michael’s Fortress was constructed to protect Šibenik from his enemies and later upgraded during Venetian rule of the city to repel possible attacks by the Ottoman Turks. If you have the motivation and energy, you can climb up the fortress’ 200 or so steps to get an amazing panoramic view of the city and surrounding areas. At intermittent times during the year, St. Michael’s also features small concerts in its newly renovated entertainment area which seats over 1000 people.
Šubićevac Fortress (a.k.a. Barone Fortress)
This fortress was built in during the 17th-century Candia Wars between the Ottoman Turks and the Venetians, a time when Šibenik was on the war’s front line. The fortress is currently being restored and transformed into a tourist attraction that will feature an interactive audiovisual display depicting what life and war at the fortress was like during its heyday.
St. Anne’s Fortress
The Fortress of St. Anne is the oldest of the fortresses in Šibenik. Situated on a hill overlooking the city, most of the original parts of the fortress were destroyed after lightening struck a munitions dump and set the place ablaze. Today it’s basically a ruin that looks great from afar, though one can climb the hill to the top of the fortress for good views of the city below.
Cathedral of St. James (or St. Jacob)
The Cathedral of St. James (a.k.a. the Katedrala Sv Jakova) is one of the most recognizable and grand cathedrals in all of Dalmatia as well as an exquisite example of the Tuscan-Renaissance architecture that permeates much of the region. Construction started 1402 but was not completed until 1536. During that time, the construction of the cathedral was overseen by several people including Niccolò di Giovanni Fiorentino, a Venetian architect who was very famous in his time. Most of the Cathedral is built of limestone from nearby mines with the marble used coming from the Croatian island of Brač.
The cathedral is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Go to the main page | <urn:uuid:824aabc3-5e8e-4d88-95e3-18d8d6f13921> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.funwithcy.com/things-see-sibenik-croatia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105334.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819085604-20170819105604-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.97357 | 963 | 2.890625 | 3 |
|Crop Knowledge Master||Fungi|
|coffee leaf rust (Plant Disease Pathogen)|
Stephen A. Ferreira, Extension Plant Pathologist
Rebecca A. Boley, Educational Specialist
Department of Plant Pathology,CTAHR
University of Hawaii at Manoa
All Coffea species.
Coffee leaf rust was first reported in 1861 by a British explorer on uncultivated coffee in the Lake Victoria region of Kenya in East Africa. In cultivated coffee, it was reported from Sri Lanka in 1869, and completely devastated coffee production in that country within 10 years. By the 1920s it was widespread in Africa and many of the Asian countries where coffee was grown commercially. It was reported and eradicated from Papua New Guinea three different times, until reported to be widespread there in 1965.
In 1970, the disease was discovered in the Western hemisphere for the first time in the state of Bahia in Brazil . It quickly spread to most of the South and Central American countries, and within 16 years was reported from: Paraguay and Argentina, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Peru and El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, Mexico and Ecuador, Colombia and Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Cuba and Jamaica in 1986. Coffee leaf rust does not occur in Hawaii, one of the few coffee growing regions of the world where the disease does not occur.
In addition to coffee leaf rust, this disease has also been referred to as coffee rust and orange leaf rust. The rust organism mainly attacks the leaves and is only rarely found on young stems and fruit. Typically, the disease is recognized by the yellow-orange powdery lesions or spots on the underside of leaves. Initially, very young lesions appear as chlorotic or pale yellow spots before sporulation is evident. These spots vary in size and can coalesce during their development. Since sporulation of this pathogen occurs through the stomata, lesions characterized by the ruptured epidermis of most rusts do not occur, and the lesions are not referred to as pustules.
Damage and Losses:
The damage caused by coffee rust is the result of reduced photosynthetic capacity of infected leaves and premature defoliation or leaf drop associated with high infection levels. Vegetative growth and berry growth and size are reduced and is generally related to the amount of rust in the current year. The impact of rust, however, can have a longer term impact. Leaf rust associated defoliation and the strong carbohydrate sink of the berries cause shoots and roots to starve and consequently to dieback, thereby reducing the number of nodes on which coffee will be produced next year. Since next year's production of coffee occurs on wood produced this season, the tip and shoot dieback caused by the rust can seriously reduce the following season's crop. Researchers have estimated losses caused by rust between 30 and 80% (Kushalappa and Eskes, 1989a,b). On average, however, losses are believed to be about 15% annually.
For infection to be successful, free water is required and is usually derived from rain. Spores germinate in 2-4 hours under optimum conditions. After uredospores germinate through germ pores in the spore, appressoria are produced which in turn produces a vesicle from which entry into the substomatal cavity is gained. Within 24-48 hours, infection is completed. The presence of free water is required for infection to be completed. High relative humidities will not substitute for free moisture. If free moisture is absent, exposure to high relative humidity is not sufficient to induce spore germination (Nutman, 1963). Loss of moisture after germination has been initiated inhibits the whole infection process. Recovery does not occur even when adequate moisture is reintroduced (Kushalappa and Eskes, 1989b). Spore germination is better on young leaves than intermediate and old leaves.
As a consequence, disease spread and development is usually limited to the rainy season, and rust incidence is very low during dry periods. The incubation period or time between infection and lesion development is approximately 3-6 weeks long so that the disease is often evident in the drier seasons. Temperature is the most important factor other than moisture to influence germination and subsequent infection by the spores. This is also the most important factor influencing disease development.
This relationship between temperature, moisture, and incubation period has been developed empirically and with the aid of computer modelling used to predict rust severity and to schedule appropriate fungicide applications (Kushalappa and Eskes, 1989a).
On wet leaves, temperature is the most important environmental factor influencing germination and infection. The minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures on agar was reported to be 15.5, 22, and 28 C. On leaves, minimum and maximum temperatures were slightly lower, 12.5 and 32.5 C, respectively.
After infection is successful, the stomatal cavity is colonized and sporulation will occur. The colonization process is not dependent on leaf wetness, but is influenced greatly by temperature and by the level of host resistance. The main effect of temperature is to determine the length of time for the colonization process (incubation period). Elaborate regression equations have been developed to describe the importance of temperature on this aspect of the disease.
Sporulation or the production of uredspores is most greatly influenced by temperature, moisture, and host resistance. A single lesion produces 4-6 spore crops over a 3-5 month period releasing 300-400,000 spores. Hyperparasitic fungi such as Verticillium haemiliae and V. psalliotae, are frequently associated with lesions and reduce viability of uredospores significantly. Their use as biological control agents, however, remains underutilized or is impractical.
Factors Influencing Disease Development:
The important factors are planting density, host susceptibility, and predisposition of host due to high prior year yields.
The major cultivars are grown are Coffea arabica. Resistance is both complete and partial. Specific resistance genes have been derived from C. canephora, and some of the major genes have proven to be quite durable. The most successful use of resistance is exemplified by Catimor and Icatu, varieties with C. canephora blood, which have been grown widely in several countries. Partial resistance is known and exemplified with lower disease development rates in Catuai and Mundo Novo and to a lesser extent in Ibaar.
Disease severity is also correlated with planting density and with berry yield. Generally, the lower the host density, the slower the rate of disease development (Bock, 1962) which in turn were correlated with high and low yields. Variation in host density is also dependent on rust severity in the previous year, as severe rust usually induces severe defoliation (Kushalappa and Lagesse, 1981). The relationship to yield and rust severity is complex. When berries are removed while immature, disease severity reduces to almost half (Monaco, 1977). Plant yield is another factor influencing disease severity. Severity of rust increased with increase in berry yield, due to predisposition of the host. Disease severity was twice as high in high yield branches than in leaves of branches from which berries were removed when young. When berries were removed from the entire plant, disease severity was reduced from 38% to 2%. The higher the yield, the greater was the impact of berry removal on reducing rust incidence.
Race and level of inoculum are the most important pathogen factors influencing disease development. More than 30 races are known, only a few occur regularly with number and pattern of occurrence varying by region. Initial inoculum is the most important inoculum factor influencing disease buildup, and depends on rust severity the previous season, local weather conditions for overwintering, and for early initial establishment of the disease. Survival of inoculum from the previous season depends on disease severity that season and the extent of defoliation during winter months. Secondary inoculum is very important for determining the rate of rust buildup.
Rain plays the most important role in disease development. It provides moisture for spore germination and aids in dispersal. Seasonal variation in disease incidence is largely due to variation in rainfall patterns. Temperature also influences rust development. The lower limit for germination is 15 C. At temperature extremes, less than 10 C and greater than 35 C, lesion enlargement is limited (Kushalappa et. al., 1983). Inoculum survival also depends on winter temperature.
In nature, uredospores are disseminated long distances, largely by wind, and over short distances, by both wind and rain-splash. Outside agents such as animals, mainly insects and man, occasionally have been shown to be involved with dissemination. The movement of rust from one continent to another has been attributed to wind currents and the transport of contaminated seeds and/or other plant material (Kushalappa and Eskes, 1989b) or by man. Uredospores can withstand low temperatures, but are particularly sensitive to desiccation. Because viable uredospores have been recovered from spore traps mounted on airplanes at altitudes around 1000 m in Brazil and Kenya, it is believed that continent to continent movement may have occurred by wind.
Uredospores are released diurnally and is highest at noon or miday. In spore trapping studies, more spores were trapped at 1.25 m, decreasing with increasing heights above ground up to 10 m.
Rain is also an important dispersal agent. It is difficult to assess the comparative importance of rain to wind dissemination, but because of high spore numbers in rain water collected within the canopy, wind blown rain or rain splash is important for within tree and within orchard disease buildup. Rust lesions in the upper portion of trees were fewer and more scattered than higher lesion densities in the lower portion of the tree.
Although uredospores were dispersed by insects, such as thrips, larva of flies, and wasps, their importance in epidemics is considered insignificant. Of the higher animals, man is by far the most important agent for short and long distance movement of the disease with plant material, seeds, seedlings, and uredospores of the pathogen.
Resistance varies with leaf age, particularly for susceptible varieties, with young leaves more susceptible than older leaves on the same plant. Plants with incomplete resistance, however, usually display the opposite response,with high resistance in young and low resistance in older leaves. Cultivars derived from Timor hybrid and the Icatu cultivar display this pattern (Eskes and da Costa, 1983; Eskes and Toma-Braghini, 1982). Light intensity also influences cultivar reactions. Leaves exposed to high light intensity are generally more susceptible to rust, varying up to 10 fold depending upon pre- and post-inoculation light intensity. It is an important consideration in setting up conditions for rust screening or evaluation.
Overbearing coffee may exacerbate rust intensity (McDonald, 1930; Monaco, 1977). Additionally, leaves supporting rapidly growing coffee berries are more susceptible to infection than leaves that only support vegetative growth. High yielding coffee varieties are more susceptible than low yielding varieties.
Nine genes for resistance have been identified, designate SH1 to SH9. Inheritance patterns are more complex than for dominant gene action alone. Several genes are incompletely dominant, particularly in Icatu and Catimor. Most of these genes were derived from the wild species of coffee, C. canephora and C. liberica (Rodrigues et. al., 1975). Resistance has been relatively stable and only one new race, obtained by mutation, has been identified since 1975. Production of resistant varieties recently have relied on the use of interspecific hybrids, such as Catimor and Icatu, which contain genes from C. canephora. Examples are: mixture or multiline of 44 of F5 lines known as "Colombia", other Catimor selections in Kenya and India, and newer advanced selections and crosses involving Icatu (Kushalappa and Eskes, 1989b).
Fungicides to control of rust have been used successfully for a quite a number of years. The metallic copper fungicides have been the least expensive and most effective, with copper oxychloride formulations being the best. The dithiocarbamate protectant fungicides have been useful, but their short residual life and instability at higher temperatures and humidity have limited their widespread adoption. Their performance is better when mixed with copper fungicides. The systemic triazole sterol biosynthesis inhibitors have been effective, but high cost and occasional problems with severe defoliation (phytotoxicity) have been observed. Among the systemics, triademifon has been the best so far (Kushalappa and Eskes, 1989a). The systemics have also been particularly effective when used in combination or alternately with copper fungicides, reducing the likelihood for the development of fungicide tolerant rust strains. Occasional problems with defoliation associated with the systemics, and their high cost, however, may limit their usefulness.
Fungicide efficacy depends both on timing of application and complete placement or coverage of the toxicant. This latter factor is important, since redistribution by rain is very limited. Important factors are spray volume, droplet size, and coverage.
In timing the application of fungicides, rainfall was generally the most important factor to consider. Sprays during the rainy season were recommended, and sometimes recommended before the onset of the rainy season. Studies showed that initial inoculum level and berry yield varied greatly from year to year, and it was necessary to include these factors in scheduling fungicide applications. Yield in coffee can vary from maximum to 10% of max yield, depending on cultivar and on the extent of defoliation and yield the previous year, due to rust. Only 2-3 fungicide applications were required during low yield years and 4-6 applications during high yield years (Kushalappa and Eskes, 1989b). These schedules were developed empirically.
Subsequently, forecast models were developed to help with timing fungicide applications. These are described by Kushalappa and Eskes (1989a, 1989b). The grower estimates inoculum producing units as percent leaves or leaf-area diseased, and yield as high or low, at two week intervals. By consulting an inoculum table, the recommendation to spray or not is made. After an application, no further sprays are made for one month, at which time another assessment is made by the grower.
Fungicides used for coffee leaf rust control and some suggested application rates:
Fixed Copper Compounds:
Basic copper sulfate (information not available)
Copper oxychloride (1.5 kg a.i./1000 plants/ha, considered optimum)
Cuprous oxide (1.9-3.0 kg a.i./ha, microgranular formulation best)
Copper hydroxide (information not available)
Ferbam (information not available)
Ziram (0.75 l a.i./ha)
Maneb, Manzate (1.6 kg a.i./ha)
Zineb (information not available)
Triademifon (Bayleton) (0.2 - 0.6 kg a.i./1000 plants/ha, may stimulate Coffee Berry Disease; 0.5 - 1.0 kg/1000 plants/ha, for soil applications)
Pyracarbolid (Sicarol) (May provoke severe defoliation)
Oxycarboxyn (Plantvax) (Not as effective as Triademifon)
Bock, K. R. 1962. Dispersal of uredospores of Hemilea vastatrix under field conditions. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 45:63-74.
Cannell, M. G. R. 1975. Crop physiological aspects of coffee: a review. J. Coffee Res. 5:7.
Cannell, M. G. R. 1985. Physiology of the coffee crop. Chpt. 5. In "Coffee Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage." pp. 457. (M. N. Clifford & K. C. Wilson, Eds.) Pub. Croom Helm, London.
Eskes, A. B. & W. M. da Costa. 1983. Characterization of incomplete resistance to Hemilea vastatrix in the Icatu coffee population. Euphytica 32:649-57.
Eskes, A. B. & M. Toma-Braghini. 1982. The effect of leaf age on incomplete resistance of coffee to Hemilea vastatrix. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 88:215-26.
Kushalappa, A. C., M. Akutsu, & A. Ludwig. 1983. Application of survival ratio for moncyclic process of Hemilea vastatrix in predicting coffee rust infection rates. Phytopath. 73:96-103.
Kushalappa, A. C. and A. B. Eskes. 1989a. Coffee rust: epidemiology, resistance, and managemnet. CRC Press, Florida. 345 pp.
Kushalappa, A. C. & A. B. Eskes. 1989b. Advances in coffee rust research. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 27:503-31.
Kushalappa, A. C.& R. M. Lagesse. 1981. A computer program for quantitative analysis of leaf fall in coffee, principally from rust. Phytopathol. Z. 101:97-105.
McDonald, J. H. 1930. Coffee growing, with special reference to East Africa. London: East Africa Ltda. 205 pp.
Monaco, L. C. 1977. Consequences of the introduction of coffee leaf rust into Brazil. Ann NY Acad. Sci. 287:57-71.
Nutman, F. J. & F. M Roberts. 1963. Studies on the biology of Hemilea vastatrix. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 46:27-48.
Rodrigues Jr., C. J., A. J. Bettencourt, & L. Rijo. 1975. Races of the pathogen and resistance to coffee rust. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 13:49-70. | <urn:uuid:f139f726-435e-4032-8165-9c95a36e22b9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/type/h_vasta.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100724.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208045320-20231208075320-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.938268 | 3,854 | 3.09375 | 3 |
- freely available
Sensors 2007, 7(7), 1108-1122; doi:10.3390/s7071108
Abstract: ULF (ultra-low-frequency) electromagnetic emission is recently recognized as one of the most promising candidates for short-term earthquake prediction. This paper reviews previous convincing evidence on the presence of ULF emissions before a few large earthquakes. Then, we present our network of ULF monitoring in the Tokyo area by describing our ULF magnetic sensors and we finally present a few, latest results on seismogenic electromagnetic emissions for recent large earthquakes with the use of sophisticated signal processings.
It has been recently reported that electromagnetic phenomena take place in a wide frequency range prior to an earthquake (1) ∼ (3), and these precursory seismo-electromagnetic effects are expected to be useful for the mitigation of earthquake hazards. Basically there are two principal methods of observation of earthquake signatures. The first is the direct observation of electromagnetic emissions (natural emissions) from the lithosphere and the second is to detect indirectly the seismic effect taken place in a form of propagation anomaly of the pre-existing transmitter signals (we call it radio sounding). The first method is based on the idea that natural emissions are radiated from the hypocenter of earthquakes due to some tectonic effect during their preparation phase. The second is based on the idea that there take place the anomalies in the atmosphere and ionosphere due to the seismicity, leading to the generation of propagation anomaly on the pre-existing transmitter signal characteristics (amplitude and phase). This paper deals with the ULF (ultra-low-frequency, with frequency less than 10 Hz) magnetic field variation belonging to the first category. The study on seismogenic ULF emissions started in the early 1990s. Even though the radio emissions are generated as a pulse in the earthquake hypocenter, higher frequency components cannot propagate over long distances in the lithosphere due to severe attenuation, but ULF waves can propagate up to an observation point near the Earth's surface with small attenuation. This is the most important advantage of seismogenic ULF emissions.
There have been reported three reliable events for the ULF magnetic field variations prior to the earthquakes; (1) Armenia, Spitak earthquake (1988 December 8, Magnitude = 6.9) (4), (2) USA, California, Loma Prieta earthquake (1989 October 18, M = 7.1) (5), and (3) Guam earthquake (1993 August 8, M = 8.0) (6). The epicentral distance is 129 km for (1), 7 km for (2) and 65 km for (3) (4)-(6). The Loma Prieta earthquake happened very close to the observing station, so that it is better for us to indicate the results for this earthquake. Fig. 1 illustrates the temporal evolution of ULF magnetic field (horizontal component, frequency = 0.01 Hz (period = 100 s)). It indicates that the magnetic field increases for about one week 5-12 days before the earthquake, followed by a quiet period and a sharp increase one day before the earthquake (especially an abrupt increase 3-4 hours before the earthquake). Very significant changes in ULF magnetic field were also observed for other two earthquakes, which was a stimulus to the extensive research on the relationship of ULF emissions and earthquakes. In this paper we review the relationship between the two. An additional important point is that these seismogenic ULF emissions are so weak that it is of essential importance for us to develop any methods to identify those signals. We need sophisticated methods of signal processing, and we review the observational results by those methods. Finally, we will comment on our future works.
2. Magnetic field sensors and observation system
Fig.2 shows the summary on the occurrence of the earthquake-related ULF activity in the form of earthquake magnitude (M) versus epicentral distance (R) from a ULF magnetic station. White and black circles show an earthquake with and without ULF anomalies, respectively. The dashed line indicates the empirical threshold (0.025R≦ M-4.5) for the appearance of anomalous ULF signals preceding large earthquakes. This figure demonstrates that ULF emissions could be observed about 60 km from the source region for an earthquake with M≧ 6, and the detectable distance of ULF magnetic anomalies would be extended to about 100 km in the case of an earthquake with M≧ 7. The details of those earthquakes in Fig.2 are described in Hattori (2006) (7) and Hayakawa et al. (2004) (8).
It is important to predict earthquakes with M≧ 6 in a highly populated region to mitigate disasters. Therefore, we decided to install a network of ULF magnetometers with high sampling rate to cover the Kanto (Tokyo) area with inter-sensor distances of about 70-80 km. Two types of magnetometers are adopted; torsion and induction types. Taking account of the existence of Kakioka Geomagnetic Observatory, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) (36.2°N, 144.2°E), we planned to set up stations to cover the area, as shown in Fig.3. Circles in the figure indicate the distance of 60 km from the station (the circle from Kakioka observatory is also displayed). The clock system at each station is controlled by GPS. The information on all of our stations is summarized in Table 1.
One of the sensors (induction magnetometer) has been installed, for example, in JMA's Matsushiro Seismological Observatory (36.5°N, 138.2°E), in which strain meters, tilt meters, and short-period seismometers are already in operation by JMA. A comparison between the seismic and electromagnetic data will be useful in understanding the fundamental physics of the earthquake preparation process. We also installed the induction magnetometer at Chichibu station. Induction magnetometers installed at these two stations are search coil type with 85 Hz sampling rate, named LEMI-30 produced by Lviv Center of Institute of Space Research, National Academy of Science of Ukraine. These sensors are intended for the study of frequency band from 0.01 to 30 Hz, and detailed specification of them is summarized in Hattori et al. (2004) (7). Also the acoustic emission sensor was installed at Matsushiro station. The acoustic sensor records the emissions at four frequency bands of 30, 160, 500, and 1000Hz. The lowest band corresponds to the uppermost frequency of LEMI-30.
A small L-shaped array has been composed with three torsion magnetometers, the distance of which is about 5 km at the western part of Izu peninsula and the southern part of Boso peninsula. With these arrays, we expect to develop a method to find the arrival direction of ULF waves (8). Both Izu and Boso Peninsulas are seismic active regions, so that we consider it good for precise observation for direction finding of ULF anomalous signals by means of the arrays. We also installed torsion magnetometers at Jaishi, Iyogatake, Hayakawa, Misakubo, and Shitara. These torsion magnetmeters, MVC-2DS, were produced by Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation, Saint Petersburg Filial (SPbF IZMIRAN), Russian Academy of Sciences. A magneto-sensitive element of the torsion sensor is a permanent magnet suspended with quartz or metallic fibers which serve as the rotation axis of the magneto-sensitive element. The reflecting surface which transforms angular displacement of the magneto-sensitive element into electric signal by means of photoelectric converter is mounted rigidly to the magnetic-sensitive element. When the element is turned by the force of the external magnetic field, the light beam deviates from the zero position, leading to an increase of one diode illumination and a decrease of the other. As a result, there appears a signal proportional to the disturbed magnetic field value for the sensor output. The element is suspended inside the fluid-filled capsule on the thin metallic fibers and a low-powered monochromatic infra-red emitting diode is used for the photo emitter. The feedback circuit which produces a magnetic field opposite to the external field are adopted. Also the coil for current compensation of constant magnetic field to set up the magnetic-sensitive element at the zero position and the coil for calibration are installed. The main technical parameters of MVC-2DS are described in Hattori et al. (2004) (7).
Some fluxgate (3 components) magnetometers have been installed in addition to the above-mentioned ULF network, which are JCS-107F (Chiba Electronics Inc.: frequency range ∼1 Hz), which is effective for much lower frequency (nearly DC).
3. Analysis method of ULF magnetic field variations
In addition to the installation of highly sensitive ULF sensors, we have to carry out sophisticated signal processing in order to detect and identify weak seismogenic ULF emissions. We have already developed several useful signal processings, some of which will be described below.
