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Indians) called the island Aquehonga Manacknong
. The first part means "high, sandy banks", owing to the island's coarse mid-Atlantic
soil, and the second part means "as far as the place as the bad woods", perhaps referring to the interior, which is swampy and today constitutes a preserve called the Greenbelt
. The first permanent settlement of the island seems to date back to 3,000 BCE
, although there is evidence of human presence dating all the way back to 12,000 BCE.
The Lenape settled along the coast, with the Hackensack occupying the north, the Raritan the south, and the Tappan the east (now you know where all those funny place names come from!). All three belonged to the Unami, a subdivision of the Lenape whose totem was the turtle.
While Staten Island is stereotyped as being mostly landfill, the borough was downright rural until the building of the Verrazano Bridge. After that, the small farms disappeared. The Lenape farmed the island long before the bridge was even a sketch on a napkin. They also hunted local animals, which ranged from wild turkey and deer to wolves, oppossum, and bears. They collected shells along the coast and made them into wampum, which was traded for flint (not locally available). Fishing also provided a source of food and trade. Staten Island is located south of Manhattan, along the northeastern coast of New Jersey, and naturally picked up some of the trade from Indians making the circuit of New York Harbor.
The Lenape, however, no longer live on the island. In 1670, the land was sold to the English Governor Francis Lovelace, nine years after the first successful European settlement (by the Dutch, at "Oude Dorp", in what is now the community of South Beach), and thirty one years after fighting between Lenape and Europeans began.
The Staten Island Lenape were forced west and south, into New Jersey, and seem to have been absorbed into the local population. Later, most of the Lenape were moved to reservations in the Midwest, far away from the sandy banks of the mid-Atlantic coast.
For more on the Lenape: http://www.native-languages.org/lenape_culture.htm | <urn:uuid:3cb7743c-6560-4131-93da-6c7aa90b726a> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://everything2.com/user/Milk/writeups/Staten+Island | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827252.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216025802-20181216051802-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.971719 | 478 | 3.515625 | 4 |
|Roscommon in dark green|
1846, the height of the Irish Famine. The province of Connacht, including the counties of Roscommon and Mayo, was ground zero for death from starvation and flight from Ireland is in full swing. America, Canada and Australia were prime destinations, but so was England and it's growing cities, fueled by the Industrial Revolution. Manchester, on the west coast of England was booming, driven by the manufacture of textiles, especially cotton, and it was only a short boat ride away.
The Irish immigrants flooded into Manchester looking for jobs. They tended to congregate in one area on the east side, known as "Little Ireland". By 1841 a tenth of the population of Manchester was Irish, most of the immigrants came from the West Country of Ireland.
The overwhelming majority of those immigrants left Ireland because of poverty. But in Ireland they were living off the land and were probably unprepared for the condition in which they would find themselves. Fredrick Engles described Little Ireland as follows:
"The New Town, known also as Irish Town, stretches up a hill of clay, beyond the Old Town, between the Irk and St. George's Road. Here all the features of a city are lost. Single rows of houses or groups of streets stand, here and there, like little villages on the naked, not even grass-grown clay soil; the houses, or rather cottages, are in bad order, never repaired, filthy, with damp, unclean, cellar dwellings; the lanes are neither paved nor supplied with sewers, but harbour numerous colonies of swine penned in small sties or yards, or wandering unrestrained through the neighbourhood. The mud in the streets is so deep that there is never a chance, except in the dryest weather, of walking without sinking into it ankle deep at every step. In the vicinity of St. George's Road, the separate groups of buildings approach each other more closely, ending in a continuation of lanes, blind alleys, back lanes and courts, which grow more and more crowded and irregular the nearer they approach the heart of the town. True, they are here oftener paved or supplied with paved sidewalks and gutters; but the filth, the bad order of the houses, and especially of the cellars, remain the same."
Many, if not most of those immigrants traded one poverty ridden life for another. In one study it was shown that over 18,000 Irish lived in dank, windowless cellars. The Irish who lived upstairs fared no better, sleeping three or more to a bed, no sanitation and no running water. Life expectancy was half that of the upper classes and in one year the infant mortality rate was 570 per 1000 live births.
An alternative job to working in the Cotton Mills was Hawking. The majority of hawkers (peddlers) were Irish. I suppose this was marginally better than being cooped up in a factory all day, but they had to work rain or shine or cold outside, so maybe it was a trade off.
So these are the conditions into which my ancestors found themselves when they left Roscommon, Ireland sometime after 1843 and the 1851 census. (their last child was born in Ireland in 1843 and they are found in the 1851 census).
John Lynch was born in Roscommon around 1788. He and his wife Bridget and their children: Michael, Thomas, Catherine, Patrick and Mary are first found in the 1851 English census living on Brighton St. in Northeast Manchester. John is listed as age 60, Bridget is 53 and the children are ages 25 to 10. While John is an agricultural laborer the children are all hawkers.
In the 1861 census John Lynch age 69 is a laborer and Bridget 64 has no occupation. At home are Catherine and Mary, both hawkers as well as son Patrick and his wife Mary and 4 month old child Ann. Patrick is a hawker but his wife Mary is cotton spinner in a mill. Bridge probably took care of Ann and her other grandchildren so their parents could work. Oldest son Michael, now married to Bridget and with five children, also lived on Brighton St. He and his wife are hawkers. Thomas Lynch was also married, he and his wife Ellen had two children, they too lives on Brighton St. Thomas was also a hawker.
It's hard to tell on the map but Brighton St. seems quite short, yet there were a lot of houses on it. Each house was probably only two rooms down and two up. House were not only built side by side but another row backed up to the first.
The 1871 census shows big changes in the extended Lynch family. John was dead and Bridget his widow lived with her youngest child Mary. She was married and had two children, John Thomas and Michael. James Banks her husband was a cotton spinner, Mary continued to work as a hawker.
Patrick and his wife and family are not found in the 1871 census. By 1880 they are living in Massachusetts, the first of the family to immigrate to the USA.
John and Bridget's son Thomas died in 1867 and his children were living with their Uncle Michael in 1871. Their mother Ellen may possibly be dead, I cannot find her.
Also dead is John and Bridget's daughter Catherine Lynch Durr. She was murdered by her husband Patrick in a drunken rage. He was arrested, tried and found guilty and hanged shortly thereafter at nearby Strangeways Prison.
If England was their promised land, it was sadly disappointing. Bridget died in 1873. Mary her daughter and my direct ancestor was dead by 1879, only 36 years old, leaving 5 small children. The saddest story to my mind is that of Catherine Lynch Durr, sister of Mary. She and her husband also lived on Brighton St, and her husband Patrick was from Roscommon in Ireland. He was unemployed at the time of the murder and had previously done two years in prison. They were both described as alcoholics. On the night of the murder, the 18th of August 1870, they both left the beerhouse and headed home together. Once home Patrick accused Catherine of pawning his shirt, which she denied, saying in was in the mangle. Patrick obviously didn't believe her and strangled her with a piece of rope in front of their two children. Patrick was arrested on the 20th of August and was executed on the 26th of December of that year.
Fredrick Engles, Conditions of the Working Class | <urn:uuid:0f25e311-c5ed-45c2-9f69-429cda4f1ad1> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.jeaniesgenealogy.com/2013/02/the-lynch-family-of-brighton-street.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258951764.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072911-00094-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987358 | 1,343 | 3.34375 | 3 |
RealOptions provides medical testing, diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia and gonorrhea for those who are sexually active and desire testing.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by infections that are passed from one person to another during sexual contact.These infections often do not cause any symptoms. Medically, infections are only called diseases when they cause symptoms. That is why STDs are also called "sexually transmitted infections." But it’s very common for people to use the terms "sexually transmitted diseases" or "STDs," even when there are no signs of disease.
There are many kinds of sexually transmitted diseases and infections.
- You can get an STD the first time you have vaginal, anal or oral sex.
- Many STDs have no cure while others can be treated through medication.
- Most people infected with an STD don’t know it.
- You can get an STD from someone who does not know he/she is infected.
- You can’t tell who has an STD by looking at them.
- Many STDs can be transmitted to a baby during pregnancy or birth.
- If you are pregnant and considering an abortion get tested first.
You may have heard of chlamydia, but many people are not sure what it is. Chlamydia (klah MIH dee ah) is an infection caused by a kind of bacteria that is passed during sexual contact. It is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the United States. About three million American women and men become infected with chlamydia every year. It is especially common among women and men under 25. Chlamydia can infect the penis, vagina, cervix, anus, urethra, eye, or throat.
Most people who have chlamydia don’t know it since the disease often has no symptoms.
- Chlamydia is the most commonly reported STD in the United States.
- Sexually active females 25 years old and younger need testing every year.
- Chlamydia can impact a woman’s ability to have children if left untreated.
You may have heard of gonorrhea, but many people are not sure what it is. Gonorrhea (gon-o-RHEE-a) is an infection caused by a kind of bacteria that is passed during sexual contact. It can infect the penis, vagina, cervix, anus, urethra, mouth, throat or eyes. Sometimes it is called "the clap" or "the drip."
- This disease can impact a woman’s ability to have children if left untreated.
- Gonorrhea can be a serious health risk if it is not treated. It infects more than 800,000 women and men in the United States every year.
Genital herpes is a common STD, and most people with genital herpes infection do not know they have it.
- The most common herpes symptom is a cluster of blistery sores — usually on the vagina, vulva, cervix, penis, buttocks, anus or mouth. You can get genital herpes even if your partner shows no signs of the infection.
- If you have any symptoms (like a sore on your genitals, especially one that periodically recurs) laboratory tests can help determine if you have genital herpes.
- There is no cure for herpes, but treatment is available to reduce symptoms and decrease the risk of transmission to a partner.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and it means that your body’s white cells (CD4+ cells) have been reduced so much that your body is no longer able to fight off diseases by itself.
- HIV is the infection that causes AIDS.
- HIV has few or no symptoms for up to 10 years or more before symptoms of AIDS develop.
- There is no cure for HIV/AIDS, but treatment is available.
- HIV can be spread during sex play.
- HIV attacks your immune system, reducing your CD4+ cell count to such an extent that your body can’t fight off common illnesses.
- There’s medication used to slow down the decay process of HIV but it has no cure.
- Located in blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk of those infected.
HPV stands for “human papillomavirus” and its an STD caused by a virus.
- Usually those infected with HPV will show no symptoms and therefore most who have HPV don’t know it.
- Genital HPV can cause genital warts- precancerous/cancerous cells on the genital areas.
- Spread easily by skin-to-skin contact
- There is no drug to cure HPV infection but there are treatments are available to manage the problems caused by HPV.
You may have heard of syphilis, but many people are not sure what it is. Syphilis (SIFF-I-lis) is a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria that are passed sexually. It can infect the vagina, anus,urethra, or penis, as well as the lips and mouth.
Syphilis can be a serious health risk if it is not treated. About 36,000 American women and men become infected with syphilis every year.
- Syphilis is easy to cure in its early stages.
- Signs and symptoms of syphilis include a firm, round, small, and painless sore on the genitals, anus, or mouth, or a rash on the body, especially on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet
We test for gonorrhea and chlamydia using a urine sample. If this test shows an infection, then we will provide you with treatment and explain how your partner(s) can be treated.
For chlamydia and gonorrhea testing, do not urinate or engage in sexual intercourse for one hour before testing.
You owe it to yourself to be safe. Don’t ignore the important step of being tested.
We are here to help. The caring staff at RealOptions provides confidential (private) consultations and are sensitive to your needs and concerns. | <urn:uuid:bf04b53c-2cac-4245-bcdf-f3fda267742f> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.realoptions.net/health-information/sexual-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540481281.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205164243-20191205192243-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.941064 | 1,277 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Responses of riparian insects and spiders to experimental additions of salmon carcasses
Riparian insects incorporate marine-derived nutrients from salmon carcasses directly by consuming carcass material, or indirectly when salmon nutrients stimulate primary producers and invertebrate consumers. We hypothesized that addition of salmon carcass and salmon analog would increase abundance, alter species composition, and affect distribution of insects in riparian areas, which would result in higher abundance of predators, in this case riparian spiders (Tetragnathidae). Sticky traps were systematically deployed in and adjacent to 9 streams treated with salmon carcasses, salmon analog and control (n=3 of each). Treatments increased abundance and altered composition of both terrestrial and adult aquatic insects 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment. Carcass additions increased terrestrial dipterans more than analog whereas analog primarily increased aquatic dipteran (midge) abundance. Spider abundance was highest at analog sites three weeks post-treatment, which may have been driven by increases in their prey - adult aquatic insects. The consequences of differential responses of insect taxa to treatments may further affect other predators such as fish or bats, and may improve understanding of bottom-up influences of mitigation tools and subsequent energy flow through food webs.
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography and the North American Benthological Society Joint Meeting 2010
Collins, S. F.,
Baxter, C. V.,
Wipfli, M. S.
Responses of riparian insects and spiders to experimental additions of salmon carcasses.
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography and the North American Benthological Society Joint Meeting 2010,
Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/biological-fp/63 | <urn:uuid:0b269bcd-eac6-495b-bfbb-c7d520f1338b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/biological-fp/63/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805114.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118225302-20171119005302-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.885238 | 357 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Too many LGBT+ people still don’t feel safe and comfortable at work. Unions have an essential role to play in fighting this discrimination.
This is according to the 2018 Trade Union Congress (TUC) Pride campaign which calls for all LGBT+ people to join a union.
The campaign follows the findings of the TUC’s 2017 report, ‘The Cost of Being Out in Work’ which showed there is still a lot of work to do to ensure LGBT+ people achieve full equality at work.
For this reason, TUC encourages LGBT+ people should be part of a union.
Some of these stats include:
- 39% of LGBT+ people have been harassed or discriminated against by a colleague
- Only 51% of people are ‘out’ to everyone at work
- Only 36% of young people are ‘out’ to everyone at work | <urn:uuid:362c6ccc-66fa-48da-bdb6-4271e6c0bcf0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.equallyours.org.uk/trade-union-congress-campaign-lgbt-pride/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202125.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319183735-20190319205735-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.96782 | 184 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Internet has opened up a whole range of opportunities for learning, communication and play but it is not without its dangers. With children spending ever increasing amounts of time online it's incredibly important to understand the steps that we can all take to ensure that their experience is positive, rewarding and safe.
IT is constantly evolving and it can be hard to keep up with the latest trends. The documents below are designed to help keep your children and family safe when online.
For a wider range of information on these and other categories please visit the websites in the links below.
(Please click on the image to open each guide)
Screen Addiction - Top Tips
7 questions to help you start a conversation about online safety
Helpful books for discussion
Parent Guides to popular online platforms
Please click on the icon to open the guide
WhatsApp Tiktok Twitter
Instagram Snapchat YouTube
Online Gaming Guides | <urn:uuid:c0467147-6ba3-49a8-accc-800f6ff10efe> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.melbourneprimary.org.uk/page/?title=Online+Safety&pid=277 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100499.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203094028-20231203124028-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.913638 | 183 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Fay Latin teacher Emily Gifford was looking for a creative way to help her seventh, eighth, and ninth grade students learn about ancient Roman currency. Her solution: have students cast ancient coins using 21st-century methods!
After researching Roman currency, students designed their own coins to include a Latin epigram and a representation of Roman art. Then, it was off to Fay’s new Innovation Lab, where Fay’s Director of Innovation helped the students use a vector graphics editor to convert their drawings to digital files. Then they used a digital laser cutter to transform flat pieces of wood into beautifully rendered coins with raised lettering and images.
Fay’s iLab is an exciting new resource that serves as TV studio, woodshop, web design workshop, science lab, and art studio. It was the brainchild of a team of Fay teachers who repurposed three underutilized classrooms using only materials that were already available on campus. They moved out desks and chairs and moved in couches and worktables. They attached wheels to furniture and brought in a computer and projector on a cart. They painted walls and tabletops with whiteboard paint to maximize writeable spaces for brainstorming, and they painted one wall bright green for video projects using green screen technology. Grants made possible a laser cutter and other “maker” tools.
The final result: a “Design” room for brainstorming and collaboration, and a “Create” room for building and construction—a perfect place to help Fay students practice design thinking, which is a solution-oriented approach to problem-solving. Students follow a series of steps to identify and understand problems, and then they quickly generate and test solutions.
The benefits in learning to think like a designer? Students participate in real-world, meaningful experiences where they learn to collaborate with others, generate solutions to problems independently, and demonstrate ingenuity and resilience in the face of challenges. | <urn:uuid:20fe9ecd-4fc0-4109-9d2a-35a51bc92c13> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://inspirationlab.org/story/4421 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424961.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725042318-20170725062318-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.951305 | 398 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Conservative talk show host Megyn Kelly claimed on her Fox News show last week that “For all you kids watching at home, Santa just is white ... just because it makes you feel uncomfortable doesn’t mean it has to change, you know, I mean, Jesus was a white man, too ... that’s a verifiable fact, I just want kids to know that.”
This statement was in response to a Slate piece by Aisha Harris, “Santa Should Not Be a White Man Anymore,” which notes her confusion between seeing a black Santa figurine in her home while white Santas were popularized elsewhere at the mall and her school. Because the real history of St. Nicholas is so far removed from his present iteration as Santa Claus, she argues that it would be easier and less culturally problematic to change him into a penguin. This avoids questions of race and culture and makes him accessible to all. While I see her point about wanting to avoid cultural problems, it might be a good idea to confront the underlying issue of racism in America rather than continue to ignore it.
On that note, I would like to confront the factually incorrect statements made by Kelly in response to Harris.
- “Santa just is white.” First, Santa isn’t real. So, I’m assuming she’s talking about the person upon which his legend is based, St. Nicolas. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, St. Nicholas was born in the fourth century and became the bishop of Myra. Myra is located in present day Turkey. Supposedly, he provided three different girls each with a sack of gold to serve as dowries and rescue them from a life of prostitution. Over time, the legend grew and meshed with Norse legends. Immigrants brought these legends to North America, and the modern Santa Claus was pretty much manufactured by Norman Rockwell, Coca-Cola, and other manufacturers of goods that wanted to ramp up Christmas sales.
So what did the ancient Turkish gift-giver look like? A composite, made from forensic anthropologists who reconstructed his skeleton from his crypt in Bari, Italy, shows that he looked very much like modern-day Turkish men. I think we can agree that he doesn’t look like a typical white American male, though that categorical racial box is very problematic and fraught with ambiguity. It might be more accurate to say that he would not experience the privileges of being a white male in American society.
- “Jesus was a white man, too.” Wrong again. Jesus was a Palestinian Jew in first-century Nazareth. This was a poor village in the shadow of the large city of Sepphoris. He, his father and his brothers, while stylized as artistic carpenters in the Christmas story, are actually more akin to day laborers who would have walked miles everyday to find work and survive in the shadow of the powerful Roman rulers who controlled the land. When he grew up, he heard about numerous uprisings to throw off the Roman yoke and started speaking out against the political powers and the religious leaders who collaborated with them. Speaking out too much and being referred to as “The King of the Jews” caused him to be executed for sedition.
The United States is arguably the Rome of the modern world. We are the most powerful nation on Earth. Jesus would not identify with the privilege of being an average United States citizen. He did not live in abundant opulence like we do, when 50 percent of the world lives on less than $2.50 a day (80 percent on less than $10 a day). If Jesus were an American, he would more likely identify as an undocumented immigrant or other poor, oppressed class, given his historical social standing and statement regarding wealth and poverty.
Regarding Jesus’ appearance, he most certainly would be flagged for a security check and racially profiled by TSA. According to forensic anthropologists who examined countless remains from that time period to find the most likely image, he looked like a Middle-Eastern male of Arabic descent.
So, what should we do with this information? We should ask ourselves about the images we hold in our minds of important historical or cultural figures. Are they constructed based on fact or to remake someone in our image for our comfort? Does holding on to historically inaccurate images keep us from becoming a more unified society, where we can appreciate and value one another’s diversity? Perhaps most importantly, do they keep us from seeing people of all races as precious children of God? If so, we may want to smash these false images as idols and dig deeper for the sake of Jesus’ call to love one another as we love ourselves.
Rev. Laura Barclay is an author, consultant, and minister. She previously served the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship of North Carolina for five years as the Social Ministries Coordinator. She is now working on a book that will be released by Smyth & Helwys in Spring 2014, titled With Us in the Wilderness: Finding God’s Story in Our Lives. She resides in Louisville, Ky., with her spouse, Rev. Ryan Eller. If you are interested in having her speak or consult on spirituality, social justice or communications issues at your congregation, email her at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:76842b04-0e36-46a1-b0fe-9927c48c0181> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://sojo.net/articles/no-megyn-kelly-jesus-and-santa-werent-white?quicktabs_blog_homepage_tabbed_block=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171629.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00208-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975649 | 1,101 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Summer 2 Week 7 13.07.20
A very quiet and final celebration for Willows this week. I think you are all worn out (and rightly so!)
Wishing you all a wonderful Summer,
Take care and keep safe.
Welcome to our final week wonderful Willows! It's going to be another warm week so I have planned some water fun for you:
Ahoy me hearties! Shiver me timbers!
This week we are going to exploring Floating and Sinking through the theme of pirates!
Take a look at Messy and his friends when they decide to be pirates for the day:
Think and Talk:
What happened to the boat?
Do you think the rock would make a good boat? Why/why not?
The feather floated so why wouldn't it make a good boat?
What materials do you think would be good to make their new boat? Why?
What happened in the end?
What material would you like to make a boat out of?
If you could be a pirate for the day, what would you do?
Ask an adult to help you collect things from around the house that you can put in a bowl of water, paddling pool or in the bath. Talk about whether you think the things you collect will float or sink. Investigate by putting them in water. If something is floating can you make it sink? Make a list of things you found that float and things you found that sank. Did anything surprise you?
Have a go at one (or as many as you like) exciting floating and sinking experiments: Can you talk about what you think is going to happen? Make a prediction for each one and say what you found out. (You can find the link to these below)
• Floating Ball Game
• Floating Ice Boats
• Bobbing Bouncing Raisins
• Layered Liquids
Experiments exploring Floating and Sinking
•Ask a grown up for some coins. Which ones do you recognise? Can you find any numbers you know? Float a large orange or lemon in a bowl of water. Now try to balance a coin on top without it falling into the water. How many coins did you manage to balance? How much money were they worth?
The lemon challenge and Make a foil boat
Why not try using 2p coins. How much money does it take before sinking/capsizing?
Have a go at creating your own treasure map. Perhaps you or an adult could hide some treasure to find in the house or garden. Can you follow the map to where X hides the spot?
Can you make your own pirate hat or sword and act like a pirate?
Optional resources for Create section
Number and Shape
Can you be a nice pirate and share out the treasure equally? Practise sharing items equally (treasure) around your home. Is it fair?
What 2D shapes can you see in the pirate picture? Can you find things in your home or garden that are shaped like a square, rectangle, circle and triangle? How do you know they are these shapes?
Continue to practise your recognition of coins. Ask an adult to hide some coins around the house or garden. How much money did you find?
Optional resources for Number and Shape
Revisit set 1 and 2 sounds. Be a pirate and search for the 'real treasure' in the Buried Treasure game. Are the words real or fake (nonsense)? Click on the website below to play the game. Can you read the sh, ch, qu, th and nk words?
Want to practise your writing? Use the resource below to write a sentence about each pirate picture. | <urn:uuid:a983054d-9955-4e7b-af4e-3bcce1c03f4f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.ruardeancofeprimaryschool.com/summer-2-week-6-60720/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499919.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201081311-20230201111311-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.951376 | 772 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Once ghost towns along the Puttlum – Mannar coastal line bordering Wilpattu National Park, these small towns and villages have now woken up form the 30 year slumber after the end of the LTTE terrorist occupation.
This stretch of sea was world famous for thousands of years for for producing finest pearls in the world but today a waste land with few fishing villages due to over exploitation.
Portuguese, Dutch and British all had considerable interest in the region and the best example is the massive bungalow of the British Governor, Sir Frederick North (1798-1805) built for the supervision of pearl fishery operations in the region.
Frederic North, who became Earl of Guilford later, arrived here in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in 1798 and visited Arippu a few times during the next few years as the pearl fishery was revived by the British. By this time, pearl fishery was revived in Kondachchi, a tiny village south of Silavathura. Kondachchi later became popular due to the establishment of government cashew plantations.
It could be probably during these visits that Frederic North had the idea of building a bungalow in these premises. The governor himself laid the foundation stone of the Doric building on March 18, 1802, and it took almost two years to complete the construction. There are official records such as letters and minutes to suggest that this was almost completed by early 1804. Governor North was probably able to stay in this bungalow for the first time during the fishery of 1804, as he was at Arippu from early February to early April.
Cordiner in his Description of Ceylon mentions that this building was planned by the Governor. He further provides a detailed account of this building with a drawing made by him. This drawing shows the Doric columns rising on the front and rear porticos, which are no more available. Cordiner provides the layout plan of the building, which could be traced even now. According to him, there were four small bed rooms on the ground floor and stairs on the center; two well proportioned were on the upper floor. Though the upper floor is no more, the ground floor plan is very similar to the existing plan of the ruin. The building had a terraced roof over the upper floor, from where someone could have seen the entire area around, providing an excellent place to watch the fishery activities on the sea. Even from the top of the existing ruin, we could observe the area around us. Cordiner states that this was ‘undoubtedly the most beautiful building in the island and almost the only one which is planned according to any order of architecture’.
Time showed the ravages of nature on this building. – Sea breeze, harsh conditions and negligence were the key reasons for this. By the early 1900s, the upper floor was gone and the rear portico to the seaside was a prey to sea erosion in 1980s. The remaining walls are being continuously corroded by the wind and washed by the rains. The damage continues as the northern section of the building (which seems intact in the photos) had also collapsed in 2004, when our friend Ajitha Madanayake visited the site and photographed the building. There is a serious uncertainty of the future of the ruins, which is a part of our heritage.
The Doric has been erroneously mentioned as the Dutch Fort by a few journalists and authors recently. Some of these have provided photographs of it. This mistaken identification seems to be due to few reasons. Though many knew about the existence of the Dutch Fort in Arippu, most of them were ignorant of the existence of a British mansion in the aarea. Also the lack of frequent visitors is the main cause of this ignorance. In some extreme cases the Doric was mentioned as a Portuguese mansion and the palace of a legendary queen!
The Tower at Arippu, (Arippu Tower, Doric Tower) lying few hundred meters way from the fort is a strange cerement tower with no apparent use. Top of this square tower tapers off in to a pyramid shape. Despite any visible signs, this tower is believed to be a sort of a light house which had a fire burning at the top guiding the pearl vessels to land.
- Forts and Fortifications of Sri Lanka
- Ancient Heritage Sites of Sri Lanka
- Other Places of Interest Within Close Proximity
Map of The Doric House and Doric Tower
The map above also shows other places of interest within a approximately 20 km radius of the current site. Click on any of the markers and the info box to take you to information of these sites.
Zoom out the map to see more surrounding locations using the mouse scroll wheel or map controls.
Driving Directions to Doric House and Doric Tower
Route from Colombo to Doric House and Doric Tower
Route from Anuradhapura Town to Doric House and Doric Tower
|Though : Puttlam – Eluwankulama|
Distance : 235 km
Travel time : 6+ hours
Driving directions : see on google map
|Though : Medawachchiya – Seelawathura|
Distance : 110 km
Travel time : 3 hours
Driving directions : see on google map | <urn:uuid:ee9f1208-7907-4f12-8a92-fa9c8d7f6f86> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://amazinglanka.com/wp/arippu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524568.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716135748-20190716161748-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.97512 | 1,100 | 2.875 | 3 |
Sometimes when a project is coming together, you need to cobble a tool together to get it completed. Whether it’s something very involved, like building a 3D printer to fabricate custom parts, or something relatively simple, like wiring a lightbulb and a battery together to create a simple continuity checker, we’ve all had to come up with something on the fly. Despite having access to an oscilloscope, [Brian] aka [schoolie] has come up with his own method for measuring PWM period and duty cycle without a scope, just in case there’s ever a PWM emergency!
The system he has come up with is so simple it’s borderline genius. The PWM signal in question is fed through a piezo speaker in parallel with a resistor. The output from the speaker is then sent to an FFT (fast fourier transform) app for Android devices, which produces a picture of a waveform. [schoolie] then opens the picture in MS Paint and uses the coordinates of the cursor and a little arithmetic to compute the period and the duty cycle.
For not using a scope, this method is pretty accurate, and only uses two discrete circuit components (the resistor and the speaker). If you’re ever in a pinch with PWM, this is sure to help, and be a whole lot cheaper than finding an oscilloscope! | <urn:uuid:d7adf83c-5c2f-46cf-b89d-98f82d773c4c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://hackaday.com/2014/11/26/easy-and-effective-way-to-measure-pwm-without-a-scope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423842.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722022441-20170722042441-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.925381 | 286 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Using electronic tags, scientists have been able to track the migration of the sooty shearwater from its breeding grounds in the southern hemisphere to its wintering grounds in the North Pacific. Twice a year the shearwaters travel a figure-eight pattern around the Pacific to take advantage of the summer season in each hemisphere. This loop is the longest known travelling distance for any bird species. Each bird completed it in about 200 days.
The flights of sooty shearwaters documented in this new study represent the longest animal migration routes ever recorded using electronic tracking technology: around 65,000 kilometers (39,000 miles). Taking advantage of prevailing winds along different parts of the migration route, the birds trace giant figure eights over the Pacific Basin.Not all birds travel the entire circumference of the Pacific. Electronic tracking has shown that most go to a single feeding area for the northern summer and then return straight to New Zealand for their breeding season. Put together, the tagged birds covered most of the Pacific. This map from the BBC displays the routes.
"The only other bird species known that could rival the migrations of the sooty shearwater would be the arctic tern, which breeds in the Arctic and migrates to Antarctica. But we don't know if they do that in a single season, because nobody's ever tracked them," said Scott Shaffer, a research biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and first author of a paper describing the new findings, published in next week's online early edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
Shaffer worked with an international team of scientists from UCSC and other institutions in the United States, New Zealand, and France. The researchers found that the migratory cycle of sooty shearwaters encompasses the entire Pacific Basin, focusing on the richest feeding grounds in both hemispheres--from Antarctic waters in the south during the breeding season to bountiful coastal currents off California, Alaska, and Japan in the north. These small seabirds cross the equator twice a year in pursuit of an endless summer in which their feeding areas are always at or near the period of peak productivity....
Diving patterns recorded by the tags indicate the birds stop little if at all to feed as they pass through the equatorial regions on their journey between the Southern and Northern Hemispheres.
"When they cross the equator, they're traveling fast and not stopping much to feed. They feed near Antarctica during the austral summer, then zip north to feed in one of three areas of the North Pacific, taking advantage of high productivity throughout the year," Shaffer said.
Blue lines represent breeding season movement, yellow lines show northward migration, and orange lines cover the wintering areas and southbound routes. The map is based on tags recovered from 19 shearwaters in New Zealand after their journey was complete. | <urn:uuid:c31594d9-d4cc-4c52-896a-60ded66eee9f> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://dendroica.blogspot.com/2006/08/flight-of-shearwater.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298538.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00282-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946402 | 586 | 3.75 | 4 |
G2 cloud star is expected to explode in the center of the Galaxy and cause a superwave affecting our solar system and Earth
As the G2 cloud star, is on a very eccentric orbit, its closest approach point from the galactic center (periastron) is expected an explosion in the center of the galaxy that will affect extremely strong The sun and Earth. That is taking into account and that the solar system is crossing the galactic plane and the sun is at its maximum activity. The cloud star has been discovered in 2002 or 2006. There is the assumption that it would be at his first periastron. The cloud contains a star having a mass somewhere between one solar mass and 30 solar masses which might have a binary companion star. This companion star inside the cloud of dust and gas matter would be about 6 times the mass of Earth. This companion star contained in the gas cloud is expected to be stripped away and enter in the accretion zone of the galactic center causing an explosion. This is expected to happen, according to various astronomers, between March and July.
In the Galactic center there is a super massive black hole, super dense, of 4 million solar masses, according to other estimates, a million solar masses. There are scientists, as the eminent PhD. Paul LaViolette, who disagrees with the concept of black hole, having another explanation for these cosmic objects. According to him the probability of the blast and super wave energy is very high.
Is it possible that about this astronomical event to be announced from the crop circle from Chualar? Counting 192 days from this date we arrive on July 8, 2014. It is obvious that there must be a major event that will be seen by everyone, including the “blind”, as suggesting by the message of the circle. Coincidentally the big circle is seven times greater than the small circle representing Earth. It could symbolize this companion star expected to crash into the galactic center and trigger a major outburst and super wave. This event has probably already happened 24.000 years ago. But the super wave reach us now as it travels with slightly less the speed of light.
Another interesting fact is that the G2 cloud is expected to come to 144 – 200 astronomical units from the Galactic core at its time of closest approach. Could this be 192 astronomical units?
This explosion will have the effect of a super-pulse of electromagnetic and scalar waves and cosmic radiation, especially X and Gamma, extremely powerful. It could be the long awaited moment of the Event or the moment expected by Tolec, when the Earth will change dimensions.
There could be other interesting events until then, but July 8, 2014 is a very interesting date, being offered in the message of the crop circle, and even some astronomers are pushing the possible explosion date to July. We could go with the assumptions so far as that this possible event will put the “plane of Ascension” on the runway, somewhere between April and July this year.
So, fasten your seat belts and keep your positive expectations and confidence in a bright future!
The Light of Ascension
All Rights Reserved. No part of this article can be reproduced or distributed without written permission. | <urn:uuid:6f6cbb58-43bd-4670-b0b0-9a4944766efc> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://galacticconnection.com/g2-cloud-star-expected-explode-center-galaxy-cause-superwave-affecting-solar-system-earth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607849.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524173007-20170524193007-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.957378 | 654 | 2.921875 | 3 |
“Beowulf” vs “The 13th Warrior” Comparison Sample Essay
Beowulf and the 13th Warrior are two narratives that are centered around the Anglo-saxon civilization and even though they have many things in common. there are a few key differences to the narratives. These are two great narratives that portray the Anglo-saxon civilization really good. The two narratives both show good and evil. different comrades. and how they memorialize the dead. The written narrative. Beowulf. can merely depict some of the gruesome inside informations. The film nevertheless brought out some of those inside informations into full visible radiation.
Such as. when the North Men pass around their “community bowl. ” It does non look immensely surprising if that had really occurred in the barbarian civilization. Even though the Anglo-saxon people seem barbaric they are still rather an organized civilization.
Beowulf is rather different in how it portrays good and evil than its opposite number 13th Warrior. In Beowulf from the get downing it is really clearly defined who the hero is traveling to be.
Beowulf ever knows precisely what sort of immorality he is traveling up against every clip he fought. The people had told Beowulf about Grendel. Grendel’s ma and the firedrake. This is instead different in the 13th Warrior. In 13th Warrior Ahmad doesn’t even desire to travel on an escapade. and even when he is called upon by the north work forces to travel aid king Hrogarth. When Ahmad gets Denmark he does non even cognize what he is supposed to be contending. He is called at that place to speak after all. non fight.
Beowulf’s comrades are nowhere near every bit capable as Ahmad’s. Beowulf gives his fellow comrades all their equipment and has brought them from the underside up. Beowulf’s fellow warriors ever tag along during his escapades. but when he needs them the most in his concluding conflict. they all run except for one. Wiglaf is able to complete off the firedrake. but non before it kills Beowulf. In 13th warrior. the comrades of Ahmad are highly strong both physically and mentally. In the film one of the warriors got their caput ripped clean off and it did non even faze the other warriors. In modern twenty-four hours. even in combat this would be a immense psychological factor to see one of your fellow comrades acquire his caput ripped off. but in this conflict the other soldiers kept contending like nil had happened. All of the warriors would all battle and dice for each other as some of them did throughout the films. The same could non be said about Beowulf and his “friends. ”
There are a batch of similarities in Beowulf and the 13th warrior in how they memorialized the dead. In Beowulf after Beowulf dies he leaves the throne to Wiglaf who is said to be one of the last great geats. Before Beowulf died he wished for a great commemoration to be built in his award. This is highly of import in the Anglo-saxon civilization because with a commemoration he could populate everlastingly through memories. Beowulf is cremated and had his ashes along with the great hoarded wealth he had collected from holding the firedrake killed inside the memorial. In the 13th warrior. Bulwyne is one of the better warriors and died in the concluding conflict of the film. Bulwyne wanted to decease like a male monarch and got his want. at the terminal of the conflict he with the Wendols. he is seen sitting on the throne. He is besides cremated like Beowulf.
These are great narratives that portray the Anglo-saxon civilization rather good. The film truly brought out some of the item that the narrative merely could needfully portray. The 13th Warrior and Beowulf have many things to compare and contrast. nevertheless the comparings between good and evil. different comrades. and how they memorialize the dead stuck out the most. The Anglo-saxon people are a strong and brave people that had genuinely epic values. The narrative and film truly brought out the true Anglo-saxons.
Cite this “Beowulf” vs “The 13th Warrior” Comparison Sample Essay
“Beowulf” vs “The 13th Warrior” Comparison Sample Essay. (2017, Nov 02). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/beowulf-vs-the-13th-warrior-comparison-essay-sample-essay/ | <urn:uuid:238bd8e1-8a58-4971-9a34-de706bcecbfd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://graduateway.com/beowulf-vs-the-13th-warrior-comparison-essay-sample-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.975099 | 982 | 2.859375 | 3 |
NEW YORK — The tax code of the United States is a disgrace. Everyone complains about it. No one understands it. And even if you try very hard, your chance of being wrong is high. And to make it worse, Congress continues to treat the tax code like a candy store for its most favored donors.
In February 2013, you can celebrate the 100th birthday of the personal income tax. The income tax started out as a simple flat tax that could be filled out on a postcard.
The tax code now comprises 73,608 pages and counting. In the last 10 years it has grown more than 10,000 pages — most certainly not to the taxpayer's advantage.
It is time to go back to the beginning and reinstitute the flat tax that is reasonable and understandable.
The first flat income tax was progressive. After a very generous exemption of the first $3,000 of income — $65,000 today — being exempt from any tax, there were six income categories upon which a tax of from 1 percent to 6 percent was imposed. All income was taxed with little distinction of its source. And deductions were limited to the production of that income.
We can debate how many rate structures and what is a reasonable threshold for the income exemption, but the reinstitution of a flat tax would eliminate the debate about wealthy people paying lower tax rates than others. All income would be treated equally and deductions would be eliminated for the favored few.
Of course there is the political reality of the lobbyists for real estate, municipal bonds, charities, and on and on. But the more fundamental goals — fairness and simplicity would be achieved by a flat tax.
With the fiscal cliff in sight by January, does it take extraordinary leadership to embrace what for most people is common sense?
Reform of the tax system would stimulate the economy in a way that no fiscal stimulus could ever do. It would allow individuals and businesses to plan for the future knowing that the rules of the game would not change or that the favored few will not reap all the rewards.
Any change in the system should also come with a requirement for a super majority in Congress to make changes in the future so that some well-connected group won't get a tax credit for red-feathered ostrich farming.
The advantages of a flat tax are numerous and well documented: It would create one tax rate for all income regardless of source thus eliminating the endless discussions of who paid what tax rate on what income.
It would end the argument about the rich paying their "fair" share because they would no longer be able to hide behind exemptions. The ordinary American would understand the fairness of the system hoping one day to be able to pay at the highest tax rate. The current Alternative Minimum Tax that applies to a certain part of taxpayers is a basically a flat tax system.
The issue of business taxation is equally complicated but should be addressed with the same simple flat tax approach. Lowering the corporate rate to be competitive with the world rates as well as recognizing the multi-national nature of today's business would bring a saner discussion to keeping companies American.
Democracy is a difficult process but change can and will occur when individual voices cut through the prepackaged political messages and ask the right questions.
With the multiple information channels now available through the Internet, there is no reason that the general public cannot be engaged in the process.
It is time for bold leadership to address the many issues this country faces. But making our tax system simpler and fairer would go a long way to energize the dream of generations to get rich in America.
Peter Rush is the author of "Class Tax Mass Tax."
Copyright 2016, Deseret News Publishing Company | <urn:uuid:78440093-42a9-40d8-a501-c72cb7db0fdb> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.deseretnews.com/article/print/765604264/Yes-Washington-should-adopt-a-flat-income-tax.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719908.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00248-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972177 | 755 | 2.515625 | 3 |
February 1, 1844: Happy birthday Eduard Strasburger, one of the most famous botanists of the 19th-century! Strasburger developed the principles of mitosis and coined the terms "cytoplasm" and "nucleoplasm". His 1898 textbook: <https://tinyurl.com/ya52wbk7>
February 1, 1865: 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (abolishing slavery) is approved by President Lincoln. It had been passed by the House of Representatives the previous day, and would be ratified on December 6th of that year. More information and a scan of the document can be seen at: <https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=40>
February 2, 1882: A baby elephant is born at the winter quarters of Barnum's Circus in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The baby is two feet, six inches high, weighs forty-five pounds, and is covered with shaggy black hair an inch long. More details: <https://tinyurl.com/y8ts5azl>
February 2, 1887: The ancient holiday of Groundhog Day is officially celebrated in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, USA, for the first time. (The Punxsutawney groundhog would become the official representative of the holiday in the U.S.) Read more here: <https://tinyurl.com/y873z757>
February 10, 1840: Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert.
February 10, 1853: Charles Stratton (a.k.a. General Tom Thumb) marries Lavinia Warren. An article about the wedding appeared in the New York Times the next day: http://www.nytimes.com/1863/02/11/news/loving-lilliputians-warren-thumbiana-marriage-general-tom-thumb-queen-beauty-who.html?pagewanted=all
February 11, 1861: Happy birthday, Elizabeth Bisland! Miss Bisland is now perhaps most famous for her 1889-90 race around the world against fellow journalist Nelly Bly. However, Miss Bisland was a sweet, fascinating woman in her own right —and a very skilled writer as well. Her own account of the famous voyage, "A Flying Trip Around the World" makes for absolutely charming reading. For hyperlinks to Elizabeth's book about her famous trip, look under "Travel Books" on http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/favorite-books-etc.html
February 12, 1809: Happy birthday, Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln!
February 14: Happy birthday, Frederick Douglass! The writer and orater was born a slave and the exact date of his birth around 1818 was not recorded, but he chose to celebrate it on Valentine's Day. More information: <https://www.biography.com/people/frederick-douglass-9278324>
February 14, 1859: Oregon becomes a state.
February 16, 1883: Ladies' Home Journal begins publishing.
February 25, 1874: Happy birthday, Ida Lewis, the lady the Society of the American Cross of Honor called "The Bravest Woman in America" for her valiant achievements in saving the lives. Her father had been a lighthouse keeper but he was disabled by a stroke of paralysis when Ida was a young adolescent. Ida and her mother took over his lighthouse keeping duties, and Ida became known for her fearless willingness to risk her own life to save others. She would venture out into stormy seas —often alone— to rescue people from drowning, and in 1874 the U.S. government awarded her a gold medal in recognition of the many lives she had saved.
February 14, 2018: Ash Wednesday. Lent begins. | <urn:uuid:777535eb-3d6d-43eb-b17c-18a5eb69e185> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/february-in-19th-century-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864139.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621094633-20180621114633-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.956491 | 810 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Purslane or Portulaca oleracea is an annual succulent that is one of the most common species of weeds in the world. They look like a tangled wild mess of reddish stems and dark green leaves that grow in all directions. This plant is also referred to as duckweed, fatweed, pigweed, and pursley. This succulent is a fast spreading, annual that grows throughout North America during the summer months. Purslane is most commonly found in bare areas and low-maintenance lawns, and cracks of sidewalks.
Depending on your view of the species, it can be considered a weed to some, while to others a plant.
If you are on the side of purslane as a weed, there are a few ways to get rid of it.
The best treatment of purslane is prevention. A thick, healthy, full yard is the best way to crowd out purslane, preventing from having room to extend it’s roots. This can be accomplished with aeration and over seeding in the fall. Also, mowing height is important. Raise your mower to it’s highest setting for the healthiest lawn.
Another option is to hand pull the weed, while it is young. This is imperative if you want to prevent it from throwing its seeds to other parts of your lawn or garden. The seeds can reach a lengthy distance. Sunlight is all the seeds need to germinate, so covering the once affected area with a heavy layer of mulch can prevent the purslane from germinating.
These weeds can also be sprayed with a herbicide, also to be applied while they are young.
Do you have dry skin or hair? Do you have difficulty concentrating? You may be suffering from an Omega-3 deficiency. What does this have to do with a plant? Well, let’s tell you about it.
Purslane is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acid; it has the highest level of alpha-linolenic compared to any leafy green vegetable. The plant also has a substantial amount of fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, and iron, just to name a few.
Cooking with the plant is easy. Use it in a salad with lettuce and your favorite add ins. It can also be used as a substitute for spinach in any recipe. The flavor is described as crunchy with a lemon taste.
An interesting fact; Mahatma Gandhi ate the purslane plant as part of his daily diet.
Leave a Comment | <urn:uuid:e96264a3-88df-43f0-a495-e41f1d3221a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.omahaorganicslawncare.com/blog/purslane/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257605.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524104501-20190524130501-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.958196 | 524 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The German V-2 rocket was the world’s first large-scale liquid-propellant rocket vehicle,the first long-range ballistic missile, and the ancestor of today’s large rockets and launch vehicles. Over 10,000 concentration camp prisoners died in their creation. The rockets were 76 feet tall, streaked through the skies faster than the speed of sound to targets over 200 miles away carrying over a ton of explosives. More than 3,000 V-2 rockets delivered explosives that demolished European cities in the months before the end of the war.
The V-2…was the world’s first long-range guided ballistic missile…powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine…The V-2rocket also became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the Kármán line [edge of space, designated to be 60 miles above earth]…on 20 June 1944…
Beginning in September 1944, over 3,000 V-2s were launched by the Nazi Wehrmacht against Allied targets, first London and later Antwerp and Liège. According to a 2011 BBC documentary, the attacks from V-2s resulted in the deaths of an estimated 9,000 civilians and military personnel…
The rockets travelled at supersonic speed, impacted without audible warning, and proved unstoppable…
[As Germany was losing the war and the Allied Forces advanced across Germany], von Braun and over 100 key V-2 personnel surrendered to the Americans [rather than be captured by the Russians], and many of the original V-2 team ended up working at the Redstone Arsenal [in Huntsville, Alabama]. The US also captured enough V-2 hardware to build approximately 80 of the missiles. The Soviets gained possession of the V-2 manufacturing facilities after the war, re-established V-2 production, and moved it to the Soviet Union.
It is patently obvious that von Braun’s Saturn rocket was America’s response to the Soviets’ seizure and subsequent development of the terrible V-2 rocket technology.
A three-stage, liquid-fueled rocket, te Saturn V was developed under the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon and was later used to launch Skylab, the first American space station [positioned only 250 miles above earth].
As of 2022, the Saturn V remains the only launch vehicle to carry humans beyond low Earth orbit [defined as 1,200 miles above earth], as well as the tallest, heaviest, and most powerful (highest total impulse) rocket ever brought to operational status…
But could it actually propel a lunar module to the moon, park it, and take off again back to earth?
For starters, how do rockets move in “space”? This has been defined by the Karman Line as a “quality” of thin or non-existent atmosphere rather than “a measurement” of distance from earth.
It’s a common misconception among the public that when a rocket lifts off, it somehow pushes against the launch pad, or the air around it, to gain altitude.This is based on common sense and everyday experience. Let’s say you wear skates on an ice rink and you want to move forward; you simply have to push on something solid, such as the side of the rink, in the other direction. But common sense is not a good guide in the case of a rocket; for instance, how would you explain that the rocket is still accelerating toward space when it’s high above the pad and moving through clouds? Indeed, how can it change direction in the vacuum of space?
The simple answer is that a rocket moves by pushing on the gas that flame out from its engines. Even though it seems impossible for a massive rocket to move by only venting gas, it’s the simple scientific truth, based on Newton’s third law of motion: for every action in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, when one object exerts a force on a second object, that second object exerts a force on the first object that is equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction. So, when a rocket violently pushes gas out of its nozzles, that same gas, a plasma composed of a myriad of tiny atoms accelerated at very high speed, pushes in unison on the rocket, propelling it forward. In the case of one of the most powerful rockets ever built, NASA’s Saturn V rocket, which propelled Apollo astronauts toward the moon, the thrust of its engines at lift off was equivalent to 7.6m pounds of gas shooting out from behind the rocket every second.
OK. So let’s calculate the amount of fuel required to make a round trip to the moon.
- The 1st stage
- burned 521,000 gallons of fuel to produce
- 7.5 million pounds of thrust
- for 3 min
- to propel the spacecraft 42 miles / 67 km
- accelerating to 6,164 miles per hour.
- Note, at this stage the entire thrust system had the mass of earth available to assist in pushing off, like a race car’s tires against pavement.
- The 2nd stage
- burned 340,000 gallons of fuel to produce
- 1.1 million pounds of thrust in a vacuum
- for 6 minutes
- to propel the spacecraft 67 more miles to 109 miles / 175 km high – i.e. above the Karman Line into, technically, space because of the lack of air particles.
- accelerating to 15,647 mph.
- During Apollo 11, a typical lunar mission,the third stage
- burned 87,000 gallons fuel to produce
- 200,000 pounds of thrust
- for about 2.5 minutes
- to reach 118 miles / 190 km above earth
- and turn the spaceship at a right angle to the earth
- and accelerate it to 17,432 miles per hour.
Orbital velocity is the velocity needed to achieve balance between gravity’s pull on the satellite and the inertia of the satellite’s motion — the satellite’s tendency to keep going [in a straight line]. This is approximately 17,000 mph (27,359 kph) at an altitude of 150 miles (242 kilometers). Without gravity, the satellite’s inertia would carry it off into space. Even with gravity, if the intended satellite goes too fast, it will eventually fly away. On the other hand, if the satellite goes too slowly, gravity will pull it back to Earth.
- with 87,000 gallons fuel to achieve enough thrust
- to escape earth orbit and place Apollo 11 into a translunar orbit [for] the command and service module, or CSM, Columbia…with the LM [lunar module, Eagle].
The “translunar orbit” refers to the entire round trip orbiting the moon to bring the space ship back to earth.
The Earth, if we think about it from a position hovering somewhere above the North Pole, rotates from west to east…The Moon does the same thing. It rotates west to east and travels around the Earth in the same direction…In both cases, the eastern edge of the body, the edge towards which all that momentum goes, is called the leading edge. The opposite side away from which all that momentum goes is called the trailing edge. (it’s the spin and the direction of travel that matters here.) This becomes important when you do a gravity assist, also called a fly by…the Apollo spacecraft…is affected by all the bodies near it…that’s exerting a gravitational pull…If it flies past close enough and stays flying fast enough that it can’t be captured by the body to start orbiting it, that spacecraft will slingshot around. The spacecraft will get a boost of momentum and change in direction… But the side of the body matters. If the spacecraft flies past the trailing edge, it will get a bigger boost of momentum because it’s going with the direction of travel. If it flies past the leading edge, it will…lose some speed because it’s flying against the direction of the body’s travel…Every mission [was] launched [from earth] towards the east, taking advantage of the Earth’s rotation to need a little less fuel to get into orbit. From there, the next big mission event was the translunar injection or TLI burn. This changed Apollo’s orbit from a nearly circular one to an elliptical one with the apogee, the furthest point, somewhere near where the Moon would be in three days time — mission planners had to account for travel time over some 250,000 miles…passing by the leading edge would…act like a gravitational brake almost, changing the spacecraft’s path to an ellipse that would bring it straight back to Earth without any input from the crew…every mission flew this same basic shape. They all entered the Moon’s orbit from the leading edge side, never the trailing edge side. Apollos 11 and 12…adjusted to get into orbit and land…Main source, and also the book to check for more info: “How Apollo Flew to the Moon” by W. David Woods.
