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What makes a diet ‘healthy’?
Is it eating only organic, antibiotic- and hormone-free foods? Is it eating high fat / low carb? Is it a plant-based diet?
I see a lot of comments and articles about nutrition and what constitutes a healthy diet. Many of these sources of information are either biased (i.e. the writer works for a food producer) or they’re based on some misconception (i.e. that to eat healthy, you ONLY eat organic).
In my world – the holistic nutrition one – eating healthy means a few different things.
While, yes, organic foods will be better for you because they contain fewer or no chemicals than commercial foods, I understand that eating everything organic is expensive. And, unfortunately, our society still puts a high price on the ‘good stuff’ while making the crappy food super affordable.
And this is because the crappy food out there is controlled by big food manufacturers and huge agricultural conglomerates. And, these guys ‘buy off’ the food regulators, too, so we’re given a lot of false information on what’s good for you.
If you’re just starting out and want to eat healthy, I have a few tips to make this easier and totally affordable. Don’t stress over whether or not your foods are all organic or all grass-fed animal products…at least not yet.
How to Start
You’ve probably heard that the best way to eat healthy is to shop the perimeter of the grocery store. And this is an excellent way to start!
By shopping the perimeter, you’re essentially skipping over all the middle aisles with the junk and processed foods. Which is what you want for a healthy, whole foods diet. Right?
So, fill up your cart with whole foods – meat, poultry, fish, eggs, fruits and vegetables, raw nuts and seeds from the bulk section, and maybe even some full-fat dairy on a small scale. Choose sprouted grain breads over regular grains, even whole wheat.
When you do need to buy from the middle of the grocery store, look for packaged whole foods with minimal to no sugar or additional ingredients. For example, all-natural peanut butter, full-fat coconut milk, sugar-free tomato sauce, etc. These are okay to eat.
Start here, learn to cook with whole foods for at least 80% of your meals. Avoid processed, packaged foods, especially snacks, granola bars, grains, and junk food.
One Step Further
If you’ve mastered shopping and cooking the perimeter (because the shopping part is easy, it’s figuring out how to USE the whole foods that the real challenge), you can take this healthy eating plan one step further.
Now you can start to adjust your foods to veer towards a more holistic, healthy approach.
First, swap out some of the more pro-inflammatory foods with less inflammatory ones. For example, cut back on cow’s milk dairy products and start trying goat’s milk cheese, coconut-based yogurt, and unsweetened nut milks. Always check for the sugar content on the food label, too. You don’t want to swap dairy out for a highly sweetened alternative because sugar is nasty stuff!
Second, try a few organic fruits or vegetables. Check out the EWG’s Dirty Dozen and start here. Not all fruits and vegetables need to be organic. It’s the produce with the thin skins that we typically eat – apples, grapes, berries, lettuce, bell peppers – that are most likely to contain chemicals. Start with these, even if it’s just one fruit or vegetable at a time. (If you can’t afford or find organic, buy or make an all-natural fruit and vegetable wash and just give everything a really good scrub when you get home.)
Third, try a higher quality animal product. Free range organic eggs. Grass-fed antibiotic-free beef. Antibiotic-free chicken. Do what you can…if you can’t afford it, remember that a chicken breast is still better for you than a frozen, breaded, or flavored piece of chicken.
Your Health Plan
If you’ve mastered the art of shopping and cooking the perimeter AND you’ve been able to incorporate a few ‘upgraded’ food items into your diet and your budget, you’ve still got room to grow.
Holistic nutrition is all about teaching you how to eat for YOUR unique health concerns. Which is where I come in!
To really get down to business and zero in on what’s bothering you, you can work with me to get insight into which foods your body needs to support your health. And find out which foods, healthy or not, may not be right for you.
Because you have unique nutritional needs, working with a holistic nutritionist is a great way to learn more about your body and how it works. Plus, it can save time and money in the long-run because I’ll give you the foods and support you need to improve your health conditions. Without you doing trial and error for months and months.
Still Have Questions?
Because my mission is to help every single woman who need my help figure out how to eat for her body and health, I offer a free 30-minute consultation. This call gives you and I the opportunity to dig into your health concerns and roadblocks and provide you with a bit of a game plan to approach food.
Book your free call today if this seems like the next best step, if you’re ready to start feeling great, alive and healthy again. And if you’re sick and tired of trying to navigate the grocery store and world of nutrition on your own…I’m here to help!
Healthy eating doesn’t mean eating the most expensive and exotic foods you can find. It doesn’t mean following a crazy diet plan either. It simply means eating whole foods at least 80% of the time and focusing on the foods that YOUR body needs. This is the missing link between what you’ve been doing up until now and finally feeling healthy…you need to find out what your body needs. | <urn:uuid:8ea4e933-bb1d-41e8-941b-5ed930c74624> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://mindbodyhealthy.ca/2018/11/20/make-healthy-eating-affordable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100232.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130193829-20231130223829-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.937494 | 1,308 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Distracted driving can cause serious injury to motorists, cyclists and pedestrians alike. Even if you look at your phone for just a second, that's all it takes for a driver to veer the opposite direction or miss the moment they need to break.
When you think about a distracted driver behind the wheel, your first thought may be of a teenage girl texting or Snapchatting her friends irresponsibly. And while that likely does happen, this may not fit the profile of most distracted drivers.
A study published in Frontiers in Psychology by Ole Johansson looked at the driving habits and personalities of hundreds of Norwegian high schoolers and adults. The study showed that some drivers are more prone to distracted driving. This included frequent drivers, those with neurotic and extroverted personalities, and young men.
These young men were among the most likely to report distraction due to phones but also to be people talking in the car or flipping through the radio dial, which can similarly distract drivers.
The study is the first of its kind to look at the connections between distracted driving intentions and behavior. While most Texans are not of Norwegian descent, it shows a pattern of personalities and gender that may be universal.
So if you are a young man, a regular commuter or someone who identifies and neurotic or extroverted, put the phone down. And even if you aren't, do it anyway. Regardless of who is behind the wheel, distracted driving is a problem that can cause serious injury to the driver and others. All drivers should be cognizant of their actions and keep their eyes on the road. | <urn:uuid:fb94fd63-4f98-4041-a2b3-45da3807e098> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.robertsalazar.com/blog/2017/11/are-young-men-more-likely-to-read-their-phones-while-driving.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505730.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401100029-20200401130029-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.968946 | 323 | 2.921875 | 3 |
- Speak directly to him, no need to raise your voice. The blind can’t see, but they can usually hear very well.
- Bend your arm, and allow him to take your arm just above the elbow if you are guiding him. He will be able to follow as you walk a half step in front of him. When you see a curb, a pole, a step, or another obstacle, it is important that you alert him. ˙
- Feel free to use words that refer to vision, such as “see” and “look. “The blind also use them. They “see” with their other senses, even creating mental images of what is being described. ˙
- The blind often do not feel comfortable in places with loud background noise, a sit is difficult for them to know what is happening around them. ˙ Tell him when you leave his presence. This will save him the embarrassment of speaking to someone who is no longer there.
HOW WE HELP
At the Council for the Disabled, We help persons with various disabilities from all walks of life, be they resident of, or visitors to Barbados, by providing accessible transportation, property assessment with the aim of getting accessible. braille translation, beach wheelchairs, sign language interpreters and much… | <urn:uuid:62a11659-23fc-4add-94ef-8947334ad70c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://barbadosdisabled.org.bb/4-tips-for-spending-time-with-the-blind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799741.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126104721-20210126134721-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.972777 | 277 | 2.921875 | 3 |
On Oct. 1, 2014, friends, family, and volunteers from Trees Atlanta and the De Roode Lab at Emory University gathered at The Carter Center for a formal dedication of the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Pollinator Garden in honor of the president’s 90th birthday.
The garden is filled with flowers and plants native to Georgia and is part of the Rosalynn Carter Butterfly Trail, developed by the former first lady to draw attention to the plight of endangered monarch butterflies. Volunteers from Trees Atlanta and the De Roode Lab at Emory University, which provided the seedlings for the garden, will help monitor and maintain its plants. The garden is certified by Monarch Watch as an official monarch way station, and is listed as a certified wildlife habitat of the National Wildlife Federation. The garden features milkweed, the host plant monarch butterflies need to complete their life cycle, and a variety of plants that can host Georgia’s state butterfly, the tiger swallowtail. An array of nectar plants also will appeal to other pollinator species, particularly bees and wasps, and birds.
The pollinator garden at The Carter Center is free and open to the public every day. | <urn:uuid:53c9316e-80c8-4b18-82f0-3b8a2d05e2b3> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://jimmycarter.info/2016/04/04/video-the-gift-of-a-garden-at-the-carter-center/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812579.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219091902-20180219111902-00653.warc.gz | en | 0.944253 | 244 | 2.59375 | 3 |
New advancements have been made in auto headlight technology, but some systems are unavailable in the United States because 45-year-old lighting safety standards do not allow for them.
Nighttime driving can be dangerous simply because it is more difficult for drivers to see other cars, pedestrians and road obstacles. Headlights make night driving possible, but the glare from other drivers’ headlights is a problem of its own. Adaptive LED lighting is being developed to address these problems.
BMW’s Dynamic Light Spot system uses LEDs in place of fog lights. The system illuminates what it senses are a person’s feet, following a pedestrian crossing in front of the vehicle, and it can illuminate objects in the vehicle’s path before normal headlights would reach them. However, the system is outlawed in the United States. The LEDs bring the total lumens above the limit set by the 1968 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.
Audi’s Matrix LED system uses camera sensors to determine where light is needed on the road. It can prevent glare by sensing other vehicles and then directing headlight beams away from the other driver’s windshield. But not in the U.S., where old safety standards dictate that cars must have high and low beams, and nothing in between. | <urn:uuid:7d98c735-78c7-4877-8fe1-464573ffc914> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.briskmanandbriskman.com/2015/02/outdated-safety-standards-may-actually-prevent-safety-advancements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257767.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524204559-20190524230559-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.948189 | 262 | 3.234375 | 3 |
"Its called 'nighttime eating syndrome.' This is different than sleep eating, where you're asleep and eating. This is where you're awake and eating on a regular basis. It's worth it to recognize this problem to stop it and also for some people who are obese, this condition may be the reason why," David Sade said.
Sleep is what restores us to face the next day.
But for many people, getting through the night to face the next day involves food, binge eating in the middle of the night.
People with nighttime eating syndrome, or NES, wake and then cannot fall back asleep unless they eat.
The tie many people have between emotions and food may be a factor.
"People who tend to engage in more emotional eating also have a higher rate of eating at night. So, going to bed, waking up in the middle of the night, being unable to sleep, then turning to food to help them to return to sleep or to help them cope with feelings of depression or anxiety that may come up," Dr. Margaret Richards said.
It may also be caused by a hormonal imbalance in the brain that shifts the body clock so you're hungry at the wrong time.
Research shows that night eating can affect all ages and both sexes, but it's more common in women. It can not only disrupt a person's sleep pattern, but it can also cause weight gain and embarrassment.
Signs of the syndrome include: No desire for food at breakfast or during the morning; Eating more after dinner, than during it; And being able to sleep "only" after eating.
When eating to sleep starts to become a part of the nighttime routine, the pattern can continue for months.
So it's important to recognize the signs and stop the cycle before it begins.
"If they tend to be more of an emotional eater, so somebody who turns more towards food when they're bored, or sad, or lonely, you know, encouraging them to engage in other activities. So, if they are feeling sad and lonely, maybe you go for a brisk walk around the block, or you read a book or you listen to music, or you talk about your feelings with somebody else," adds Richards.
"It's worth it to get it checked out, evaluation for anxiety and depression should also be considered as NES is often tied to those factors.
Some medications for depression may also solve this problem too by shifting serotonin levels.
Get Eyewitness News Delivered | <urn:uuid:d896b02e-0f0a-4011-8db0-31df8ab6d8d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://abc7ny.com/archive/8597369/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718285.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00093-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972153 | 506 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Year 1’s Chinese New Year Celebrations
Posted on 15 Feb 2013 by School | Category: Year 1
The children in Year 1 have been celebrating Chinese New Year by learning about China. They followed Barnaby Bear to China and learnt where China is, places to visit in China and sights to see. The children enjoyed learning about Chinese food, money, writing, dragon dances and pandas.
Year 1 read the story of the Chinese Animal Race, which helped them to learn about the order of the Chinese calendar and they worked out which animal year they were born in.
As part of the celebrations, the children made red envelopes and lanterns and ate laughing dumplings, which crack when they are baked, which makes them look like they are smiling, and Mrs. Mills gave all the children a fortune cookie.