3.1. The ratio of vertical to horizontal components of the magnetic field (polarization analysis)
There has been reported that it is useful to use the ratio of magnetic vertical to horizontal component SZ/SG (SG2 = SH2 + SD2, H and D are two horizontal magnetic components) to distinguish the seismogenic ULF emissions from other noises (6). While we expect that this ratio (SZ/SG) (polarization) is relatively small for the plasma waves coming from the ionosphere/magnetosphere, we expect that this ratio is considerably enhanced, SZ/SG ∼ 1 or even more for seismogenic emissions. We apply this method to a particular event. There were two earthquakes in the North-west part of Kagoshima prefecture with M = 6.5 and M = 6.3 on 1997 March 26 and May 16, respectively. Both earthquakes had the depth of about 20 km. Our ULF observatory (at Tarumizu, Kagoshima) is located about 60 km away from their epicenters, and three magnetic field components were measured there with sampling of 1s. By using the data during about a year form 1996 August to 1997 September on the relationship between ULF magnetic field variation and seismic activity, we try to indicate the presence of ULF field variation in response to the crustal activity. The following procedure of data analysis was adopted. (1) We use the data of 4 hours during the local midnight (LT = 0 ∼ 4 h). (2) We divide the data into an interval of 30 minutes and we have 8 segments. FFT analysis is performed for those 8 segments. (3) We estimate the average and dispersion of the spectrum, to try to know the main frequency of seismogenic ULF emissions. (4) We perform the polarization analysis (SZ/SG) to find the seismogenic ULF emission. By averaging over those 8 segments, we obtain the daily average spectrum and polarization. (5) We compare these with the corresponding data from remote stations in order to distinguish between the local and global effects. (6) We compare the temporal evolution of average spectrum and average polarization with the geomagnetic activity (expressed by ΣKp) and the local crustal activity. With taking into account the spatial scale of magnetic variation at Tarumizu observatory, we examine the magnetic field data (3 components) at Ogasawara island (Chichi-jima) 1200 km away from Tarumizu and at Darwin (the conjugate point of Tarumizu). The largest noise in ULF is geomagnetic variation due to geomagnetic storms, and this is the reason why we look at the data at the conjugate point. At these stations, the same sensors (inductions) are working. During our analysis period, we have confirmed that there were no earthquakes within a radius of 100 km form Chichi-jima and Darwin observatories.
Fig. 4(a) illustrates the temporal evolution of seismic activity (the energy radiated from earthquakes is integrated over one day, followed by the conversion back into the magnitude). Fig. 4(b) shows the temporal plot of the polarization (SZ/SG) during 10 days before the current day at three stations. The full line refers to Tarumizu. Fig. 4(c) refers to the geomagnetic activity (ΣKp). When we look at Fig. 4(b), the polarization at the two stations (Chichi-jima and Darwin in thin lines) is found to be stable. While, we find a very significant change in the polarization at Tarumizu in a thick line. The polarization is seen to be increased from the background value of ∼ 1.0 to more than double prior to the 1st earthquake. We see a decrease in polarization and, when this decrease is stabilized, we had the 1st earthquake. The polarization value is found to remain at this value for a while. Then, again we notice a decrease in polarization, and then we had the 2nd earthquake. In the beginning of July, the polarization value returned to the background value. Significant changes are noticed only at Tarumizu, but not at Darwin and Chichi-jima. When comparing the seismic activity around Tarumizu and the polarization, we can conclude, (1) the polarization at Tarumizu is found to be significantly enhanced prior to the earthquake, and (2) the temporal variation of polarization seems to be very parallel to that of seismic activity. This means that the polarization of the magnetic field variation is a good parameter to monitor the local seismic activity (7, 9), and the important point is that the polarization increase is taking place before the earthquake. No significant correlation with the geomagnetic activity is found.
3.2. Principal component analysis
We have been performing the array observation by using 3-4 torsion-type magnetometers both at the Izu and Boso peninsulas as shown in Fig. 3. The sampling frequency is 50 or 12.5 Hz. We know that the seismic activity at Miyake-island started to be active in the late June of 2000, and the volcano-eruption started there. The activity continued not only at Miyake Island, but also at its surroundings. The total number of earthquakes in this area amounted to 12,000, which is a record in this area since the opening of Meteorological Agency. We adopted the principal component analysis (PCA) for the ULF data observed at several stations in the Izu peninsula (10). By using the ULF data observed at close stations, we can have 3 sets of data, which enables us to separate three possible sources. Generally speaking, the ULF signal observed at a station, is a combination of a few effects; (1) geomagnetic variation of the magnetosphere (e.g., geomagnetic storms) due to the solar activity, (2) man-made noise, (3) any other effect (including seismogenic emissions). We have traced the eigen-value λn (n = 1, 2 ,3) of three principal components in the frequency range from T = 10 s to ;T = 100 s by using the time-series data with duration of 30 m. As the result of analysis, the first principal component (λ1) is found to be highly correlated with the geomagneric activity (Ap). The second eigen-value (λ2) is found to have a period of 24 hours, with daytime maximum and nighttime minimum. This suggests that this noise is due to the human activity. Fig. 5 illustrates the temporal evolution of the 3rd principal component (λ3). We notice an enhancement in λ3 from the middle March to the middle June (about a few months), followed by a quiet period (about one week before the 1st earthquake) and by a sharp increase a few days before the 1st earthquake. Similar sharp peaks are seen for the subsequent earthquakes with magnitude greater than 6.0. This general behavior seems to be in close agreement with Fig. 1, which indicates that this variation is reflecting the crustal activity in this district.
3.3. Direction finding (magnetic field gradient method)
The objective of the above two methods was just to identity the presence of seismogenic ULF emissions, but we have to convince others that the detected ULF emission is much more likely to be associated with an earthquake if we could locate their generation point. We have performed the so-called direction finding for the ULF emissions for the above-mentioned Izu peninsula earthquake swarm. We have used the same local array network consisting of, at least, 3 stations in the Izu and Boso peninsulas. By measuring the gradient (11, 12) of horizontal and vertical components of the magnetic field at different frequencies (or periods in Fig. 6 (ordinate)), we deduce the direction of azimuth from the normal to the observed gradient. The result at Izu is given in Fig. 6. In the figure, 0° indicates the North direction, +, east and -, west, and Fig. 6 illustrates the temporal evolution of arrival directions. The ordinate indicates the occurrence probability of arrival azimuth in the nighttime period of 0 h to 6 h. Full lines refer to the vertical component, while broken lines, a horizontal component. Judging from the azimuth distributions, there are 4 noise sources. In the Izu array observation, there generally exists a signal predominantly from West (Suruga-Bay) (numbered 1 in Fig. 6) (corresponding to Parkinson vector) in the vertical component, reflecting the geological contrast between the sea and land. And for the horizontal component, there are two stationary signals. One is located in the East, which is directed to the seismo-active region in the eastern sea of the Izu peninsula (designated as 2 in Fig. 6). The second is the signal from the direction of Zenisu, which is designated as 3 in Fig. 6. The locations of the noise sources (numbered 1-3 in Fig. 6) are summarized in Fig. 7. The time goes from (a) to (e); (a) 4 months before the swarm, (b) two months before the swarm, (c) 12 days before the swarm, (d) during the swarm and (e) two years after the swarm. Now we look at the noise designated as 4 in Fig. 6. This noise is found to be observed about two weeks before the earthquake swarm ((c) in Fig. 6) due to the volcano eruption of Miyake Island, and these noise emissions are found to have propagated from the Miyake Island and its occurrence is most enhanced during the swarm (see Fig. 6(d)). Furthermore, we have tried to perform the direction finding for this noise numbered 4 from the Izu and Boso peninsulas. Fig. 8 is the direction finding results, as the result of triangulations from the Izu and Boso peninsula data. The azimuthal direction from each peninsula is given by the area within the two directions in broken lines. The area located by the triangulation, is found to be coincident with the active area of the Izu peninsula earthquake swarm. As the conclusion, the ULF emissions identified in Figs. 6, 7 and 8(11, 12), are highly likely to be associated with the swarm activity of Izu peninsula earthquakes.
3.4. Direction finding (Goniometric method)
The importance of direction finding is again stressed by showing another result for a recent, large earthquake (Niigata earthquake). This earthquake happened at 17:56 JST on October 23 in 2004, and its magnitude and depth are 6.8 and 10 km. We show the presence of ULF emissions for this earthquake, by using the data form other observatory at Nakatsugawa. The three components of magnetic field (Bx, By, Bz) are measured at Nakatsugawa (13) by using the same induction magnetometers like at Izu and Boso peninsulas, but the importantly different point is that the waveform measurement is being performed in a wide frequency band. That is, the sampling frequency is 100 Hz, and Fig. 9 illustrates the temporal evolution of the emission intensity (By component) in the frequency range, f ≤ 0.1 Hz, which shows that the signal intensity is extremely enhanced by 3 dB as compared with the monthly mean during several days from October 2 to October 6. This noise seems to be anomalous. However, we cannot conclude that this is associated with the earthquake, even though it occurs about a few weeks before the earthquake. Then, we performed the direction finding for this noise by using the goniometer principle by means of two horizontal magnetic field components. We estimated the arrival azimuth by taking the ratio of Bx/By for the emissions with anomalous amplitude during 2-6 October. The estimated azimuth (mean value) is indicated in Fig. 10. The azimuthal direction is 55 ° from the East, which is consistent with the epicentral direction. This is indicative of a higher possibility that the noise is associated with the earthquake. At present, we are performing the direction finding for the same emissions from Izu and Boso peninsulas.
4. Characteristics of seismogenic ULF emissions and generation mechanism
A large number of papers on seismogenic ULF emissions have been published since the famous earthquakes, Spitack, Loma Prieta, Guam, and in this paper we have reviewed mainly our published results. We can summarize the characteristics of seismogenic ULF emissions based on not only our results, but also previous foreign results (1-5).
There is no doubt that ULF emissions take place as a precursor to a relatively large earthquake. The sensitive distance (R) is 70-80 km for magnitude = 6.0, and ∼ 100 km for magnitude = 7.0. The empirical threshold of detection in Fig. 2 is given by 0.025 R ≦ M -4.5.
The ULF emissions for large earthquakes (with magnitude greater than 6.0), seem to exhibit a typical temporal evolution. First of all, we have a first peak one month to a few weeks before the earthquake, followed by a quiet period and a significant increase in amplitude a few days before the earthquake.
The amplitude of those seismogenic ULF emissions is found to range from 0.1 nT to a few nT. However, their frequency spectra are not well understand; that is, what is the predominant frequency? Recent studies indicate the importance of the frequency of 10 mHz (period of 100s).
The observation of ULF emission is a local measurement. So that, only when our observing station happens to be very close to the earthquake epicenter, we can detect seismogenic emissions. Otherwise it is impossible to detect any seismogenic emission, and this is the reason why we do not have abundant data set as is summarized in Fig. 2. The case of Niigata earthquake, does not follow the above-mentioned threshold, so that we have to think of the generation and subsequent propagation for this case.
We next review the generation mechanism of seismogenic ULF emissions. It has been proposed that the ULF emission is generated by a mechanism which requires the charge separation (as an ensemble of small antennas) due to microfracturing by the stress change in the focal region before the earthquake (14). According to their theoretical estimate, the ULF emission can be detected within 60 km for M = 6 and 100 km for M = 7. This theoretical estimate seems to be in good agreement with the above-mentioned experimental threshold in Fig. 2. When the radio emission is generated at the source region, it should be wide-banded. However, the higher-frequency components decay during the propagation in the lithosphere, which results in the possible detection of ULF emissions near the Sarth's surface (15). Another possible mechanism is electro-kinetic effect (16). We cannot say, at the moment, which one of these two representative mechanisms is more probable as the generation mechanism of seismogenic ULF emissions. Then, we commnet on another aspect of the preparation process of earthquakes. During this preparation phase, the lithosphere is known to exhibit a self-organized criticality phenomenon. That is, we expect the microfracturing in the focal region due to the stress increase, followed by the growth and coalescence of microcracks. This process is thought to be involved in the generation of ULF-emissions. This nonlinear process in the lithosphere can be tackled with the use of fractal analysis (17). The results from fractal analysis are preferably taken into account in the generation mechanism of seismogenic ULF emissions.
5. Future direction on a network of magnetic field observation (three components)
In Japan some institutes (magnetic observatories belonging to JMA, Institute of Geological Survey, etc.) have been continuing the magnetic observation with 3 components, but their sampling rate is too low (sampling of 1 minute). Also, Japanese universities have their own networks of observations, but they are interested in the measurement of total magnetic flux with the use of proton fluxgate magnetometers in the field of solid earth physics. In order to apply the magnetic field observation to earthquake prediction, it is desirable to (1) observe three components of the magnetic field, (2) sample the data, at least, once per second, and (3) observe the magnetic field with resolution of less than 10 pT.
Further, we have to take care of other effects; we need the information on solar-terrestrial effect (geomagnetic variation, geomagnetic storms) in the magnetic monitoring of seismic activity. We have found that there were observed significant geomagnetic variations before relatively large earthquakes. So that, it is quite necessary to estimate accurately the temporal/spatial characteristics of the signals by simultaneous monitoring of solar terrestrial effects from the ground and from space (18).
It is believed that the ULF emissions take place in the lithosphere in association with earthquakes, but the problem will be the elucidation of their generation mechanism. In this direction we first need much more convincing data for the study of generation mechanism on the basis of the definite distinction from man-made noise, geomagneric effect, other noises etc. Because we have established a rather dense network mainly in the Kanto (Tokyo) area with highly sensitive sensors. As the conclusion, it is found that the polarization analysis is of extreme use with the simultaneous use of remote stations in the sense of identification of seismogenic ULF emission. Further, it is important to investigate the spatial and temporal scales of those emissions by the simultaneous use of the data at multiple stations and also to determine the source region of the noise by means of direction finding. Finally, it is also desirable to compare the ULF seismogenic emission with other seismogenic phenomena at different frequencies and to perform the coordinated analysis with the seismic and geological data for the complete understanding of electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes and volcano eruption.
A considerable part of the works was carried out in the frameworks of Frontier Projects by NASDA and RIKEN to which we are grateful, and thanks are also due to NiCT(R and D promotion scheme funding international joint research). Finally, we would like to express our sincere thanks to Prof. Y. Kopytenko (IZMIRAN) for his collaboration.
References and Notes
- Hayakawa, M., Fujinawa, Y., Eds.; Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction; Terra Scientific Pub. Comp.: Tokyo, 1994; p. 677.
- Hayakawa, M., Ed.; Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes; Terra Scientific Pub. Comp.: Tokyo, 1999; p. 996.
- Hayakawa, M., Molchanov, O. A., Eds.; Seismo Electromagnetics: Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling; TERRAPUB: Tokyo, 2002; p. 477.
- Fraser-Smith, A. C.; Bernardi, A.; McGill, P. R.; Ladd, M. E.; Helliwell, R. A.; Villard, O. G., Jr. Low-frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the Ms 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1990, 17, 1465–1468. [Google Scholar]
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- Molchanov, O. A.; Hayakawa, M.; Rafalsky, V. A. Penetration characteristics of electromagnetic emissions from an underground seismic source into the atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100, 1691–1712. [Google Scholar]
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- Hayakawa, M.; Itoh, T.; Smirnova, N. Fractal analysis of ULF geomagnetic data associated with the Guam earthquake on August 8, 1993. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26(18), 2797–2800. [Google Scholar]
- International Workshop on Seismo Electromagnetics, IWSE2005; Programme and Extended Abstracts; 2005; p. 492.
|Station name||Code||Geographic coordinates||Type of magnetometer||Sampling rate||Remark|
|Seikoshi||SKS||34.90°N, 138.82°E||Torsion||50Hz||Western Izu|
|Mochikoshi||MCK||34.88°N, 138.86°E||Torsion||50Hz||Western Izu|
|Kamo||KMO||34.86°N, 138.83°E||Torsion||50Hz||Western Izu|
|Jaishi||JIS||34.70°N, 138.79°E||Torsion||50Hz||Western Izu|
|Unobe||UNB||35.21°N, 140.20°E||Torsion||50Hz||Southern Boso till May, 2001|
|Fudago||FDG||35.19°N, 140.14°E||Torsion||50Hz||Southern Boso from May, 2001|
|Uchiura||UCU||35.16°N, 140.10°E||Torsion||50Hz||Southern Boso|
|Kiyosumi||KYS||35.16°N, 140.15°E||Torsion||50Hz||Southern Boso|
|Iyogatake||IYG||35.10°N, 139.92°E||Torsion||50Hz||Southern Boso|
|Matsushiro||MTS||36.54°N, 138.21°E||Induction||85Hz||Seismological Observatory|
|Chichibu||CCB||36.00°N, 139.12°E||Induction||85Hz||Now stopped|
© 2007 by MDPI ( http://www.mdpi.org). Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes. | <urn:uuid:e2b5da87-b1e4-4dfb-94e1-c7362d539e52> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/7/7/1108/htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908605 | 7,488 | 2.75 | 3 |
The nucleic acids of various viruses encode surface proteins that agglutinate the red blood cells (RBC) of a variety of species. For example; Influenza virus particles have an envelope protein called the hemagglutinin, or HA, which binds to erythrocytes , causing the formation of a lattice. This property is called hemagglutination. Reaction of viral hemagglutinins with red blood cells results in a lattice of agglutinated cells which settle irregularly in a tube or microtiter well. Unagglutinated cells settle in a compact button.
Hemagglutination phenomenon is almost commonly used for diagnosis of infection produced by Orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and the abroviruses-togaviruses (including rubella), flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses.
The presence of virus in infected cell cultures can be detected by hemagglutination; the identity of the virus or of antibodies in a patient’s serum can be determined by specific inhibition of that hemagglutination. Although influenza viruses can be detected by hemadsorption test, typing of the isolate is done most efficiently by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI). Reagents and conditions for the test vary by virus.
The basis of the HAI assay is that antibodies to that particular virus (for example-influenza virus) will prevent attachment of the virus to RBC. Therefore hemagglutination is inhibited when antibodies are present.
HAI Titer: The highest dilution of serum (Ab) that prevents hemagglutination is called the HAI titer of the serum.
- If the serum contains no antibodies that react with influenza virus, then hemagglutination will be observed in all wells.
- Likewise, if antibodies to the virus are present, hemagglutination will not be observed until the antibodies are sufficiently diluted.
The HAI test may be complicated by the presence of non-specific inhibitors of viral haemagglutination and naturally occurring agglutinins of the erthrocytes. Therefore, the sera should be treated before use or false positive or negative results may arise.
Materials and Reagents:
- Red cells from an appropriate species (Chicken, goose, guinea pig, trypsinized human O) collected in Alsever’s solution or heparin
- Diluent (e.g. Bovine albumin veronal buffer) at appropriate pH
- Solutions to remove nonspecific hemagglutinins from serum
- Infected cultural fluid or standard antigen (e.g preparation of influenza virus) for serology
Obtain a preparation of virus (e.g. influenza viruses) with known HA titer or determine its HA titer
- Prepare two-fold dilutions of patient/test serum to be tested e.g. from 1:4 to 1:1024.
- Add a fixed amount of virus to every well of a 96-well plate, equivalent to 4 HA units (varies according to virus), except for the serum control wells.
- The plate is then allowed to stand at room temperature for 60 minutes (time varies according to specific requirements).
- Add red blood cells (RBC) and incubate at 4oC for 30 minutes.
- Read the wells.
The highest dilution of serum (Ab) that prevents hemagglutination is called the HAI titer of the serum.. A smooth or jagged shield of cells or an irregular button indicates agglutination. Observation of movement of the button of red cells when the plate is tilted may help to clarify the end point.
This virus sample has an HAI titer of 1280, which means that the greatest dilution of antibody that still blocked hemagglutination from occurring was at 1280 dilution. At this dilution, the antibodies were still capable of recognizing and binding to the antigens on the virus.
- Known positive serum
- Known negative serum
- Serum and cells without antigen (to detect nonspecific agglutination)
- Back titration of hemagglutination activity of the antigen (to ensure that 4 hemagglutinating virus (HAU) were tested) | <urn:uuid:d0396185-68ae-4720-aa9f-921e0afe52ec> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://microbeonline.com/hemagglutination-inhibition-test-hai-principle-procedure-result-interpretations/?replytocom=40778 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644877.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317100705-20180317120705-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.88271 | 907 | 4.03125 | 4 |
BRITAIN and the European Union are now counting down to B-Day as both sides try to strike a deal before the United Kingdom leaves the on March 29, 2019.
Discussions will now move to the future relationship between the UK and EU after months of negotiations. Here is how it works and when Britain will leave the EU.
What is Brexit?
Brexit is the merging of the words "Britain" and "exit" following the vote to leave the EU.
The term has been widely used ever since the idea of a referendum was put forward.
More than 30million people voted in the June 2016 referendum with a turnout of 71.8 per cent. Leave won by 52 per cent to 48 per cent.
People now talk about “soft” and “hard” Brexit in reference to how close the UK will be to the EU post separation.
The road to triggering Article 50 - which saw Britain officially start the process of leaving the EU - had been paved with complications for the PM, including a Supreme Court case ruling MPs needed to vote on Brexit negotiations.
But it was triggered on March 29 2017, meaning the official departure date and move into the transition phase will take place on March 29 2019.
What is the European Union and why did Britain vote to leave?
The European Union is an economic and political partnership. There are currently 28 members states including the United Kingdom.
It began after the Second World War and has since grown to include a “single market” allowing goods and people to move around.
It has its own parliament, central bank and the euro currency used by 19 countries, with some members including Britain opting to keep their own money.
Eurocrats have been pushing for ever closer political and financial union, which could include a European Army separate from the Nato alliance.
Those in favour of leaving said Britain was being held back by EU red tape with too many rules on business.
They also campaigned on the issue of sovereignty and said they wanted Britain to take back full control of its borders.
Beyond the question of ceasing to be a member of the EU, what Brexit actually means in practice has been the subject of intense debate ever since.
Mrs May has said she is seeking a bespoke trade deal giving us as many benefits as possible while keeping full control.
The terms have to be agreed between the UK and the 27 other member states, which each has a veto over the final deal.
Article 50: What it says
- Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.
- A Member State which decides to withdraw shall notify the European Council of its intention. In the light of the guidelines provided by the European Council, the Union shall negotiate and conclude an agreement with that State, setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal, taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union. That agreement shall be negotiated in accordance with Article 218(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It shall be concluded on behalf of the Union by the Council, acting by a qualified majority, after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament.
- The Treaties shall cease to apply to the State in question from the date of entry into force of the withdrawal agreement or, failing that, two years after the notification referred to in paragraph 2, unless the European Council, in agreement with the Member State concerned, unanimously decides to extend this period.
- For the purposes of paragraphs 2 and 3, the member of the European Council or of the Council representing the withdrawing Member State shall not participate in the discussions of the European Council or Council or in decisions concerning it. A qualified majority shall be defined in accordance with Article 238(3)(b) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
- If a State which has withdrawn from the Union asks to rejoin, its request shall be subject to the procedure referred to in Article 49.
When will the UK leave the European Union?
Theresa May officially triggered Article 50 on March 29, after which there is a two-year time limit set for negotiations to hammer out the details.
The UK will therefore leave the EU by March 29, 2019, although there is a 21-month "transition period".
Negotiations began on June 19, with the two chief negotiators, Michel Barnier of the EU and Brexit Secretary David Davis, immediately setting off to find common ground.
Some of the “uncertainties” being discussed include citizens living in each other's territory, border arrangements between Ireland and the UK and the amount Britain stands to pay to honour its existing EU commitments.
On November 9, 2017, ministers announced they would fix the time and date of when Britain will leave the EU in law.
It will stop any backsliding on the timeframe for leaving the EU after growing calls to extend the Article 50 process beyond its current two-year cut-off.
What is a transition period and how long will it last?
This is a bridging agreement between the current situation – where we are members of the EU, and our long-term situation – which will be outside of the bloc.
Also known as an "implementation phase", it allows for the UK to keep the same arrangements with Brussels on trade and other matters, until a new comprehensive trade agreement is sealed.