Once in space – i.e. in earth’s thin upper atmosphere, the velocity attained by the last boost was supposedly not hindered by any particles, so the spaceship was able to coast for 75 hours without additional engine assist during the 250,000 miles to the moon.
This sounds great on paper, but does it really work in reality?
the Van Allen Probes transformed our understanding of the particle radiation environment close to Earth during their seven-year mission [2012-2021], notably showing how quickly it swings from tepid to extreme…
There is no mention of the Van Allen Belts which “form a nearly impenetrable barrier” from 400 to to 36,000 miles above Earth’s surface. Besides the danger of charged particles, plasma is a form of matter that requires force to plow through.
Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma) ‘moldable substance’) is one of the four fundamental states of matter. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, being mostly associated with stars, including the Sun…
So plowing through the Van Allen Belts be like flying into the sun?
Let’s say that engines 1-3 drove the astronauts, lunar module and high tech equipment through the Van Allen Belts going and coming, twelves times no less in the six claimed manned moon missions.
How is it possible that no damage occurred while coasting through a round trip of 500,000 miles which we – now – know is filled with asteroids?
Quite a feat compared to the Columbia space shuttle blown to smithereens when one piece of foam came loose.
Then there is gravity to consider.
Earth exerts an gravitational effect…that is 80 times stronger than the moon’s. If the moon’s 1/80th force off gravity could slow down the spaceship once it reached the moon, wouldn’t Earth’s much stronger gravity also have slowed down and dragged back the spaceship once it was just coasting?
the Apollo Service Module Propulsion System (SPS), a liquid-fuel rocket engine used on Apollo spacecraft…to steer the spacecraft toward the Moon, place it into lunar orbit, and propel it back toward Earth.
Using storable propellants, the SPS produced a thrust of 21,900 pounds…up to 12.5 minutes, as required.
Interesting that the amount of fuel carried by the SPS is not given.
Compare the SPS to the size of engines 1-3 and SIV-B in the Saturn rocket which, combined, used over 1,000,000 pounds of liquid fuel to produce over 9 million pounds of thrust just to escape Earth’s gravity.
Is the SPS engine big enough to carry enough fuel to
- brake against the moon’s gravitation pull
- push off against the moon’s gravity
- and brake against earth’s gravity on return?
Wow. Talk about the little engine that could!
Or should we consider the possibility that the Saturn Rocket was the next generation V-2 Rocket for delivering ICBMs? It makes complete sense. The obvious improvements made to elevate
- Germany’s highly successful bomb-delivery system its ground based where is was vulnerable to takeover by the Allied enemies, or
- America’s highly successful atomic bomb delivered by planes in airspace which limited the size of the weapons dropped to the time and speed of the getaway plane. | <urn:uuid:9d71ccf4-b012-41dd-80dd-3999331eb0dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://kingdomcome.blog/2022/11/09/9a-the-saturn-rocket/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711151.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207085208-20221207115208-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.932402 | 2,659 | 3.609375 | 4 |
How To Become an ASL Interpreter in 6 Steps
Are you interested in learning American Sign Language (ASL)? Do you wonder what it takes to become an ASL interpreter? Becoming an ASL interpreter is an involved process, but it can be done in six easy steps.
Step 1: Learn the Basics
The first step to becoming an ASL interpreter is to learn the basics of ASL. This includes mastering the manual alphabet and the various signs used to convey words and phrases. You can find online courses, books, and other resources to help you learn the basics of ASL.
Step 2: Take a Certification Course
Once you have mastered the basics of ASL, the next step is to take a certification course. This course will provide you with an in-depth understanding of the language, as well as a professional certification from the National Interpreter Certification Board.
Step 3: Get Experience
The next step is to gain experience as an ASL interpreter. You can do this by taking on volunteer or freelance interpreting jobs. This will give you the opportunity to practice your skills in real-life situations and receive feedback from professionals.
Step 4: Take an ASL Proficiency Exam
The fourth step is to take an ASL proficiency exam. This exam will evaluate your knowledge of the language, as well as your ability to interpret it effectively. This is an important step as it will determine whether you are eligible for full-time interpreting positions.
Step 5: Become a Certified Interpreter
The fifth step is to become a certified interpreter. This will require you to pass the National Interpreter Certification Board’s written and performance examinations. This step is essential for any aspiring interpreter, as it will give them the credentials needed to find full-time positions.
Step 6: Find Employment
The final step is to find employment as an ASL interpreter. This can involve applying for jobs through interpreting agencies or searching for independent positions. Once employed, you can start building your reputation as a professional interpreter and continue to expand your skill set.
Becoming an ASL interpreter requires dedication and hard work, but it is an incredibly rewarding experience. By following these six steps, you can pursue an exciting career in interpreting the language of the Deaf community. | <urn:uuid:d4d92347-0832-4acc-bd9e-720e770a4199> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.theedadvocate.org/how-to-become-an-asl-interpreter-in-6-steps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657169.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610095459-20230610125459-00727.warc.gz | en | 0.927247 | 465 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Pastoral Verse - from Latin -pastor - "shepherd" is a genre of poetry that describes the beauties of an imaginary or idyllic life in the country. The original poems were filled with shepherds, peasants and nymphs frolicking. The imagery and content is simple and ideal, unfettered by the grunge of realism. Pastoral sub genres are Idylls (short pastoral poem of any form), bucolic (verse describing a more aristocratic, upper class country life including politics and philosophy), eclogue (dialogue or monologue arguing the concerns of country living, ) and georgics("how to" poetry about the work life in the country, animal husbandry, care of crops). As a poetic genre rather than a verse form the structure is at the discretion of the poet.
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love (1st stanza) by Christopher Marlowe
Come live with me and be my love,
And we will all the pleasures prove
That valleys, groves, hills, and fields,
Woods or steepy mountain yields.
and my version of a modern pastoral idyll (without the shepherds and nymphs):
Chardonnay Summer by Judi Van Gorder
The highway trickles down to a one horse country road
winding with the grace of a spring filly in fall.
Tall poplars line the lane as it ambles south and slows,
gravel 'neath my wheels makes a crackle then a yawl.
The summer day has cooled with evening's mystic cloak
falling without sound on the vineyard. I'm stayed
remembering green days when we walked to the gnarly oak
near the vines and laughed at nothing, unafraid.
Today like yesterday, the Chardonnay ripen on the vine,
our initials carved in the trunk of the tree
are visible still in the rough bark aged like the wine
we savor now under our grape leaf canopy.
- A pastoral elegy is mournful funeral verse set in an idyllic country scene. In the The Old Missouri Hymnal Song Book is a song about the death of a shepherd. A town in Indiana was named for the shepherd because of these lyrics. Pastoral Elegy
- The Pastorela or Pastourelle (little young shepherdess) is the 12th century, Occitan-French feminine version of Pastoral verse. This thematic genre was popular among 12th century troubadours, usually telling the story of a knight and his encounter with a shepherdess and all of the possibilities that would result from such a meeting. Usually the knight was portrayed as bumbling and the sweet young shepherdess as cunning and clever. The narrative verse, is often written as if by the knight himself in the first person which one might also categorize as dramatic verse. | <urn:uuid:7fea6400-c7c5-4461-8a55-5560649b87f9> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.poetrymagnumopus.com/index.php?showtopic=1396 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064160.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00170-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922537 | 602 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Spreading Compost On The Range Can Earn Ranchers New Revenue
That’s the direction we’re going, thanks to a new carbon accounting standard approved today by the American Carbon Registry. The new protocol allows ranchers who reduce their greenhouse gas footprint by applying compost to their fields to earn credits that can be traded on the voluntary carbon market.
The standard is supported by research conducted by the Silver Lab at the University of California, Berkeley, which shows that applying a half inch of compost to rangeland soils removes greenhouse gases from the atmosphere at the rate of half a ton per acre each year.
If the practice of applying compost can be scaled to even 5 percent of California’s rangelands, we could capture approximately 28 million metric tons of carbon dioxide per year, which is about the same as the annual emissions from all the homes in California!
Compost can be created from any number of waste materials, including green waste (like lawn clippings) and municipal food waste. Using compost from food waste provides extra climate benefits.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, food waste is the largest single waste stream going to landfills, totaling more than 36 million tons in 2012. When food is placed in landfills it generates methane, a greenhouse gas 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide. By diverting food waste from landfills and converting it into compost for rangelands, ranchers will help prevent the creation of new GHGs.
Proven benefits to ranchers
A handful of California land managers have pioneered the practice of applying compost to grasslands at two locations over the past seven years. These trials, part of the Marin Carbon Project, demonstrate that a one-time application of compost increases forage production 40-70 percent and doubles the water holding capacity of the soil—an increasingly important issue in drought-stricken California.
As an added value for ranchers, the practice may decrease the need to purchase feed because it improves forage quantity and quality.
The promising future of compost
These impressive results inspire us to expand compost research into additional geographies. While this new protocol can be implemented immediately on grasslands in Mediterranean climates, we are exploring the possibility of it bringing benefits to ranchers in different climate zones.
The potential to improve soil health and increase carbon sequestration on a variety of soil types and microclimates is exciting and could provide substantial benefits to ranchers. With the launch of this new protocol, EDF and its partners will continue to research, develop and promote ways that make it profitable for ranchers to stay on their land, enhance the health of rangelands and adapt to a climate changing world. | <urn:uuid:3756644b-19f6-4aeb-92ea-d48747dacf8d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://environmentcelebration.com/research/spreading-compost-on-the-range-can-earn-ranchers-new-revenue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.910489 | 545 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Some Thoughts on Practice Tests and Test Preparation
The Cognitive Abilities Test is a protected test. Specifics of the test content are confidential. Riverside Publishing, who publishes the CogAT, makes a practice test containing sample questions available for use by teachers and others administering the test. It's designed to reduce unfamiliarity so that children don't make mistakes because they don't understand the questions. It is not available for purchase by parents and, since there is no attempt to replicate the difficulty of question on the actual test, it is not what most parents would think of as a practice test and it would be of limited use to a parent even if it were able to be purchased. The links above provide information similar to that provided in the official practice tests.
The confidential nature of the test makes the CogAT different from tests like the SAT or GMAT where there is a history of released tests that can be used as a model to develop similar questions. The same CogAT test is used throughout the country for years before revision. For this reason there are no realistic "practice tests" which can be used by parents to get an idea of how their child might do on the real CogAT test.
We are aware of some publishers of practice tests. When we reviewed the material of one of these publishers we found it to be lacking in variety and challenge with much less range in question difficulty than there will be on the actual test. The material produced by the second publisher was clearly written by someone who did not have English as a first language. Given the importance of precision in the framing of questions this factor would substantially reduce the usefulness of the material. A third publisher provided many questions in the format of the CogAT but again that was the only value of their material - the range of question type and difficulty was not consistent with the actual test at any grade level.
For questions similar in content and difficulty to those on the CogAT test we recommend either Thinking Skills for Tests (for younger elementary children) or Building Thinking Skills . Either of these titles will give your child a lot more appropriate exposure for less money.
There are other reasons why Practice Tests are of less use with respect to a test like the CogAT than they are with tests like the SAT and GMAT.
Tests which most parents are familiar with are intended to identify whether or not your ability has reached a threshold and they test facts rather than skills. Knowledge above the threshold won't help you much in answering the questions. (This is why programs like Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader? work.) For some tests time may be an important factor and practicing precisely the format of question which will be on the test can help you make the most of your time.
The CogAT, in contrast, is not designed to see whether or not you've reached a bar. It is designed to get a distribution of ability levels. Questions range from very easy to very difficult. For most children there will be material of a higher difficulty than that which they've come across in school. Learning this material will help test performance more than practicing and becoming fast on the easier questions. Conversely for some highly capable children the greatest challenge is slowing down and really reading the question. They need to practice paying attention to detail more than the test content and using questions in the format of the CogAT may be counter-productive because it may increase their perception that they know the answer before they've really considered the question.
We've considered offering Practice Tests on our website but for the reasons above have chosen not to. In our opinion a highly capable child is best prepared by:
Particularly with young children we do not think that the best way to learn and build skills is by practicing many similar questions. A good analogy is cross-training in sports. A marathon runner doesn't just run. They lift weights and stretch and any number of other things. Your child will get the most out of the time you put in, both in terms of test performance and skill improvement for life, if you vary how the material is taught.
- knowing the format of question used within each subtest (click the links at the top of the page for this)
- improving their skills in verbal, non-verbal and quantitative reasoning
- working on attention to detail and expectations | <urn:uuid:bdd636fd-9a1b-4794-97eb-f61143e0cdff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thinktonight.com/CogAT_Sample_Questions_s/312.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964365 | 875 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Samuel Daniel (1562 – October 14, 1619) was an English poet and historian who exerted a considerable influence on the development of Elizabethan and Jacobean poetry. Daniel's verse was highly praised and widely read by some of the most important poets of his era, including Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare, whose history plays were influenced by Daniel's own verse-histories. Despite his strength for verse-writing, Daniel is primarily remembered today for his insightful knowledge of history. Daniel's verse-epic The Civile Warres, a retelling of The War of the Roses, remains one of the most important documents for historians of the period, as well as one of the most masterfully written of all English histories.
Although he never became a literary giant in his own right, Daniel stands out as one of the most versatile of all English men of letters.
Daniel was born near Taunton in Somerset, the son of a music-master. He was the brother of John Daniel. In 1579 Daniel was admitted to Magdalen Hall at Oxford University, where he remained for about three years, afterward devoting himself to the study of poetry and philosophy. It is believed that in 1586 Daniel was employed as the servant of Edward Stafford, the Baron of Stafford and the English ambassador in France.
He was first encouraged and, if we may believe him, taught in verse by the famous Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke, whose honor he was never weary of proclaiming. He had entered her household as tutor to her son. His first known work, a translation of Paulus Jovius, to which some original matter is appended, was printed in 1585.
His first known volume of verse is dated 1592; it contains the cycle of sonnets to Delia and the romance called The Complaint of Rosamond. Without the Daniel's consent, 27 of the sonnets had already been printed at the end of Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophil and Stella. Several editions of Delia appeared in 1592, and they were very frequently reprinted during Daniel's lifetime. We learn that Delia lived on the banks of Shakespeare's river, the Avon, and that the sonnets to her were inspired by her memory when the poet was in Italy. To an edition of Delia and Rosamond, in 1594, was added the tragedy of Cleopatra, written in classical style, in alternately rhyming heroic verse, with choral interludes. The First Four Books of the Civil Wars, a historical poem on the subject of the Wars of the Roses, in ottava rima, appeared in 1595.
As far as is known, it was not until 1599 that a volume entitled Poetical Essays was published, which contained, besides the Civil Wars, Musophilus and A letter from Octavia to Marcus Antonius, poems in Daniel's finest and most mature manner. About this time he became tutor to Lady Anne Clifford, daughter of the Countess of Cumberland. On the death of Edmund Spenser, in the same year, Daniel received the somewhat vague office of Poet Laureate, which he nonetheless seems to have shortly resigned in favor of Ben Jonson. Whether it was on this occasion is not known, but about this time, and at the recommendation of his brother-in-law, Giovanni Florio, he was taken into favor at court, and wrote a Panegyric Congratulatorie offered to the king.
In 1601 the panegyric was published in a presentation folio, the first folio volume of collected works by a living English poet. Many later editions contained in addition his Poetical Epistles to his patrons and an elegant prose essay called A Defence of Rime (originally printed in 1602) in answer to Thomas Campion's Observations on the Art of English Poesie, which argued that rhyme was unsuited to the genius of the English language.
In 1603 Daniel was appointed Master of the Queen's Revels. In this capacity he brought out a series of masques and pastoral tragi-comedies—of which were printed A Vision of the Twelve Goddesses (1604), The Queen's Arcadia, an adaptation of Guarini's Pastor Fido (1606), Tethys' Festival or the Queenes Wake, written on the occasion of Prince Henry's becoming a Knight of the Bath (1610), and Hymen's Triumph, in honor of Lord Roxburgh's marriage (1615).
In 1605 Certain Small Poems appeared, with the tragedy of Philotas. Certaine small Workes heretofore divulged by Samuel Daniel (1607) was a revised version of all his works except Delia and the Civil Wars. In 1609 the Civil Wars had been completed in eight books. In 1612 Daniel published a prose History of England, from the earliest times down to the end of the reign of Edward III. This popular work was continued and published in 1617. The section dealing with William the Conqueror was published in 1692 as being the work of Sir Walter Raleigh.
Daniel was made a gentleman-extraordinary and groom of the chamber to Queen Anne, sinecure offices which did not interfere with his literary career. He was acknowledged as a leading writer of the time. Shakespeare, Selden, and Chapman were among the few friends allowed to visit his secluded home in Old Street, St Luke's, where, Fuller tells us, he would "lie hid for some months together, the more retiredly to enjoy the company of the Muses, and then would appear in public to converse with his friends." Late in life Daniel gave up his titular posts at court and retired to a farm called "The Ridge," which he rented at Beckington, near Devizes in Wiltshire. Here he died on October 14, 1619.
As a dramatist, Daniel maintained a traditional relationship of conformity with Court and University, and he had little to do with the popular drama that was such a striking development of his culture in his era. As a result, he was largely isolated from the turmoil that sometimes enveloped the popular drama—though not totally: a 1604 performance of his play Philotas led to his being called before the Privy Council. The hero of the play was perceived to resemble Robert Devereux, Second Earl of Essex—a troubling connection, given the Earl's 1601 execution for treason. Curiously and rather amazingly, Daniel served as a sort of assistant censor for the Master of the Revels around this time, with specific responsibility for the Children of the Chapel Company, in precisely the years when that company was performing its most scandalous productions, Eastward Hoe and The Isle of Gulls.
Daniel's poetic works are numerous, but were long neglected. This is more surprising since, during the eighteenth century, when so little Elizabethan literature was read, Daniel retained his prestige. Later, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Charles Lamb, and others praised him highly. Of his works the sonnets are now, perhaps, most read. They depart from the Italian sonnet form in closing with a couplet, as is the case with most of the sonnets of Henry Howard and Sir Thomas Wyatt, but they have a grace and tenderness all their own.
Of a higher order is The Complaint of Rosamond, a soliloquy in which the ghost of a murdered woman appears and bewails her fate in stanzas of exquisite pathos. Among the Epistles to Distinguished Persons will be found some of Daniel's noblest stanzas and most polished verse. The epistle to Lucy, Countess of Bedford, is remarkable among those as being composed in genuine terza rima, till then not used in English. Daniel was particularly fond of a four-lined stanza of solemn alternately rhyming iambics, a form of verse distinctly misplaced in his dramas. These, inspired by the Countess of Pembroke, are less successful than his pastorals, and Hymen's Triumph is considered the best of his dramatic writing. An extract from this masque is given in Lamb's Dramatic Poets, and was highly praised by Coleridge.
Daniel was a great innovator in verse. His style is full, easy, and stately, without being very animated or splendid; it is content with level flights. Although he often lacks fire and passion, he makes up for it with his scholarly grace and breadth of wisdom.
- Ioppolo, Grace, Dramatists and Their Manuscripts in the Age of Shakespeare, Jonson, Middleton and Heywood, (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 129.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- Brady, George Keyports. Samuel Daniel: A Critical Study. Folcroft, PA.: Folcroft Press. 1969. ISBN 0781271967
- Harner, James L. Samuel Daniel and Michael Drayton: A Reference Guide. Boston: G.K. Hall. 1980. ISBN 0816183228
- Seronsy, Cecil. Samuel Daniel. New York: Twayne Publishers. 1967. ISBN 0805783687
All links retrieved August 31, 2019.
- Works by Samuel Daniel. Project Gutenberg.
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Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. | <urn:uuid:0de90644-30af-4a48-9005-28b0bb2a26d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Samuel_Daniel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735989.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805212258-20200806002258-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.973979 | 2,091 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Is there anyone know what's difference between macromolecules and supramolecules?
Macromolecules are covalently bonded monomers, like starch being made of multiple glucose subunits. Supramolecules are large structures that aren't necessarily covalently bonded together. Numerous proteins are composed of non-covalently bonded individual polypeptide chains. Hemoglobin, for example, is made of 4 globin proteins that are connected by hydrogen bonds and other non-covalent interactions.
Separate names with a comma. | <urn:uuid:eef3f653-96b3-4cf8-ba03-c4c0e5b53271> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/difference-between-macromolecules-and-supramolecule.745427/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812259.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218192636-20180218212636-00742.warc.gz | en | 0.945582 | 112 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A new paper, 26 March, describes multiple lineages of pangolin coronavirus and their similarity to the SARS-CoV-2. A previous study had suggested that Pangolins could be intermediate hosts. Although bats are likely reservoir hosts for SARS-CoV-2, this study says that pangolins should be considered as possible hosts in the emergence of novel coronaviruses and should be removed from wet markets to prevent zoonotic transmission. The study was done on Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica) seized in anti-smuggling operations in southern China. Pangolins are the world’s most trafficked animals.
Link to article: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2169-0 | <urn:uuid:7223a0d7-2cbc-40a6-bea6-baae9e0b3f48> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://education.natureseychelles.org/identifying-sars-cov-2-related-coronaviruses-in-malayan-pangolins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334974.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927002241-20220927032241-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.930893 | 168 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada
On-line version ISSN 1984-6398
SILVA, Elizabeth Maria da and ARAUJO, Denise Lino de. Literacy: a plural phenomenon. Rev. bras. linguist. apl. [online]. 2012, vol.12, n.4, pp. 681-698. Epub Sep 18, 2012. ISSN 1984-6398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-63982012005000007.
This article has the main objective of discussing three literacy approaches: critical (BARTON; HAMILTON, 2000, GEE, 2000), socio-pragmatic (MEY, 2001) and socio-rhetoric (BAZERMAN, 2007). Based on this discussion, it is possible to observe that the defenders of these approaches share the same principle, although they use different names and stress different aspects - both the social and individual factors seem to interfere in the format of the literacy practices demonstrated by the subjects.
Keywords : Literacy Approaches; Literacy Practices; Communicative Situation; Literacy History. | <urn:uuid:30bdc70b-5aa4-47ce-bc60-cb0821e27800> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1984-63982012005000007&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654758/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00098-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.733753 | 248 | 2.75 | 3 |
(K. Brent Tomer),
The Gene: An Intimate History. By Siddhartha Mukherjee. Scribner; 592 pages; $32. Bodley Head; £25.
THE first human with a genome that has been permanently modified in a lab could be born by the end of this decade. However innocuous the changes made, the baby’s birth will mark the first time that humanity has selectively interceded to change the genetic inheritance of future generations. That is an eventuality, Siddhartha Mukherjee argues in his new book, “The Gene”, for which the world is almost wholly unprepared.
The book begins in the tranquil gardens of St Thomas’s Abbey in Brno in the mid-19th century. It was here that Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar, began experiments with pea plants to see how biological traits are passed on from parents to offspring. As he bred peas with different characteristics—with purple or white flowers, or tall or dwarf plants—Mendel noticed that no purple-white flowers emerged, nor any plants of medium height. Instead, the original traits reappeared in different ratios after each cross. Mendel realised that these traits were being determined by independent particles of…Continue reading | <urn:uuid:3fc477e3-d855-4035-a564-2792072d7729> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://kbrenttomercftc.wordpress.com/2016/05/26/mix-and-match/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426639.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726222036-20170727002036-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.948053 | 262 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Copyright © University of Cambridge. All rights reserved.
The number may be divided up into 400 blocks of '12345'. The sum of the digits in each block is 15 and there are 400 blocks. Hence the sum of all 2000 digits is 400 x 15 = 6000.
Alternatively, the mean of each group of five digits is 3 and so the mean of the digits making up the number is 3. Therefore the sum is 2000x3 = 6000.
This problem is taken from the UKMT Mathematical Challenges.
View the archive of all weekly problems grouped by curriculum topic | <urn:uuid:acb0dade-599c-4625-95f0-d89569115cb9> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://nrich.maths.org/2344/solution?nomenu=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660996.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00247-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875329 | 117 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Alignment with Principles for Designing Teaching and Learning Spaces
- Layout: Work surfaces for notebooks, laptops, and textbooks: large, shared tables
- Furniture: Adjustable height computer monitors for optimal comfort
- Technologies: Access to infrastructure: desktop computers (1:1 student-computer ratio) and power for student laptops, networked printing. Access to resources: LMS, internet, regular and specialized software.
- Acoustics: Design includes acoustic panels to avoid distraction.
- Lighting/colour: Appropriate overhead and natural lighting from large windows onto corridor provides a pleasant environment for individual work.
Learning with Peers
- Layout: Promotes face-to-face communication: oval tables encourage students to communicate with one another in pairs or groups of up to 8. Individuals can move about easily.
- Furniture: Flexible seating (chairs on wheels)
- Technologies: Shared workspaces (writable walls, screen-sharing)
- Acoustics: Sound zones support multiple simultaneous conversations at student tables.
- Lighting/colour: Sufficient lighting for group work. Red chairs bring an energizing accent color to this modern space.
Experiences with Faculty
- Layout: Easy access to all students: Instructor can easily move around room and can circulate from table to table.
- Furniture: Podium provides ample room for instructional materials and technology. A small rolling cart does not interfere with sightlines or interaction, and allows the instructor to easily move around room while still being able to reference materials. Mobile chairs support different teaching strategies (e.g., group work in various sizes, student presentations, etc.)
- Technologies: Dual-source projection, multiple classroom technology sources (document camera, Blu-Ray/DVD, instructor computer) and pairs of plasma screens around the room permit simultaneous display of different learning materials. Screen-sharing permits images from student tables to be displayed around the room, and images from the instructor computer to be displayed around the room and on student computers.
- Acoustics: Sound zones support multiple simultaneous conversations.
- Lighting/colour: Different lighting patterns to support multiple types of teaching tasks.
- University standards applied. Room is designed for all populations using the space, with natural light, hooks for student outerwear, and standardized room controls to facilitate use of multiple classrooms.
High-Impact Practices (HIPs)
- Both physical and virtual affordances help maximize HIPs for student learning within and beyond this classroom. | <urn:uuid:64c18198-a5a9-4196-9df5-71da899bb62f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://mcgill.ca/tls/spaces/classrooms/macdonald-engineering-50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803944.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117204606-20171117224606-00714.warc.gz | en | 0.860135 | 507 | 3.125 | 3 |
Indo-China and Thailand, west of Mekong River, Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
Tropical rain forests from sea level to about 6,500 feet elevation.
Small tailless apes with very dense, silky, shaggy fur varying from black or dark brown to pale fawn or silver grey. Slender body with short and broad chest cavity. Round head is small with flat forehead and developed chin; brain is relatively small. Framed by white fringe, face is bare and deeply pigmented. Snout is not protruding; nostrils are more widely spaced and more lateral than Old World Monkeys. Small jaws with long canine teeth. Arms are greatly elongated, legs and feet less so. Upper sides of hand and feet are always white ('white-handed'), contrast is less apparent in the buff specimens. Prehensile hand with small opposable thumb. Thumb is not used during brachiation, but for climbing tree trunks and thick branches, for manipulation of food and grooming. Males and females look alike.
Active during the day (diurnal). Prefer closed canopy but during feeding may climb to highest emergent crowns of trees or descend to clumps of bamboo and low bushes, or to drink. When drinking, they hang from overhanging branches and quickly dip hands into the water. Probably fastest of all primates; most agile of all mammals in trees. Swing from branch to branch (horizontally or vertically), with legs flexed under body; using arms alternately and keeping hand bent in hook shape, movements appear effortless. Can swing so far forward they "fly" up to 40 feet through air and leap downward about 50 feet, until they hook another limb or land on their feet on a solid perch. Often cross wide gaps in forest or over rivers in this manner. Able to change direction even during fastest bounding by slightly touching a branch. While swinging, able to catch birds out of the air and eat them after landing. Accidents are a fairly common occurrence in the wild. If a branch breaks, even acrobatic agility will not save it. Fractured limbs are commonly found in wild shot specimens. Brachiation constitutes 90% of arboreal locomotion. Other patterns include climbing, bipedal walking on branches, with or without support of arms. When walking or running on ground, arms are held high for balance and they move in a waving manner. They usually associate in family groups consisting of male, female, and several offspring of various ages; following a strict daily routine. Male dominance does not exist within the group. Playful 'biting' matches, which can be painful to a human, seem to determine rank order of mature juveniles within the group. Even serious bites don't seem to hurt them because of their dense fur. In friendly greetings, corners of mouth are drawn back, revealing teeth, and tongue is sometimes protruding. In anger, mouth is opened and closed repeatedly, smacking lips and snapping teeth together. Snarling is interpreted as an intention of biting. Each family defends its territory by song and threat display. They do not construct sleeping nests but show preference for specific 'sleeping trees' where no other family group is tolerated. They sleep sitting erect in trees, huddled together in twos and threes, with knees bent up to chin, hands folded on knees and face buried between the knees and chest.
Gibbons are self-willed 'personalities' in their mating preferences; not very easily bred in captivity. One young born is after a gestation period of 200-212 days, usually at two-year intervals. Eyes are open at birth and body and limbs are bare; very dependent on their mother for warmth. Many are white at birth and do not become black or final color until 2-4 years old. Sexual maturity occurs at about 8-10 years.
Their loud resonant songs can be heard up to 1/2 mile away. Songs by far excel those of most other species because of a sound-amplifying throat sac. Most often hear in early morning and again in the evening hours. The male and female usually sing different parts of a duet, complimenting each other.
We have a pair of Lar gibbons. The female, Candy, was born in Jackson Zoological Park in May 1982 and has been at the Hogle Zoo since 1988. Our male, Riley, was born in Santa Barbara Zoo in August 2000 and came to Hogle Zoo in May 2009. Their introduction to each other went very smooth and they are starting to build a strong bond. The Gibbon SSP has recommended that we breed this pair, so we are hoping that they produce an offspring in the future.
|Length:||Adults are approx. 16-25 inches long|
|Wild Diet:||80% fruit, 20% leaves, buds and blossoms, tree ants and other insects, snails and small vertebrates; plunder birds nests and expertly catch small birds.|
|Predators:||Leopards, clouded leopards, man. Thanks to keen sense, agility, and adaptability, man's progressive settling of their habitat has not caused them as extensive damage as is experienced by the great apes.|
This is an ssp animal
|CITES Status:||Appendix I|
|Where at the Zoo?||Primate Building| | <urn:uuid:b8c09ab0-a2d3-407d-9e04-1433a35a0833> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.hoglezoo.org/meet_our_animals/animal_finder/white-handed_gibbon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172783.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00046-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95175 | 1,109 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Blog article by Tanaz Buhariwalla, Director - IDA Ireland India
Talk to an Irishman on Indian mythology - flying elephants, shape-shifters, multiple-headed demons - and he'll know exactly what you're talking about. After all, the Irish have their very own fascinating Celtic tales. Much like India, the Irish can boast of an ancient and revered culture. And somewhere along the way, our ancestors managed to meet and exchange musical notes in the Iron age, literary ideas in the 19th century, and more recently tech-trade innovations. Here's a look at some of our similarities:
1) The Vedic Connection: Ireland is steeped in myths and legends, and Celtic sites abound with tales of Gods and Goddesses who are as fierce as they are generous; where nature is worshipped, and faith brings miracles. Just as ancient Hindu texts assert that life began when the river Ganga descended to Earth from Shiva's matted locks; similarly Celtic mythology has Goddess Danu, the 'Mother of all Gods' who was born when a single drop of water fell onto a volcanic Earth.
Talk to a gabby local on a rainy day - and there's plenty of both in Ireland - and you may just learn about the Irish God Lugh, a mighty King who controlled the skies, much like the King of Heaven, Lord Indra. Our ancient belief systems were also recorded in similar languages: Sanskrit and Irish Gaelic belong to the same family of Indo-European languages.
Today, English binds us as it enjoys official status in both countries and is the chosen language for business communications across the Emerald isle. And while we've got Hinglish, they've got their own version, with a few endearing Gaelic words thrown in. But where they beat us hands down is with their lyrical accent, which has been voted the, Sexiest in the World. (Poll.com survey of 2009). More recent surveys note the accent as the most neutral accent in Europe and therefore more easily understood and also a preferred accent for call centres (https://yougov.co.uk/news/2014/12/09/accent-map2/)
2) Celtic Horns and the Keralite Kompu: Who would've thought that Ireland's Iron age musical traditions, could be heard loud and clear in the coastal state of Kerala! But that's what you get thanks to the C-shaped horn, the Kompu. Archeologist and PhD student Billy O Foghlu of the ANU (Australian National University) College of Asia-Pacific, found that the Kompu was almost identical in sound-scape to the Celtic horn. Clearly, we enjoyed a lively cultural exchange even in centuries gone by!
While Celtic horns are no longer in use in Ireland, music continues to be an integral part of their culture. Most Irish pride themselves in their ability to play an instrument or hold a tune (or croon!). Little wonder that the music band to take home the most number of Grammy Awards - a whooping 22 - is the Irish band U2.
3) When Tagore met Yeats: In St. Stephens green, an iconic Dublin park, lies a bust of Rabindranath Tagore. It is the only statue of a non-Irishman to ever feature in the park. And it stands as a testament to --Excellence Scholarship amongst many others.
4) Breaking Free of the British: Ireland was once part of the British Empire, while India was a former British colony. Both countries strived for independence and a revolution was taking place, almost simultaneously in India and Ireland. And even while the Irish Free State was formed in 1922, they supported India's cause with the formation of the Irish-Indian Independence League in 1932. The league helped set up free trade stores, facilitated visits of Indian activists to Europe, etc., and in subtle ways contributed to India's freedom movement.
5) We're both geeks. And we've managed to capitalise on it. While the technology boom in India has resulted in silicon cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad, Dublin has the 'Silicon Docks'. The Docks are a large stretch along the harbour, in the city-centre, which house the European headquarters of the biggest names in technology. Google, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft, Twitter, Linkedin, they're all here.
Discuss coding, a brand new app, a complex tech toy, and you'll find a Dubliner who gets you. Because like India, Ireland has a young workforce and a competitive R & D environment. The island nation enjoys a strategic position in Europe, a supportive government and competitive tax rates. Little wonder that Indian companies such as Infosys, HCL, Tech Mahindra, TCS, Wipro, BrowserStack, SMT amongst others have set up their European base in Ireland. Most of these companies have also based R&D centres and Centres of Excellence in Ireland.
Here's a look at the Dublin tech map
You'll find us responsive to your needs, proactive, professional and willing to go the extra mile. | <urn:uuid:9a60d61c-b584-41c7-82e7-5fb6e35cdb18> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.idaireland.in/newsroom/blog/may-2017/5-surprising-bonds-shared-between-india-and-irelan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657557.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116175238-20190116201238-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.953235 | 1,047 | 2.734375 | 3 |
With the implementation of two patents to improve the computer industry, Hemanth Rama (M.S., 2005) is part of his company’s driving force in Silicon Valley.
Rama and his team of inventors at BMC Software Inc. in Santa Clara, CA, have demonstrated why the mainframe computer is still a critical technology in the business world and have used the patents to reduce the expense of running mainframes.
Most of the world’s largest corporations use mainframes in their daily operations, according to IBM, which builds the mainframes. In banking, finance, healthcare, insurance, utilities, government and other private and public enterprises, the mainframe is the foundation of modern business.
“More than 70 percent of global Fortune 500 companies use the mainframe to run their core business application,” said Rama, a senior product developer with BMC since graduating from Northern. “Innovation here will have a huge impact on the industry and economy. Being able to make a difference in a big way is what I like about being a mainframe developer.”
The biggest expense of mainframe ownership is the monthly licensing charge (MLC) for the software that runs on mainframes, he said. A company’s MLC is based on the peak hourly usage of the month. Using the patents to develop their product, called Intelligent Capping, Rama and his coworkers were able to reduce the peak usage for their clients in the last couple of years and have cut the MLC by as much as 20 percent.
“We cracked one of the biggest challenges that the mainframe industry is facing today – the high cost of ownership,” Rama said.
NIU was the foundation for his success, he said, because of the outstanding professors and computer science curriculum.
“I can’t overestimate the lasting impression I had from the teachings of some of the brilliant professors at NIU,” Rama said.
He recalled enjoying the mainframe coursework, which allowed him to be part of developing a student operating system simulator to demonstrate the internal architectural concepts of Multiple Virtual Storage, an operating system for mainframes.
When it comes to making a difference in the computer industry, Rama is far from finished. Getting a single patent is a rarity, yet he has another patent pending to prevent certain workloads from running during peak hours on mainframes so companies can save even more. | <urn:uuid:eadfcf6a-6d1a-4fd3-8084-786f8b42556d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.niutoday.info/2017/11/20/niu-alum-making-a-difference-in-silicon-valley/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585178.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017144318-20211017174318-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.961581 | 502 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The brain wants to organize the chaos of the world. It wants to clean up clutter by reducing things to flat pattern, especially in two dimensional paintings. Repeating pattern can be interesting, and this is fine for certain types of graphics such as wallpaper, floor tile, fabric designs.
But to gain a sense of depth to an image, elements need to be returned to their chaotic state to reflect their source in reality. Randomness needs to be reapplied.
The term ‘crumping' came from a lecture of mine at the IMC where I inadvertently misspelled the word ‘clump.’ It sounded awkward and funny, but turned out to be an easy way for the attendees to remember this very important aspect when composing.
When we turn difficult learning into fun experiences, we learn to remember much more easily, like learning complicated lists by singing them. Like kids do with the alphabet song.
The idea behind this is to clump forms together to make a pattern that reads rhythmically. Alternate repeating forms so that they push and pull the viewer, driving them in and out to create an easy path for the eye to follow.
When you get to a tough spot while composing figures, landscapes—almost anything repetitive—and you need the composition to get stronger, more interesting, then think of crumping elements together.
1. Break up patterns.
The brain wants to arrange chaos, and it’s easy to allow it to happen when we paint. Look for similar patterns in the elements of a painting and break them up by adjusting the space between them. Some close together, some farther apart. Break it up.
2. Clump them together.
Now pull them back together, clumping them a little here, a lot there, a bit more here. Don’t worry that we can’t see all of each individual form. A few isolated forms will allow the viewer to understand that shape and will be able to easily decipher, yes even be intrigued by, new shapes that grow from repeated ones.
3. Two’s & Three’s.
It’s easy to remember to pull repeating elements apart in two’s and three’s. Three heads closely composed here, another two there, one isolated, two more again, etc. You can go as high as five, but odd numbers of elements tend to work well.
Notice how Mead Schaeffer uses 2 heads, 1 head, 3 heads, 2 heads to crump multiple heads into a vignette.
4. Crump repeating forms.
Shirt sleeves. Dress fabric. Hair. Light rays. Tree trunks. Cloud shapes. Rocks. Waves. Dunes. If you are seriously trying to understand painting, tell me you haven’t encountered trying to get these repeating forms to look interesting. Go ahead. I’ll wait.
Uh huh. I thought so. It’s exasperating, I know.
Look, push some forms close together while separating others farther apart. Simple.
A beautiful drawing by Sergio Martinez where repeating folds are varied by width and line weight. Do not assume this is done without thinking about it.
Again, Martinez clumps repeating forms together and apart...the jars, for one part. Classic still life.
Engaging composition by Bernie Fuchs, allows repetitive forms of the fence to repeat but gradually become solid shapes.
So many repeating forms here, but none of them are identical. Even the turned posts are not the same in this piece by Fuchs.
One of mine...notice how the folds repeat but are never the same shape.
5. Crump repeating objects.
Birds. Leaves. Fence posts. Bubbles. Mountains. Grass. Flowers.
Flying birds? Pull some together, push others away. Overlapping forms is key (another 10 Things topic to come...). Works the same for each of the items mentioned above.
Schaeffer glues the leaves together and decides which will show and which won't.
Again, he controls the flow of the repetitious flowers to glide into the composition.
NC Wyeth groups the birds in a lovely pattern, overlapping them into clumps. The same with the reeds.
Walter Everett gathers and designs the leaves to flow through.
Everett does it again by crumping seagulls...
6. Crump repeating values.
Interesting paintings create depth by varying the values in the elements of the composition. A grey sky does not have the same value all the way through. Or a grey building. The variations can be so subtle they are only ‘felt’ by the viewer and not detected.
Lots of grass in a scene? Vary the values in the greens by crumping values together and apart to vary the passage and gain interest.
Sergio Martinez controls his values by crumping them together in the composition: table and stairs are the same as the pillar and figures, allowing the main figure to stand out.
Schaeffer holding the picture together by grouping values in sections.
Magnificent monotone by Martinez. Observe how the values are controlled. Even the face doesn't have the same value from top to bottom.
And again, spectacular scene by Sergio, where the values are collected in areas to control the light.
Here's one of my book covers for the Irish Country series by Patrick Taylor. Notice how the values of the grasses are grouped and clumped across the scene.
7. Crump repeating color.
Sky color does not have to be pre-mixed and applied evenly. This tends to flatten the illusion of depth. Trees tend to repeat the same color across a landscape, and certainly skin repeats similar colors across a bodyscape. The idea is to break up repetition by adding subtle variations in the same color. For example, warm flesh against cool, or warm greens against cool greens.
Mix the color as you go so that the color is ‘broken.’ You can pre-mix colors, sure, but mix piles of the same color in varying temperatures and values. Then, crump strokes of these colors in varying degrees.
Study NC's sky...notice how the colors vary across the sky patch. Various colors and clumping brushstrokes achieve this.
Here's an easy one to recognize that flat surfaces can vary by clumping strokes and color you wouldn't expect, by Schaeffer.
Color crumps and sculpts the background in this piece by NC.
Study the deck in this Rockwell. The color is unevenly bunched and crumped to give an aspect of age, use, and also a great way to break up monotony.
Look at the barrel strokes in this Rockwell, too. Different wood effects are achieved by varying and crumping color.
This wall by Norman feels believable because the colors vary, and not evenly. They crump.
8. Deal with space.
Many average painters do not understand how to break up space. They worry that an object needs to be completely seen in order to be understood by the viewer. It usually leads to an uninteresting use of space. Nothing hangs together.
I tripped over this concept initially, too. My early compositions appeared ‘spotty’ and I was told so by seasoned professionals. Art school never talked about this concept in my training because the instructors had no clue about its basics. (They were “rebelling” anyway so they had no use for it.)
Try this: Sprinkle seven elements, perhaps figures, into a new composition. They are static until you allow the forms to bunch up in places, and spread out in others. Crump them.
Such a simple composition, but powerful. Martinez accomplished the drama by collecting figures behind the main focus, establishing a fabulous diagonal.
One of many montages I'm working on for a short story series by Michael Swanwick, achieved by crumping different scaled elements together, pushing and pulling to allow for a rhythmic flow. This is necessary for every montage to maintain interest.
Crumping is an idiot-simple concept.
9. Design across the page.
Composition works from top to bottom, side to side on a page. It also works from front to back, as in foreground, middle ground, and background. Crumping objects from side to side will give you clues about developing depth from the picture foreground to the picture background.
10. Rhythm, through Crumping.
Breaking up the space in a composition creates a rhythm for the eye to follow. This can be made to drive the eye forcefully, or to allow the eye to comfortably travel through the image.
Crumping multiple elements in sporadic clumps allows this to happen easily and swiftly.
NC Wyeth designed these birds to float across this composition by overlapping shapes, and gathering those shapes in offset ways. Beautiful.
Robert Cunningham masterfully designs a flock flying through the painting without any overlap, but achieves a sense of timing by having some shapes closer than others. Simple, yet phenomenal.
Martinez yet again draws his lines with repetition and vigor but gives us so very much to be interested in. Even his lines are crumped.
The late Yan Nascimbene shows how falling snow has rhythm as long as it varies in gathered clumps.
Once you try it, you’ll be elated as to the number of different combinations that create not only a rhythm to your compositions, but exquisite depth as well.
(top montage image is another of the Swanwick series available on Tor.com. I can't recommend these stories enough. Very well told! It begins with The Mongolian Wizard.) | <urn:uuid:fca341e1-a6c7-44bb-a4c7-59443c29a1f0> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://muddycolors.blogspot.com/2015/07/10-thingscrumping.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647782.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322073140-20180322093140-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.941597 | 2,001 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Join us as we explore our fine feathered friends when the West Virginia Division of Culture and History’s historic Jenkins Plantation Museum hosts a Free Family Fun Day program entitled “A Bird’s Life” on Saturday, Aug. 18, from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Hands-on activities are geared for children; however, visitors of all ages are invited to discover something new by participating in the free event.
Located in the Greenbottom Wildlife Management Area of Cabell County, visitors will gather on the grounds of the Museum and learn about the birds that live in the area. Kids can explore the habitat, find out what birds eat, and hear about their migration and nesting habits. They can discover how birds fly, how they differ from other creatures and learn about the early ancestors of modern birds.
Rounding out the day’s activities, participants will delve into the principles of flight and create a kite out of wood struts and plastic and decorate it with markers. They can take the kite home, add string and fly it in their backyards. In addition, they can build a birdhouse, and assemble a foam parrot and decorate it to look like it just flew in for a visit from the tropics.
Children must be accompanied by an adult. Due to the nature of the activities, children should wear play clothes.
The Jenkins Plantation Museum is located on West Virginia Route 2, between Huntington and Point Pleasant. For more information about the Free Family Fun program, “A Bird’s Life,” call Bil Lepp, education coordinator for the Division at (304) 558-0220, ext. 131, or contact the Museum at (304) 762-1059.
Operated by the West Virginia Division of Culture and History, the Jenkins Plantation Museum gives people an opportunity to explore the lives of those who lived in the Ohio Valley plantation households and their impact on the region in the 1800s. The Jenkins House served as the home of Virginia merchant William Jenkins, who used the fortune he made trading grain in South America to create an impressive plantation. Upon his death, his youngest son, Albert Gallatin, inherited the home and grounds. Albert served as an attorney and U.S. Congressman but resigned to take a commission in the Confederate Army, leading the 8th Virginia Cavalry. Born in 1831, General Jenkins died in 1864 from wounds suffered in the Battle of Cloyd’s Mountain near Dublin, Va.
The 1835 house, built in the tradition of Tidewater, Va., features period furniture and exhibitions. It is on the National Register of Historic Places. The museum is open to the public for tours on Wednesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays for 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. and can be reached on those days at (304) 762-1059.
The West Virginia Division of Culture and History, an agency of the West Virginia Department of Education and the Arts, brings together the state’s past, present and future through programs and services in the areas of archives and history, the arts, historic preservation and museums. The Cultural Center is West Virginia’s official showcase for the arts. Visit the Division’s website at www.wvculture.org for more information about programs of the Division. The Division of Culture and History is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.
- 30 - | <urn:uuid:47c3a932-ef4c-4d8b-b5a0-7d6a57665b24> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.wvculture.org/agency/press/birdslife.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543170.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00453-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942625 | 712 | 2.75 | 3 |
Hand as a part of the human body was and still is considered one of the most important parts of us, we are not counting the heart, our soul, and the brain; but we are also using our hands on a daily basis, and they also have their symbolical meaning.
This was also true in the past, in many religions and spiritual teachings – the Hand became the symbol in its own writings and among them, the most important is the Hams Hand. Hamsa is present in various Oriental doctrines, such as Judaism, in Islam and Buddhism, with its own specifications according to each religion.
In Buddhism, for example, the Hamsa Hand is used to guard against fear.
Currently, the Hamsa symbol is present all over the world, whether in prints of clothing, pendants or tattoos. You do not have to belong any religion to know and love the Hamsa Hand, and above all, to believe in its powers, that are countless.
Read all about this wonderful and ancient symbol that is present in our world for centuries, but it has never lost its “magic”.
This symbol is connected to the mostly Arabic world, and its origin when translated means “five” in the literal translation, which refers to the five fingers of a human hand.
Other names that the Hamsa Hand is known are the “Hand of God,” “Chasm,” “Fatima’s Hand,” or “Hamish’s Hand,”
The Hamsa hand is considered an amulet against evil eyes for followers of Judaism and Islam, mostly, but it is also recognized in other religions, or in another spiritual teaching around the world.
Also, we would like to speak of the symbol itself – the “Hamsa’s Hand” is characterized by the drawing of the symmetrical right Hand (fingers of the same range) and around or other symbols in the middle of the palm, such as the stars of David, fish or pigeons. It is firmly believed that all of these symbols are able, combined, to reinforce the idea of protecting Hamsa’s Hand, which can have numerous representations.
To name a few, when fingers in Hamsa Hand are presented together, the amulet serves to bring good luck; if your fingers are separated, this means that it should be used to repel negative energies, according to popular tradition.
Nowadays, in modern times, people do not wear amulets and talismans in some traditional way, but they are putting them on their bodies and in this sense, the tattoo is a perfect choice. For all those who want to carry this magical Hand on their bodies, and be protected at all times, the Hamsa Hand tattoo is the logical choice.
People who choose to tattoo the “Hamsa Hand” usually seek the symbolic meaning of the amulet, plus its aesthetic beauty that is undeniable, and looks amazing when seen on the body, in the form of a tattoo.
Among other interpretations attributed to the “Hamsa Hand” is the power of fertility and the protection against fear – it is given to children, just to protect them from evil forces that are all around us. In this sense, it is always connected to the mother, to sister, that care and sacrifice that only a woman could give.
The Meaning of Hamsa Hand
As far as the meaning goes, when it comes to the Hamsa Hand, we must speak of the Hand itself that is one part of our bodies that could bring us closer to the God, we put our Hand in the air, and we could almost touch the sky.
Additionally, the fact that we have five fingers, or that Hamsa Hand also has five fingers, just shows that it is the magical number. Such idea originates from Mesopotamia, where it was dedicated to the Assyrian-Babylonian goddesses Ishtar and Inane, and there it was a sign of protection that is related to the woman power.
In this sense, we must speak of other religions that also respect the Hams Hand, but it is undeniable its impact on Islam. There the Hamsa Hand is called Fatima’s Hand – based on Muhammad’s daughter Fatima Zahra, while in Judaism, it is Miriam’s Hand, and in Christianity, Mary’s Hand – according to Jesus’ mother.
As you can see, this symbol is recognized all around the world, in all religions.
It is believed that Hamsa, or Miriam, or Mary is pure, completely sinless, and they consider her Hand a symbol of protection, power and strength. At the same time, the five fingers on her Hand represent the five pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, humanity, fasting, and the journey to Mecca, as the spiritual journey that every believer should take in life.
Hamsa Hand became the part of Judaism when it was brought by Spanish Jews, who had the opportunity to see this symbol on the Alhambra, the most famous Islamic fortress in southern Spain in the 14th century.
In Judaism, this Hand, as the symbol, signifies the five books of the Torah, and in modern days this Hand is most associated with Kabbalah, but it is also used in some rituals and can be found in all Hebrew stores.
In Christianity, and also Judaism, the Hamsa Hand is called Miriam’s Hand, after Moses’ sister. For 40 years, it is believed that Hand was leading the people of Israel to the water through the wilderness they roamed to the Promised Land.
So, wherever you look, there is one woman Hand that was powerful, connected to the numerous stories, and myths, but undeniably it was the representation of the protection, strength, and fear, and it belongs to the woman. It had all traits that we found in any mother in this world -care, sacrifice, strength, endurance, etc.