On Thursday, all the children from Kindergarten to Year 2 had a Chopstick Challenge.
Suzie dressed up in her Chinese outfit and gave out red envelopes to all the children from Kindergarten to Year 2.
The children enjoyed learning how to count to ten in Chinese. Watch them counting in the video below!: | <urn:uuid:f268746f-4cc0-4c0b-bf85-150eafd908f7> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.skippershill.com/school-life/news/year-1s-chinese-new-year-celebrations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096208.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00133-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967907 | 236 | 2.9375 | 3 |
We believe that individuals with reading problems can learn to self resolve them by interacting with a website (or standalone application) that allows them to compare their oral reading abilities with a synthesized or pre-recorded voice model and their own speaking style. The student would log on to the website and use mouse and a headset/microphone interface with the computer's sound card.
Proposed scenario: Student clicks on a green button
Step 1-Student hears a three word sentence by synthesized or pre-recorded voice (V) and is asked to repeat the sentence into the microphone. Student's vocal input is saved.
Step 2-Student is presented with the same sentence in text form along with V reading of it. V instructs student: "Please try to read the sentence silently. If after reading it silently, you would like to try reading it aloud, click the green button and begin. If you would like to hear the sentence again, click the red button."
Step 3-If student clicks green, this vocal input would be saved. The student then hears V say: "This is your voice saying the words" (Playback) "This is your voice reading the words." (Playback) "Do they sound the same? Were you comfortable reading the sentence?" If the answer is yes, click on the green button. If the answer is no, click on the red button."
Step 4a-If the student clicks red, the V repeats the sentence material and the instruction: "Please try to read the sentence silently. If after reading it silently, you would like to try reading it aloud, click the green button and begin. If you would like to hear the sentence again, click the red button."
Step 4b-If the student clicks green, the student hears another three word sentence as in Step 1, and Steps 1-4 follow.
When the student chooses Step 4b ten times without choosing step 4a, the sentence length is increased to four words, with a one word increase every time this criterion is met.
I believe this design could be coded in such a way to make it easy to localize to different languages. It might also have application in teaching languages other than the subject's first language.
The current version is written in PERL as a stand-alone application. This version is highly alpha and not considered ready for general use. I believe that further development would best be done in Java, but I am not a Java programmer.
It has been suggested that the speex codec would be well suited to this application, and there is a java implementation of this codec (http://jspeex.sourceforge.net/). But I would still need help in using this code.
It was also suggested that a browser based implementation with a java plugin would have trouble accessing the local hard drive to write the generated sound files, and that using a "web start" type application would avoid this problem.
Sourceforge Project Page/Download Source Code Here
Contact Webmaster/Project Administrator | <urn:uuid:e761c184-06f8-4a9c-98e3-2ed6b95835f7> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://readingteacher.sourceforge.net/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888113.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119184632-20180119204632-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.950522 | 616 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Ashitaba (also know as Angelica Keiskei) is a native Japanese apiaceous plant that has its origin on Hachijo Island, Japan. The inhabitants of Hachijo Island are well known for their longevity and good health. Ashitaba has been an integral part of their diet for hundreds of years. It has been taken as health food and also utilized as medical herb.
Ashitaba means “Tomorrow Leaf” in Japanese. Its vital life force is so strong that it is believed to grow new leaf tomorrow if you were to pick one of its leaves today. Due to its rich nutrition and remarkable healing effects, Ashitaba gained its fine reputation as longevity grass.
Evidence of Anti-Diabetic Properties in Ashitaba
There are mounting evidence that suggest Ashitaba has anti-diabetic properties. Researches done by Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Takara Bio Inc and Japan Bio Science Lab Co. Ltd. have shown that Ashitaba has displayed anti-diabetic activities due to the presence of Chalcones Derived from Ashitaba plant.
Below are comprehensive research papers which support anti diabetic properties of Ashitaba:
- Anti-diabetic Activities of Chalcones Derived from Ashitaba, Angelica keiskei
- Angelica keiskei extract improves insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia in rats fed a high-fructose drink
- Antidiabetic Activities of Chalcones Isolated from a Japanese Herb, Angelica keiskei
- Six new chalcones from Angelica keiskei inducing adiponectin production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
- Antidiabetic effect and safety of long-term ingestion of “Ashitaba” (Angelica Keiskei) Powder containing Chalcone (4HD) on borderline mild hyperglycemia
- Anti-metabolic syndrome action of Ashitaba Chalcone Powder
Ashitaba as part of diabetic diet
Ashitaba has many beneficial properties – these are just some of the most useful properties to maintain health for a diabetic:
- Ashitaba helps regulate blood sugar and promotes metabolism.
- Ashitaba contains chlorophyl which promotes wound healing.
- Ashitaba stimulates Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) which alleviates peripheral neuropathy (a common neurological disorder resulting from damage to the peripheral nerves, which originate from the brain and spinal cord) – a common side affect of diabetes.
- Ashitaba aids in weight control
- Ashitaba improves vision
- Ashitaba reduces blood pressure
- Ashitaba regulates cholesterol levels
- Ashitaba enhances liver and kidney functions
- Ashitaba acts as an effective diuretic to remove toxic waste from the body. | <urn:uuid:a753ab6e-462c-433e-add6-2f2917af9902> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.dyna-nutrition.com/ashitaba-diabetic-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210105.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815122304-20180815142304-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.926513 | 578 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Responsive web design is an approach to web design aimed at crafting sites to provide an optimal viewing experience—easy reading and navigation with a minimum of resizing, panning, and scrolling—across a wide range of devices
HTML and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) are two of the core technologies for building Web pages. HTML provides the structure of the page, CSS the layout, for a variety of devices.
Why we need to design eCover? Ecover is the face of the product that you have, as long as the face does not look good, then it reflects the product that you have.
The entire idea of the retina ready technology is to give us sharper images. The idea behind retina ready is to create something that would look as sharp as it would in print.
Why design? What purpose does it serve? It's not purely aesthetic, nor wholly analytical and functional. When considering the design of your projects, you must think about how everything fits together in harmony
As long as we have the right sources, then the ideas are endless. Idea comes from the brain, and that is the core of all the design that we have created. | <urn:uuid:c3e9b7f8-18b3-4fb9-abdd-3048d8fe2308> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://coverscorp.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541142.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00357-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953072 | 239 | 2.5625 | 3 |
South Dakota Content Standards
SD.CCR.5.SL. College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening
Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas
CCR.5.SL.5. Make strategic use of digital media and visual displays of data to express information and enhance understanding of presentations.
SD.4.L. Language Standards
Conventions of Standard English
4.L.1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
4.L.1.f. Form and use prepositional phrases. | <urn:uuid:0867eade-db93-4dc6-8cae-f2818d587e60> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://newpathworksheets.com/english-language-arts/grade-4/subject-verb-agreement/south-dakota-common-core-standards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585450.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022021705-20211022051705-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.726394 | 120 | 2.90625 | 3 |
When designing a training programme or even evaluating another programme that you may be considering useful for your goals it is important to understand the scientific principles that guide these decisions.
Training is essentially forcing adaptation of the body to the new conditions. Your body reacts to various stimuli with a huge variety of responses and you must understand which responses are effective for your eventual goals. The resulting goals of a competitive bodybuilder may be at odds with an Olympic level strength lifter and consequently different to a professional Rugby player or martial artist.
Forcing adaptations that suit your primary goals require use of the following principles of muscular development and reaction to stress.
The following principles are not mutually exclusive but generally encompass all the factors that are known to scientifically affect muscular size, strength, speed and skill development. Every training regime, regardless of its intention or philosophy will base itself on one or more of these principles and you will understand far better why by familiarising yourself with these principles first. They will also improve your training understanding in general and aid in the future development of your own regimes and personalised plans.
In brief these 6 principles can be summarised as:
1. Overload Principle
Put simply the body adapts to stresses. The body must experience continually increasing resistance to continue adaptation. Consistent overload states that the body needs to push more to grow more.
2. Isolation Principle
Isolation suggests that in order to ensure stress is successfully aimed at all muscles and optimal development occurs it is best to isolate as much as feasible the muscle being trained to ensure that weaker units do not escape the overload principle.
3. SAID (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands) Principle
Individual muscle groups are best seen as a collection of components that react differently to very specific forms of overload. SAID suggests that optimal development can only occur when these individual elements are treated separately and training principles applied to maximize contribution from each.
4. Stimulation Principle
In order to maintain skill forms or integration between muscle groups this principle states that various movement patterns must be forced to experience increasing resistance to enhance the motor development and neurological patterning of those skills and movements. This principle is effectively in opposition to the Isolation Principle stating that integrated movements are the priority over individual isolation.
5. Dis-inhibition Principle
This principle states that training must be aimed at focusing overload on inhibitory mechanisms in the body. With this principle muscle and skill development is seen as limited by various ‘safety’ inhibition mechanisms in the body system and that eliminating or reducing these factors allows greater muscular force to be generated.
6. Accommodation Principle
Especially in regard to finely skilled pursuits this principle states that uncoordinated muscular development or fatigue from various heavy training regimes may negatively affect those skills. In order to maintain a balance between training effect and maintaining skill sets effort must be distributed between both to accommodate both.
Using and understanding the principles:
All routines and training parameters are based to some extent on one or more of these principles from the early Weider bodybuilder programmes to the most advanced periodized plans put forward by modern authors.
Firstly the Overload Principle is virtually uniform in all muscular development programmes, although you will find various parameters to achieving this.
The Isolation Principle is more often found in bodybuilder and physique programmes that require a more symmetrical physical development with less emphasis on overall motor skills and more on developing ‘target’ muscles and weak or lagging muscle areas. These are often described in training regimes which aim to develop a particular look to the physique regardless of actual motor performance. Generally isolation exercises do not build maximal strength or overall co-ordination but do allow careful enhancement of weak muscles, following injuries or for aesthetic reasons. Isolation is often recommended for small muscle groups which are easily dominated by body shape imbalances. This can often be seen in ‘arm’ specific training where the shoulders and upper back are taken out of the equation to give weak arms more direct overload.
The SAID principle is primarily concerned with a scientific approach to maximal development of muscular size, concerning itself with the various cellular and fibre types within muscles and how to maximize these. The SAID principle is often quoted by those routine designers who prefer a background in neurological sciences and see the body as working as fibre types and cellular mechanisms than as simple muscle groups. SAID is often a philosophy behind ‘holistic’ training methods which aim to induce maximum muscle size and strength by hitting every component of muscle with different training protocols, from myofibrils to sarcoplasm. This ‘whole muscle’ approach is keen to max out genetic possibilities by understanding that ‘muscle’ is not just a simple tissue but a collection of many different cells, fibres and fluids all of which can be affected by very different stresses and stimuli.
The Stimulation principle is often a major concern for strength coaches who are attempting to maximize strength and explosive power. These lifts require a specific set of motor skills to achieve maximum results and stimulating the body in a way which develops motor patterns and as an integrated chain as opposed to in an individual muscle group. In this way this principle may also be of more importance to sports coaches. Many modern day coaches often try to teach integration between aesthetics and performance and may include routines which rely on the stimulation principle to inform their use. Although bodybuilders may not find as much use in movement specific training, many people can find less injury and better development for certain body shapes and types than in traditional bodybuilding training. Obviously sports coaches also prefer to teach resistance in the movement of most benefit to their athletes.
The Dis inhibition Principle is an attempt to understand the limitations placed on the body by its safety and inhibitory mechanisms. These are designed to limit performance or rates of change but may often be artificially limiting maximum results. Some training regimes now attempt to use this principle to train the body to remove these obstacles to achieve new levels of power, strength and size development. This principle is quite scientific and requires an understanding of complex limiting factors and genetic ties. Some coaches have found that overcoming natural limitations may be possible by teaching the body ‘new tricks’ or focusing effort into areas that appear to have feedback limitations. This is probably the least explored of the principles but may have a lot of use in expanding training options.
The Accommodation Principle seeks to find a balance between the skills necessary for a particular sport or activity and the requirements for hard training needed to make gains and adaptations by integrating time and recovery for both. Those involved in martial arts for example may require more muscle size and strength but not at the expense of learning complex skills and maintaining complex motor patterns whilst avoiding fatigue. This principle is often used to keep the fitness of competitive athletes at maximum while still improving overall performance. Accommodation would also manage the reasoning behind training for extreme fat loss whilst maintaining muscle mass. It is often difficult to train for extreme size whilst keeping recovery high enough and at the same time shredding body fat away. This may involve complex accommodations to manage both goals without causing injury or overtraining or loss of skills and necessary sports specific motor actions.