The UK will not be fully out of the EU until December 31, 2020 – four and a half years after the historic referendum decision.
What did David Davis and Michel Barnier agree?
In March 2018, Britain secured a transition deal vital to business that will also allow fresh trade talks around the globe.
Brexit Secretary David Davis and EU chief negotiator Michel Barnier unveiled terms for the 21 month period intermin period after crunch Brussels talks.
Business bosses told of their relief over the deal that will end fears of a cliff edge for firms, and Sterling surged on the news.
But a series of concessions by Theresa May on immigration and fishing rights sparked a furious Tory revolt.
Latest Brexit News
No10 hit back to insist Britain notched up a series of wins in the deal, including stopping the EU from being able to reduce Britain’s overall share of the catch during the transition.
The UK will also be free to set its own foreign policy as soon as Brexit happens, as well as negotiate and sign new trade deals anywhere in the world – to implement them in 2021.
However EU chiefs made it clear the period, which allows the UK to stay in the Single Market and Customs Union, will only come into force if the Irish border is sorted.
We pay for your stories! Do you have a story for The Sun Online news team? Email us at email@example.com or call 0207 782 4368 . We pay for videos too. Click here to upload yours | <urn:uuid:b6e24825-ac63-4c9e-b0a3-054b925df3ea> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2099807/brexit-leave-eu-march-29-2019-deal-negotiations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593223.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722120017-20180722140017-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.968841 | 1,407 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Listen up! We are constantly exposed to sounds from televisions, radios, traffic, and even each other. When present at safe volumes, these sounds don’t affect our hearing, but, if the sounds are too loud or last too long, hearing may be compromised. Students perform tests with a vibrating tuning fork to observe how sound waves travel through air and how they affect liquids and solids. Students even perform the Weber and Rinne tests to analyze their own hearing followed by thought-provoking questions that force them to think about their own auditory health.
Kit includes enough materials for five student groups— sodium chloride, plastic wrap, five tuning forks, and five plastic cups.
Additional ResourcesNo Additional Resources at the time.
Flinn Catalog/Reference Manual Page 806
Flinn Middle School Catalog/Reference Manual Page 617 | <urn:uuid:2a4f4428-bb11-4af9-a957-a5eee08e2ece> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.flinnsci.com/store/Scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=22325&noList=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738004493.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222004-00198-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891979 | 173 | 3.5625 | 4 |
New England aster is a native, upright perennial with purple or pinkish daisy-like flowers that bloom in late summer and autumn. This aster is known for attracting butterflies looking for nectar and is a host for butterfly caterpillars and larvae.
- Chicago area
- North America
- Mixed border
- Large plant (more than 24 inches)
- Full sun (6 hrs direct light daily)
- Zone 4
- Zone 5
- Zone 6
- Zone 7
- Zone 8
- Moist, well-drained soil
- Deciduous (seasonally loses leaves)
- Late summer
- Early fall
- Mid fall
3 to 6 feet high and 2 to 3 feet wide
Tree & Plant Care
Pinch stems early in season to encourage the plant to be bushy and shorter.
Plant behind other plants as the bottom portion of the plant often become leggy late in the season.
Disease, pests and problems
Minor foliage diseases can mar the foliage on the lower part of the stems late in the season.
Disease, pest, and problem resistance
Native geographic location and habitat
Common in prairies.
Attracts birds & butterflies
Caterpillar and larva host to the pearl crescent and silvery checkerspot butterflies.
Nectar source for various butterflies such as the buckeye, viceroy, checkered white, painted lady, monarch, eastern tailed-blue pearl crescent, American painted lady, cloudless sulphur, clouded sulphur, common checkered-skipper, and the hairstreak butterflies.
Leaf or needle arrangement, size, shape, and texture
Simple, alternate leaves clasp the stems; lance-shaped, up to 4 inches long
Flower arrangement, shape, and size
Purple or pink daisy-like flowers; each flower about 1 1/2 inches across
Fruit, cone, nut, and seed descriptions
Not ornamentally important | <urn:uuid:109f89ac-ca9a-45bc-abd8-42829bd1ee9d> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/new-england-aster | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095632.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00301-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858437 | 414 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Many have written articles on the tribes of ancient giants who once called America home, but far less has been written about the archaeological discoveries which point to the existence of a pygmy race that once inhabited the wilderness regions of America. According to many renowned historians, such as John Haywood (known as the "Father of Tennessee History") and Joseph Henry (who served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution), an ancient race of pygmies- measuring no more than three feet from head to toe- once populated White County in Tennessee.
In his 1823 work The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, Haywood states that skeletons belonging to a pygmy race have been unearthed in the vicinity of Sparta, in central Tennessee, as early as 1820 and that news of these discoveries were published in the Nashville Whig newspaper. The finder of the first pygmy skeletons was a man identified as Mr. Lane, who unearthed bones on his farm, which appeared to be human, inside of a tiny grave measuring two feet in length, 14 inches in width, and 16 inches in depth. The skull was abnormally large, causing Mr. Lane to wonder if the bones might have belonged to a monkey. Although many of the bones immediately disintegrated when brought to the surface, Lane sent the remainder of the skeleton to Nashville to be examined by medical experts, who determined that they were indeed the bones of a full-grown human. Next to the tiny skeleton were found three clay vessels and two conch shells.
Three days later, on July 29, Mr. Lane visited the farm of a neighbor, Captain Simon Doyle, to search for more graves. The men found two more graves belonging to pygmies, both skeletons measuring no more than two feet in length. Once again, the skeletons were found to be buried with clay vessels and conch shells. Haywood writes about the discoveries in great detail in his 1823 history, and indicates that many more dwarf skeletons were found in the vicinity:
The graves lie promiscuously through the farm of Mr. Lane. But, at Mr. Anderson's, where Captain Doyle now lives, there is a large and closely connected burying ground, all of the description already given; and there are others of the same description four miles south of Sparta. Mr. Anderson formerly opened many of them. Capt. Doyle, the present owner, has opened several of them; and they both say, they believe hundreds might be found there.
|Standing 2 feet tall, the world's smallest man, Khagendra Thapa, is approximately the same height as the Tennessee pygmies.|
Unlike most aboriginal burial grounds in Tennessee, the pygmies did not build burial mounds. Instead, the dead were placed in shallow graves, with a large flat rock covering the hole. Haywood states that the pygmy graves could be located with ease by striking an iron rod about a foot and a half into the ground until it struck stone. Once the covering stone was removed, the bones could easily be seen.
On August 1, 1820, Mr. Lane and his son, Jacob A. Lane, Esquire, went in search of more pygmy graves, and located one which was slightly different from the others. In this particular grave, the dwarf was placed on his back with its knees drawn up and its head raised so that its chin rested against its breast. This pygmy, measuring 2 feet 10 inches in length, was buried with a circular shell with two holes, two circles, and a cross carved into it. This trinket was not found in any of the other graves. Five feet away from this grave was found another skeleton belonging to much larger man. It measured 5 feet and 5 inches in length and was buried in a highly peculiar manner, possibly indicating that the skeleton belonged to someone of great importance to the tribe. On pages 204-205 of The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, Haywood states:
It was large, constructed after the manner of a coffin, the head 14 inches broad, the elbows 22 inches, and the foot 10 inches. The sides and ends were lined with flag rock, after the manner of the small graves, but not quite so deep, it being only 12 inches. In this grave lay a person 5 feet, 5 inches high; the head to the west, and the feet to the east. They uncovered the bones of this skeleton from head to foot, without moving and bone, until they had a full view of the entire skeleton. It was not shrouded, for its mouth was extended, wide open, and was full of teeth... When they raised the skull, a great number of hairs were found sticking to it, which seemed to be the hairs of the head of the person interred. They were fine and straight, and of a bright silver grey.
Haywood theorized that since this taller skeleton had all of its teeth, while all of the pygmy skeletons featured decayed teeth, that this grey-haired individual was the tribe's leader. He also believed that these Tennessee pygmies arrived in America from India, stating that the pygmies were buried in a manner consistent with "Hindoo customs". He speculated that the bones of the grey-haired man were "perhaps of some distinguished priest of Vishnu".
While the concept of ancient Hindu pygmies in central Tennessee may sound like the imaginings of some half-baked crackpot, it must be pointed out that John Haywood was perhaps one of the most brilliant minds of his generation, and one of the best-educated men in the state. Born in North Carolina in 1762, Haywood was the son of a prosperous tobacco farmer who studied law and was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-four. He then served as the clerk of the North Carolina Senate before becoming the state solicitor general. In 1790, Haywood became the attorney general of North Carolina but soon retired to become a legal scholar. He then moved to Tennessee, where he founded a law school and served on the Tennessee Supreme Court. Considered to be one of the best legal minds in the South, he produced several legal texts which are still in use today, such as Duty and Authority of Justices of the Peace (1810), and The Statute Laws of the State of Tennessee (1831). In addition to legal matters, Haywood also wrote extensively on religion, philosophy, and history. In fact, Haywood County in Tennessee was named in his honor. So one would be hard-pressed to find a more reputable source than John Haywood. When an Internet blogger insists that ancient Hindu pygmies traveled from India to America, the idea should be taken with a grain of salt. But when a Supreme Court judge makes the claim, well, it's definitely worthy of some serious consideration.
Haywood believed that the Hindu pygmies originated in India, China and Tibet and then emigrated to Sarmatia (in present-day Iran) between the 5th century BC and the 4th century AD. From Sarmatia they migrated to Greece, and then to Finland. From there, the pygmies may have arrived in America via Greenland, or by migrating east to Ural and eventually crossing the Bering Strait.
In the 16th century, Italian historian Paolo Giovio wrote of pygmies in the Lapland regions of Finland and Sweden, so Haywood might have been on to something when proposing the migratory route taken by the Tennessee dwarves. Furthermore, there is ample proof of pygmy tribes having occupied India and China for thousands of years, right up to the present day; the Taron pygmies, for example, still occupy a region of the Himalayas near the borders of Burma, India and Tibet, while the Derung tribe of pygmies still inhabit the Yunnan province of China, which shares a border with Tibet. Haywood also described several implements made from a jade-like stone found buried with the Tennessee pygmies, and since jade is more readily found in places like India and China than in the American South, it stands to reason that these stone tools were not made in America.
Haywood's theory caught the attention of Joseph Henry, the famed scientist and inventor who served as the first secretary of the Smithsonian. Like Haywood, Professor Henry's credentials are impeccable; it is Henry who is credited as the discoverer of the electromagnetic phenomenon of self-inductance, and the "henry" (a measurement of electrical inductance) is named in his honor. In 1875, when Alexander Graham Bell was trying to iron out some quirks in the prototype of the first telephone, it was Professor Henry he turned to for advice.
|Statue of Joseph Henry, in front of the Smithsonian Institution|
Though Henry is best-known for his work in electromagnetic research, he possessed an insatiable curiosity for all things scientific, and in 1876 he sent a team of archaeologists to Sparta in order to procure specimens of the lost tribe of pygmies for exhibition at the Smithsonian. On October 7, they discovered the skeleton of a pygmy next to one of the old graves which Haywood had excavated decades earlier. This skeleton measured twenty-six inches in length and belonged to an adult male. Newspapers throughout the country published the story of this find, such as the Bloomsburg (PA) Columbian, which stated:
The thighs, arm, ribs, and in fact, all the bones, were small, the full set of teeth showing, at the same time, that they must have belonged to an adult. The thigh bones were a little larger than a man's fore-finger, the other bones being in proportionate size.
Professor Henry's team of researchers also made another interesting discovery; that the bones were placed in graves lined with sandstone rock, which is not indigenous to the valley where the graves were discovered. The nearest sandstone deposits were located on the tops of mountains, perhaps indicating that the pygmy tribe lived not in the valleys of Sparta, but in the mountains to the east of the valley. The team estimated the bones to be between 300-400 years old.
Unfortunately, the trail of the ancient Hindu pygmies of Tennessee seems to end in the late 19th century. Haywood died three years after publishing The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, while Professor Henry died less than two years after his team's Sparta excavation. With no one left to carry on the research, the departed race of dwarves faded from memory. | <urn:uuid:d38729e1-62c6-49ba-9bc5-6b7e965364d0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://www.bizarrejournal.com/2014/04/ancient-pygmies-in-america.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500251.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205094841-20230205124841-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.979698 | 2,172 | 3.296875 | 3 |
What Mistakes did the Allies make during Operation Overlord on D-Day?
June 6, 1944 was arguably the most pivotal day of World War II. Operation Overlord was set to be launched and if successful, was to open a second front in Europe so as to attack Germany from all sides. Stalin’s Soviet Army had been battling the German Army since late 1942 in Stalingrad, Leningrad, and Moscow. Germany was unable to force the Soviets into surrender and Stalin’s troops slowly pushed the Germans back from Russia. The Soviet soldiers defended their motherland honorably; however, they needed a reprieve from the German armor and killing squads sent east to execute and imprison Russian Jews and political prisoners. The Western front Stalin had been insisting upon was finally coming into the realm of reality.
The invasion named Operation Overlord was planned to unfold in three parts; the break-in, the buildup, and the breakout. The first stage was the most dangerous and challenging as the Allied troops were tasked with attacking and holding the beaches of Normandy in the face of an open German assault. The elements of nature seemed to conspire against the Allies and the German defenses, although not optimal, were solid and treacherous. The ultimate detriments to the Allied strategy of the break-in phase; however, were the mistakes made by the Allies themselves.
Before the amphibious landing was made, paratroopers from the U.S.101st and 82nd Airborne divisions were tasked with jumping behind enemy lines to secure roads and bridges tactically imperative to the security of Omaha and Utah Beaches. British airborne divisions conducted a similar operation to secure access to the Sword, Gold, and Juno Beaches. The British divisions achieved a greater measure of success than the Americans.
The American Airborne transported its paratroopers via C-47 transport planes, which were neither armed nor armored. These aircraft and their crews had no means by which to defend themselves once the German anti-aircraft guns began to fire. Further, since they were not armor-plated, due to weight, being hit by flak or shrapnel in an engine or fuel tank was catastrophic for the aircraft and crew. After the tight V formation of planes crossed the English Channel, German guns opened fire and immediately began to cause irreparable damage to the 101st and 82nd aircraft.
The American C-47 pilots were relatively inexperienced in combat flying. The lack of experience, combined with the fact that the crews were ordered to fly under radio silence, compounded an already perilous situation. Some of the pilots ordered the jump too soon while others waited too long. As a result of the ill-timed jumps, scores of paratroopers were dropped at an altitude too low for success.
Many were dropped at sea while others jumped into flooded fields. Other companies jumped into heavily defended towns and were either shot down while descending or captured once they hit the ground. Some paratroopers never got to jump at all as several aircraft were damaged in flight to the extent that they crash-landed or exploded while still in flight; the aircraft carrying their crews and full complements of paratroopers were casualties of war. One such aircraft crashed into a hedgerow and immediately burst into flames.
This plane carried the headquarters company for Easy Company; E Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. Easy Company's recently installed leader, 1st Lieutenant Thomas Meehan, was killed instantly. Command of Easy Company fell to 1st Lieutenant Richard Winters. He and his fellow paratroopers were unaware of Meehan's fate upon landing in France.
Once safely on land, the men of the 101st and 82nd were scattered haphazardly throughout the French countryside. In the dark, these men had to blindly navigate the terrain after having lost maps and compasses during the drop. Some paratroopers lost everything they had packed into their leg bags, which blew off immediately once they exited the aircraft; that meant no map, compass, weapon, food, or ammunition. With as much stealth as possible, the troopers slowly connected with others who were lost and made their way to the rendezvous point. Because of the heavy casualties and dramatic delays due to the inaccurate drops, their missions were minimally accomplished, which meant that the amphibious landings took place without the benefit of the German communications and access to the beaches being cut.
Pointe du Hoc
Unfortunately, due to choppy seas and German defenses, the landings suffered a significant forty-minute delay. German artillery sunk one of the ten Allied transport vessels, which resulted in the drowning deaths of all but one man. The Rangers finally reached the base of the cliff of Pointe du Hoc at 0710 hours.
The landing craft was equipped with rocket launchers that propelled grapnels and ropes up the sheer cliff for the men to ascend to the top. Under German fire, these soldiers suffered heavy casualties and fought their way to the top. Once reaching the plateau, they found that their objective, the guns, had been moved. Patrols were deployed, and five of the projected six guns were found, and their firing mechanisms destroyed.
Of the nearly three hundred Rangers deployed in the first assault group, 150-200 were either wounded or killed in action. The second wave of Rangers, an additional 500 men, was awaiting the signal flare to join the attack.Due to the initial forty-minute delay, the flare was fired too late, and the additional Rangers had joined the invasion at Omaha Beach.
The showdown at Omaha pitted the U.S. 1st Division against the 352nd of Germany. This beach was comparatively narrow and culminated in a steep, fortified bluff. At the base of the bluff, the Americans faced a swampy sea wall and an anti-tank ditch the Germans had constructed. Adding to the natural and German-made obstacles, the Americans faced their problems. The Navy launched the landing craft too far out in the channel; as the sea was choppy this resulted in a heavy loss of men and equipment due to capsized vessels.
Further, as the previous airborne mission failed to meet its objective, the troops landing on Omaha were very vulnerable. They fell in an unorganized fashion, and a tremendous number of the first wave were killed before exiting the craft. German defenders were firing unhindered from the bunkers and casements atop the bluff, and the American G.I.s were out in the open. The only chance for the cover was to reach the base of the bluff. Men lost their weapons during the landings and dodged behind the wooden obstacles Marshall Rommel had constructed. They were also forced to duck behind the dead bodies of their comrades. The Navy bombardment had little effect on the German guns, and initially, Rommel’s defense was holding; however, the German commander feared his line would become untenable.
Once the invasion began, the German command acted with confusion. They believed that the weather would delay the Allied invasion for a month. Additionally, even after the landings were initiated at Normandy, Field Marshal Rundstedt still held that the primary target was Pas de Calais. Rommel was certain that this attack on Normandy was, in fact, the primary objective of the Allied plan. He requested that all available Panzer divisions be sent immediately to Normandy in addition to infantry being held in reserve. Rundstedt, who had convinced Hitler that Calais was the target, refused Rommel’s request without first speaking to the Führer. He called Hitler to request permission to move two Panzer divisions to Normandy. Hitler was sleeping. No member of Hitler’s staff had the nerve to wake him, which resulted in a twelve-hour delay in moving the tanks.
The delay by Germany afforded the Allied troops ample time to secure the beaches of Normandy on the first day of the invasion. By the end of the day, the Americans were able to get off of Omaha Beach, although the cost was great. When the fighting on June 6 was done for the night on Omaha, the U.S. suffered more than 2,000 casualties. In the entirety of the first day of attack, across all of the beaches, including the Airborne divisions, Navy, and landing troops, the Allies employed more than 150,000 men.The Americans on Utah beach were also successful with far fewer casualties, yet the movement was equally slow. The British and Canadian forces held Gold, Juno, and Sword but went no further on the first day. The next goal for the Allies was to build-up forces on the ground and to take strategically important towns that would eventually lead to the breakout and ensuing march to Berlin.
Related DailyHistory.org Articles
- What were the goals of the Axis powers and the Soviet Union during World War Two?
- How Did the German Military Develop Blitzkrieg?
- Why did Operation Market Garden in 1944 fail?
- D-Day: What Factors Were Considered When Planning Operation Overlord?
- How did Adolf Hitler become the Fuhrer of Germany?
- Why was France defeated in 1940?
- Stephen Toth, "Total War and Crisis" (lecture, Arizona State University, Glendale, November 17, 2011).
- Stephen Ambrose, "Band of Brothers: E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagles Nest" (1992, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 69. To support Ambrose, see Richard Winters and Cole C. Kingseed, "Beyond Band of Brothers: The War Memoirs of Major Dick Winters" (New York: Berkly Books, 2006).
- Michael J. Lyons, World War II: A Short History, 5th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2010), 250.
- Tothe, Lecture.
- Lyons, 251.
- Lyons, 249-50.
- Toth, Lecture. | <urn:uuid:ccba1025-1f4e-4a4c-9bbe-81253aeb7559> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://dailyhistory.org/What_Mistakes_did_the_Allies_make_during_Operation_Overlord_on_D-Day%3F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880519.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023014545-20201023044545-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.980996 | 2,046 | 3.3125 | 3 |
By David Mayall
Gypsies have lived in England because the early 16th century, but significant confusion and confrontation stay over the perfect identification of the crowd. The query 'Who are the Gypsies?' continues to be requested and the debates in regards to the positioning and permanence of the boundary among Gypsy and non-Gypsy are contested as fiercely this day as at any time before.
This learn locates those debates of their old point of view, tracing the origins and copy of many of the methods of defining and representing the Gypsy from the early 16th century to the current day. beginning with a attention of the early smooth description of Gypsies as Egyptians, land pirates and vagabonds, the quantity is going directly to study the racial class of the 19th century and the emergence of the ethnic Gypsy within the 20th century. The publication closes with an exploration of the enduring picture of the gang as vagrant and parasitic nuisances which spans the complete interval from 1500 to 2000.
Read or Download Gypsy Identities 1500-2000: From Egipcyans and Moon-men to the Ethnic Romany PDF
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Contents: * creation : procedures of sedentarization as edition and reaction / Philip C. Salzman * Sedentarization and modes of financial integration within the heart East / Nina Swidler * Sedentarization of Nomads within the 7th century : the Arabs in Basra and Kufa / Richard Bulliet * profession reorientation and institutional edition within the means of typical sedentarization / Walter Goldschmidt * The open area of interest, pastoralism, and sedentarization within the Mambila grasslands of Nigeria / Charles Frantz * The pastoral relatives and the truck / sunrise Chatty * approaches of sedentarization one of the Nomads of Baluchistan / Philip C.
Islam is the quickest growing to be faith within the usa. There are extra Muslims in the US than in Kuwait, Qatar, and Libya jointly. Leaving apart immigration and conversion, birthrate by myself guarantees that during the 1st a part of the twenty-first century Islam will change Judaism because the nation's moment biggest faith.
This ebook analyzes the improvement of indigenous spiritual, advertisement, and political associations one of the Oromo frequently in the course of the quite peaceable centuries in its historical past, from 1704 to 1882. the biggest ethnic staff in East Africa, the Oromo promoted peace, cultural assimilation, and ethnic integration.
Additional resources for Gypsy Identities 1500-2000: From Egipcyans and Moon-men to the Ethnic Romany | <urn:uuid:0f608f0b-0921-467f-816b-8df6e94a5b17> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.arequipateens.com/books/gypsy-identities-1500-2000-from-egipcyans-and-moon-men-to-the-ethnic-romany | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106465.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820112115-20170820132115-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.910933 | 547 | 3.0625 | 3 |
English language arts standards » writing » grade 8 » 1 print this page write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence. Browse persuasive writing rubric resources on teachers pay teachers no evidence 1 - little evidence 2 this is a rubric designed for first grade persuasive. 4th grade reading & writing this writing worksheet will help students practice writing a persuasive letter and gives them the with this persuasive writing. Books shelved as persuasive-writing: i wanna iguana by karen kaufman orloff, click, clack, moo: cows that type by doreen cronin, dear mrs larue: letters. This persuasive writing unit of study is designed to fit into your primary classroom writing workshop the mini lessons within this persuasive writing unit of study.
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Inspire your students to develop a passion for writing, practice reading comprehension, and build vocabulary and grammar skills with these language arts lesson plans. Persuasive essay worksheets a rubric i’ve used to grade my students five paragraph persuasive essays writing persuasive essays.View | <urn:uuid:1ffee159-ae0a-4506-a867-da5652562384> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://ghessayjjni.health-consult.us/persuasive-writing-grade-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867055.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624195735-20180624215735-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.914476 | 550 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Dictation is a new feature in OS X that transcribes your speech and inserts it as text into a document. How it works, is that any words you say are sent to Apple’s servers, where they are then processed and sent back to you. OS X then inserts the text into the active document. Thus, in order to dictation to work, you must be connected to the Internet.