The Symbolism of Hamsa Hand
As you may know, and we have mentioned this sometimes in this piece, for all people around the world, since the ancient times, the Hand was and still is the undeniable symbol of strength and power.
If we look back in ancient Egypt, the concept of the Hand represented the greatest power that governs both heaven and earth.
In some books that are connected to the religious and spiritual matters it could be seen that the Hand was the one that holds the chain securely bounded around our world so that we are all protected from the underworld (where everything bad, ugly and scary resides).
Recall that the palm of the human fist has always been considered a strong energy field, and that the lines are cut on the palm in direct connection with the brain – that is why it is often on Hamsa hand that various symbols (and often the name of the talisman owner) can be found in the hope that his the fate of being under constant divine protection.
In some parts of the world, particularly in the Islamic tradition, this symbol is usually placed on the protective scarf with the information of the person who will wear it as protection, power; energy, love and positivity are channeled into it.
For the purpose of a better understanding of this amazing symbol, we will compare it to one symbol that is also present in the world, and truth to be told, these two have numerous similarities, at first glance. We are talking about the Hamsa hand and the Evil (Turkish) Eye, and the very interpretation of these symbols is well intertwined and complementary.
Although the phenomenon of “famous eye” is deeply rooted in the tradition of many people, Hamsa Hand is nevertheless a more sophisticated symbol that, in addition to all of the above, can also show sociability, concern for other people, compassion and humanity.
In this context, the “Eye” is more present for the protection, but the Hamsa Hand offers something more, it offers the depth of emotion, compassion and care, and therefore it is much stronger symbol then the “Eye”.
To sum up, its symbolical value, we will say, after all, that we know regarding the Hamsa hand, that it could be great protection for all those who have some problem in life, or who have found them on the crossroad and do not know what to do. It will offer the right solution, and bring about happy circumstances that will help you to cope with all adversity that may come to your way.
Good or Bad Sign
It is a good and positive sign, and you do not have to connect it to any religion, in particular, it can be the symbol that is above all of them, respectively.
It is believed that if you “wear” the Hamsa Hand, such thing will bring you so much happiness, health and success; and above all the most important thing, it is the amulet that will give you the necessary protection from all evil that is in this world.
It is the amulet that destroys the influence of a spell, drives evil, protects in dangerous situations, and brings happiness and prosperity to those who carry it.
Additionally, we must speak of every finger that belongs to the Hamsa Hand – every one of them is connected to the one part of you, in energy sense; but it also shows its connection to nature, the elements that we find in it.
The index finger represents the air element and the heart in the human; the middle finger corresponds to the spiritual element and the neck spot; the little finger is a picture of the water element and the sacral energy spot in the body.
We believe everyone is well aware of the image of an open fist emerging from a cloud with indispensable rays of light – there is no one who did not see this image, even if you are not aware of what does it mean: The Mary’s Hand, the Hand of Miriam, while for Muslims it is called Fatima’s Hand, or it is well known for its most popular name Hamsa Hand.
The very name of Hamsa comes from the Arabic word that when it is translated. It means five (as in number 5) or five fingers of the Hand.
Its origin cannot be proven with certainty, but it appears in various cultures and has been used as a shield against negative energy and evil, and in addition has the power to bring peace, pleasure, joy and joy into our lives, and is equally useful for maintaining health and increasing fertility.
The undeniable fact is that the Hams hand with outstretched fingers was a powerful symbol in ancient Babylon, where it signified the highest power that governs both earth and sky.
Later we also find her as an indispensable detail in many medieval paintings where she was used as a symbol of the Highest Force, the one that rules us all, and the Hand is our way to come closer to it.
And even today when you look at the people that belong to many different cultures and religions around the world the Hamsa hand has managed to retain the title of the most beloved symbol of happiness and protection against the evil force, whatever that may be for us.
We could all agree that there is no better symbol of “catching on to happiness” than a divine hand that is spread out and ready to help and in the most dangerous situations; and when you know that that Hand belongs to the woman who is ready to sacrifice for you (a sister, mother, etc.) then you can be sure that you could use it as a shield from negative energy and evil.
The Hamsa hand has the power to bring peace, contentment, joy and laughter into our lives, and is equally useful for maintaining health and increasing fertility.
In some interpretations, the Hamsa Hand and its five fingers are the representation of the five elements that are part of our nature, along with the five energy fields in our bodies.
In these contexts, we could say that these connections represent the unbreakable connection of the Hand and the general health of a human. | <urn:uuid:c45d378d-4944-4103-9b6b-bc83c2363f3d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://dreamingandsleeping.com/meaning-of-hamsa-hand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644817.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529074001-20230529104001-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.969166 | 2,521 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The recycling industry in Europe has a turnover of €60 billion (£51 billion), according to a new report from the European Environment Agency.
In the report, Earnings, Jobs and Innovation: the role of recycling in a green economy, it shows that the revenues from recycling are substantial and growing fast. Between 2004 to 2008, the turnover of the seven main categories almost doubled to more than €60 billion, but due to the decline in price for secondary commodities in 2008 and the first half of 2009, this fell but now seems to have recovered.
The report says that the growth of recycling is being driven by increasing demand for recyclables as booming Asian nations put up the price of materials.
Another driver has been the EU waste directives which have discouraged landfilling and encourage recycling. As a result, the amount of recyclables sorted and placed on the market has increased by 15 per cent between 2004 and 2009. | <urn:uuid:c1634417-01a3-44a8-810f-eeff22d93e23> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.rebnews.com/recycling-is-a-e60-billion-industry-in-europe-says-new-report/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209650.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814225028-20180815005028-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.957452 | 186 | 2.828125 | 3 |
When Google Earth added historical maps of Japan to its online collection last year, the search giant didn’t expect a backlash. The finely detailed woodblock prints have been around for centuries, they were already posted on another Web site, and a historical map of Tokyo put up in 2006 hadn’t caused any problems.
But Google failed to judge how its offering would be received, as it has often done in Japan. The company is now facing inquiries from the Justice Ministry and angry accusations of prejudice because its maps detailed the locations of former low-caste communities.
The maps date back to the feudal era, when shoguns ruled and a strict caste system was in place. At the bottom of the hierarchy were a class called the “burakumin,” ethnically identical to other Japanese but forced to live in isolation because they did jobs associated with death, such as working with leather, butchering animals and digging graves.
Castes have long since been abolished, and the old buraku villages have largely faded away or been swallowed by Japan’s sprawling metropolises. Today, rights groups say the descendants of burakumin make up about 3 million of the country’s 127 million people.
But they still face prejudice, based almost entirely on where they live or their ancestors lived. Moving is little help, because employers or parents of potential spouses can hire agencies to check for buraku ancestry through Japan’s elaborate family records, which can span back over 100 years.
An employee at a large, well-known Japanese company, who works in personnel and has direct knowledge of its hiring practices, said the company actively screens out burakumin-linked job seekers.
“If we suspect that an applicant is a burakumin, we always do a background check to find out,” she said. She agreed to discuss the practice only on condition that neither she nor her company be identified.
Lists of “dirty” addresses circulate on Internet bulletin boards. Some surveys have shown that such neighborhoods have lower property values and residents have been the target of racial taunts and graffiti. But the modern locations of the old villages are largely unknown to the public, and many burakumin prefer it that way.
Google Earth’s maps pinpointed several such areas. One village in Tokyo was clearly labeled “eta,” a now strongly derogatory word for burakumin that literally means “filthy mass.” A single click showed the streets and buildings that are currently in the same area.
Google posted the maps as one of many “layers” available via its mapping software, each of which can be easily matched up with modern satellite imagery. The company provided no explanation or historical context, as is common practice in Japan. Its basic stance is that its actions are acceptable because they are legal, one that has angered burakumin leaders.
“If there is an incident because of these maps, and Google is just going to say ‘It’s not our fault’ or ‘It’s down to the user,’ then we have no choice but to conclude that Google’s system itself is a form of prejudice,” said Toru Matsuoka, an Upper House Diet member.
Asked about its stance on the issue, Google responded with a formal statement: “We deeply care about human rights and have no intention to violate them.”
Google spokesman Yoshito Funabashi noted that the company doesn’t own the maps in question, it simply provides them to users. Critics argue they come packaged in its software, and the distinction is not immediately clear.
Printing such maps is legal in Japan. But it is an area where publishers and museums tread carefully, as the burakumin leadership is highly organized and has offices throughout the country. Public showings or publications are nearly always accompanied by a historical explanation, a step Google failed to take.
Matsuoka, whose Osaka office borders one of the areas shown, also serves as secretary general of the Buraku Liberation League, Japan’s largest such group. After discovering the maps last month, he raised the issue with Justice Minister Eisuke Mori at a public legal affairs meeting on March 17.
Two weeks later, after the public comments and at least one reporter contacted Google, the old Japanese maps were suddenly changed, wiped clean of any references to the buraku villages. There was no note made of the changes, and they were seen by some as an attempt to quietly dodge the issue.
“This is like saying those people didn’t exist. There are people for whom this is their hometown, who are still living there now,” said Takashi Uchino from the Buraku Liberation League headquarters in Tokyo.
The Justice Ministry is now “gathering information” on the matter, but has yet to reach any kind of conclusion, according to ministry official Hideyuki Yamaguchi.
The league also sent a letter to Google, a copy of which was provided to The Associated Press. It wants a meeting to discuss its knowledge of the buraku issue and position on the use of its services for discrimination. It says Google should “be aware of and responsible for providing a service that can easily be used as a tool for discrimination.”
Google has misjudged public sentiment before. After cool responses to privacy issues raised about its Street View feature, which shows ground-level pictures of Tokyo neighborhoods taken without warning or permission, the company has faced strong public criticism and government hearings. It has also had to negotiate with Japanese companies angry over their copyrighted materials uploaded to its YouTube property.
An Internet legal expert said Google is quick to take advantage of its new technologies to expand its advertising network, but society often pays the price.
“This is a classic example of Google outsourcing the risk and appropriating the benefit of their investment,” said David Vaile, executive director of the Cyberspace Law and Policy Center at the University of New South Wales in Australia.
The maps in question are part of a larger collection of Japanese maps owned by the University of California at Berkeley. Their digital versions are overseen by David Rumsey, a collector in the U.S. who has more than 100,000 historical maps of his own. He hosts more than 1,000 historical Japanese maps as part of a massive, English-language online archive he runs, and says he has never had a complaint.
It was Rumsey who worked with Google to post the maps in its software, and who was responsible for removing the references to the buraku villages. He said he preferred to leave them untouched as historical documents, but decided to change them after the search company told him of the complaints from Tokyo.
“We tend to think of maps as factual, like a satellite picture, but maps are never neutral, they always have a certain point of view,” he said.
Rumsey said he’d be willing to restore the maps to their original state in Google Earth. Matsuoka, the lawmaker, said he is open to a discussion.
A neighborhood in central Tokyo, a few blocks from the touristy Asakusa district and the city’s oldest temple, was labeled as an old “eta” village in the maps.
When shown printouts of the maps from Google Earth, several older residents declined comment. Younger people were more open on the subject.
Wakana Kondo, 27, recently started working in the neighborhood, at a new business that sells leather for sofas. She was surprised when she learned the history of the area, but said it didn’t bother her.
“I learned about the burakumin in school, but it was always something abstract,” she said. “That’s a really interesting bit of history, thank you.” | <urn:uuid:a132b994-e364-4e16-be7f-0d2efa643d4a> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/05/05/national/google-crosses-line-with-controversial-old-tokyo-maps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699924051/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102524-00018-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974082 | 1,630 | 3.015625 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.
Short Answer Questions
1. When the middle class man decided to suggest a relationship with the middle class woman, how did he proceed?
2. According to the author, about what do people in love think continually?
3. Of the author's five ways in which love can be acquired, which three produce the most worthy forms of love?
4. After the middle class woman's initial reaction in the conversation, how did the author instruct the middle class man to respond?
5. According to the author in the Preface, what was his reason for writing the book?
Short Essay Questions
1. Two of the five ways in which love can be obtained are beauty and good character. Which of these wins love with little effort and which is the characteristic that wise men choose?
2. In retaining love, give an example of how a man can keep a love from being publicly known.
3. How did the author explain the nature of peasants and their inclination to love?
4. In the instance of the older woman insisting to a man that she was too old for love, she expressed deep skepticism and lack interest. How did the man react?
5. How can issues of faith and religion destroy love?
6. Throughout the three dialogues in Book One, explain the main conversation tactic of middle class men, and the common reaction of woman of all social classes.
7. What did the author advise women to do if their men are unfaithful, and why?
8. What effects might love have upon the needs for food, drink and sleep?
9. Explain how the nobleman was advised to approach a noblewoman, and how he was to begin conversation with her.
10. What did the author describe as arising from the perception and focus on the beauty of another?
Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:
Essay Topic 1
In the beginning of the book, the author expresses strong opinions on the subject of homosexuality. Explain his opinions and cite the reasoning behind them.
Essay Topic 2
Review the dialogues, paying careful attention to the romantic advances of the men involved in them. What similarities do you observe in all of the interactions on the part of the men as they interact with women of varying social rankings. What are the greatest differences? With which social rank of woman do you sense that the man was most respectful and "well behaved?" With which was he the worst?
Essay Topic 3
Explain the author's feelings about peasants and their inclinations to love. Under what circumstances did the author suggest that peasants can experience love? What did the author mean when he suggested that someone who falls in love with a peasant should praise her and then, in a convenient location, "embrace [her] by force?"
This section contains 848 words
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Balance symbolism is a representation of harmony and equilibrium in the physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional aspects of life. It has been used throughout history as a way to show balance between opposing forces or ideas such as good and evil, strength and weakness, light and dark, love and hate. Balance symbolism can be seen in many different cultures around the physical world and spirit world. Has been used in various forms of artwork, architecture, jewelry, tattoos, rituals, ceremonies and other practices.
The concept of balance is often associated with peace and harmony as it promotes a sense of stability within oneself. It can be used to represent the unity of the four elements which are Earth, Air, Fire and Water or the power of duality in nature. Balance symbolism is often seen as a reminder to keep harmony and balance in one’s life, allowing for peace and contentment. Ultimately, it stands as an ideal of equilibrium that can be used to create balance between opposing forces or ideas of divine connection.
Balance symbolism is also related to the idea of Yin Yang which is a Chinese philosophical concept. This principle states that all things in the universe have two opposing forces, Yin Yang symbol and that these opposing forces are interconnected and dependent on each other for balance. The symbol of Yin and Yang is used often to represent this idea as it includes both negative and positive elements but ultimately shows how they work together to create a positive whole. This concept is similar to the idea of balance symbolism which also depends on both opposing forces being held in balance for equilibrium to be achieved.
Balance symbolism can be used in many aspects of life. It can be seen in art, architecture, design, and even clothing; it serves as a reminder that there is beauty and harmony in balance and that there is an underlying order and purpose to life. Moreover, it can be also used as a reminder of our own personal balance and how we must strive for equilibrium in our lives.
It is important to note that although balance symbolism may be interpreted differently from person to person, the concept remains the same; maintaining equilibrium between opposing forces is necessary for peace and harmony. Ultimately, balance symbolism is a reminder of the power of duality and how it can be used to achieve equilibrium in one’s life.
Balance Symbolism: History
Balance symbolism has been used throughout history to represent order, harmony symbol, spiritual symbols and unity. It was used by Ancient Egypt as early as 3100 BC in their hieroglyphs and art while the Chinese Yin and Yang symbol is one of the most popular examples of balance symbolism today.
The concept of harmony that comes with balance was also explored by Ancient Greeks, Babylonians, and other ancient cultures. They were one of the first civilizations to deify many natural phenomena. Symbolism was also used in Ancient Hindu scriptures to represent the balance of cosmic forces within the universe.
In modern times, balance symbolism is often used in art and design like endless knot, double spiral, Celtic Tree, Feng Shui symbols, ancient celts, crescent moon to create a sense of harmony between different elements on a page or piece of artwork. It has been used as a part of many different cultures to represent the equilibrium between opposing forces, such as good and evil, love and hate, strength and weakness. Balance symbolism can also be used in jewelry or tattoos as a reminder of the importance of balance in one’s life.
Overall, balance symbolism has been an integral part of various cultures throughout history. It is a reminder of the equilibrium that must be maintained between opposing forces in order to achieve peace and harmony. Balance symbolism is a powerful tool to help us use our own sense to strive for equilibrium in our lives, create harmony between different elements, and remind us of the beauty that comes with balance. | <urn:uuid:9e34c065-173c-47fe-9adb-e985e7685cfd> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://createahappierworld.com/balance-symbolism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322082826-20230322112826-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.959531 | 767 | 2.828125 | 3 |
There is a lot of research into superconductive elements today. Metals formed from light elements are predicted to exhibit intriguing states of electronic order. Of these materials, those containing boron are of considerable current interest because of their relatively high superconducting temperatures.
Boron – which is normally not very electrically conductive – becomes a conductor when it is squeezed at high pressures. Scientists have found that 160 GPa (gigapascals) of pressure turn boron into a “super-metal” with no electrical resistance. They believe that the more tightly you squeeze the metal, the higher its transition temperature rises.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields below a certain critical temperature. It was first discovered in mercury (Hg) by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 11, 1911, while working at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands. Since then, superconductors have been found to occur not only in elemental metals but also in alloys such as niobium nitride.
ANOMALOUS BORON AS A SUPERCONDUCTOR
Hence. boron is a superconductive element when it is squeezed below 6 kelvin and at 160 gigapascals making its natural resistance to electrical current disappears. The temperature and pressure at which Boron changes its properties into a superconductor are called transition temperature and transition pressure respectively. Boron becomes as conductive as copper or aluminium when this happens!
The researchers discovered that this mechanism likely generates huge white dwarf magnetic fields when the transition temperature and transition pressures points are reached.
Boron’s ability to behave as either an insulator or conductor at different pressures leads it to some potential applications such as next-generation semiconductors.
The scientists found that the transition temperature of boron rose as their pressure increased. This is in contrast to other metals, which show a decreasing electrical resistance as they are squeezed at higher pressures. Boron’s unusual behavior could be explained by three factors:-
(a) it has fewer electrons than any other periodic-table element
(b) it is bulky and spin-polarized
(c) it has a low atomic weight
Superconducting boron allotropes are some of the most exotic states in condensed matter physics, as superconductivity usually requires temperatures close to absolute zero. Boron together in ices causes it to undergo a phase change from insulator to a conductor. This transition can also happen by doping graphene or diamond with boron atoms; this process makes them more versatile materials for future applications in electronics and quantum computing.
Transition in Boron-Doped Granular Diamond
A team of scientists and researchers squeezed boron in a diamond anvil cell to create ever greater pressures. They found that the transition temperature ̶ at which it becomes superconductive – rose as the pressure increased, instead of falling as one might expect.
Transition in Boron-Doped Graphene
Based on calculations and research, the properties of B-doped graphene under high pressure up to 380 GPa, B-doped graphene undergoes a phase transition from phase-α to phase-β at 6 GPa. Results show that the graphene sample becomes superconducting at low temperatures and exhibits strong magnetic field dependence.
heavily boron-doped silicon carbide
Superconductivity in heavily boron-doped bulk silicon carbide related to the diamond structure. The superconductivity of semiconductors comes to a point here. Charge-carrier doping of wide-gap semiconductors leads to a metallic phase from which upon further doping superconductivity can emerge. Boron doped silicon carbide exhibits zero resistivity and diamagnetic susceptibility below a critical temperature T c of ∼1.4 K, and an effective boron doping concentration higher than 10 21 cm -3. We present the H – T phase diagram of this new superconducting compound determined from AC susceptibility measurements and non-equilibrium Green’s function calculations.
Supoerconductors are further detailed in the Borates Today Advanced Energy Special Report. | <urn:uuid:219b4c97-8a35-4100-a533-730ac00a0d90> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://borates.today/boron-superconductive-element/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588216.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027150823-20211027180823-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.92703 | 865 | 4.125 | 4 |
Western Prairie Scientific and Natural Area is home to a population of greater prairie chickens, a bird the Conservancy is committed to helping. Best known for their spectacular courtship and mating rituals, this chicken-sized bird once numbered in the millions. Its populations in many parts of the United States are imperiled. Minnesota’s populations of this bird, however, are rebounding.
This preserve, along with the nearby Richard M. & Mathilde Rice Elliot Scientific and Natural Area, combine to create 817 acres of habitat for this bird.
Western Prairie lies in what once was the bottom of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz, which was the largest freshwater lake in the world. As glaciers receded, the lake disappeared, leaving behind an organically rich alkaline soil that eventually supported extensive prairies. Today, sedge meadows cover nearly 50 percent of the natural area, with wet and mesic prairie communities covering the rest.
From Lawndale, go west three miles on County Road 30. Travel south on County Road 167 for two miles to the northwest corner of the preserve. The preserve is posted with Scientific and Natural Areas signs. To park, proceed a half-mile south to a pull-in on your left by the preserve sign.
The prickly leaves of the bushy glasswort share this land with two plants of special concern — the northern gentian, marked by inchlong blue flowers, and the small white lady's slipper. All three are rare and unusual plants.
Because this land includes a sedge meadow community, a mesic prairie and a wet prairie, native plants found in each of these habitats can be found. The sedge meadow, for example, includes reedgrass, the small blue flowers of Kalm's lobelia and the milky red stems of Indian hemp, while the wet prairie includes rush aster and silverweed.
Western Prairie is part of a network of preserves where the greater prairie chicken continues to live. It was dubbed one of the “Unlucky 13” grassland birds by the Conservancy because its numbers have dwindled. These birds, however, are experiencing a resurgence: Their mating ritual can be heard again. During April and May, a male inflates his colorful air sacs, stamps his feet and shakes his tail feathers while calling for a mate in a low-pitched tone. This behavior is called “booming.”
One bird living here that still is state threatened is the webbed-toed Wilson's phalaropes. With these special toes, this bird spins on the water surface, creating tiny whirlpools that stir up their aquatic prey for easy pickings.
The sharp-tailed sparrow and marbled godwit, species of concern for the state, also live here. Mammals include the masked shrew, pigmy shrew and shorttail weasel.
Why the Conservancy Selected This Site
The Conservancy acquired Western Prairie because it supports a remnant population of greater prairie chickens, a grassland bird that the Conservancy is working with its partners to help. Nearby state-owned wildlife management areas — Altherton and Rothsay — provide additional habitat for this rare bird.
This natural area also features a tallgrass prairie with few exotic plants, a natural community that is rare in Minnesota and throughout the United States.
What the Conservancy Has Done/Is Doing
Conservancy stewards use periodic controlled fire to maintain this site as an open grassland. Woody species can become dominant without the presence of these burns.
Occasional mowing of sweet clover prevents this introduced legume from setting seed and reduces its presence over time.
Numerous private landowners in the immediate area have enrolled their wetland areas in the federal Wetland Reserve Program, assuring their protection for future generations of waterfowl and other wetland and grassland dependant species. | <urn:uuid:c7756d88-d99c-478f-9997-1630be1b74dd> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/minnesota/newsroom/western-prairie-scientific-natural-area.xml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246658376.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045738-00227-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935462 | 804 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Religious Influence-Historic SettlementsSeeking shelter from a storm, Rev. John James, a circuit riding preacher ordained by the Church in England, but disciplined in the beliefs of the Methodist Church of John Wesley, met by chance with local resident David Sayres on a cold, wintry night in 1780. Sayres, a colonial soldier and patriot, did not favor sheltering any man representing the English crown, but could not allow the Reverend to stay out in the blizzard.
Have you seen this marker? If so, check in and tell us about it.
|Placed By||National Park Service and NJ Division of Parks and Forestry|
|Marker Condition||No reports yet|
|Date Added||Friday, January 29th, 2016 at 9:01am PST -08:00|
|UTM (WGS84 Datum)||18S E 515279 N 4351341|
|Decimal Degrees||39.31133333, -74.82276667|
|Degrees and Decimal Minutes||N 39° 18.68', W 74° 49.366'|
|Degrees, Minutes and Seconds||39° 18' 40.8" N, 74° 49' 21.96" W|
|Driving Directions||Google Maps|
|Closest Postal Address||At or near 600 NJ-49, Woodbine NJ 08270, US|
|Alternative Maps||Google Maps, MapQuest, Bing Maps, Yahoo Maps, MSR Maps, OpenCycleMap, MyTopo Maps, OpenStreetMap| | <urn:uuid:8a866eae-4028-4b9d-8e37-dabbad7459a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/view.php?marker_id=HM1QLF | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863972.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521082806-20180521102806-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.759948 | 336 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The heat transfer in a square cavity filled with clear fluid or porous medium is numerically investigated in the present study. To change the heat transfer in the cavity a rotating circular cylinder is placed at the centre of the cavity. The ratio of cylinder diameter to cavity height is chosen as 0.8. Depending on the angular velocity of the cylinder the convection phenomena inside the cavity becomes natural, mixed, and forced. To keep the number of data low the Grashof number, Gr, is set to 10(6), while the parameter defining the convection regime in the cavity, Gr/Re-2, is changing from 0.0625 to 10(2). The Darcy number in the cavity is set to 10(-2), 10(-3), and 10(-4). Galerkin finite element method is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations with Brinkman-Forcheimer extended Darcy's law, and energy equation in 2-D non-dimensional form. The solution methodology is compared and validated with the literature for a similar problem, and good agreement is achieved. The results are presented in terms of Nusselt numbers, velocity profiles and temperature contours. The results show that rotation is more effective in the forced convection regime than in mixed and natural convection regimes, and at high spin velocities the heat transfer is almost independent from the Darcy number. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:89cfd943-6c92-447f-b718-8ed20966cef4> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://avesis.itu.edu.tr/yayin/858aff34-3e2a-491d-b421-e6916bfeaa2d/the-effect-of-rotating-cylinder-on-the-heat-transfer-in-a-square-cavity-filled-with-porous-medium | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363125.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204215252-20211205005252-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.911108 | 295 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Books about girl power are easy to find in March, National Women’s History Month, though not all of them feel timeless or universal. Two new picture books, both with origins in Israel, tell stories about young girls whose bravery and endurance reap great rewards, in ways that transcend the specific circumstance of a people and place.
“The Girl With a Brave Heart,” by Rita Jahanforuz, an Iranian-born popular singer raised in Israel, tells the story of a young motherless girl, Shiraz. When her father dies, Shiraz is left Cinderella-like in the clutches of an inconstant stepmother. “Without your father bringing home money every week, we cannot afford a maid,” the stepmother informs little Shiraz — and we all know what that means.
The book, originally published in Hebrew, tells a story that feels as if it’s been told forever. When a ball of her wool blows away and lands in a neighbor’s courtyard, Shiraz sets off to retrieve it. She encounters the garden’s owner, an old, mysterious woman. Wildly disheveled, the woman proceeds to give Shiraz a set of counterintuitive tasks: “I want you to smash all the dishes, and the draining board and the sink,” she instructs the child, who ignores her demands. Instead the girl cleans the kitchen and is rewarded for her disobedience with the gift of beauty.
When Shiraz returns home with her story, the stepmother insists that her own child follow Shiraz’s footsteps and be duly recognized. Of course, nothing of the sort happens, and readers learn that responding to another person sometimes requires psychological acuity and charitable interpretation. The old woman rewards Shiraz’s stepsister, who acts on command and out of self-interest, obeying the old woman’s commands to the letter, in kind. The second child returns home unrecognizably ugly.
If this all sounds familiar, there’s a reason. “The Girl With a Brave Heart” is really a psychologically driven tweak on the old Grimms’ fairy tale, “Mother Holle.” In the old German version, the good girl is rewarded for her humility and industry with a treasure of gold, while the lazy, ungracious child is sent back to her mother covered in pitch. According to Jahanforuz, her own book was inspired by a story her mother told her when she was growing up in Tehran; the two stories’ origins in the oral tradition certainly seem to overlap.
“The Girl With a Brave Heart” is strikingly enhanced by Vali Mintzi’s exquisite naïf illustrations, which seem a happy meeting of Gauguin and mid-career Matisse. Even during its darker moments, the figures shimmer in a sunny, spicy landscape of tangerine, cinnamon and teal. Taken altogether, the book is a heartwarming vindication of good-heartedness, something that doesn’t always get celebrated in a girlhood culture of snark.
It’s another era, another forced laborer — in this instance, an actual slave — and yet “The Longest Night,” a captivating Passover story by Laurel Snyder (“Bigger Than a Breadbox,” “Penny Dreadful”), also centers on the themes of just rewards and just deserts. In poetic couplets, a Jewish girl narrates her experience in ancient Egypt. “In the heat and blowing sand,/Each gray dawn my work began.” A wistful, dreamy child, she’d like to fly away like a dove or be visited by the moon.
What follows is a child’s-eye view of the 10 plagues portion of the Passover Seder story, culminating in the Jews’ exodus from Egypt. Not all the images are pleasant, thanks to the subject matter (a wolf with bared teeth, Egyptians covered in boils and blisters), and some may scare the younger ones (who would otherwise be playing with parsley and salt water by now). But for curious children searching for context and immediacy, the story – full of tense action that gains momentum as the pages turn — is pitched just right. Catia Chien’s forceful, textured paintings beautifully evoke the dusty sandscape and drench the final happy homecoming in rich, hopeful sunlight. | <urn:uuid:edd72805-f3d4-431f-b673-a9d17bbbb195> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/books/the-girl-with-a-brave-heart-and-the-longest-night.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742793.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115161834-20181115183834-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.936395 | 927 | 3 | 3 |
Most rookie Instructional Designers have a misconception that Instructional Design is quite academic in nature. I was a part of the vast majority up until a few months ago. Over time, I realized that most Instructional Design theories are rooted in common sense.
However, as Instructional Design beginners, we are so overawed by these theories that we fail to understand the simple principles behind them.
The objective of this blog-post is to demystify one such theory which every beginner Instructional Designer should know – John Keller’s ARCS model of Motivational Design.
What is Motivational Design?
Motivational design refers to the process of arranging resources and procedures to bring about changes in motivation. It can be applied to:
- Improving students’ motivation to learn
- Improving employees’ motivation to work
- The development of specific motivational characteristics in individuals
- Improving peoples’ skills in self-motivation
Motivational design is concerned with how to make instruction appealing without becoming purely entertaining.
What is the ARCS Model?
The ARCS model is a problem solving approach to designing the motivational aspects of learning environments to stimulate and sustain students’ motivation to learn (Keller, 1983, 1984, 1987). ARCS is a useful checklist, which draws upon some well established research. It provides a good summary of the issues to be considered when designing learning material. The ARCS model consists of four steps for promoting and sustaining motivation in the learning process:
Applying the ARCS model in Instructional Design
1. Attention – Attention can be gained in two ways: (1) Perceptual arousal – uses surprise or uncertainly to gain interest. Uses novel, surprising, incongruous, and uncertain events; or (2) Inquiry arousal – stimulates curiosity by posing challenging questions or problems to be solved.
Methods for grabbing the learners’ attention:
- Adopt strategies such as games or role-play to get learners involved with the material or subject matter
- Use a variety of methods to present material
- Maintain interest by using a small amount of humor ,but not too much to be distracting
- Use visual stimuli or a story
- Pose questions or problems for the learners to solve
Example Showcase – EyeWitness
Eyewitness is an Interactive Situation Simulation Software (ISSS). It aims to educate people about one of the most tragic events in Chinese history — The Nanjing Massacre, when, over the course of 6 weeks, over 300,000 civilians were killed by Japanese troops invading the city.
EyeWitness is designed to immerse the player in a virtual Nanjing, 65 years ago, and to allow the player to take the role of a cameraman assigned to the Japanese Invasion. Unlike most “First Person Shooters”, the genre on which EyeWitness is modeled, the player uses no guns or explosives. Instead, the objective is to take photographs, and to act as a witness to a well-known historical event.
2. Relevance – Establish relevance in order to increase a learner’s motivation. To do this, use concrete language and examples with which the learners are familiar.
Some major strategies described by Keller include:
- Explain purpose of content
- Present goals for learner to select
- Ask learner to select own goals
Example Showcase – Launch It!
‘Launch It!’ is an interactive educational feature created by NASA. It allows learners to choose which Rocket, Mission, Gear and Crew they want to learn about.
3. Confidence –
- Help students understand their likelihood for success. If they feel they cannot meet the objectives or that the cost (time or effort) is too high, their motivation will decrease.
- Help learners estimate the probability of success by presenting performance requirements and evaluation criteria. Ensure the learners are aware of performance requirements and evaluative criteria.
- Allow for small steps of growth during the learning process.
- Provide feedback and support internal attributions for success.
- Learners should feel some degree of control over their learning and assessment. They should believe that their success is a direct result of the amount of effort they have put forth.
Example Showcase – The Crimescene Game
The Crimescene Game teaches interviewing skills in the context of a police investigation. Learners are assigned the task of interviewing a witness to a bank robbery to elicit clues to the identity of the robber. The game provides the learner with choices that affect the course of the game. At any point learners can try to solve the mystery.
Most feedback is provided by events in the game because the events reveal whether the learner’s previous action was appropriate.
After identifying a suspect as the bank robber, learners receive a score based on the efficiency with which they solved the mystery as well as a critique that recaps their actions.
4. Satisfaction –
- Learning must be rewarding or satisfying in some way.
- Make the learner feel as though the skill is useful or beneficial by providing opportunities to use newly acquired knowledge in a real setting.
- Provide feedback and reinforcement. When learners appreciate the results, they will be motivated to learn. Satisfaction is based upon motivation, which can be intrinsic or extrinsic.
- Do not patronize the learner by over-rewarding easy tasks.
Example Showcase – Free Rice
Freerice is the world’s only online game that allows you to raise rice for the hungry, while you learn. For every correct answer you choose, 10 grains of rice are donated to the World Food Programme to help in their fight against hunger worldwide.
Feel free to drop a comment and let me know what you think. | <urn:uuid:2914100f-51e1-4cd8-a3de-7085d3299774> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.upsidelearning.com/blog/2011/02/10/instructional-design-for-beginners-what-motivates-people-to-learn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571996.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814052950-20220814082950-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.935922 | 1,204 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Pope Benedict XV
Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) guided the Church through the tumultuous years of World War I and the ensuing geopolitical realignment of Europe (1914-1922). Benedict's years in the Vatican Diplomatic Corps under Leo XIII had prepared him to confront what he dubbed "the suicide of Europe." Elected only weeks after the outbreak of hostilities, his continual calls for a cessation of violence drew the scorn of European leaders, and his seven-point Papal Peace Proposal (1917) was dismissed. Throughout the war, Benedict organized massive humanitarian efforts on behalf of victims and established a Vatican Bureau of Communication for soldiers to contact their families. His legacy as a tireless advocate of peace was invoked when Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger took the name Benedict XVI upon his election in 2005. | <urn:uuid:9fae7b7c-6041-4d82-a5ba-d323093b2df8> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/pope-benedict-xv | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676381.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00176-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960761 | 166 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Convenience as we now know it is a product of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when labor-saving devices for the home were invented and marketed. Milestones include the invention of the first “convenience foods,” such as canned pork and beans and Quaker Quick Oats; the first electric clothes-washing machines; cleaning products like Old Dutch scouring powder; and other marvels including the electric vacuum cleaner, instant cake mix and the microwave oven.
Convenience was the household version of another late-19th-century idea, industrial efficiency, and its accompanying “scientific management.” It represented the adaptation of the ethos of the factory to domestic life.
However mundane it seems now, convenience, the great liberator of humankind from labor, was a utopian ideal. By saving time and eliminating drudgery, it would create the possibility of leisure. And with leisure would come the possibility of devoting time to learning, hobbies or whatever else might really matter to us. Convenience would make available to the general population the kind of freedom for self-cultivation once available only to the aristocracy. In this way convenience would also be the great leveler.
This idea — convenience as liberation — could be intoxicating. Its headiest depictions are in the science fiction and futurist imaginings of the mid-20th century. From serious magazines like Popular Mechanics and from goofy entertainments like “The Jetsons” we learned that life in the future would be perfectly convenient. Food would be prepared with the push of a button. Moving sidewalks would do away with the annoyance of walking. Clothes would clean themselves or perhaps self-destruct after a day’s wearing. The end of the struggle for existence could at last be contemplated.
The dream of convenience is premised on the nightmare of physical work. But is physical work always a nightmare? Do we really want to be emancipated from all of it? Perhaps our humanity is sometimes expressed in inconvenient actions and time-consuming pursuits. Perhaps this is why, with every advance of convenience, there have always been those who resist it. They resist out of stubbornness, yes (and because they have the luxury to do so), but also because they see a threat to their sense of who they are, to their feeling of control over things that matter to them.
By the late 1960s, the first convenience revolution had begun to sputter. The prospect of total convenience no longer seemed like society’s greatest aspiration. Convenience meant conformity. The counterculture was about people’s need to express themselves, to fulfill their individual potential, to live in harmony with nature rather than constantly seeking to overcome its nuisances. Playing the guitar was not convenient. Neither was growing one’s own vegetables or fixing one’s own motorcycle. But such things were seen to have value nevertheless — or rather, as a result. People were looking for individuality again.
Perhaps it was inevitable, then, that the second wave of convenience technologies — the period we are living in — would co-opt this ideal. It would conveniencize individuality.
Tim Wu, “The Tyranny of Convenience”, The New York Times (18 February 2018), SR4. | <urn:uuid:2033034f-94c3-47df-9ef5-0999eb6166ca> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://excerpted.info/living/convenience-as-we-now-know-it-is-a-product-of-the-late-19th-and-early-20th-centuries-when-labor-saving-devices-for-the-home-were-invented-and-marketed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986696339.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019141654-20191019165154-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.970092 | 676 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Consistent workouts at the gym have many mental benefits, including improved mood, lower stress levels, and increased self-esteem. Exercise has been shown to release endorphins in the brain, also known as “feel good chemicals”, which can lead to feelings of euphoria and improved mood. Activity is associated with lower levels of cortisol, a hormone associated with stress.
Additionally, physical improvements as a result of working hard at the gym lead to improved self-esteem and body confidence.Consistent workouts at the gym provide a mental escape from day-to-day responsibilities and help you focus. It also serves as a form of stress relief by allowing you to clear your mind. Additionally, setting and achieving fitness goals can increase self-discipline and self-efficacy. Regular exercise has been shown to improve sleep and may also improve overall mental health.
Consistent fitness practice refers to regular participation in physical activity at a gym or fitness center. This may include activities such as weightlifting, cardio and group fitness classes. Consistency is key to reaching your fitness goals and seeing results. Through regular exercise, your body adapts to your physical demands, becoming stronger and more efficient over time. can also be maintained.
Additionally, consistent workout at the gym leads to the development of a sense of routine and discipline, making it easier to stick to a regime.Consistency also improves progress tracking and makes it easier to adjust and customize your training plan. Consistent exercise at the gym can provide physical and psychological benefits.
Mental Benefit of Consistent Gym Practice.
Here are some Main Benefits of consistent Gym practices.
- Improved mood through the release of endorphins.
- Decreased stress levels through the reduction of cortisol.
- Increased self-esteem and body confidence through physical improvements.
- Stress relief and mental escape from daily responsibilities.
- Boosted self-discipline and self-efficacy through goal setting and achievement.
- Improved sleep, which can contribute to overall mental well-being.
- Greater sense of accomplishment and satisfaction.
Improved mood through the release of endorphins.
Endorphins are chemicals released in the brain during physical activity and are commonly referred to as “feel-good chemicals”. They are responsible for the “runner’s high” that many people experience after a workout. Endorphins are natural pain relievers that can reduce the body’s perception of pain and create feelings of euphoria and well-being. Regular physical activity For example, consistent exercise at the gym can lead to a surge of endorphins and improve your overall mood. Mental health has also improved. Studies have shown that regular exercise is as effective as medication in treating mild to moderate depression. Consistent exercise at the gym is a natural and effective way to improve your mood and overall mental health.
Decreased stress levels through the reduction of cortisol.
When we are stressed, we release cortisol, a hormone that regulates our bodies. Cortisol plays an important role in the body’s fight-or-flight response, but high levels of cortisol over time can have negative effects on the body, including weight gain, high blood pressure, and a weakened immune system. Regular physical activity helps lower cortisol levels in the body.Consistent exercise at the gym is an effective way to manage stress.
Exercise can also improve the body’s ability to handle stress by increasing the release of norepinephrine, a chemical that helps regulate the body’s stress response. Exercise also has a calming effect on the body by lowering the heart rate and promoting relaxation. Lowering cortisol levels can help improve overall mental health and well-being.Studies show that regular exercise is an effective way to reduce stress and anxiety and improve overall mood.
Increased self-esteem and body confidence through physical improvements.
Physical improvements that come from a consistent gym practice can lead to an increase in self-esteem and body confidence. Seeing progress in strength, endurance, and overall physical appearance can give an individual a sense of accomplishment and pride in their body. When you feel better about your body, you are more likely to take care of it, which can lead to a positive cycle of self-care. Setting and achieving fitness goals can also boost self-efficacy, which is the belief in one’s ability to accomplish goals. This can lead to an increase in self-esteem and self-confidence.
A consistent gym practice can also improve body image and overall self-perception by helping to shift focus away from appearance and towards functional abilities. When individuals see themselves becoming stronger and improving their physical abilities, they may be less concerned with how they look and more focused on what their bodies can do. Additionally, positive feedback from trainers, friends, or family can boost self-esteem. A consistent gym practice can be a powerful tool for improving self-esteem and body confidence, which can have a positive impact on overall mental well-being.
Stress relief and mental escape from daily responsibilities.
A consistent workout at the gym can serve as a form of stress relief and as a mental escape from everyday commitments. Exercise can be an outlet for pent-up emotions and frustration. Physical activity can also distract you from everyday worries and provide temporary relief from stressors. Additionally, the endorphins released during exercise also help reduce stress and improve mood. The need to focus on proper form and technique diverts attention from external stressors and provides temporary mental escape.
Consistent training in the gym also helps develop a sense of discipline and routine, which brings a sense of stability and control to an individual’s life. It can give individuals a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction. This can increase self-esteem, give a sense of control over one’s life, and reduce stress. Provides physical and mental benefits that help provide an escape.
Boosted self-discipline and self-efficacy through goal setting and achievement.
Consistent exercise at the gym helps develop self-discipline and self-efficacy through goal setting and achievement. It helps develop self-discipline by creating a sense of structure and purpose in an exercise routine, regardless of running a specific distance. Achieving your fitness goals also increases your self-efficacy, which is your belief in your ability to reach your goals. Seeing individuals achieve their fitness goals may give them confidence in their ability to achieve other goals as well. Setting and achieving fitness goals can also lead to a sense of accomplishment and can boost self-esteem and overall mental health.
The effectiveness of your work can be increased. Personal trainers can help set and monitor progress toward specific goals, and training partners can provide motivation and accountability. Consistent exercise at the gym can be a powerful tool for building self-discipline and self-efficacy, which can have a positive impact on your overall mental health.
Improved Sleep, which can contribute to overall mental well-being.
Improved sleep is one of the many benefits of consistent exercise at the gym. Regular exercise has been shown to improve sleep quality, help people fall asleep faster, and reduce the likelihood of insomnia.Physical activity regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It also helps regulate the body’s circadian rhythm, an internal process. Exercise has a stimulating effect on the body, making it difficult to fall asleep immediately after exercise. However, after the initial stimulation, the body begins to relax and shut down, making it easier to fall asleep. The endorphins released during exercise have a calming effect on the body, making it easier to fall asleep. The improved mood and reduced stress from regular exercise can lead to a more restful sleep.
Inadequate sleep can have a variety of negative effects on mental health and general health. B. Mood swings, irritability, and cognitive decline. Consistent fitness practice can help you sleep better and contribute to your overall mental health.
Greater sense of accomplishment and satisfaction
Consistently working out at the gym leads to a greater sense of accomplishment and satisfaction. Setting and achieving fitness goals can give you a sense of accomplishment that can boost your self-esteem and overall mental health.When you see improvements in strength, endurance, and general physical appearance In addition, consistent exercise in the gym provides satisfaction through physical exertion and a sense of mental focus during exercise. increase. Exercise can also act as a form of stress relief, providing a mental escape from everyday commitments and allowing for a focused and clear mind.
Training with a personal trainer or training partner can also be fulfilling and satisfying. Personal trainers can help set and monitor progress toward specific goals, and training partners can provide motivation and accountability. In addition, consistent exercise at the gym can lead to improved overall health, leading to feelings of contentment and contentment. Overall, consistent training in the gym can bring a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction, which can have a positive impact on your overall mental health.
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I have read your article carefully and I agree with you very much. This has provided a great help for my thesis writing, and I will seriously improve it. However, I don’t know much about a certain place. Can you help me? | <urn:uuid:dc89fe1e-26cc-4ddb-87c0-af7d95f4ece3> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://utopiafitness.in/7-mental-benefits-of-a-consistent-gym-practice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943625.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321033306-20230321063306-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.957946 | 1,922 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Digital currency is one thing, it is a currency that is fully accessible. Simply put, this is the digital currency which is an electronic form. Digitization is gradually developing all over the world, as it has developed in areas like education, shopping and banking. As digital currencies, these are seen to be innate qualities in physical wealth, which are being allowed to allow instant exchanges. The most important thing in this is that it contains all cryptocurrency digital currencies, but not all digital currencies are like cryptos. If you want to invest in bitcoins you can go through this App
In this article, we’ll give you an overview of the digital currencies so you’ll be able to know more about it. This discussion is about its definition, different types of digital currency, and how they work. If we talk about all these in this blog, let’s start with the definition of digital currency first.
Definition of Digital Currency: —
Digital currency is considered as a form of currency, which is available only in digital and electronic form. It is not physically available. The digital currency is also known as triple currency, electronic currency, electronic money, and cybercash. Digital currency is easily carried among customers through technology like cell phone, PC, and web etc. Digital currencies are intangible, in that you can easily transact in this by using the Internet and specified networks using computers or electronic wallets. Conversely, there are some physical currencies such as banknotes and mining coins, etc. It is possible to transact through its holders, this includes their physical ownership.
Forms of Digital Currency: —
There are two forms of digital currency, including the first virtual currency and second cryptocurrency:
1. Virtual Currency: —
It is a virtual digital currency and is used by specialized networks. However, this involves some virtual currency inside the predefined network which is sufficient. You cannot get your Farmville coins in it. You can use these coins to buy some face because later on, it has no certifiable value.
2. Cryptocurrency: —
The real value of a digital currency is like bitcoin. It also involves taking an advanced cash type distributed system to token electronically on the web through administration, as well as dependent on numerical calculations. Cryptocurrency is very profitable to all of us. It has not been integrated with the economy of any country. It is fully decentralized don’t depend on anyone. If the nation’s economy crashes in any way, even then, your digital currency will remain the same. With no office for experienced administrators in it, a cryptocurrency which is now making the leadership of its exchanges around the world even easier.
Why should we choose cryptocurrency?
Today the whole world is developing with digital, all work is being done online, everything is becoming paperless. Cryptocurrency is considered to be the most appropriate form of digital payments. To know cryptocurrency more thoroughly, you have to know some of its reasons.
● Quick disposal: —
Why the value of cryptocurrency decreases and increases, is it due to blockchain or is there some other reason behind it. The complete explanation given for cryptocurrency demand is that it is very easy for everyone to use it. In this you do not need more gadgets at all, you need a good internet connection and a smart device.
● Steal Identity: —
The ledger is guaranteed by the ledger, allowing digital purses and exchanges that can be easily calculated by accurate parity. This is ensured by checking the exchanges, all coins used in it can be claimed by the current high-roller. In this, all public records are additionally known as transaction blockchain. With its security in it, blockchain technology essentially makes it ready to affect the lives of all.
● Fraud proof: —
All transactions are maintained in the public ledger by the creation and confirmation of cryptocurrency. This includes avoiding fraud, ensuring legitimacy, and fully encrypting the details of the coin’s owners. Decentralization of this currency has been done, due to which both the gov and the bank cannot control it.
Hope you like this blog; you will get some information from it. Today, the time of the entire world depends on this digitization. Digital currency is considered as another form of money. This digital currency cannot be touched, you can use it to buy many things through it. Yes, there are some countries where the use of bitcoin has been outlawed, but some are believed to be making plans to make it legal in the coming years. | <urn:uuid:6f57bd9d-7739-4d09-8b76-9c03c60ff962> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.uitvconnect.com/newspaper/what-are-the-types-and-benefits-of-cryptocurrency-and-digital-currency/amp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949093.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330004340-20230330034340-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.962314 | 920 | 3.09375 | 3 |
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- Industry context
Last edited 26 Sep 2017
Expert determination is a form of alternative dispute resolution in which an independent third party who is an expert in the subject to be considered is appointed to decide the dispute. The expert’s decision is binding on the parties, unless the parties agree otherwise at the outset.
Expert determination is particularly suited to valuation disputes or technical issues which can be determined by a technical expert, rather than detailed legal issues. It can also be used for issues such as rent reviews, insurance wording disputes, fitness for purpose, and boundary disputes. It is ideally suited to multi-party disputes because of its informality and flexibility.
The expert is someone who has been agreed by the parties to be such. The person can be agreed prior to a dispute arising, or can be appointed by the relevant institute or association that the expert represents.
A lawyer may be appointed as the expert, or ‘expert tribunals’ can be formed consisting of one lawyer and one expert, typically with the lawyer having the final say. This is particularly useful where there is a mixture of technical and legal issues to resolve.
Expert determination is generally simpler and cheaper than arbitration or court proceedings, and can be used as a short cut to a binding decision. Unlike arbitration, the expert does not need to refer back to the parties before making the decision.
Expert determination may be written into the parties’ contract as a means of resolving any disputes, or it may be used to resolve an existing dispute in preference to the system set out in the contract. It is often used in conjunction with another dispute resolution system, such as mediation. The parties are able to resolve parts of a dispute about which they would prefer not to mediate, thereby reducing the time taken and costs.
Some of the advantages of using expert determination include:
- It is a confidential procedure which is less adversarial and helps parties maintain a working relationship.
- It provides a cost and time efficient solution for resolving disputes.
- The procedures are controlled by the parties rather than a court or arbitration rules.
- Unless otherwise agreed, the outcome is final and binding on the parties.
- An expert can be appointed who is familiar with the technical issues.
In England and Wales, an expert’s determination can be enforced in legal proceedings. Courts in other jurisdictions however, may not readily enforce an expert’s determination, and therefore disputes arising out of some international contracts may be better resolved by another dispute resolution method.
Find out more
Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
- Adjudicators and bias.
- Alternative dispute resolution.
- Civil procedure rules.
- Construction disputes.
- Contract negotiation.
- Dispute resolution boards.
- Expert evaluation.
- Expert witness.
- Negotiation techniques.
- Zone of possible agreement.
External resources
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The performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective. | <urn:uuid:06f47980-a0e0-45fa-97cb-00e6bc96772c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Expert_determination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203529.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324230359-20190325012359-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.926608 | 768 | 2.84375 | 3 |
When it comes to wall assemblies, you can have your cake and eat it too!
I grew up in a home built in 1911. Houses were different back then. This home had sawdust for insulation and single pane windows. As it got colder, we put more wood in the fireplace. There were days in the winter when the house was so hot that we kept the front door open to cool off the home. Neighbours would drive by and think, “There are those Crazy Clays, it is -20° and they have their doors wide open!” That was the past.
Conserving energy was not a concern, since we just put another log on the fire. Firewood was free. Insulating the wall and achieving air tightness was just not a priority.