These principles are not mutually exclusive and you may find training regimes which attempt to invoke several in order to achieve maximum results in a particular area or for a particular type of athlete.
More on the General Overload Principle
Regardless of what training routine you employ or overall goals you wish to achieve the principle of overload is universal. The human body is a highly complex machine with multiple systems designed to help it adapt to stresses and stimuli in order to become more suited to survival and success. Your body generally wishes to remain in a state of homeostasis (lit. to stay the same). Building new muscle or acquiring new skills may lead to a better chance of survival or success but all of this will require an input of time, energy and require greater resources and more food and rest etc. In order to convince your body’s systems to develop a new form you must apply a stress which the body will adapt to. This is the basic principle of overload. When you lift a weight for more reps or using a higher load than previously you set in motion a chain of adaptive reactions which cause your body to undergo a training response. Presuming you have access to enough nutrients from food and enough time to rest and recover your body will adapt to this new stress by repairing the minor damage inflicted on the body and build a slightly stronger or bigger muscle or more efficient neural or hormonal response. Overload states that you must continually raise or alter the stress or stimuli on the body to achieve a new adaptation.
Simply lifting the same weight in the same way for the same amount of time will not cause an adaptive response since the body already knows how to accommodate these stimuli. Each time you train or perform your sport you will see the most development if you overload your system to some extent and see a new stress that the body must learn to accommodate.
Overload is the reason why training protocols generally increase one or more parameters. These can include the amount of weight lifted, the time taken to lift the weight, the amount of rest taken between sets, number of sets and number of reps amongst others. You can read more about these training parameters and other forms of overload in the Periodisation article. This definition of overload is not the only one used and is the broadest possible description of the principle itself.
A more definitive method of overload is often known as extension sets and protocols.
These are a number of ways to induce overload and these are often credited with originating in the bodybuilding world under the Weider principles. Although often refined and re-described it is possible to see evidence for these in almost all of today’s ‘extension’ sets and methods. As most training initially followed the limited volume and very limited exercise selection of early power training forms, many of these ‘overload’ principles were new at the time of introduction and were designed to bust through ‘plateaus’ and stop muscle development stagnating due to lack of variation.
The Weider principles include such techniques as split training where the body is broken up into muscle groups or movements and these are trained on different days or in different training sessions on the same day. These principles then became more complex and involved such programme overload designs such as supersets (two different exercises for the same body parts or antagonist body parts performed without rest in-between) giant sets (same as supersets but three or more exercises used together) and muscle confusion principles. This system predicted that constantly changing parameters would confuse the body into adapting to many various stresses and be unable to get comfortable adapting to one simple progression.
You can find a lot of these training principles and techniques described in more detail in the Glossary article.
As simply stated the Overload principle does not take into account any further aspects of training such as nutrition or the possibility of overtraining. Your body must work within the framework of its capability to recover. For further reading on these topics please see the Optimal Nutrition article. | <urn:uuid:d6a76950-481a-4a92-b087-c4fba934dfbd> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.bodyactive-online.co.uk/training/resistance/general/trainingPrinciples.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706470784/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121430-00006-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949692 | 2,240 | 3.28125 | 3 |
[Footnote 2: Since the sum of the plane angles at a corner of a regular solid must be less than four right angles, it is easily seen that few regular solids are possible. Hexagonal faces are clearly impossible, or any polygonal faces with more than five sides. The possible forms are the dodecahedron with twelve pentagonal faces, three meeting at each corner; the cube, six square faces, three meeting at each corner; and three figures with triangular faces, the tetrahedron of four faces, three meeting at each corner; the octahedron of eight faces, four meeting at each corner; and the icosahedron of twenty faces, five meeting at each corner.]
The age following that of Copernicus produced three outstanding figures associated with the science of astronomy, then reaching the close of what Professor Forbes so aptly styles the geometrical period. These three Sir David Brewster has termed “Martyrs of Science”; Galileo, the great Italian philosopher, has his own place among the “Pioneers of Science”; and invaluable though Tycho Brahe’s work was, the latter can hardly be claimed as a pioneer in the same sense as the other two. Nevertheless, Kepler, the third member of the trio, could not have made his most valuable discoveries without Tycho’s observations.
Of noble family, born a twin on 14th December, 1546, at Knudstrup in Scania (the southernmost part of Sweden, then forming part of the kingdom of Denmark), Tycho was kidnapped a year later by a childless uncle. This uncle brought him up as his own son, provided him at the age of seven with a tutor, and sent him in 1559 to the University of Copenhagen, to study for a political career by taking courses in rhetoric and philosophy. On 21st August, 1560, however, a solar eclipse took place, total in Portugal, and therefore of small proportions in Denmark, and Tycho’s keen interest was awakened, not so much by the phenomenon, as by the fact that it had occurred according to prediction. | <urn:uuid:3658e8a1-e7eb-416d-85a3-809654833488> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/12406/9.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007501.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00140-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971383 | 438 | 3.25 | 3 |
What is Buah Merah?
Buah merah plants are found among the density of tropical forest, spread within cool mountain climate on 2000-3000 meters above sea level in Papua. The Latin name of this plants is Pandanus Conoideus Lam. Buah Merah is well known to some Papua tribes. It is cooked and consumed as an additional food. The cooking process is unique which they call it Bakar Batu ceremony.
The local people collect the buah merah from the forest
Buah Merah which formerly used for pig’s food or grow wildly at Papua forest, now is becoming familiar and expensive.
Buah Merah (Merah = Red, Buah = Fruit) is typical plant or endemic which grow at Papua island. Red fruit is included in pandanus family, but it has 16m height with free stand limp 5 until 8 m height supported with rhizome at lower limp. Fruit shape is oval and its bud covered with fruit leaves. Red fruit is 55 cm - 100 cm long, 10-15 cm diameter, and 2-3 kg weight. It has bright maroon red color. Nevertheless a few of them are brown and yellowish brown color. | <urn:uuid:c3c72eef-10b5-43da-a7df-4fba894662bb> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://redfruitoil.com/new-natural-cancer-treatment-buah-merah.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772743.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00040-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957711 | 247 | 3.640625 | 4 |
|A packed bike car|
(photo: Steve Wilhelm)
1 bike less = 1 car moreThere's a slight problem with this equation. Storage for one bike takes up about the same space as one seat, so each biker occupies two spaces on board the train. Everything works out when there is spare capacity, but when a train gets full, the equation starts to break down.
The bikers argue that no regular passenger ever gets "bumped" off the train the way bikers do when the bike car is full, so the worst outcome of bringing a bike on a crowded rush hour train is that somebody else will need to stand rather than sit. How bad can that be?
Standing is uncomfortable, which invites the invisible hand of supply and demand. When the train ride at rush hour becomes uncomfortably crowded, passengers will sometimes stop riding. The level of peak crowding is self-regulating; there is an equilibrium level of unpleasantness where each new rider is balanced by another fed-up rider who quits due to crowding. This invisible hand works without a single passenger ever being "bumped" at boarding; the "bumping" in this case is happening at home when a person is deciding whether or not to ride the train that day. Unlike bicycle "bumps," you can't measure how much crowding discourages riders, and you can't count the number of people who won't ride out of concern for not being able to sit. That doesn't mean it's not happening.
In this case, a biker who no longer takes the train (and drives instead, let's say) will free up two spaces on the train (for former drivers, let's say). The correct equation for standing-room-only conditions is then:
1 bike less = 1 car lessThis is why Caltrain should limit how much bike space is available on board the trains during rush hours. Any additional train cars ordered to increase the passenger carrying capacity of the new EMU fleet should be packed with seats and not a single additional bike space beyond the ones already provided. Peak hour bike commutes should be encouraged by improving station bike parking facilities, as is done in other countries where bike mode share is far higher than the Bay Area. | <urn:uuid:c6eb71ea-2993-4b7c-8c40-8f801f65d57b> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://caltrain-hsr.blogspot.com/2019/03/1-bike-less-1-car-less.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998724.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618123355-20190618145355-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.957563 | 459 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Elijah (Standard Hebrew: אֱלִיָּהוּ Eliyyáhu'), also known as Elias (New Testament Greek: Hλίας), was a ninth-century B.C.E. prophet of the Hebrew Bible whose name has been variously translated as "whose God is the Lord," "my God is the Lord," and "my God is Jehovah."
Elijah is considered to be one of the great prophets of the Abrahamic religions because he warned people against forgetting God's commandments and advised the Israelites to repent of their polytheistic ways. The Bible also describes Elijah as a divinely-inspired wonder worker, and a forerunner of the coming messiah. It is believed that the prophet Elijah shall return to Earth prior to the millennial Day of the Lord, and many Jews expect Elijah to help restore their nation.
The further development of Elijah as a harbinger of the arrival of the Messiah is developed throughout later Jewish and Christian traditions. As a result, Elijah is a shared prophet in Judaism, Christianity and Islam alike, also in Mormonism and other new religions. He is a deeply respected figure by the followers of many world religions who see Elijah as an archetype who stands for both justice and the hope of restoration.
In Judaism, Elijah is famed as both a wonder-worker and as a foreteller of the coming messiah. He first appears in the Hebrew Bible as a figure who challenged the idolatrous ways of King Ahab, who ruled the Israel in the first half of the ninth century B.C.E. Ahab was primarily notable for his rejection of the Israelite Temple tradition in favor of devotion to Baal, a Canaanite/Mesopotamian fertility god. Ahab's reign was characterized by a period of droughts, epidemics and famines—all presumed to be caused by an aggrieved YHWH (following the Deuteronomistic theology of the Books of Kings). It is in this context that Elijah emerges, delivering a stern warning to King Ahab and advising him to repent his polytheistic ways.
After having delivered his message to the apostate king, Elijah retired (at the command of God) to a hiding-place by the brook Cherith, beyond the Jordan, where he was fed by ravens. When the brook dried up, God sent him to live with the widow of Zarephath who supported him for two years. During this period, the widow's son died and it is said that he was restored to life by Elijah (1 Kings 17:2–24).
Afterward, Elijah met Obadiah (an officer of King Ahab) and bade him go and tell his master that Elijah was there. The king came to meet Elijah, and reproached him as the "troubler of Israel" for criticizing his public conversion to the religion of Baal. In response, Elijah proposed that he and the priests of Baal should each make public sacrifices to their respective gods, and, based on the perceived reception of these offerings, determine whether Baal or the Israelite God was the true divinity.
The contest took place on Mount Carmel, where the Baalite priests were, due to divine intervention, unable to light their sacrificial fires; Elijah, on the other hand, was able to light soaking wet wood at the altar to YHWH. This miracle convinced those watching that Baal was false and that the YHWH (יהוה) was the only true God. As the gathered crowds toasted the Israelite God's victory, Elijah ordered that the prophets of Baal be put to death. However, Jezebel, the wife of Ahab and chief proponent of the religion of Baal, became enraged at the fate that had befallen her priests and threatened to have Elijah killed (1 Kings 19:1–13).
Elijah escaped to Beersheba and was visited in the night by an angel, who offered him heavenly food for his flight into the wilderness. Having partaken of the divine provision, he went forward on a forty day trek to Mount Horeb, a journey that numerically and thematically paralleled Noah's forty day sojourn in the ark, Moses' forty years of wandering in the desert, and Jesus' forty days in the wilderness after baptism. Upon reaching the mountain, Elijah was visited by the Lord YHWH, who, significantly, appeared not in earthquakes or thunderstorms (in the manner of Baal), but in a "still, small voice." This theophany teaches the inwardness of God's voice, that believers should look for God not in the mighty power of nature but in their own conscience.
The word God spoke by that voice was pregnant with power: God would shake up the political order by having Elijah anoint Hazael as king over the Arameans (Syria), Jehu as king over Israel, and Elisha as his divinely chosen prophetic successor (1 Kings 19:13–21; cf. 2 Kings 8:7–15; 9:1–10).
After his return to human society, Elijah continued to attack and criticize the apostate reigns of Ahab and (later) his son, Ahaziah. Particularly in the affair of Naboth's vineyard (1 Kings 21), Elijah stood for social justice and the rights of small landholders against royal prerogative.