By default, pressing the fn key on your keyboard twice will enable the dictation service. You can also choose Edit > Start Dictation from the menu of any application that supports dictation to launch the service. When you do so, a message box appears informing you that what you say will be sent to Apple for processing. If you wish to continue, click the Enable Dictation button. You can change the default hot key (fn) from the Dictation & Speech pane of System Preferences.
When dictation is on, a small microphone appears. Speak clearly to transcribe your speech into text. Note that you must say the word for any punctuation you wish to add, such as period, question mark, colon, semi-colon or exclamation point. For instance, you would say:
This is a test of dictation period
Which would be transcribed as: This is a test of dictation.
Click Done when finished. Your words will then be inserted into your document as text. Note that the Dictation feature is not always 100% accurate so be sure to proofread any text inserted by the feature.
To turn off the Dictation feature, launch the Dictation & Speech pane of System Preferences, click the Dictation tab and then click the Off radio button.
To Use Dictation
- To enable dictation, press the fn key twice
Choose Edit > Start Dictation from the menu of any application that supports dictation
Launch the Dictation & Speech pane of System Preferences, click the Dictation tab and then click the On radio button.
- Speak clearly.
- When finished, click the Done button.
- To continue transcribing, press the fn key twice again.
- Turn TextEdit into a Word Processor by Inserting Tables
- Sync Google Contacts with your Mac’s Contacts application
- Read Web Pages Offline using Safari’s Reading List Feature
- Create Links to an E-mail Messages in the Notes app | <urn:uuid:979f8587-00a0-4348-a5fd-e07bd9340063> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://dailymactips.com/2012/10/08/using-the-dictation-feature-in-mountain-lion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424564.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723142634-20170723162634-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.825174 | 502 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The recently constructed 150,000-square-foot Danforth Plant Science Center resides in St. Louis, MO. With a terra-cotta and aluminum exterior, the building houses a blend of technology and nature within. The interior lobby of the three-story building features limestone flooring that gives a bright and practical look to the space.
The overall design goal of the project was to establish an environment appropriate for the scientists working in the building. The ability to explore and exchange ideas within the confines of the building was a key element when creating the interior structure. Connected by stairwells and balconies, the openness of the building allows scientists easier accessibility for interaction and collaboration.
The spacious and open feel to the lobby is apparent, due to the large windows and the tone of the limestone. The architects specifically chose Jerusalem Gold Dark limestone for the flooring of the building because of its color and technical aspects, according to stone supplier, Alex Habr of Global Granite and Marble in St. Louis. “Limestone in general was used because it is very suitable for the interior stone application and at the same time it has a real natural look,†stated Habr.
The Jerusalem Dark Gold was cut as 12- x 24-inch tiles with a thickness of 3/8 inch. The 20,000 square feet of material was supplied with a honed finish. The interior floors were light in color, a feature that was heightened by the sunlight streaming through the large windows that were placed at the front of the facility's lobby.
The installation of the flooring, completed by William J. Zickel of Fenton, MO, over a period of six weeks, was done with thin-set mortar. Eight workers were on the job, using Laticrete 333 flexible mortar system to set the Jerusalem Gold Dark limestone. One difficulty did occur during the installation of the limestone. “We had to compensate for the floor being totally out of level,†said supplier, Joel Tully of Trends in Tile. “We floated the floor out of sand and cement. We did this by using Laticrete 226 thick bed mortar, mixed with 3701 latex additive.â€
The planning of the Danforth Plant Science Center began in May of 1998 and the designing started in August of 1999. The completion of the building was in 2002 as it continues to be a research facility dedicated to the study of how plant science can be used to improve human nutrition and the sustainability of agriculture worldwide.
End box:Architect: Hellmuth Obata & Kassabaum, St. Louis, MO
Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO
Stone Supplier: Global Granite and Marble, St. Louis, MO
Distributor: Trends in Tile, St. Louis, MO
Installer: William J. Zickel, Fenton, MO
Installation Products: Laticrete International, Bethany, CT | <urn:uuid:33d5a4fe-64d4-4f90-a894-944d0ecfff42> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.stoneworld.com/articles/83511-limestone-enhances-missouri-science-center | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703564029.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125030118-20210125060118-00740.warc.gz | en | 0.950174 | 609 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Life as a Pioneer
- Students will explore historical documents and explain why early
pioneers settled on the Iowa prairie and describe methods of transportation
used by pioneers in traveling to the frontier.
- Students will review maps and describe the impact of railroading
on the emerging farm economy.
- Students will explore historical documents and explain the effect
of drought, prairie fire, and grasshopper plagues on the pioneer farm.
- Students will explore historical documents and describe life in pioneer
times and how men and women worked in partnership when establishing
their place on the frontier.
- WHY MOVE WEST?: Start by asking students to review and discuss why
pioneers decided to move West. Then have students draw a concept
map showing the push/pull factors that influenced pioneers.
- TRAVELING WEST: Next, have students skim the Journal
of William Buxton 1853 and identify different types of transportation
used by pioneers when moving from England to Iowa.
- As students explore maps depicting transportation
in frontier Iowa discuss how the development of railroads permanently
changed the state.
- BUILDING TOWNS: Students can review photos and maps showing how
towns developed in the 1800's and research panoramic photographs
of their own hometown's main street at the Library of Congress American
Memory Collection. After exploring information about pioneer towns
and model buildings at the Hoover
Library in West Branch and Living
History Farms, students can sketch a concept
map identifying the characteristics and buildings of early pioneer
towns. Students can use the information to draw a map, construct examples
of buildings found in early pioneer towns, label their structures and
develop make believe names for their towns.
- FRONTIER PROBLEMS: Students will review a letter
written by John and Sarah Kenyon, early settlers in eastern Iowa, to
their relatives in Rhode Island. The letter describes what it was like
to farm in the new state of Iowa and a frightening
prairie fire experience. Another historical document describes prairie
fires in the pioneer days.
Possible questions for a handout when reviewing the letter and historical
- List three things the author said that you think are important.
- List two things the document tells you about life on the prairie.
- What is left unanswered by the document? Write a question that
you would like to research?
- Letter Home: Have students assume the role of one of the pioneers
and write a letter to a friend describing their daily life.
- Newsroom: Write a news story for a class issue called: Today's Big
Stories on the Prairie.
- Your Say: Develop a 2-minute television broadcast of a news story
from the prairie; videotape the presentations and use QuickTime
to place the broadcast presentations on the WWW. Students may use the
Webliography to assist in developing their
- Laura Ingalls Wilder: Complete the Laura
Ingalls Wilder Timeline Activity.
- Museum Visit: Students can contact a local museum to:
Pop-Up Books: Create pop-up books about information collected during
the museum visit. Use a digital camera to photograph the pop-ups and
create animations from the still digital pictures.
- Compare early maps of your local community showing pioneer settlements
with present day maps showing the use of land space
- Review documents from pioneers in your local community and identify
country of origin including birth, death, marriage, and baptismal
certificates, records of censuses, wills, letters, and diaries
- View photographs and videos of pioneers' original homes in overseas
- Read local publications describing settlement of the local area
Tips for Teachers
- Using Primary Source Materials
- For additional illustrations and descriptions of pioneer life, check
Home in the Heartland, a virtual exhibit at the Illinois State Museum.
Plain and Tall WebQuest
A WebQuest Designed by Curt Nielsen, Instructor Malcolm Price Laboratory
Freeman School: Building Prairie Communities
Examines a one-room schoolhouse originally known as the Red-Brick School
House, in Blakely Township, Nebraska, from 1872 to 1967. When closed,
it was the oldest continuously used one-room school in Nebraska. It
served not only as a school, but also as a church, meeting hall, polling
place, social and political center of the community.
- A number of library books describe pioneer
life in the United States and provide a wealth of information for a
reading center in the classroom.
- Participate in the Westward
Ho collaborative project. Load those wagons. Kiss the kin goodbye.
Join the virtual Wagon train for an unforgettable learning adventure.
Godspeed and safe journey... Yeeeeeeehaaaaaaaaaaa!
- Additional lesson plans are available at EDSITEment, a project for
the National Endowment for the Humanities. Review the following plans:
on the Great Plains Lesson Plan
- For additional ideas and activities review The
- The Kelsey
Letter reading activities are designed to help students interpret 19th
century letters as primary sources of historical information.
to Read about Pioneer Life
Cabins in America
Lesson plans tell why the log cabin was popular and important in settling
the American frontier.
- Frontier House: A
Follows three families experiencing life in 1883, enduring hunger, fatigue,
blistering heat, a June blizzard, and more. Includes video | <urn:uuid:7a4c614e-8210-48c9-a068-b1bb5fc0b088> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.campsilos.org/mod2/teachers/life.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510256757.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011736-00156-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884514 | 1,143 | 4.15625 | 4 |
The United Nations General Assembly chose June 5 as World Environment Day (WED) in 1972. In 1973, the first event was held with the theme “Only One Earth.” In the years that followed, WED became a place to talk about environmental issues like air pollution, plastic pollution, illegal wildlife trade, sustainable consumption, rising sea levels, and food security. The theme for World Environment Day 2023 is the campaign having the logo #BeatPlasticPollution.
Also, WED helps make changes in how people use things and in national and foreign policies about the environment.
“The environment is where we all meet; where we all have a mutual interest; it is the one thing all of us share.”
– Lady Bird Johnson
This year is the 50th anniversary of World Environment Day, which will focus on how to stop plastic waste using the hashtag and motto #BeatPlasticPollution.
Every year, the world makes more than 430 million tonnes of plastic, and about half of that is made to be used only once. Less than 10% of that is reused or recovered. Every year, between 19 and 23 million tonnes are thought to end up in lakes, rivers, and seas. Microplastics, which are tiny pieces of plastic up to 5 mm in size, end up in food, drink, and the air.
It is thought that every person in the world eats more than 50,000 pieces of plastic every year, and that number is much higher if breathing is considered. Single-use plastic that is thrown away or burned is bad for people’s health and for wildlife. It also pollutes every environment, from the tops of mountains to the ocean bottom.
With science and possible answers to the problem at hand, governments, businesses, and other stakeholders must scale up and speed up their efforts to solve this issue. This shows how important it is for this World Environment Day to get people all over the world to take action that will make a difference.
World Environment Day 2023 must bring out all the changes that are necessary for our planet Earth. We must put in our hands together in protecting our Earth. | <urn:uuid:ee11fa11-104f-4ad0-b20d-2d11f5dbadb9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://neemopani.com/world-environment-day-2023-time-to-beatplasticpollution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206000253-20231206030253-00733.warc.gz | en | 0.954909 | 442 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Chi - Induction of Adaptive Pedagogical Tutorial Tactics
The goal of this project is to investigate on application of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to derive adaptive pedagogical strategies directly from pre-existing interaction data. Pedagogical strategies are policies to decide the next system's action when there are multiple ones available. More specifically, this project is designed to: 1) help computer tutors employ effective, adaptive pedagogical policies; 2) test the viability of using RL, especially POMDP, to induce pedagogical policies, 3) show that pedagogical policies is a potential source of learning power for computer tutors to improve students' learning; and 4) explore the underlining causes of the effectiveness of the induced policies.
For any forms of learning environment including ITSs, the system's behaviors can be viewed as a sequential decision process wherein, at each discrete step, the system is responsible for selecting the next action to take. Each of these system decisions affects successive user's actions and performances. It is unclear how to make each decision effectively because its impact on learning cannot often be observed immediately and the effectiveness of one decision also depends on the effectiveness of subsequence decisions. Ideally, an effective learning environment should craft and adapt its actions to users' needs. However, there is no existing well-established theory on how to make these system decisions effectively. Most of existing ITSs, for example, either employ fixed pedagogical policies providing with little adaptability or employ hand-coded pedagogical rules that seek to implement existing cognitive or instructional theories. These theories may or may not have been well-evaluated.
In this project, we apply RL to improve the effectiveness of an ITS by induce pedagogical policies direct from a pre-existing student-computer interactivity data. More specifically, we focused on the two types of tutorial decisions: Elicit vs.Tell (ET) and Justify vs. Skip-Justify (JS). When making ET decisions the tutor decides whether to elicit the next step from the student or to tell them the step directly. The JS decisions address points where the tutor may optionally ask students to justify an answer they have taken or entry they have made. Neither type of decisions is well-understood in that there are many theories but no widespread consensus on how or when an action should be taken. Thus, we investigate on applying and evaluating RL to induce pedagogical tutorial tactics from pre-existing interactivity data.
Planned accomplishments for PSLC Year 6
Previously, we applied MDPs model to induce pedagogical policies from the data. However, a framework more suitable for this task is the Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP). POMDPs allow for realistic modeling of the students’ knowledge levels, the students’ intentions, and other hidden state components by incorporating them into the state space. POMDPs explicitly represent two sources of uncertainty: non-determinism in the control process and partial observability of the students’ knowledge levels. In the former case, outcomes of the tutorial actions or students’ knowledge level are not deterministic; in the latter, the underlying students’ knowledge levels are observed indirectly via incomplete or imperfect observations. The goal of year 6 is to explore the use of POMDP models.
Integrated Research Results and High Profile Publication
We focused on the two types of tutorial decisions: Elicit vs.Tell (ET) and Justify vs. Skip-Justify (JS). When making ET decisions the tutor decides whether to elicit the next step from the student or to tell them the step directly. The JS decisions address points where the tutor may optionally ask students to justify an answer they have taken or entry they have made. Neither type of decisions is well-understood in that there are many theories but no widespread consensus on how or when an action should be taken. Thus, we investigate on applying and evaluating RL to induce pedagogical tutorial tactics from pre-existing interactivity data.
Previously, a particular RL model, a Markov Decision Process (MDP), was applied to automatically derive adaptive pedagogical strategies directly from pre-existing student-computer interactivity data. The effectiveness of RL-induced tutorial tactics was then tested on real human subjects with random assignments. Results showed that after solving the same problems in the same amount of time, the induced pedagogical policies significantly improved students' learning gains up to about 60% compared with less effective pedagogical policies: t(55) = 3.058, p = 0.003, d = 0.81 (M = 0.41, SD = 0.19 for the Experimental Group and M = 0.25, SD = 0.21 for the Control group) (Chi et al., 2010a). Overall, our results showed that these fine-grain tutorial decisions indeed do matter to learning.
Moreover, the pedagogical policies employed by the Experimental group were derived from the log files from two pre-existing training corpora. Since the Experimental Group experienced the identical procedure and training materials as the students collected in the pre-existing training corpora, a post-hoc comparison was done among the three groups. Results showed that while no significant differences were found on pre-test score and time on training among the three groups, there were significant differences among the three groups on both post-test scores and NLG scores: F(2, 127) = 5.16, p = 0.007 and F(2, 127) = 7.57, p = 0.001 respectively (Chi et al., 2010b). More specifically, the Experimental Group significantly out-performed the two previous groups in terms of posttest scores and NLG. This result suggested that RL can be fruitfully applied to induce more effective, adaptive pedagogical strategies from less effective pre-existing data.
Compared with previous research on applying RL to induce pedagogical policies on ITSs, this project so far has at least two major contributions. First, we showed that using a relatively small exploratory corpus as training corpus for inducing pedagogical policies is a feasible approach. Second, we empirically showed that the RL induced policies indeed made students learn deeper or better.
Moreover, while much of previous research on applying RL to ITSs and non-tutoring NL Dialogue systems used pre-defined state representation, our approach in this project is to begin with a large set of features to which a series of feature-selection methods were applied to reduce them to a tractable subset. By doing log analysis, we shed some lights on the relative effectiveness of different feature selection methods and which features among the ones defined were most involved in the final induced policies.
The most frequent features appeared in the induced policies employed by the Experimental group are: StepDifficultyPS: a Problem Solving Contextual feature which encodes a step's difficulty level and its value is roughly estimated from the Combined Corpus based on the percentage of answers that were correct on the step.
tutConceptsToWordsPS: a Problem Solving Contextual feature which represents the ratio of the physics concepts to words in the tutor's dialogue.
tellsSinceElicitA: an Autonomy feature which represents the number of tells the student has received since the last elicit.
durationKCBetweenDecisionT: a Temporal Situation feature which represents the time since the last tutorial decision was made on the current KC.
Currently, we are working on exploring the use of POMDP models. More specifically, we have defined preliminary structures of the POMDP and selected a training corpus that can be used to learn the POMDP. The selected structure for POMDP is knowledge tracing and Additive Factor Model (AFM). We also want to investigate how certain factors would impact the effectiveness of the induced tutorial tactics and these factors include (1) the choice of Training Corpus, (2) the choice of the state modeling and representation, and (3) the choice of the reward functions and so on.
Additionally, we have been worked on investigating the causes of the effectiveness of the induced pedagogical tactics in the previous study by applying learning decomposition. We want to compare the RL-induced tutorial tactics with pre-existing learning theory, such as zone of proximal development (ZPD) (Vygotsky; 1978) and assistant dilemma (Koedinger et al. 2008) and so on.
Chi, M., Vanlehn, K., Litman, D (2010a). The More the Merrier? Examining Three Interaction Hypotheses. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci2010), Portland, Oregon.
Chi, M. VanLehn, K., and Litman, D. (2010b). Do Micro-Level Tutorial Decisions Matter: Applying Reinforcement Learning To Induce Pedagogical Tutorial Tactics. Proceedings 10th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS2010) (pp 224-234).
Chi, M. VanLehn, K. Litman, D., and Jordan, P. (2010c). Inducing Effective Pedagogical Strategies Using Learning Context Features. Proceedings Eighteenth International Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization (UMAP2010). (pp 147-158).
• Chi, M., Vanlehn, K., Litman, D, and Jordan, P. (Accept upon revisions). Empirically Evaluating the Application of Reinforcement Learning to the Induction of Effective Pedagogical Tactics.
Year 6 Project Deliverables
Year 6 Project Deliverable 1. 1) A selection of POMDP policies, beginning with the ones in step 3 of the 6th month milestones. 2. 2) Explore different ways to evaluate these POMDP policies.
6th Month Milestone
By May 1st (Min Chi starts Nov 1), 2010 we will 1. Extract initial features & explore use of additional features based on knowledge tracing and detectors of affect and motivation. 2. Design initial POMDP models 3. Derive initial policies by exploring the impact of different corpora, different feature selection or extraction approaches, clustering methods, and so on. | <urn:uuid:4bc80c3e-14ea-4895-8524-f6084e3376a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://learnlab.org/research/wiki/index.php?title=Chi_-_Induction_of_Adaptive_Pedagogical_Tutorial_Tactics&oldid=11086 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107871231.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020080044-20201020110044-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.912146 | 2,099 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In recent years, there has been controversy surrounding the ingredients and nutritional benefits of commercial dog food. Choosing the best dog food for your pet requires a basic understanding of a dog's nutritional needs. On the right diet, your dog can perform at his best and maintain the best health possible.
Animal Protein and Fat
By nature, dogs are carnivores and do best on a meat-based diet that is full of animal protein, amino acids and animal fat. Protein contains 10 amino acids that dogs need for optimal health and can only be gained by the foods they eat. When reading a pet-food label, be aware of the difference between animal proteins and animal byproducts. If the label lists chicken as an ingredient, the healthy muscle and fat is used in the food. If the label lists chicken byproducts, the parts of the body not deemed appropriate for human consumption, such as the head and bones, are ground into a meal. Animal byproducts lack the nutritional value of the lean muscle parts and the fat needed in the diet.
Vegetable Protein and Carbohydrates
There are more vegetable proteins used in dog food today than in earlier years when meat was the primary source of protein. While dogs can survive on a vegetarian diet if missing vitamins and minerals are supplemented, research has shown that dogs fed a meat-based diet have less health problems and live longer. Carbohydrates found in vegetable matter provide a source of energy, but overall vegetable matter is not a sufficient replacement for meat. Pet foods with high grains and cereals should be avoided. Typically, the least expensive brands are high in these vegetable-based ingredients.
Additives in pet food include vitamins, minerals and chemicals used to improve the color, texture or flavor of the food. While vitamins and minerals are necessary additives to balance out kibble, other chemicals that dog-food manufactures are permitted to use have no positive effect on the health of the animals who consume them. Organic and premium dog foods tend to have less of these chemical additives than brands most commonly found at grocery stores.
Preservatives are necessary to keep dog food from spoiling. The average bag of dog food will be stored for up to 12 months from production to consumption, so natural and artificial preservatives are needed for the food to be safe. Canned dog food is preserved by the canning process itself, which means it needs less chemical preservatives than dry kibble.
- John Howard/Lifesize/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:823b3f47-b176-49d9-b3e7-e9121bb720cd> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/dog-food-1718.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510257966.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011737-00060-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943659 | 499 | 2.703125 | 3 |
How to Use Comma in a Phrase with Due to the fact
Communicating properly is as significantly about punctuation as it is concerning vocabulary. Learning which phrases help you to have a conversation clearly is vital, but how message gets across might be hugely depending choices with punctuation.
Comprehension this in addition to mastering proper grammar usage can help to help make communication more effective and more interesting since it excuses you around express yourself with clarity along with humor. On many occasions, understanding basics, such as comma usage, is reasonably straightforward. Occasionally, however , it could really be a tricky matter, depending on the phrases you want to employ.
Because, Commas And How They Go Together
Knowing when to use a comma when working with because implies understanding exactly what you want to claim. Simply put, comma placement can certainly determine the actual message your writing conveys. Consider these 2 examples:
Michael jordan did not win, because he / she changed lanes.
Michael could not win because he modified lanes.
Inside the first instance, Michael missing because he chose to alter lanes through the race. In the second instance, however , the real meaning is less obvious. Did Erika lose simply because he modified lanes? Or perhaps did he or she win, except for some motive other than altering lanes? In this case, using a comma makes the phrase more readable and helps to enhance clarity.
A new sentence you start with the word ‘because’ will often require a comma as an easy way of breaking up the two distinct, but attached, clauses. Simply because we work with so many term structures, you will need to understand how sentence structure helps to enhance communication. Ask how that works? With this example, the usage of a comma is the same as it could be for any some other sentence- it simply makes the term read much better.
Because Adjustments! Linguistic Progress in Action
The word because is promoting from a straightforward conjunction into a prepositional key phrase. The employed of ‘because’ with a noun, as in “I didn’t obtain my paper done in time frame because Internet” has become ever more popular thanks to world wide web memes along with online consumption in order to delegate blame or determine a origin. A couple of examples include:
- Evolution will be real, mainly because science.
- My partner and i made this picture because defferement.
- Students today can’t mean, because spell-checker.
- No work Monday due to the fact holidays!
This new and evolving connectivity to the word ‘because’, referred to commonly as ‘Because + Noun’ brings from it a whole new level of comma usage- the one that hasn’t completely been determined yet. Generally, this new use doesn’t struck the symbol in terms of proper usage regarding papers, checks and documents. Watching how this new utilization evolves, however , gives individuals the chance to find linguistic https://sigmaessay.com progress in action, a lot in the same way everyone was able to look at evolution connected with ‘friend’ from common noun to verb after the creation of ‘friending’ an individual through web 2 . 0.
Using a comma in a sentence in your essay which functions ‘because’ as a conjunction depends upon the message you want to express. Simply put, when ‘because’ is needed to establish information which cannot be separated in the main concept, leave the sentence comma free. Any comma really should be used in so that it will improve readability and meaning or to different two 3rd party, but attached, sentences. On the internet sentence, the inclusion or maybe exclusion of any comma can later what it means significantly, and so read the item both approaches in order to determine if your comma is necessary. | <urn:uuid:9a69c511-db22-420b-8dd9-74c629d89b11> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://rijnlandpad.nl/2019/03/21/how-to-use-comma-in-a-phrase-with-due-to-the-fact-43/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527135.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419041415-20190419063415-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.948453 | 791 | 2.75 | 3 |
This op-ed was distributed by Trice-Edney Newswire.