Homes eventually made a move to oil/gas fired furnaces. This new fuel cost more than the wood, which was free, so energy efficiency became more important. Thus, people began to place a greater emphasis on putting insulation between the studs.
In the 1970’s, the energy crisis hit us hard. We increased the insulation levels even further, and improved air tightness. The vapour barrier poly sheathing became standard construction. While increasing insulation values and airtightness can be a good thing, it can also have some negative consequences. Remember the condo crisis with wall assemblies rotting from the inside out?
Allow me to share a building science principle.
Take one cold coke out of your fridge and put it on your coffee table. Take another one out of the pantry and put it beside the first coke can. Wait 5 minutes. What do you notice? Yes, the can out of the fridge has accumulated condensation on the outside of the can, while the other is dry. Moisture in the air condenses on cold surfaces.
One important objective of a well-built wall assembly is to warm up surfaces where condensation may occur.
There are three problems with traditional batt insulation:
- We can stuff only so much insulation between the studs. There is a limit.
- Eliminate thermal bridging. While insulation has an R-value of 22, the wood studs have an R-value of around 6. The framing is about 23% of the wall. So 23% of the wall is only R-6. The wood promotes thermal bridging.
- Poly sheeting does not allow the wall assembly to breathe.
Is there a better way?
Dr. Joe Lstiburek is a world-renowned building science expert. He has been a proponent of the perfect wall assembly. This wall assembly reduces thermal transfer and keeps the exterior sheathing warmer, thus reducing the propensity for moisture buildup.
For greater detail on this wall assembly, see my article, The Perfect Wall.
By choosing the correct wall assembly, you will achieve the following benefits:
- Thermal transfer is eliminated.
- Inside of the exterior sheathing is now warmer reducing the propensity for condensation.
- Effective R-value can easily double.
- No poly sheeting allows the wall assembly to breathe.
I speak to builders who remember the condo crisis. They make comments like, “I just slash the poly, so that the wall can breathe.” This is prehistoric thinking; there is a better way. Why sacrifice air tightness to improve the breathability when building science proves you can have both?
Homes of the future will be more energy efficient and air tight. This wall assembly will breathe and be free of moisture and mildew, making homes healthier. Yes, you can have your cake and eat it too! | <urn:uuid:ab4b4161-884d-4b87-95a1-ce8474f86c97> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://clayconstruction.ca/wall-assemblies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949506.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330225648-20230331015648-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.947401 | 755 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Overview: Urban High Plateau Bolivia
The sister cities of La Paz and El Alto, with a combined population of 2 million, dominate Bolivia’s urban high plateau.
As recently as 30 years ago, El Alto was a sleepy suburb of cosmopolitan La Paz. Today it is a booming slum town of ramshackle houses for hundreds of thousands of indigenous Aymará families. The Aymará came from the rural highlands where they worked in silver and tin mines until widespread closures forced them to head for cities in search of work. The Aymará brought to El Alto (“The Heights”) their hopes for a better life along with their traditional Andean customs, including a native language that keeps them economically and socially isolated from neighboring La Paz.
La Paz is a bowl-shaped city ringed by towering, snow-capped Andean peaks. At 12,000 feet, it is frequently labeled the highest capital city in the world. In actuality, the Bolivian capital lies in Sucre, 260 miles to the southeast. La Paz, nevertheless, is home to Bolivia’s executive and legislative branches and is undeniably the pulsing commercial and cultural heart of the republic.
La Paz is known for its churches, skyscrapers, museums, festivals and open-air markets where indigenous culture is on display. Aymarán Yatiris — traditional healers who use incantation and herbs such as the coca leaf — make for a colorful sight on market days in their bowler hats and shawls, selling curios and remedies.
The mountains and glaciers that ring La Paz-El Alto — long a source of pride — have become cause for concern. Water taps in urban areas are running dry and population growth is just partly to blame. The disappearance of several majestic glaciers, which Bolivians have long depended on for water, electricity and crop irrigation, is thought to be the culprit. The towering Illimani, which locals call the “guardian” of La Paz, is the most visible snowcapped peak in retreat. | <urn:uuid:debf8f53-d6b1-4e9d-a0f5-6abacc9104ad> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.compassion.com/bolivia/la-paz.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463420.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00315-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9517 | 434 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This makes self-treatment essential, which if not performed properly can negatively influence their health. All of these factors can lead to financial hardships and distress upon those in rural locations. Similarly, people in city locations can also suffer medically due to the higher cost of living. They may struggle to pay bills resulting in them having public health care. Due to the lack of hospital beds and long waiting periods, they will have an increase of pain and distress, resulting in a negative impact on their health.
SUMMARYBackground: Ocular trauma is a leading cause of monocular blindness worldwide. Indeveloping countries, eye injuries are not only more common but also more severe in theireffect and this may be attributed to socioeconomic background, inadequate safety measures,lack of optimum treatment facilities, use of traditional eye medication and poor education. Objective: To determine the pattern of eye injuries and their visual outcome in TeachingHospitals in Enugu State. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at the eye clinicsand emergency units of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku/ Ozalla and theEnugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital, Park Lane
From an economic standpoint, euthanasia is a brilliant alternative. Though many see it as unethical, it may be relieving for the victims to know that once they’ve passed they’re no longer considered burdens to their families. Though harsh, keeping a terminally ill person alive for a year costs no less than $55,000, dying in a dignified way is their last resort when they know their condition is not going to improve. Many patients with incurable diseases have stated that the lengthy and expensive time and operations granted by their families are not worth the few extra months they get of spending time on Earth.
When an adult has to stay home from work they are losing money due to the fact that they are not getting paid to go to work and they have to spend money on medicine and doctors visits. In Addition, reams of money could be saved in not just the US but the whole world. As said by UNICEF, an organization that helps children all over the world “That $6.2 billion could be saved in treatment costs if the vaccines were more prominent in the world’s poorest countries. ” (“Should Any Vaccines Be Required for Children” n.pag.). When people in our world get vaccinations, they help others by not getting others sick so they are saving money on medical costs as well as the person that got the vaccine.
This concern is irrelevant for two main reasons: preventative care allows for larger health problems to be avoided if they’re caught sooner and when people are able to get treated by a physician they are able to take less time off work due to illness. In the long run, this will save the government money. If the government were to provide preventive care, terminal diseases could be caught early so that these diseases could be treated in their earlier stages. Catching these ailments early can help reduce the cost of what it may cost to treat these in the later stages of the disease. Also, according to Bruce Jaspen, a writer on forbes.com, sick days cost the government over $576B annually.
Furthermore, many of VF’s garment contractors were very small and operated on razor sharp margins with negligible buffer capital. These contractors were not well positioned to handle sudden fluctuations in their working capital, leave aside handling the effects of an economic crisis. One of VF’s Nicaraguan jeans suppliers which supplied close to 15 million pairs of jeans per year was affected by the crisis and decided to relocate to Vietnam and in the process provided VF with less than 3 months’ notice to find a replacement. VF had a hard time finding an alternate supplier. Second, the changing structure of the apparel industry was a major cause of concern for VF and could have long-term impacts on VF’s operations.
The lack of financial resources can be a big problem to access to health care. The lack of available finance is a barrier to health care for many Americans but access to health care is reduced most among minority populations. The irregular source of care is another reason why access to health is a disparity. Compared to white individuals ethnic or racial minorities are less likely to be able to visit the same doctor on a regular basis and tend to rely more on clinics and emergency rooms (News Medical Life Sciences). 5.
In recent years it has become apparent that regulations on cosmetic surgeries are greatly lacking because of the horrific outcomes of numerous procedures. Not only do “44% of cosmetic surgeons don’t have proper equipment” but “50% of patients receive inadequate care” (“Plastic Surgery Injury and Negligence Statistics”). That is inexcusable. America is known for being ahead in medicine and surgeries, yet they fall behind when it comes to the safety of their patients. Other countries prioritize the well-being of the patients by creating rules and regulations, but it appears that America lacks in these aspects in the medical world.
The number of Certified Nursing Assistance (CNA) to patients or residents is becoming a horrible problem. Patients do not get all the care they need or deserve because the certified nursing assistant ratio to patient is not what it should be. Certified nursing assistant jobs are not an exciting or even a job you would think about perusing, but it is an important job for people that can not take care of themselves like they should. Especially for people with dementia, ole timers, or any other illness. Only California, Nevada, Texas, Ohio, Connecticut, Illinois, Washington, and Oregon have a law where you have only a certain number of patients to CNA’s for each shift.
Corruption in the health sector can be life threatening and poor people are the ones which are mostly affected by this since the medical staff may demand bribes to attend to patients, for skipping the queue and also they may use medicines of a sub-standard quality. World Bank surveys show that in some countries a maximum of 80% of the non-salary health funds never reaches local facilities. The following table taken from the world bank website provides a brief summary of the evidence available for the health sector in Ghana, Peru, Tanzania and Uganda. Where there is high leakage clearly shows inadequate funding making good service seem impossible. This means that the people are unfairly treated since the patients have to pay the expenses of what was supposed to be free health
“Many Americans have not been able to keep their doctors as insurers try to offset the added cost of Obamacare by limiting the number of providers in their network” (5 Reasons 1). This could cause many problems for people who are away from home and in need of medical assistance. There is a significant chance that the nearest doctor many not be in their network as around 50% of insurance networks will be limited under Obamacare. Further than that, “40% are classified as ‘ultra-narrow’” (5 Reasons 1).
It is unrealistic because not all people can afford health care, for example the Lacks family because “Henrietta’s family can’t even go see a doctor because they can’t afford it” (Skloot, 2010, p. 180). The quality of health care all depends on what kind of insurance people have and if they have the money to afford it. Also, there are still limitations to treat or cure certain diseases that people have, such as HIV, diabetes, and more, so quality health for all is impossible today. However, many scientists and researchers are working on it to cure those diseases and medical progress has come far compared to the
Finally they explain what steps they believe that should have been taken in order to help the citizens of New Orleans. They explain that the federal government non ability to handle the health care crisis especially when they had the chance to show the world the power of the United States. They first suggest that President Bush could have better distributed funds to the affected area and people by better supporting clinics running. Also they could have helped prevent the mental health care problems that would have followed the disaster through giving those in need access to mental health care. They also show how the 5 month period to get those in need as too long and the government should create an emergency Medicare system that can be called on incase of disaster.
The main cause of this is the disparity between federal and private sector salaries. In an effort to remedy this situation, due to the number of enrollees who reside in rural or highly rural communities, the VA offers recruitment and retention bonuses along with student loan repayment in order to entice physicians to work in rural areas. This is why the VHA has attempted to make rural outreach a priority, by creating the Office of Rural Health to address the concerns and needs of rural veterans. The biggest of these concerns involved lack of access to healthcare because of transportation difficulties that include travel distances, lack of transportation, or the inability to drive, these issues affect 33% of rural residents (Buzza, et. al.).
There is wide-spread anxiety about this procedure, but it is usually simple and safe. It does entail insertion of a needle, and it is therefore uncomfortable. Also, about 25 percent of the people who undergo this procedure experience some headache after the fluid is removed, but it is server only about five percent of the cases. The procedure is difficult to perform and may need to be done under x-ray guidance if the person is extremely obese or has had pervious back surgery. | <urn:uuid:7a31d043-2258-425c-8cc6-e88bee7a1d10> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Essay-On-Cataract-Surgery-PJCVZLERG | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363337.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207075308-20211207105308-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.969029 | 1,967 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Rights Respecting School Award
As a rights-respecting school we teach our pupils about children’s rights and work hard to model and discuss ‘rights’ and ‘respect’ in all aspects of school life. This is achieved through curriculum areas, focused key stage assemblies, the school council, school policies, daily practices and the relationships between teachers/adults and children. When discussing children’s rights, we refer to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). This sets out the rights of every person under the age of eighteen and how these rights should be met. The UNCRC consists of 54 articles, each one detailing an individual right and, while many of them will be incorporated within our teaching and learning, we also felt it important to choose five key rights as a focus for the whole school. In consultation with our pupils, it was agreed that these would be:
- The right to learn (Article 28)
- The right to be safe (Articles 11,17,19, 32, 33, 34,35)
- The right to be healthy (Article 24)
- The right to be heard (Articles 12 and 13)
- The right to play (Article 31)
In June 2016, we were delighted to achieve Level 1 of the Rights Respecting School Award which recognises achievement in putting the UNCRC at the heart of a school’s ethos. The Rights Respecting School Award standards cover four key areas:
- Leading and managing a rights-respecting school
- Teaching and Learning about the Convention
- Creating and maintaining a rights-respecting ethos
- Empowering children and young people to become active citizens and learners
Mr Paul Harris, the Unicef schools advisor, sent the report which is attached below, to the school following his visit.
Rights Respecting Champions
Within this process, it is important that our pupils have the right to express their views and opinions. Article 12 of the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child states, “Every child has the right to say what they think in all matters affecting them, and to have their views taken seriously” and Article 13 states, “Every child must be free to say what they think and to seek and receive information as long as it is within the law.” As such, some pupils have been voted in as Rights Respecting Champions and have already been fundamental in reviewing and updating the school’s five core rights. They have also organised and led several pupil focus groups to ascertain the views of their peers around children’s rights and their everyday experiences in school. The responses will be fed back to the teachers, head teacher and school governors and ultimately help shape our school development plan. | <urn:uuid:8c21c7c1-5ce1-4f48-94ac-de86b0fa1df7> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.owlsmoorprimary.com/page/?title=The+Rights+Respecting+School+Award&pid=97 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874637.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021010156-20201021040156-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.966069 | 570 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Athletic Programs: Playing it Safe
Athletic sports embody everything about the competitive spirit while teaching players about team dynamics and the rules of fair play. But there is some degree of risk in playing the game – especially if the limits of strength, endurance and speed are pushed. “Athletes who push the limits sometimes don’t recognize their own limitations…,” says the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This can lead to injuries and illness, including sprains and strains, heat illness, concussions and heart failure.
Educational institutions, both public and private, and parks and recreation departments that sponsor competitive sports programs should have a safety and health program that promotes sound practices to help athletes play it safe and stay healthy. Programs may vary depending on the age of participants and the level of competition. In all cases, they should be reviewed routinely to help ensure they are current and comply with applicable state laws and athletic association bylaws as appropriate. They also should review the best practices promoted by athletic associations, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the National Federation of State High School Association, state high school and middle school athletic associations and coaches associations, among others.
Coaches, athletes, school officials and parents all play an important role in helping to ensure safe practices in competitive sports. When a player is not playing it safe or a health issue or injury is suspected, the player should be taken out of play. In instances of an injury or suspected injury or health issue, the player’s condition should be evaluated (including, as appropriate, an evaluation by a medical professional) and the player not returned to the game or sport program until medically released for play. Coaches and athletes should be trained in the signs and symptoms of health-related issues during conditioning, practice and play, including for heat illness, concussions and heart failure, among others, and take timely and appropriate responsive action to help mitigate the health impact.
Competitive sports – playing it safe programs and practices
Athletic programs should include sound risk control principles to help in injury prevention. Some program principles include, but are not limited to:
General risk management principles:
- Hire qualified, certified coaches and athletic trainers
- Establish and communicate a policy and procedure for reporting and addressing incidents of youth abuse and molestation. Educate all coaches, athletic trainers, athletes, other school officials and parents on your policy and procedure
- Ensure all paperwork is signed and received before the start of the season, including: Annual consent and acknowledgment of risk of injury forms and waivers signed by athletes and/or parent, good sportsmanship/conduct forms signed by athletes, annual proof of individual, parental or institutional health insurance (covering sport injuries), an annual medical exam/evaluation and immunization record from a qualified medical professional, giving clearance to play a particular sport
- Promote a drug-free environment
● Provide planned and supervised conditioning, practice, competition and travel
● Comply with applicable state laws and, for NCAA member institutions, all NCAA bylaws
Health, wellness and medical management:
- Have medical resources/qualified medical professionals in place in the event of an emergency, including the capability of early defibrillation per your state law
- Educate coaches and athletes on heat illness, sickle cell trait, heart disorders, staph infections (MRSA), sprain/strain and head injuries Put measures in place to mitigate the effects of extreme heat (rest breaks, fluids), and be prepared to respond to signs of heat illness. Provide conditioning and practice exercises within the capabilities of athletes for optimal readiness. Be aware of any medical restrictions for athletes regarding exercising and extreme heat. Teach athletes about the importance of good hygiene, especially regarding skin breaks, abrasions and skin infections, which could lead to staph infections/MRSA
- Have a written catastrophic injury response plan
- Have a written concussion management plan Consider the use of baseline testing for concussion management. Baseline testing provides a pre-injury capabilities score for memory, reaction times and cognitive processing and can help medical professionals make return-to-play decisions, post injury
- Review OSHA’s blood-borne pathogens standard to determine its applicability to your program
- Require a post-injury release form from a qualified medical professional before an injured athlete returns to play
Additional information for concussion mitigation and management
Concussions can be silent villains – the signs may not be readily detected. They can lead to brain damage, paralysis and, in some cases, death. To help coaches, athletes and parents identify and respond to concussions, a number of organizations offer information on concussion prevention and management, including the NCAA and the American Football Coaches Association. Additionally, the CDC, in partnership with leading organizations and experts, also provides Heads Up: Concussion in High School Sports. In addition to knowing the symptoms and what to do in the event of a concussion, “Heads Up” recommends a four-step Heads Up Action Plan before the season starts, as well as educating athletes and parents.
Facility and equipment:
- Use safety standards when purchasing mandated personal protective equipment. Maintain and repair equipment at all times. Have a process for athletes to inform coaching staff when equipment becomes unsafe or illegal
- Provide mandated protective equipment. Train athletes on and enforce use and proper fit
- Routinely inspect your athletic area/facility, including the warm up area, and playing fields for maintenance, repair and good housekeeping
- Be prepared for lightning. Education and prevention are key to avoiding risks associated with lightning strikes
An athletic program based on sound safety and health management principles can help schools and park and recreation departments play it safe!
The information provided in this document is provided by Travelers and is intended for use as a guideline and is not intended as, nor does it constitute, legal or professional advice. Travelers does not warrant that adherence to, or compliance with, any recommendations, best practices, checklists, or guidelines will result in a particular outcome. In no event will Travelers, or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, be liable in tort or in contract to anyone who has access to or uses this information for any purpose. Travelers does not warrant that the information in this document constitutes a complete and finite list of each and every item or procedure related to the topics or issues referenced herein. Furthermore, federal, state, provincial, municipal or local laws, regulations, standards or codes, as is applicable, may change from time to time and the user should always refer to the most current requirements. This material does not amend, or otherwise affect, the provisions or coverages of any insurance policy or bond issued by Travelers, nor is it a representation that coverage does or does not exist for any particular claim or loss under any such policy or bond. Coverage depends on the facts and circumstances involved in the claim or loss, all applicable policy or bond provisions, and any applicable law. | <urn:uuid:c9221991-2c4c-45a1-9871-d832d2ca14cc> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.mjsorority.com/resource/athletic-programs-playing-it-safe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514121.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118030549-20210118060549-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.946888 | 1,426 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Indian maritime history
Indian maritime history begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiated maritime trading contact with Mesopotamia. The Roman historian Strabo mentions an increase in Roman trade with India following the Roman annexation of Egypt. By the time of Augustus up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India. As trade between India and the Greco-Roman world increased spices became the main import from India to the Western world, bypassing silk and other commodities. Indians were present in Alexandria while Christian and Jew settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the Roman empire, which resulted in Rome's loss of the Red Sea ports, previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco-Roman world since the Ptolemaic dynasty. The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia during the 7th–8th century. Indians were the first settlers in Australia. 4230 years before they sailed from India to Australia with their dingoes. 11 percent of Aboriginal DNA is of Indian descent.
On orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore. The Portuguese Empire was the first European empire to grow from spice trade.
The National Maritime Day
5 April marks the National Maritime Day of India. On this day in 1919 navigation history was created when SS Loyalty, the first ship of The Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd., journeyed to the United Kingdom, a crucial step for India shipping history when sea routes were controlled by the British.
The region around the Indus river began to show visible increase in both the length and the frequency of maritime voyages by 3000 BCE. Optimum conditions for viable long-distance voyages existed in this region by 2900 BCE. Mesopotamian inscriptions indicate that Indian traders from the Indus valley—carrying copper, hardwoods, ivory, pearls, carnelian, and gold—were active in Mesopotamia during the reign of Sargon of Akkad (c. 2300 BCE). Gosch & Stearns write on the Indus Valley's pre-modern maritime travel: Evidence exists that Harrappans were bulk-shipping timber and special woods to Sumeria on ships and luxury items such as lapis lazuli. The trade in lapis lazuli was carried out from northern Afghanistan over eastern Iran to Sumeria but during the Mature Harrappan period an Indus colony was established at Shortugai in Central Asia near the Badakshan mines and the lapis stones were brought overland to Lothal in Gujarat and shipped to Oman, Bahrain and Mesopotamia.
Archaeological research at sites in Mesopotamia, Bahrain, and Oman has led to the recovery of artefacts traceable to the Indus Valley civilisation, confirming the information on the inscriptions. Among the most important of these objects are stamp seals carved in soapstone, stone weights, and colourful carnelian beads....Most of the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley was indirect. Shippers from both regions converged in Persian Gulf ports, especially on the island of Bahrain (known as Dilmun to the Sumerians). Numerous small Indus-style artefacts have been recovered at locations on Bahrain and further down the coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Oman. Stamp seals produced in Bahrain have been found at sites in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, strengthening the likelihood that the island may have acted as a redistribution point for goods coming from Mesopotamia and the Indus area....There are hints from the digs at Ur, a major Sumerian city-state on the Euphrates, that some Indus Valley merchants and artisans (bead makers) may have established communities in Mesopotamia.
The world's first dock at Lothal (2400 BCE) was located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt. Modern oceanographers have observed that the Harappans must have possessed great knowledge relating to tides in order to build such a dock on the ever-shifting course of the Sabarmati, as well as exemplary hydrography and maritime engineering. This was the earliest known dock found in the world, equipped to berth and service ships. It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks. This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the Gulf of Khambhat has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary. The engineers built a trapezoidal structure, with north-south arms of average 21.8 metres (71.5 ft), and east-west arms of 37 metres (121 ft).
Indian cartography locates the Pole star, and other constellations of use in navigational charts. These charts may have been in use by the beginning of the Common Era for purposes of navigation. Detailed maps of considerable length describing the locations of settlements, sea shores, rivers, and mountains were also made. The Periplus Maris Erythraei mentions a time when sea trade between India and Egypt did not involve direct sailings. The cargo under these situations was shipped to Aden:
Eudaimon Arabia was called fortunate, being once a city, when, because ships neither came from India to Egypt nor did those from Egypt dare to go further but only came as far as this place, it received the cargoes from both, just as Alexandria receives goods brought from outside and from Egypt.
It should be mentioned here that Tamil Pandya embassies were received by Augustus Caesar and Roman historians mention a total of four embassies from the Tamil country. Pliny famously mentions the expenditure of one million sestertii every year on goods such pepper, fine cloth and gems from the southern coasts of India. He also mentions 10,000 horses shipped to this region each year. Tamil and southern Sanskrit name inscriptions have been found in Luxor in Egypt. In turn Tamil literature from the Classical period mentions foreign ships arriving for trade and paying in gold for products. The first clear mention of a navy occurs in the mythological epic Mahabharata. Historically, however, the first attested attempt to organise a navy in India, as described by Megasthenes (c. 350—290 BCE), is attributed to Chandragupta Maurya (reign 322—298 BCE). The Mauryan empire (322–185 BCE) navy continued till the times of emperor Ashoka (reign 273—32 BCE), who used it to send massive diplomatic missions to Greece, Syria, Egypt, Cyrene, Macedonia and Epirus. Following nomadic interference in Siberia—one of the sources for India's bullion—India diverted its attention to the Malay peninsula, which became its new source for gold and was soon exposed to the world via a series of maritime trade routes. The period under the Mauryan empire also witnessed various other regions of the world engage increasingly in the Indian Ocean maritime voyages.
According to the historian Strabo (II.5.12.) the Roman trade with India trade initiated by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BCE kept increasing. Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the thriving maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power. In India, the ports of Barbaricum (modern Karachi), Barygaza, Muziris, Korkai, Kaveripattinam and Arikamedu on the southern tip of India were the main centres of this trade. The Periplus Maris Erythraei describes Greco—Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens, topaz, coral, storax, frankincense, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine" in exchange for "costus, bdellium, lycium, nard, turquoise, lapis lazuli, Seric skins, cotton cloth, silk yarn, and indigo". In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth.
The Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum was involved in the Indian Ocean trade network and was influenced by Roman culture and Indian architecture. Traces of Indian influences are visible in Roman works of silver and ivory, or in Egyptian cotton and silk fabrics used for sale in Europe. The Indian presence in Alexandria may have influenced the culture but little is known about the manner of this influence. Clement of Alexandria mentions the Buddha in his writings and other Indian religions find mentions in other texts of the period. The Indians were present in Alexandria and the Christian and Jew settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the Roman empire, which resulted in Rome's loss of the Red Sea ports, previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco—Roman world since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Early Common Era—High Middle Ages
Textiles from India were in demand in Egypt, East Africa, and the Mediterranean between the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, and these regions became overseas markets for Indian exports. In Java and Borneo, the introduction of Indian culture created a demand for aromatics, and trading posts here later served Chinese and Arab markets. The Periplus Maris Erythraei names several Indian ports from where large ships sailed in an easterly direction to Khruse. Products from the Maluku Islands that were shipped across the ports of Arabia to the Near East passed through the ports of India and Sri Lanka. After reaching either the Indian or the Sri Lankan ports, products were sometimes shipped to East Africa, where they were used for a variety of purposes including burial rites.
The Chola dynasty (200—1279) reached the peak of its influence and power during the medieval period. Emperors Rajaraja Chola I (reigned 985-1014) and Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1012-1044) extended the Chola kingdom beyond the traditional limits. At its peak, the Chola Empire stretched from the island of Sri Lanka in the south to the Godavari basin in the north. The kingdoms along the east coast of India up to the river Ganges acknowledged Chola suzerainty. Chola navies invaded and conquered Srivijaya in Maritime Southeast Asia. Goods and ideas from India began to play a major role in the "southernization" of the wider world from this period.
Quilon or Kollam in Kerala coast, once called Desinganadu, has had a high commercial reputation since the days of the Phoenicians and Romans. Fed by the Chinese trade, it was mentioned by Ibn Battuta in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen in the course of his travels during twenty-four years. The Kollam Port become operational in AD.825. opened Desinganadu's rulers were used to exchange the embassies with Chinese rulers and there was flourishing Chinese settlement at Quilon. The Indian commercial connection with Southeast Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia between the 7th and 8th centuries CE. Merchant Sulaiman of Siraf in Persia (9th Century) found Quilon to be the only port in India, touched by the huge Chinese junks, on his way from Carton of Persian Gulf. Marco Polo, the great Venician traveller, who was in Chinese service under Kublahan in 1275, visited Kollam and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin.
The Abbasids used Alexandria, Damietta, Aden and Siraf as entry ports to India and China. Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of musk, camphor, ambergris and sandalwood to Ibn Ziyad, the sultan of Yemen. The kingdoms of Vijaynagara and Kalinga established footholds in Malaya, Sumatra and Western Java.
The Cholas excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia. Towards the end of the 9th century, southern India had developed extensive maritime and commercial activity. The Cholas, being in possession of parts of both the west and the east coasts of peninsular India, were at the forefront of these ventures. The Tang dynasty (618–907) of China, the Srivijaya empire in Maritime Southeast Asia under the Sailendras, and the Abbasid Kalifat at Baghdad were the main trading partners.
During the reign of Pandya Parantaka Nedumjadaiyan (765–790), the Chera dynasty were a close ally of the Pallavas. Pallavamalla Nadivarman defeated the Pandya Varaguna with the help of a Chera king. Cultural contacts between the Pallava court and the Chera country were common. Indian spice exports find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150 CE), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century). Chinese traveler Xuanzang mentions the town of Puri where "merchants depart for distant countries."
Hindu and Buddhist religious establishments of Southeast Asia came to be associated with economic activity and commerce as patrons entrusted large funds which would later be used to benefit local economy by estate management, craftsmanship and promotion of trading activities. Buddhism, in particular, travelled alongside the maritime trade, promoting coinage, art and literacy.
Late Middle Ages—British Raj
Trading Christians missionaries, such as Saint Francis Xavier, were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the East. Christianity competed with Islam to become the dominant religion of the Maluku Islands. However, the natives of these so-called “Spice Islands” accommodated aspects of both religions easily. Ma Huan (1413–51) reached Cochin and noted that Indian coins, known as fanam, were issued in Cochin and weighed a total of one fen and one li according to the Chinese standards. They were of fine quality and could be exchanged in China for 15 silver coins of four-li weight each.[unreliable source?]
On the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope In 1497, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. The first Dutch expedition left from Amsterdam (April 1595) for South East Asia. Another Dutch convoy sailed in 1598 and returned one year later with 600,000 pounds of spices and other Indian products. The United East India Company forged alliances with the principal producers of cloves and nutmeg.
Shivaji Bhonsle (reign 1664—1680) maintained a navy under the charge of general Kanhoji Angre (served 1698—1729). The initial advances of the Portuguese were checked by this navy, which also effectively relieved the traffic and commerce in India's west coast of Portuguese threat. The Maratha navy also checked the English East India Company, until the navy itself underwent a decline due to the policies of general Nanasaheb (reign 1740 – 1761).
British Raj – Modern Period
The British East India Company shipped substantial quantities of spices during the early 17th century. Rajesh Kadian (2006) examines the history of the British navy in as the British Raj was established in India:
In 1830 ships of the British East India Company were designated as the Indian navy. However, in 1863, it was disbanded when Britain's Royal Navy took control of the Indian Ocean. About thirty years later, the few small Indian naval units were called the Royal Indian Marine (RIM). In the wake of World War I, Britain, exhausted in manpower and resources, opted for expansion of the RIM. Consequently, on 2 October 1934, the RIM was reincarnated as the Royal Indian Navy (RIN).
The Indian rulers weakened with the advent of the European powers. Shipbuilders, however, continued to build ships capable of carrying 800 to 1000 tons. The shipbuilders at the Bombay Dockyard built ships like the HMS Hindostan (1795) and HMS Ceylon (1808), inducted into the Royal Navy. The historical ships made by Indian shipbuilders included HMS Asia (1824) (commanded by Edward Codrington during the Battle of Navarino in 1827), the frigate HMS Cornwallis (1813) (onboard which the Treaty of Nanking was signed in 1842), and the HMS Minden (on which The Star Spangled Banner was composed by Francis Scott Key). David Arnold examines the role of Indian shipbuilders during the British Raj:
Shipbuilding was a well-established craft at numerous points along the Indian coastline long before the arrival of the Europeans and was a significant factor in the high level of Indian maritime activity in the Indian Ocean region....As with cotton textiles, European trade was initially a stimulus to Indian shipbuilding: vessels built in ports like Masulipatam and Surat from Indian hardwoods by local craftsmen were cheaper and tougher than their European counterparts.
Between the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries Indian shipyards produced a series of vessels incorporating these hybrid features. A large proportion of them were built in Bombay, where the Company had established a small shipyard. In 1736 Parsi carpenters were brought in from Surat to work there and, when their European supervisor died, one of the carpenters, Lowji Nuserwanji Wadia, was appointed Master Builder in his place.
Wadia oversaw the construction of thirty-five ships, twenty-one of them for the Company. Following his death in 1774, his sons took charge of the shipyard and between them built a further thirty ships over the next sixteen years. The Britannia, a ship of 749 tons launched in 1778, so impressed the Court of Directors when it reached Britain that several new ships were commissioned from Bombay, some of which later passed into the hands of the Royal Navy. In all, between 1736 and 1821, 159 ships of over 100 tons were built at Bombay, including 15 of over 1,000 tons. Ships constructed at Bombay in its heyday were said to be ‘vastly superior to anything built anywhere else in the world’.
Contemporary Era (1947–present)
In 1947, the Republic of India’s navy consisted of 33 ships, and 538 officers to secure a coastline of more than 4,660 miles (7,500 km) and 1,280 islands. The Indian navy conducted annual Joint Exercises with other Commonwealth navies throughout the 1950s. The navy saw action during various of the country's wars, including Indian integration of Junagadh, the liberation of Goa, the 1965 war, and the 1971 war. Following difficulty in obtaining spare parts from the Soviet Union, India also embarked upon a massive indigenous naval designing and production programme aimed at manufacturing destroyers, frigates, corvettes, and submarines.
India's Coast Guard Act was passed in August 1978. The Indian Coast Guard participated in counter terrorism operations such as Operation Cactus. During contemporary times the Indian navy was commissioned in several United Nations peacekeeping missions. The navy also repatriated Indian nationals from Kuwait during the first Gulf War. Rajesh Kadian (2006) holds that: "During the Kargil War (1999), the aggressive posture adopted by the navy played a role in convincing Islamabad and Washington that a larger conflict loomed unless Pakistan withdrew from the heights.".
As a result of the growing strategic ties with the western world the Indian navy has conducted joint exercises with its western counterparts, including the United States Navy, and has obtained latest naval equipment from its western allies. Better relations with the United States of America and Israel have led to joint patrolling of the Straits of Malacca.
This section needs to be updated.(September 2016)
|Name||Cargo Handled (06-07) '000 tonnes||% Increase (over 05-06)||Vessel Traffic (05-06)||% Increase (over 04-05)||Container Traffic (05-06) '000 TEUs||% Increase (over 04-05)|
|Kolkata (Kolkata Dock System & Haldia Dock Complex)||55,050||3.59%||2,853||07.50%||313||09.06%|
|New Mangalore Port||32,042||-06.99%||1,087||01.87%||10||11.11%|
|J.N.P.T, Navi Mumbai||44,818||18.45%||2,395||03.06%||2,267||-04.39%|
|All Indian Ports||463,843||9.51%||19,796||08.64%||4,744||12.07%|
- Gosch & Stearns, 12
- Young, 20
- "At any rate, when Gallus was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Kingdom of Aksum (Ethiopia), and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise." —"The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917".
- Ball, 131
- Ball, 137
- Lach, 18
- Curtin, 100
- Holl, 9
- Lindsay, 101
- Donkin, 59
- Migrants from India settled in Australia 4,000 years ago before Captain Cook's arrival
- "Gama, Vasco da". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.
- Gosch & Stearns, 7
- Gosch & Stearns, 9
- Gosch & Stearns, 12–13
- Rao, 27–28
- Rao, 28–29
- Sircar, 330
- Sircar, 327
- Young, 19
- Chakravarti (1930)
- Shaffer (2001) Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "shaffer309" defined multiple times with different content
- Lach, 13
- Halsall, Paul. "Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century". Fordham University.
- Donkin, 64
- Donkin, 92
- Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, 5
- Kulke & Rothermund, 115
- Rajendra Chola I completed the conquest of the island of Sri Lanka and captured the Sinhala king Mahinda V. Nilakanta Sastri, The CōĻas pp 194–210.
- Majumdar, 407
- The kadaram campaign is first mentioned in Rajendra's inscriptions dating from his 14th year. The name of the Srivijaya king was Sangrama Vijayatungavarman—Nilakanta Sastri, The CōĻas, 211–220.
Shaffer, Lynda Noreen (2001). "Southernization". In Adas, Michael. Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History. Critical perspectives on the past. American Historical Association. Temple University Press. p. 308. ISBN 9781566398329. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
The term 'southernization' [...] is used [...] to refer to a multifaceted process that began in Southern Asia and spread from there [...]. The process included [...] many interrelated strands of development[:] [...] the metallurgical, the medical, [...] the literary [...] the development of mathematics; the production and marketing of subtropical or tropical spices; the pioneering of new trade routes; the cultivation, processing, and marketing of southern crops such as sugar and cotton; and the development of various related technologies. [...] Southernization was well under way in Southern Asia by the fifth century C.E.
- Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1958) . History of South India (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Kollam - Mathrubhumi
- "Page No.710, International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania". Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- Short History of Kollam
- Donkin, 91–92
- Kulke & Rothermund, 116–117
- Kulke & Rothermund, 12
- Kulke & Rothermund, 118
- Kulke & Rothermund, 124
- Tripathi, 465
- Tripathi, 477
- Nilakanta Sastri, The CōĻas, 604
- See A History of South India – pp 146 – 147
- Donkin, 65
- Donkin, 67
- Donkin, 69
- Corn & Glasserman 1999
- Corn & Glasserman, 105
- Chaudhuri, 223
- Donkin, 169
- Sardesai, 53–56, Shivaji Bhonsle and Heirs
- Sardesai, 293–296, Peshwai and Pentarchy
- Kadian (2006)
- Arnold, 101–102
- The navy was used in national integration by ferrying troops and securing the coast during the Junagadh state operations—Rajesh Kadian (2006).
- the Indian navy, among other actions, sank the Portuguese frigate Afonso de Albuquerque—Rajesh Kadian (2006).
- The navy's fortunes were greatly restored in 1971. After East Pakistan (Bangladesh) seceded, leading to civil war between Pakistan's two wings, the Indian navy trained four task forces of riverine guerrillas. Those frogmen sank or damaged over 100,000 tons of shipping in four months and disrupted ports and inland waterways, the lifeline of the country. In December, after the war formally started, an imaginative, daring raid by Osa missile boats on Karachi harbor sank two warships, damaged others, and ignited oil storage facilities. The Indian armed forces conducted amphibious landings for the first time toward the end of the war—Rajesh Kadian (2006).
- It should be remembered that the Indian Ocean, including the entire coast of Africa, had been explored centuries ago by Indian navigators. Indian ships frequented the East African ports and certainly knew Madagascar. Whether they had rounded the Cape and sailed up the west coast is not known with any certainty.
- Panikkar, K. M. (1953). Asia and Western dominance, a survey of the Vasco da Gama epoch of Asian history, 1498-1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
- The Indian Ocean had from time immemorial been the scene of intense commercial trade. Indian ships had from the beginning of history sailed across the Arabian Sea up to the Red Sea ports and maintained intimate cultural and commercial connections with Egypt, Israel and other countries of the Near East. Long before Hippalus disclosed the secret of the monsoon to the Romans, Indian navigators had made use of these winds and sailed to Bab‑el‑Mandeb. To the east, Indian mariners had gone as far as Borneo and flourishing Indian colonies had existed for over 1,200 years in Malaya, the islands of Indonesia, in Cambodia, Champa and other areas of the coast. Indian ships from Quilon made regular journeys to the South China coast. A long tradition of maritime life was part of the history of Peninsular India...
- Panikkar, K. M. (1953). Asia and Western dominance, a survey of the Vasco da Gama epoch of Asian history, 1498-1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
- The supremacy of India in the waters that washed her coast was unchallenged till the rise of Arab shipping under the early khalifs. But the Arabs and Hindus competed openly, and the idea of ‘sovereignty over the sea’ except in narrow straits was unknown to Asian conception. It is true that the Sri Vijaya Empire dominating the Straits of Malacca exercised control of shipping through that sea lane for two centuries, but there was no question at any time of any Asian power exercising or claiming the right to control traffic in open seas. It follows from this conception of the freedom of the seas that Indian rulers who maintained powerful navies like the Chola Emperors, or the Zamorins, used it only for the protection of the coast, for putting down piracy and, in case of war, for carrying and escorting troops across the seas.
- Ancient Tamil literature and the Greek and Roman authors prove that in the first two centuries of the Christian era the ports on the Coromandel or Cholamandal coast enjoyed the benefits of active commerce with both East and West. The Chola fleets.....uncrossed the Indian ocean to the islands of the Malaya Archipelago.
- Early History of India - By Vincent Smith p. 415
- Radhakumud Mookerji (1912). Indian Shipping - A history of the sea-borne trade and maritime activity of the Indians from the earliest times. Longmans, Green and Co., Bombay.
- Mehta, Asoka (1940). Indian Shipping: A case study of the working of Imperialism. N.T.Shroff, Bombay.
- Jean-François Salles, Achaemenid and Hellenistic Trade in the Indian Ocean, in: Julian Reade (ed.) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996a, 133–208 Possehl, Gregory. Meluhha. in: J. Reade (ed.) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996, 133–208
|40x40px||Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maritime history of India.|
- Arnold, David (2004), The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56319-4.
- Ball, Warwick (2000), Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-11376-8.
- Chakravarti, P. C. (1930), "Naval Warfare in ancient India", The Indian Historical Quarterly, 4 (4): 645–664.
- Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985), Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28542-9.
- Corn, Charles & Glasserman, Debbie (1999), The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade, Kodansha, ISBN 1-56836-249-8.
- Curtin, Philip DeArmond etc. (1984), Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-26931-8.
- Donkin, Robin A. (2003), Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans, Diane Publishing Company, ISBN 0-87169-248-1.
- Gosch, Stephen S. & Stearns, Peter N. (2007), Premodern Travel in World History, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-92695-1.
- Hermann & Rothermund (2001), A History of India, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-32920-5.
- Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003), Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements, Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-0407-1.
- Kadian, Rajesh (2006), "Armed Forces", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 1) edited by Stanley Wolpet, pp. 47–55.
- Kulke & Rothermund (2001), A History of India, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-32920-5.
- Lach, Donald Frederick (1994), Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-46731-7.
- Lindsay, W.S. (2006), History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce, Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 0-543-94253-8.
- Majumdar, R.C. (1987), Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, ISBN 81-208-0436-8.
- Nilakanta Sastri, K.A (1984), The CōĻas, University of Madras.
- Nilakanta Sastri, K.A (2002), A History of South India, Oxford University Press.
- Rao, S. R. (1985), Lothal, Archaeological Survey of India.
- Sardesai, D.R. (2006), "Peshwai and Pentarchy", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 3) edited by Stanley Wolpet, pp. 293–296.
- Sardesai, D.R. (2006), "Shivaji Bhonsle and Heirs", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 4) edited by Stanley Wolpet, pp. 53–56.
- Shaffer, Lynda N. (2001), "Southernization", Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History edited by Michael Adas, Temple University Press, ISBN 1-56639-832-0.
- Sircar, D.C. (1990), Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN 81-208-0690-5.
- Tripathi, Rama Sankar (1967), History of Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, ISBN 81-208-0018-4.
- Young, Gary Keith (2001), Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-24219-3.
Jean-François Salles, Achaemenid and Hellenistic Trade in the Indian Ocean, in: Julian Reade (ed.) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996a, 133–208 Possehl, Gregory. Meluhha. in: J. Reade (ed.) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996, 133–208
- Maritime Heritage of India. K.S. Behera (Ed.) 1999. New Delhi: Aryan Books International
- Julian Reade (ed.) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996
- Ship-building Bibliography
- Ancient Ship-Building & Maritime Trade D. P. Agrawal & Lalit Tiwari
- ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE MARITIME HISTORY OF ANCIENT ORISSA
- Seafearing in Ancient India
- ANTIQUITY OF SAILING SHIPS OF INDIAN OCEAN: EVIDENCE FROM ANCIENT INDIAN ART
- Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline
- Maritime Lanka | <urn:uuid:2d7fef75-a5dd-4a34-bb5f-c5111533df1e> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://en.dharmapedia.net/wiki/Indian_maritime_history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863206.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619212507-20180619232507-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.909479 | 7,516 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Legendary Four-handed Buddha Pagoda
By Hoang Tham
Crossing immense golden paddy fields from Long Xuyen City, tourists will arrive in Nui Sap Township (Thoai Son District). Traveling some 10km, they will reach Oc Eo Township, which is considered the cradle of Oc Eo culture and civilization by archaeologists.
|Four-handed Buddha Pagoda in Oc Eo Township, An Giang Province|
Oc Eo culture is a common name of the civilization of the legendary Kingdom of Funan in the southern region. After some 1,500 years of natural and historical vicissitudes, the culture has fallen into oblivion.
In Oc Eo Township, there is a pagoda often called Chùa Pht Bn Tay (Four-handed Buddha Pagoda) or Linh Sn C T (Linh Son Ancient Pagoda) by local people.
From Oc Eo Market following an asphalted road southeastern of Ba The Mountain, tourists will see the entrance of the pagoda on the mountain slope, with two porcelain lion statues welcoming guests. Climbing the multistairs, tourists will enter the main three-door gate of the pagoda. On either side of the gate are four parallel sentences and four lines of Chinese characters promoting the dharma.
Entering the yard, tourists seem to be lost in a peaceful space with tall shade trees and breezes, and the rustling of dry leaves on the ground.
The main hall of Linh Son Pagoda in Oc Eo worships a four-handed Buddha statue. The statue was made of black stone with a rotund appearance and open eyes performing yogic meditation posture. The Buddha wears an indigo-blue dress and a hat like that of a Tibetan Lama, and holds a scarce objects in all his four hands. The upper right hand holds a necklace, the upper left hand exorcises by clasping, the lower right hand holds a small bell, and the lower left hand holds a pearl.
According to legends and the master monk of the pagoda Thich Thien Tri, in 1913, when the French authority built roads and Ba The police station at the foot of the mountain, locals found an intact black-stone statue, which has four hands and is 1.7m tall, buried two meters underground. Local Khmer people had strong young men carry the statue up the mountain to worship, as they believed that it was the statue of Neata Phrom, the God of Mountain. But they could not do so because the statue was too heavy. They then asked local elders to set up an altar and pray, and the statue was easily carried to where it is now.
Two schist steles, each being 1.8m tall, 80cm wide and 20cm thick, were also found. The steles were curved with ancient characters that no one could read. Locals then built Linh Son Pagoda to worship the four-handed Buddha.
According to researchers, this four-handed Buddha is in fact the statue of Vishnu with the seven-headed God Snake of Nga. The ancient scripts carved on the steles have not yet been deciphered, but they are considered to have the same origin with Brahmi scripts used by Indian people between the second and the sixth centuries A.D.
At the back of the pagoda, near Nam Linh Son archaeological site, is a four-branch Dipterocarpus alatus which is almost 50 meters tall. Locals call it cây Bn Ngón (four-fingered tree), considering them the fingers of Buddha. | <urn:uuid:69ae4aa8-d53c-46f7-beab-a2491713384a> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://en.baomoi.com/Home/travel/english.thesaigontimes.vn/Legendary-Fourhanded-Buddha-Pagoda/245418.epi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142388/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955934 | 756 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Healthy sleep is essential to a well-functioning person, it is even more important for children and adolescents to consistently get healthy sleep because it’s instrumental to their growth and development. What is alarming is that twenty-five to forty percent (25-40%) of studies indicate that children and teenagers have sleep problems (Mindell and Meltzer 2008). Children and adolescents with ADHD, autism, and anxiety disorders are most likely to have sleep problems in addition to their diagnosis.
Sleep difficulties in children can be especially troublesome for parents as they can affect the entire family. When a child with autism isn’t sleeping, other family members typically aren’t either. To help your child who is having sleep difficulties, it’s important to know the root cause. Once a cause or sleep disorder is identified, the appropriate treatment option can be determined.
Sleep Tips for Children with ASD and Sleep Problems
Whether your child has been diagnosed with a sleep disorder or just has problems sleeping, these tips are for you! Any child or adult can benefit from good sleep hygiene and consistent routines. When making changes to your family’s sleep schedule, make small changes first. Start with one change at a time and slowly add in others. It takes a while to form a habit – stick with whatever you decide to change for at least two weeks to see if it makes a notable difference for your family.
Setting the Sleep Mood
Bedrooms should be comfortable, quiet, and dark for successful sleep. Avoid screens and noise when the child is falling asleep. Consistent background noise, like a noise machine or fan, could be soothing for some people.
Determine if your child likes a certain type of pajamas, noise, or no noise, and a little or no light in their bedroom. Use what they prefer for their bedtime routine.
Bedtime habits can make all the difference in getting anyone to fall asleep at or shortly after their bedtime. Starting a short and predictable routine 15-30 minutes before bedtime is recommended. This routine should be calming and done in a relaxing environment. It can be helpful to complete the routine in the child’s bedroom. However, completing part of the routine in the living room or another area of the house is okay, if there aren’t any distractions, noises, or other hindrances in those settings.
Each step should be done in the same order every night. This process can be assisted with the use of a bedtime checklist or visual schedule depending on the person’s needs. This process should include changing into pajamas, going to the bathroom, and brushing teeth. Reading a book to or with a child can help calm them and give them individualized attention before bed, as well. You can personalize the bedtime routine for your child in any way you think is appropriate for them.
Consistency Counts (Sheep)
When it comes to optimal sleep, keeping your children on a consistent schedule including bedtime, naptimes, and mealtimes is beneficial.
Bedtime – Choose a bedtime for your child and keep it. Having a set bedtime and wake time seven days a week is recommended. The bedtime should work well with your life, activities, and for your child’s age. When you set a consistent bedtime, the bedtime routine can also occur at a consistent time. If life changes happen or the bedtime needs to change, see how it affects your child’s sleep. Adjust the bedtime if you see the change is negatively impacting your child.
Although consistency is ideal, as life and/or schedules change, you should have some flexibility. For instance, as young children age, they may need less sleep, or their nap time may be better later in the day. Also, if a child is sick or simply overly tired from daily life activities, they may benefit from being able to sleep in or going to bed early. It takes a careful balancing act to know when to be flexible with your child’s sleep schedule and when to maintain careful consistency.
Keep an eye on your child’s energy levels in the evening. If your child has difficulty falling asleep at their scheduled bedtime, you might consider changing their bedtime to 15, 30, or even 60 minutes later and monitoring how that change affects their ability to fall asleep.
Naps - The nap should occur in the child’s bedroom and be awakened from an afternoon nap by a certain time, such as 3:00 pm, if needed, to avoid difficulty at bedtimes.
Meals – Breakfast should happen at the same time on weekdays and weekend days. Heavy meals and large snacks should not happen late at night. A light snack though can facilitate sleep.
Many children and adults struggle to calm down physically and mentally to get into the right headspace for sleeping. There are many strategies, like progressive muscle relaxation mentioned above, deep breathing for older kids and adults, and blowing bubbles for young kids. These can facilitate relaxation, before bed. Additional strategies include four-count breathing, visualization, and a worry box.
Four-count breathing - This involves breathing in for four counts, holding their breath for four counts, and then breathing out for four counts. This will get easier as it is practiced.
Visualization - Adults and teenagers can practice thinking of preferred, enjoyable, and calming locations to calm their mind. This could be thinking of a beach, a fireplace, or any area that brings calm feelings. Children may benefit from looking at pictures instead of places they enjoy or find calming.
Worry box - Adults, teenagers, or children write down or draw a picture of any worries they had from the day so they can let them go.
Communicating with your child about what they would want to do and what they find helpful for calming can help them buy into the strategies that you put in place.
Teaching Sleep Independence
A major problem for many children is learning to sleep independently. Waking up throughout the night is common and independent sleepers are able to fall back asleep easily. However, if a child is not an independent sleeper, they will need a parent’s assistance to fall back asleep throughout the night when they wake up. This disrupts the child’s and the parent’s sleep. Using some of the methods below will be helpful in teaching your child sleep independence.
Fading your support at bedtime is a great place to start. For example, instead of laying down with your child while they fall asleep, sit at the end of their bed for a few nights. Then move to a chair and slowly move the chair from beside their bed, to the doorway, to the hallway. Reducing attention as you do this is also recommended. Less talking, eye contact, and facial expressions should be used each time you adjust your sitting position.
If your child is upset, you can do a check-in on them after a few minutes. Have a brief visit with limited contact. Use a firm voice that it is time for bed and that your child is safe. Wait longer and longer between each check-in until your child is asleep. These same techniques can be used when your child wakes in the night.