Tradition suggests that, at this time, he may have been in retirement on Mount Carmel but he was informed that his ascent to Heaven was drawing nigh (2 Kings 2:1–12), so he went down to Gilgal and met his successor Elisha, who he had anointed some years before. Elisha became solemn at the thought of his master leaving him, and refused to be parted from him. The two traveled to Bethel and Jericho, and crossed the Jordan, where the elder prophet (in another Mosaic parallel) divided the waters of the river. When they arrived at the borders of Gilead, it is said that "Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven." Elisha, watching his mentor disappear into the heavens, was able to catch his predecessor's mantle as is fluttered to the ground. In this way, Elisha was delivered "a double portion" of the older prophet's spirit (2 Kings 2:9), as the receipt of the older prophet's mantle alludes to the preference shown to the first-born son in the division of the father's estate (Deut. 21:17).
Based on the belief that Elijah resides in heaven (one of only two biblical figures said to do so, the other being Enoch), later rabbinic lore gives Elijah the role of interlocutor with God, who sits near God's throne and can tell the sages what God is thinking.
Another reference to Elijah in the Hebrew Bible can be found in 2 Chronicles 21:12–15. Because of the difficult chronology, some suppose him to represent a different person than the prophet—a second individual who lived in the time of Jehoram, to whom he sent a letter of warning (compare 1 Chron. 28:19; Jeremiah 36), and that he acted as a prophet in Judah. By way of contrast, the Tishbite was a prophet of the northern kingdom. However, there does not seem any necessity for concluding that the writer of this letter was some other Elijah than the Tishbite. The events of 2 Kings 2 may not be recorded in chronological order, and thus there may be room for the opinion that Elijah was still alive in the beginning of Jehoram's reign.
It is believed that the prophet Elijah shall return to Earth prior to the millennial Day of the Lord. The depth of the impression made by Elijah "on the mind of the nation" of Israel can be judged from the prevailing belief that Elijah would again appear for the relief and restoration of the country. One example of this belief is articulated in Malachi (4:5–6): "See, I will send you the prophet Elijah before that great and dreadful day of the Lord comes. He will turn the hearts of the fathers to their children, and the hearts of the children to their fathers; or else I will come and strike the land with a curse."
The further development of Elijah as a precursor to the arrival of the Messiah (and sometimes as harbinger of the apocalypse) is developed throughout later Jewish literature, including the Talmud and various Midrashic sources.
None of the prophets of the Hebrew Bible is so frequently referenced in the New Testament as Elijah. The priests and Levites said to John the Baptist (John 1:25), "Why, then, dost thou baptize, if thou art not the Christ, nor Elijah?" Paul (Romans 11:2) refers to an incident in the prophet's history to illustrate his argument that God had not cast away His people. Further, James (5:17) uses him an illustration of the power of prayer (see also Luke 4:25; 9:54).
Many parallels can be found between the characterizations of Elijah and John the Baptist. Both figures dramatically and sternly critiqued worldly authorities that they saw as morally or religiously bankrupt (1 Kings 18; 2 Kings 1; Luke 9:8). We can also see parallels in their connection with the wilderness, their long retirements in the desert, the sudden, startling commencement of their respective ministries (1 Kings 17:1; Luke 3:2), and even in their dress (hairy garments and leathern girdles about the loins (2 Kings 1:8; Matthew 3:4). The equation between the two is overtly made in the Matthew 11:11, where John the Baptist is described as the Elijah that "was to come" (Matthew 11:11, 14). Similarly, Jesus testified that the prophesied coming of Elijah was realized in none other than John the Baptist (Matthew 17:12, see also 16:14; 17:10; Mark 9:11; 15:35; Luke 9:7, 8; John 1:21).
The millennial climate of the early common era was likely responsible for this identification; the Hebrew world was in uproar and it was assumed that the end times were nigh. Indeed, in describing Elijah's literal appearance at the Transfiguration (Matthew 17; Mark 9; Luke 9), the gospel writers do not ascribe any feelings of shock to the disciples. They were "sore afraid," but (apparently) not surprised.
Some Christian theologians of a conservative, pre-millennial perspective believe that Elijah must eventually return to physically die here on Earth, perhaps as one of the "two witnesses" described in the Book of Revelation (11:2–12). This plays into many eschatological scenarios. Conversely, conservatives who come from amillennial or preterist positions probably see John the Baptist himself, in the time of Jesus, as a fulfillment of this expectation. Christian theologians of a more liberal persuasion, on the other hand, tend to interpret Elijah's eschatological significance in a less literal sense.
The Biblical tales of Elijah, which describe him as both a millennial prophet and as a divinely ordained wonder worker, have defined a figure that can be used in multiple contexts and to various ends. Perhaps this accounts for the enthusiastic acceptance of the Elijah tradition by other religious faiths.
For example, Islam sees Elijah as a prophet, with the Turks believing that Ilia (Elijah) and Job were buried at Eyyup Nebi, near Viranşehir. Likewise, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also acknowledge Ilia (Elijah) as a prophet. Latter-Day Saints believe that, in 1836, an angelic Ilia (Elijah) visited the founder of their church, Joseph Smith, Jr. in the Kirtland Temple in Kirtland, Ohio and gave him the sacred power to seal families together. As a final example, the Christian missionaries who converted Slavic tribes found Elijah to be an ideal analogy for Perun, the supreme Slavic god of storms, thunder and lightning bolts (due to the former's ascension to Heaven in a fiery chariot). In many Slavic countries, Elijah is known as "Elijah the Thunderer" (Ilija Gromovik), who drives the heavens in chariot and administers rain and snow, thus actually taking the place of Perun in many popular beliefs.
The figure of Elijah (pronounced Ilia (Arabic إلياس)) is also seen as an important prophet of Islam, and is mentioned by name in the Qur'an. Indeed, the Qur'annic account bears many striking similarities to the tale told in 1 and 2 Kings (summarized above).
In this account, Ilyas is born into a kingdom fragmented by the death of its wise and pious monarch, whose demise allowed the influence of Satan to become widespread among the people of Israel. The religious people were mocked. The ruler of Samaria killed a large number of learned people. When the evil reached a boiling point, God sent Ilia to reform mankind during the reign of King Ahab of Israel. He tried his best to save the people from polytheism. He forbade them to worship the Tyrian Baal and advised them to ward off evil and worship one God. Unfortunately, his efforts bore no fruit.
In response, he appeared before the king and foretold that a severe drought and famine would overtake the kingdom. Ilia added that the Tyrian Baal would be powerless to avert it. The people paid no heed to his warnings and did not mend their ways. The prophecy of Ilia turned out to be true and whole of the kingdom experienced famine.
The people began to starve. After three years, Ilia prayed to God to show mercy to the famine stricken people. They acknowledged the authority of God and felt regret. Soon after the rain ended the drought, God lifted his curses. After this Ilia was directed by God to call upon Al-Yasa to be his successor. Ilia did this and disappeared mysteriously.
In the theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the name/title "Elias" is not synonymous with Elijah and is often used for people other than the Biblical prophet. According to Joseph Smith, "The spirit of Elias is first, Elijah second, and Ilia (Messiah) last. Elias is a forerunner to prepare the way, and the spirit and power of Ilia (Elijah) is to come after, holding the keys of power, building the Temple to the capstone, placing the seals of the Melchizedek Priesthood upon the house of Israel, and making all things ready; then Messiah comes to His Temple, which is last of all"
People to whom the title Elias is applied in Mormonism include Noah, Gabriel (Angel) (considered to be the same person as Noah), Elijah, John the Baptist, John the Apostle, and an unspecified man who was a contemporary of Abraham.
However, the tradition also contains references to the Biblical Elijah as well. Most significant of these is an account of the return of Elijah during a Passover service at the Kirtland Temple in April 1836. His appearance was seen as the fulfillment of two prophecies: those of Malachai and of Joseph Smith. This transfiguration experience undergirds many of the messianic and millenial beliefs of the Mormon faith. Indeed, as Shipps argues, "whether or not this experience was mediated by the New Testament, it pointed to the flourishing afterwards of the conception of Mormonism as the restoration of Israel"
In Unificationism, Elijah is seen as a figure who did not complete his mission because the people failed to believe him. He ascended into Heaven in a whirlwind and a fiery chariot before he could complete his divine mission of cleansing Israel of Baal worship. The prophecy of Elijah's return (Malachi 4:5) was to prepare the people for the man who would come to fulfill this unfinished mission. Due to this providential necessity, it is said in the New Testament that John the Baptist was Elijah returned.
In this, Elijah prefigured Jesus, who likewise ascended into heaven after his crucifixion, promising to return and bring judgment upon all evildoers. Unificationism uses the New Testament idea that Elijah "came again" as John the Baptist to explain that the second coming of Jesus will be another person fulfilling the role and mission of Jesus' work left undone because of the crucifixion.
Furthermore, when John the Baptist refused to accept the identification with Elijah (John 1:21) as Jesus' forerunner, thus undercutting Jesus' messianic claim, Jesus took the role of the second coming of Elijah on himself, not least by performing miracles similar to what Elijah had done. Apparently this impression of Jesus was believed by some—that he was the return of Elijah (Mark 6:14-16; Matt. 14:2).
All links retrieved September 19, 2013.
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Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. | <urn:uuid:9f430eb7-7513-4f19-be2e-a7f76fb44d51> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Elijah | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737899086.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221819-00065-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969848 | 3,656 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A Complete Illustrated Guide to the PC Hardware
- Click & Learn is an easy-to-read online guide to the PC, its hardware and internal architecture. Here are 235 pages explaining the different parts of a PC, enhanced with photos and diagrams. The site is designed for quick access and easy navigation. Learn about PC data, the PC system board, busses, chip sets, RAM, CPUs, drives and other storage, expansion cards, adapters, operating and file systems. This resource is an excellent guide for self-study or reference, and would be helpful for anyone taking a computer course. | <urn:uuid:8e27f312-a458-4f7a-8f84-ef72497e48d7> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://webzu.sapp.org/cgi-bin/webzu?user=craig&page=/topic/computer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201329.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318132220-20190318154220-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.902751 | 121 | 2.765625 | 3 |
RIGHTS DECLARATIONS AND CONVENTION RESOLUTIONS:
RESOLUTIONS, NATIONAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION WOMAN SUFFRAGE ANNIVERSARY, APOLLO HALL, MEW YORK, MAY 6, 1873.
WHEREAS, This being the twenty-fifth anniversary of the first combined effort of women for the recognition of their civil and political rights; and,
WHEREAS, The demands first publicly promulgated in an obscure village in the State of New York have now spread over the world; therefore,
RESOLVED, That while we congratulate women on the progress of this reform during a quarter of a century, we urge them not to grow discouraged or faint-hearted when obstacles arise in their attack upon hoary wrongs. We remind them that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, and that the nearer we come to victory the stronger will be the effort against us....
RESOLVED, That Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton will evermore be held in grateful remembrance as the pioneers in this grandest reform of the age ...
WHEREAS, The underlying principle of our Government is equality of political rights, therefore,
RESOLVED, That in the prosecution and trial of Susan B. Anthony, a citizen of the United States, for having cast a ballot at the last election, the Government of the United States declares it is a crime to vote, thus attempting to undermine the very foundation of the Republic.
RESOLVED, That as in this trial Susan B. Anthony represents one-half of the people, the whole power of the United States is arrayed against ... law-abiding, tax-paying women citizens.
RESOLVED, That the trial of Susan B. Anthony, thought ostensibly involving the political status of woman alone, in reality questions the right of every man to share in the Government; that it is not Susan B. Anthony, or ... women ... who alone are on trial to-day, but it is the Government of the United States, and that as the decision is rendered for or against the political rights of citizenship, so will the men of America find themselves free or enslaved.
RESOLVED, That the decisions of the courts in the case of Mrs. Bradwell, of Illinois, Mrs. Spencer and Mrs. Webster, of Washington; Mrs. Minor, of St. Louis; Miss Burnham, of Philadelphia, and others, are warnings to the people that their liberties are in danger.
RESOLVED, That it is because women are not voters, and, therefore have no recognized political power, that the members of the Forty-Second Congress, while raising their own salaries ... dared to reject an amendment to the same bill, which proposed to raise the salaries of the women employes of the Government from $900 to $1,200.
RESOLVED, That in the coming Centennial of our nation's birth it is mockery to ask woman to lend a helping hand without some pledge to right her wrongs; what cause has she for rejoicing unless the century shall round out with her enfranchisement, and the old liberty bell ring in equality for all.
RESOLVED, That the report of the Judiciary Committee of the Assembly of ... New York in regard to a property suffrage qualification for women, is one of the signs of awakened thought toward our reform.
RESOLVED, That the rapid advance of Woman's Rights in foreign countries is a subject of congratulation.