History was made in Selma, Alabama, on March 7, 1965. Alabama state troopers viciously attacked peaceful voting rights marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge. The troopers were hoping to stop the voting rights movement in its tracks. But their violence did the opposite. Televised images of “Bloody Sunday” offended the conscience of people of good faith around the country. The movement was energized. And soon, the federal Voting Rights Act became law.
Voting rights activists were back in Selma this month to commemorate history—and to make it.
Vice President Kamala Harris spoke at the Edmund Pettus bridge. As the first Black woman to hold that high office, she embodies many of the victories of the civil rights movement. From that “hallowed ground,” she spoke truth about the “un-American” laws that have passed in many states to make it harder for Black people and others to vote.
Vice President Harris recognized that 2022 is not 1965, as her presence made clear. “We again, however, find ourselves caught in between,” she said. “Between injustice and justice. Between disappointment and determination. Still in a fight to form a more perfect union. And nowhere is that clearer than when it comes to the ongoing fight to secure the freedom to vote.”
The threat to voting rights today comes most directly from state legislators and governors putting laws in place that make it harder for Black people and others to vote. The threat also comes from a far-right-dominated Supreme Court that has mostly abandoned voting rights in favor of “states’ rights.” In a 2013 decision in a case that began in Shelby County, Alabama, the court’s majority gutted a section of the Voting Rights Act that prevented states from imposing racially discriminatory changes in voting laws and regulations.
Since then—and especially since historic turnout by Black voters helped defeat Donald Trump’s reelection bid—legislators in state after state have passed new barriers to voting. The Supreme Court is letting them get away with it.
And just recently the Supreme Court’s far-right justices allowed Alabama to hold elections this year using racially gerrymandered congressional maps created by the state legislature. That was another signal to Black voters and voting rights supporters that the current court majority cannot be counted on to protect our rights.
We must organize. We must elect pro-voting-rights majorities in Congress and state legislatures wherever we can. And we must demand that they take action to protect our democracy.
That brings us back to Selma. As a young man, the late Rep. John Lewis nearly gave his life on the Edmund Pettus bridge to secure voting rights. Activist leaders of this generation are now building on that history and making their own.
A coalition of local and national civil rights groups used this year’s Bloody Sunday commemorations as a time to look forward as well as back. They organized a march and a series of voting rights events along the route of the original Selma to Montgomery march. They are lifting up younger generations of leaders and mobilizing activists around the connections between voting rights and the broader movement to advance opportunity and economic justice.
At the same time, civil rights activists around the country are organizing to achieve another historical milestone: the confirmation of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson as the first Black woman to serve as a U.S. Supreme Court justice. As expected, Judge Jackson’s nomination has been met with some resistance and racist commentary. But it is generating even more excitement and enthusiasm.
Our country’s history is in part a history of struggle to achieve hard-won progress toward more universal access to rights and opportunities. That is still our struggle today. Like the work of the activist leaders who are building a movement to protect voting rights and expand access to opportunity, the confirmation of Judge Jackson will move the nation forward toward the ideal of equal justice. It’s our turn to keep our feet on the ground, our shoulders to the wheel, and our eyes on the prize. | <urn:uuid:1594d58b-d5fa-43c4-9602-0fef747e98ae> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.pfaw.org/blog-posts/from-selma-to-the-supreme-court-we-are-still-making-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474617.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225135334-20240225165334-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.960509 | 853 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Exploring the impact of human activity on the environment provides high school students with an opportunity to understand ecological issues from the inside out. By conducting hands-on research, teens have the opportunity to interact with their surrounding environment, collect evidence, and analyze results—and the implications for their community.
Force of Nature: The David Suzuki Movie. DVD. 93 min. Prod. by Entertainment One and National Film Board of Canada. Dist. by Bullfrog Films. 2012. ISBN 1-93777-234-9. $295.
Gr 10 Up–Scientist and TV personality David Suzuki is well known in Canada where he is revered as the host of the long running science program, Nature of Things, and as an environmental activist. This film honors his career by weaving together the story of his life with his last lecture outlining the [...]
If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front. DVD. 85 min. Prod. by Marshall Curry Prods. Dist. by Bullfrog Films. 2011. ISBN 1-93777-21-9. $295.
Gr 10 Up–This fact-filled program utilizes archival footage, interviews, and commentary to relate the story of one man’s involvement in the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), an organization described by law enforcement as a domestic terror organization. It traces the evolution of Daniel McGowan from city resident to environmental activist, chronicling his involvement in property [...] | <urn:uuid:bccd1f77-ac7a-47dc-915d-512f86458241> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.slj.com/tag/environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510275111.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011755-00077-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923356 | 293 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Tips For Saving Water in the Landscape
By Chris Madson, Red Butte Garden Irrigation Crewleader
As the second driest state in the nation, conserving water in Utah is a high priority. As our population continues to increase, so too does the demand for water and the need for conservation.
With the largest portion of water in Utah being applied to the landscape by homeowners, business owners, and farmers—taking steps to reduce residential water use could collectively make a big difference.
- When planning a new landscape, or renovating an older one, consider the wide variety of low-water-use plants that are available.
- Group plants in the landscape with similar water needs, and water each zone separately according to the requirements of each hydrozone. This will avoid over-watering entire areas to meet the needs of a few plants that need more water.
- Use a generous layer of mulch in garden beds to reduce evaporation and weeds, which also reduces competition for water.
- Sweep driveways and sidewalks with a broom instead of hosing them off with water.
- Mow grass at 3” to 4” in height, rather than 2” or 2.5.” This reduces stress and water use because it allows the grass to shade its roots.
- Reduce lawn fertilizer applications to less than the typical recommendation of 1 lb. of nitrogen per 1000 sq. ft., 3-5 times/year. Fertilizer increases growth, which increases water consumption. When fertilizing, use a low nitrogen fertilizer with micronutrients, including iron, which helps green up lawns in Utah’s high pH soils.
Design the irrigation system to meet the site/design needs
- In densely planted landscapes, spray heads that deliver larger water droplets reduce water loss because they are less susceptible to drift and evaporation.
- In less dense landscapes, drip systems deliver water only to those areas where plants are located.
- Drip systems are also used to establish new landscapes that will ultimately be kept as a dry or xeric planting, which requires no supplemental water after establishment.
Inspect sprinkler systems
- Regularly check the performance of sprinklers to ensure that there is proper alignment and coverage, and that there are no leaky pipes or heads. Adequate pressure is also essential, as too much or too little can affect the performance of the system and wastes water, either by overwatering or by evaporation.
- Check hoses and faucets for leaks and add a shut-off valve to the end of hoses to turn off flow when not needed.
- Avoid watering during the hottest time of day (10AM – 6PM).
- Water in cycles, reducing the minutes on the timer and using multiple start times, spaced an hour apart, to allow water to soak into soil, especially on slopes.
- Water fewer days per week, but water for longer periods of time. This will encourage deeper root development, enabling plants to withstand hot summer temperatures and the intervals in between each watering.
- Consider installing a rain shut-off gauge on the irrigation system and turn off the system when conditions are very windy.
- Always adjust your irrigation scheduling times to meet the changing needs of each season, less water in spring and fall, more during the heat of summer.
Awareness of how our watering practices affect plant growth and performance is the cornerstone of saving water in residential landscapes. Water applied daily leads to shallow-rooted systems that are more susceptible to the scorching heat of summer. Water applied less often but for longer, including cycle soak programs, encourages deeper rooting that better tolerate less water and the summer heat. Avoiding water application during the day reduces water lost to evaporation.
Red Butte Garden offers landscape design, irrigation, garden maintenance, and many other gardening classes on a regular basis. Please check our website for more information. | <urn:uuid:48159210-0337-46bd-97d7-08b7472f09d3> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.redbuttegarden.org/gardening/saving-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247486480.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218114622-20190218140622-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.930421 | 811 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The consequences of climate change will have effects far greater than we currently suspect. To ensure a bright future for ourselves and future generations, we have to take action. My freshman year, I interviewed Scott Powell, an environmental scientist professor at MSU. He studies carbon sequestration, one technological fix that has the potential to greatly reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere. This is the most promising fix that I am aware of, because it seems to limit the unintended consequences that may arise. Aerosols which “suck” these gasses out of the air worry me because of how quickly they could spread across the globe. However, technological fixes will not simply solve the problem on their own. Our culture has to change, but to reduce waste and emissions our way of life is in jeopardy. I am optimistic for the future, because I trust that technology will allow us to continue living however we want, as it has been for the past couple hundred years.
Climate science is certainly not a new phenomenon according to Michael Reidy. Tyndall was conducting greenhouse experiments since the 1800s. He argued that a naturalistic explanations accounts for the workings of nature. While Reidy offers an important historical perspective, the articles from the IPCC backs it up with current numbers. It is definitely frustrating when people that are not versed in science argue with PhD scientists who have spent their whole life studying the environment and trying to preserve it. In my experience, those who are more educated regardless of discipline are more compassionate about the environment. This is a limited view though, as I only really have the opinions of people at MSU and in Bozeman. One argument I have heard is that “everything comes from nature, so what makes one thing more toxic than the other?” Arguments like this just can’t be backed up with numbers and studies, they are purely opinion. Everyone is entitled to their opinion in a free country, but we need to make sure those in power are interested in preserving the environment. | <urn:uuid:31e959d8-e6c5-4fb0-a58d-ab6c9d220d3b> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://mountainsandminds.org/make-a-difference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665976.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113012959-20191113040959-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.97125 | 411 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Hovering Cycle
Western sitting-style toilets are presumably intended to be used in a seated position, (McClelland & Ward, 1982) except when used by males for exclusively urination. A sign on a bathroom in my college dorm illustrates this expectation.
But the word on the street is that people often adopt a hovering posture instead of the seated posture in order to cope with unsanitary toilets. To start, several threads on Yelp contain discussion and complaint about toilet cleanliness and preferred postures. Also, one person admitted to PostSecret that he or she hadn't sat on a toilet for the four years.
There's even a website that reviews toilets and tells you whether to Sit or Squat.
Greed (Greed, 1995) and Moore (Moore & al, 1991) anecdotally found that young ladies are often taught that hovering is proper and that sitting is unclean. Several WikiHow articles provide examples of this phenomenon.
Formal quantitative studies have found hovering to be common among Taiwanese people (Cai & You, 1998) and British gynecological outpatients (Moore & al, 1991),
Toilets get dirty, so people hover.
Many of the referenced forum discussions explain that hovering, rather than sitting, creates more of a mess. Presumably, this is because hovering puts the relevant body parts in a less stable position that is higher above the toilet, making it harder to aim.
If these anecdotes about the causes and effects of hovering are correct, then the clean toilet is an unstable equilibrium of a toilet's sanitary state; toilets get dirty, so people hover, so the toilets get dirty, so people hover.
Effects of privacy on posture choice
I focused on this broken windows theory in the current paper, but I also thought about other impacts on posture. Anecdotes suggest that public toilets tend to be dirtier than private toilets, or people or at least more concerned with sanitation at public toilets than at private toilets (Cai & You, 1998), so we might expect that a more public toilet would effect posture similarly to how a more dirty toilet would.
On the other hand, privacy might have a secular impact on posture choice. For example, social norms might have more of an impact in public toilets than in private toilets. A lady once told me that she thought people would be more likely to hover at public toilets because hovering is considered more proper than sitting; since people can see others' feet and lower legs under the bathroom stalls in public restrooms, people might be more likely to follow this convention of hovering in public than in private.
Understanding the mechanisms of toilet cleanliness can help us design and maintain efficient toilets that people want to use, so it would be nice to see whether this the broken windows theory explains toilet sanitation issues.
I sought to establish whether this cycle of hovering and toilet dirt exists by looking at the postures that university students say they'd use in toilet-use scenarios of differing privacy and cleanliness. I was mainly concerned with how cleanliness influenced the decision of what posture to use, but I tried to separate effects of privacy from effects of cleanliness.
Western toilets typically consist of a bowl and a seat with a large hole in the middle. The seat typically can lie on the bowl or be lifted above the bowl. I consider four categories of postures in which this contraption can be used.
Sitting-style toilets are designed to be used in a seated posture (McClelland & Ward, 1982), which we define as one where the buttocks or thighs touch the toilet.
Hovering, also called squatting or semi-squatting, describes postures where the feet are on the floor but the buttocks and thighs are above the toilet. This is accomplished through knee extension and trunk flexion. (Greed, 2003)
In squatting, the thighs touch the legs and the trunk touches or nearly touches the thighs. In order to accomplish this on a sitting-style toilet, one puts his or her feet on the toilet seat. This is probably much less common in countries where sitting toilets are the norm.
Confusingly, term "squatting" is also often used to refer to what I term "hovering".
Males commonly stand at toilets when they are urinating. In this posture, the person faces the toilet and stands in front of the toilet.
In May 2011, I sent a questionnaire to randomly selected Cornell University students (graduate and undergraduate). The questionnaire asked more questions than I presently present, but I'll just explain the relevant questions.
I asked each participant for his or her sex. Participants were required to choose the more appropriate of "male" or "female". I also asked each participant what posture he or she would use in 12 different scenarios. For each scenario, the participant was required to respond with one of these postures:
The 12 scenarios came from a three variables in a 2 × 2 × 3 layout. The variables were
- Privacy level (public or private)
- Cleanliness (dirty, clean or unspecified)
- Task (urinate or defecate)
For example, one question was
If you are urinating at a very dirty private toilet, which posture are you most likely to use?
The "unspecified" cleanliness level meant that cleanliness level was not mentioned; for example, another question was
If you are urinating at a public toilet, which posture are you most likely to use?
I pilot-tested the questionnaire on nine people. For each of these pilot test participants, I asked the participant to complete the questionnaire, and then I interviewed the participants to see how they had interpreted each of the questions. I made some changes based on this pilot study, but all of the students responded the same in person as they had on the questionnaire. I found the participants in the psychology department's participant pool.
I selected random students from the school's public electronic directory. (It's the same directory as the one from this study on middle names at Cornell University.
I sent emails to 390 students. The emails asked the participants to complete the questionnaire online in exchange for a one-in-three chance of winning $10. For students who did not respond, I sent up to two reminder emails.
A week after the survey emails were sent, I selected the 20 people who had responded first. I sent them a very similar email asking that they take the questionnaire again in order to test it's reliability. These participants received the same compensation as they had received in the main survey phase—another one-in-three chance at winning $10, even if they had won before.
Of the 390 students to which questionnaires were sent, 173 completed the questionnaire. There were 103 females and 70 males.
Popularity of posture by situation
Within each of the 12 situations, the most popular posture was normally sitting. We can see more in these plots. Each circular thingy represents the posture choices for a question about a particular task and privacy with no mention of cleanliness (like "If you are urinating at a private toilet, which posture are you most likely to use?"). The top row is the male responses, and the bottom row is the female responses.
The table below presents the popularity of the two most popular postures for each situation. By "popularity", I mean the proportion of students who would say they use the posture if I asked.
|male||defecate||private||unspecified||1 (1%)||3 (4%)||66 (94%)||0 (0%)|
|male||defecate||private||clean||2 (3%)||0 (0%)||64 (91%)||4 (6%)|
|male||defecate||private||dirty||38 (54%)||3 (4%)||26 (37%)||3 (4%)|
|male||defecate||public||unspecified||6 (9%)||4 (6%)||60 (86%)||0 (0%)|
|male||defecate||public||clean||2 (3%)||1 (1%)||64 (91%)||3 (4%)|
|male||defecate||public||dirty||43 (61%)||5 (7%)||19 (27%)||3 (4%)|
|male||urinate||private||unspecified||1 (1%)||4 (6%)||13 (19%)||52 (74%)|
|male||urinate||private||clean||1 (1%)||0 (0%)||12 (17%)||57 (81%)|
|male||urinate||private||dirty||5 (7%)||0 (0%)||1 (1%)||64 (91%)|
|male||urinate||public||unspecified||4 (6%)||4 (6%)||2 (3%)||60 (86%)|
|male||urinate||public||clean||2 (3%)||0 (0%)||6 (9%)||62 (89%)|
|male||urinate||public||dirty||4 (6%)||0 (0%)||1 (1%)||65 (93%)|
|female||defecate||private||unspecified||1 (1%)||3 (3%)||97 (94%)||2 (2%)|
|female||defecate||private||clean||6 (6%)||2 (2%)||94 (91%)||1 (1%)|
|female||defecate||private||dirty||59 (57%)||14 (14%)||27 (26%)||3 (3%)|
|female||defecate||public||unspecified||18 (17%)||3 (3%)||81 (79%)||1 (1%)|
|female||defecate||public||clean||29 (28%)||1 (1%)||71 (69%)||2 (2%)|
|female||defecate||public||dirty||59 (57%)||18 (17%)||22 (21%)||4 (4%)|
|female||urinate||private||unspecified||6 (6%)||2 (2%)||93 (90%)||2 (2%)|
|female||urinate||private||clean||10 (10%)||0 (0%)||91 (88%)||2 (2%)|
|female||urinate||private||dirty||81 (79%)||5 (5%)||11 (11%)||6 (6%)|
|female||urinate||public||unspecified||55 (53%)||2 (2%)||44 (43%)||2 (2%)|
|female||urinate||public||clean||45 (44%)||0 (0%)||55 (53%)||3 (3%)|
|female||urinate||public||dirty||81 (79%)||8 (8%)||7 (7%)||7 (7%)|
The popularity of sitting makes sense given that they are called "sitting toilets". Notable exceptions are when men are urinating (They stand) and when women are urinating at dirty or public toilets.
The "other" option was especially popular for dirty toilet situations. I suspect that participants chose this to indicate that they would never ever under any circumstances ever use such a toilet.
I converted the categorical "posture" variable into a binary "dirty posture" variable. I considered "hover" and "other" to be dirty, and I considered "sit" to be clean. I considered "stand" to be dirty unless it was marked by a male for a scenario involving urination. (Standing is actually pretty dirty, and some males choose to sit, but I see standing as the conventional, baseline posture for these scenarios.) Nobody had marked "squat", so that didn't need to be converted.
That results in this table. It shows the numbers and proportions of participants who said they used dirty postures in response to each of the questions.
Does dirt promote dirt?
The above table about the use of dirty postures versus clean postures gives us an answer this question. If dirty toilets promote dirty postures, we should expect the rate of dirty postures to increase as toilets get dirtier. The difference is quite strong, so I could use a low-powered but easily-interpreted method to check that the difference was significant.
I estimated a 95% confidence interval based on a normal approximation of the binomial distribution. I conservatively assumed that the proportion was 0.5 when computing the standard error. Also conservatively, I only computed it for the male sub-sample (n = 70 rather than n = 173).
Then multiply it by z = 2 in each direction to get 12%, so we can be quite confident that these percentages figures are within 12% of the actual. Well actually, because of the confidence level I chose, we should expect the proportion for one of the 24 above-tabulated scenarios to fall outside confidence interval.
This tells us that Cornell students in general are more likely to use dirty postures as toilets get dirtier.
Do public toilets affect posture choice for reasons other than dirt?
I checked simply whether posture was the same between the corresponding public and private conditions for each participant. This is six comparisons per participant, for each of the cleanliness × task combinations.
There were instances where posture was different, so the quick answer is "yes". But how often were they different? To avoid talking in double-negatives, I actually checked how often the posture was the same. Here are the raw proportions.
I also plotted them, separating by sex. The error bars are 12% tall in each direction; the reasoning for this is the same as in the earlier table.
In most situations, the figures are quite close to 100%, but a couple are quite relatively low. In particular, the figure is 50% for females in the unspecified-urinate condition; this is to say that half of females who responded to the questionnaire said they would use a different posture when "urinating at a private toilet" than when "urinating at a public toilet".
I was originally not so concerned with the difference between sexes, but it seems interesting now, so let's run some fancy significance test. I fit a multivariate analysis of variance. Sex was the sole independent variable, and the correspondence of postures between the six sets of corresponding public and private scenarios were the response variables. I haven't figured out a straightforward way of writing that, so here are three rows from the response variable matrix.
Cells say "TRUE" if posture was the same in the corresponding public and private scenarios, and they say "FALSE" if it wasn't.
We saw in the graph that sex has the largest impact on the difference between
the public and private locations for the
clean_defecate scenarios. We see the same thing in the MANOVA coefficients.
person$sex Residuals unspecified_defecate 0.33 20.34 unspecified_urinate 8.526 28.619 clean_defecate 1.821 18.850 clean_urinate 4.684 24.403 dirty_defecate 0.153 14.367 dirty_urinate 0.001 6.716 Deg. of Freedom 1 171 Residual standard error: 0.3449 0.4091 0.332 0.3778 0.2899 0.1982 Estimated effects may be unbalanced
All of the standard four hypothesis tests suggest that sex has a significant difference on the difference between public and private scenarios.
Df Pillai approx F num Df den Df Pr(>F) person$sex 1 0.268 10.1 6 166 1.6e-09 *** Residuals 171 Df Wilks approx F num Df den Df Pr(>F) person$sex 1 0.732 10.1 6 166 1.6e-09 *** Residuals 171 Df Hotelling-Lawley approx F num Df den Df Pr(>F) person$sex 1 0.365 10.1 6 166 1.6e-09 *** Residuals 171 Df Roy approx F num Df den Df Pr(>F) person$sex 1 0.365 10.1 6 166 1.6e-09 *** Residuals 171
I ran univariate ANOVAs for the six scenarios.
unspecified_defecate Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) person$sex 1 0.33 0.330 2.78 0.097 . Residuals 171 20.34 0.119 unspecified_urinate Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) person$sex 1 8.53 8.53 50.9 2.6e-11 *** Residuals 171 28.62 0.17 clean_defecate Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) person$sex 1 1.82 1.82 16.5 7.3e-05 *** Residuals 171 18.85 0.11 clean_urinate Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) person$sex 1 4.68 4.68 32.8 4.5e-08 *** Residuals 171 24.40 0.14 dirty_defecate Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) person$sex 1 0.15 0.153 1.82 0.18 Residuals 171 14.37 0.084 dirty_urinate Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) person$sex 1 0.00 0.0007 0.02 0.9 Residuals 171 6.72 0.0393
The MANOVA doesn't tell us anything we didn't already figure out from the graph; all of the MANOVA significance tests find a difference by sex in joint rate of correspondence across scenarios, and univariate ANOVAs on the six respective variables indicate significant differences for the unspecified_urinate, clean_defecate and clean_urinate conditions These are the three that are obviously different based on the graph.
Using MANOVA actually isn't quite appropriate because it treats the response variables as continuous rather than being only one or zero. It would be more appropriate to use generalized estimating equations, but I don't really know how those work and don't care enough right now. Because of this inappropriateness, the residuals are negatively skewed,
I wouldn't worry too much about the validity of the MANOVA, but you should keep in mind that I might not really be distinguishing between privacy and cleanliness. Considering the nature of the data collection, it is hard to tell whether this analysis really does disentangle toilet privacy and toilet cleanliness. Participants were asked about "clean private toilet[s]" and "clean public toilet[s]", and they could have interpret the word "clean" differently in the two contexts; a clean public toilet might just be clean relative an ordinary public toilet. If participants saw clean private toilets as cleaner than clean public toilets, this result about the difference between public and private scenarios doesn't separate the effect of cleanliness from the other effects of the privacy of the space.
Anyway, it appears that a toilet being dirty doesn't affect posture much after I control for everything else. The situations where it does effect posture are when females are in the less unpleasant situations of urinating at non-dirty toilets.