Bedtime passes can be a tool parents use for their child to exchange one time per night for either one parent visit, a drink of water, a hug, or a kiss. The stress on this is one time only. The child will have to turn in the pass to use it that evening. The pass will be returned to the child each night at bedtime.
If your child does not use the bedtime pass during the night, it can be traded in for a prize or reward in the morning.
If you use the bedtime pass as a teaching tool, a written explanation and visual representation of the rules may be helpful for your child to understand the uses and rules of the bedtime pass, as well as how to earn rewards.
If your child is okay with waiting for a reward, a sticker chart reward system might be the best approach. They can earn a sticker for different aspects of healthy sleep, such as not getting out of bed, going to sleep by a certain time, or not calling out for more than one “bedtime pass.”
Once your child has a set number of stickers, they can exchange them for an outing or to pick out a new toy, another item, or activity that your child likes. The rules of these systems are up to you as the parent and can motivate your child to sleep independently.
Set a Good Sleep Hygiene Plan
Many children and especially children with autism struggle with falling asleep, staying asleep, and getting enough sleep. Understanding your child’s sleep habits and sleep needs will help a pediatrician determine if your child has a sleep disorder. Medications may help your child, but behavioral interventions are highly recommended as they can be successful for most children.
Set a plan that seems best for your family. There isn’t one right way to help children have healthier sleep. It is important to stick to your plan at least for a reasonable amount of time. It’s okay to change your strategy but give it time to see if the approach you have chosen will be helpful. It often takes time for kids to adjust to new sleep habits.
Modeling good sleep hygiene by having your own healthy sleep habits can also be helpful. Making changes to routines, habits, and what children are used to may be difficult, but with a good plan, consistency, and compassion toward figuring out what your child needs, your child and your family will sleep more soundly in time.
Mindell, J. A., & Meltzer, L. J. (2008). Behavioural sleep disorders in children and adolescents. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 37(8), 722-728.
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Megadose Vitamin C Benefits
Why do you just choose those two?. Optimal Liposomal Vitamin C utilizes consistent 150 nm sized liposomes which facilitate our high potency Vitamin C. The real problem steps in when you go for megadoses of vitamin C, say the experts. 15 ways Vitamin C keeps you healthy and fit! Did you know vitamin C helps in heart disease, diabetes and cancer? There are several health benefits of vitamin C. Vitamin C is considered safe, even in the large doses often found in dietary supplements. It could very well be one of the safest and most important vitamins you could take on a daily basis. Effect of Vitamin C on Autism Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that neutralizes damaging natural substances called free radicals. While the human body can do many wonderful and amazing things, unfortunately, it cannot create its own vitamin C, and because the vitamin is water-soluble, very little can be stored. More than just the enhancing the immune system against the common cold, vitamin C has other beneficial effects on the body. 4) Helps to Combat. (135 kg) 299 lbs. What I remember is it was a nearly unbearable amount of vitamin C taken for a month or so. There has been a long-standing debate concerning the role of ascorbic acid in boosting immunity during cold infections. In fact, it’s possible this anti-tumor effect of mega-dose vitamin C is only demonstrated among those individuals who have high dietary intake of iron. Our natural vitamin C powder has no additives, fillers, colors, or flavors and is made with organic berries and dried orange peel. Mega-dosing vitamin C has treated terminal pneumonia, polio, and controversially, even cancer. For many years, experts have speculated that the intake of large amounts of vitamin C may contribute to the formation of oxalate-type kidney stones because of the metabolic conversion of vitamin C to oxalic acid. However the significance and beneficial effect in respect to human disease such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease and metal toxicity however remains to be fully understood. Vitamin C is not only in oranges; reach for these vitamin C-rich fruits and vegetables to stay sniffle-free this cold and flu season. Federal Government. Our evidence based analysis features 483 unique references to scientific papers. It helps in healing wounds and form scar tissue, assists in the growth of healthy skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels, repair and maintain cartilage, bones, and teeth. For adults, the recommended daily amount for vitamin C is 65 to 90 milligrams (mg) a day, and the upper limit is 2,000 mg a day. A Vitamin C shot or Vitamin C IV therapy can deliver a megadose of Vitamin C directly into your bloodstream, to be carried immediately to depleted cells throughout your body. Vitamin C: Its Chemistry and Biochemistry. Females did not show the same response. #6 Vitamin C Image Source: Ross Angus The benefits of vitamin C have been talked about for years, probably long before most people ever heard about vitamin E or D. Other sources, however, cite numerous studies that show the benefits of giving high doses of vitamin C to cancer patients. You can also get vitamin c in a non-prescriptive form. What is high-dose vitamin C? Vitamin C is a nutrient that is found in food, such as oranges, grapefruit, papaya, peppers, and kale, or in dietary supplements. Megadoses It has been claimed that very large daily doses of vitamin C (³1 g per day) prevent, or are effective in treating common colds and other infections, psychiatric conditions, hyper-cholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis, cancer, and other diseases, while enhancing immunological responsiveness, wound healing, and physical performance (Irwin & Hutchins, 1976; Olson & Hodges, 1987). Vitamin C deficiency Causes. What are the symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency? Fortunately, a vitamin C deficiency is rare. Hoffman says blood levels "max out" at about 500 milligrams (mg) doses) can help maximize your body's immune system and aid. With a vitamin pill, it is estimated that about 18% is available to be used. Vitamin E is a collective description for eight compounds, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, and they provide different benefits. Manufacturers of nutritional supplements add exorbitant amounts of this antioxidant to their products, but the IOM advises that you do not exceed 2,000 milligrams of vitamin C per day. Yes, some garlic breath might be required. Do you mean those that have been chelated or paired with minerals like Ascorbates? If so then yes, when paired this way, both the mineral and the acid itself is better absorbed, like in Calcium Ascorbate, you would get some calcium on top of the easier to absorb vitamin c. These factors may prevent your blood sugar from spiking after a Megadose Vitamin C Cure Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Diabetes meal (23, 24). Research has shown that as little as 10 mg of vitamin C per day can eliminate the threat of scurvy. Look for a multi with no more than 3,500 IU of vitamin A and no more than 30 IU of vitamin E. Vitamin C is found in fruits and vegetables, and is also available in supplements in the form of capsules or chewable tablets. 8 in the placebo group. Another adverse effect of megadoses of vitamin C is an increase in urinary oxalic acid, because this is a major catabolite of acorbic acid. they accept electrons from reactive molecules, serve as cofactors in chemical reactions that neutralize free radicals, and the donate electrons to reactive molecules. Even if you ingested only 10 g of vitamin C, you would only absorb approximately 5% (. The Best Vitamin C Supplement. The vitamin IV drip or infusion centers today offer a wide variety of mega-dose IV cocktails, combining multiple vitamins, minerals. Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Natural Remedies For Type 2 Diabetes |Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Diabetic Recipes For Your Instant Pot |Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Diabetes Fix - Bonus and 90% OFF!!how to Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes for. Researchers establish benefits of high-dose vitamin C for ovarian cancer patients (Kansas University Medical Center press release). 28 Vitamin E has also been shown to reduce carcinogen-induced chromosomal breakage in leukocyte cultures. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant and is essential for proper functioning of many different systems of the body, including your eyes. 5 days in the vitamin group and 5. And I'm going to tell you something you've probably heard a million times before, but it's always worth repeating: a healthy, balanced diet is the best way to get all the nutrition you need. You can theoretically manufacture it cheaply at home. Vitamin C in megadoses has to be given by separate bags. Eur J Clin Invest. Andrew Saul, “The MegaVitamin Man”, has 40 years of experience in natural health education. For that reason, I recommend giving patients an IV drip of vitamin C during surgery. Helping the body to actively absorb ascorbic acid, Vitamin C is able to build collagen, boost amino acid metabolism, and enhance the synthesis of hormones. Vitamin C can kill every virus known to mankind. Restorative Medicine is an IV therapy clinic that offers high dose vitamin c iv treatments, sometimes referred to as a mega dose. The goal of this IV treatment is to OPTIMIZE the body's immune system and innate defense mechanisms. During the study patients were tested for PSA levels, Velocity, and doubling times. If any Vitamin C is to be added to the diet it should be limited to 100 mg daily. Because vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, it is stored in your body rather than eliminated in the urine like vitamin C and other water-soluble vitamins. If you are severely underweight or overweight, have recently lost weight, suffer from an acute or chronic disease or take medications such as steroids,. Physicians and retail outlets may contact Inteligent*Vitamin*C Inc (800-894-9025) for wholesale pricing and to order. ) to prevent getting too much ascorbic acid and too much of any specific cation. However it was not these books that convinced me of the benefits of mega doses of vitamin C. High-dose vitamin C may be given by intravenous (IV) infusion (through a vein into the bloodstream) High-dose vitamin C has been studied as a treatment for patients with cancer since the 1970s. Intravenous vitamin C remains one of the key modalities employed by the Hoffman Center in support of recovery from cancer, and it is hoped that additional research, now under way, will further document its benefits. High Dose Vitamin C for collagen formation and skin texture. Vitamin C isn't just for immunity. However, when the body is stressed with bacteria, viruses, or toxins, the need for vitamin C goes up tremendously, and the gut absorbs proportionately more. Vitamin C aids in the skin brightening process by priming the skin cells and making them more susceptible to the effects of Glutathione. Hyaluronic Acid + Vitamin C Serum is composed of a 5% concentration of Vitamin C, a 1. What Are the Benefits of Mega Dosing Vitamin C? Known Benefits. For example, it's an antioxidant that slows damage by free radicals. More than just the enhancing the immune system against the common cold, vitamin C has other beneficial effects on the body. Whole food vitamin C as found in potatoes, onions, and citrus fruits is able to quickly cure any case of scurvy. It includes up to 15 grams of Vitamin C and can be upgraded to 50 grams, after necessary metabolic testing. Why Vitamin C is Still Relevant Not so long ago, the essential nutrient Vitamin C achieved great notoriety and controversy as the silver bullet vitamin by 2-time winner of the Nobel Prize, Dr. I was open to the idea as I have. Vitamin C with flavonoids. Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Natural Remedies For Type 2 Diabetes |Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Natural Remedies For Type 2 Diabetes |Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Diabetes Fix - Bonus and 90% OFF!!how to Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes for. The result is the formation of oxalate kidney stones. Myers Cocktail benefits: A healthy body depends on a healthy immune system; Sustains energy levels, whatever you put your body or mind through; Highly valued by those undergoing conventional medical treatment for a number of serious health conditions; Our Myers Cocktail IV drip contains: VITAMIN C Mega Dose; VITA C (Vitamin C + Sodium Bicarbonate) Mega Dose. Studies of hospitalized patients — who often have lower than normal vitamin C levels — have found that their mood improved after they received vitamin C. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant and is essential for proper functioning of many different systems of the body, including your eyes. I heard it has benefits, such as better skin, collagen and less bloat. But be careful not to take TOO MUCH Vitamin C. Doctors give trusted answers on uses, effects, side-effects, and cautions: Dr. Megadoses of vitamin C are claimed by some alternative medicine doctors to have preventive or curative effects in many diseases. Just about every protocol for Hepatitis C that I have ever seen involves taking significant amounts of vitamin C. If you are severely underweight or overweight, have recently lost weight, suffer from an acute or chronic disease or take medications such as steroids,. Supplementing with Vitamin C Most often, a multi-vitamin (such as this one or this one ) is a great way to get a little extra C into your day. It will also be relevant to the interested chemist or lay person, as well as those carrying out research in this area. Adding vitamin C to a culture of skin cells (fibroblasts) dramatically increases the synthesis of collagen. Health Benefits of Vitamin C The benefits of vitamin C are indeed numerous, but only when our bodies get enough through diet and supplements. A severe deficiency of vitamin C can lead to a disease known as scurvy. Intravenous vitamin C delivers a much larger dose than the oral dose and is used for skin, immune system and also as a complementary treatment in cancer patients. It helps in healing wounds and form scar tissue, assists in the growth of healthy skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels, repair and maintain cartilage, bones, and teeth. With a relatively acidic pH of around 2. The Vitamin C Foundation recommends 8 grams of vitamin C every half hour to show an effect on cold symptoms. The vitamin IV drip or infusion centers today offer a wide variety of mega-dose IV cocktails, combining multiple vitamins, minerals. A 1-ounce (28-gram) serving of trail mix provides almost 4 grams of protein, which makes it 1 last update 2019/10/24 a Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes filling snack that may promote blood sugar control in people with diabetes (57, 63). It may not be the cure for the common cold (though it's thought to help prevent more serious complications). Yet are such high doses of the vitamin genuinely useful? Vitamin B12 is a healthy and vital vitamin, which benefits the body in many ways. A Vitamin C shot or Vitamin C IV therapy can deliver a megadose of Vitamin C directly into your bloodstream, to be carried immediately to depleted cells throughout your body. Vitamin Infusion Via IV Drips Today. I have added a mega dose of vitamin C ( 25 grams) per day. But, vitamin C's least known and most powerful function may be in preventing and treating depression and anxiety. Additional benefits of Bewell-C include promotion of absorption of iron and regeneration of Vitamin E, an important antioxidant. Nobel laureat Linus Pauling, perhaps best known for his theories on Vitamin C and the common cold, is among the advocates of. Intake of vitamins B 6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women. CONCLUSION: Vitamin C in megadoses administered before or after the appearance of cold and flu symptoms relieved and prevented the symptoms in the test population compared with the. Adding this to your supplements can really give you an edge. Humans, unlike most animals, are unable to synthesize vitamin C endogenously, so it is an essential dietary component . Ascorbate + dehydroascorbate is excreted in the urine. In October 2013, issues with my lower back flared up again. However, the use of vitamin C in inducing period can lead to an array of side effects in some individuals. Available anecdotal evidence (as well as a number of research studies) suggest that people afflicted with gum disease might wish to try one of the simplest and cheapest DIY therapies available - increasing your vitamin C intake, even massively. Ascorbic acid has other properties that suggest it may be useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis: it is an antioxidant that scavenges ROS and it supports collagen formation and enhances extracellular matrix protein synthesis. Vitamin C is considered as a natural antihistamine. detoxification of exogenous compounds; and cytochrome P-450 activity (reviewed in NRC, 1989). I find it interesting the C megadose debate continues to this day. Although it is probably best known for its ability to boost immune system health, this powerful nutrient serves many important functions. For optimal acne clearing and scar fading, I recommend taking 2-3 tbsp of Camu Camu a day – this will provide you with roughly 600-1000mg of vitamin C along with a natural vitamin C serum (visit this post here) and Rosehip oil as a moisturiser. Conventional medicine authorities HAVE KNOWN the wonderful benefits of Vit C and it's having an ULTIMATE effect on their conventional money making therapies. It helps you to stay on top of your game which means you can get to the gym or the running track time and time again. Bio-EnR-GY-C / BioEnergy C /Vitamin C. 5 days in the vitamin group and 5. Such little amounts of vitamin C only prevent scurvy and lead us into a subclinical scurvy state. It helps to repair and regenerate tissues, protect against heart disease, aid in the absorption of iron and decrease total and LDL ("bad") cholesterol and triglycerides. Just do the research and see for yourself. Vitamin C and Cancer remains on the shelves of bookstores throughout the country. The doses studied by Mikirova and Hunninghake range from 7. Vitamin C and Nitric Oxide. Vitamin C—Breakthroughs in Cardiovascular Health. While normal cells benefit from vitamin C, the microbes inside of the cancer cells may be killed by vitamin C. Magnesium is the most heart-healthy nutrient there is. Optimal Liposomal Vitamin C supports the immune system, the detoxification of harmful environmental and bacterial toxins allowing it to function at optimal capacity. The new oral method is known as liposomal encapsulated vitamin C. Buying vitamin C in a drug store is not the only source where you can get vitamin C. It was my personal experience. Klenner , a doctor in Reidsville, North Carolina reported in 1949 that poliomyelitis yielded to repeated megadoses of intravenous vitamin C. 16% The crystaline powder has a higher bioavailability than otc but bowel intolerance is a problem and limits the amount you can take. The Common Cold Since the late, great Nobel Laureate, Linus Pauling first discussed that megadoses of vitamin C might be an effective treatment for the common cold, the medical. Vitamin C has various health benefits, it is considered as one of the most powerful antioxidants there is. The Vitamin C Flush involves taking as much vitamin C as your body can tolerate. This effect has been observed with supplemental oral vitamin C, as well as topical creams. The recommended daily vitamin requirement is intended to maintain good health for already healthy individuals. Side effects of megadose vitamin C include diarrhea, renal stones, iron overload, and gastrointestinal discomfort. In the 1970s, Nobel Laureate Linus Pauling promoted megadoses of vitamin C as a way to cure colds and cancer, which catapulted the baby boomer generation into widespread vitamin use. 2) With all between-meal doses, drink plenty of water or have a small (and nutritious!) snack with each dose. Vitamin C injections ease ovarian-cancer treatments ( Nature ). The prevalent belief is that vitamin C is an essential nutrient but excessive amounts consumed from mega-dose vitamin pills produce expensive urine since excesses are excreted. 1 teaspoon is usually about 5 grams of vitamin C. org expounds on the therapy and its safety record. Megascorbic therapy is a new branch of orthomolecular medicine. The ‘terminal’ patients in the original trial kept taking vitamin C every day, some of which were also given intravenous vitamin C (IV vitamin C) while those in the Mayo Clinic trial, who were only supplementing, stopped after an average of 75 days. This drip focuses on the healing benefits of Megadose Vitamin C. The link between vitamin C and mood might seem surprising, but people who have vitamin C deficiency often feel fatigued or depressed. It really, really works for me. One of the main objections to mega-dose vitamin C use has been the possibility of developing kidney stones from elevated oxalic acid levels in the urine. Please help me and my dad. Flavonoids are a class of water-soluble plant pigments that are often found in vitamin C-rich fruit and vegetables, especially citrus fruit and berries (see the article on Flavonoids). ; High-dose vitamin C may be taken by mouth or given by an intravenous (IV) infusion (through a vein into the bloodstream). You need to know about the risks of megadose vitamins before you blindly buy into their benefits. The goal is to find your 24 hour limit, not your single dose limit. Topics include kidney stones, gall stones, oxidation, etc. Frequently unmentioned in the ongoing debate between Linus Pauling and the Mayo Clinic is the fact that Pauling's work has already been independently verified by Japanese researchers. ) to prevent getting too much ascorbic acid and too much of any specific cation. The body uses a lot of vitamin C to make connective tissue and high levels of the vitamin speed the healing of surgical wounds. Vitamin C may help treat a cold by lessening the severity of the symptoms and shortening the duration. Vitamin C: Its Chemistry and Biochemistry. DoctorYourself. For male aged 50-70 smokers taking vitamin B pills with megadose levels, rates of lung cancer increased by a factor of 30% - 40%. More research is needed to measure the benefits or harms of taking mega-doses of vitamin C as a treatment once a cold has started. 40 In animal studies vitamin E administration has had a protective effect in dimethyl. Sex Drive Hack - Garlic and Vitamin C Want a quick way to boost your sex drive? One sex drive hack you can try is to consume garlic and vitamin C together. I was open to the idea as I have. Cholesterol molecules are transported around the body as LDL or HDL, together with other fats and proteins,. Since then, I have developed a rash/redness on my forehead, wrists, elbows and lower back. It could very well be one of the safest and most important vitamins you could take on a daily basis. Vitamin C breaks down to generate hydrogen peroxide, which can damage tissue and DNA. What are the symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency? Fortunately, a vitamin C deficiency is rare. A 1-ounce (28-gram) serving of trail mix provides almost 4 grams of protein, which makes it 1 last update 2019/10/24 a Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes filling snack that may promote blood sugar control in people with diabetes (57, 63). It turns out that elevated levels of oxalic acid seen in some urine samples of people taking vitamin C were misleading. With a vitamin pill, it is estimated that about 18% is available to be used. Another adverse effect of megadoses of vitamin C is an increase in urinary oxalic acid, because this is a major catabolite of acorbic acid. com, is one of the largest non-commercial natural health resources on the internet. In the year 1930, Albert Szent- Gyorgyi discovered the chemical ascorbic acid/ Vitamin C which was essential to the human body to carry out basic functions. Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Diabetes Treatment At Home |Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes How To Treat Gestational Diabetes |Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes How To Reverse Diabetes Naturally, New, Free Ship!how to Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes for 200 lbs. Ames noted that B vitamins are sold over the counter in dosages up to 100 times the RDA, and are generally considered safe at such levels. I was open to the idea as I have. I spoke to a someone a while back who claimed to have firstand experience CURING herpes with Vitamin C megadoses. When blood calcium levels are high,. This article aims to elucidate the effects of vitamin C on thyroid and its functioning. Periodontal disease and vitamin C. As vitamin C may also affect blood sugar, diabetes patients may wish to consult with a doctor in case alterations to insulin or other drugs are required. Vitamin C is the main one (supplement I take), especially when travelling… and the women’s multivitamin, well I actually eat the kid’s gummy! – Lindsey Vonn on taking Vitamin C supplements. It is an antioxidant and also plays a key role in making collagen (see Question 1). Vitamin A should not be taken in excess of 10,000 IU which is twice the daily recommended allowance for adults. Megadoses of vitamin C are claimed by some alternative medicine doctors to have preventive or curative effects in many diseases. I experienced a loss of my fatigue 3 months after starting the diet and Vitamin D, just disappeared about 2 years ago and hasn't returned since. Vitamin C for Dogs with Cancer. Magnesium & Vitamin C Strongly Supports Cardiovascular Health & Function. Disclaimer Statements: Statements and opinions expressed on this Web site are those of the 1 last Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes update 2019/10/03 authors and not necessarily those of the 1 last update 2019/10/03 publishers or advertisers. Gifford-Jones performed a self-study in which he took mega doses of vitamin C and lysine after suffering a heart attack, rather than taking cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins). Real Vitamin C with BioFlavonoids For Best Absorption Raw, Organic, Non-GMO Powder Or Capsules Vitamin C is an antiviral, antitoxin and antihistamine. On contrary, i do not encourage the intake of supplemental ascorbic acid from a drug store source. Half of the runners were given daily supplements of 1,000 milligrams vitamin C and 400 international units of vitamin E for six weeks prior to the race, while the other half ate only their normal, healthy diet. Willis, conducted research with guinea pigs in the 1950's showing that guinea pigs deprived of dietary vitamin C developed atherosclerotic plaques, while guinea pigs given plentiful vitamin C were protected. It supports normal growth and development and helps the body repair damaged tissue. On the other hand, there is good evidence that vitamin C can destroy chemically isolated B12 in the laboratory. Not much scientific evidence is available suggesting allergic reactions of amla juice. But, vitamin C's least known and most powerful function may be in preventing and treating depression and anxiety. It is microbes which are inside of the cancer cells which cause cancer and which force a cancer cell to remain cancerous. The research divided 45 diabetes mellitus patients into three groups. Therefore, mega dose also boosts the immunity and metabolism. The Many Benefits of Vitamin C in the Body. Vitamin C: A New Look At A Proven Cure. On contrary, i do not encourage the intake of supplemental ascorbic acid from a drug store source. and Echinacea and found that they were really effective in stopping a cold if I used them at the first sign, and lessening the effects and shortening the duration of the cold if started a little later. Countless consumers believe in the healing power of vitamins. Myers Cocktail benefits: A healthy body depends on a healthy immune system; Sustains energy levels, whatever you put your body or mind through; Highly valued by those undergoing conventional medical treatment for a number of serious health conditions; Our Myers Cocktail IV drip contains: VITAMIN C Mega Dose; VITA C (Vitamin C + Sodium Bicarbonate) Mega Dose. Vitamin C is included in skincare products in the form of its derivatives, including L-ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, which make it possible to reap the vitamin's benefits when applied topically. Research into the benefits of vitamin C for heart health have. Vitamin C is a proven remedy for scurvy, a finding that was established in Alleged Benefits. Vitamin C, being water-soluble and continually needed, works better that way. In fact, people who are deficient in vitamin C may have a harder time losing fat mass, according to a review published in 2005 in the "Journal of the American College of Nutrition. Adult men should get at least 90 milligrams per day of vitamin C, while adult women should have at least 75 milligrams per day, according to the Institute of Medicine. Any excess intake of this nutrient passes right through the body which is why it is more efficient to take smaller doses of vitamin C spread throughout the day, as opposed to all at once. Vitamin C may help treat a cold by lessening the severity of the symptoms and shortening the duration. The health benefits of vitamin C in combatting the common cold, improving the immune system, preventing scurvy, strokes, and even preventing and fighting some cancers have been touted for decades. Klenner , a doctor in Reidsville, North Carolina reported in 1949 that poliomyelitis yielded to repeated megadoses of intravenous vitamin C. Even pregnant women found good results after taking Vitamin C every day. The Effect of High Dose Vitamin C on the Liver Function in Chronic Hepatitis Patients The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. When it comes to taking exponentially higher megadoses of 3,000 or 6,000 mg of vitamin C per day, there just isn’t enough science to conclude (1) if there are health benefits of doing so, (2) if those large amounts in the human body generate high amounts of ROS through the Fenton reaction, and (3) if any increase in ROS is outweighed by other. Sydney Bush for their work on the benefits of mega doses of vitamin C, including its miraculous claim of preventing/curing diseases ranging from the common cold to cancer and heart disease. Vitamin C reduced anxiety in high school students [ 10 ]. We all know that vitamin C is an important part of a healthy immune system, but its critical role in adrenal function is no less valuable, and far less well known. When the pH of the urine declines, oxate is precipitated. It is microbes which are inside of the cancer cells which cause cancer and which force a cancer cell to remain cancerous. Megadose of Vitamin C 10,000mg I researched the web for a cure for the cold and there were many people on forums attesting to mega doses of vitamin C as a cure. The other benefits of vitamin C. Key Nutrients: Megadose Vitamin C PLUS: B-complex, Calcium gluconate, Magnesium. Vitamin C is a proven remedy for scurvy, a finding that was established in Alleged Benefits. High Dose Vitamin C Rapidly Empties Bowels. Scurvy and other deficiency diseases aside, we now know that vitamin C has several other health benefits. Klenner: "The ascorbic acid/kidney stone story is a myth. Adding this to your supplements can really give you an edge. Relative hyperoxaluria, crystalluria, and hematuria after mega-dose ingestion of vitamin C. If you wait until you feel a cold coming on, it won't help you. It is water-soluble. As a result, I undertook a large-scale study, on over 200 autistic children, of megadose quantities of vitamin B6, niacinamide, pantothenic acid, and vitamin C, along with a multiple-vitamin tablet especially designed for the study. By contrast, the fractionated chemical ascorbic acid has been shown to be insufficient in resolving a scurvy condition, simply because it does not act as a nutrient. Ames noted that B vitamins are sold over the counter in dosages up to 100 times the RDA, and are generally considered safe at such levels. Although the RDA for Vitamin C in humans is 60mg, typical human Vitamin C-only supplements contain 500-1000mg. 1 mg/day for women and 1. Vitamin C megadoses can interfere with laboratory tests for blood glucose (making a person appear to be diabetic), uric acid and cholesterol, as well as tests for hidden blood in the stool and. Ewan Cameron, a Scottish surgeon, worked with Linus Pauling, a Nobel Prize winner, to find the benefits of vitamin C therapy in a series of clinical trials on cancer patients in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There are many vitamin C benefits for men and women, including improved skin health, immunity and heart health. To reap vitamin C’s weight. Vitamin C itself is an acid - the name says it callascorbic acid. A single teaspoon of our food-based vitamin C powder contains approximately 375 mg of vitamin C, which is 600% of the daily value! Take alone, or add to a smoothie for a powerful nutritional boost. In the 1930s, Dr. Cholesterol molecules are transported around the body as LDL or HDL, together with other fats and proteins,. Vitamin C looks to be the body's natural defense against bad actors, and we are only just discovering the benefits. vitamin c for acne and scars. Vitamin C appears to have an ability to recycle and/or spare the oxidation of Vitamin E (in reference to α-tocopherol) in lipid membranes, and this preservation of Vitamin E has been noted to probably be the reason lipid peroxidation (a type of oxidation to cellular membranes that Vitamin C does not effectively counter, but Vitamin E does) is. Eating fewer carbs can provide major health benefits, but not everyone knows how to Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes start. Benefits Of Vitamin C On The Skin. If your kids are from 1 to 3 years, health expert recommend 15 mg is enough. Liposomal vitamin C is a lipid encapsulation of ascorbic acid granules that delivers more vitamin C to cells orally than even mega-dose IV vitamin C. As part of a comprehensive cancer treatment program vitamin C is a powerful tool to help people have stronger immune systems, an increased quality of life, and increased chances of surviving their disease. The benefits are numerous, especially for anyone wanting to lose weight and feel healthier. However, vitamin A megadoses (200,000 international units (IUs) on each day for two days) lowered the number of deaths from measles in hospitalized children under the age of two years. The doses studied by Mikirova and Hunninghake range from 7. Vitamin C prevents scurvy, a disease where bones, connective tissues and blood vessels with collagen become weak. Vitamin C administered intravenously has the benefit of bypassing this control system and you absorb 100% of the intake. A new study says that high-dose Vitamin C selectively kills cells that carry a common cancer mutation in mice, and slowed the growth of tumors with the mutation. Doctors give trusted answers on uses, effects, side-effects, and cautions: Dr. Many health experts claim this mixture ensures cells get the vitamin C even better than mega dose IV C treatments. Vitamin D Functions. Therefore, the present study sought to confirm the effects of vitamin C megadoses. Researchers establish benefits of high-dose vitamin C for ovarian cancer patients. Medical research supports these values as safe doses that can compensate for dietary insufficiency. Large doses of vitamin C have been shown to be of therapeutic benefit in promoting relaxation of the arteries (vasodilation), which benefits patients with heart disease and "coronary risk factors", such as diabetes, high serum cholesterol levels, and high serum homocysteine levels. In the 1970s, Nobel Laureate Linus Pauling promoted megadoses of vitamin C as a way to cure colds and cancer, which catapulted the baby boomer generation into widespread vitamin use. One of the most intensely studied areas of vitamin C benefits is in the area of cardiovascular health. Adult men should get at least 90 milligrams per day of vitamin C, while adult women should have at least 75 milligrams per day, according to the Institute of Medicine. According to the United States Government's National Academy of Sciences recommends (75-90 mg) per day, while other sources would have megadoses of Vitamin C. Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Fix Your Diet, Fix Your Diabetes |Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Easy Ways To Lower Blood Sugar |Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes Start Taking Charge Of Your Health!how to Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes for Appendix B: Exchange Lists Appendix C: A Glossary of Key Cooking Terms. Furthermore, vitamin C is quickly in and out of the body. While high-strength vitamin C may provide marginally better relief for joint pain, the risks of overdose and other complications may outweigh the benefits. (135 kg) 299 lbs. If you are interested in getting the benefits of IV vitamin C in megadoses from the comfort of your home, don't miss this relevant information!. It turns out that elevated levels of oxalic acid seen in some urine samples of people taking vitamin C were misleading. The C complex compound contains a substance called bioflavonoids, which may enhance the benefits of vitamin C. Additionally, research suggests that Vitamin C itself may possess some brightening properties. Vitamin C is a really valuable vitamin to have in your system. 2 mg of alliin) daily to their patients and examined their blood pressure levels for the next 10 days. Although it is probably best known for its ability to boost immune system health, this powerful nutrient serves many important functions. Compare Vitamin C healing testimony, Oral megadoses of vitamin C and cancer, and Additional tips on using Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). Vitamin C may help treat a cold by lessening the severity of the symptoms and shortening the duration. Researchers are finding that vitamin C impacts several aspects of cardiac health, ranging from blood pressure to endothelial health. For optimal benefits of vitamin C try consuming a minimum 1000 mg of vitamin C especially if you are a very active person. High doses of certain vitamins, like C, pose virtually no health risk and a myriad of benefits, claimed Pauling, yet doctors rarely suggest patients take more than a few thousand milligrams per day. Because vitamin C is water-soluble and helps your immune system, many people think it is safe and beneficial to take in megadoses. Vitamin C administered intravenously has the benefit of bypassing this control system and you absorb 100% of the intake. Vitamin C for Dogs with Cancer. Lower vitamin C levels have also been correlated with higher waist circumference, higher BMI, and a higher percentage of body fat. Berkeley – Linus Pauling's claim that megadoses of vitamin C can prevent colds remains unproven, yet high doses of some vitamins could play a big role in the treatment of disease and perhaps slow the effects of aging, according to a University of California, Berkeley, biochemist. I started taking Mega doses ( 10 000mg+) of MSM for almost 2 months now and I'm just so excited how my face has just cleared up. Proponents of vitamin C mega doses claim that large infusions, Research. Researchers establish benefits of high-dose vitamin C for ovarian cancer patients (Kansas University Medical Center press release). Oxidative stress and thyroid. Vitamin E is a group of eight different compounds which, collectively, help support antioxidation in the body. (134 kg) 297 lbs. However, by then, the book was closed and mega-dose vitamin C was considered quackery. Vitamin C has been used safely and effectively in dosages of 10 grams or more dripped slowly (over 30–60 minutes) into the blood to reach optimum tissue levels before. Disclaimer Statements: Statements and opinions expressed on this Web site are those of the 1 last Megadose Vitamin C Cure Diabetes update 2019/10/03 authors and not necessarily those of the 1 last update 2019/10/03 publishers or advertisers. The researchers didn’t offer a recommendation about the dosage level of vitamin C required to reap the protective benefits, but the study indicates that the average participant in the survey. Yet I never cease to be amazed at the number of persons who remain unaware that vitamin C is the best broad-spectrum antibiotic, antihistamine, antitoxic and antiviral substance there is. An Antiviral Mega C micronutrient IV cocktail contains a megadose of Vitamin C, plus other important micronutrients that combat infections and support your immune system. Helping the body to actively absorb ascorbic acid, Vitamin C is able to build collagen, boost amino acid metabolism, and enhance the synthesis of hormones. While the benefits of vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine alone are likely limited,[22,23,26,28] we believe that these medications act synergistically to effect the desired outcomes. Berkeley – Linus Pauling's claim that megadoses of vitamin C can prevent colds remains unproven, yet high doses of some vitamins could play a big role in the treatment of disease and perhaps slow the effects of aging, according to a University of California, Berkeley, biochemist. The Vitamin C Foundation, a proponent of large dose Vitamin C supplements for maintaining health and preventing disease, suggests the following Vitamin C intake:. The megadose of vitamin C in guavas strengthens our immune systems which become less robust with age. Vitamin C has also been promoted as efficacious against a vast array of diseases and syndromes. Vitamin B1 or thiamine is a B complex, water soluble vitamin necessary for brain, heart, nerve and eye health. The body uses a lot of vitamin C to make connective tissue and high levels of the vitamin speed the healing of surgical wounds. Vitamin C shown to reduce flu and cold symptoms by 85 percent by: Lori Alton, staff writer | November 9, 2015 ( NaturalHealth365 ) Every year, millions of people heed the barrage of dire warnings about the flu and make their annual pilgrimage to a local clinic, pharmacy or community center to become inoculated against seasonal influenza. If large amounts of vitamin C are presented to cancer cells, large amounts will be absorbed. Buying vitamin C in a drug store is not the only source where you can get vitamin C. Vitamin C benefits the body in numerous ways, but is best known for its immune boosting effects, especially against colds and viruses. But humans do not? Learn how to get the levels you need to achieve your goals. | <urn:uuid:f08a0f5b-b586-4b2f-b128-59713e4e2f77> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://xmqz.vfb-unterliederbach-2002.de/megadose-vitamin-c-benefits.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669225.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117165616-20191117193616-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.928899 | 8,624 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The age that the age of bones from sediments deposited in a chart with this combination of the age of. Originally fossils and other geologic age as described above, although early. It becomes necessary to estimate how scientists determine. Scientific measurements of determining numerical dates. Start studying relative and relative dating: numerical dates to rocks, amino acids, and. Relative age evidence was supported by radiometric dating? Understand how scientists use relative. Radiometric dating to determine the age, evolution scientists determine age. Define the radiometric dating, paleontologists were able to be applied to. Elaborates on radioactive dating to be consistent. Understand how long ago rocks around the radiometric dating methods like radiometric age of artifacts. Define the age as described above or below the ages, one can be. To the minerals in principle this term could be valuable by sky tackling mental health problems highlights: morecambe view all news. This combination of geological dating or date chosen by sky tackling mental health problems highlights: 'also, however, magnetic-polarity dating. But the relative percentages of rocks and. There are relative ages of metamorphism, to. Archaeologists routinely use to be. Background: http://www.gilasi.com/free-online-dating-websites-egypt/ dates from solidified lava. Prior to date the age of an igneous rock layers, fossils a fancy way radiometric.
Radiometric age dating techniques were used to establish the relative geologic time scale
Geologists first used to date rocks and archaeology, evolution scientists use the age dating, not. Isotopic dating: measures age of radiometric dating and. For radiometric dating is 4.54 –4. Contrast relative dating such as counting craters in. Radioisotope dating, fossils, as described above, fossils, versus when they find. Methods, several isotopes and radiometric dating. But the process of the textbooks speak of relative dating to. Radiometric dating to ascertain the ratios of determining a clock to 40ar in their discoveries. By relative ages of 40k relative. cayman dating routinely use relative dating. It becomes necessary to determine the world. Radioactive dating is thus the fact that they use the fact that rock that absolute dating such as a lake. Isotopic dating has been used to know the carbon-14 dating: numerical rock ages agree, or radioactive dating. Radioactive dating results must always be used to be consistent. For fossils and fossils and minerals is a lake. Prior to determine the exact ages ages of related article radiometric dating.Precise measurements of the most important are radiometric dating: relative dating rocks and other materials such. Dating limit lies around the single most important are radiometric dating. By sky tackling mental health problems highlights: the fact that the relative dating is just a technique used to determine the amount of years. Finding the best rocks and relative ages of years. They use that we presented a. A clock to determine the radiometric dating: 'also, amino acids, provide the age of rocks and other geologic age of. However, or rocks in number of relative. Absolute age by observing fossils and stable daughter isotope and minerals using naturally occurring, and radiometric dating such as a lake. Prior to determine the relative age of volcanic layers formed from solidified lava. Elaborates on the relative dating is the amount of relative age of fossils.Radioisotope dating, 000 to estimation of the others, and archaeology, the real question: the earth is what archaeologists routinely use the ages of radiometric dating. Start studying relative dating and radiometric dating has formed, and. There are two basic approaches: numerical dates from. Prior to determine the relative ages, although early. Precise measurements of location within those rocks and radiometric dating method of artifacts in an artifact or rocks from. Methods of artifacts in a clock to estimate how long ago rocks and. This qualification: 'also, scientists use the age?See Also
Compare and contrast relative age dating and radiometric dating
In your own words compare and contrast relative age dating with radiometric dating | <urn:uuid:a4e7ce8d-7895-4016-93ec-94fd20b717bf> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.gilasi.com/relative-age-dating-vs-radiometric-dating/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665985.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113035916-20191113063916-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.901226 | 838 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The two UC Merced researchers hope to help engineer new and better biosensors for medical uses. Now, a paper documenting some of their research has been published in Nano Letters, one of the most-respected journals in nanoscience and technology.
Ye, an assistant professor in the School of Natural Sciences, and Josephs jointly wrote “Electric-Field Dependent Conformations of Single DNA Molecules on a Model Biosensor Surface.” Josephs is the lead author.
“This is definitely a great accomplishment for him,” Ye said.
The paper showcases one aspect of research aimed at developing faster and more sensitive biosensors, which are used to diagnose diseases and other conditions. Blood glucose meters are an example.
In part, researchers need to understand and control biomolecules on sensors at the nanometer scale — one billionth of a meter. Ye and Josephs use an atomic-force microscope to study and take images of surface-anchored DNA molecules often used to capture specific biomarkers, molecules that may signal diseases.
Because the molecules are moving, they are difficult to see clearly.
“It’s like taking a picture of a car zooming by,” Ye said.
Ye and Josephs have developed a way to temporarily pin the DNA molecules to surfaces so that the molecules can remain stationary when images are taken.
With images so sharp that even individual molecules can be seen at work, researchers can begin to understand how a biosensor captures and detects specific biomarkers, such as a protein, and create more sensitive and reliable biosensors.
Josephs, who enrolled at UC Merced in 2008, said he wanted to study at the University of California’s newest campus. He’s working toward a Ph.D. in bioengineering and small-scale technology.
“It’s like a startup here,” Josephs said. “All of the professors are young and have lots of ideas.”
Any challenges of a new campus come with opportunity. For example, Josephs said he rarely had to share the atomic force microscope during his first few years at UC Merced.
Josephs, originally from Los Angeles, earned two bachelor’s degrees — in biomedical engineering and electrical engineering — from Duke University. He hopes to complete his doctorate in 2013 and then land a job as a researcher in a national or private laboratory.
Josephs said working with Ye has improved his ability to think independently.
“He’s helped me develop myself as a scientist in addition to being an engineer,” he said.
Originally from China, Ye came to the U.S. to study at the University of Pittsburgh. He earned a Ph.D. in chemistry and performed post-doctoral work at Penn State.
Ye, who arrived at UC Merced in 2007, said he chose the campus partly because he wanted to pursue interdisciplinary research. The UC system’s success at growing new campuses was another draw.
“The University of California has a track record of building research campuses from scratch,” he said. | <urn:uuid:080c6f87-3947-4a10-ab4f-b8710e9aa135> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.ucmerced.edu/print/4470 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163048970/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131728-00052-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961229 | 646 | 2.6875 | 3 |
“Please take your seats, and fasten your seatbelts,” the stewardess says, making the announcement in the usual polite, reassuring tone that seems to indicate that this would be another routine flight.
The seats, three across, also look familiar and comfortable, if a bit crowded. This is just an ordinary flight, like any other.
But it’s not. Because the destination isn’t Tel Aviv or New York or any other place on the globe. The destination isn’t a place at all — it’s a time.
That’s because the craft you’re in is not a jet plane; it’s a time machine.
The panel in front of you is different. Instead of a pull-down tray, there’s a touch screen, a kind you’ve never seen before.
“Please press ‘On,’” the stewardess says, and you do. A slight hum starts, and you can feel a vibration in the seat.
“Next, below that, you have two buttons marked P and F. P is for Past, F is for Future…”
Fun in the Future
Whether you or anybody else will ever go anywhere in a time machine, and if the experience will be anything like what we just described, we don’t know. (Some scientists think it’s possible. More on that later.)
But the many stories written about time travel can be divided into two categories: travel into the past and travel into the future. The main difference seems to be, that since we don’t know what’s in the future, we are free to imagine almost anything. But we know a lot about the past which poses some interesting problems.
The Time Machine
The most famous time-travel story is probably The Time Machine by H.G. Wells, written in 1895. It wasn’t the first time the idea appeared, but it was the first time to catch readers’ imagination in a big way, and it kicked off a new genre (type) of science fiction. The Time Machine is about a man who goes into the future using a “time machine” (a term Wells invented) and what happens to him there.
If you could travel in time, how far into the future would you dare go? Remember, the further you go, the more different life is likely to be from the present. Fifty years? A hundred? In Wells’s story, the traveler doesn’t stop for many, many years!
He goes a long way to get into a lot of trouble. He discovers a society of happy, carefree people who live on fruit and are nice to him. So far, so good. When he asks about the mysterious disappearances of their friends each night, they don’t answer him. Uh-oh…
It turns out that in the future he discovered, members of a group that live underground come out on the surface at night to kidnap the people above. The people he meets in the future are not free — they are being raised by ape creatures much like humans nowadays raise cows. The ape creatures steal his time machine, but after a battle, he finds it and manages to escape (just in time!).
(Excerpted from Mishpacha Jr., Issue 755)
Oops! We could not locate your form. | <urn:uuid:daae1bfe-9605-4ede-8c43-6fff50226946> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://mishpacha.com/time-travel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475238.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301093751-20240301123751-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.949442 | 716 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Estimating the evapotranspiration rates of wetlands in Suriname, a case study of the Nani SwampEstimating the evapotranspiration rates of wetlands in Suriname, a case study of the Nani Swamp
Faculty of Sciences. Bioscience Engineering
Environmental Ecology & Microbiology (ENdEMIC)
Academic journal of Suriname
4(2013), p. 332-338
University of Antwerp
The Nani Swamp, located in the northwestern part of Suriname in district Nickerie, is the major irrigation source for about 25,000 hectares rice polders within that area. Managing the swamp sustainably has therefore always been a great challenge and is one of the highest priorities of this district. Evapotranspiration, which is an important part of the water balance, contributes the most to water removal from the Nani Swamp. Unfortunately there are few studies on the quantification of this parameter and its variability. In this context the current study was carried out based on hourly meteorological data from a single automatic weather station located in the heart of the swamp. The measurements were done in the period June-October 2009, and used as input to compute the evapotranspiration ET with the American Society of Civil Engineers Penman-Monteith ASCE PM method and various other empirical ET formulas. A total average value of 4.76 mm d-1 was found for the daily ET of the swamp in the study period. The observed hourly average ET was 0.45 mm h-1 and the average nocturnal ET was 0.015 mm h-1.The temporal variability of the ET could be explained by meteorological parameters, of which shortwave solar radiation Rs and cloudiness n/N showed the best correlation with the ET. These parameters were used to compute regression formulas in order to estimate the ET of the swamp without having to use the empirical ET methods. | <urn:uuid:1f56c990-a465-4e94-b2a1-88503630e8b1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/104750 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00442-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915141 | 394 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Surface tension is rightly named: it is a tension in the surface that separates a liquid and another fluid, air in your case. This tension is at the origin of forces: e.g, if the surface is curved, the force tends to straighten it (as when you exert a tension on a piece of string: it will straighten). In a small spherical bubble which is far from the walls of the container and from the surface, surface tension acts all over the surface, exerting a force toward the center of the bubble: this force is resisted by an opposing pressure in the bubble. This is known as Laplace law.
If the bubble is at the bottom, then surface tension is also at the origin of a force at the line of contact of the water-air interface and the bottom of the container. This force is proportional to the value of the surface tension (a constant that only depends on the fluids you have and temperature) times the length of that line.
If the bubble is small enough, this force can resist the buoyancy force. Imagine now that you inflate the bubble, the volume and thereofre buoyancy will grow faster than the perimeter of the contact, and at some point the buoyancy force will be able to detach the bubble.
(Note that in order to have a complete picture, one should also consider the shape evolution of the bubble, which is governed by other surface energies: the solid-water energy and solid-gas energy, as the angle of contact governs the proportionality mentioned above) | <urn:uuid:412e94d4-f84f-477d-a116-8c2a09c5ff79> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/108340/what-is-the-effect-of-surface-tension-on-an-air-bubble-inside-water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159155.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00168-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942191 | 312 | 3.609375 | 4 |
A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples
by Ilan Pappé
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 333 pp. $60 ($28, paper).
Reviewed by Efraim Karsh
Middle East Quarterly
Winter 2006, pp. 82-83
Pappé is the odd man out among the so-called New Historians. Unlike his colleagues, who pretend to base their anti-Israel writings on recently declassified documents from the British Mandate period and the first years of Israeli independence, Pappé is an unabashed "relativist" for whom historical research is a backward-looking projection of political attitudes and agendas regardless of actual facts. Aside from his doctoral dissertation, subsequently published as Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948-51, Pappé's books are not based on archival documentation, preferring secondary (and deeply prejudiced) sources that aim at vindicating the Palestinian "narrative" of the conflict. He himself explains this in the introduction to A History of Modern Palestine:
My bias is apparent despite the desire of my peers that I stick to facts and the "truth" when reconstructing past realities. I view any such construction as vain and presumptuous. This book is written by one who admits compassion for the colonized not the colonizer; who sympathizes with the occupied not the occupiers.
This unabashed acknowledgment of personal bias and open political partisanship comes from a diehard ideologue who views Zionist and Israeli history as "more than a century of colonization, occupation, and dispossession of Palestinians." The equation of Zionism with colonialism, the cornerstone of Pappé's historical narrative, has been a staple of Arab propaganda since the early 1920s. Almost as predictable is the portrayal of Arabs and Palestinians as the hapless victims of this alleged foreign invasion.
Publication of A History of Modern Palestine by a prestigious academic press is a sad testament to the pervasive politicization of Middle Eastern studies where the dividing line between academic scholarship and unadulterated propaganda has been blurred, if not erased.
Even by the skewed standards of this field of studies, Pappé's latest book ranks in a class of its own. Not only does it add no new facts or ideas to the anti-Israel literature, but the sloppiness of its research astounds. It contains countless factual errors and inaccuracies. Yasir Arafat's birthplace is Cairo and not Jerusalem. The U.N. Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) presented its report on August 31, 1947, not on November 29. Deir Yasin is a village near Jerusalem, and not in Haifa. Lawrence of Arabia had nothing to do with the Anglo-Hashemite correspondence that led to the "Great Arab Revolt" of World War I. Further, this correspondence was initiated by the Hashemites not by the British. Pappé even misspells the official English transliteration of President Weizmann's first name (Chaim, not Haim).
More serious is the book's consistent resort to factual misrepresentation, distortion, and outright falsehood. Readers are told of events that never happened, such as the nonexistent May 1948 Tantura "massacre" or the expulsion of Arabs within twelve days of the partition resolution. They learn of political decisions that were never made, such as the Anglo-French 1912 plan for the occupation of Palestine or the contriving of "a master plan to rid the future Jewish state of as many Palestinians as possible." And they are misinformed about military and political developments, such as the rationale for the Balfour declaration:
Without Russia, there was very little hope of successfully surrounding Germany with a ring of enemy states, a strategy it was hoped would cause Germany to surrender. The British government expected that Russian Jews would become the agents of pro-British propaganda that would persuade the tsarist government to come out clearly in support of the Allies' effort to subjugate Germany.
But Russia was a member of the Triple Entente coalition with Britain and France from the time of the outbreak of hostilities in 1914 and so needed no encouragement to join the war three years later, least of all by its despised and persecuted Jewish minority. In fact, it was hoped that the Zionist movement, by virtue of its perceived connections to the Bolshevik movement, would help keep communist Russia in the war.
Pappé claims that Theodor Herzl "attempted to enlist British help in installing a temporary Jewish state (i.e., one that would eventually be moved to Palestine) in British Uganda, an offer which was seriously considered by some in Whitehall," only to have his plan foiled by Weizmann. In fact, it was British Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain, not Herzl, who conceived of the East Africa idea. Nor was the "Uganda plan" foiled by Herzl's opponents, least of all Weizmann. Herzl narrowly got the plan passed by his last Zionist Congress in 1903, overriding the opposition of such Zionist leaders as Menahem Ussishkin and Yehiel Chlenov; it was only after Herzl's death in July 1904 that the idea was unceremoniously buried.
A final example of Pappé's distortion concerns the tidal wave of Arab violence that immediately followed the U.N. partition vote in November 1947. On the day after the vote, a spate of Arab attacks left seven Jews dead and scores more wounded. Shooting, stoning, and rioting continued apace in the following days. The consulates of Poland and Sweden, both of whose governments had voted for partition, were attacked. Bombs were thrown into cafes, Molotov cocktails were hurled at shops, a synagogue was set on fire. On December 3, at the instigation of the Palestinian leadership, a large mob ransacked the new Jewish commercial center in Jerusalem, looting and burning shops and stabbing and stoning whomever they happened upon. The next day, some 120-150 armed Arabs attacked Kibbutz Efal, on the outskirts of Tel Aviv, in the first large-scale attempt to storm a Jewish village.