WHEREAS, The national Woman Suffrage Association has been requested to send delegates to the International Woman's Rights Congress to be held in Paris in October next; therefore,
RESOLVED, That this Association empower Ernestine L. Rose, Paulina Wright Davis [and three others] to represent our woman suffrage movement [in France] .... | <urn:uuid:5c492e8f-ef31-449f-a469-b1ad1bd4c34d> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.lehigh.edu/~dek7/SSAWW/writWRDRApolloR.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123097.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00638-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929015 | 807 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Stagnant wage growth is one of the most pressing problems facing American workers. Rising health care costs is one of the biggest reasons, and undoubtedly one of the most overlooked.
How do rising health costs reduce wages? Most full-time workers are paid a combination of wages and benefits. If the cost of benefits goes up, employers have less to pay wages – and the cost of health benefits to employers has been increasing rapidly for many years.
That is exactly what has been happening to California workers, and it will only get worse – much worse and very soon.
The California Health Care Foundation reports that between 2011 and 2016, the yearly cost of health insurance for a family grew by $5,208 (36 percent) while median wages increased by only $3,037 (8 percent).
Imagine that health insurance costs did not grow during this period, and that those savings were passed on to workers in the form of higher wages. Employees’ income would have risen closer to $8,245.
The total cost of health insurance for a family in California is now more than $20,000 a year. If it grows by 6 percent annually, as it has done recently, health insurance costs will grow by $9,000 over the next six years. This will leave very little room for increasing wages and will eventually result in wage cuts for millions of California workers. Employers will also be reluctant to hire new workers, resulting in slower job growth.
What should we do? First, we should not wait for help from Washington, D.C. Policy intervention is needed at the state level, and it can work.
Believe it or not, there was a time when health insurance costs in California grew slowly. It was a time when doctors and hospitals had to compete with each other based on price to secure contracts with health insurance plans. While this allowed health plans to control cost increases, it also led to consolidation, including the formation of large multi-hospital systems. Health care markets in California have become highly concentrated, allowing many hospital and doctor groups to join together to set their own, higher prices that insurers must accept and pass along in higher premiums.
California legislators need to move quickly to restore the competitive balance in our health care system. Here is what they can do:
▪ Limit “all-or-none” contracting by health care systems, which forces health plans to contract with all members of the systems (including hospitals and physician groups), even when lower priced and higher quality alternatives are available.
▪ Restrict the amounts that hospitals can charge insurers when patients go to out-of-network emergency services (currently there is no limit).
▪ Prohibit hospitals from demanding other contract clauses that hinder competition, such as preventing health plans from offering incentives to consumers to use lower-priced competitors.
▪ Reform antitrust regulations to allow for more efficient delivery systems, but keep markets competitive to ensure that savings are passed on to consumers.
These changes would immediately save Californians billions in health care costs. Without such actions, families will watch wage gains that are rightfully theirs disappear into the coffers of doctors and hospitals.
Glenn Melnick is professor of health care finance at the Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. He can be contacted at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:4619df8f-3fcb-45b9-8230-83c8310a0050> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article184616783.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215843.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820042723-20180820062723-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.975252 | 676 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Drug Aware?
Drug Aware is a program that targets young people with messages about drug use that focus on the prevention of use and associated harm. It aims to do this by providing credible, factual information that helps people make informed decisions.
The program also guides and develops strategies to create environments that support the prevention of drug related harm for young people where they may be at risk. | <urn:uuid:69a32fe4-7e58-4481-bb4f-d576a0ba0ad0> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://drugaware.com.au/getting-the-facts/faqs-ask-a-question/drug-aware/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988774.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506235514-20210507025514-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.935693 | 83 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Healthy diet snacks are good for your health and enable you to maintain a healthy lifestyle. In today’s busy life, it often becomes difficult to eat healthy food throughout the day. People often opt for fast food whenever they feel hungry during a busy work day. Fast foods like chips, soft drinks, pizza, and so forth, are easy to grab during work and tasty, too. But indulging on junk foods for a long period doesn’t only lead to weight gain and obesity, but may yield other serious health hazards, too. Various types of easily available fast foods may be tasty to eat, but they don’t provide your body with the essential nutrients which are important for good health.
Choose healthy diet snacks that satisfy your hunger. They will supply your body with sufficient energy and important nutrients and at the same time will help you to maintain your weight.
Opt for whole-grain snacks since they are rich in fiber and complex carbohydrates. They are good for your health and provide you with energy and staying power. You can choose whole-grain crackers, whole-grain pretzels, and whole-grain crisp breads, which are high in fiber and low in fat.
You can include a variety of fruits and vegetables in your healthy diet snack. Fruit salad or vegetable salad can be eaten as a healthy snack. Both fruits and vegetables are low in calorie, give you a fuller feeling and provide your body with vitamins, minerals, fiber and nutrients.
Nuts and seeds are another good option for diet snacks. This type of food is a good source of protein. Nuts and seeds contain healthy mono-saturated fat and can make you feel fuller for a longer period of time. Be careful to eat nuts and seeds in moderate portions, as they are high in calories.
Low-fat dairy products like buttermilk, yogurt, low-fat milk, and others are a good source of calcium, protein, vitamins and minerals.
Popcorn can also be a good snack if you don’t saturate it with butter and salt. Popcorn is high in fiber and low in calories. The best way to eat popcorn is to have it air popped without using butter.
Peanut butter has lots of good nutritional quality and can be eaten as a diet snack. You can add a moderate portion of peanut butter to fruits, crackers or a smoothie. Don’t be generous with peanut butter, though, as it high in calories.
Fruit smoothies can be a wonderful meal replacement if you prepare them with many healthy food ingredients. You can make different types of smoothies containing a variety of fruits, protein, fiber and dairy all packed into one delicious serving.
If you want to reduce weight or are looking for some healthy diet snacks that you can eat to curb your hunger, then go food shopping. Make a list of food items that you can have in between your meals to avoid junk foods or over-eating. You can prepare some healthy diet snacks at home that you can carry to your workplace, or you can buy some ready made diet snacks that you can have whenever you feel the pang of hunger.
For fast weight loss solutions visit our in-depth guide, for a more active lifestyle visit our blog. | <urn:uuid:f93e176b-2fc7-4786-8a3e-412b323a18cf> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://weightlosstodietplans.org/2017/10/08/healthy-diet-snacks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647576.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321043531-20180321063531-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.956128 | 665 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Desert locust: FAO recommends continuing control actions and vigilance
12 million ha have been treated since the beginning of the upsurge
7 January 2005, Rome -- Despite recent improvements, the Desert Locust situation remains serious in Western Africa where vigilance and intensive control operations are still needed, according to FAO.
In Northwest Africa, Morocco, Algeria and Mauritania continued intensive control operations against immature swarms during last December. Late forming swarms from summer breeding in the Sahel reinvaded parts of southeastern Mauritania and eastern Senegal.
Some of these swarms continued south into Gambia and southern Senegal, reaching central Guinea Bissau and probably northern Guinea. The swarms in Guinea Bissau have caused great concern there.
About 880,000 ha were treated from the air and on the ground in West and Northwest Africa during December 2004, compared to 2.2 million in the previous month. The total area treated since the beginning of the upsurge (October 2003) has now reached 12 million ha, according to FAO's latest Desert Locust bulletin.
"Control actions are becoming less extensive than in the period August-December 2004. However, all concerned should remain vigilant," FAO said.
"Countries in West and Northwest Africa have made great efforts in controlling the swarms coming out from the Sahel, but only in March-April 2005 will it be possible to have clear indications on what scale breeding will occur and on what scale the Sahel will be reinvaded in summer," FAO added.
The Red Sea area
Hatching and the formation of small hopper groups and bands are expected to occur in some places along the Red Sea.
Immature adult groups and swarms were reported in northern Egypt as well as in the Western Desert and the Sinai Peninsula during December.
Some of the adults reached the winter breeding areas along the coastal plains of the Red Sea in southern Egypt where a few had become mature and were breeding. In adjacent areas of northeast Sudan, two swarms laid eggs at the end of December.
In order to review the locust situation in the countries affected by the upsurge, Senegal is organizing an international Scientific Locust Seminar in Dakar from 11 to 13 January 2005. Its main objective is to identify strategies for a sustainable management of Desert Locust populations.
Media Relations Officer, FAO
(+39) 06 570 53473
e-mail this article | <urn:uuid:952a83d2-0f70-435f-a914-6a3d72a8db94> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/88081/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158691.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922201637-20180922222037-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.956817 | 499 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What goes around, comes around. In 1900, there were only 4,192 automobiles made in the U.S., and 1,681 of them were steam powered, and 1,575 were electric. Gasoline, that was a distant third, with 936 produced. The steam car soon fell away as impractical, and that left the electric car in a very good position, especially as batteries and electric motors improved.
At the first National Automobile Show in New York in 1900, patrons polled reported overwhelmingly that electric vehicles were the future. And so they were for at least a decade (with a lot of women at the wheel), but the seeds of the EV’s premature demise were already sown.
In 1911, Charles Kettering invented the first self-starter for gas cars, and it debuted on the 1912 Cadillac. This little device (ironically, an electric motor) meant that dangerous hand-cranking was out. The internal-combustion engine, hardly a model of reliability up to that point, began to get better and better, and soon the electric car was shunted off on a historical siding. Battery research was basically dead by 1920, and it wasn’t seriously revived until modern times.
Electric cars today aren’t yet a third of the market, as they were in 1900, but they’re headed there—in China first. Last year, 352,000 EVs were registered in China, compared to just 159,000 in the U.S. Chinese electric car production could double next year, says Navigant Consulting.
The self-driving car—universally recognized as our next great leap forward—is going to be electric, because of multiple synergies between battery platforms and autonomous tech. And that will accelerate the modern EV revolution. I predict that by 2030, we’ll be well on our way to replacing our current crop of internal-combustion vehicles with self-driving EVs—mostly based in fleets. The private automobile will give way to mobility as a service. We’ll be making a course correction that’s as significant as our switch from horses was back at the beginning of the 20th century.
So with that in mind, let’s see what lessons we can learn from our early EV history. It was quite a period of innovation, producing many important “firsts.”
Did you think, for example, that the hybrid car was a modern invention? Actually, no. The visionary Ferdinand Porsche built one between 1900 and 1902, and it used a gas engine to spin a generator that provided power to electric motors in the wheel hubs. It had 38 miles of range on battery power alone, about the same as today’s cars.
The first American electric car was built by Iowa’s William Morrison around 1890. It was also reportedly the first land vehicle with a wheel instead of a carriage-type tiller. That’s interesting, because an EV may also have the last steering wheel, as we transition to cars that drive themselves. The first car with power steering? Another EV, in 1897.
Today’s EVs have regenerative braking to capture energy that’s usually lost as heat. But Louis Antoine Krieger’s French electric cars also had regen braking—in 1894. New York City has been experimenting with electric taxis lately, but the city had them in 1899. In fact, these Electric Carriage and Wagon Company taxis (built in Philadelphia) were 90 percent of the cabs in the city back then. There was handy curbside charging, too, something the city is finding hard to recreate now.
Automakers promote the fact that electric motors produce 100 percent of their torque at zero RPM—they leap off the line. They knew that in 1895, when the first-ever auto race was won by an electric. And they knew it in 1900, when the Jamais Contente (“never satisfied”) became the first road vehicle to surpass 100 kmh per hour (62 mph). It was a Belgian electric race car with a lightweight aluminum alloy body that looked like a torpedo, so the engineers were discovering aerodynamics and the importance of reducing weight, all at the same time.
Driver Camille Jenatzy actually topped 65 mph, which made le Jamais Contente the fastest car in the world back then. By 1902, the Baker Torpedo in the U.S.—sporting a lightweight aerodynamic body enclosing the chassis and driver—had reached 80 mph in official tests, and 120 mph in unofficial ones.
Andrew Riker, an American college dropout and carmaker, was at the same time winning races in his electric speedsters. He built his first EV in his parents’ basement in 1884—shades of Steve Jobs in his California garage!
In 1896, the first American car dealership was set up—selling only electric cars. Keep that in mind, as Tesla struggles to convince states to let it set up its own dealer network. Henry Ford may have mass-produced the Model T, bringing the internal-combustion automobile within reach of the middle class. Ford drove a stake into the market for electrics, but he was also an EV supporter. He bought a Detroit Electric for his wife, Clara, and tried to built an EV with his bosom buddy, Thomas Edison (who also pioneered the electric windshield wiper).
If EVs had remained on the market after 1920, we might have had lithium-ion batteries decades earlier. It’s funny that when EVs had a brief revival in the 1960s, they were powered by the same lead-acid batteries that were state-of-the-art when Alf Landon was presidential timber. It’s not surprising they failed. Especially when gas was 30 cents a gallon.