The analysis thus far has looked for changes by scenario, across people. For example, I found that more people use dirty postures (mostly hover) when toilets are dirty. I haven't yet looked at all at how particular people change their postures as scenarios change. Said differently, I haven't looked at whether the people who hover when toilets are clean are the same as the people who hover when toilets are dirty.
Plots by person
First, I made a separate plot for each participant to characterize that participant's posture choice. I ordered the scenarios by likelihood to use a posture other than the standard sitting (or standing for males urinating) and made separate files for males and females.
Flipping through all of those is sort of interesting, but I would like to condense the trends into something more easily digested.
It seems like we can vaguely order the various scenarios in a particular way such that we can usually split the scenarios at two along that ordering and find that a person uses dirty postures at most scenarios on one side and uses clean postures at most scenarios on the other side. More on that later.
I used hierarchical clustering to group the participants based on their responses to the twelve questions. I used the Ward method with euclidean distances. The grouping looks like this.
We can cut off this dendrogram at any level and look at the average (really the centroid) value within each cluster. If we cut it before the first split and have one "cluster", the centroid will just be the the values in the table in the "Do public toilets affect posture choice for reasons other than dirt?" section, except not grouped by sex. (I clustered based on question responses only, not based on sex.)
I cut off the dendrogram at successively lower levels until it got boring, annotating the clusters as I went. Here's the first cut.
And here are the centroids. (I didn't cluster based on sex, but I included sex in the table below.)
|Variable/Scenario||Cluster 1||Cluster 2|
After studying the centroids, I came up with these groupings.
Here it is at six clusters, grouped.
|Variable/Scenario||Cluster 1||Cluster 2||Cluster 3||Cluster 4||Cluster 5||Cluster 6|
I stopped at 17.
The above groupings help us understand the questionnaire responses by person, but they don't tell us how well the groupings might apply to people outside the sample. To check how robust these groups are, I used approximately unbiased p-values, computed by multiscale bootstrap resampling in pvclust. I only vaguely know how this works: Resamples of varied sizes are taken from my 173-person sample, and the stability of the results from these resamples is computed.
It found most of those last 17 clusters to be significant, (That is, we wouldn't have seen them unless they're real.) with approximately unbiased p-values greater than 0.95. Unexcitingly, the p-values were zero for most of the higher clusters. Though I don't really know how this technique works, I suspect that this result is somewhat explained by my use of cluster analysis to describe binary (yes/no) data. Anyway, I thus don't have a particularly good confidence figure for the clustering.
Counts of dirty postures by person
Having looked so much at the within-person relationships between different the scenarios, what general things can we say about the way people make decisions?
The plots and clustering generally suggest that a particular person is more likely to use a dirty posture as the toilet changes from clean to dirty and from private to public. Also, a particular female is more likely to use a dirty posture when she urinates at than when she defecates at an equivalent toilet.
- If a person uses a dirty posture at a private toilet, he or she probably uses a dirty posture at an equivalent public toilet. (But the converse is not true.)
- If a person uses a dirty posture at a dirty toilet, he or she probably uses a dirty posture at an equivalent cleaner toilet. (But the converse is not true.)
- Males rarely use dirty postures when urinating.
- If a female uses a dirty posture when defecating, she probably uses a dirty posture when urinating at the same toilet. (But the converse is not true.)
Recall that each participant marked what posture he or she would most likely use in each of twelve scenarios and that the postures were grouped into clean and dirty postures. Since we are able to narrow down the marginal reasons why a person would switch postures, the following plot is informative.
The x-axis is the number of questions for which dirty postures were marked, and the y-axis is the proportion of participants. There is a separate curve for each sex, and the area under each curve is 100%. Because males rarely use dirty postures when urinating, it might make sense to think of the male curve as ending at six questions rather than at twelve.
For both sexes, most people rarely use dirty postures. On the other hand, few people always use clean postures. Moreover, based on our ranking of the different scenarios, it seems that about half of people of either sex will use dirty postures in the dirty scenarios and only in the dirty scenarios.
As I just said, a particular person is more likely to use a dirty posture as the toilet changes from clean to dirty and from private to public. Also, a particular female person is more likely to use a dirty posture when she urinates at than when she defecates at an equivalent toilet.
These conclusions match the conclusions based on the aggregated rates of use of the various postures, but these are at the level of participants rather than the level of the group of participants. Previously, we only could say that more people are likely to hover as toilets get dirtier; now, it appears that particular individuals are more likely to hover as toilets get dirtier. (That might sound like common sense.)
I sent a second questionnaire to 20 people, and 16 responded. For each person's response to each question, I checked whether the responses from the two rounds matched each other.
For the least consistent question, 13 out of the 16 people (81%) had the same response for both rounds. So the responses were quite consistent between the test and retest questionnaires.
At the beginning of this paper, I presented the following hypothesis.
Toilets get dirty, so people hover, so toilets get dirty.
The present study supports this hypothesis; people were more likely to say that they'd hover or use a different dirtying posture at dirty or public toilets than at clean or private toilets. This was true both when we looked at the group as a whole, not considering changes within a person, and when we looked at the level of individual persons.
For a more complete verification of this hypothesis, another study could observe how posture choice affects the dirtying of the toilet and see whether my categorization of postures into clean postures and dirty postures is reasonable.
Do public toilets promote hovering for reasons other than dirtiness?
The study also gives us an idea of how people might decide whether to hover when using a public toilet or a dirty toilet.
Dirtier toilets and more public toilets encourage hovering and other dirty postures. Toilet cleanliness and privacy might be correlated with each other, (I didn't address that in the present study.) but they also might have effects separate from each other. The data seem to suggest that toilet privacy affects posture for reasons other than toilet cleanliness, but the manner in which the questionnaire questions were asked makes it difficult to claim whether I have truly isolated the effect of privacy.
Men and women
Moreover, the study shows how the cleanliness of a bathroom might affect different groups differently.
When using a clean or private toilet ("pleasant toilet" henceforth), people are more likely to use a clean posture. More specifically, men and women are both unlikely to hover while defecating, presumably because it is difficult.
For use of an dirty or public ("unpleasant") toilet, the differences between males and females become relevant. For defecation, both sexes generally choose to sit. For urination, men generally choose to stand, and women generally choose to hover. This switch demonstrates a compromise between sanitary comfort and musculoskeletal comfort.
People would prefer not to have to touch the unpleasant toilet. Men and women pee in different ways and thus accomplish this in different ways; men stand, and women hover. Standing is presumably much easier than hovering, so most men stand during urination, while only about half of women hover. (The rest mostly sits.) Men and women defecate more similarly, so when they switch to defecation, the rates of clean and dirty postures are closer. The rates are still a bit higher for women, though; it might be that women have more practice in hovering and thus are more likely to hover at an unpleasant toilet.
The current study compared males and females, but loads of other things that could affect how people use a toilet. These things include anthropometry, fatigue and disabilities.
Toilets are called "sitting" toilets, but lots of people hover, even in the most desirable of conditions. Something is wrong here; the design and conventions of toilets do not match the way that toilets are used.
If people want to hover, maybe we should let them hover. Would adding bars to stalls help people hover? And would that, in turn, make people happier?
Maybe we can make toilets fit a wider range of people. Men have the luxury of calmly standing while urinating, whereas women have to either hover or bear touching the seat. Could toilets be designed in some way that matched the female anatomy? Clara Greed (Greed, 2003) might give us ideas. More generally, can we design healthful toilets that still align with our cultural expectations? Alexander Kira (Kira, 1976) has ideas on that.
The insistence on hovering over a public toilet can also be seen as a silly obsession with cleanliness. Sitting on the public toilet is probably perfectly safe, and hovering is known to have undesirable health outcomes, like taking longer to pee (Moore & al, 1991). Can we just get over our concern for such cleanliness?
As an aside, we should consider squatting. Among other benefits, it might make peeing faster. (Amjadi & al, 2006; Rane & Corstiaans, 2008) On the other hand, it might not. (Unsal & Cimentepe, 2004)
Keeping toilets clean
Public bathrooms are notoriously dirty. (They even scare children. (Vernon & al, 2003; Lundblad & Hellström, 2005) The present study provides insights into how we can efficiently reduce this dirt. The current study has related the broken windows theory to the cleanliness of bathrooms. When people use dirty bathrooms, they tend to use postures that make toilets dirtier. Thus, clean bathrooms stay clean, but dirty bathrooms get dirtier.
Perhaps we can schedule bathroom cleanings better with this knowledge. Rather than cleaning bathrooms once a day or waiting until they get messy, it may make sense to quickly tidy them up every hour or so; wipe the toilets and the sinks, pick trash up from the ground, and flush any toilets that haven't been flushed. This may stop toilets from getting particularly dirty, allowing toilets to stay reasonably clean throughout the day without major cleaning.
We can also install signs in the bathroom that encourage people to clean up minor messes. When I was in my senior year of college, the cleanliness of my dorm's bathrooms became a topic of epic controversy. Around that time, I observed a couple signs that requested that men avoid getting urine on the toilet seats and that they wipe the toilet in case they did get urine on the toilet.
The above notices are phrased in a way that is somewhat hostile towards males; they might be more effective if they requested that less unpleasant unsanitary conditions be avoided. Based on the results from the present study, I suspect that the prevention of minor messes that people don't complain about would prevent the major messes that people complain about.
A sign at General Assembly ungrammatically makes this sort of request.
A bathroom in the Columbia University School of Journalism contains a couple of similarly small requests.
By asking people to keep the bathrooms clean in small ways, we may delay the onset of this vicious hovering/dirt cycle.
54% of women hover when urinating in public toilets.
The estimated prevalences of various postures of toilet use make for fun dinner conversation.
I ran the questionnaire on Qualtrics.
Qualtrics gave me a verbose and denormalized spreadsheet, so I
I used SQLite and dumptruck
to import the data, then I studied everything in R, using
and all of Hadley's libraries.
The paper is mostly compiled with
and I manually edited the resulting markdown a bit.
- Mohsen Amjadi, Seyed Kazem Madaen, Hamid Pour-Moazen (2006). Uroflowmetry Findings in Patients with Bladder Outlet Obstruction Symptoms in Standing and Crouching Positions. Urology Journal, 3(1): 49–53.
- Dengchuan Cai and Manlai You (1998). An ergonomic approach to public squatting-type toilet design. Applied Ergonomics, 29(2): 147–153.
- Clara H. Greed (1995). Public toilet provision for women in britain: an investigation of discrimination against urination. Women's Studies International Forum, 18(5–6): 573-584.
- Clara Greed (2003). Inclusive Urban Design: Public Toilets. Oxford, UK: Architectural Press.
- Alexander Kira (1976). The Bathroom. New York: Viking Press.
- Barbro Lundblad and Anna-Lena Hellström (2005). Perceptions of School Toilets as a Cause for Irregular Toilet Habits Among Schoolchildren Aged 6 to 16 Years. Journal of School Health, 75(4): 125-128.
- Moore, K. H. and Richmond, D. H. and Sutherst, J. R. and Imrie, A. H. and Hutton, J. L. (1991). Crouching over the toilet seat: prevalence among British gynaecological outpatients and its effect upon micturition. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 98(6).
- Ian L. McClelland and Joan S. Ward (1982). The Ergonomics of Toilet Seats. Human Factors, 24(6): 713–725.
- A. Rane & A. Corstiaans (2008). Does micturition improve in the squatting position? Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 28(3): 317–319.
- Ali Unsal and Ersin Cimentepe (2004). Effect of Voiding Position on Uroflowmetric Parameters and Post-void Residual Urine Volume in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 38: 240–242.
- S. Vernon, B. Lundblad and A. L. Hellström (2003). Children's experiences of school toilets present a risk to their physical and psychological health. Care, Health & Development, 29(1): 47–53. | <urn:uuid:19b562eb-4831-4b4d-9ecd-4f66ede2e011> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://thomaslevine.com/!/hovering-cycle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049272823.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002112-00196-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892703 | 7,353 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Love Without Limits
How can we love others unconditionally?
by Hannah Taylor
Suitable for Key Stage 4/5
To consider unconditional love, and how our actions and habits can make a positive difference.
Preparation and materials
- You will need the PowerPoint slides that accompany this assembly (Love Without Limits) and the means to display them.
- Have available the YouTube video ‘Unconditional: share the love’ and the means to show it during the assembly. It is 2.12 minutes long and is available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgjYJpSUH3c
- Raise your hand if you have heard of the term ‘unconditional love’.
Pause to allow time for students to raise their hands.
Keep your hand raised if you understand what it means.
Ask the students to lower their hands.
- We most often hear the term ‘unconditional love’ used in connection with family. It can be a hard concept to grasp, but the meaning behind it is that a family member will always be loved, no matter what. It means loving one another through difficult times, frustrations and mistakes without prejudice, judgement, criticism or blame.
It can be challenging to love unconditionally because we often push the boundaries with the people who are closest to us. We may cause hurt to one another – but unconditional love involves forgiveness.
- Accepting the flaws, mistakes and quirks of others can be one of the kindest and most rewarding things that we can do as human beings. Learning to offer forgiveness, love, connection and understanding, and being open to compromise and moving on, leads to more fulfilling lives and relationships. However, it can be very hard to do in practice.
- Let’s think about some examples of how we can love without limits.
Imagine that you have spent the morning helping your brother with his school project. When you went to check your messages, he became annoyed with you for getting distracted and said something hurtful.
Your immediate response might be to say something like, ‘I’ve spent all morning helping you, and look how you’re treating me. Forget it - I’m never helping you again.’ The meaning behind this is that you expect love and respect because of your actions towards him.
However, if you respond by saying something like, ‘I’m happy to help you, but you can’t speak to me that way,’ you are explaining that you love and respect him no matter what, but there are boundaries and he has to respect them.
Another example might be that you have volunteered to befriend an elderly person, but he has told you that he doesn’t want any help. However, you persevere and by doing so, you show that you are caring for someone without expecting anything in return.
- Here are a few tips on how we can love unconditionally, without limits.
Show Slide 1.
- Love. Let’s pay attention to how love is shown around us. Do people do things for us to make us happy? Do they expect anything in return? Should they?
- Acceptance. Let’s value and accept people.
- Honesty. We should be honest, and let people know what we expect and how we feel.
- Empathy. When we listen and show empathy, we show our commitment and demonstrate that we truly care for someone.
- Forgiveness. Sometimes, we need to let things go and move forward.
- Show the YouTube video ‘Unconditional: share the love’ (2.12 minutes long).
Time for reflection
Some of us have experienced love that is unconditional; some of us have not. Sometimes, we need to talk to someone about how we feel.
Remind the students of any services that are available in school if they need to talk to someone.
Ask the students to think about times when they have felt loved.
Pause to allow time for thought.
Ask the students whether they have ever made the effort to show love to other people. How did that make them feel?
Pause to allow time for thought.
Ask the students to think about how unconditional love might make them feel. Would it make them feel happy and secure?
Encourage the students to think about ways in which they could show this kind of love to others.
Thank you for always staying with me and loving me through all that I do.
Please guide me so that I may follow in your footsteps,
And love others unconditionally, as you do.
‘Hey brother’ by Avicii, available at: https://youtu.be/un6s1R-4Ud8 (4.15 minutes long) | <urn:uuid:5344324a-c6c7-4d72-8934-a3f38e32e3a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.assemblies.org.uk/sec/3855/love-without-limits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304928.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126071320-20220126101320-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.958294 | 1,024 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Profitability is a main aspect in a company’s financial reporting. While all financial statements include certain elements related to profitability, such as retained earnings in the balance sheet and operating cash flows from the statement of cash flows, the income statement directly shows profitability of a company by providing information on net income for a specified accounting period. An income statement can use different formats and have various reporting elements, depending on a company’s business activities.
Profit vs. Cash
Profitability is a financial measure used for evaluating return on investment either for a company as a whole or investors individually. Profitability demonstrates how effectively a company is using its assets and investors’ capital to generate earnings. Earnings, or profits, as an accounting concept often are not equal to a company’s cash holdings. A company may have a strong cash position, as shown in the statement of cash flows, as a result of cash inflows from financing proceeds or asset selling, while it can have a weak profit showing in operations.
The income statement, also called the profit and loss statement, is the financial statement that directly shows the profitability of a company. The income statement reports profits and losses from a company’s various business activities. Total profitability of a company is affected by both main-line operating activities and other secondary activities. Profits can come from a company’s principal operating activities, any non-operating activities and certain operations that a company has decided to discontinue.
Formats and Elements
Depending on the complexity of a company’s business activities, the income statement can be a single-step statement or a multi-step statement. The single-step format is best used by companies that have a single source of revenues and expenses because of simple business operations. The multi-step format separates revenues and expenses from different sources, and presents them in different sections of the income statement. In addition to revenues and expenses from operating activities, gains and losses from secondary, non-operating activities and events are also part of the profitability calculation.
In accounting, net income is the number used to measure profitability of a company. Because net income is an all-inclusive accounting earnings, the number can be misleading sometimes absent further analysis and interpretation. For example, net income may be inflated in one period by certain unusual and non-recurring gains or dramatically reduced by a one-time accounting charge from selling a division of a company. In such situations, the reported net income likely does not reflect the true profitability of a company, and certain adjustments to net income may be needed. | <urn:uuid:dfde2049-d865-4481-bffa-0af0003fa7ea> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://smallbusiness.chron.com/financial-statements-show-profitability-company-22845.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278887.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00078-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941994 | 525 | 3.109375 | 3 |
FHA Loan Basics
An FHA loan is a federal-assistance mortgage loan offered by qualified lenders and backed by the Federal Housing Administration.
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, soaring foreclosure and default rates led lenders to tighten their loan requirements to the detriment of the prospective homeowner. The FHA was created during this time to provide lending institutions (such as banks, savings and loan associations, and mortgage companies) with sufficient insurance to allow them to ease up on eligibility requirements for borrowers so that they could be approved for loans that they could not otherwise afford. If a borrower defaults on an FHA loan, the FHA pays off the mortgage from a reservoir of collected fees. The FHA funds this reservoir with fees charged to the borrower, such as an upfront mortgage insurance premium, and small, ongoing monthly fees.
FHA loans offer the following benefits over conventional loans:
low down payments. In general, the cost to the home buyer is approximately 0.75% to 1% less than conventional financing, meaning that they will need $1,500 to $2,000 less upfront to purchase a $200,000 home; low closing costs. Closing costs are miscellaneous fees charged by those involved with the home sale, such as the surveyor, home inspector, the lender (for processing the loan), and the title company (for handling the paperwork). To get the most value for their dollar during closing, homeowners should make sure to hire only Approved FHA InterNACHI inspectors; an easier time qualifying for credit, which is especially important for borrowers with no credit (although someone with poor credit will probably be ineligible for an FHA loan);a greater ability to use “gifts” for the down payment. Most conventional lenders require the home buyer to pay a percentage of the loan's cost from their own personal funds, while FHA loans may be gifted from family or friends; no pre-payment penalty, which is a big plus for subprime borrowers; a loan which may be assumable. Assumable loan obligations may be transferred to a qualified purchaser without the lender’s permission. Ideally, such loans are purchased during a period of low interest rates and sold later when these rates are higher. Veterans Administration loans also may be assumable, but conventional loans generally are not; possible leniency or loan deferment during financial hard times; and funding for home improvement through FHA 203k Programs.
How does a home buyer get an FHA loan?
Home buyers who wish to obtain FHA loans need to contact several lenders and ask them if they make FHA-backed loans. Bear in mind that each lender sets its own terms and rates, so comparison-shopping is critical. Next, the lender assesses the borrower for risk by examining their income level, debt-to-income ratio, credit repayment history, and expenses. Certain other factors are also considered, such as how the property will be used, how many units are on the property, and whether the borrower will actually live in the home. Note that prospective homeowners may be denied an FHA loan if they plan to rent the property out to others and not live in it themselves.
What are the limitations and disadvantages of an FHA loan? Lower loan amounts. FHA home loans have lower limits than what may be needed to buy the home of one's dreams. Loans borrowed under Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, for instance, have much higher limits than FHA loans; limited options. FHA loans were constructed to serve a particular segment of buyers, so the loans come with few variations. These more conservative loans are designed to limit lender losses; and an upfront mortgage insurance premium (UFMIP) equal to 1.5% of the base mortgage amount.
In summary, prospective homeowners considering FHA loans should weigh their individual finances, needs and credit history, along with the pros and cons unique to this type of mortgage.
Fred Sweezer Sr.
FHA Approved Inspector T477 | <urn:uuid:93ff6558-a73b-49b0-846a-42eab00666f8> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://activerain.trulia.com/blogsview/1713619/fha-basics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510256757.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011736-00219-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963999 | 813 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Christaller, Johannes Gottlieb (A)
Johann Gottlieb Christaller (November 19, 1827-December 16, 1895) was a German missionary and philologist with the Basel Mission who made Twi the most important African literary language in what is now Ghana. With the help of two African colleagues, he translated the Bible into Twi.
He was born in the small town of Winnenden, near Stuttgart, in Germany in 1827. His father was a tailor of modest means who was interested in books and bought over 2,000 of them for his library. As a boy Christaller spent most of his time after school reading his father’s books and developing the philological and linguistic skills which were to make his one of the leading linguists of the century. He decided at an early age to become a missionary, and entered the Basel Mission Training School in Basel, Switzerland, after leaving school. He took the four-year course for missionaries, and because of his linguistic skills - he knew Greek, Latin, Hebrew, German and English - was sent to the Gold Coast in 1853 by the Basel Mission Home Board solely to work on the Twi language. Before leaving Basel, he had already helped to edit a Twi grammar.
Christaller was to remain on the Gold Coast from 1853 to 1868, except when ill health obliged him to spend the years from 1858 to 1862 back in Basel. He was stationed first in Akuropon, Akuapem, 32 miles (51 km) north of Accra, where he worked from 1853-58; then at Aburi, 20 miles (32 km) north of Accra, from 1862-65; then at Kyebi in Akyem Abuakwa, 50 miles (80 km) north of Accra, from 1865-67; and again at Akuropon from 1867-68.
In confronting the task before him, Christaller faced a number of problems. For example. Twi was variously called Odschi, Oji, and Tshi, as well as Twi. Another Basel missionary, H. N. Riis, who had arrived on the Gold Coast in 1845, had already done some work on the language, and Christaller had his books - Elemente des Akwapim Dialects de Odschi Sprache (1853), and Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Oji Language with Special Reference to the Akuapem Dialect, Together with a Collection of Proverbs by the Natives (1854) - to guide him.
The key decision taken by Christaller was the choice of a common dialect to serve as a “book language” for Twi-speaking peoples. Years later, in his Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tschi (1875), Christaller commented on the need for choosing one of the Gold Coast dialects for this purpose in the following terms: “The Akan and Fante dialects do not differ so much as ancient Greek dialects or as the different English and German dialects; neither are they spoken by as many individuals. And when more than forty millions of Germans enjoy a common book-language, half a million Fantes may more easily be brought to a common medium of communication by writing.”
The choice of the Akuapem dialect of Twi as a literary medium was made on the following grounds. The headquarters of the Basel Mission was in Akuropon, the capital of the Akuapem state, and the Twi spoken there had been reduced to writing by 1853. Even though Christaller himself had worked in the neighboring state of Akyem Abuakwa, and had learned to speak the Akyem dialect, which is the nearest to the Asante dialect, he nevertheless felt that the Akuapem dialect was the best suited to literary work.
Again, writing in 1875, Christaller observed “It (Akuapem) is an Akan dialect influenced by Fante, steering in the middle course between other Akan dialects and Fante in sounds, forms and expressions; it admits peculiarities of both branches as far as they do no contradict each other, and is, therefore, best capable of being enriched from both sides.” Christaller’s colleague, David Asante (q.v.), (1834-1892), who spoke both the Akuapem and Akyem dialects, in 1874 gave it as his judgement that the choice was a correct one, commenting that: “Akuapem easily admits of enrichment and admixture from Akyem and even Fante; and Fante also admits and receives such foreign elements; but if the same should be done in the Akyem dialect, it would not sound well.”