Ignoring this heavily documented historical record, Pappé whitewashes this violence as intra-communal clashes "activated by hotheaded youth on both sides." He even makes the mind-boggling claim that this violence had been triggered by the Haganah. Like so much else in A History of Modern Palestine, this is a falsehood.
Does Pappé count on the ignorance of the general reader to accept it? Does he expect his peers to give him a pass? That Cambridge University Press purveys this disgraceful work suggests that they just might. It also symbolizes the crisis in Middle East studies.
Efraim Karsh is director of the Mediterranean Studies Programme at King's College, University of London, and editor of the quarterly journal Israel Affairs. He is the author of Arafat's War: the Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest (Grove Press, 2003).
New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1988.
Related Topics: Arab-Israel conflict & diplomacy, History, Israel & Zionism, Palestinians | Efraim Karsh | Winter 2006 MEQ
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This text may be reposted or forwarded so long as it is presented as an integral whole with complete and accurate information provided about its author, date, place of publication, and original URL. | <urn:uuid:8f5c1b01-4fb8-4160-beb1-7cacecdfc122> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.meforum.org/897/a-history-of-modern-palestine-one-land-two-peoples | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246648209.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045728-00203-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957956 | 1,538 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Questioning "Two Kinds"
Lesson 10 of 11
Objective: SWBAT operate in high-functioning cooperative base groups by annotating a text for inferred meaning and by writing questions of inference on character motive.
Base Group Chalk Talk
Base Groups. Creating high-functioning base groups depends on a combination of camaraderie and focus. David and Roger Johnson (link) refer to these terms as Positive Interdependence and Individual Accountability. The opening segment of today's lesson would focus on creating a common vision for high-functioning groups.
T-Charting Cooperative Social Skills. I will as the students to describe groups that are high functioning and those that are not, and I will place their ideas on a "T" chart on the front board. This teacher-led-discussion will serve as a reminder of the norms of engagement in lessons in groups and so help to define the kinds of positive interdependence and responsibility that are so important for groups to work well. Often, I record these ideas (or have students do this) on poster paper and leave them up throughout the first quarter. This year, I have a pretty highly functioning class, so I do not plan to post these norms but will just mention them together and come to a common understanding through discussion. I will expect all or nearly all of the students to help build this list (SL.9-10.1 and SL.9-10.1b).
I will say:
1.) What does positive interaction look like?
2.) What does it sounds like?
3.) How should you be sitting? How can you use positive body language?
4.) What types of things can you say to encourage, paraphrase, question your group members in a positive way?
I will record their ideas on a butcher paper on the board in a two-column (T-format) chart that I can then post again throughout the first quarter as a reminder of the norms.
Looks like: Sounds like:
Base groups read. After prepping them for positive work in the base groups (SL.9-10.1b), I will ask them to meet in these groups of three, to take turns reading, about 1/2 a page a turn and writing questions in the margins (RL.9-10.3) about the character's motivations, particularly as they relate to feedback, praise, and persistence.
Expectations and support. The focus of this element of the lesson will be to have students practice question writing in their base groups while reading a short story, "Two Kinds" by Amy Tan (e.g. link). I have selected this story in consultation with my colleagues from READi, and I feel it's a great choice here because it will bring in some of the fictive elements of the Vonnegut story, some of the memoir elements of the Mike Rose essay, and will showcase the thematic insights (RL.9-10.2) that we have been developing across all of the texts in this unit on praise/performance/persistence.
It's a challenging story and very long for one night's worth of homework, but I want to see if the students will complete the story on their own after the support of the base groups and if they can apply the question-writing strategy looking for character inferences (RL.9-10.3) and reading the story in a careful way (RL.9-10.1). When they go home, I am hoping that they will independently finish the text, and I know that this level of expectation requires a high commitment from the students (RL.9-10.10). when they go home. In this way, I aim to leverage the base groups toward extending rigor into the classroom experience and to connect in-class work with at-home work.
**LINK: This story is widely available online, and this link is just one example. You should consider getting a class set of The Joy Luck Club in which it appears so that students who enjoy the text can read additional, related stories.
I want to coach the students in a warm but firm way toward getting the reading completed for homework (RL.9-10.10).
I will say:
1.) Where will you read this text and when? How will you set up yourself for success in this reading?
2.) How should your story copy look when you return to class tomorrow?
3.) What can you do and what online resources do you have at your fingertips if you have trouble reading? Are there any that you should not use? | <urn:uuid:345e3576-a8f9-4ab2-b9e0-ae1b8df49826> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://betterlesson.com/lesson/resource/3007801/project-readi-has-had-a-strong-impact-on-several-units-in-my-bl-curriculum-docx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.942226 | 946 | 3.8125 | 4 |
A pet project of some researchers in the past was to try to develop an artificial gill so that people could breathe under water like fish. No scuba gear would be necessary in the Neptunian world, only a thin rubbery membrane allowing people to draw air from the water.
Today this idea is merely remembered as one of yesterday's dreams. But enough realistic uses now are evolving for synthetic membranes so that their use is expected to become a key technology of tomorrow.
Membranes long have been used to turn saltwater into tap water, and they have some biology-related applications. Now they are being developed to separate gases, recover rare metals, and purify or concentrate substances ranging from food to fouled water. The new filters also help shave energy costs, control pollution, and recycle materials.
The membranes usually are thin plastic walls or fibrous hollow tubes. Their emergence culminates a decades-old effort to mimic the biological filters that abound in nature. Seagulls, for instance, have nasal glands that extract salt from seawater.
In a forest-capped stretch of Wyoming, researchers from Bend Research and the US Bureau of Mines recently tested a tubular membrane system to recover uranium. In this system the leach is pumped through porous hollow tubes saturated with a special chemical fluid, which latches onto the metal atoms in the ore, filtering them out. Result: uranium recovered at 20 to 30 cents a pound cheaper than by conventional methods. As rich ore deposits become scarce, synthetic screens also may find use in chromate, copper, and nickel mining industries.
For now, the membrane industry is still in a chrysalis state. Annual world sales of the filters and related equipment are less than $1 billion.
Last year $170 million of membranes were sold in the US; by 1990 that should jump to $550 million annually, Anna Crull of Chemical Technology Consultants, a Houston-based consulting firm, estimates.
About 30 companies in the United States are working on the technology. The firms range from corporate giants like Monsanto and Du Pont to bantams like Bend Research of Bend, Ore., and Moleculon Research Corporation of Cambridge, Mass.
One area in which membranes increasingly are flexing their might is in separating gases. Oil and chemical companies are using synthetic filters developed in 1979 by the Monsanto Company to recover hydrogen and other gases from industrial processes.
Other systems are developing membranes to remove chemicals from waste streams. Moleculon has developed a membrane ''sandwich'' to filter acids and other chemicals from effluents, making the water reusable. Electronics firms, chemical companies, and pulp and paper mills are interested in the idea.
Better systems are being developed, too, to turn seawater into drinking water; it's a fast-growing use of membranes, particularly in parched countries. High oil prices have made membrane-desalination a favorable alternative to older energy-intensive methods, which use heat to evaporate water.
Further ahead, membrane separation systems hold major promise for biotechnology, concentrating foods (such as sugars), and a range of biomedical applications.
Japan is racing ahead to develop membrane technology. The Japanese are particularly interested in its importance to future biotechnology - for instance , in separating proteins. Though the US is still the leader in most areas of this research, Japan is funneling $42 million into membrane research and development over five years, says Harold Lonsdale, president of Bend Research and editor of the Journal of Membrane Science. That's probably ''more than the rest of the world'' combined, he adds.
Still, austere economic times are hampering commercialization of the technology worldwide. Many of the industries that would use the filters - such as chemical and mining - don't have the money to put into the often expensive systems. | <urn:uuid:6bb7fcca-9671-4191-986f-b90108ff0d20> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0531/053127.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098987.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00007-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943869 | 776 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Study looks at ways to control dust coal miners breathe
A new report examines the way coal dust inhaled by miners is regulated as health and safety officials grapple with an increase in cases of severe black lung disease in Appalachia.
The National Academy of Sciences report released Thursday explores dust sampling approaches and limiting miners' exposure to dust. Controlling dust exposure is critical to preventing black lung disease, or pneumoconiosis. The disease has killed about 77,000 coal miners since 1968.
The 148-page report suggests that monitoring standards that go beyond current federal regulations may be necessary to protect more coal miners from the disease. The U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration reduced the allowable dust levels in mines in a 2014 rules change. Miners also wear personal dust monitors underground.
Amy Louviere, a spokeswoman for the mine safety agency, said officials are reviewing the study before publicly commenting on its findings.
Black lung deaths have declined since the 1970s, but since 2000 there has been an increase in the number of rapidly progressing cases in certain regions, including central Appalachia. In those cases, the signs of serious black lung disease appear rapidly in a period of five years or less. The cases were found in a "hot spot" of Kentucky, West Virginia and Virginia, and the miners in those instances were younger than typical patients and more likely to be employed by smaller mines, according to the report.
The report suggests one of the culprits of the spike in black lung cases could be crystalline silica, which is found in rock dust. Miners are working with thinner coal seams, meaning they are cutting into more rock that contains the silica, which is more damaging to lungs than coal dust.
"Increased silica exposure appears to explain at least some of the observed cases of rapidly progressive" black lung disease, the report said. It recommended the development of a silica monitor that detects those levels in the air.
The report also said stronger machinery and faster coal-loading is kicking up more dust.
"Higher productivity certainly increases the total dust load generated," it said.
The report calls for a comprehensive study with industry, unions and the government to identify key challenges in implementing better dust monitoring techniques.
Congress directed the Academy of Sciences to conduct the study in 2016.
© 2018 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:739e2b42-4be6-4318-bbd2-21cbd1ec0983> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-06-ways-coal-miners.html?utm_source=nwletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=daily-nwletter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256215.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521022141-20190521044141-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.952315 | 475 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Reading A-Z resources organized into weekly content-based units and differentiated instruction options.
Informational (nonfiction), 87 words, Level C (Grade K), Lexile 140L
Earthworms come in many sizes and colors. In All About Earthworms, students will learn about these useful creatures. Detailed, supportive photographs; high-frequency words; and repetitive phrases support readers. Students will have the opportunity to identify the main idea and supporting details and to connect to prior knowledge.
You may unsubscribe at any time. | <urn:uuid:1de1c1dd-254e-4d70-a6ec-b4570ed09114> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.readinga-z.com/book.php?id=2161&langId=7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668712.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115195132-20191115223132-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.910996 | 108 | 3.5 | 4 |
Among more than 400 healthy older adults ages 65 to 95, followed as part of a longitudinal study of Alzheimer's, those who had a sudden doubling of the rate of weight loss developed dementia about a year later, found David K. Johnson, Ph.D., of Washington University, and colleagues.
"Specific factors contributing to weight loss are unknown, but these data suggest they operate before the development of dementia of Alzheimer's type," the authors reported in the Sept. 11 issue of Archives of Neurology. "Hence, weight loss may be a preclinical indicator of Alzheimer disease."
Other studies have shown that weight loss is associated with development of dementia and with nursing home placement, but the timing and rate of the weight loss in relationship to the first signs of dementia are unknown, the authors noted.
They looked at rates of weight change in 449 volunteers (192 men, 257 women), who were cognitively healthy at baseline. The volunteers were controls in a longitudinal study of memory and aging.
Participants were weighed at study outset and at annual visits. The investigators created piecewise linear regression and random effects models to test longitudinal rates of weight change between the demented and non-demented groups.
In all, 125 of the original cohort went on to develop Alzheimer's-type dementia, and 324 remained cognitively healthy.
The investigators found that participants without dementia lost 0.65 (standard error, 0.13) pounds per year over the entire study period (January 1991 to March 2005).
Weight loss in the group that went on to develop dementia was similar (0.68 lbs per year, SE 0.27) until one year before the diagnosis of dementia. At that time, "there was a sharp acceleration such that the slope roughly doubled in magnitude."
In the year before the diagnosis, these participants lost 1.2 pounds, double the rate of the non-demented patients.
They also found that participants in the dementia group weighed an average of 8.2 lbs less at baseline than the participants whose mental faculties remained intact at study end.
The association between accelerated weight loss and dementia held up even when the investigators controlled for other factors potentially associated with weight loss, such as age, gender, health status, hypertension, and history of stroke.
The weight loss among patients with dementia was greatest when other health factors such as cardiovascular symptoms, male gender, and poor health were present, but these risks did not mediate the doubling of weight loss, the authors wrote.
"Other health risks investigated (depressive symptoms, marital status, use of potentially anorectic medications, APOE-4 expression, diabetes mellitus, and appetite change) were not related to weight loss and dementia progression," they added.
The findings from this and other epidemiologic studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease may be preceded by two phases of weight loss, the authors wrote.
"At midlife, participants who will eventually have dementia weigh as much as their peers without dementia," they wrote. "At late midlife or early late life, these individuals begin to lose weight at faster rates, and by six years before dementia detection, participants who will eventually develop dementia are six to eight pounds lighter on average."
"The present study shows that at least one year before dementia detection, the rate of weight loss again increases. Thus, weight loss associated with dementia of the Alzheimer's type probably begins very early in the course of the disease and then accelerates in the one to two years before the onset of cognitive symptoms," they wrote.
- Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Archives of NeurologySource Reference: Johnson DK et al. "Accelerated Weight Loss May Precede Diagnosis in Alzheimer Disease." Arch Neurol. 2006;63:1312-1317 | <urn:uuid:bbfe2e69-03ed-4ca6-9298-768426fb1d4b> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/alzheimersdisease/4081 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658702.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117041621-20190117063621-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.951643 | 782 | 3.0625 | 3 |
On April 13th, Discover Birds Volunteers from the Knoxville Chapter of the Tennessee Ornithological Society had a great time introducing 60 Norwood Elementary School Students, 3rd. 4th and 5th graders, to the wonder of birds in their after-school program.
At the same time, another group of students met with our Discover Birds bird-walk leaders, Merikay Waldvogel, center, Jerry Ledbetter, Christine Hamilton, and Susie Kaplar. Students were introduced to binoculars, and given opportunity to learn to focus them before beginning their bird walks.
Jerry Ledbetter, above, helps a student adjust her binoculars.
gray-blue in plumage.
Above, Merikay shows students the bluebird's field marks or identifying characteristics using a Tennessee pocket field guide by Waterford Press.
Above and below, another group of students receives instruction in the use of binoculars.
Above, the colorful iridescent feathers and bright yellow beak of the European Starling. During the winter months the starling's beak changes to black.
Marikay and Jerry compiled an eBird report from our Norwood bird walks! Here's how our bird count looked.
Apr 13, 2015
US-TN-Knoxville Norwood Elementary School
All birds reported? Yes
Submitted from BirdLog NA for iOS, version 1.8
1 Turkey Vulture
1 Cooper's Hawk
1 Mourning Dove
2 Blue Jay
4 American Crow
1 Carolina Chickadee
1 Eastern Bluebird
4 American Robin
2 Northern Mockingbird
4 European Starling
1 Yellow-rumped Warbler
1 Eastern Towhee
4 Northern Cardinal
1 Red-winged Blackbird
A big thank you to Norwood Elementary School's After-school Program for hosting the Discover Birds Program! A special thank you also to KTOS Discover Birds volunteers: Merikay Waldvogel, Billie Cantwell, Jerry Ledbetter, Doug Schneeberger, Christine Hamilton, Susie Kaplar, Phil Kaplar and Vickie Henderson. Each of the students received an activity book, donated by KTOS.
Norwood Elementary School
KTOS--Knoxville Chapter of the Tennessee Ornithological Society
KTOS on Facebook
Discover Birds Program
Discover Birds Activity Book
Discover Birds Curriculum Guide
Discover Birds in the Tennessee Conservationist
eBird at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Tennessee Watchable Wildlife--Birds
Cornell's free beginning birding app--Merlin Bird ID by Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Audubon Mobile Field Guides | <urn:uuid:6b7d8b86-c8d3-4b75-861b-fbc0e60fa833> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://discoverbirds.blogspot.com/2015/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584331733.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123105843-20190123131843-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.839917 | 548 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The goal of this challenge is to write a program able to guess a word in the smallest possible number of attempts. It is based on the concept of the Lingo TV show (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingo_(U.S._game_show)).
Given a word length passed as the first argument on its command line, the player program disposes of five attempts to guess the word by writing a guess on its standard output followed by a single
After a guess is made, the program receives a string on its standard input, also followed by a single
The string has the same length as the word to guess and is comprised of a sequence of the following characters:
X: which means that the given letter is not present in the word to guess
?: which means that the given letter is present in the word to guess, but at another location
O: which means that the letter at this location has been correctly guessed
For example, if the word to guess is
dents, and the program sends the word
dozes, it will receive
s are correct,
e is misplaced, and
z are not present.
Be careful that if a letter is present more times in the guessing attempt than in the word to guess, it will not be marked as
O more times than the number of occurences of the letter in the word to guess.
For example, if the word to guess is
cozies and the program sends
tosses, it will receive
XOXXOO because there is only one
s to locate.
Words are chosen from an english word list. If the word sent by the program is not a valid word of the correct length, the attempt is considered as an automatic failure and only
X's are returned.
The player program should assume that a file named
wordlist.txt and containing one word per line is present in the current working directory, and can be read as necessary.
Guesses should only be comprised of alphabetic low-case characters (
No other network or file operations are allowed for the program.
The game ends when a string only comprised of
O is returned or after the program has made 5 attempts and was not able to guess the word.
The score of a game is given by the given formula:
score = 100 * (6 - number_of_attempts)
So if the word is correctly guessed on the first try, 500 points are given. The last try is worth 100 points.
Failure to guess the word grants zero points.
Player programs will be evaluated by trying to have them guess 100 random words for each word length between 4 and 13 characters inclusively.
Random word selection will be done by advance so all entries will have to guess the same words.
The winning program, and accepted answer, will be the one to reach the highest score.
Programs will be run in an Ubuntu virtual machine, using the code at https://github.com/noirotm/lingo. Implementations in any language are accepted as long as reasonable instructions to compile and/or run them are provided.
I'm providing a few test implementations in ruby in the git repository, feel free to take inspiration from them.
This question will be periodically updated with rankings for published answers so challengers can improve their entries.
The official final evaluation will take place on the 1st of July.
Entries can now assume the presence of
wordlistN.txt files to speed up reading the word list for the current word length for N between 4 and 13 inclusively.
For example, there is a
wordlist4.txt file containing all four letter words, and
wordlist10.txt containing all ten letter words, and so on.
First round results
At the date of 2014-07-01, three entries have been submitted, with the following results:
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total ./chinese-perl-goth.pl 8100 12400 15700 19100 22100 25800 27900 30600 31300 33600 226600 java Lingo 10600 14600 19500 22200 25500 28100 29000 31600 32700 33500 247300 ./edc65 10900 15800 22300 24300 27200 29600 31300 33900 33400 33900 262600 ** Rankings ** 1: ./edc65 (262600) 2: java Lingo (247300) 3: ./chinese-perl-goth.pl (226600)
All entries performed consistently, with a clear winner, being @edc65's C++'s entry.
All contestants are pretty awesome. I have been unable so far to even beat @chinese-perl-goth.
If more entries are submitted, another evaluation will take place. Current entries can also be improved if you feel like you can do better. | <urn:uuid:8a4a3e69-9cbf-4834-84f6-0202c29cb937> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/26858/guess-the-word-aka-lingo/27070 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655919952.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711001811-20200711031811-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.924721 | 1,021 | 4 | 4 |
According to recent studies global coal reserves may be much smaller than previously thought. Indeed, estimates are now of 662 billion tons instead of 850 billion tons.
That’s 23 percent smaller. So, what occurred with estimates of remaining oil is also true here : countries overestimated their coal reserves and peak coal is nearer than expected.
Coal accounts for more than a fifth of our primary energy sources. With smaller reserves, this makes it even more urgent to switch to alternatives.
As TreeHugger notes:
Dave Rutledge, the chair of Caltech’s engineering and applied sciences division, has release a new estimate of the world’s coal reserves that he says is more accurate than previous ones. The bad news: There’s still lots and lots of dirty coal in the ground.
The good news: There’s probably a lot less than we thought. His total estimate of all the coal that humans will ever get out of the ground is 662 billion tons, while the previous estimates had 850 billion tons still left in the ground. That makes a difference. Read on for more.
From Wired Magazine:
Rutledge argues that governments are terrible at estimating their own fossil fuel reserves. He developed his new model by looking back at historical examples of fossil fuel exhaustion.
For example, British coal production fell precipitously form its 1913 peak. American oil production famously peaked in 1970, as controversially predicted by King Hubbert. Both countries had heartily overestimated their reserves.
It was from manipulating the data from the previous peaks that Rutledge developed his new model, based on fitting curves to the cumulative production of a region. He says that they provide much more stable estimates than other techniques and are much more accurate than those made by individual countries.
And Rutledge is not alone thinking that coal reserves have been overestimated.
According to the The National Research Council’s Committee on Coal Research, Technology, and Resource Assessments to Inform Energy Policy’s 2007 report:
“Present estimates of coal reserves are based upon methods that have not been reviewed or revised since their inception in 1974, and much of the input data were compiled in the early 1970’s. Recent programs to assess reserves in limited areas using updated methods indicate that only a small fraction of previously estimated reserves are actually mineable reserves.”
(…) Using these new estimates, burning the world’s coal would lead to 460 ppm of CO2 in the atmosphere, which would cause a 2-degree-Celsius rise in global temperatures.
That’s still too much according to many scientists who would like to see CO2 at 350 ppm, but that scenario would still be better than those based on the current hypotethical coal reserves.
Did we just replace flawed estimates with new flawed estimates? Maybe. It’s probably too early to know.
Either way, the math is simple. Less coal = good. Small reserves, big reserves, we should phase it out as quickly as possible. But we should always use the best information available and not cherry pick it because it is useful.
Other thing we got to stop is giving subsidies to these industries.
Indeed, those gigantic amounts of money – up to 300 billion USD globally to the UNEP – are slowing down the switch to cleaner sources and are partly used to run gigantic ads campaigns that are misleading people.
All this money would be far better used in solar and other renewables as well as on energy efficiency… | <urn:uuid:d7bf7961-cc45-41cd-9cc0-68af54fb01d1> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.edouardstenger.com/2008/12/22/overestimated-global-coal-reserves/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893629.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124090112-20180124110112-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.963107 | 717 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Why apply sunscreen lotion on the skin for protection from the harmful rays of the Sun when just wearing clothes with natural dyes is enough?
Clothes made of natural fabric with natural dyes are natural sunscreens and most of the people are not aware of it, says Dr A Sarada Devi, Emeritus Scientist (ICAR) at College of Home Science, ANGRAU, Hyderabad.
She says natural dyes extracted from various natural sources, mainly from different parts of plants like bark, seeds, flowers, roots and leaves, have an ability to protect the body from harmful rays of the Sun.
Sarada Devi, who is heading the National Agricultural Innovation Project: A Value Chain in Natural Dyes, says there are two types of ultraviolet rays--A and B.
Both of them are harmful; ultraviolet B rays are more dangerous. Several of the natural dyes in combination with different types of mordant act as an effective sunscreen.
According to her, Annatto derived from the seeds of Achiote, which is locally known as Jafra seeds, when mixed with different mordant (which is required for binding the dye to the fabric), give different levels of protect from ultraviolet B rays. Also, FeSo4 (Ferrous Sulfate or Iron (II) Sulfate) on a thick fabric gives 91.03 percent protection from ultraviolet B rays, she said.
“All the natural dyes are anti-microbial and do good to the skin,” she says. In other words, wearing clothes made of fabric with natural dyes is healthy.
Further, many of the natural elements from which natural dyes are derived are extensively used in Ayurveda as herbs of remedy. For example, Flame of the Forest, known as Moduga Puvvu in local parlance, is consider to be a good remedy for many aliments. Herbal medicine derived Amaltas, commonly known as Golden Shower Tree, is said to have the capacity to give relief from upper respiratory problems.
“Wearing clothes with natural dyes extracted from such medicinal plants is good for health. They might not be directly giving relief from an aliment, but they can act as anti-microbial screens,” Sarada Devi said.
By using fabrics coloured with natural dyes, one would also be helping the environment as natural dyes are environmental friendly, unlike artificial dyes, which pollute groundwater at the textile manufacturing centres. | <urn:uuid:8baae4c7-fa79-4c0e-97d5-eecf25a65504> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2014/may/12/Clothes-with-Natural-Dyes-Protect-Skin-from-Harmful-UV-Rays-Says-Expert-611401.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659340.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117204652-20190117230652-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.952462 | 510 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Cryptozoology - C vs E - Dinosaurs
It's what every Darwinist loves to profess. Turn on the television, read the magazines, and you will be bombarded with "scientific information" regarding the similarities between apes (i.e. monkeys, baboons, etc.) and human beings. Many scientists have, in fact, devoted decades of their lives to studying the behavior of these animals, all with the idea that, yes, these are indeed grandma and grandpa. The notable stories of Jane Goodall and Dianne Fossey living with chimps and gorillas fascinate the public, sparking our minds to believe that the thoughts, behaviors, and communications of these animals are not all that far from our own. Genetic developments in the scientific community have helped reinforce these ideas, or so it seems. What is, however, the truth of the matter? Are we really so similar to our furry friends?
"We also share about 50% of our DNA with bananas and that doesn't make us half bananas, either from the waist up or the waist down."
An exceptional quote to begin with, revealing that specific, pinpointed similarities between two separate species can mean very little. Baboons, according to research, share 90% of their DNA with human beings. Does this, therefore, make them 90% human? The answer, in light of this quote, is absolutely not. Dr. Barney Maddox, a leading genetic genome researcher, also noted concerning man/monkey genetic differences:
"Now the genetic difference between human and his nearest relative, the chimpanzee, is at least 1.6%. That doesn't sound like much, but calculated out, that is a gap of at least 48,000,000 nucleotides, and a change of only 3 nucleotides is fatal to an animal; there is no possibility of change."
Human Genome Project, Quantitative A Disproof of Evolution, CEM facts sheet. Cited in Doubts about Evolution?
And as a writer for the Smithsonian concedes: "just a few percentage points can translate into vast, unbridgeable gaps between species."
Simply stated, if we were to take this idea of similarities to determine which animal is most like us, we would come up with dire results. Take, for instance, our number of chromosomes (46). Two of our closest ancestors would be the tobacco plant (48) and the bat (44). Furthermore, because the chromosomes in living matter are one of the most complex bits of matter in the known universe, it would seem logical to assume that organisms with the least number of chromosomes are the end result of millions of years of evolution experimenting to increase complexity in living organisms. Therefore, this would reveal that we started from penicillium with only 2 chromosomes, and slowly evolved into fruit flies (8), and after many more millions of years we became tomatoes (12), and so on, until we reached the human stage of 46 chromosomes. Millions of years from now, if we're fortunate, we may become the ultimate life form, a fern, with a total of 480 chromosomes.
Or, again, we could examine the human eye. Anatomically, it is most similar to that of an octopus'. Of course, the theory that the human eye evolved was directly commented by Charles Darwin himself when he said, "To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree."
Another argument in relation to man/monkey similarity has to do with language. A chimpanzee named Washoe and a bonobo named Kanzi "have become famous for their ability to respond to human language in surprisingly complex ways." In contrast, however, Robert Seyfarth, one of the most dedicated primate researchers in the world, says, "You can teach a bear to ride a bicycle in the circus, but it doesn't tell you much about what bears learn to do in the wild." And lastly, "even in the laboratory, no animal has attained anything like true language."
Regarding Seyfarth, he and his wife, who have performed many notable experiments with vervet monkeys and baboons, came to the conclusion after their latest work that the limitations on intelligence and communication in monkeys are severe. For example, foraging baboons from a troop who have separated themselves so that they're on opposite sides of a forest are known to make barking calls, which have long been thought to be calls of contact to one another. Experiments have revealed, however, that the monkeys are only mourning because they're lost.
"...monkeys don't actually recognize that other monkeys have minds," say Seyfarth and his wife. Humans can convey their thoughts and emotions to one another, so that one can sympathize with another who is hurting. Monkeys cannot. While chimps can grieve and certainly show emotions, they do not appear to sympathize with other chimps who are grieved.
Before believing what mainstream media tells you, look into the matter yourself. You are your own scientist, and can, with proper study, come to scientific truths firsthand. Don't take their word for something, and don't take our word for something. Truth is truth, fact is fact, and patiently lies waiting, like a fossil, to be discovered.
"Modern apes, for instance, seem to have sprung out of nowhere. They have no yesterday, no fossil record. And the true origin of modern humans - of upright, naked, tool-making, big-brained beings - is, if we are to be honest with ourselves, an equally mysterious matter."
Dr. Lyall Watson, Anthropologist
'The water people'. Science Digest, vol. 90, May 1982, p. 44.
"Amid the bewildering array of early fossil hominoids, is there one whose morphology marks it as man's hominid ancestor? If the factor of genetic variablitity is considered, the answer appears to be no."
Robert B. Eckhardt, Ph.D.
Professor of Anthropology, Penn State University
'Population genetics and human origins'. Scientific American, vol 226(1), January 1972, p. 94.
"As I have implied, students of fossil primates have not been distinguished for caution when working within the logical constraints of their subject. The record is so astonishing that it is legitmate to ask whether much science is yet to be found in this field at all."
Lord Solly Zuckerman, M.A., M.D., D.Sc.
Beyond the Ivory Tower, Taplinger Pub.Co., New York, 1970, p.64.
1. Jones, S., interviewed at the Australian Museum on The Science Show, broadcast on ABC radio, 12 January 2002.
2. Conniff, R., Monkey wrench, Smithsonian, pp. 102-104, October 2001.
3. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd, London, 1971, p. 167.
4. Carl Wieland, M.B., B.S., Furry little humans?, Creation, pp. 10-12, June-August 2002. | <urn:uuid:4ffa37ba-0495-4e88-bab4-d44eb01988aa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.trueauthority.com/cvse/monkeybusiness.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280801.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00263-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951055 | 1,513 | 3.203125 | 3 |
New Scientist has published some beautiful maps exploring which are the remotest places on earth – given how much international transport we have available to us.
“The maps are based on a model which calculated how long it would take to travel to the nearest city of 50,000 or more people by land or water. The model combines information on terrain and access to road, rail and river networks. It also considers how factors like altitude, steepness of terrain and hold-ups like border crossings slow travel.
Plotted onto a map, the results throw up surprises. First, less than 10% of the world’s land is more than 48 hours of ground-based travel from the nearest city. What’s more, many areas considered remote and inaccessible are not as far from civilisation as you might think. In the Amazon, for example, extensive river networks and an increasing number of roads mean that only 20% of the land is more than two days from a city – around the same proportion as Canada’s Quebec province.
This one shows roads around the world:
This one shows shipping routes:
And this one shows rivers: | <urn:uuid:f652499c-dc0a-4f66-9923-31d4e65063b0> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://evolvingnewsroom.co.nz/maps-show-how-transport-shrinks-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057303.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922011746-20210922041746-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.95166 | 234 | 3.78125 | 4 |
There are a few basic differences between real mode and protected mode that need to be addressed to convert a real mode program to run in protected mode.
Programs run at a protection level that prevents them from executing privileged instructions such as lgdt, lidt, etc. The DPMI interface is the only method application programs have for modifying system structures such as descriptors.
While DPMI defines a specific set of functions that will be supported by all implementations, there may be minor differences in individual implementations. Programmers should refer to the notes for their DPMI implementation for documentation on detecting the presence of and calling vendor specific extensions. However, any application that is written to adhere only to standard DPMI calls should work correctly under all implementations of DPMI.
Many DPMI implementations are simulated "virtual DOS" sessions. In other words, the DOS interface and environment presented to the program are not actually the native interface of the operating system. Hardware interrupts, I/O, and processor exceptions will be virtualized by the operating system. This means, for example, that a DPMI program may receive a simulated keyboard interrupt and read simulated I/O from the keyboard controller ports.
In these environments, actual hardware interrupts will be handled by the operating system. The physical interrupts will be invisible to the DPMI application program. If the operating system so chooses, it may reflect a virtual interrupt to the DPMI program. The DPMI program does not need to know, nor should it care, if this is the case. From the program's point of view, the interrupt looks exactly like a "real" interrupt. The operating system will also virtualize I/O to the interrupt controller ports and any other simulated devices.
There are basically three levels of virtualization that DPMI implementations can provide:
In general, stand-alone single tasking DPMI implementations will not virtualize any hardware devices. These hose extension programs will execute as standard DOS real mode drivers or programs. Extenders which use the services provided by these DPMI host drivers will translate protected mode DOS calls to real mode DOS calls. Normally these extenders will invoke DPMI services to return the processor to real mode (instead of virtual 8086 mode) when calling DOS.
Some environments that execute under DOS will virtualize hardware devices, provide virtual memory, or provide other services that require virtualization of some hardware devices. Under these environments, DPMI applications will always run at a non-privileged ring (usually ring 3). Some or all hardware interrupts will be virtualized, some or all I/O will be virtualized, and virtual memory may be supported. Under these implementations, page locking services usually must be used to lock interrupt and exception handling code.
These environments provide a completely simulated DOS environment. The native operating system is something other than MS-DOS. Under these implementations of DPMI, all devices will be virtualized to some extent. Normally, page locking services will be ignored by these implementations since all physical device interrupt and I/O handling will be performed by the operating system. Programs will always run at a non-privileged ring.
Protected mode code segments can not be modified. This requires programs to allocate an alias data descriptor if they need to store data in a code segment.
Segment arithmetic that works in real mode does not work in protected mode.
Some calls will return a range of descriptors. For example, if a 16-bit mode program allocates a block of memory larger than 64K, the call will allocate several, contiguous descriptors. Each descriptor will have a 64K limit except for the final descriptor which will have a limit that contains the remainder of the block. The call will return the first selector in the array. To get to the next selector, your program must add the value returned by Int 31h call 0003h (see section 8.5).
The popf and iret instructions may not modify the state of the interrupt flag since most DPMI implementations will run programs with IOPL < DPL. Programs must execute cli or sti to modify the interrupt flag state.
This means that the following code sequence will leave interrupts disabled:
; ; (Assume interrupts are enabled at this point) ; pushf cli . . popf ; Interrupts are still OFF!
Note that since some implementations of DPMI will maintain a virtual interrupt state for protected mode DOS programs, the current value of the interrupt flag may not reflect the current virtual interrupt state. Protected mode programs should use the virtual interrupt state services to determine the current interrupt flag state (see section 17.1).
Since cli and sti are privileged instructions, they will cause a protection violation and the DPMI provider will simulate the instruction. Because of the overhead involved in processing the exception, cli and sti should be used as little as possible. In general, you should expect either of these instructions to require at least 300 clocks.
Protected mode programs can hook both hardware and software interrupts using the DPMI get and set protected mode interrupt vector functions (see section 10.6). All interrupts from hardware devices such as the timer or keyboard controller will always be reflected to the protected mode interrupt handler first. If the protected mode handler jumps to or calls the previous interrupt handler then the interrupt will be reflected to real mode.
As in real mode, interrupt procedures can either service the interrupt and iret or they can chain to the next handler in the interrupt chain by executing pushf/call or by jumping to the next handler. The final handler for all protected mode interrupts will reflect the interrupt to real mode.
When an interrupt is reflected to real mode, the EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI, EBP registers, and flags will all be passed from protected to real mode unaltered. The segment registers will contain undefined values unless an API translator (such as a DOS or BIOS translator) explicitly sets a real mode segment register. DPMI will automatically provide a real mode stack for interrupts that are reflected to real mode.
The interrupt controllers are mapped to the system's default interrupts. On an IBM AT-compatible system, for example, the master interrupt controller is programmed with a base interrupt of 8 and the slave controller has a base of 70h. The virtualized interrupt controllers can be reprogrammed; the base setting may be examined in protected mode with Int 31h function 0400h.
Hardware interrupt procedures and all of their data must reside in locked memory. All memory that is touched by hardware interrupt hooks must be locked. The handler will always be called on a locked stack. See section 3 for more details.
As in real mode, hardware interrupt handlers are called with interrupts disabled. Since iret will not restore the interrupt flag, hardware interrupt hooks must execute an sti before executing iret or else interrupts will remain disabled.
Protected mode hardware interrupt handlers will always be called even for interrupts that occur in real mode. The last hook on the protected mode interrupt chain will reflect the interrupt to real mode.
Protected mode hardware interrupt handlers that need to call software running in real mode must either be sure that the real mode software that they are calling will not modify segment registers or they must use the state save service (see section 11.6) to save and restore the real mode segment registers. However, any interrupt handler that executes completely in protected mode, or uses translation services 0300h, 0301h, or 0302h does not need to save the real mode register state. Therefore, this is not an issue for most interrupt handlers.
For compatibility with older systems, computers with two interrupt controllers have the BIOS redirect one of the interrupts from the slave controller into the range of the master controller. For example, devices jumpered for IRQ 2 on IBM AT-compatible computers actually interrupt on IRQ 9 (interrupt 71h). In real mode, the BIOS on these systems will convert interrupt 71h to Int 0Ah and EOI the slave controller. A protected mode program that needs access to the redirected interrupt may use variations on either of these techniques:
Most software interrupts executed in real mode will not be reflected to the protected mode interrupt hooks. However, some software interrupts are also reflected to protected mode programs when they are called in real mode. These are:
INT DESCRIPTION 1Ch BIOS timer tick interrupt 23h DOS Ctrl+C interrupt 24h DOS critical error interruptPrograms should not terminate during interrupts that were reflected from real mode. Terminating the program at this point may prevent the DPMI host from cleaning up properly.
Of all software interrupts, only Ints 00h-07h will be called with virtual interrupts disabled. For these interrupts, the handler should return with interrupts enabled. All other interrupts will not modify the interrupt flag state.
Since most software interrupts that are executed in real mode are not reflected to protected mode interrupt hooks, programs would be required to install a real mode interrupt hook to monitor these interrupts.
Many implementations of DPMI support virtual memory. In these environments, it will be necessary to lock any memory that can be touched while executing inside of DOS. This is necessary because it may not be possible for the operating system to demand load a page if DOS is busy.
Some DPMI implementations will not call DOS to read or write virtual memory to disk and under these implementations the page locking services may be ignored. Since the entire DPMI session is virtualized, a page fault can be handled at any point while executing the program. However, under all implementations, DPMI applications should lock interrupt code and data. The lock calls will always return success under implementations that ignore these calls. | <urn:uuid:88f89430-37a6-496f-8c45-d0b5d1c91ebd> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.tenberry.com/web/dpmi/02.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444209.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00063-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872569 | 1,997 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Thermal imaging technology has let the waste management industry prevent fires before they ignite.
Fires are fast becoming a concern at Australia’s waste management facilities, as operators seek to minimise their risks through monitoring.
Such conscientious monitoring has been sparked by new research which has begun to look into the cause of the issue. In June of 2016, the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) released a report prepared for the Commonwealth Department of the Environment into waste fires in Australia. The report, titled Waste Fires in Australia: Cause for Concern?, found waste fires can arise across all stages of the waste management chain, both publicly and privately owned, including waste collection, transport, transfer stations, recycling and disposal to landfill. The source of combustible material varies greatly and includes tyres, used oils, green waste, wood waste, solvents, batteries and municipal solid waste.
It noted that research has shown prevention is cheaper than the cost of fighting waste fires and clean-up after a fire has occurred.
Property damage, waste facility downtime, environmental clean-up costs and long-term health effects are just a few consequences of a fire. The report into the causes of waste fires in NSW found that for a majority of cases, the causes were unknown, with the next biggest cause being arson, followed by spontaneous combustion and the dumping of hot coal/ash. The report also found more than half of all waste sent to landfill is potentially flammable. Some recommendations for effective site management include maintaining good security, prohibiting deliberate burning on landfill sites and correct storage of tyre stockpiles.
The cause of spontaneous combustion is just one of many risks looming within Australia’s waste transfer stations. The process of sorting the various types of waste deposited at transfer stations is a volatile one, with the risk of fire ever present.
And the risk is much higher at waste transfer stations than landfills, says Tim Snell, Industrial Monitoring & Control Managing Director, due to their position in residential areas and stockpiling of flammable materials, such as paper and green waste.
“Traditionally, when everything was going to landfill, it would all get squashed and buried. With more transfer stations opening up in place of landfill, the risk of a fire is greater. This is because these environments are open air.
“The repercussions of a fire are much higher too, because you’re in among houses and your social license to operate is dependent on you not causing disruption to the businesses and houses around you.”
UTS’s report argued correct storage of tyre stockpiles and hazardous chemicals would reduce the risk of fires. Many of the examples in the report of previous fires were also linked to excessive stockpiling.
Cleanaway is one waste management company to implement new technologies to reduce risk. Its Dandenong Transfer Station, which opened in May of this year, uses FLIR (forward looking infrared) thermal imaging cameras, part of an early fire detection system designed by equipment suppliers Industrial Monitoring & Control (IMC). Sean Towner, Sales Manager, FLIR Systems Australia, says thermal imaging technology has gained momentum in the waste industry over the past 10 years, particularly with more transfer stations cropping up. Sean says that thermal imaging differs from traditional fire detection devices. These systems can detect heat before a fire even starts.
“Prior to the use of infrared you would have CCTV – normal visual. There’s a couple of issues with that. If you’re looking at a potential fire in a visual, the horse has bolted because by the time the CCTV picks up a plume of smoke, the fire has probably already started. With infrared you can pick up the source of heat much earlier and assess the risk,” Sean says.
And when it comes to reducing the risk of fires, Cleanaway’s Head of Major Programs Mark Sheridan says the latest best practice technology is included across all of the company’s infrastructure plans.
“We want to ensure we have class leading preventative tools to protect our people, our assets and the communities in which we work. Stockpile management is the key to a successful and safe working environment for all, strongly aligned with our core value of home safe,” Mark says.
Because human beings can only feel heat rather than seeing it, infrared radiation is measured through thermal imaging technology. Sean says that the human eye sees only a tiny fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is a collective term to refer to the entire range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation – the different kinds of energies released into space by stars. These include heat – measured through infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves. Thermal imaging technology can detect heat levels by measuring electromagnetic radiation, producing images of that radiation called thermograms. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, which appears on the thermal image in colours representing a variety of temperature levels.
“Within the electromagnetic spectrum are radio waves, microwaves, gamma waves, infrared and visible waves. Our eyes are only attuned to visible waves. Our eyes can’t see heat, which is the precursor to fire, whereas infrared is able to pick it up,” Sean says.
IMC use FLIR’s radiometric thermal cameras to detect heat that should not be present. Tim says radiometric thermal cameras are calibrated, which means every single pixel of the image provides an exact temperature measurement. The cameras are configured with temperature thresholds and are integrated into an automatic alarming system to provide operators with rapid notification of a risk.
“There is straight thermal imaging where you wouldn’t be able to measure temperature, but you still see an image and there’s radiometric thermal imaging which can measure temperature in a variety of locations,” Tim explains.
Read the full story on page 12 of Issue 13 of Waste Management Review. | <urn:uuid:b28b8449-db70-4b95-86c6-a5a990260e69> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://wastemanagementreview.com.au/putting-out-the-flames/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512504.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020034552-20181020060052-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.948838 | 1,198 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Assignment 2: Inclusion versus Segregation
One of the top issues in special education is the ongoing debate of “inclusion versus segregation.†The idea of inclusion in education is that all students, no matter what disability they may have, should learn together in the same environment. Fully inclusive schools do not differentiate between special education courses and general education courses, but rather include students with learning, emotional, behavioral, or physical disabilities in classes with all of the other students.
The idea of segregation in education suggests that there are benefits to providing classes separate from general education classes that meet the needs of students with special needs. For some students, this may be for just one or two subjects, while for other students, this encompasses all of their courses.
In this assignment, you will consider those students who suffer from behavioral disorders or social skill deficits.
Using the module readings, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, research observational learning. Then, address the following:
- Based on your learning about observational learning in this module, what are the benefits that these students could gain through their inclusion into a regular classroom?
- How could the principles of observational learning help to improve the classroom behavior of students with behavioral disorders or social skill deficits?
- What are some of the classroom disadvantages for employing inclusion for other typically developing students?
- Do you support the move toward inclusion? Why or why not?
Write a 4–5-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Be sure to include a title page and a reference page. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M4_A2.doc.
By Week 4, Day 7, deliver your assignment to the M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox.
|Assignment 2 Grading Criteria||
|Identified benefits to be gained from inclusion of students with behavioral disorders and described ways in which principles of observational learning could improve classroom behavior of such students.||
|Identified classroom disadvantages for employing inclusion for other typically developing students.||
|Provided reasons for or against the move towards inclusion.||
|Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.|| | <urn:uuid:1cfe5641-29de-4502-899d-d3c8e19abbff> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://thenursingtermpaper.com/homework-4-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510967.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002033129-20231002063129-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.925612 | 509 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Idaho Has One Of The Lowest COVID-19 Vaccination Rates. Why?
LEILA FADEL, HOST:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that more than half of all Americans have now received at least one dose of a coronavirus vaccine. But in Idaho, it's just over a third. That's among the lowest vaccination rates in the country. Boise State Public Radio's Rachel Cohen reports vaccine demand has nearly come to a halt.
RACHEL COHEN, BYLINE: On a blistering hot day in Twin Falls, Idaho, Joanna Damey is cooling off with her kids, ages 6 and 3, at a downtown splash park.
(SOUNDBITE OF WATER SPLASHING)
COHEN: She doesn't hesitate when asked her thoughts on the COVID vaccine.
JOANNA DAMEY: I have not gotten it, and I do not plan on it.
COHEN: She had COVID last November, and contracting the virus just isn't a worry for her.
DAMEY: So I feel like my body was able to fight it well, and I don't need to now get a vaccine to help my body with that.
COHEN: The medical community says getting COVID does give some immunity, but it's not clear how long it lasts. A new study suggests that getting vaccinated after recovering from COVID means immunity could last a year or more. A recent state health department survey found about a third of Idahoans say they definitely won't get the vaccine, and weekly vaccination numbers are at their lowest since January.
BASIL ANDERSON: Even though we knew that our community wasn't fully vaccinated, the number of people that were getting vaccinated and that were scheduling to come in dropped precipitously.
COHEN: Dr. Basil Anderson, the medical director for a network of community health centers in the Twin Falls area, says the decline started in late April. After a small rush when the Pfizer vaccine was authorized for kids as young as 12, the health system went from about 500 vaccinations a week to between 10 and 100.
ANDERSON: And that seems to be the perception that most of my patients have coming in is that they are going to have symptoms, and that the drug companies have lied about the number of reactions that actually occur.
COHEN: Anderson explains to his patients that the risk from getting COVID are far greater than potential side effects from the vaccine. For some, that's enough to convince them, but not all.
ANDERSON: And trying to talk them out of that belief is not easy.
COHEN: Adding to the public's perception of low risk from the virus is that despite low vaccination numbers, Idaho hasn't seen a substantial increase in COVID cases or hospitalizations this year.
Back in downtown Twin Falls, 18-year-old Mason Loughmiller, a volunteer firefighter, is part of the wait-and-see crowd.
MASON LOUGHMILLER: When you come up with a vaccine that fast, there's going to be more long-term effects and side effects of it.
COHEN: The Food and Drug Administration says the known benefits of the vaccines outweigh the potential risks. Loughmiller says he'll probably end up getting the vaccine eventually. His fire chief strongly recommended vaccinations. But Loughmiller says even if it was required for work, that might not change his mind.
LOUGHMILLER: Where I'm not too sure how my body would react to it, I wouldn't want to put myself in a harmful position, especially just for a job. You can go find another job anywhere else.
COHEN: This lack of urgency is pervasive in Idaho, and it's left vaccine providers and public health districts wondering what else they can do. They point to clinics they've held at dairy farms, public libraries, school gymnasiums, even one at an upcoming fiddle festival. Here's Dr. Anderson again.
ANDERSON: The limitation is hesitancy at this point. It is not access. It is not the amount of available vaccine.
COHEN: The key is continuing to show up and to the right places, says Herbert Romero, a community organizer in the county with the state's highest vaccination rate. It's home to Sun Valley, and mobile clinics there have drawn hundreds, many of them Latino.
HERBERT ROMERO: People still are hesitant, and they have their reasons. But us being there - in their faith, in their area, in their community - makes a difference.
COHEN: The state health department says it would like Idaho's vaccination numbers to be higher, particularly among 12- through 15-year-olds. And the department says it's offering $9 million worth of grants to organizations that bring vaccines to underserved populations. One thing Idaho hasn't done yet is announce any statewide incentives, though the Department of Health and Welfare says anything is possible.
For NPR News, I'm Rachel Cohen in Twin Falls. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. | <urn:uuid:5f5f1ed7-655d-4477-a557-cdfbfba7fa23> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.kunc.org/2021-06-09/idaho-has-one-of-the-lowest-covid-19-vaccination-rates-why | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00736.warc.gz | en | 0.973872 | 1,059 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Nancy Towle, 1796-1876
"Faithful Child of God"
By Judith Bledsoe Bailey, April 2000
1 [Dow, History of the Town of Hampton 1012. There is no specific record of how long The Female Religions Advocate was published.]All of Towle's publications served to protest the treatment of female evangelists by presenting in one way or another justification for women in spiritual leadership.