We can mine our colorful history to make a better future. Our great-grandparents plugged in their cars, and now we’re going to follow in their footsteps.
Here's a colorful visual history of the early electric car: | <urn:uuid:99d62abd-17fb-426b-aad0-22d4cc25a185> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.cartalk.com/blogs/jim-motavalli/what-we-can-learn-our-colorful-electric-car-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540527205.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210095118-20191210123118-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.978294 | 1,249 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Today was, after being instituted by Pope Pius XI in 1931, the Feast of the Divine Maternity of Our Lady. It was established in honor of the anniversary of the great Council of Ephesus in 431AD, at which Our Lady was defined as Theotokos -- Mother of God -- and the Nestorian heresy was condemned.
Theotokos of Vladimir.
In 428 Nestorius, originally a monk from
Antioch, was made Patriarch of Constantinople (428-431). This eloquent and austere new Patriarch, his
first Christmas as shepherd of the Imperial capital preached that Mary was not
the Mother of God! Behold, the Nestorian
heresy. He, and the Nestorian heretics, claims that Christ is not actually God,
but God only dwells in him as “in a temple” or “a garment.” Thus, there are two persons in Christ – and Mary was only mother of
the human person, not the divine. Thus,
she is not Mother of God, but only Mother of Christ! This caused quite the stir in the area, as
you might imagine. A lawyer actually
interrupted his homily in the Cathedral, and he would be faced by another
bishop on the next feast of the Annunciation.
Copies of these
homilies reached the Patriarch of
Alexandria, St. Cyril (Successor of St. Mark from 412-444AD), in 429 and he immediately condemned the
ideas and reported them to the pope, St.
Celestine I (Successor of St. Peter from 423-432). Nestorius,
for his part, appealed to the Eastern Roman Emperor, Theodosius II (Reigned, 408-450).
The Pope, agreeing with St. Cyril, condemned the teaching of Nestorius,
and threatened to depose him. He, for
his part, persisted, and this with the encouragement of Patriarch John of
Antioch (Successor of St. Peter from 428-442).
Ephesus today: the Library of Celsus.
The Emperor, Theodosius II, hoping to find a solution,
summoned a general council – the Third – at Ephesus which met in 431. St. Augustine was actually invited, but he
had died by the time the invitation arrived.
After a delay, owing to the absence of John of Antioch, the council
finally opened in the blazing heat of June 431, with Cyril of Alexandria
presiding as legate of the Pope. The
Council carefully read the teachings of Nestorius, and quickly condemned them. Nestorius himself was given three warnings to
arrive and answer, but he refused, and was deposed. The Council unanimously declared that Mary
was, indeed, Theotokos! Torch-lit processions and celebrations met
the declaration in Ephesus.
A more thorough account of the Council can be found here: Old Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Ephesus
St. Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death! | <urn:uuid:206d727a-ab64-4406-b42a-d41e5217a4da> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://thoscole.blogspot.com/2012/10/council-of-ephesus-431ad.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805008.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118171235-20171118191235-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.942314 | 654 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great and the Situation … the Great? Crash Course World History #8
In which you are introduced to the life and accomplishments of Alexander the Great, his empire, his horse Bucephalus, the empires that came after him, and the idea of Greatness. Is greatness a question of accomplishment, of impact, or are people great because the rest of us decide they’re great? Also discussed are Kim Kardashian and the Situation, gender bias in history, Catherine the Great’s death (not via horse love), the ardent love other generals–from Pompey the Great to Napoleon–had for Alexander, a bit of Persian history. Crash Course World History now available on DVD! http://www.dftba.com/product/1688. | <urn:uuid:807778e7-9796-4df0-9680-e490783788c7> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://purehistory.org/alexander-the-great/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540542644.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212074623-20191212102623-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.904392 | 161 | 2.625 | 3 |
Emotional regulation, or emotional intelligence, is a skill that we all possess to one degree or another. Most adults (note I say most) are able to identify emotions they are feeling at a given time, and have the mental tools to switch their thinking and adjust their outward reactions to these feelings. As grown-ups, many of us don’t realize how we got these skills. We don’t remember a time when we didn’t have the ability to, say, take a deep breath when angry, suppress tears or shake off a rude comment. The truth is, somewhere along the line, we were taught our emotional intelligence.
Children are not born with emotional regulation and need to be explicitly taught the necessary skills to cope appropriately. While every stage is important, toddlerhood is a vital time to engage children in learning these skills. Here are some tips to grow an emotionally intelligent child who is ready to interact with the world.
Comments like, 'You’re fine, you’ll get over it,' or 'You have no reason to be crying right now,' teach children not to trust their own assessments of how they are feeling.
Teach Kids to Name their Feelings
Young children know they experience physical sensations, and once they begin to speak, they can tell you when they’re hungry or want to go night-night. But naming emotions is a lot more complex, and many kids need help identifying what exactly feelings (for lack of a better term) feel like. One way to get the conversation rolling is to show the animated film "Inside Out," which has been praised for encouraging kids to take a look inside their own minds and how their emotions work. When children have a visual to go along with the emotion, like the characters embodied in the movie, it can make discussing abstract concepts like emotions much easier.
When your toddler displays a strong emotion, take a moment to name it and encourage your child to think about the sensation of that experience. Say, "You seem happy now. I can tell you are happy because you are smiling and laughing. Happy is how you feel when your brother shares with you," or "You seem frustrated right now because I won’t let you climb this fence. I can tell you are frustrated because you are crying. It is OK to be frustrated when you can’t do something you want to do. I get frustrated too, sometimes, but safety is important." We want children to be able to fully feel their emotions while still limiting their actions. This drives home the point that emotions are OK to feel, while still following Mom and Dad’s expectations.
Try the L.E.S.S. Method
This method, favored by teachers and counselors, gives parents a strategy for helping their children through tough emotional experiences. L.E.S.S. stands for Listen, Empathize, State the emotion and Stop there. If your toddler is throwing a tantrum in the checkout line, take a minute to get down to his level and ask him to tell you what’s the matter, if possible. Listen to his side of the story. Next, empathize: "I can see why it would be difficult for you to wait patiently when you’re bored. I get bored sometimes, too." Next, state the emotion. "I see you are frustrated with me because this is taking such a long time." Then, stop there. Let your child express anything else they need to say, and move on. It may not "solve" that particular tantrum at that particular time, but with repeated use, your child will learn to vocalize his or her feelings before a meltdown occurs, meaning it can possibly be avoided.
Do What I Say AND What I Do
We all know children copy what they see adults doing. It’s extremely important that the adults in your child’s life express their feelings and model positive emotional regulation. If your little one sees you go overboard with road rage or get in screaming fights with the neighbors, they’ll no doubt think that such behavior is normal and display it themselves. When you feel an emotion, share it verbally with your child and explain how you will deal with it. "Right now, Mommy is very frustrated because the dishwasher is broken. I know I’m frustrated because my heart is beating fast and my face is warm. I’m going to take a deep breath and count to 10 before I do anything else."
Emotions Are Complex, But Necessary
Avoid minimizing or talking your children out of their feelings. Comments like, "You’re fine, you’ll get over it," or "You have no reason to be crying right now," teach children not to trust their own assessments of how they are feeling. The same goes for timeouts for tantrums. According to Dr. Laura Markham, the founder of Aha! Parenting, "Sending your child to his room to calm down won't keep him from being upset; it will just give him the message that he's all alone with those big, scary emotions. … When humans repress emotion, those emotions are no longer under conscious control.”
Just like adults, children have layers of emotion, and when children feel afraid, guilty or sad, that can often present itself as anger. That’s why it’s so important to develop a dialogue with your children about emotions in order to dig down and find out what’s really going on, and teach from a young age how to appropriately deal with that emotion.
Emotional regulation is not something kids develop on their own. Each child’s emotional intelligence is the sum of their experiences with how adults handle their own emotions or their reactions to the child's emotional needs. Start the practice building the foundation of strong emotional intelligence today with your toddler—you won’t believe the results. | <urn:uuid:f4f14bfb-1dee-491f-87d3-b98e84dbacc4> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://mom.me/toddler/139835-beat-tantrum-teaching-kids-emotional-intelligence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745522.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119084944-20181119110944-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.966194 | 1,218 | 3.8125 | 4 |
WHAT ARE THEY?
Pubic lice are tiny crab-like insects that live in pubic hair or other coarse body hair. They can also be found in chest, armpit, and facial hair, as well as eyebrows and eyelashes. The adult insects bite and feed on the blood of the host and lay small eggs, called nits, which attach to the hair shaft.
HOW WOULD I GET THEM?
Public lice are typically passed through intimate sexual and non-sexual contact. However, pubic lice can live for 1 to 2 days in the bedding, towels, and clothes of an infected individual, so these items may become a source of transmission. These insects can only survive for 24-48 hours off the body and are not designed to walk on or hold on to smooth surfaces, so it is unlikely that you would get them from something like a toilet seat.
HOW WOULD I KNOW I HAD THEM?
The most common symptom of pubic lice is severe and constant itching in pubic area, skin irritation and redness. This usually develops within 5 days of infection. An infected individual may also develop blue spots where they were bitten, or find tiny black particles (lice feces) in their underwear.
A doctor can usually diagnose pubic lice from a visual inspection. They may also send a skin sample to the lab for confirmation of infection.
CAN THEY BE TREATED AND CURED?
Yes. A pubic lice infection is treated through special lotions and shampoos that are available from the pharmacy. It is also very important that a person infected with pubic lice cleans anything that might have lice on it, such as clothes, bedding, and towels. These items should be washed in hot water (50° Celsius/122° Fahrenheit, or higher), dry cleaned, or bagged for three days to a week. Items that cannot be washed or bagged should be vacuumed.
All sexual partners who have had contact with the infected person in the month before the diagnosis should be treated to help prevent re-infestation. The itchiness can persist for weeks after successful therapy. Antihistamines (anti-itch medication) and mild steroid creams may be used to control this. Special consideration is given to infestations in the eyes. If the first treatment does not work it can be repeated after one week.
IF THEY AREN’T TREATED, CAN THEY LEAD TO MORE SERIOUS PROBLEMS?
Persistent scratching of irritated skin can cause a secondary bacterial infection.
PREVENTING PUBIC LICE
Condoms do not protect against pubic lice, because they are spread simply by close contact. Your best protection is to get regular STI tests.
HOW TO BOOK AND PREPARE YOURSELF FOR AN APPOINTMENT
Booking an appointment with us is easy! Give us a call at 902.455.9656 ext. 0. You will be speaking with either a volunteer or a medical administrator. We cannot book appointments over email or Facebook. You cannot book an appointment for someone else, even if they are your partner or child. We will need to speak with them directly. To book, we will need your full name, birth date, phone number, and a very brief reason for your visit. That’s it! The person on the phone will outline anything you need to know to prepare for your appointment. Our average wait time for an appointment is 4-6 weeks from the day you call.
Make sure you bring your valid provincial health card with you to your appointment. Clients without health cards are subject to doctors and lab fees.
Are you a youth? You do not need parental consent for any of our appointments.
Don’t have access to or lost your health card? You are entitled to your health card information! Call MSI toll-free at 1-800-563-8880 (in Nova Scotia) or at 902-496-7008 from Monday-Friday 8am-5pm. We require the number and the expiry date. Another tip: take a picture of your card! You will never lose it again!
Oral, vaginal, and anal STI tests have no preparation. | <urn:uuid:998e5148-2611-4989-9e19-340bebf00c33> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://hshc.ca/pubic-lice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487611641.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614074543-20210614104543-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.941548 | 882 | 2.65625 | 3 |
It has been a dramatic week for Guess the Misconception, upon its return after the Easter break.
Firstly, there has been an outcry, both in my maths department and across the nation as a whole, from teachers asking “why wasn’t 100 one of the answers?” or “what happened to 40?”. This highlights both an inherent problem with multiple choice questions – namely, what happens if the answer a student thinks is correct is not actually one of the given answers? – but also reinforces the importance of students giving explanations to support their answer on Diagnostic Questions. A few of our Year 11s gave explanations such as “I am going for 110, but I reckon the answer is 100 due to alternate angles being equal”. This allowed us to go beyond the data and understand this student’s misconceptions.
Secondly – and possibly even more dramatically – the least popular misconception as voted for by teachers, turned out to be the most popular misconception held by students!