Christaller had learned Twi rapidly, and within a year of his arrival had produced Old Testament Bible stories in Twi. Between 1859 and 1866 he had produced Twi translations of the following, comprising in aggregate of the New Testament: Acts of the Apostles (1859), the Four Gospels (1864), and the following Epistles: - Letter to the Romans, Peter I and II, James and Jude, JohnI, II and III, Revelations (1861); Corinthians I and II, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians I and II (1862); Timothy I and II, Titus, Philemon, and Hebrews (1863). Most of these works were done in Basel, between 1858-62. Christaller also prepared the Twi New Testament for the press in Basel.
He married a fellow missionary named Emilie (her surname is not given) who was a devoted wife, and whose death at Kyebi in Akyem Abuakwa on August 13, 1866, affected him deeply. He later described her last days in a moving latter to the committee of the Basel Mission, written from Akuropon. She was buried in Jyebi, after which Christaller moved to Akuropon the following year, leaving the country for good in 1868.
In Akuropon, Christaller, with David Asante and Theophilus Opoku (q.v.), had worked hard on a Twi translation of the whole Bible, which was published in Basel in 1871. The second edition of the Twi Bible was to be published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1897-1900.
Apart from his translations, Christaller is best known for two monumental works. The first is A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi (Twi, Chee) Based on the Akuapem Dialect with Reference to Other (Akan and Fante) Dialects (1875). This scholarly work is still the best Twi grammar, even though the orthography has changed over the years. The author employed his knowledge of philology, phonetics, and linguistics to solve problems of grammar, and showed a wide knowledge of African languages. He had collected the material on the Gold Coast, and after his return to Basel also constantly sought the advice of David Asante and other African scholars. The second work is his Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language Called Twi (1881), also written in Basel. It is the standard Twi dictionary, and was revised in 1933. By the mid-1970s it had not yet been superseded, even though Twi orthography had changed considerably.
The publication of Christaller’s 1881 dictionary had been preceded by the publication in 1874 of his English-Tshi-Akra Dictionary. In 1879 Christaller published A Collection of 3,600 Tshi Proverbs, to which constant reference was made in his dictionary.
It is significant that the British authorities of the day on the Gold Coast did not realize how much work had been done in Twi. Christaller pointed out in his Grammar (1875), for example, that if the British had known of the existence of written Twi, Sir Garnet Wolsely’s letter to the Asantehene proposing lasting peace, intercepted by Amankwa Tia (q.v.) could have been sent in Twi, and the British invasion of Asante in the Sagrenti war of 1873-74 might have been averted.
During his retirement in Basel, Christaller became editor of a journal entitled The Christian Messenger. The aim of the journal was to encourage African scholars to write in Twi and Ga (This publication is not to be confused with The Christian Messenger and Examiner, founded in Cape Coast in 1859 by Revs. T. B. Freeman and H. Wharton, and which also urged the use of African languages and the translation of classic and foreign literatures into African tongues.) The first issue was dated March 1, 1883. Though the journal dealt mainly with Christian activities on the Gold Coast, it gave scholars and contributors an opportunity to describe the country as it then was, and bore testimony as to how extensively some of them had travelled. The Rev. H. L. Rottman, in a letter to the editor from Christiansborg dated October 13, 1882, stated that the primary aim of the journal was to encourage people who were not proficient in English to write in Twi or Ga. Christaller himself points to the poor standard of English of the German missionaries, and urges then to submit their articles to good English scholars before submitting them to the editor, since he could not claim an excellent knowledge of English. The Christian Messenger (still being published in the mid-1970s by the Presbyterian Church) is a source book for the social and military historian which has been insufficiently used.
Christaller did not think much of the Mfantsi Grammar, written by D. L. Carr and J. P. Brown (q.v.), published in Cape Coast in 1868. He criticizes the book for imitating the principles of English orthography, which he considered unsuitable for Akan dialects. Though J. P. Brown tried in 1913 to produce a better second edition, by the mid-1970s no Fante grammar comparable to Christaller had not yet been published.
Christaller won fame as a scholar both at home and in several countries in Europe. In 1876 and 1882 he was awarded the Volney Prize by the Insitut de France. He died in Stuttgart in 1893.
L. H. Ofosu-Appiah
David Asante (translator), Wiase abasem mu nsemma-nsemma wo Twi-kasa mu (“Stories from general history translated from German into Twi”), 2nd revised and augmented edition edited by J. G. Christaller, Basel, 1893; J. G. Christaller (translator [with David Asante and Theophilus Opoku]), Anyamesem anase Kyerew Kronkron Apam-dedaw ne Apam-foforo nsem wo Twi kasa mu (“The Holy Bible translated from the original tongues into the Twi language”), Basel, 1871, (with C. W. Locher and J. Zimmerman) A Dictionary, English, Tshi (Asante), Akra; Tshi (Chwee) Comprising as Dialects: Akan and Fante; Accra connected with Adangme; Gold Coast, West Africa, Basel, 1874, A Grammar of the Asante and Fantu Language Called Tschi (Chwee, Twi) Based on the Akuapem Dicalect, With Reference to Other (Akan and Fante) Dialects, Basel, 1875 Co, Twi mmebusem mpensa-ahansia mmoaano. A collection of 3,600 Tshi Proverbs In Use Among the Negroes of the Gold ast Spaeking the Asante and Fante Language, Collected, Together with their Variations, and Alphabetically Arranged, Basel, 1879, A Dictionary of the Asnte and Fante Language Called Tschi (Chwee, Twi) With a Grammatical Introduction and appendices on the Geography fo the Gold Coast and Other Sibjects, Basel, 1881, 2nd rev. ed., edited by J. Schweizer, published as A Dictionary fo the Asante and Fante Languages Called Tshi (Twi), Basel, 1893, Die Sprechen Afrikas, Stuttgart, 1892; H. W. Debrunner, A History of Christianity in Ghana, Accra, 1967; C. C.Reindorf, History of the Gold Coast and Asante, Basel, 1895, 2nd edition, Accra, 1966; Wilhelm Schlatter, Geschichte der Basler Mission, 1815-1915, Basel, 1916; Noel Smith, The Presbyterian Church of Ghana 1835-1960, Accra, 1966. See also Missionar J.G. Christaller, Stuttgart and Basel, 1929; The Christian Messenger, Basel, 1883-94. For a full bibliography of Christaller’s published work, see A Bibliography and Vocabulary of the Akan (Twi-Fante) Language of Ghana, compiled by Dennis M. Warren, Bloomington, Indiana, 1976.
This article was reprinted from The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (in 20 Volumes). Volume One Ethiopia-Ghana, ©1997 by L. H. Ofosu-Appiah, editor-in-chief, Reference Publications Inc., New York, NY. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:09f442ae-7cb1-4c4b-9f2a-ebeeaa69df3a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://dacb.org/stories/ghana/christaller-j/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104209449.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703013155-20220703043155-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.962479 | 2,919 | 2.609375 | 3 |
One hundred years ago, at the height of the Balkan Wars, Bulgarian forces moved into Macedonia and Thrace, finally taking Edirne on 26 March 1913 after a protracted siege. Although they held the city only briefly, the Bulgarians saw their presence in “Odrin” as permanent, and the Tsaritsa Eleanor came to visit barely a week after the conquest. A recently published note by Bogdan Filov (later Prime Minister), who was one of several archaeological “researchers” traveling with the Bulgarian army, accompanies his photographs from that time. He wrote:
On our arrival in Odrin, we met the Queen… She told us that a committee had been established in Sofia whose wish had been to turn the mosque of ‘Sultan Selim’ into a church. She of course opposed this and expected us to support her. I think that it would be best if the architecturally significant monuments are left to be owned by the state, but available for the Turks to use them, by letting them be open for visitors.
The mosque in contention was Sinan’s masterpiece, the Selimiye Camii (1569-75), a signature monument of Ottoman architecture, and the first of the great imperial mosques to surpass the scale of Hagia Sophia. By July, however, the Bulgarian army was in retreat, Edirne returned to Ottoman control, and the incident was forgotten.
Looking back, the proposed conversion of an historic mosque into a church might strike us as shocking, but the United States and many other Christian countries were vocal supporters of the Bulgarians. Their ultimate goal was the conquest of Istanbul and the reconversion of the Ayasofya Mosque into the Church of Hagia Sophia. This too might strike us as shocking, but the move was regularly and routinely advocated in the West.
Istanbul only officially became Istanbul in 1930. Before then, it answered to many names, but for much of the Western world it remained Constantinople, legendary entrepôt of the East and capital of a vanished empire (fig. 1). For the educated traveler schooled in the Classics, Constantinople was the last great ancient city, albeit a bit down in the heel and overlaid with an Oriental veneer. During the waning years of the Ottoman Empire, it represented a brash alternative to the contemporary urban situation, with what European tourists saw as decline and decadence on all sides. If the archaeologists could only sweep away that veneer, they imagined, the vestiges of a glorious past would reappear, as they had decades earlier in Athens – testimony of an all but forgotten civilization, uniquely responsible for preserving and transmitting the culture of Greco-Roman antiquity.
Byzantium represented the continuation of the ancient Greco-Roman tradition, and thus merited study. Moreover, it was a Christian past, and that mattered greatly to Christian Europe, which still viewed the Muslim world with suspicion. Shaped by attitudes of European imperialism of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was viewed as decadent, irrational, and bellicose. In contrast, Byzantine Constantinople had “defended the higher life of mankind against the attacks of formidable antagonists, and rendered eminent service to the cause of human welfare,” as Alexander Van Millingen wrote in 1899. “This is what gives to the archaeological study of the city its dignity and importance.” That is, the past, waiting to be unearthed, represented something entirely different from the present reality – it was not something that could provide validation or symbolic underpinnings for the current regime. Unlike other nations and capitals, which had used the past to forge a modern identity, the pre-Ottoman past of Constantinople stood in dramatic opposition to the present – doubly tainted by its Hellenism and by its Christianity. This curious past offered no symbolic capital to the Ottomans; it could only serve to empower the present regime by remaining conquered – that is, if its churches continued to function as mosques, and its spaces of power remained unexplored. Still today in Istanbul, it constitutes a radical political statement to call the city Constantinople.
Byzantinists like myself are accustomed to being politically incorrect, to finding our religious monuments transformed into mosques, reconfigured to suit the functional and symbolic requirements of a different religion, and to dealing with all the challenges that come with a messy afterlife. In writing Byzantine architectural history, later transformations, accretions, and altered meanings (all too often ignored) must be balanced against a narrow period focus and incorporated into a larger historical view. Buildings are forever in the process of becoming, and to fix them at their moment of conception severely limits what we might learn from them. Working a decade ago on the restoration of the Zeyrek Camii in Istanbul – that is, the twelfth-century Byzantine monastery of Christ Pantokrator – our theoretical discussions often devolved into something very basic, such as what kind of cornices should be restored in areas where they were missing – Byzantine, Ottoman, Republican? It would have been considerably easier to simply restore the building to its 12th-century Byzantine form. But if we were going to understand the building as the sum of its history, we couldn’t just sweep away its disparate accretions, but how to reconcile the jarring historical juxtapositions? And could we still privilege the Byzantine past when the building had a long Ottoman history and continues to function as a mosque? Difficult questions, indeed. Historical circumstances provided an easy answer: following George W. Bush’s visit to the NATO meeting in Istanbul in 2004, the Vakıflar Genel Müdürluğü (General Directorate of Pious Foundations) revoked our permit, and the project was given to the municipality. The building’s Byzantine history will take a back seat to its current religious function.
Our sort of longue durée approach represented a relatively new, ecumenical attitude toward archaeology and historic preservation, very much in contrast to the attitudes of the preceding centuries, as for example, what occurred in the fervor of nationalism within modern Greece. In early twentieth-century Thessalonike, all Ottoman transformations were undone, so that most Byzantine churches retain no vestige of their Ottoman history. Many buildings are almost unrecognizable in their pre-restoration states, as the Holy Apostles or Hagia Sophia. At the Hagia Sophia, the past was so effectively erased that scholars subsequently interpreted the base of its minaret as the remnant of the Byzantine belfry.
One of the very basic realizations I had while working at the Zeyrek Camii is that Byzantine churches don’t make very good mosques – at least from a purely functional perspective. After the sixth century, most Byzantine churches were private, oriented to small congregations and private devotions, so that plans are characterized by their complexity rather than their monumentality – with subsidiary chapels, narthexes, and ambulatories to address the increasingly intricate nature of Byzantine devotions. In the Ottoman transformations of buildings like the Fenari İsa Camii (the Monastery tou Libos), walls and columns were removed in an attempt to unify the space for congregational worship. Add into the mix the shift of focus from due east toward Mecca and you have a recipe for complexity and contradiction. The Fethiye Camii in Istanbul (Theotokos he Pammakaristos), for example, is so transformed that Byzantinists still puzzle over its construction history (figs. 2-3). The motivation for conversion was never simply functional.
For the early Ottomans, the conversion of churches was part of the symbolic appropriation of the land: domination and the Islamic presence were expressed in the standard practice of transforming the main church of a conquered city into a mosque, as for example the Ayasofya Camii at Iznik. At Bursa (conquered in 1326), intriguingly, we have no record of a cathedral converted to a mosque, but two Byzantine churches were appropriated for use as the mausolea of Osman and Orhan. Both were destroyed by earthquake in the nineteenth century but are known from drawings. The conversion of Byzantine churches to house the tombs of the founders of the Ottoman dynasty is an act I find redolent with meaning, as recently discussed by Suna Çağaptay.
The functional appropriation of important Byzantine buildings was symbolically significant and would have been clearly understood by the contemporary viewer, whether Christian or Muslim. In most instances, the physical transformation was minimal, often without the immediate destruction of the figural decoration. A minaret would have been added on the exterior, a mihrab and other necessary furnishings on the interior, giving the building a sort of transitional appearance – at once identifiable as both a church and a mosque. The building would have stood symbolically as a monument of conquest and domination. What was most important was the clear recognition that the building used to be a Christian church but was no longer. Initially at many converted buildings, including the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, much of the original interior decoration was left intact, although the visibly Christian elements were understood differently by later, more religiously conservative generations.
As is well known, Mehmed the Conqueror converted the church of Hagia Sophia to a mosque in one of his first official acts following the 1453 conquest of Constantinople, and it was clearly a symbolic act. The conversion involved minimal physical transformation, and even its name remained the same – Ayasofya Camii in Turkish. As appropriated, however, the scale and evocative power of the building cried out for a symbolic reading. Two aspects of the conversion of Hagia Sophia from a church to a mosque are important to our discussion. First, it was necessary to create an Islamic text and an Ottoman legend for Hagia Sophia. Borrowing from Byzantine accounts, Ottoman historical texts interwove history and myth to situate Hagia Sophia in an Ottoman present and to justify its conversion into a royal mosque, as Stephane Yerasimos and Gülru Necipoğlu have discussed. Thus, according to one version, when the half-dome of the apse collapsed on the night of the Prophet Mohammed’s birth, it could only be repaired with a mortar composed of sand from Mecca, water from the well of Zemzem, and the Prophet’s saliva. In addition, Muslim and Ottoman symbols were introduced into Hagia Sophia, including the first minaret, the mihrab, and other mosque furnishings, as well as sacred relics and battle trophies.
Half a millennium later, Atatürk performed a similar symbolic transformation: as he secularized the Turkish state, he secularized Hagia Sophia following the foundation of the Republic. On 24 November 1934 – the same day that Gazi Kemal was proclaimed “Atatürk” (Father of the Turks) – the Turkish Council of Ministers decreed that the building should be turned into a museum:
Due to its historical significance, the conversion of Ayasofya mosque, a unique architectural monument of art, located in Istanbul, into a museum will please the entire Eastern world; and its conversion to a museum will cause humanity to gain a new institution of knowledge.
Thomas Whittemore, who had befriended Atatürk, had gained his permission already in 1931 for the uncovering of the mosaics. These had been exposed in the 1847-49 restoration by Gaspare Fossati, but they were hurriedly documented and subsequently covered up in response to religious sentiments. As Whittemore embellished his story, “Santa Sophia was a mosque the day I talked to him. The next morning when I went to the mosque, there was a sign on the door written in Atatürk’s own hand. It said: ‘The museum is closed for repairs.’”
Certainly the secularization fit within the context of Atatürk’s political vision and civilizing mission to reshape modern Turkey as a part of Western civilization. All the same, there had been regular and repeated calls for reopening Hagia Sophia as a church for much of the previous half-century. An 1877 article in the New York Times began, “How soon the crescent over the minarets of St. Sophia will be replaced by the cross, or how soon the minarets themselves will be entirely swept away, leaving the outlines of the church in their ancient condition, no seer has foretold.” The same article notes the longstanding Greek belief – “not altogether discredited by the Turks” – that the building would be restored to Christianity. A 1912 article in the same newspaper predicted that the Bulgarians, advancing on the Ottoman capital, would soon plant the cross on top of St. Sophia. A decade later, the Greek megale idea had the conversion of Hagia Sophia as one of its top priorities. Across England, ardent philhellenes formed the St. Sophia Redemption Committee, its manifesto published in 1919. The idea of the return of Hagia Sophia to Christian usage epitomized European aspirations for the city and was supported by major political figures of the day. In the discussions following the end of World War I and the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire, it seemed entirely possible. In 1921, a special service was held in St. John the Divine in New York with Orthodox and Episcopal clergy praying in six languages (Hungarian, Greek, Arabic, Russian, Serbian, and English) for the restoration of Hagia Sophia as a Christian sanctuary. The cathedral was filled to capacity for the service, with many turned away. Similar services were held simultaneously in Washington, D.C., St. Louis, Detroit, Newark, Philadelphia, and Chicago. Through the early twentieth century, almost all Western commentators expressed the same wish, while to them the Ottoman mosque represented no better than a desecration. One wonders if Atatürk’s secularization of the building came something of a compromise – that is, a defensive strategy when faced with the unified desires of the very Christian West.
Seventy-nine years later, Ayasofya remains the most popular museum in Turkey.
All of this might seem like ancient history but for recent events in Turkey. In November 2011, the Ayasofya in Iznik (Byzantine Nicaea) was reopened as a mosque (fig. 4). Originally a church and the setting of one of the most important early Church councils (in 787 CE, to end the first phase of Iconoclasm), the building had been converted to a mosque with the Ottoman conquest of Bithynia, and subsequently outfitted by Sinan. But it had fallen into disrepair long before the foundation of the Republic and stood as a roofless ruin. For decades it had functioned as a museum and recently had begun to attract Christian pilgrims. Then Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç found a loophole in the law, insisting the building had never officially been a museum, and that allowed its conversion to a mosque. Reaction has been predictable: academics and secularists have decried the move, which they see as setting a dangerous precedent. Islamists are delighted: as one local commented, “And high time too. Next, I want to see it happen in the Ayasofya in Istanbul.” In fact, the Byzantine antiquities of the buildings are being protected – perhaps even better than before. Still, locals expect tourism to decline, even though admission fees are no longer collected.
The reconversion of one Ayasofya has spurred efforts for the reconversion of another. On 29 May 2012, the anniversary of the Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople, thousands of devout Muslims, organized by the Anatolian Youth Organization, prayed outside the Istanbul monument, shouting, “Break the chains! Let Ayasofya Mosque open!” As their leader Salih Turhan explained, “Keeping Aysofya Mosque closed is an insult to our mostly Muslim population of 75 million. It symbolizes our ill-treatment by the West.” He continued, “As the grandchildren of Mehmed the Conqueror, seeking the reopening of Ayasofya as a mosque is our legitimate right.”
Meanwhile, as if in complete ignorance of the last century’s history, the Free Agia Sophia Council of America continues to lobby the U.S. Congress to support the reopening of Hagia Sophia as an Orthodox church, even after their failed attempt in 2010 to conduct a liturgy inside the building. In short, the building has accrued meanings that have nothing to do with its physical form and quite possibly very little to do with its history – and even less to do with religion. Proponents on both sides of the political debate employ cultural memory selectively, while conflating religious and national identities. As with both of its historic conversions, the symbolic implications far outweigh the functional.
Then, early in 2013, it was announced that Ayasofya in Trabzon (Byzantine Trebizond) would reopen as a mosque. With its rich Byzantine fresco program lovingly restored, the thirteenth-century building has been a museum for the last half-century (fig. 5). Never the focus of controversy, the reconversion seems to have been instigated solely on the basis of its name. What will happen to the frescoes remains to be determined; for now, they are screened off by a false ceiling and out of sight. As the most popular touristic site in the city, the economy of the city will no doubt be affected. A major force behind the conversion movement, Vakıflar Director Adnan Ertem proclaimed that of the Ayasofyas in Turkey, five are functioning as mosques, while two are “inactive” (i.e., museums), calling their present owner, the Cultural Ministry, an “occupying force.”
As I write, a parliamentary commission is now considering an application to reopen Ayasofya in Istanbul as a mosque, with a petition signed by millions of Turks. This time they’re serious. Indeed, like the abortion issue in the United States, supporting the reopening of Ayasofya has become the litmus test of the true believer. Protests by the academic community have fallen on deaf ears, as Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s Islamist government presents the conversion as a move toward “religious freedom.” Sadly, the politically motivated debate within Turkey is framed almost entirely in religious terms, and the response from outside Turkey has been largely religious as well, with the common (mis)perception that Istanbul’s Hagia Sophia is a Christian building. Indeed, the vast majority of responses coming from outside Turkey have been by Christian religious organizations and not by political leaders, who see a NATO alliance as more valuable than cultural heritage.
More than religion is at stake, however, as the building is deeply embedded in competing narratives of national and regional history. As part of its human rights policy, UNESCO has attempted to define both the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of humanity deemed worthy of protection. But with a monument as symbolically loaded as Hagia Sophia, there is always the danger of accepting a majority narrative that would silence all other histories. Nationalist, religious, or other selective readings of cultural heritage can effectively erase historic memory and sever links with the past, and one wonders if this in fact is the subtext of the current Turkish/Islamist agenda.
How far have we come in the last century? A few recent incidents are telling. The fifth-century basilica of St. John Stoudios (the Imrahor Camii) is the oldest surviving church in Istanbul and the center of the city’s most important Byzantine monastery. Destroyed by fire in 1894, the site belongs to the Cultural Ministry as an historic site. Closed to visitors and now a roofless ruin, its evocative remains have never been properly documented. A parliamentary commission has now determined that the basilica should be rebuilt to function as a mosque.
The Kesik Minare (“Broken Minaret”) in Antalya faces the same fate, despite public opposition. Recently excavated, the ruin preserves substantial remains from a Roman temple, a Byzantine church, a Crusader church, and an Ottoman mosque. As in so many other sites, its rich, heterogeneous history would disappear if rebuilt.
Another recent event is noteworthy in this context. The Arap Camii, originally the early fourteenth-century Dominican church in Galata, suffered minor damage in the 1999 earthquake, after which plaster began to fall from the vaults, revealing remnants of its original decoration. Contemporary with the famed Chora Monastery (Kariye Museum), the unique frescoes and mosaics of the Arap Camii combine stylistic features and iconographic themes of Italian and Constantinopolitan painting. Not only do the paintings demonstrate the close working relations of Byzantine and Italian artisans of late Byzantium, they illustrate graphically the political complexities of the period. Perhaps second in importance only to the Theodosian Harbor among recent archaeological discoveries, the paintings were fully uncovered and conserved in 2011-12. Sadly, the Vakıflar decided to cover them up again. They are no longer visible.
One wonders if this is to be the fate of Turkey’s rich, colorful, and heterogeneous past. At least the Tzaritsa had the good sense to say no.