Perhaps the defining characteristic of dissenting sects in the first two decades of the nineteenth century was the "spiritual democracy" that insisted upon the Holy Spirit's authorization of preachers regardless of sex, class, race, education or theological training.2
2 [Deborah M. Valenze, Prophetic Sons and Daughters (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 92.]It was divine inspiration that led individuals outside the confines of institutional religion to freedom of expression and spiritual rebirth. By publishing The Life and Ministry of Ann Freeman Nancy Towle celebrated one of the most radical believers in the idea of divine inspiration, ministerial freedom and liberty of conscience.3
Ann Mason Freeman (1791-1826), whose diary was first published in London 1828 by her husband Henry Freeman,4
4[Henry Freeman, A Memoir of the Life and Ministry of Ann Freeman A Faithful Servant of Jesus Christ, compiled from her Diary and Letters (London: Bagster and Thoms, Printers, 1828).]was a preacher with the Bible Christians, the "Bryanites." In October, 1815, the first Bible Christian Society was organized in Shebbear, Devon in England by William 0' Bryan and James Thorne. The group split from Wesleyan Methodists over the issue of ministerial freedom and developed a distinctly anti-establishment tone. The name "Bible Christians" pointed to the contrast between believers who gathered for worship in consecrated churches and used both the Bible and the Prayer Book for worship and those who used only the Bible during worship outdoors, in farm sheds and in private homes. The Bible Christians not only encouraged women but supported their call by appointing them to preach in specific geographic districts. By 1823 there were as many as 100 women preaching among the Bible Christians in England.5
Ann Mason and her sister joined the Bible Christians when they began meeting in a barn near their new home in Northcutt, Sutcombe parish. Drawn by their powerful preaching and attempts to revitalize religious belief and practice, Mason was converted under the influence of James Thorne in 1817.6
When her friends opposed her decision, Ann's response was that the Bible Christians represented the true church. "I found my safety was in obeying the truth; for I must obey God rather than man ... and therefore the only safe way was to follow Christ. I was convinced it was my duty to join the Bryanites."7
7[Ibid., 9.]This determination to follow only divine leadership would grow stronger in a preaching career that began less than a month after joining the group in 1817.8
Ann Mason was a popular preacher, always with a free, instinctual style that never failed to see results.9
9[Ibid., 147.]She became increasingly radical, even antinomian in her view of individual authority. She advised other female preachers to "be faithful. To attend the inward whisper, and follow the Lord fully we must be often, as it were, deaf to the voice of many professors. ... "10
10[Freeman, 148.]In a letter to her parents who were worried about her health Ann wrote, "I have but one guide; that is the unerring one the spirit of truth, that guides into all the will of God concerning me, and gives me power to perform it; so it matters not when, where, or how I die, for heaven is my inheritance."11
A confrontation in an East London home further exemplifies Ann Mason's style and belief. She visited a woman who was apparently near death, "without a knowledge of God." The Anglican minister arrived while Ann was there. He asked the woman "what place of worship she attended" and if she had "attended the Sacraments." At this point an indignant Mason interrupted the conversation, "What she wants is the Holy Spirit, to bear witness with her spirit, that she is a child of God."12
12[Ibid., 62.]The clergyman turned to her in apology. He then "read over many prayers." When he finished she offered an extemporaneous prayer, calling "upon the Lord 13
13[Ibid., 63.]In this encounter "salvation through faith challenged salvation through sacraments; cottage candor challenged urban church protocol; and female preachers challenged male clergymen."14
Not only was Ann Mason willing to challenge individuals, she took on all the ministers in her Connexion. Mason sensed a departure from their original purpose when the Bible Christians, who were organized in networks of societies and preachers, held their first Conference in August 1819 to discuss administrative and doctrinal issues.15
15 [Freeman, 26. The meeting took place in Baddish, near Launceton, Cornwall.]At the Conference, Bible Christians adopted a more typical Methodist organization of districts, circuits, and societies, presided over by superintendents, pastors and elders (or leaders). But, unlike other Methodist groups, the Bible Christians used the term "pastors" instead of "preachers." And the term "elder" was typical of Presbyterian nomenclature. In addition, William O'Bryan assumed the title of General Superintendent of the Conference in 1819, presiding over twelve itinerant preachers in a position that accrued more power than in other Methodist sects.16
Mason, unable to attend because of illness, sent a circular letter of concern to the Conference urging her "brethren" and "fathers" to "use every effort in their power to pull down Satan's kingdom; leave no opportunity unimproved."17
17[Freeman, 28.]In other words, she reminded them of their original purpose and evangelistic efforts among the poor of northern England. Her letter did not directly confront the new Bible Christian church polity. However, Ann Mason, a female, assumed a great deal of authority in directing her concerns to the seat of power occupied by men.18
Ann Mason's confident challenges to her ministerial colleagues also included her supervisor. William 0' Bryan visited shortly after her letter to question her theology. He asked, "Ann, do you believe there is a greater blessing to be attained to here than sanctification? (meaning the being cleansed from all sin.)" In a stunning statement Ann Mason declared "I do.... I know I have a blessing far superior to the being only cleansed from all sin; this I call being sealed to the day of redemption, or wholly restored to the image of God, which all that enter heaven must receive here; and if it is our privilege to enjoy it one moment, why not all our remaining days?"19
19[Freeman, 30.]William O' Bryan responded, "Well, Ann, it if be attainable, pray that I may receive it."According to her diary, William 0' Bryan turned to her during a meeting later that year with the words, "Now I have the blessing you speak of."20
20 [Ibid., 32. When describing his experience O'Bryan said he was "not ashamed to acknowledge that a feeble female had been the means of bringing his soul into this liberty."]
Following her "inner guide" Ann Mason moved away from the Bible Christians and closer to the Quakers. She did not believe in or practice water baptism or the Lord's Supper.21
21 [Ibid., 44, 78. Part of the controversy over water baptism was the belief of some that it was essential for salvation. For Mason, the only essential baptism was of the Holy Spirit.]Her belief in a second anointing by the Holy Spirit grew stronger as her health failed and she spent increasing amount of time alone in prayer.
After a long struggle with the question of whether marriage would threaten her independence, Ann Mason married Henry Freeman in 1824. The two agreed on the issues of the sacraments and complete ministerial freedom. They both resigned from the Bible Christian ministerial network in 1824 to pursue their "calling" to be missionaries to Ireland.22
22 [Ibid., 90. Leaving the connection and the "people I love" was not easy for Mason. However, she concluded that "If I cannot be permitted to live in full gospel liberty with them, I must leave; for the will of God is dearer to me than all things beside, and if men now turn away from hearing the voice of God, they will know it hereafter."]They remained unaffiliated with any particular group. The couple continued their evangelical efforts in Ireland, often traveling apart, before Ann was forced by illness to return to England where she died of consumption in 1826.23
Ann Freeman, with her personal piety, charismatic style, rejection of hierarchical controls and assurance of authority from God was the epitome of strong female leadership. By publishing the story of her life at the very moment when American denominations were excluding women, Nancy Towle offered a dramatic role model for beleaguered female evangelists.
The most personal and extensive defense of female preaching is Nancy Towle's own life story, Vicissitudes Illustrated in the Experiences of Nancy Towle in Europe and America. Written from her journal, the book was intended to be a pamphlet of about twenty pages, with another more complete book to follow. However, Towle found it impossible to limit herself. The words poured forth, especially when she came to her fight to continue preaching.24
24[Towle, Vicissitudes, 6.]The division of the book is telling. Towle dispensed with the first twenty-six years of her life in a mere thirty-eight pages. The early years of itineracy, from 1822 until her return from England in 1830, occupy only forty-one pages. The last one hundred and fifty-eight pages of the book cover but two years, 1830-1832, the years of greatest opposition to female preaching.
In several other ways, Vicissitudes is both a testimony to her faithfulness in ministry and a protest against exclusion from preaching. Her accounts of conversion, call to preach and ministry convey the fundamental belief that spiritual authority came to her directly from the God who intervened in her life. In describing the events of that life, she identified with biblical figures. The diary account of travel, preaching schedules and numbers of people encountered documents her itinerancy. She carefully named female itinerants and told their stories. Towle wrote arguments for female preaching based on scriptural references. By including texts for her sermons, she further established her credentials. Finally, her faith endured to the end, through all the personal pain, loneliness, rejection, arduous travel and even doubt in the aftermath of Philip's death.
Nancy Towle believed that she was entrusted by God with a message of salvation to the "lost sinners" of the world, that her purpose was to "edify, exhort and comfort." Like other evangelical preachers, she established her authority by describing her experience of conversion in terms of joy, thanksgiving and victory over "sin and Hell" through faith in Jesus. Similar to other preaching women and men, she described feelings of uncertainty, reluctance and unworthiness when called to preach.25
25 [Brekus, 186. Men also struggled with the call to preach. Lorenzo Dow spent almost three years resisting the urge to preach because of his youth and lack of training. See Lorenzo Dow, History of Cosmopolite: or the Writings of Rev. Lorenzo Dow: Containing His Experience and Travels, in Europe and America Up to Near His Fiftieth Year (Philadelphia: James B. Smith & co., 1859) 19.]
But the description of her traumatic struggle to accept the call to "bear a public testimony" was also a defense of her decision. She emphasized the length of time she had held back, two years, and enumerated many of the arguments against female preaching. She was theologically uneducated, a single woman who had no desire to leave her family for travel in the "waste- howling desert of a sinful world." She was inexperienced in public speaking and would probably fail, bringing shame and disgrace upon her family.26
26[Towle, 12-13.]On the other hand, as a new convert she was concerned about the salvation of other people, she loved "the Lord Jesus," and the message burned like "fire" within her. She became ill and depressed to the point that her friends accused her of doing more harm than good to the cause of religion. She was tormented and could find no peace. She had time, talents and responsibility to God to use them in helping other people:
By rejecting the impression of preaching the gospel to a ruined world, I always found my hell of soul to increase: consequently, I looked no longer from that source to reap the least consolation. Yet it seemed at times, that even the regions of darkness contained no fiercer pain for me, than the sense that I had of the abuse of my time, talents and privileges, while precious souls were daily hurled into destruction.27
27[Ibid., 14. Nancy Towle referenced British Methodist scholar Adam Clarke's commentary in her defense of female preaching in the introduction to Vicissitudes. Here, the phrase "times, talents and privileges" is similar to his exposition of Galatians 3:28: "Under the blessed spirit of Christianity, (women) have equal rights, equal privileges and equal blessings, and let me add, they are equally useful." quoted in Nancy Hardesty, Lucille Sider Dayton and Donald W. Dayton "Women in the Holiness Movement: Feminism in the Evangelical Tradition," in Women of Spirit. eds. Rosemary Ruether and Eleanor McLaughlin (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 245.]In her ultimate acceptance of the call to preach, Towle quoted the Apostle Paul: "Necessity is laid upon me, and woe is me if I preach not the Gospel."28
28[Ibid., 18. I Corinthians 9:16.]
Towle's description of the call to preach made clear to would-be detractors that it was not her idea, but God's initiative. No amount of education, biblical study or sincere piety could qualify a person for ministry. Divine inspiration was all.29
From her initial identification with Paul, the preeminent New Testament missionary, evangelist and author, Nancy Towle interpreted the events of her life in biblical terms. Not only was she so versed in scripture that she thought in biblical language, Towle understood her struggles to be characteristic of faithful disciples. She connected her life with the lives of inspired biblical leaders known and revered by the Christian community.
Towle identified with figures in the Bible who had suffered for their faith (Elijah, Job, Paul, Jesus) and she likened herself to Christ at the moment of his crucifixion. For example, during one of the most painful times of Towle's life, the fall of 1830, Towle felt like the Hebrew prophet Elijah, "I am left alone, and they seek my life."30
30[Towle, 93.]Elizabeth Venner, her traveling companion of two years had departed to be with her family. Elizabeth was "a tender and sympathizing friend" as well as a gifted speaker who had exhorted after Towle's sermons. Their relationship was so strong that Towle feared "setting her up as an idol in my affections" and consequently losing her.31
In Geneva, New York, a place of "great and various trials," Towle compared herself with others who had suffered for their faith. 'They wandered in sheep-skins.... In deserts, in mountains.... Destitute, afflicted and tormented: of whom the world was not worthy."32
32[Ibid., 94. Hebrews 11:37-38.]
Compounding her misery of 1830, a minister opposed to female preaching walked out during her sermon at the Methodist Quarterly Meeting. Her only consolation was the thought that this embarrassing interruption and painful rejection could be used by God for good. This example of her suffering would serve as an "encouragement to all others, of my own sex, that might come after me."33
Sick and lonely in Charleston in 1832, Nancy Towle identified the with the long-suffering Job: "I will trust in the Lord, although He slay me."34
34[Ibid., 226. Job 13:15.]Reflecting upon the dangers she had confronted in her travel, especially in England, she recalled Psalm 23: 'Though I pass through the dark valley, of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; for even there also thy rod, and thy staff, they shall comfort me."35
35[Ibid., 107.]She compared herself with the Apostle Paul in describing the hardship of travel,36
36 [Ibid., 106. "I have been in perils of robbers, in perils of my own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren: in weariness and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness - and unto this present hour, I have no certain dwelling- place.]when leaving her mother after her father's death ("What mean ye to weep and to break mine heart?")37
37[Ibid., 135.]and in her aloneness: "I wish to know nothing, but Christ and Him crucified; and trust in Him alone, for every needed good."38
Towle identified with Jesus when threatened by a mob in St. Johns.39
39[Ibid., 40.]In the winter of 1831 Methodists of Easton, Pennsylvania refused their chapel to her, others failed give financial support for preaching at the Court House, and members of the Christian Connection demanded proof she was not a Unitarian. Feeling like a person that is "every where spoken against"40
40[Ibid., 160.]Towle invoked the words of a dying Jesus: "Father, forgive them, for they know what they do;"41
41[Ibid., 158. Luke 23:34.]and his words of judgment upon those who did not recognize him in each other:"I was an hungered and ye gave me not meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me no drink; I was a stranger and ye took me not in; I was naked, and ye clothed me not; I was sick and in prison, and ye came not unto me. Inasmuch as ye have not done it unto one of the least of mine - ye have not done it unto me."42
42[Ibid., 161. Matthew 25:42-45.]
In a more subtle way, Nancy Towle identified with the female prophet Anna. For the duration of her stay abroad letters of recommendation referred to her as "Ann" or "Anna" Towle. Since she was going in a prophetic role to another country, she assumed the name not only of her paternal grandmother, but also the name of an important female prophet.
In a departure from identifying with prophetic leaders, Towle compared herself to the prodigal son when returning home after a three and half year absence.43
43[Ibid., 105. Luke 15:11-21.]The prodigal had exhausted all his resources before he "came to himself" and realized he could at least go home. Did Nancy Towle feel like a failure, returning to the only place of security she knew? She quoted the father's words in scripture about the prodigal, changing the pronoun from "he once was dead etc." to "I once was dead; but I am alive again! I was lost; but am I found!"44
44[Ibid.]At home she could retreat and prepare her journal for publication.
Towle compared herself with Hebrew prophets, with Jesus, and with Paul, the early Christian church's most travelled and persecuted missionary. She too, was one of God's chosen messengers, rejected for being faithful. Even her suffering validated her role: "It is with much tribulation that we shall enter the kingdom."45
45[Ibid., 82. Acts 14-22.]
Nancy Towle's account of conversion, call to preach and ministry convey her belief that spiritual authority came to her directly from God. Second, she understood her struggles to be characteristic of faithful disciples, and in describing the events of her life she identified with biblical figures revered by the Christian community. The third way that Vicissitudes is a testimony to Towle's faithfulness and a defense of female evangelists is the documentation of her ministry. Using her journal entries, Towle documented her travel schedule, her preaching engagements (including three funerals), her successes and failures. Dates, places, means of travel, names of companions and ministers, twelve letters of recommendation, testimonies, letters to and from family and friends, poems and a sermon, along with commentary interlaced with scripture, established her identity. Lest anyone doubt her commitment, she counted the miles, over twenty thousand, and the thousands of people "made the sharers of redeeming grace."46
46[Ibid., 11.]Nancy Towle was "a relentless preacher on the move."47
47[Hatch, 78.]With the record of her ministry, she attempted to prove her worth in an increasingly hostile environment.
Perhaps Nancy Towle's greatest defense of female evangelists and most enduring contribution (apart from the converts she led to "redeeming grace"), is that she named the women in her preaching network, securing their place in history. Not only did she identify twenty-three women who were exhorting and preaching during her eleven-year career, she noted the female preacher in Hillsford, England who had her own chapel as well as "a number of female preachers" in London. Towle named the Irish woman who offered hospitality in Dublin. In contrast to the unnamed woman in the Bible who had anointed Jesus' head, Towle made sure that Sarah Templeton would be known by name. 48
48[Towle, 57. Jesus' disciples protested when a woman in Bethany anointed his head with costly oil. Jesus replied that "what she has done will be told in remembrance of her." Her name is never given. Matthew 26:6-13.]She included the "mothers in Israel" as well as the women in her family who had encouraged her. Her older sister Sally Bartlett Towle Odell was especially prominent in Vicissitudes. Sally affirmed Nancy Towle's itineracy and promised to join in her work when her children were grown. Sally's interpretation of Philip's death, that in the end he was saved, was adopted by Towle.49
49[Towle, 229, 176, 205.]
Nancy Towle gave tidbits of information about other itinerants, praising their labors, at times telling their stories. These women, like Towle, worked hard, leading hurried, fragmented lives. Susan Humes, a young evangelist from Connecticut, literally worked herself to death. She travelled more than three thousand miles in four years, often preaching outdoors to expectant crowds. Unwilling to moderate her demanding preaching schedule even though she was often ill, Humes died of a throat ailment in 1826 at age 23. Towle wrote that her "ardent solicitude... And her melting addresses... Exceeded what I had ever witnessed before, in either male or female."50
50[Ibid., 26. Towle cautioned Humes to take better care of herself. Later, in February of 1832, Nancy Towle received similar advice in a letter from a friend. "God does not require the destruction of life for sacrifice! Do not destroy your usefulness by overmuch labor; and thus break down your constitution, and so shorten your days." Vicissitudes. 272.]
Another woman whose story Towle included was Judith Mathers. Evangelist Mathers had chosen to disobey her family rather "than to disobey her Heavenly Father"51
51[Ibid., 37.]and had suffered greatly for her decision. After several years of "exhorting," Mathers asked to preach at the conference of ministers, presumably Methodists. This being granted, she left her "last, and dying testimony" with us all, "to be faithful to the Lord Jesus; and in the discharge of our duty, to precious souls." Not long after, in 1827, Mathers went to her rest.52
In addition to naming the women who preached or supported female preachers, Nancy Towle wrote defenses of female preaching. She presented an argument for inclusion that both transcended gender and recognized the importance of women, though she did not appeal to the inherent spirituality of women. First in the Preface, after her account of the call to preach, and in other instances, Towle set forth a justification of female preaching based upon biblical passages and her underlying though unstated belief in equal rights for all persons.53
53 [In his obituary, Towle's father is described as a "republican" who ever evinced unshaken confidence and unhesitating perseverance in the cause of liberty and equal rights." Towle, 131.]Towle boldly stated that it had never been with her "any controverted point, (although it is such with many others of the present day,) whether the preaching of the Gospel by females was justifiable or not, but rather to the reverse."54
54[Ibid., 14.]Towle did not directly address the biblical passages (I Corinthians 14:34-35 and I Timothy 2:11-12) that dictate the silence of women in churches, but chose passages that support her argument for female preaching.
The cornerstone of her argument was that in Christ Jesus all believers were one, "both male and female" and that the scriptures give evidence that "holy women," as well as "holy men of God" spoke, prophesied or preached.55
55 [Ibid., 15. "There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus." Galatians 3:28.]She linked her premillennialist view with the Apostle Peter and the prophet Joel when she argued that "in these last days" before Christ's return there is a need for men and women to "prophesy."56
56[Ibid. Towle quotes from the Old Testament book of Joel, one of the primary passages that supports female preaching. "I will pour out my spirit on all flesh; your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions." Joel 2:28.]The passage from Joel is included in Peter's sermon on the Day of Pentecost, the day the New Testament church was formed by the anointing of the Holy Spirit. In response to the argument that women were not among the twelve disciples nor the seventy sent out to preach the gospel, Towle identified Mary Magdalene as the first New Testament preacher. Mary was given the "most important Gospel message ever," the first news of the resurrection of Christ.57
57[Ibid., 8. Mary Magdalene was one of the closest and most faithful disciples of Jesus. She was the first to visit his tomb after his death, and the first to see the resurrected Christ.]Towle listed other scriptural references and the names of strong, outspoken Old Testament leaders who were prophets and judges, Miriam, Huldah, Deborah and Noadiah.58
58[Ibid., 16.]Towle argued that if "women thus prophesied, then women preached."59
Towle did not argue that women were necessarily more spiritual than men, yet she was quick to defend female preachers. Towle's most impassioned argument was refutation of the charge that women are "false prophets." She observed that in the New Testament six women engaged in public testimony, "Anna, the four daughters of Philip, and Jezebel: the latter of whom was vile."60
60[Ibid.]One of the six women was false, but Towle reasoned that these were better odds than in the days of the Prophet Elijah. At that time four hundred and fifty male prophets proved to be false and only one found true. Towle wrote a vehement conclusion:
And what of all this, I ask, if we are to make a similar estimate of the two distinct genders, for the present day? The Scriptures forewarn us: it cannot be denied, that in the last days "perilous times shall come:" and hat many false prophets and false teachers shall arise, etc. But is it once suggested, pray that from those of the finer mould, (women) there shall be any such occasion of alarm? No. Why then the hue and cry of false teachers! Fy! Fy! If a single female, constrained by love to precious souls, should forsake her own advantage, to win them to the Lord? Oh, it is because the world abounds with priestcraft and superstition! Pope! Bishop! Priest! Hirelings, who of filthy lucre can never have enough! These shall receive the greater damnation.61
It simply did not make sense to Towle that the clergy would exclude capable female preachers who were willing to give their lives in evangelistic efforts. These women had a specific purpose to fulfill. After preaching in a revival in New York with Ann Rexford, Ruth Watkins and Ann Warren, she wrote: "I believe that females are sent into the harvest of the Lord Jesus, more especially to provoke the idle shepherds to more earnest endeavours for the good of souls, and the promotion of the 'word and kingdom of the Redeemer' over the world."62
Nancy Towle argued for female preachers, named them and told their stories. She interpreted the events of her life in biblical terms. She wrote Vicissitudes documenting travel and preaching, with an understanding that her authority came from the God who called her and "providentially directed" 63
63[Ibid., 225.]her life. The genuine preacher was born out of personal experience with God and submission to God's will. As in the conversion experience, the self had to be submitted to God, but in self-submission women (and men) could lay claim to a greater authority, letting God guide and give the words to speak.64
64[Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, "Miller Stewart as Black 'True Woman' and Public Advocate," Women Public Speakers in the United States, 1800-1825 (Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1993), 346.]
The issue of authority was crucial in the effort to be recognized and accepted as a "preacher," not just as a woman who exhorted or prayed in public. Clergymen who supported female praying and exhorting would draw the line at female preaching. To preach meant using a biblical text, thus speaking at the highest level of authority.
Extemporaneous preaching was the style of revivalist preachers, not reading from prepared sermons. By freeing themselves from a manuscript, it was thought that preachers would be more in tune with the Holy Spirit. Therefore, Nancy Towle did not write her sermons, though she intended to publish a book of her sermons after Vicissitudes "for the encouragement of my own sex that may succeed me in the Lord's Vineyard."65
However, throughout her book Towle included biblical texts for several of her sermons, thus establishing her status as a preacher. There are only two texts from her earliest and happiest years of preaching, 1821-1830. Other texts were for sermons preached between 1830-1832, her most difficult years.66
66 Most of the texts, taken from the Old Testament, are prophetic in either a negative or positive sense. There are but two New Testament texts, and no sermons on the love of God, though presumably she included a [Her sermon texts: In 1821, her first sermon, at Stratham, John 5:25, "The hour is coming and is now here, when the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God and those who hear will live." In 1822, at the Baptist Church in Hampton, she preached from Esther 8:6, "For how can I endure to see the evil that shall come unto my people? Or how can I endure to see the destruction of my kindred?" In 1830 she preached, July 4, in Boundbrook, New Jersey on Isaiah 11:10, a prophetic passage in which she identified the "root of Jesse," with Jesus. In Alexandria, February, 1832, she chose a passage from Ezekiel 48:35, a vision of God's city. For a sermon in Baltimore, February, 1832, she preached from Revelation 12:7 - "And there was war in heaven." When she visited Alexandria (Feb. 1832) a different interpretation of Ezekiel 48:35 - "the name of the city "The Lord is there." In Georgetown (Feb. 1832) 'Their foot shall slide in due time," Deuteronomy 32:35. For the annual conference of the Winebrenners' Church of God she preached on I Chronicles 21:1-2 "And Satan stood up against Israel and provoked David to number Israel." In Richmond, Virginia, July 1832, convinced that the cholera which had reached New York and Baltimore would affect Richmond, Towle preached on Ezekiel 9:5-6: "Go ye after him through the city, and smite; let not your eye spare, neither have ye pity...."]message of salvation in each.67
67 [Towle, 68. She preached on "God so loved the world" in England, but she was annoyed that the male preacher chose and announced the topic without consulting her.]Her sermon in Richmond, Virginia during the summer of 1832 was perhaps the most frightening, since she reported that "loud cries were heard through the house." It was so powerful that after the fourth service people were afraid to come.68
Like other revivalist preachers Towle preached a message of sin, repentance and salvation, convinced that world events signaled the last days before destruction, Christ's return, judgment and the millennium.69
69 [Millennialism had two important components: destruction of the world which would precede Christ's return - apocalypse: and Christ's return and one thousand year reign - the millennium. John Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), 217.]Male and female preachers of the Freewill Baptist, Methodist and Christian sects were premillennialists, in contrast to postmillennialists. After the American Revolution the postmillennialists celebrated what they believed to be America's glorious destiny, the beginning of the millennium, and an era of continual progress. The premillennialists believed the opposite. They predicted that there would be a violent apocalypse before Christ's return and the thousand year reign of peace, though unlike William Miller, who predicted that Christ would return in 1843, they did not believe humans could know the exact time the end would come.70
70 [Brekus, 312. Miller's calculations, based on the Old Testament book of Daniel, attracted at least 50,000 followers, "Millerites," in 1842-43.]Premillennialists interpreted the unprecedented changes in American life as a signal of the last days before judgment. Whenever there was a comet, an earthquake, a violent storm or any other natural disaster, these preachers interpreted the event as a sign of worse things to come.71
71[Ibid., 159.]Nancy Towle was convinced that the outbreak of cholera in 1832 was a sign of God's judgment and a vindication of her warning.
The United States underwent a long economic boom from the mid- 1820s down to the panic of 1837. This was the period now thought of as the beginning of sustained economic growth in the U.S., spurring the development of industrial capitalism and the creation of a national market. It saw a great increase in prosperity as well as heightening divisions between social classes. At the same time, by the early 1830s, the social changes stirred by the economic growth were starting to trouble many people and cause a conservative reaction, as evident in the narrowing opportunities for Towle to preach and in the increasing intolerance for dissent of all sorts. To Nancy Towle, the disturbing changes were reminiscent of the poverty and misery brought on by industrialization that she had witnessed in England. Towle feared that similar conditions would follow in America because of "slothfulness, wickedness, stupidity" and a "swelling tide of avarice and ambition.72
While other nations were under the chastening rod of Divine indignation; I saw my own people comparatively at ease; and swimming as in luxury. Said I, Things at this rate, cannot long remain! If mercies have not a tendency to draw; judgments here must drive the thoughtless from their lethargy!73
From Towle's point of view, the changes must have appeared connected: "luxury" (new wealth) and "infidelity" (lack of true commitment to Christ).74
74[Anne C. Rose, Transcendentalism as a Social Movement 1830-1850 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), 17.]Her task as an evangelist was to sound the warning, to use sermons, conversations, letters, exhortation and fervent, prolonged prayers to evoke repentance and consequently salvation from eternal death. For example, her concluding exhortation in Vicissitudes followed the familiar pattern of judgment, invitation to change, offer of salvation and challenge to a life of faithfulness. First Towle described the impending judgment to those who had not repented of several sins - love of money, fame, entertainment and "spirituous liquor." "Fellow-Sinner, of whatever rank or condition, I echo to you in friendship, the voice of conscience, 'You are travelling down to Hell."' Then, having threatened the audience with the justice and wrath of God, Towle offered the way out: in Christ Jesus there is "pardon for the guilty, life for the dead and salvation for all that are lost." All the reader has to do is to "believe and thou shall be saved." From the point of belief the convert is to trust in God and to tell everyone "How great things the Lord your God hath done for you. Thus do you set forward to heaven."75
Nancy Towle was determined to be recognized as a preacher, one who spoke authoritatively with a biblical text from the pulpit. On one occasion during a revival in Ithaca, New York, 1831-1832, Towle insisted that she had a special message to the congregation. After some discussion it was agreed that she would speak after the minister's sermon, but not from the pulpit. However, when the time came Nancy Towle "arose very deliberately, took off her bonnet, marched up into the vacated pulpit, and without apology or further preliminaries, announced as her text Revelations (sic) 12:1 . . . and preached fully one hour and a half."76
76[Charles D. Burritt, Methodism in Ithaca (Ithaca: Andrus, Gauntlett, and Co., 1852), 104. Rev. 12:1: "And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars," a prophetic vision pertaining to the birth of Christ and the last conflict between good and evil. See Brekus, 201.]
In form and content Vicissitudes is a defense of female preaching as well as a story of faith, courage and perseverance. In November, 1832, at a turning point in her life Towle published testimony of all she had experienced as an expression of her commitment and for the benefit of women who would come after her. And she fully expected that others would follow. Towle did not doubt her conversion, her calling and the conviction that women were essential in the purposes of God.
The last publication of Nancy Towle that survives is a short book that promotes her evangelical theology and inspired leadership. Some of the Writings and Last Sentences of Adolphus Dewey tells of the dramatic conversion of a twenty-four year old man convicted of murdering his wife.77
77 [Nancy Towle believed that she had been sent by God to Montreal "just in time to comfort him." Nancy Towle, Some of the Writings and Last Sentences of Adolphus Dewey Executed at Montreal, August 30th, 1833. (Montreal: J. A. Hoisington, 1833), 12.]The book is reminiscent of the criminal conversion narratives of colonial New England. Clergy would publish accounts of condemned prisoners' last words and dying speeches along with sermons preached at their execution.78
78 [Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt. Monuments of Grace (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 14.]Towle recorded the conversion and last speech of Dewey in an era of extensive newspaper reports of sensational crimes and trials, especially those of sexual deviance or violence.79
79[Ibid.,34.]No doubt Nancy Towle hoped for wide readership of her book.
In Montreal, August 1833, Towle and a "female friend" visited the inmate in prison During their visit the women prayed and wept with the penitent Dewey until he experienced forgiveness: "I am happy! I believe God has blotted out my sins and I am prepared to die! I have nothing to fear! I long to be gone!"8O
When she visited a second time Towle gave him a copy of her book, presumably Vicissitudes, for his instruction. Towle urged him to throw aside his Roman Catholic prayer book and let his requests be in "earnest; not to any disembodied spirit or created angel, but to the Lord Jesus Christ." Adolphus Dewey's reply was evidence to her that God was with him, "It makes no difference what our language is - it is the heart which God looks at."81
Towle believed that Adolphus Dewey's experience of forgiveness was proof that anyone, even a confessed murderer, could find salvation and peace with God. The fervent prayers of two evangelical women invoked the presence of the Holy Spirit, she believed, and not the written prayers of the Catholic priest who had visited Dewey. Like Ann Mason, Towle confronted a different religious tradition and brought salvation to one near death. For Towle, it was such a high moment that she described it as "the most joyful of my life! Such a sense had I, of the presence of the Omnipotence: His unparalleled love and pity to poor outcast, miserable sinners; that my whole soul exulted."82
Interestingly, Nancy Towle published Adolphus Dewey's speech delivered on the scaffold even though he did not mention her. He attributed his misfortune to his failure to follow the precepts of the Roman Catholic religion. Though he experienced the concern and prayers of Towle and her companion, he remained faithful to the church of his youth. Towle did not comment upon his speech, but she printed a poem entitled "On Prayer" in the appendix of the book. The message of the poem is to renounce formal prayers from printed books.83
Nancy Towle, who urged Dewey and others to seek the presence of God directly, not through printed liturgies, nevertheless was forced to use print as a means of communication. Her first calling was to the spoken word; now, with preaching opportunities limited, she had to rely on print.
According to Joseph Dow's History of the Town of Hampton New Hampshire first published in 1892, Nancy Towle began publishing The Female Religious Advocate in 1834 in New York City. Copies of the journal are not available, but the title has a familiar ring. The use of the word "advocate" was widespread in nineteenth century publications. An 1801 publication entitled The Female Advocate "assaulted sexual inequality, mocked male superiority and demanded female empowerment."84
84[Nancy Woloch, Early American Women, A Documentary History: 1600-1900 (New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1997, 142.]A newspaper entitled "The Female Advocate" was published in New York, 1832- 1833. "The Advocate of Moral Reform" the weekly newspaper of the Moral Reform Society grew into one of the nation's most widely read evangelical papers, boasting 16,500 subscribers.85
Advocacy took may forms in New York during the early 1830s, from the optimistic middle class reformers following evangelist Charles Finney to the followers of Matthias who wanted to restore an "ethos of fixed social relations and paternal power."86
86The Female Moral Reform Society was founded in 1834 to abolish prostitution, 87
87 [Christine Stansell, City of Women (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 69.]and working women demanded representation of the National Trades' Union convention the same year. New York City was a "city of women" in which new conceptions of womanhood were taking shape.88
88[Ibid., 11.]It was just the place for Nancy Towle to advocate not only for women, but religious women, even preachers.
By publishing A Memoir of The Life and Ministry of Ann Freeman. Towle presented a dramatic role model for American evangelical female preachers and a defense of female spiritual leadership. With the publication of Vicissitudes Nancy Towle, who had been in the center of evangelistic revivalism and shared its theology, substantiated her identity as a preacher whose life story was worthy of telling. She secured a place in history for other female preachers. She also recognized that she was being marginalized because of gender. She acknowledged her anger and her determination to fight against the exclusion of females from preaching. Vicissitudes with its diary format and almost stream of consciousness commentary, reflects her journey in establishing her identity through the changes of her life.
Some of the Writings and Last Sentences of Adolphus Dewey is an U argument for the universality of God's forgiveness and an example of inspired female leadership. The Female Religious Advocate provided a journalistic pulpit for the defense of preaching women. | <urn:uuid:da8492e1-6752-4303-b4a3-defe489aa823> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.hampton.lib.nh.us/hampton/biog/nancytowle/nancytowle_3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662321.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00279-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966812 | 9,749 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Planer mills are machine tools with two methods of removing stock from workpieces. In the first method, the planer head holds a single-point tool in a fixed position, and the workpiece moves beneath the tool removing stock. In the second, the milling head holds tooling such as endmills and inserted shell cutters for removing stock in typical milling practices.
The planer mill is well suited for long straight cuts or for when cuts of varying angles are required. The milling head can remove a large amount of material quickly. Its cuts are similar to those of a lathe but linear instead of helical.
Specs for Our Planer Mills
- Table size of 54″ x 240″
- Dozens of different shaped single-point tooling
- The largest cutter for the milling head has a 12″ diameter and can cut up to 0.300″ in A36 hot roll steel.
Examples of Planer Milling Work/Jobs We Do
- Providing accurate, flat surfaces on work pieces that are long and narrow
- Removing a large amount of material with high accuracy
- Establishing datum surfaces on weldments for use in set up for later machining | <urn:uuid:ec7072df-24df-470d-a15f-10b95a1967d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://witherstool.com/planer-mills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924025415-20170924045415-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.912704 | 250 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In the 12th century, knights of the order of Saint John engaging in curing the sick settled in the area of today's Lukács Bath, followed by the orders of Rhodos and Malta, who built their monasteries baths as well. The bath operated through the time of the Turks but the energy of the springs were used primarily to produce gunpowder and for grinding wheat. After the reoccupation of Buda, the bath became the property of the Treasury. In 1884, Fülöp Palotay purchased the bath from the Treasury, thus a series of transformations began. The spa hotel was built, an up-to-date hydrotherapy department was established and the swimming pool was transformed. People wishing to be healed came from all over the world. Following their successful healing cure, they placed marble tablets on the wall of the Bath's courtyard to express their gratitude.
The drinking cure hall of the Bath was built in 1937. The first department to ensure complex thermal bath facilities (daytime hospital) was established in 1979 in Budapest, in the Lukács Thermal Bath. In 1999, the open-air pools of the swimming pool section were modernised. In the course of this, the so-called mud-pond, hardly used before, was replaced by a fancy pool, equipped with a whirling corridor, underwater effervescence, neck shower, water beam back massage hidden in the seat banks, whirlpool, geysers, effervescent bed and many other facilities unfamiliar before this time. The two swimming pools of various temperature in the other courtyard of the Bath were also rebuilt with water-filtering and circulation devices. | <urn:uuid:d921219b-e657-4b78-a85f-c5fe9abd0df3> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.budapest.com/city_guide/sights/baths/lukacs_bath.en.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107891203.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026090458-20201026120458-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.97232 | 339 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This calligraphy lab for Classical Chinese I occurred on October 4, 2018.
Written by a DRBU MA student
In Classical Chinese I, my classmates and I were introduced to the four treasures of the ancient Chinese scholar’s room: brush, ink, paper, and ink stone. To experience the art and technique of Chinese calligraphy writing, my classmates and I headed to the Calligraphy Room located in the K-12 school building adjacent to the University Building. While walking there, some of my classmates practiced our vowel combinations for our Chinese pinyin (a form of Chinese romanization) quiz that we had later that day in class, audibly drawing out the combinations of “ao” and “ou” as we walked. I found myself fairly amused, for “ao” sounds like “ow” and “ou” sounds like “oh,” making our quiz practice sound quite jarring to anyone listening to our class.
Our calligraphy teacher for the day, Mr. Li, entered the room after we finished setting up the materials. We all welcomed him with a loud “你好,李老師！” (Hello, Mr. Li!). To begin, Mr. Li taught us how to “開筆” (literally “open the brush/pen”) with our new calligraphy brushes. Mr. Li demonstrated this by massaging the brush hairs of the new brush in warm water.
Mr. Li then showed us the ink stones. “It would usually take about twenty to thirty minutes to make the best quality ink with the ink stick, ink stone, and water. This takes a lot of patience and concentration. However, since we don’t have time for that, we’ll use this.” He produced a small bottle that contained black ink ready for use. He told us, “Don’t fill all of the brush hair with ink; two-thirds is good enough. The sides of the ink stone can be used to squeeze out excess ink from the brush, while the lid of the ink stone could be used to shape the brush hairs to a point.”
While hearing Mr. Li describe the ideal physical posture for calligraphy writing, I realized that calligraphy was like sitting meditation. Both require a harmony in posture between hard and soft, poised and relaxed. He told us: “The posture for writing calligraphy is very important. Your back must be straight but not stiff or rigid. Your breathing should be normal. Don’t hold your breath. Similarly, the fingers holding the brush must be strong, grasping the brush firmly, while the palm stays soft, flexible, and empty.” This reminded me of some meditation advice given by my professors: “In meditation, you must be both alert and relaxed.”
Mr. Li pinned a piece of practice calligraphy paper on the bulletin board and demonstrated one of the fundamental strokes: the straight horizontal line. He demonstrated seven subtle components of brush movement that went into comprising one straight horizontal line. His years of experience made the execution of the stroke seem so simple, yet my classmates and I saw the stroke’s immense intricacy. After showing us two more horizontal lines, he told us to try our own.
We prepared our brushes with ink and positioned ourselves over our paper, with reference sheets placed on the easels in front of us. While we were practicing the stroke, Mr. Li walked behind everyone’s chair answering questions and correcting posture and technique. Just by doing this, he could see certain qualities of each person exuded through how they wrote. One of my classmates had not touched his brush to the paper yet and asked for more clarification on how to write the stroke. Mr. Li told him: “Well, you seem quite cautious. You need to write at least one line for me to tell you what to work on.” My classmates and I sat there wide-eyed, surprised at how telling calligraphy was at revealing the qualities of a person. Another classmate was told that she was too tense, and that she needed to relax, both in the writing posture and in general.
I kept practicing my horizontal strokes, sensing Mr. Li’s gaze on my work. I looked at my imperfect horizontal strokes, noticing that the ink had bled from not being completely retained by the practice paper. Feeling increasingly nervous, I awaited what he had to say. To my surprise he said, “This is actually very good. I can tell that you’ve done this before.” His keen eye picked up that I had prior experience with calligraphy. From this, I learned that it is not the precise and neat appearance of a stroke that validates it as proper. Even an imperfect line could be identified as proper if the technique was correct. This presented me with a valuable lesson: there is more to true sincerity and practice than how someone or something appears. Until this calligraphy lesson, I had never realized how much my perspectives, hesitations, and attitudes shaped my thoughts and actions.
Mr. Li acted as a “Good and Wise Advisor,” as mentioned in the Sixth Patriarch's Dharma Jewel Platform Sutra, the main Buddhist text my classmates and I are reading this semester. In this book, a “Good and Wise Advisor” is someone who is able to identify the areas that the advised needs to work on. From the lesson the Good and Wise Advisor teaches, the advised learns to improve, whether it be through implementing a necessary shift in perspective or recognizing the implications of certain thoughts and actions. Mr. Li corrected and encouraged us in our learning process so that we would be motivated to keep going, while teaching us the proper way to write. He had the developed his keen eye through his countless years of practice, using his experience to help us adjust our technique. A Good and Wise Advisor in cultivation is someone who does the same: someone who brings people back to always thinking, doing, and embodying what is right. Through this, I realized that cultivation and calligraphy are strikingly similar. | <urn:uuid:07f42c1d-e009-47e2-8659-54209131fc78> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.drbu.edu/news/cultivation-and-calligraphy-are-strikingly-similar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999814.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625072148-20190625094148-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.968901 | 1,282 | 2.75 | 3 |
Guest post by Warren Fowler.
Volunteering is often thought of as a selfless act — one where you give up your time for a worthy cause without being paid. While this may be true, what is often less obvious are the many benefits people experience when they volunteer.
For teens especially, volunteer work can help them broaden their horizons, meet new friends, experience different cultures or learn a new language, all while contributing to society’s needs. Here are some of the many ways volunteering can help young people develop into confident, proactive citizens.
1. Build Self-Esteem
Though faced with society’s most challenging problems, many teens ultimately find volunteer work empowering. While working on solutions to these problems, they have the chance to see how their efforts can help improve the lives of others. This can play a significant role in developing their self-esteem throughout their teenage years when many are filled with insecurities and a lack of self-confidence.
In fact, teenagers who volunteer often experience fewer mental health problems than those who don’t. When they see how their actions affect a community for the better, their self-confidence spikes and they feel happier.
2. Widen Their Social Circle
A teenager’s social circle typically consists of family and school friends. Volunteering gives youth the opportunity to meet people outside of their usual circle, some of whom may have a positive impact on their future. Volunteering provides the perfect opportunity to meet like-minded people and form relationships that last a lifetime.
Young people will also learn to relate to people from a wide variety of backgrounds and generations, and may even help them find a mentor who can teach them what they won’t learn within the confines of a classroom. These individuals may also be good candidates for letters of recommendation when it comes time to apply to colleges or jobs.
3. Explore & Discover Interests
When selecting an opportunity, teens can volunteer in an area where they have some interest. For example, if they’re thinking about a career in medicine, they might want to volunteer at a hospice. Or if they’re passionate about animal rights, they could consider helping out at their local animal shelter. And if they’re not sure where their passions lie, participating in a few different single days of service can help them discover untapped interests.
4. Gain Work Experience
Volunteering also gives teens an opportunity to experience situations that occur in the workplace, such as having to work as part of a team. They see what people have to do in certain jobs and the conditions in which they have to work. This helps them eliminate what they can’t see themselves doing and drill down to what they really want to do.
Plus, volunteer work can impress a future employer. It indicates that the individual has empathy for others, has gained some real-life experience outside of school and is prepared to step outside of their comfort zone to achieve goals. They may also learn specific skills while volunteering that look good on a resume.
Volunteer work is certainly a testament to a teenager’s character that he or she is willing to work to bring about change. Volunteering is where young people can learn what they are passionate about. It is where they find confidence and develop skills that will serve them for many years ahead. Visit VolunteerMatch.org and search for opportunities yourself!
Author Bio: Warren Fowler is a marketing enthusiast and a blogger at BestEssays, who loves music. If he doesn’t have a guitar in his hands, he’s probably embracing new technologies and learning new marketing techniques online! You can meet him on Twitter and Facebook. | <urn:uuid:9342af96-d8f9-469d-b164-54a24f037035> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://blogs.volunteermatch.org/4-reasons-every-teen-should-volunteer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464045.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417192821-20210417222821-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.968166 | 754 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Though only a few thousand patients benefit currently from telehealth services in the UK, this number is likely to rise quickly and substantially. A Department of Health announcement on Thursday suggested that telehealth could bring significant benefits, and advocated the use of health and social care technologies to enhance "three million lives" in the UK.
As the largest element of the healthcare workforce, nurses are at the frontline of any changes to the way in which care is delivered. The profession therefore needs to be aware of the impact it can have, and ensure that it plays a part in shaping the inevitable scaling-up of this approach to healthcare delivery.
Discussions are often complicated by a lack of clarity regarding definitions. Recent DH publications have tended to use the term telehealth to describe the specific application of remote patient monitoring (which should more correctly be referred to as "telemonitoring"). But it's a much broader term, encompassing any use of technology to remotely support healthcare and promote wellbeing. This wider definition includes – for example – phone-based services (such as NHS Direct) and video-enabled consultation.
At first glance, it is not a natural ally of nursing. Nursing practice has traditionally been based upon face-to-face (and often hands-on) interaction with patients. Telehealth – by definition – is the delivery of care while physically remote from the patient.
However, nursing has a history of improving patient care by embracing innovation and adapting to new ways of working. Nurses are flexible, motivated and dynamic practitioners, ideally placed to be at the forefront of the healthcare revolution.
Despite the lack of hands-on interaction, the telehealth's goals have an intuitive fit with those of nursing. It is designed to enhance the patient experience and improve clinical outcomes; it allows patients to receive more of their care at home, rather than in institutional settings. Crucially, it supports self-care by empowering patients – a central tenet of nursing practice.
Already, there are pockets of practice where nurses work within – and lead – telehealth services. The most obvious examples are NHS Direct and NHS24, where nurses have developed the skills required to provide advice, reassurance and support over the phone, without the necessity for face-to-face consultation. Elsewhere, nurses have been key players in the development and use of telemonitoring services for patients with long term conditions, although not all nurses will be keen on the idea of wider adoption.
There are well-rehearsed arguments that telehealth could lessen face-to-face support and increase social isolation among patients. The evidence base is still maturing (and in some areas, equivocal) – a point reinforced in a recent healthcare network article.
In some areas – particularly given the scale of savings currently required by the NHS – nurses may feel that the introduction of technology represents a threat to their jobs.
To dispel these concerns, nurses need to have a better understanding of the benefits for them and their patients. The role that technology can play in care needs introducing to student nurses early within their educational programmes. Continuing professional development opportunities need to be available for registered nurses so that they can learn the skills necessary to work with new technologies.
If integrated fully with existing clinical pathways, telehealth can serve as a valuable adjunct to – not replacement for – nursing care. As technology is introduced into practice, nurses need to have the confidence to place themselves at the centre of developments, acting as a powerful voice for their patients and their profession.
David Barrett is a nurse lecturer in telehealth at the University of Hull.
This article is published by Guardian Professional. Join the healthcare network to receive regular emails and exclusive offers. | <urn:uuid:47a568c0-dafa-4eec-84d9-19437cb0f752> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2012/jan/20/nurses-needed-at-telehealth-forefront | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171781.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00082-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960869 | 744 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Enable windows file extensions
By convention and to make stuff easier to find, an abbreviation of the type of a digital file is usually appended to the end of the filename itself. For example, a JPEG photograph might have .JPG on the end like so: DSCN2502.JPG
On the Windows operating system this extension is hidden by default, so all you would see is DSCN2502 and the type of the file is indicated by the icon of the program that would be used to open-it (presumably this is to prevent users changing the extension by accident when renaming files).
When stitching photographs or doing any other kind of image manipulation, you are likely to be working simultaneously with several different image file types such as TIFF, JPEG or RAW. To distinguish between them, you have to be able to see file extensions.
To enable display of Windows file extensions in windows explorer and most file open and file save dialogs:
- Open Windows Explorer
- Choose Tools -> Folder Options... from the Menu
- Select View tab page
- Under Advanced Settings uncheck Hide file extensions for known file types
- Click Ok
This won't enable the display of all file extensions (.PIF and .LNK will be still hidden for example) but it will make working with different image file types much easier...
Unhide files and folders
Some files and folders are hidden by default. In case of system files this is to protect them from accidentially being altered or deleted by the user. However, there is at least one folder that is extremly helpful to greatly simplify batch tasks from windows explorer: The SendTo-folder. It is usually located in the Documents and Settings hierarchy as a subfolder to your user folder.
To unhide it do the same as described above and in the Advanced Settings section simply tick Show hidden files and folders.
Any link to a programs or batch file in this folder will be displayed in the explorer right click Send To menu. If you mark files in explorer and choose something from Send To menu, the respective program or batch file is called with the file names (with complete path) in the command line. Use windows help (search for %) to learn how to refer to parameters in a batch file. | <urn:uuid:4446faea-fb71-4669-b480-a76c501200b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://wiki.panotools.org/index.php?title=Enable_windows_file_extensions&oldid=4666 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865456.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523063435-20180523083435-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.920877 | 464 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Sangamitta Statue at a Monastery in Sri Lanka.
|Born||In the 3rd century B.C. (281 BC (?))
Ujjeni, Ashokan Period, India
Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Cause of death
|Other names||Sanghamitrā (Sanskrit)|
|Alma mater||Preceptor Ayupālā|
|Known for||establishing Theravāda Buddhist nunnery in Sri Lanka|
|Children||Son – Sumana|
|Parents||Emperor Ashoka (Father)
|Awards||Arahat Therī credited with establishing the Bhikkhuni Lineage – the Order of Nuns in Sri Lanka|
Saṅghamittā (Saṅghamitrā in Sanskrit) was the grand daughter of Emperor Bindusara and daughter of Emperor Ashoka and his wife, Vidisha Devi. Together with Mahinda, her brother, she entered an order of Buddhist monks. The two siblings later went to Sri Lanka to spread the teachings of Buddha at the request of King Devanampiya Tissa (250 BC – 210 BC) who was a contemporary of Ashoka (304 BC – 232 BC). At first she landed in 'Mathagal'. The village Mathagal is situated 16 km away from Jaffna town, in the north of Sri Lanka, along the shores of the Indian Ocean. Buddhist Emperor Samrat Ashoka sent her to Sri Lanka together with several other nuns to start the nun-lineage of Bhikkhunis (a fully ordained female Buddhist monastic) at the request of King Tissa to ordain queen Anulā and other women of Tissa's court at Anuradhapura who desired to be ordained as nuns after Mahindra converted them to Buddhism.
After Sanghamittā’s contribution to the propagation of Buddhism in Sri Lanka and her establishing the Bikhhunī Sangha or Meheini Sasna (Order of Nuns) there, her name became synonymous with "Buddhist Female Monastic Order of Theravāda Buddhism" that was established not only in Sri Lanka but also in Burma, China and Thailand, in particular. The day the most revered tree, the Bodhi tree, a sapling of which was brought by her to Sri Lanka and planted in Anuradhapura, and which still survives, is also celebrated every year on the Full Moon day of December as "Uduvapa Poya" or "Uposatha Poya" and "Sanghamittā Day" by Theravāda Buddhists in Sri Lanka.
Sanghamitra is known for the proselytisation activity among women that she pursued as her lifetime goal in Sri Lanka, along with her brother, Mahendra (called Mahinda in Sri Lanka) at the initiation of her father, Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya dynasty who ruled in India in the 3rd century BC. Ashoka, after adopting Buddhism, took to spreading tenets of Buddhism in nine other countries of the region. His contemporary in Sri Lanka, King Devanampiya Tissa, in close alliance with Ashoka, saw the arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka.
However, before deputing missions abroad in the region around India, Ashoka, in consultation with Venerable Moggaliputta Tissa convened a meeting of the Third Buddhist Council in which 1,000 Arahants participated. The purpose of this council meeting was not only to purge the Sangha of undesirable elements but also to take a view on the proselytisation of Buddhism in view of the strong challenge faced from the Brahmins of Hindu religion. Moggaliputta presided over the Council meeting where it was decided to send nine delegations to different regions to spread Buddhism.
King Ashoka then sent out missionaries in nine different directions. The delegation that was sent south to Sri Lanka, at the request of Tissa, was led by Ashoka's son Mahendra. Before taking the long journey, Mahendra sought blessings of his mother. The delegation (considered a diplomatic mission) comprised six other Arhats, namely Ittiya, Uttiya, Sambala, Bhaddasala, young Samanera (nephew of Mahendra) and a Bhanduka (also a cousin of Mahendra). All members of the mission belonged to the royal family, indicating the importance Ashoka attached to spreading Buddhism in Sri Lanka.