This question in… well, question… on angle facts is one of the most poorly answered across the free daily GCSE Revision Streamto date, with over half of students getting the answer wrong. Let’s take a look at the question, and see the kind of misconceptions that it reveals:
Teachers felt that A would be the most common choice, and indeed this did attract around 30% of incorrect student answers, with explanations revealing misconceptions around straight lines and the type of triangle invovled, such as:
“It’s a as it sits on a straight line and angles on a straight line add up to 180 degrees so if you take it away from 180 take away from 100 it’s left with 80″
“A straight line is 180° And this triangle is an equilateral triangle meaning all angles are the same size, triangle is 180°. 180-100 = 80, meaning the other two angles are also 80°”
But the answer that attracted over 40% of incorrect student responses was D. Can you see why? Let’s read some of explanations from the thousands of students who opted for this to find out:
“Exterior angle on the bottom two corners are 100 degrees, the angle of a straight line is 180 degrees so 180-100=80 times that by two equals 160 and then take 160 from 180 as that’s the angles in a triangle added together and that equals 20″
“This is an isosceles triangle meaning that the 2 bottom angles are equal. So first you have to do 180-100 because angles in a straight line and you get 80. This means the 2 bottom angles are going to be 80 degrees. After to find the top angle I did 80+80 which is 160 and then take that away from 180 and you get 20 degrees.”
“because the angle labelled 100 degrees is on a straight time which sums to 180 and that means the angle beside it is 80 degrees and both bottom interior angles are the same so 80 plus 80 is 160 and all interior angles in a triangle make 180 so you do 180 minus 160 which is 20 degrees.”
“First work out The angles along the bottom line 180 degrees on a straight line, so 180 – 100 (which is the exterior degree) = 80 so the angle to the bottom right is 80 degrees, as is the one on the left Inside a triangle the angles add to 180 There are already two 80 degrees 80 + 80 = 160 180-160 = 20 degrees”
What do we take from this? Well, as a maths department we were a little shocked firstly at how poorly our Year 11s performed on this question, but also the range of the misconceptions they held. Some teachers decided they were going to show this question at the start of the next lesson and allow students to discuss the answers. Other teachers announced they were doing a full angle facts revision lesson. But all decided that some sort of action was required. This might be the case with your Year 11s as well
With the GCSE Maths exams getting closer, now is the perfect time to sign your Year 11s students up to the free daily GCSE Revision Stream. Over 10,000 students around the country cannot be wrong | <urn:uuid:a694b258-1326-4586-8a88-f46393cd144a> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://blog.diagnosticquestions.com/post/angle-facts-%E2%80%93-the-answers-revealed! | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158429.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922123228-20180922143628-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.958945 | 877 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Co-financed by the European Fund for the Integration of Third Country Nationals
7. Creating accessible services
For services to be accessible for migrants, it is important that the needs, skills and strengths of migrant communities are built into service planning and delivery.
This means that decisions about how services are provided need to be underpinned by a strong understanding of the local population, including migrants. It is important to think about the current needs of migrants living in your area, and the future needs of new migrants coming to your area.
An equality impact assessment is a useful tool that helps public authorities make sure that their policies, the ways they carry out their functions and any proposed changes to these functions do not negatively impact on anyone, including migrants.
One of the most immediate needs for new migrants is the provision of basic information about the services available in your area. Chapter Five of this toolkit has more information.
Migrants also need to feel part of the community, and trust in public services. Chapter Six of this toolkit has more information. | <urn:uuid:cc3df6b8-75a0-4c70-b00e-c1fb43009893> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://migrationscotland.org.uk/migration-toolkit/creating-accessible-services/7-1-introduction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541297626.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214230830-20191215014830-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.955791 | 211 | 2.875 | 3 |
Of Population : Book 2, Chapter 09 : Principles respecting the Increase or Decrease of the Numbers of Mankind Resumed
(1756 - 1836) ~ Respected Anarchist Philosopher and Sociologist of the Enlightenment Era : His most famous work, An Inquiry concerning Political Justice, appeared in 1793, inspired to some extent by the political turbulence and fundamental restructuring of governmental institutions underway in France. Godwin's belief is that governments are fundamentally inimical to the integrity of the human beings living under their strictures... (From : University of Pennsylvania Bio.)
• "Anarchy and darkness will be the original appearance. But light shall spring out of the noon of night; harmony and order shall succeed the chaos." (From : "Instructions to a Statesman," by William Godwin.)
• "Fickleness and instability, your lordship will please to observe, are of the very essence of a real statesman." (From : "Instructions to a Statesman," by William Godwin.)
• "Courts are so encumbered and hedged in with ceremony, that the members of them are always prone to imagine that the form is more essential and indispensable, than the substance." (From : "Instructions to a Statesman," by William Godwin.)
Book 2, Chapter 09
THERE is a further point highly worthy of attention in the subject now under consideration, and our investigation will be incomplete if that is not distinctly adverted to.
We have found that, according to all Tables which have yet been formed upon the registers of births and marriages, the union of two persons of opposite sexes does not produce upon an average, in Europe at least, more than four births.
But it may be objected that this rule applies to Europe only, and may have relation to some accidents or customs which belong peculiarly to this division of the globe. In other countries the proportion of the number of births to the number of marriageable women may be greater. In America Dr. Franklin proposes that we should set it down as eight to one.
It may be further objected, that this rule may at last prove fallacious, as being founded on nothing but the actual registers of births and marriages
which after all nobody will affirm to be perfect and infallible. [The question of number of marriageable women stands on higher grounds.] To this we have hirtherto given but one answer, respecting on the surprising coincidence in this respect of all the registers which have hitherto been produced from different countries, governed by laws and modes of record extremely unlike to each other.
But, wherever any phenomenon universally prevails, there may be found a principle, built up on the whole mass of the observations that have been made, shewing why it ought to be expected universally to prevail. It is the glory and the privilege of the human mind to investigate such principle. This is the concluding step by which observation is reduced into science: and, if it can be effectually accomplished, then, and then only, the enquirer after truth arrives at a suitable state of repose. He knows what has been, not merely by a record of apparent facts, but by the more satisfactory method of analysis, and he is able with some degree of confidence to predict what shall be.
The first consideration that occurs, which is calculated to qualify our ideas on the subject, is what I would call the value of a marriage, or the number of years which a married life, taking married lives on average, may be computed to endure. If the human species were immortal, or, more exactly speaking, if men and women in their greatest vigor and the most procreative period of
their existence, were not exposed to the accident of death, then the value of a marriage ,or the number of years that it might be computed to endure, would be twenty-five years.
But this is not the case. No period of human life is exempted from the great law of mortality; and this consideration plainly limits the number of children that a marriage, when we are engaged in the survey of a community or political society, may be expected to produce.
Some women die in the first year of their marriage. These may for the most part be regarded as leaving no offspring. Others die in the second, third, or fourth year of their marriage, and so on through the whole period of twenty five years.
To the mortality of the women, we must add that of their husbands. It has appeared that a very small proportion of widows marry again, consequently the death of the husband may be considered as operating no less effectually to put a stop to the fruitfulness of a child bearing woman, than the death of the woman herself.
All that relates to this part of the subject is susceptible of an exact calculation; and Dr. Halley and Dr. Price have furnished us with Tables of the probabilities of human life, from which may be easily extracted whatever may conduce to throw light on this question.
I have myself entered into some computations
founded on the data furnished by these authors and one or two of my friends, more devoted than myself to matters of calculation, have furnished me with others which I had intended to insert in this place. But I am unwilling to give to a book, the express object of which is to correct a pernicious, and unhappily a widely diffused error, any portion of a dry and repulsive air, that can without injury be avoided. Whoever is disposed fully to investigate the subject for himself, may easily form such computations as I have done. The general result of my investigation has been, that marriages, taken one with another, are worth about sixteen years.
To assist any one who should be inclined to go over the same ground, it is proper however that I should mention the data upon which I have proceeded. I have supposed one hundred thousand marriages to be solemnized. I have taken for granted, that the females of these marriages were every one of them precisely twenty years of age. As men are found to marry somewhat later in life than women, I have taken the bridegrooms as all of them of the age of twenty-five. This in reality produces a very slight difference in the result, from what it would have been if I had taken them also at twenty. But in matters of computation one must fix one's foot somewhere.
With these premises I have proceeded upon ihe foundations afforded by Dr. Halley and Dr.
Price, to calculate, among one hundred thousand men and one hundred thousand women of the ages above specified, how many would die an nually through the whole period of twenty-five years. The result of my computation has been to fix the value of a marriage at about sixteen years.
Let us next consider the various circumstances in human society, which limit this absolute measure, and consequently bring the average amount of children that a marriage shall produce, or, more accurately speaking, the proportion to be borne by the number of births to the number of women capable of bearing children in any community, greatly within that which the period of sixteen years for the duration of a marriage might lead us to expect.
We have hitherto, in our community of one hundred thousand men and one hundred thousand women, taken for granted that all marry, and that the women all marry at twenty, and the men at twenty-five. But that is not really the case with any community that ever existed on the face of the earth.
First, all women do not marry. We have seen reason to believe, that the number of women who spend their lives in the single state is by no means so large, as our first reflections might have led us to suppose. They are however a considerable number, and constitute a real
proportion of the number of females of an age adapted for child bearing in every community.
Secondly, it is by no means true, that every woman marries at twenty, and every man at twenty-five years. To marry earlier than twenty will not, I believe, tend to increase the chance of augmenting the population in any country. But many marry later from motives of prudence. And, wherever a great proportion of females are employed in the capacity of domestic servants, this of course opposes a sensible obstacle to early marriage on the part of the female. But, in case the husband or the wife at the period of marriage is older than is above set down, the chance of the number of years that their union shall last is diminished; and in the case of the woman, the abstract period of twenty-five years in which we have supposed her capable of child-bearing, is reduced also.
Thirdly, we have reckoned death only, as a period putting a termination on the value of a marriage. But there is a sickness not unto death. And, in a numerous community, the amount of the females who, under the influence of temporary disease, may for a longer or shorter time be prevented from bearing children will not be inconsiderable.
I may add here, that, in calculating the number of births to a marriage, we may reasonably take into our consideration the duty which nature imposes upon the human female of suckling
her offspring. This is scarcely omitted in the lower and more numerous walks of life: and where it is, perhaps it always happens that some female is occupied in the care of the infant, who might otherwise by child bearing have been engaged in increasing the numbers of the community.
Fourthly, a further deduction from the number of children born into the world, or from the average amount that we should otherwise find of births to a marriage, is produced by the number of women who in the experiment are found barren, and of marriages which afford no children: for debility, in the man may equally be attended with that effect, as barrenness in the woman.
Fifthly, we must subtract from the number of women, who might otherwise be expected to prove mothers a certain proportion of women, who by some defect of constitution have a fatal indisposition to produce any but abortive births, and who, though often with child, are never found to continue pregnant long enough to produce a living offspring.
Sixthly, there is a considerable number of married women who may be placed in a class next above those last named, that though not absolutely incapable of bringing a living child into the world, are yet found during the whole period of their marriage, though it should last from the age of twenty to the age of forty-five years, some never to produce more than one, and others not more than two children.
Lastly. When we take the term of twenty-five years, from twenty to forty-five years of age, as the period in which a woman is capable of child-bearing, we must not suppose that capacity to subsist in equal strength during the whole period. A woman, endowed with all the fruitfulness of the most fruitful of her sex, may for a time bear a child regularly within a certain interval. From twenty to thirty, we will say, she may do so. But this is less likely to happen after thirty; it is still more improbable after thirty-five; and the improbability is further increased after forty. It is not the march of nature immediately to step out of one state into another state essentially different. The colors of Nature are insensibly blended, and change by very gentle gradations, from one tint, to another of contrasted or opposite hue. Of consequence, forty-five may be the age at which a woman may be calculated on as ceasing to be capable of bearing children; but for a number of years before that, she no longer the teeming mother, the prolific female, she was. This has happened repeatedly within my own knowledge, and similar cases will occur to every one, that the woman who in the flower of her age bore a child every second year, or perhaps, if she did not suckle her children, still oftener, comes afterwards to the condition of bringing a child after an interval of three, four, or even five years.