Author: Robert G. Ousterhout
*This article was originally published in İstanbul Araştırmaları Yıllığı / Annual of Istanbul Studies 2 (2013).
Bogdan Filov, 2 April 1913, quoted in Ivo Hadjimishev, The Gipson Archive: Dr. Bogdan Filov and a description of his research mission in 1912-1913, Sofia, Ethnographic Institute and Museum, 2009, p.10.
Gülru Necipoğlu, “Challenging the Past: Sinan and the Competitive Discourse in Early Modern Islamic Architecture,” Muqarnas, 10, 1993, pp. 169-80, esp. pp. 175-76.
I repeat here some ideas first expressed in Robert Ousterhout, “The Rediscovery of Constantinople and the Beginnings of Byzantine Archaeology: A Historiographic Survey,” in Scramble for the Past: A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire, 1753-1914, eds. Zainab Bahrani, Zeynep Çelik, Edhem Eldem, Istanbul, Salt Garanti Kültür, 2011, pp. 181-211. For understanding attitudes to Constantinople’s past in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries see also Robert Nelson, Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom, Modern Monument, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Alexander Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites, London, John Murray, 1899, p. v.
Note the numerous essays in Toplumsal Tarih 229, 2012.
See most recently, Robert Ousterhout, Zeynep Ahunbay and Metin Ahunbay, “Study and Restoration of the Zeyrek Camii in Istanbul: Second Report, 2001-05,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 63, 2010, pp. 235-56.
Charles Diehl, Marcel le Tourneau, and Henri Saladin, Les monuments chrétiens de Salonique, Paris, 1918, for earlier appearance. See also Hadjimishev, Gipson Archive, pp. 36-37.
Apostolos Bakalopulos, “He chronologesis tou kodonostasiou tes Hag. Sophias Thessalonikes,” Byzantion, 21 1951, pp. 333-39.
Compare the plan in Jean Ebersolt and Adolphe Thiers, Les églises de Constantinople, Paris, 1913, pl. XLIX; with E. Mamboury’s restored plan, in Theodore Macridy et al., “The Monastery of Lips (Fenari Isa Camii) at Istanbul,”Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 18, 1964, fig. 5.
Compare Ebersolt and Thiers, églises, pl. LIII; with Hans Belting, Cyril Mango, and Doula Mouriki, The Mosaics and Frescoes of St. Mary Pammakaristos (Fethiye Camii) at Istanbul, Washington, D.C., Dumbarton Oaks, 1978, fig. A; and Robert Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, Princeton, Princeton University Press,1999, fig. 82.
Sabine Möllers, Die Hagia Sophia in Iznik/Nikaia, Alfter, 1994; followed by Urs Peschlow, “The Churches of Nikaia/Iznik,” in İznik throughout History, eds. Işıl Akbaygil, Halil İnalcık, Oktay Aslanapa, Istanbul, 2003, pp. 201-18.
Suna Çağaptay, “Prousa/Bursa, a city within a city: chorography, conversion, and choreography,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 35, 2011, pp. 45-69; see also Robert Ousterhout, “Ethnic Identity and Cultural Appropriation in Early Ottoman Architecture,” Muqarnas, 13, 1995, pp. 48-62.
As I emphasize in Robert Ousterhout, “The East, the West, and the Appropriation of the Past in Early Ottoman Architecture,” Gesta 43/2, 2004, pp. 167-78.
See Çiğdem Kafesçioğlu, Constantinopolis/Istanbul: Cultural Encounter, Imperial Vision, and the Construction of the Ottoman Capital, University Park, Penn State Press, 2009, pp. 18-22.
Gülru Necipoğlu, “The Life of an Imperial Monument: Hagia Sophia after Byzantium,” in Hagia Sophia from the Age of Jutinian to the Present, eds. Robert Mark and Ahmet Çakmak, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 195-225; Stephane Yerasimos, Légendes d’empire: La fondation de Constantinople et de Sainte-Sophie, Paris, 1990.
Nelson, Hagia Sophia, p. 180; as announced in the New York Times on 14 October 1934: http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70F12FF3A58177A93C6A8178BD95F408385F9 (consulted 21 May 2013)
Cyril Mango, Materials for the Study of the Mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1962; also Volker Hoffmann, ed., Die Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. Bilder aus sechs Jahrhunderten und Gaspare Fossatis Restaurierung der Jahr 1847-49, Bern: Peter Lang, 1999, esp. pp. 139-48.
Lord Kinross, Hagia Sophia, New York, Newsweek Books, 1973, p. 128.
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4071EF8385B137B93C2AB1783D85F438784F9 (consulted 21 May 2013)
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B14FA385813738DDDAD0894D9415B828DF1D3 (consulted 21 May 2013).
See among many others, Michael Finefrock, “Atatürk, Lloyd George and the Megali Idea: Cause and Consequence of the Greek Plan to Sieze Constantinople from the Allies, June-August 1922,” Journal of Modern History, 52, 1980, pp. D1047-66.
Rev. John Albert Douglas, The Redemption of St. Sophia: An Historical and Political Account of the Subject, London, 1919; note also Erik Goldstein, “Holy Wisdom and British Foreign Policy, 1918-1922: The Saint Sophia Redemption Agitation,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 15, 1991, pp. 36-64; and Nelson, Hagia Sophia, pp. 105-28.
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70911F83F5810738DDDAA0894D9405B818EF1D3 (consulted 21 May 2013).
US News ranks Hagia Sophia number one of twelve Things to Do in Istanbul: http://travel.usnews.com/Istanbul_Turkey/Things_To_Do/Hagia_Sophia_Museum_Church_Ayasofya_60785/ , noting, “Some say the building is symbolic of the eclectic history of Istanbul itself.” (consulted 27 May 2013).
See for example, http://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/02/opinion/l-restore-hagia-sophia-for-the-bimillennium-120986.html (consulted 21 May 2013).
David Talbot Rice, The Church of Haghia Sophia in Trebizond, Edinburgh, 1968; for the conversion, see Andrew Finkel, “Mosque conversion raises alarm,” The Art Newspaper, 245, April 2013, online edition: http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Mosque-conversion-raises-alarm/29200 (consulted 21 May 2013).
http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/trabzons-hagia-sophia-to-open-for-prayers.aspx?pageID=238&nid=40538 (consulted 21 May 2013).
See the essays in Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles, eds., Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Springer, 2007.
Wolfgang Müller-Wiener, Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls, Tübingen, 1977, pp. 147-52.
http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_imrahor-camii-100-yil-sonra-ibadete-aciliyor_2043653.html (consulted 21 May 2013)
For the mosque history see Gasme Kaymak, Die Cumanin Camii in Antalya. Ihre Baugeschichte und ihre byzantinischen Ursprünge Bauaufnahme, Istanbul, Adalya Suppl. 9, 2010; for the proposed conversion, see http://www.sabah.com.tr/Akdeniz/2013/01/13/kesik-minare-cami-mi-olsun-muze-mi (consulted 21 May 2013)
Engin Akyürek, “Domenican Painting in Palaiologan Constantinople: The Frescoes of the Arap Camii (Church of S Domenico) in Galata, in The Kariye Camii Reconsidered, eds. Holger Klein, Robert Ousterhout, and Brigitte Pitarakis, Istanbul, Istanbul Research Institute, 2011, pp. 327-41; Haluk Çetinkaya, “Arap Camii in Istanbul: Its Architecture and Frescoes,” Anatolia Antiqua – Eski Anadolu 18, 2010, pp. 169-88.
[no author], “Rönesans Istanbul’da Başladı,” Tarih 39 (April 2012), 34-46. | <urn:uuid:0240bc06-095d-4998-aae2-8ecd2178fbc2> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://blog.iae.org.tr/en/uncategorized-en/from-hagia-sophia-to-ayasofya-architecture-and-the-persistence-of-memory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735851.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804014340-20200804044340-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.934814 | 6,737 | 2.609375 | 3 |
On the one hand, he regards him as supreme in power, controlling the destinies of Babylonia and Egypt as well as those of Israel, and as inflexibly just in dealing with ordinary offences against morality.
A little south of Samarra the stony plateau of Mesopotamia ends, and the alluvial plain of Irak, ancient Babylonia, begins.
The latter enterprise Alexander designed to conduct in person; under his supervision was prepared in Babylon an immense fleet, a great basin dug out to contain 1000 ships, and the watercommunications of Babylonia taken in hand.
In the year 597 (being then, probably, not far from thirty years of age) he was carried off to Babylonia by Nebuchadrezzar with King Jehoiachin and a large body of nobles, military men and artisans, and there, it would seem, he spent the rest of his life.
I., in which Yahweh is represented as leaving Jerusalem and coming to take up his abode among them in Babylonia for a time, intending, however, to return to his own city (xliii.
The bitter invectives against Ammon, Moab, Edom, Philistia, Tyre, Sidon and Egypt, put into Yahweh's mouth, are based wholly on the fact that these peoples are regarded as hostile and hurtful to Israel; Babylonia, though nowise superior to Egypt morally, is favoured and applauded because it is believed to be the instrument for securing ultimately the prosperity of Yahweh's people.
It is quite consistent with the evidence to suppose that a seven-day week was in use in Babylonia, but each item may be explained differently, and a definite proof does not exist.
Even if it could be shown that the Pentateuchal regulations were universally observed in Israel from Mosaic times, it would not preclude a certain indebtedness to Babylonia for at least the germ of the institution.
On the other hand, complete indentity of regulations and observance in Babylonia and Israel at one period need not show more than development on the same lines.
48), and that two Jewish brigands maintained themselves for years in Neerda in the swamps of Babylonia, and were acknowledged as dynasts by Artabanus (Jos.
Maintained himself in a part of Babylonia till about A.D.
SIN, the name of the moon-god in Babylonia and Assyria, also known as Nannar, the "illuminer."
The two chief seats of his worship were Ur in the S., and Harran considerably to the N., but the cult at an early period spread to other centres, and temples to the moon-god are found in all the large cities of Babylonia and Assyria.
We are justified in supposing that the cult of the moon-god was brought into Babylonia by the Semitic nomads from Arabia.
We already hear of them as attacking Babylonia in the 9th year of Samsu-iluna the son of Khammurabi, and about 1780 B.C. they overran Babylonia and founded a dynasty there which lasted for 576 years and nine months.
It constituted the most common form of divination in ancient Babylonia, where it can be traced back to the 3rd millennium B.C. Among the Etruscans the prominence of the rite led to the liver being looked upon as the trade-mark of the priest.
Passing now to typical examples, the beginning must be made with Babylonia, which is also the richest source of our knowledge of the details of the rite.
The discovery of the now celebrated Code of Khammurabi (Hammurabi)' (hereinafter simply termed 1 For the transliteration of Babylonian and Assyrian names generally, see Babylonia And Assyria, section ix., Proper Names.
" The law in Assyria was derived from Babylonia but conserved early features long after they had disappeared elsewhere.
When the Semitic tribes settled in the cities of Babylonia, their tribal custom passed over into city law.
The population of Babylonia was of many races from early times and intercommunication between the cities was incessant.
There is little trace of serfs in Babylonia, unless the muskinu be really a serf.
A man who bought a slave abroad, might find that he had been stolen or captured from Babylonia, and he had to restore him to his former owner without profit.
In many regions-- Egypt, Babylonia, &c. - individual investigators of the great religions have thought they found traces of an early - one hesitates to write, of a " primitive " - monotheism.
233, where they are mentioned together with a great many Seleucid towns in Susiana and Babylonia, and compare Kern, No.
Epiphanes, who at the end of his reign restored once more the authority of the empire in Babylonia, Susiana and Persis; perhaps a battle, in which the satrap Numenius of Mesene (southern Babylonia) defeated the Persians on the shore of Carmania on sea and land (Plin.
While the central provinces, Media and northern Babylonia, were conquered by the Parthians, Mesene, Elymais and Persis made themselves independent.
I, &c.) and other writers would limit it to the mountainous district to the east of Babylonia, lying between the Oroatis and the Tigris, and stretching from India to the Persian Gulf.
Passing over the Messabatae, who inhabited a valley which may perhaps be the modern MahSabadan, as well as the level district of Yamutbal or Yatbur which separated Elam from Babylonia, and the smaller districts of Characene, Cabandene, Corbiana and Gabiene mentioned by classical authors, we come to the fourth principal tribe of Susiana, the Cissii (Aesch.
In the Sumerian texts of Babylonia it was called Numma, "the Highlands," of which Elamtu or Elamu, "Elam," was the Semitic translation.
Before the rise of the First Dynasty of Babylon, however, Elam had recovered its independence, and in 2280 B.C. the Elamite king Kutur-Nakhkhunte made a raid in Babylonia and carried away from Erech the image of the goddess Nana.
One of them was defeated by Ammi-zadoq of Babylonia (c. 2100 B.C.); another would have been the Chedor-laomer (Kutur-Lagamar) of Genesis xiv.
About 1330 B.C. Khurba-tila was captured by Kuri-galzu III., the Kassite king of Babylonia, but a later prince Kidin-Khutrutas avenged his defeat, and Sutruk-Nakhkhunte (1220 B.C.) carried fire and sword through Babylonia, slew its king Zamama-sum-iddin and carried away a stela of Naram-Sin and the famous code of laws of Khammurabi from Sippara, as well as a stela of Manistusu from Akkuttum or Akkad.
In 750 B.C. Umbadara was king of Elam; Khumbanigas was his successor in 742 B.C. In 720 B.C. the latter prince met the Assyrians under Sargon at Dur-ili in Yamutbal, and though Sargon claims a victory the result was that Babylonia recovered its independence under Merodach-baladan and the Assyrian forces were driven north.
From this time forward it was against Assyria instead of Babylonia that Elam found itself compelled to exert its strength, and Elamite policy was directed towards fomenting revolt in Babylonia and assisting the Babylonians in their struggle with Assyria.
A few years later (704 B.C.) the combined forces of Elam and Babylonia were overthrown at Kis, and in the following year the Kassites were reduced to subjection.
The Elamite king was dethroned and imprisoned in 700 B.C. by his brother Khallusu, who six years later marched into Babylonia, captured the son of Sennacherib, whom his father had placed there as king, and raised a nominee of his own, Nergal-yusezib, to the throne.
His successor KudurNakhkhunte invaded Babylonia; he was repulsed, however, by Sennacherib, 34 of his cities were destroyed, and he himself fled from Madaktu to Khidalu.
Ummanigas afterwards assisted in the revolt of Babylonia under Samassum-yukin, but his nephew, a second Tammaritu, raised a rebellion against him, defeated him in battle, cut off his head and seized the crown.
Tammaritu marched to Babylonia; while there, his officer Inda-bigas made himself master of Susa and drove Tammaritu to the coast whence he fled to Assur-banipal.
It received its final form in Babylonia probably in the 3rd century A.D.
For the other books, the recognized Targum on the Prophets is that ascribed to Jonathan ben Uzziel (4th century ?), which originated in Palestine, but was edited in Babylonia, so that it has the same history and linguistic character as Onkelos.
While the schools of Babylonia were flourishing as the religious head of Judaism, the West, and especially Spain under Moorish rule, was becoming the home of Jewish scholarship. On the breaking of the schools many of the fugitives fled o- g up Y g?
In the Toth century IIushiel, one of four prisoners, perhaps from Babylonia, though that is doubtful, was ransomed and settled at Kairawan, where he acquired great reputation as a Talmudist.
It was from a remote period, antedating certainly 3000 B.C., the highway of empire and of commerce between east and west, more specifically between Babylonia or Irak and Syria, and numerous empires, peoples and civilizations have left their records on its shores.
At Feluja, in the latitude of Bagdad, the Euphrates and Tigris closely approach each other, and then, widening out, enclose the plain of Babylonia (Arab.
In early times irrigating canals distributed the waters over the plain, and made it one of the richest countries of the East, so that historians report three crops of wheat to have been raised in Babylonia annually.
As main arteries for this circulation of water through its system great canals, constituting in reality so many branches of the river, connected all parts of Babylonia, and formed a natural means both of defence and also of transportation from one part of the country to another.
Ainsworth, Researches in Assyria and Babylonia (1838), and Personal Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition (1888); A.
A remarkable Babylonian tablet discovered by Dr Pinches represents Marduk, the god of light, as identified in his person with all the chief deities of Babylonia, who are evidently regarded as his varying manifestations.'
But the years 1887 to 1891 opened many eyes to the fact that the Hebrews lived their life on the great highways of intercourse between Egypt on the one hand, and Babylonia, Assyria and the N.
The untimely death of that monarch upon the battlefield of Megiddo (608 B.C.), followed by the inglorious reigns of the kings who succeeded him, who became puppets in turn of Egypt or of Babylonia, silenced for a while the Messianic hopes for a future king or line of kings of Davidic lineage who would rule a renovated kingdom in righteousness and peace.
The onward progress of the Persian Cyrus and his anticipated conquest of Babylonia marked him out as Yahweh's anointed instrument for effecting the deliverance of exiled Israel and their restoration to their old home and city (Isa.
Contact with Babylonia tended to stimulate the 1 Cf.
On the religion of Babylonia, Jastrow's work is the standard one.
Surrounded by ancient seats of culture in Egypt and Babylonia, by the mysterious deserts of Arabia, and by the highlands of Asia Minor, Palestine, with Syria on the north, was the high road of civilization, trade and warlike enterprise, and the meeting-place of religions.
The course leads naturally into either Palestine or Babylonia, and, following the Euphrates, northern Syria is eventually reached.
This age, with its regular maritime intercourse between the Aegean settlements, Phoenicia and the Delta, and with lines of caravans connecting Babylonia, North Syria, Arabia and Egypt, presents a remarkable picture of life and activity, in the centre of which lies Palestine, with here and there Egyptian colonies and some traces of Egyptian cults. | <urn:uuid:665f59bb-cb66-47b4-a1fa-1d0e0dd0af27> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/babylonia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890928.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121234728-20180122014728-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.971543 | 2,799 | 2.671875 | 3 |
by Larry Peterson
|LCVP Landing Craft at Omaha Beach, June 6, 1944|
June 6, 1944: It was 6:30 a.m. in France. In America it was 12:30 a.m. on the East Coast and still June 5 on the West Coast. Most Americans at home were sleeping not having the slightest inkling that many of the best and the bravest of the American future were beginning their day by dying for the most noble of reasons; to save the world from the maniacal Adolf Hitler and his Nazi hordes. What price freedom?
Look at the photo to the right. Those young men in that LCVP were about to land on the beach. They were probably so frightened as those sand dunes got closer and closer. The fear was normal and justified. Fifteen (15) minutes after that picture was taken many of them were dead. Just like that. Sons, brothers, husbands, gone. Shredded by the relentless machine gun fire coming from the German bunkers. Many killed were still teenagers. What price freedom? The price never changes. It is always “blood and treasure”, isn’t it?
Word of the invasion quickly reached the Jewish ghetto in Lodz, Poland. German authorities, hearing these “rumors”, quickly began searching the ghetto for illegal radios. Six Jews were promptly arrested and just as promptly executed. On the island of Corfu, located west of Greece, 1800 Jews were arrested by the Gestapo and summarily deported to Auschwitz. Upon detraining the transports, 1600 were immediately murdered in the gas chambers and the remaining 200 were sent off to forced labor. As word of the invasion began to take hold the Nazis took a ship with 260 Canean Jewish “passengers” aboard plus an untold number of corpses of Jews already murdered by the Nazis and sank it to destroy the evidence. The noose around the neck of the Third Reich was beginning to tighten. Another ship, bound for the trains to Auschwitz, was sunk by torpedoes from a British submarine. Besides all the Jewish people on board there were also 300 Italian POWs and 400 Greek civilians. It was still June 6 and, as young men were dying by the thousands on the beaches of France, an uptick in the extermination of the Jewish people began to take hold.
We know that Operation Overlord turned the tide of WWII in favor of the allies. It was the beginning of the end of the Third Reich and Adolf Hitler and his evil henchmen. Casualty numbers for the Normandy Invasion still stagger the mind. 29,000 Americans were killed and 106, 000 were wounded. The British suffered 11,000 killed and 54,000 wounded. The Canadians lost 5,000 killed and 13,000 wounded. The French, fighting as partisans, lost 12,200 killed and missing. The casualties were mind boggling. The allies lost 57,000 killed and more than 175,000 wounded. Factor in the 30,000 Germans killed and 80,000 wounded and it is simply hard to comprehend how one man, filled with an ego so massive it knew no bounds, could somehow influence such evil and destruction. But Adolf Hitler managed to do just that. As always, evil could not and did not prevail. But the cost to defend the freedoms threatened were profound. What price freedom? It is always, just as it is to this very day, “blood and treasure”. It is always mostly taken from the young
It would be almost another year before the war in Europe ended. On April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler committed suicide in a bunker as the Battle of Berlin raged above. On May 8, 1945, the war in Europe came to its official end with the German surrender. It was President Harry Truman’s 61st birthday. He dedicated the victory to his predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had died only a month before.
Operation Overlord, aka D-Day, was the largest undertaking of its kind in the history of mankind. Thousands upon thousands of soldiers: American, British, Canadian, French and others too, died that day. Many more were wounded. An evil had taken root and festered and exploded like an unstoppable virus infecting and killing millions. But honor and integrity and justice coupled with a permeating belief in an almighty God saw victory come to those who respected GOODNESS. What price freedom? The price is always “blood and treasure”. The alternative is bondage and tyranny.
Fast forward 70 years:
On June 3, 2014, Boko-Haram Islamist Militants (modern day, 21st Century cowardly and evil storm-troopers) entered the town of Gwoza in Nigeria. They were wanting to kill Christians. And kill they did. After they finished their “mission” of killing they had left behind at least 168 people dead, mostly women and children. An elderly Christian man faced the Boko-Haram and yelled, “IF YOU DO NOT REPENT OF KILLING INNOCENT CHRISTIANS THAT BELIEVE IN JESUS, THEIR BLOOD WILL JUDGE YOU.”
This statement enraged the insurgents and they slashed the man’s body apart with their swords. Then they beheaded him. He was 80 years old. He died defending Jesus. Whether it is a Jew or a Christian, not much has changed in 70 years. Persecution of Christians and Jews continues. The Nazis were ultimately crushed by GOODNESS. Boko-Haram will be crushed the same way. Make no mistake, the Battle for Goodness will require much blood and treasure but the battle will eventually be won. For those yesterday, today and tomorrow who have fought, fight and will fight the evil in this world, God bless you all. | <urn:uuid:240ff45d-f91c-4d9d-8988-5239ac9291ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://cradlingcatholic.com/2014/06/05/70-years-later-remembering-d-day-what-price-freedom-it-is-always-blood-treasure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534693.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520223029-20220521013029-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.97996 | 1,191 | 2.53125 | 3 |
LESSON 3 – الدَّرْسُ الثَّالِثُ
Definite Article – اَلْ
Introduction - مُقَدِّمَةٌ
- In this lesson we will learn about the definite article الْ which corresponds to the word 'The' in the English Language (known as the definite article in grammar as it refers to a specific object).
- Take particular note of the change in the vowel ending when a word is changed to its definite form, i.e. the /tanwīn/ (double vowel) which represents indefinite form e.g. (a house) has been changed to a single /đammah/. It is hence also important to remember that a word can never take /alif lām/ at the beginning and /tanwīn/ at the same time (i.e. it can never be both indefinite and definite at the same time).
- Remember to always start reading the examples below from right to left. The first example below will illustrate the change from indefinite form (e.g. a house) to definite form (e.g. the house).
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced. | <urn:uuid:37752de7-9c99-4ae0-b8ed-17f839616b6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.madinaharabic.com/Arabic_Language_Course/Lessons/L003_001.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125532.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00264-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8793 | 275 | 4.4375 | 4 |
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