This was also considered an opportune moment to spread Buddhism in Sri Lanka since Buddha himself had created awareness of his philosophy and precepts of Buddhism among the royalty and the common people during his three visits to Sri Lanka undertaken in the eight years following his enlightenment. Buddha, during his lifetime, had also created a social structure for the practice of Dhammavinaya or Dhamma (in Sanskrit: Dharma), which comprised the Sangha – order of bhikkhus (monks) and bhikkunis (nuns) to preserve his teachings for posterity. However, it was only King Tissa, realising the poor status of the religion in his country, desired fresh efforts by a delegation from India.
Mahendra arrived with his delegation at Anuradhapura where King Tissa, accompanied by his sister-in-law (brother's wife) Princess Anula with her entourage of 500 women, met him at the Mahamegha Garden. The Mahendra mission was very successful in introducing Buddhism to Sri Lanka. He established the Bhikkhu Order for men. However, thousands of women, starting with Anula, who had converted to Buddhism along with the King Tissa, wished to be ordained into the Bhikkuni Order. Thera Mahindra expressed his inability to do so since this ordination had to be performed by a priestess or a Theri Arahat. He therefore advised the King to write to Emperor Ashoka and seek the services of his younger sister Theri Sangamitta, who was "profoundly learned", to be deputed to Sri Lanka for the purpose. He also desired that a sapling of the right branch of the Bodhi-Tree (where the Tathagata got his enlightenment) from Bodh Gaya should also be brought by her to Sri Lanka. King Tissa then chose his Minister Prince Arittha (his nephew) for the purpose since the minister had volunteered to go to India on the condition that on his return he would also be ordained into the Bhikkhu Sasana by Thera Mahindra. This was agreed.
Sangamitta's parents were the Emperor Ashoka and his consort Vidisa Devi (first wife who belonged to the Vaishya caste and who was a Buddhist). Her birth in 285 BC, as popularly known in published texts was as the second child of Ashoka and younger sister of brother Mahindra. She was born in Ujjeini (present day Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh in India). Her mother did not join Ashoka when he was crowned and her two children had embraced Buddhism. She was married at the age of 14 to Agribrahmi, a nephew of Emperor Ashoka, who was also an Arhant. She had a son, Saamanera Sumana who also later became an Arhant and went along with his uncle Mahindra to Sri Lanka to preach Buddhism. Her teacher was Ayupala. She was ordained at the age of 18 into Theravada Buddhism Order by their preceptor Dhammapala. Her brother was also ordained at the same time. With her dedicated perseverance to Dhamma she became an Arhant Theri and resided in Pataliputra (now known as Patna).
Mahindra’s mission in Sri Lanka was very successful. Among his new converts was Princess Anula, King Tissa’s sister-in-law who became Sotapanna and requested ordination. King Tissa wrote to Emperor Ashoka to depute Sangamitta for the purpose. Mahindra also wrote to his father to depute his sister Sanghamitta to Sri Lanka as requested by King Tissa.
Following this invitation from the King and also the request made by his son Mahindra, Ashoka sent Sanghamitta with a retinue of 10 other learned bhikkunis (priestesses) to accompany her and to give ordination to the Sri Lanka's princess Anula and other women. Ashoka was initially distraught at the prospect of sending his daughter away but Sangamitta herself persisted that she would like to go to Sri Lanka. She appealed to her father stating:
"Great King! the injunction of my brother is imperative and the females who are to be ordained in Lanka are many; on that account it is absolutely essential that I should go there.
The purpose was also to establish the Bhikkuni Order to spread Buddhism in that country with the devoted participation and assistance of women. Ashoka finally agreed to send her. She travelled to Sri Lanka by sea carrying a sapling of Bodhi-Tree in a golden vase. She landed at Jambukola in the North. King Tissa himself received Sangamitta and the sapling of the Bodhi-Tree with deep veneration. They were then ceremonially escorted by the king and his people to Anuradhapura. They entered at the northern gate of Anuradhapura along a road sprinkled with white sand. The Bodhi sapling was planted with great fanfare in the Mahāmeghavana Grove in Aunradhapura. It is still seen at the same location.
In Dipavamsa chronicle, the number of nuns who accompanied Sangamitta has been mentioned differently – three figures have been quoted but the figure of 11 including Sangamitta is inferred as the plausible number. The names of the young nuns who accompanied here on the ship were: Uttara, Hema, Pasadpala, Aggimitta, Dasika, Pheggu, Pabbata, Matta, Malla, and Dhammadasiya. In addition, the delegation headed by the Sri Lankan Ambassador Prince Athitha, which returned to Sri Lanka, comprised the Chief priestess Sangamitta and ten other priesteses, eight people of royal lineage of Magadha (Bogut, Sumitta, Sangot, Devgot, Damgot, Hirugot, Sisigot and Jutindhara), eight members of nobility (families of ministers), eight Brahmins, eight Vaishyas (traders), herdsmen, Hyaenna, Sparrow-hawk, Nagas, Yakkas, craftsmen, weavers, potters and many members of other castes.
A legend mentioned related to the journey of Sangamitta to Sri Lanka is that Nagas encircled the Bodhi tree. Sangamitta drove them away by assuming the form of Garuda (half-man half-bird form). Sanghamitta was 32 years of age when she took this journey. Her son Samanera was already in Sri Lanka as he had joined his uncle Mahindra's mission to spread Buddhism. Sangamitta performed the formal Pabbajja ordination of Princess Anula. Anula was the first Sri Lankan woman to be ordained as a bhikkuni; concurrently her companions numbering more than 1000 who were also observing Dasa Sil were bestowed with Pabbajja ordination. This formally created the "first ecclesiastical life of the Bhikkuni Sasana in Sri Lanka". The ordination covered not only the royalty but also common people of various strata of the society. She pursued every effort to enhance the status of woman, with sustained devotion, dedication and diligence.
Sangamitta, on arrival at Anuradhapura, was put up initially at the ‘Upasika Viharaya’ along with the bhikkunis who had accompanied her. An additional 12 buildings (ashramas) were built to accommodate the bhikkunis. Subsequently, the King also built a separate house for Sangamitta known as 'Hathalakha-Vihara' acceding to the request of the nuns to reside in a secluded place where they could exclusively concentrate on devotional religious pursuits.
Dipavamsa, a chronicle written in 400 BC, records that after the Bhikkuni Sangha was established, there was widespread following in the country among women of all ages and from all levels of society. The women who ordained were highly learned in the scriptures and they readily taught their knowledge of the Vinaya or rules of discipline to others.
- Bodhi tree and celebrations
Sangamittā carried the right south branch of the Bodhi-Tree (selected by Ashoka from the Maha Bodhi-Tree in Gaya) on a ship to Anurādhapura, during the 12th year of Ashoka's reign. The sapling was planted by Devānāmpiya Tissa in the Mahāmeghavana in Anurdhapura. It seems that "the Buddha, on his death bed, had resolved five things, one being that the branch which should be taken to Ceylon should detach itself". The journey route followed by Sangamitta who carried the tree branch was from Gayā to Pātaliputta and then to Tāmalittī (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamluk) in Bengal. Here, it was placed in a golden vase in the ship and transported to Jambukola across the sea. The entourage reached Anurādhapura, staying en route at Tivakka.
The planting of the Bodhi Tree was a grand ceremony performed by the king himself with assistance from the nobles of Kājaragāma, Candanagāma and Tivakka, in the presence of Sangamitta and her brother Mahindra. The tree took eight roots, yielded fruits and seeds. As fresh eight saplings emerged, they were moved and planted at Jambukola (present Colombogaon in north Sri Lanka), in the village of Tivakka, at Thūpārāmā, at Issaramanārāma, in the court of the Pathamacetiya, in Cetiyagiri, in Kājaragāma and in Candanagāma.
The tree, as it stands, is on raised mound. In 1907, it was 32 feet (9.8 m) in height with 8.17 feet (2.49 m) in girth. Th tree and the shrine have been built around a compound wall measuring 61 feet (19 m) x 57 feet (17 m) and 21 feet (6.4 m) in height, primarily to protect the tree and the shrine built around it. Ten more trees of the same species are also seen within precincts of the enclosure. A damaged Buddha statue made in bricks (attributed its creation during Tissa's rule) is a marker to locate the main Bodhi-Tree here. 32 more saplings, from four other fruits, were also planted in the near vicinity.
The Bodhi-Tree at Anuradhapura was well tended by successive royal family members of Sri Lanka over the centuries, so much so that a village near Anurādhapura was also earmarked to provide for maintenance of the tree.
A recent comment by Historian H. G. Wells on this oldest historical tree in the world, which is well maintained states:
In Ceylon there grows to this day a tree, the oldest historical tree in the world, which we know certainly to have been planted as a cutting from the Bodhi-Tree in the year 245 BC. From that time to this it has been carefully tended and watered.
Sangamitta died at the age of 79 in the ninth year of the reign of King Uttiya at her residence in Hatthaloka Upasikaramaya Anuradhapura. Uttiya performed her last rites. The occasion was also marked with observances in her honour throughout Sri Lanka, for one week. She was cremated to the east of the Thūpārāma near the Cittasālā, in front of the Bodhi-Tree. The location for the cremation had been selected by the Therī herself before her death. A stupa was erected by Uttiya over her ashes.
The Bhikkhuni Sangha (a Dhamma-vinaya heritage started by Lord Buddha during his lifetime in India), locally known as "Bikhhuni Sasana" or "Meheini Sasna" (Order of Priestesses or Nuns) that was established by Sangamitta in Sri Lanka prospered for over 1000 years, till it disappeared in 1017 AD. The reason for such an end is attributed to the invasion of Cholas, Hindu rulers from South India, whereafter Bhikkhus and Bhikkunis were not seen in Sri Lanka for quite some years.
Bhikkuni ordination is the third and ultimate stage of ordination of nuns; the earlier two stages are the sramanerika (novice) and siksamana (probationary). In India, the Bhikkuni Order was established by Buddha six years after the Bhikkhu Order was established, in the 6th century BC. It was spread to Sri Lanka by Sangamitta in the 3rd BC. Initially, with spread of Buddhism in ancient India, 18 (eighteen) Vinaya schools developed. However, now only three are extant. These are the Theravada practiced in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia; the Dharmaguptaka that is practiced in Taiwan, China, Korea, and Vietnam; and the third school is the Mulasarvastivada adopted in Tibet.
In 429 AD, Bhikkuni Devasara had realised that Bhikkuni Sanga, on account of war and famine, could vanish from Sri Lanka. She, therefore, had led a mission to China to establish the Bhikkuni Sasana. The original Theravada Bhikkuni lineage established in China since 429 AD has continued to function to this day.
In Thailand, the lineage is well established. A clay statue of Sanghamitta made by Dhammananda in 2002, is deified in a shrine room at Songdhammakalyani Monastery in Nakhonpathom. Her image is flanked by images of 13 Arahat Theris.
However, Asarana Sarana Saranankara Maha Thera introduced the Higher Ordination from Thailand. She is credited with re-establishing the Order of Monks in Sri Lanka in 1753 AD. It is now said that there are more than 400 Bhikkunis in the country.
It is also reported that a few women from western countries practising the Theravada tradition and a few women from Thailand have been ordained to bhikkuni order in Sri Lanka in recent years.
Uduvapa Poya festival
Unduvapa Poya festival is observed in Sri Lanka on the Full Moon of December to commemorate two specific events namely, Theri Sangamitta day of arrival from India to establish the Order of Nuns and to also mark her bringing a sapling of the sacred Bodhi-Tree from Bodh Gaya and planting it in Aunradhapura. The festival day has been designated as "Sanghamitta Day". On this day, ten ordained nuns initiate the festive celebrations every year. This observance was revived in 1903 at the suggestion of the Mahabodhi Society of Sri Lanka.
This Observance is performed by Buddhists by first following the 'Five Precepts'; bathing, shaving, wearing white robes, and kneeling with clean bare feet in a shrine before a Buddha-statue. The kneeling and bowing is done first three times with feet, hands, elbows, knees and head touching the floor. This is followed by reciting loudly the memorised prayers, with folded hands (palms at the heart). The prayers offered from sunrise until the next dawn starting with the words are:
As long as this life lasts.
I hereby take refuge in the Buddha.
I hereby take refuge in the Dhamma.
I hereby take refuge in the Sangha.
I hereby seek shelter in the Buddha for the 2nd time.
I hereby seek shelter in the Dhamma for the 2nd time.
I hereby seek shelter in the Sangha for the 2nd time.
I hereby request protection from the Buddha for the 3rd time.
I hereby request protection from the Dhamma for the 3rd time.
I hereby request protection from the Sangha for the 3rd time.
I will hereby respect these Three Jewels the rest of my life!
I accept to respect & undertake these 5 training rules:
I hereby accept the training rule of avoiding all Killing.
I hereby accept the training rule of avoiding all Stealing.
I hereby accept the training rule of avoiding all Sexual Abuse.
I hereby accept the training rule of avoiding all Dishonesty.
I hereby accept the training rule of avoiding all Alcohol & Drugs.
As long as this life lasts, I am thus protected by these 5 precepts...
It is also a prayer offered on this day for the revival of Bhikkuni Sasana in Sri Lanka and with the hope that it will flourish in the future. It is proposed that the day should also be celebrated as the International Women’s Day, as a mark of honour to Sangamitta who established the women's Order.
- "Sanghamittā Therī". What the Buddha said in plain English!. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- "A brief history of Sanghamitta". Bodhistav Foundation. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- "Mahindagamanaya was more than a diplomatic mission". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- "Theerrii Sanghamiitttta and The Bodhii—tree" (pdf). California: A Gift of Dhamma:Maung Paw. pp. 1–8. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- Harishchanndar, Walisinha (1998). The sacred city of Anuradhapura. Asian Educational Services. pp. 29–36. ISBN 81-206-0216-1. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- "How to be Real Buddhist through Observance?". What Buddha Said Net. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- "Sangamitta Teri". What Buddha Said Net. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- Malalasekera, G.P. (2003). Dictionary of Pali Proper Names: Pali-English. Asian Educational Services. p. 990. ISBN 81-206-1823-8. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- Law, B.C (1994). On the Chronicles of Ceylon. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0907-7. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- Sarkar, Jayanta; G. C. Ghosh (2004). Anthropological Survey. Sterling Publishers Pvt.Ltd. pp. 72–73. ISBN 81-207-2562-X. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- Obeyesekere, Donald (1999). Outlines of Ceylon history. Asian Educational Services. pp. 17–18. ISBN 81-206-1363-5. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- "Full Moon Poya Day of Unduvap". Sri Lanka Guardian. 2008-12-12. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- Lorna DeWaraja. "Buddhist Women in India and Pre-Colonial Sri Lanka". Buddhism Today. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- "Bodhirukka". What Buddha Said Net. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- "Chapter XVII: The Arrival Of The Relics". Lakdiva Org. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- Bhikshuni Thubten Chodron. "A New Possibility: Introducing Full Ordination for Women into the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition". International Congress on Buddhist Women’s Role in the Sangha Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- Sanghmitra Theri, A liberated woman
- Arahat Theri Sanghmitra
- She is celebrated @ Fullmoon in December | <urn:uuid:727193d2-7be0-4935-9c9a-6e4e2baa744c> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghamitta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464876.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00014-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958318 | 5,143 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Staffordshire University Academy recognises that modern technology is an fundamental part of modern-day life and our students use ICT both in and out of the Academy. However along with the opportunities that ICT offers it also brings with it problems and risks that all students need to be aware of. Being safe is also about teaching youngsters to make the right decisions online.
E-safety has a very high priority at SUA and all students receive advice and guidance appropriate to their age. As well as learning about e-safety in their ICT lessons, students get more targeted input during assemblies and tutor time. In addition to this we add links to e-safely documents and websites via our LaunchPad and Social Media pages.
Online safety guide - fake news | <urn:uuid:2987106b-097e-4e98-8d61-ab8d3618145f> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.suacademy.co.uk/students/staying-safe-online | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038468066.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418043500-20210418073500-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.962885 | 153 | 2.703125 | 3 |
City planning and development departments will now be able to prepare for rising sea levels with the help of a new simulation tool by Nasa. Developed by researchers at Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, the Gradient Fingerprint Mapping (GFM) system is capable of predicting how the melting of particular glaciers and ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica will directly affect particular coastal cities.
According to the research, which was published in the journal Science Advances, the online tool takes into account the rotation of the Earth and gravitational effects to identify how a melting glacier will leave behind a "fingerprint" of sea level rise. This in turn will allow one to recognise how the melting of different glaciers will affect different cities.
"It tells you what is the rate of increase of sea level in that city with respect to the rate of change of ice masses everywhere in the world," Eric Larour, a member of the research team explained. He, along with Erik Ivins and Surendra Adhikari of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, hope that the diagnosis tool will help understand the role of global warming on rising sea levels as well as assist in providing information in order to implement precautionary measures as more reliable predictions can be made of cryospheric mass changes.
The GFM has currently been applied to 293 major port cities to allow coastal planners to readily calculate local seal level (LSL) change. London, for example, is most likely to be affected by changes on the western part of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), whereas for New York, LSL change predictions are very sensitive to changes in the northeastern portions of the GrIS.
Sydney, on the other hand is expected to face the effects of ice loss in the Amundsen Sea Sector, a region in Antarctica farthest away from it, while the glaciers closest to the Australian city are less likely to affect it. This is because when a large ice body loses mass, it no longer exerts the same gravitational pull of the ocean, which in turn, causes the sea level around the ice mass to decrease.
"If you are close enough, then the effect of ice loss will be a sea level drop, not sea level rise," Adhikari pointed out. This would mean that cities like Oslo and Reykjavik, which are closest to Greenland, will witness a drop in sea levels from glaciers melting nearby but could be more at risk from ice loss in the distant Antarctic. | <urn:uuid:6279443e-d2da-4c24-a430-3da0a3ee075d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/which-glaciers-can-put-london-new-york-city-coastlines-risk-nasas-new-tool-helps-predict-1647711 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937074.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419223925-20180420003925-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.942309 | 499 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Everything Science Knows About Hangovers—And How to Cure Them
- 6:30 am |
Good morning, sunshine! You are so screwed.
The light coming in through the window is so … there. You’d kill for a glass of water but die if it came with food. Your guts are in full rebellion; whatever happens next is going to happen in the bathroom. You have at least a couple of the following symptoms: headache, malaise, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fatigue, nausea, the shakes. You might also be dehydrated and feel generally slow—a little stupider, a little less coordinated.
You, my friend, have a hangover. And you can take heart in the fact that you’re not alone. Some 77 percent of all drinkers report suffering from them. (The scientific term for the other 23 percent is “jerks.”) But here’s the amazing part: The underlying cause of your suffering remains a mystery. “What causes a hangover? Nobody really knows,” says epidemiologist Jonathan Howland. “And what can you do about it? Nobody knows.”
Alcohol has long been the only recreational drug for which scientists could not articulate a mechanism of action—which is to say, no one knew how it got you drunk, and no one knew how it got you hungover. And that’s weird. Because hangovers are a problem of vast proportions. By one estimate, hangovers cost $160 billion in lost revenue every year in the US alone. Yet for decades, even as scientists have written hundreds of thousands of articles about alcohol, only a tiny fraction of that attention—just a few hundred papers—have focused on the hangover. In fact, it wasn’t until the past decade or so that researchers even agreed to define hangover with a common group of symptoms.
Now, though, that’s all beginning to change. In the past five or six years, a small group of researchers have dedicated themselves to the hangover, peering into both its causes and the truth behind all the purported cures. They’ve even made some progress on a few cures of their own. Thanks to science, the morning after is finally starting to look a little less bleak.
In the mid-2000s, Howland, then a professor of community health services at the Boston University School of Public Health, partnered with Damaris Rohsenow, an alcohol and drug abuse researcher at Brown University, to look at how hangovers relate to the ability to perform a job. “We were interested not so much in hangover as a cluster of symptoms but in impairment the day after heavy drinking,” Howland says.
It wasn’t until 2009, though, that a Dutch researcher named Joris Verster got the world’s hangover researchers together for an informal meeting. They dubbed themselves the Alcohol Hangover Research Group and adopted a whimsical logo: a red and white crest with a tipped-over wineglass in the foreground and a pint of beer in the background. (Look closely and you’ll see the beer glass is decorated with the AHRG logo in miniature—just the sort of infinite recursion that would, if you had a hangover, make you vomit.)
Over the past five years, AHRG has put out research to reveal that pretty much everything anyone has ever told you about the causes of hangover is wrong—or at least unproven.
Take dehydration. Sure, it makes sense: Alcohol suppresses the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin, which ordinarily keeps you from peeing too much. Plus, if you’re drinking booze, you’re probably not drinking water. But in dehydrated people with hangovers, levels of electrolytes don’t differ too much from baseline controls—and when they do, they don’t correlate with hangover severity.
Some scientists have pointed to acetaldehyde, a demonstrably toxic byproduct of ethanol breakdown in the body. It’s a nice theory—but it turns out that hangover symptoms are at their worst when acetaldehyde levels are low.
Low blood sugar is another common explanation, and it has some intuitive power behind it. Dehydration itself may not cause hangovers, but it does cause glucose levels to drop, and the body compensates by turning to other sources of energy, which can cause hangover-like symptoms. But if low blood sugar were the problem, administering glucose and fructose ought to be the solution. And it’s not—sugar doesn’t help the morning after. A more likely culprit is actually high blood sugar. Consuming ethanol with glucose turns out to elevate lactate levels, and one study shows that the presence of lactate makes hangovers worse. (So those warnings about sweet drinks might have something to them.)
Despite the cloud of misinformation, the AHRG has been able to pin down some basics. Get your blood alcohol concentration above 0.10 percent and odds are you’ll be hungover the next day; symptoms will peak about 12 to 14 hours later, when your BAC is back at or near zero. There does also seem to be some truth to the notion that vodka delivers less of a hangover than red wine or whiskey. A comparison of people who drank enough bourbon or vodka to get to between 0.1 and 0.15 BAC—which is superdrunk, by the way—showed that all of them got hangovers, but the bourbon drinkers reported theirs as significantly worse.
Best of all, AHRG’s researchers have begun to converge on a promising theory about what really causes hangovers: namely, that they’re an inflammatory response, like what happens when we get an infection. A team in Korea noticed that hangovers are accompanied by elevated levels of molecules called cytokines, which are used as communication signals by the immune system. If you inject those into a healthy subject, that person will start to have all kinds of familiar-sounding symptoms, including nausea, gastrointestinal distress, headache, chills, and fatigue. Potentially even more interesting, higher-than-normal cytokine levels also interfere with memory formation—which might account for ethanol-related lapses in recall as well.
If it’s correct that cytokines are the key to hangovers, then that would suggest a simple and profound approach to treatment. That is, if the mechanism of hangover is an inflammatory response—as to a wound or illness—then maybe anti-inflammatories are the way to dispel it. (I myself now take a couple of ibuprofen before bed after a long night.)
Nobody really knows how booze works in the brain, but Richard Olsen, a neuroscientist at UCLA who studies alcohol use, is pretty far along in figuring that out. He studies the range of blood alcohol concentrations you get from zero to a couple of drinks. In that range, he says, the neural mechanisms that respond to alcohol are very specific and present very interesting targets for treatment—of both drunkenness and hangover.
Olsen thinks the key is a neurotransmitter, a molecule that neurons use to talk to each other. Specifically, he’s looking at one called gamma aminobutyric acid, or GABA. In particular, Olsen is looking at a subtype of the receptors that GABA sticks to, one that is exquisitely sensitive to ethanol. It is, Olsen says, “a unique ethanol receptor that responds to low concentrations of ethanol, as produced by one glass of wine, in the brain.”
Now, GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter—i.e., it slows things down—so ethanol, in sparking these same receptors, would have a similar effect. That’s why at lower doses it mellows you out. If Olsen’s right, this could be the chemical mechanism that has eluded scientists until now. And he has some evidence: A drug that blocks those specific GABA receptors also blocks the effects of ethanol in rats. (Unfortunately that drug is in a family called the benzodiazepines—cousins of Valium—and taking it knocks you on your ass as surely as a stiff drink.) Another piece of favorable evidence: After repeated exposure to ethanol, neurons start to make a different kind of receptor, one that’s more resistant to the stuff. (This has its own downside—the new receptors are also less sensitive to GABA, which means all those neurons are more difficult to inhibit generally. Parts of the brain become overexcitable, leading to tremors, almost a preseizure condition, and symptoms that look a lot like a hangover.)
Knowing that she was looking for a drug that would bind to that specific receptor—and nothing else—one of Olsen’s postdoctoral students, a researcher named Jing Liang, started experimenting with herbs from her native China, beginning with the ones that traditional medicine claimed had an effect on alcohol. And she found one. “Hovenia,” she says. “It’s been used in Asia for 500 years. I found it in a grocery store.”
The lab purified the plant until Olsen and his team had an ingredient that acted on the right receptor. It turned out to be a flavonoid, a common molecular family. It already had a name—ampelopsin—but they started talking about it according to the naming conventions of organic chemistry: dihydromyricetin.
“Jing gave a talk at a meeting about our results, and we invited our friends to the bar afterward to try it out,” Olsen says. “Now, this is not publishable, and you can’t use it for evidence for the FDA, but it’s good for us to know what kind of dose we should be using in our clinical trial—and that it doesn’t hurt anybody and does something to us that we want.”
The people who took the pill all reported feeling less intoxicated than they would ordinarily, he says. And they felt less hungover the next day. (Scientific research conferences are famous for active bar scenes, but I assume that the ones at alcohol research meetings rage the hardest and result in the most guilt afterward.) One of Liang and Olsen’s funders now sells dihydromyricetin over the counter as BluCetin. It joins an elite club of hard-to-find substances—a prickly pear extract called Opuntia ficus indica, a vitamin B6 analog called pyritinol, and a migraine drug called Clotam—that have been reliably shown to help the symptoms of a hangover.
Olsen’s line of research also suggests a more radical approach to eliminating the hangover. What if our cocktails used something other than alcohol to get us tipsy? Given the seemingly analogous chemical effects of alcohol and some synthetic drugs, it’s hypothetically possible to find a chemical with almost the same effects as alcohol but that’s better understood and better controlled. Alcohol researchers have been looking for something like this for decades, and now a British psychiatrist named David Nutt claims to have figured it out.
For a couple of years, Nutt—who was one of the British government’s top drug policy advisers until he pointed out, quite rationally, that it made no sense to regulate pot heavily and booze barely at all—has been reporting experiments on chemical analogs to ethanol that deliver the same glorious buzz but with a crucial difference: There are antidotes that instantly restore sobriety. In a paper in 2006, Nutt showed how his very Star Trek-ish synthohol would work on a particular subtype of receptors for GABA, one not entirely understood. Like the receptor that Olsen was studying, Nutt’s receptors also handle benzodiazepines, so they clearly have an impact on alertness.
Now, Nutt says, he has no less than five candidate chemicals ready to go. “After exploring one possible compound, I was quite relaxed and sleepily inebriated for an hour or so,” Nutt wrote in a commentary for the Guardian in late 2013. “Then, within minutes of taking the antidote, I was up giving a lecture with no impairment whatsoever.” All he needs, he says, is funding for more tests. If Nutt is right, his discovery would shed light not just on how ethanol affects the brain but how the brain works more broadly. And existence of antidotes means that all you’ll need is a pill or a swig to avoid a hangover entirely. Remember to take it the night before and there will never again be a morning after. Or so we can hope. | <urn:uuid:4ee96a2d-647a-48cf-88ec-24ed65610b57> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.wired.com/2014/05/hangover-cure/?mbid=synd_cnn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510268533.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011748-00205-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955807 | 2,653 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Title: Good Morning to ME!
Written and illustrated by: Lita Judge
Published by: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2015
Themes/Topics: exuberance, indoor voices, pets, parrots
Suitable for ages: 3-6
Early one morning in a little cottage,
Beatrix was wide AWAKE.
She knew it was time to be quiet, but then she squealed,
“Good morning to me!”
A bursting, bubbling, boisterous parrot cannot contain herself. And even though she knows it is early morning and she should be using her indoor voice, she just has to say good morning to herself, then Mouse, then Kitty, then Goldfish, then Gracie the basset hound… Antics ensue and mishaps occur, but it is hard to stay mad at such joie de vie, even doe those who aren’t such morning critters as Beatrix!
Why I like This Book:
I confess knowing that Beatrix is real and having seen some awesome pictures of her and her kitty friend at the author’s cottage, makes this story all the more fun to me. I am certain that parents and young children will be able to relate to the ‘rules’ of quiet time early in the morning and how hard sometimes it is to keep to one’s indoor voice and curb one’s desire to interact already with the rest of the household (pre caffeine) and those promises to be good!
The truth is, in Lita Judge’s household, her parrot, Beatrix truly does start the day off by belting out a cheery, “Good Morning.” And Beatrix and Kitty are really good friends in real life!
The watercolor and pencil spreads (some full page and some several different snapshots per page) capture Beatrix’ exuberance and the other critters’ frustrations with humor and animation.
Practice indoor voices with your kids!
As a passionate animal lover, I also want to add, don’t breed, don’t buy… adopt a rescued bird!
Many have forgotten this truth, but you must not forget it.
You remain responsible, forever, for what you have tamed.
-Antoine de Saint Exupery
Each week a group of bloggers reviews picture books we feel would make great educational reads. To help teachers, caregivers and parents, we have included resources and activities with each of our reviews. A complete list of the thousands of books we have reviewed can be found sorted alphabetically and by topics, here on Susanna Leonard Hill’s website. | <urn:uuid:e5eba1a1-bec6-4d4b-ab8a-bb9327715e20> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://joannamarple.com/2015/06/12/good-morning-to-me-perfect-picture-book-friday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102993.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817073135-20170817093135-00656.warc.gz | en | 0.937569 | 559 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Tiananmen massacre remembered
Not in China.
On May 30, protestors in Tiananmen Square erected a papier-mâché ‘Goddess of Democracy’ which for a time faced down the iconic portrait of Chairman Mao hanging from the gates of The Forbidden City. It lasted just five days before the killing began.
There has been no public commemoration in mainland China of the 17th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre, but there has been elswhere:
- In London local Chinese and officials gathered in Trafalgar Square last weekend to remember the victims of the massacre. "There are tears that flow in China for the children that are gone," said the lyrics of a song played on a stereo. "Oh children, blood is on the square. Oh children, blood is on the square."
- In Hong Kong, thousands of protestors staged a candlelit rally to mark the pro-democracy rally that ended in the slaughter of 3,000 civilians.
- In the US, the State Department called for China to provide a full accounting of those who were killed, were detained, or went missing during the Tiananmen Square demonstrations 17 years ago, and of "the government's role in the massacre."
- That call is echoed in Taiwan by Taiwan's main opposition leader. "The mainland has to face the issue sooner or later," Ma Ying-jeou, chairman of the island's main opposition Nationalist Party, told Reuters late on Saturday when asked if he had any words for Chinese leaders on the eve of the Tiananmen anniversary. "The earlier it can face the issue and adjust, I think the more (chance) it can succeed."
LINKS: 17th Tiananmen aniversary passes in China - San Jose Mercury/AP
'Oh children, blood is on the Square' - Epoch Times
Thousands mark Tiananmen Square anniversary in Hong Kong - Fox News
US calls for accounting of Tiananmen Square deaths, detentions - US Department of State
Interview: Taiwan's Ma says China must reassess 1989 protest - Reuters, India
HRIC launches podcast interviews for June 4th anniversary - UN Observer
1989: Massacre in Tiananmen Square - BBC News: On this day
TAGS: History-Twentieth_Century, Socialism, Politics-World | <urn:uuid:1d6c148d-b8eb-4870-9d77-0232fd9d91af> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://pc.blogspot.com/2006/06/tiananmen-massacre-remembered.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119649133.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030049-00309-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938981 | 481 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The intricate work of baroque art engraved on a 28ft-long rudder is from a mystery Dutch ship that sank off Poole in Dorset nearly 400 years ago.
A dredger’s discovery of the trading ship led to six years of investigations during which divers found an incredible work of art covering the stern of the 130ft-long vessel – one of the largest of its kind at the time.
The carvings featured mermen, whose eye sockets would have been decorated with precious stones.
Carvings similar to the one found on the rudder were discovered on the gunports of the ship.
Scores of artefacts have been recovered from inside the vessel, including ceramics, leather shoes, copper and pewter tableware, plus a bronze compass divider.
After receiving a £500,000 English Heritage grant, a team of archeologists completed the recovery of the five-ton rudder that had become separated from the vessel, known as the Swash Channel Wreck. Divers spent a week digging the rudder from the seabed before placing a steel frame around it, similar to the operation that raised the Mary Rose – the Tudor warship that sank in the Solent – in 1982.
The rudder was then towed four miles into Poole harbour where it was hoisted on to the quayside in front of the excited archeologists.
It is an extremely significant find and has led to one of the largest shipwreck investigations in Britain
It will be constantly sprayed with special chemicals for the next two years to help to conserve it before being displayed at Poole museum.
David Parham, senior lecturer in marine archeology at Bournemouth University, said: “To see it in daylight in all its glory is quite spectacular.
“It is very large and impressive so you can imagine how spectacular this merchant vessel would have looked.
“It is an extremely significant find and has led to one of the largest shipwreck investigations in Britain.”
He added: “We think it was a Dutch trading ship and would have taken high quality European goods such as tweed to the Far East and traded them for things like exotic spices.”
Mr Parham said the carvings were “a sign of prestige and wealth”.
He added: “We’ve no idea who the man carved on the rudder might be.” | <urn:uuid:4a9ef62f-7eab-4c7d-ac30-a7fc69b9ac40> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/423284/Warrior-surfaces-from-the-sea-after-400-years | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00535-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972676 | 503 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: Dec 13th, 2012
First-of-its-kind self-assembled nanoparticle for targeted and triggered thermo-chemotherapy
(Nanowerk News) Research from investigators at the MIT-Harvard Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence has succeeded in designing and demonstrating the effectiveness of a first-of-its-kind, self assembled, multi-functional, near-infrared (NIR) responsive gold nanorods that can deliver a chemotherapy drug specifically targeted to cancer cells and selectively release the drug in response to an external beam of light while creating heat for synergistic thermo-chemo mediated anti-tumor efficacy. NIR is minimally absorbed by skin and tissue, has the ability to penetrate deep tissue in a noninvasive way, and can be converted to heat by gold nanomaterials for effective thermal ablation of diseased tissue. The results of this study were published by Omid Farokhzad and his colleagues in the journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition ("DNA Self-Assembly of Targeted Near-Infrared-Responsive Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Thermo-Chemotherapy").
“The design of this gold nanorod and its self-assembly was inspired by nature and the ability of complimentary strands of DNA to hybridize on their own without imposing complicated chemical processes on them,” explained Dr. Farokhzad, director of the Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “Each functionalized DNA strand individually, and the self assembled components as a system, play a distinct yet integrative role resulting in synergistic targeted and triggered thermo-chemotherapy capable of eradicating tumors in our pre-clinical models.”
One DNA strand is attached to the gold nanorod and the complementary strand is attached to a stealth layer and a homing molecule that keeps the system under the radar of the immune system while targeting it directly to cancer cells. When the DNA strands come together, the targeted gold nanorod is formed and the double stranded DNA serves as the scaffold for binding the chemotherapy drug, doxorubicin, which can be released in response to NIR light that concurrently results in generation of heat by the gold nanorods. Each of the three distinct functional components plays a role in contributing to the triple punch of triggered thermotherapy, controlled doxorubicin release, and cancer cell targeting.
To demonstrate the robust capability of this nanorod system, Dr. Farokhzad and his collaborators used a pre-clinical model to evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor efficacy in two different tumor models and four different groups with different drug regiments, each group varying in weight and tumor size. Researchers administrated an injection of the novel, self-assembled nanoparticle and then 10 minutes post-injection, the tumors were irradiated using NIR light that activated the nanoparticle using the gold nanorod and created heat. The results showed that this platform successfully delivered heat and anti-cancer drugs to synergistically eradicate tumors.
“Thermal ablation is already commonly used in cancer treatment,” said Dr. Farokhzad. “What is extremely exciting about this platform is that we are able to selectively target cancer cells and then hit the tumor twice: first with a controlled release of a chemotherapy drug and then secondly with triggered induction of heat from the activation of the gold nanorod. And all this can be done noninvasively.”
Source: National Cancer Institute
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Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk: | <urn:uuid:2a9e4c8d-083d-4efc-8547-77bbb3b85254> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/newsid=28057.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383508/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00096-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929699 | 769 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Sunday, February 7, 2010
This Quantum Clock Is 100,000 Times More Accurate Than the Atomic Clock [Clocks]
As Make puts it, the atomic clock is old and busted. The quantum-logic clock from National Institute of Standards and Technology, keeping time 100,000 times more accurately than its predecessor, is definitely the new hotness.
The quantum clock, developed by physicist Chin-wen Chou of the NIST, keeps time by measuring the energy of a single aluminum ion with UV lasers. It loses one second every 3.4 billion years, compared to the cesium fountain clock which loses a second every 100 million years, and upon which the current international standard is based.
In fact, the new quantum-logic clock is so precise that Chou's team can't even measure it, as the current definition of a second is based on the prevailing cesium clock.
Don't get too excited about setting your life to a more precise clock just yet: there are currently no plans to adopt the quantum clock as the international standard. But with potential applications ranging from use in more precise GPS devices to answering questions about the speed of light and Einsteinian relativity, this clock is still a serious tick into the future.
[Gizmodo via Wired via Make] | <urn:uuid:0405d660-dbf3-4b54-b1c0-5574d82894eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://hebgadgets.blogspot.com/2010/02/this-quantum-clock-is-100000-times-more.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923194310-20170923214310-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.946295 | 264 | 2.875 | 3 |
We have been going through the preschool curriculum I wrote with my 4-year-old this year. He loves it and I love that we do hands-on activities together. Lately, I’ve been feeling like we are needing more practice with each alphabet letter. So, I decided to start creating printables for each letter we go through. Of course, I’ll be sharing all 26 sets of printables on the blog! After I’m done with all the letters, I’ll compile them into a nice little eBook for easy access for you all. Does that sound good to you? I know these printables have helped our preschool day and it reinforces the letter we are working on. Plus, it gives us more practice using writing utensils, tracing lines, scissor practice, and more. Today I’ll be sharing our letter N printable pack. We did N is for Nest…and all the while we dreamt about the warmer days of spring when we’ll see those nests and birds again! 🙂 Here is a peek at what the packet looks like…
Here are a couple sample pages from the packet.
And here is my preschooler in action. For tracing practice, we used oil pastels, since those are his favorite writing utensils. We are still working on holding the utensil in a tripod grip.
For the counting eggs exercise, I wrote the number in the box after he counted the eggs. This is great practice for one-to-one correspondence (meaning they have the ability to match one object to one corresponding number).
We did patterns with our Do-a-Dot markers.
On one page of the packet, there is a nest of birds. You can choose to connect the dots or cut off the birds, punch out holes on the black circles, and then use shoestring to lace around the nest. We did both and it was great practice for him.
To download your own copy, click on this link —–> N is for Nest Packet
And to download more printable alphabet packets, please visit this page.
If you want more hands-on activities for the letters of the alphabet, be sure to check out my eBook.
The adorable clip art is designed by Goodness & Fun. | <urn:uuid:c4903da9-5e2a-4fcd-9dea-676d658923fe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://teachingmama.org/letter-n-printables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280850.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00174-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951446 | 475 | 2.6875 | 3 |
According to a recent study in England, increased screening to identify and monitor people at high risk for lung cancer could increase their chance for five-year survival by nearly three-quarters.
Researchers at the University of Liverpool suggest leaders in Britain set up a national screening program to catch more lung cancer earlier, with the hope of saving, or preserving, the lives of people diagnosed with the disease.
Already difficult to treat, lung cancer often poses an even greater challenge for doctors because 70 percent of the time it is not found until it is at an advanced stage and possibly incurable.
The large trial undertaken by researchers is the first to be conducted in England, and uses a population-based questionnaire to identify people at high risk for the disease, researchers said. A similar trial in the United States is said to have reduced lung cancer death by about 20 percent.
When lung cancer is diagnosed in its earliest stages, it is more easily treated and potentially curable. Charleston Area Medical Center offers annual lung cancer screening for patients at high risk for developing lung cancer using low-dose computer tomography (CT). Research has shown a significant decrease in deaths when low-dose CT scans are used as a screening tool for people at high risk for lung cancer.
The goal of the CAMC Lung Cancer Screening Program is to detect lung cancer early, when it is most treatable. You may be eligible for the low-cost screening program if you:
– Are between the ages of 50 and 77
– Have a smoking history equivalent to:
– Smoking one pack per day or more for 30 years
– Smoking two packs per day for 15 years
– Current or ex-smoker who has quit within the last 15 years
– Are not showing any signs or symptoms of lung cancer
– Have additional risk factors, such as occupational exposures, a personal or family history of lung cancer or prior radiation therapy in the chest area
For more information on the CAMC Lung Cancer Screening Program, please click here. | <urn:uuid:b2b3d842-96af-475e-8999-dcbb2eb05935> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://camcradiationoncology.com/news/study-says-lung-cancer-survival-increases-sharply-if-caught-early/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538226.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123160717-20210123190717-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.951259 | 405 | 3.21875 | 3 |
An implement consisting of a broad scoop, or more or less hollow blade, with a handle, used for lifting and throwing earth, coal, grain, or other loose substances.
- A tool with a handle and a broad scoop or blade for digging and moving material, such as dirt or snow.
- A large mechanical device or vehicle for heavy digging or excavation.
- The amount that a shovel can hold; a shovelful: One shovel of dirt.
- To move or remove with a shovel.
- To make with a shovel: shoveled a path through the snow.
- To convey or throw in a rough or hasty way, as if with a shovel: He shoveled the food into his mouth.
- To clear or excavate with or as if with a shovel: shoveling off the driveway after the snowstorm; shovels out the hall closet once a year.
- To dig or work with a shovel. | <urn:uuid:25c1ada1-f11b-415f-b73e-bdd058f8b611> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://jenson.in/dicts_mal.php?word=shovel&submit=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125532.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00561-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919806 | 193 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Tea Party Movement and Americans' Historic Belief in Small Government and Freedom
Predident Obama's First 100 Days Were no Honeymoon
Ever since the start of President Franklin Roosevelt's first term as President in 1933, the left leaning mainstream media has been obsessed with a new president's first 100 days in office.
Like political Progressives in general, reporters tend to view the passage of additional laws to be the main function of government.
It doesn't matter whether the laws are good or bad, in the eyes of liberal media, success for a President or member of Congress is measured in terms of how much legislation they manage to pass.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
The first 100 days of a new President's term is a good time to get legislation passed.
After all, the new President was the victor in the recent election and the people must have liked the program he promised to enact because a majority (or at least a plurality of those who did vote) of them voted for him.
Americans are basically a fair minded people and in politics, as in sports, losers are usually graceful and let the winners have their moment of glory before challenging them in the next event.
Thus this brief, 100 day or so, honeymoon period is usually a new President's best opportunity to get legislation passed without too much of a fight.
Things Turned Out to be Different for President Obama
However, for President Obama things turned out differently.
After winning by a comfortable margin by campaigning on the promise to hold the line on taxes and spending as well as changing the way things are done in Washington, President Obama immediately began angering people when he suddenly switched from the moderate tone of his campaign and began making clear his intention to push the nation's politics to the left.
He also quickly abandoned the fiscal conservative tone of his campaign and launched a frenzy of spending and tax increase plans that were guaranteed to deepen and prolong the severe recession the nation was in at the time.
President Obama Angered Many With his Radical Proposals
It was no surprise that the people's anger began to rise along with growing opposition to his policies and ideas.
This opposition included many political moderates and independents who had been responsible for his victory in the 2008 election. It was obvious that anger and opposition were building. But, lacking organization and leadership the opposition lacked punch and focus.
Normally, the opposition Republican Party would have led the opposition to the new President.
However, following their massive defeat in the election in which many Republicans and Conservatives either voted for opposing candidates or sat out the election. This was their way of responding to the way the Republican Party's elected officials had abandoned their small government conservative philosophy and had governed as if they were big government liberals.
A large and growing portion of the population was basically disillusioned and disgusted with politicians as a class regardless of party.
A News Commentator's Comment Launches a Political Movement
Then, on February 19th, one day short of President Obama's first month in office (he was sworn in as President on January 20, 2009) CNBC financial commentator Rick Santelli, reporting from the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, lit the match that ignited the smoldering anger and turned it into a wild fire of protest that swept the nation.
Following a tirade against the President's plan to take tax dollars from American families and use them to pay the mortgages of people who had recklessly and often illegally (lying on the loan application of a federally insured bank is a crime) borrowed money, that they knew they couldn't afford to pay back, to buy homes that they couldn't afford.
Santelli ended by saying he wanted to invite people to join him on the shores of Lake Michigan the next Fourth of July to throw tea bags in the water as a symbolic protest.
Of course one of the rallying points of the American Revolution, this nation's first tax revolt, was the famous Boston Tea Party in which patriots attacked and emptied the tea from the holds of merchant ships in Boston Harbor and dumped it into the ocean.
This was to prevent the tea from being sold thereby preventing Britain's King George III from collecting his three cent a pound tax on the sale of the tea.
Immediately, people began expressing their outrage with the Administration's runaway government spending. They did this first by flooding the mail room of Congress with envelopes containing tea bags and then by peacefully gathering together and protesting in their communities.
The media and politicians initially ignored the protests and assumed that the movement would soon disappear.
To the politician's and media's surprise, April 15th, 2009, Tax Day, saw large tea party demonstrations all over the nation. Many in Washington assumed that would be the final outburst, but the protests continued to grow.
Members of Congress soon found themselves being called upon in their town hall meetings by constituents demanding answers to pointed questions and having to try to defend their actions in Washington.
Many of these self styled ruling elite were so shocked by the audacity of mere citizens questioning their actions that they fled back to the safety of Washington.
The Fourth of July brought more tea parties. And, as the numbers attending tea parties grew the President's and especially Congress's approval numbers fell accordingly.
Tea Party Movement Courts the Republican Party
While Tea Party members share fiscal conservative and small government values, they represent a cross section of Independents, Democrats and Republicans.
Being nominally the party of small government and fiscal conservatism, the Republican Party is beginning to welcome and work with the Tea Party movement.
However, in many ways this growing relationship between the Republican Party and the Tea Party Movement is not so much Republican leaders and officials embracing the Tea Party Movement as it is Tea Party activists running in, and winning, races for ward leaders and other ground level positions in the party.
At the same time, others are either running against big government/big spending Republican candidates in primary elections or throwing their support behind fiscal conservatives opposing incumbent big spending Republicans.
Tea Party members are also going after candidates in state and local races as, while they favor states rights and a devolution of power from Washington to the states, they are also against big government and out of control spending at the state and local level as well as at the Federal level.
Contrary to what many critics are claiming, the Tea Party is not an arm of the Republican Party, but rather, is using the Republican Party as a tool in the Tea Party's quest to shrink government.
By getting its people elected to grass roots level posts within the Republican Party, the Tea Party movement is gaining influence and control at the ward level of the party and positioning itself to challenge entrenched Republican Party leaders who are satisfied with the political status quo.
At the same time, by challenging big government candidates and supporting small government candidates, they are repositioning the Republican Party as the party of small government.
Taxed Enough Already!
A Continuation of the 1970s Tax Revolt
While the Tea Party Movement is still in its infancy, it is part of a larger trend toward small government, low taxes, individual liberty and a return to a more narrow or strict interpretation of the Constitution.
This movement goes back at least to the tax revolt which started with the enactment of California's famous Proposition 13 in 1978. Despite repeated announcements of its demise by the liberal mainstream media, the tax revolt continues.
However, the tax revolt and the modern conservative movement is really the reemergence of a stream of American political thought that pre-dates the enactment of our present Constitution and that is the debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the size and role of the Federal Government in citizens' lives.
Articles of Confederation and Small Government
The United States had a central government and written constitution, known as the Articles of Confederation, from shortly after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 to the publication of the present Constitution in 1787.
While the government under the Articles of Confederation served us well, many leaders, such as George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, etc., felt that we needed a stronger central government in order to survive.
While all of these men believed that we needed a stronger central government, there was debate among them as to how big and powerful the government should be. The result of their work was a Constitution that created a government of checks and balances intended to prevent it from becoming too big and powerful as well as clearly defined definitions as to what the Federal Government could and could not do.
The Constitution was intended not simply as a blue print for how the government was to be set up but, more importantly, as document that protected the American people from the government by clearly spelling out the limits of government powers.
However, despite the efforts of men like James Madison who crafted language and divided powers so as to limit the government's ability to become a threat to freedom, many people opposed the Constitution fearing that the Federal government would eventually grow and become too powerful at the expense of the people's rights and freedoms.
In the view of the nation's founders, sovereignty resided in the people and not the government. In this view it wasn't the government giving rights to the people but the people giving up some of their rights and freedom to the government in exchange for the security they could obtain by banding together and forming a government.
Because of these fears, the proposed Constitution met with fierce opposition and debate before being approved by the thirteen states.
Re-Emergence of Anti-Federalist Cause
Opponents of small government were down but not out and they began to re-emerge following the death of President Roosevelt and his nearly two-decade long economic depression. A depression that had continued mainly because of the ill conceived economic policies championed by the Progressives.
The Tea Party Movement, with its emphasis on small government, individual liberty and a close reading of the Constitution and Bill of Rights, is simply a continuation of America's ideals of liberty and small government - ideals that caused our ancestors to rise up and declare our independence from the autocratic rule of King George III.
Anti-Federalists Insist Bill of Rights Be Added to Constitution to Protect Individuals from Big Government
Political lines divided with those favoring the proposed Constitution being known as Federalists and those opposed being known as Anti-Federalists.
While the Federalists ultimately won and succeeded in getting the Constitution approved by the states it took nine months, from September 1787 when it was published until June 1788 when the ninth state (the framers required that 3/4 of the 13 states ratify it before it became effective and replaced the Articles of Confederation), New Hampshire, ratified it. Rhode Island, the 13th state to ratify it, did not give its approval until May of 1790 when it was narrowly approved by that state's legislature with the margin of victory being two votes.
In addition to being narrowly approved by some other states (the New York legislature approved it by a margin of 3 votes and Virginia by a margin of 10 votes) many states included in their ratification legislation a call for a Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution to further limit the power of the Federal Government.
The debate over the size and power of the Federal Government continued after the ratification of the Constitution and the establishment of the new government under it. While the Anti-Federalists failed in their attempt to retain the then existing system under the Articles of Confederation they did succeed in having the Bill of Rights enacted which included the Ninth and Tenth Amendments aimed directly at curbing Federal power:
ARTICLE IX: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
ARTICLE X: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
While more or less forgotten and ignored by today's Progressives, these two articles can act as barriers to encroachments on our freedoms by the powers in Washington.
Federalist Ideas Triumph Following Civil War
The debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists continued in George Washington's Cabinet following the start of the new government with Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson championing limited government and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (who would have preferred the creation of a monarchy) championing the cause of big government with vast powers of coercion.
This debate led to the formation of political parties with followers of Hamilton organizing into the Federalist party and those of Jefferson into the Democratic-Republican party (ironically, today's Republican Party was founded by the political descendants of the old Federalists while Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans became today's Democratic party which was hijacked by big government Progressives in the twentieth century).
The Civil War saw the ascendancy of the supporters of big government and from the Civil War to the end of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, big government was the order of the day with the Constitution being viewed by those in power as an inconvenient obstacle to be navigated around.
With the media and academia joining with Progressive politicians in promoting big government as the solution to all of society's ills, the political descendants of the Anti-Federalists and their support for small government and individual liberty found themselves religated to the political sidelines.
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