To illustrate this let us consider, that when we have taken sixteen years as the value of a marriage, this is an average duration, and implies that half of them last less, and half more than sixteen years. Of consequence the whole period of a marriage is by no means to be taken as belonging to a vigorous and prolific period of life, but as indifferently spread over the entire period from twenty to forty-five years of age. That we may understand the value of this consideration I would once more have recourse to the Swedish Tables, deducing from them a view of the number of women to be found in Sweden in 1763, of all different ages that fall within the child-bearing period. To render this more intelligible to every reader, I will divide them into twenty-five classes, one for every year. I might have calculated the chances of survivorship from year to year according to the Tables of Halley and Price; but this would have made so little difference, that I have preferred the simple method of dividing the number of females between twenty and twenty-five, and so on, by five, and setting them down accordingly, as follows:
|In their 21st year 21,023||In their 29th year 20,200|
|22nd --- 21,023||30th --- 20,200|
|23rd --- 21,023||31st --- 19,162|
|24th --- 21,023||32nd --- 19,162|
|25th --- 21,023||33rd --- 19,162|
|26th --- 20,200||34th --- 19,162|
|27th --- 20,200||35th --- 19,162|
|28th --- 20,200||36th --- 16,290|
|In their 37th year 16,290||In their 41st year 14,971|
|38th --- 16,290||42nd --- 14,971|
|39th --- 16,290||43rd --- 14,971|
|40th --- 16,290||44th --- 14,971|
|45th --- 14,971|
|Amount of fractions rejected||6|
Hence it appears that, out of 458,236 women, living in Sweden in 1763 within the child-bearing age, 74,855 had passed their fortieth year, 81,450 were between thirty-five and forty, and only 21,023 of the whole number were in the twenty-first year of their age. It is from these only that we can expect, if married, all the fruitfulness of which the human female, upon an average, shall be found capable. It is easy to see therefore what proportion of the whole were in the highest state of vigor and fecundity, and what deduction as to the chance of frequent child-bearing we are entitled to make, for the number of those with whom that state was entirely past. This of course forms a very considerable deduction from the average number we might otherwise expect of births to a marriage.
Let us put together the different considerations, which are calculated to persuade us that, from the number of women living at a given time in any country between the ages of twenty and forty-five years, a smaller number of children will be born, than from the mere
calculation of the probability of the lives of the parties we might at first have been led to expect.
1. All will not marry. 2. A great number of brides are above twenty, and bridegrooms above twenty-five years of age; and this reduces the number of years, that their union might otherwise have laster, and the period in which the woman might have lasted, and the period in which the woman might have been counted on as capable of child-bearing. 3. A deduction will arise upon the average of births, not only from the mortality of the child-bearing women, but from the consideration of a certain number in every year, that by ill health will be cut off from the chance of becoming mothers. 4. There will be a certain number of barren wives and imbecile husbands. 5. Some women have a predisposition to produce only abortions. 6. Many women are found never to bear more than one, or more than two children. 7. Though the actual period of the capacity of child-bearing may be states as from the age of twenty to the age of forty-five years, yet the activeness of that capacity will be found to be greatly diminished, for a considerable time before it totally ceases.
The whole of these considerations, if accurately weighed, will perhaps lead to a conclusion, similar to that which will be found suggested by all the reports which have yet been collected of all the marriages and births that take place in European society, viz., that four births to a marriage are an ample average allowance.
Let us turn from these, which may be considered as constituting a sort of à priori reasonings on the subject, to a summary of what may be regarded as the result of every man's observation and experience with relation to the question in hand.
At first sight it is probably, that most men's superficial impression ont he subject will be at variance with the conclusion above laid down, and they will start with incredulity from the average of four children to a marriage, as being greatly under the truth. Every man has seen within the circle of his acquaintances families of eight, or perhaps ten children. It is not unexampled that the same woman may have brought sixteen living human beings into the world.
But then it is to be considered, that these are remarkable cases, which every body notices, and every body talks of. They are not one in twenty, and add little to the average; not half a child.
Though a marriage have only one, two, three or even no children, this may not be from barrenness in the ordinary sense, or from any of the causes I have recently enumerated. The marriage may be unprolific from the removal of either of the parties by death. But in the one case as in the other it counts equally in the average against large families.
Large families, as I have said, always attract a certain degree of observation. The marriages
which produce few, are extremely common, and therefore pass without remark. The woman who dies, is soon forgotten.
These remarks are susceptible of easy illustration. Let us take five marriages: one produces twelve children, one five, two four, and one none: the sum is twenty-one children; scarcely more than four to a marriage.
Again, let us take five other marriages: one produces seventeen children, two two children each, and two none: the sum is as before twenty-one; scarcely more than four to a marriage.
Here then, if any where, we are presented with the real checks upon population, as they may be supposed to operate under the most favorable circumstances. No one of the seven checks above enumerated, even if we add to them the limitation of the value of a marriage arising from the precariousness of life either in the wife or the husband, comes within the meaning of the terms, as used by Mr. Malthus, "vise and misery." They are indeed the Law of Nature, benevolently providing that we should not "live like Nature's bastards, but her sons," and not be cut off from our natural inheritance, from that food which is necessary to and the right of all that are born, through the crowding and elbowing and violence of the multitude of claimants. This is a Law of Nature, the reverse of that impiously set up in the Essay on population. It is not a Law, "forbidding to marry," telling
the new-born infant to "be gone" from the face of the earth, and pronouncing sentence that "there is no vacant room from him." It is a Law, that is every where executed, in all places and at all times, constantly and in silence, no man 's attention being called to its operation, no man 's aid being required to its administration, and accompanied with no calamity, unless we should chuse to call our common frailty by that name, and reproach the God who made us, that he did not ordain us another species of beings than that which we are.
From the evidence then collected in this and the six preceding chapters in appears, that Nature takes more care of her works, than such irreverent authors as Mr. Malthus are apt to suppose,-- indeed exactly that care, which elder and more sober writers were accustomed to give her credit for. She has not left it to the caprice of the human will, whether the noblest species of beings that she has planted on this earth, shall be continued or not. She does not ask our aid to keep down the excess of human population. And, however an ascetic and barbarous superstition has endeavored in different countries and ages to counteract her genial laws, the propensity remains entire; and nothing but a despotism, founded at once upon the menaces of a dismal hereafter as the retribution of a breach of the vows of celibacy, joined with the utmost seve-
rity of temporal punishments, can suspend its operation.
Naturam expelles furca, tamen usque recurrel.
And this happens, not as Mr. Malthus supposes, by an impulse, similar to that of hunger, and equally wild for its gratification. It answers better to the apostolical description of charity, or love. "It suffereth long, and is kind. It beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things." It tranquilly postpones its purposes from month to month, and from year to year: but they are not the less firmly fixed: and both man and woman are intimately convinced, that they have not fulfilled the ends of their being, nor had a real experience of the privileges of human existence, without having entered into the ties, and participated in the delights of domestic life.
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Third puffed-up planet
The discovery of yet another bloated extrasolar planet was announced on Monday, making it the third to be found. WASP-1b was spotted by the Super Wide Angle Search for Planets, led by Don Pollacco of Queen’s University in Belfast, UK, and lies about 1000 light years away. The planet has slightly less mass than Jupiter but is about 1.3 times its diameter.
Keep on rollin’
They were meant to last 90 days. More than 900 days later, NASA’s twin Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity are still going strong. After an 18-month trek, Opportunity neared the edge of … | <urn:uuid:8ef19e86-4cb5-46d4-95c8-8b8ec0a86e08> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125713-200-60-seconds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647251.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320013620-20180320033620-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.961603 | 140 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The above shows that over 25% of all the world’s fish stocks are either overexploited or depleted. Another 52% is fully exploited, these are in imminent danger of …
Despite its crucial importance for the survival of humanity, marine biodiversity is in ever-greater danger, with the depletion of fisheries among biggest concerns.
expansion and a higher risk of stock depletion/collapse;. Depleted. Catches are well below historical levels, irrespective of the amount of fishing effort exerted;.
of fisheries could affect millions in west Africa. | <urn:uuid:79870467-05ea-40bb-9857-5962b205c034> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://savethepacificocean.org/tag/overfishing/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084894125.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124105939-20180124125939-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.909748 | 116 | 2.59375 | 3 |
An essential element of life and lifestyle
John Emsley takes you on a tour of the Periodic Table.
Animals, plants, and microbes all have enzymes which require zinc. There are more than 200 enzymes which need this element to function. They regulate growth, development, digestion, fertility, and the immune system.
Zinc in diets
The average adult takes in up to 40 mg of zinc per day, depending on their liking for red meats, which have some of the highest concentrations of zinc. The minimum intake needed to avoid zinc-deficiency symptoms is 2 mg per day. However, as only around 30% of ingested zinc is absorbed, the total intake has to be around 7 mg. Strict vegetarians get their zinc from sunflower or pumpkin seeds, brewer's yeast, maple syrup and bran.
Historically, zinc compounds have played a part in the treatment of medical conditions: zinc chloride as an antiseptic, zinc oxide can stop bleeding and zinc stearate is used in skin ointments. So-called calamine lotion, which is a mixture of zinc and iron oxides, has been sold by pharmacies since the 1600s and is used to treat skin conditions. In the last century zinc oxide was used as a sun block.
Zinc oxide is added to protect rubber and plastics where it prevents damage to the polymer from heat and ultraviolet rays. It is also used a pigment in cosmetics, photocopier paper, wallpaper, and printing inks.
Zinc is primarily seen as a metal, used even as far back as Roman times. The first century writer Strabo referred to it as 'mock silver' and reported that it could be distilled and alloyed with copper to produce brass. A statuette made of almost pure zinc has been found in the province of Dacia (modern Romania). Excavations at Pompeii have uncovered a zinc-capped fountain showing that it served as a roofing material - such roofing was made mandatory in Paris in the 1860s.
However, it is almost certainly in India that zinc was first used on a large scale. Waste from a zinc smelter at Zawar, Rajasthan, testifies to this. One estimate is that more than a million tonnes of zinc were refined there in the Middle Ages. The knowledge of zinc refining spread eventually to China where it was being smelted commercially by the 1500s, and imported from there into Europe. A ship which sank off the coast of Sweden in 1745, was carrying a cargo of zinc ingots.
The German chemist Andreas Marggraf investigated the mineral calamine (zinc carbonate) in 1746 and obtained zinc by heating it with charcoal in closed retorts. He reported it as a new metal, but was unaware that three years earlier the Swedish chemist Anton von Swab had extracted zinc from zinc blende (zinc sulfide) in the same way. Also, in Bristol a zinc smelter had started up in 1743, producing about 200 tonnes of the metal per year.
The most common ore is zinc blende which is also known as sphalerite or wurtzite. Other important zinc ores are smithsonite (zinc carbonate), and hemimorphite (zinc silicate). World production of zinc exceeds 11 million tonnes a year and commercially exploitable reserves exceed 180 million tonnes, mainly in Australia, China, and Peru.
Most zinc is used for galvanizing steel, the rest for making brass and going into die-cast components such as carburettors. Galvanizing protects steel and even when the zinc coating is breached it is the zinc which corrodes, and not the steel. Galvanized steel is used for car bodies, fences, motorway barriers, street lighting posts, suspension bridges, and roofing tacks. The steel object is either dipped into molten zinc or the zinc is applied by electrolysis. Small items like roofing tacks are galvanized by tumbling them in zinc dust at 400oC.
The main zinc alloy is brass, which consists of 33% zinc and 67% copper, but the metal is also important in 'nickel silvers' (typically 20% zinc, 60% copper and 20% nickel).The alloy Prestal (78% zinc, 22% aluminium) is almost as strong as steel but as easy to mould as plastic.
Atomic number 30; atomic weight 65.39; melting point 420°C; boiling point 907°C; density: 7.1 g cm-3. Zinc is a member of group 12 (row 3d) of the periodic table. Its preferred oxidation state is +2 as in almost all of its compounds and as Zn2+ in solution.
No comments yet | <urn:uuid:8f5385f2-a308-42fa-a6f9-3fb35fe4ffb6> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://edu.rsc.org/elements/zinc/2020033.article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943637.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321064400-20230321094400-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.966214 | 999 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Proactive school closures, that is, closing schools ahead of a pandemic arriving in an area, is a public health measure that has been commonly suggested for mitigating the impact of pandemics. It has been suggested that they could help because children are considered to be more infectious and susceptible to seasonal influenza than adults and can therefore be important vectors of transmission. Similarly, the high contact rates among children in schools favour transmission.[1,2] This is an area that is addressed with other public health measures in the ECDC ‘Menu’ on Public Health Measures
Here it is important to distinguish between proactive closures of schools (which means closing schools just as, or even before, they are affected by a pandemic) and reactive closures, which occur simply because many students or staff are sick and the schools cannot function for a while (Table 1).
It was hoped by some that closing schools proactively during a pandemic may break some chains of transmission and so reduce the total number of cases. This would, to some extent, slow the epidemic, giving a little more time for final preparations and vaccine development and production, as well as reducing the incidence of cases at the peak of the epidemic. The latter effect in particular, would limit both the stress on healthcare systems and peak absenteeism in the general population.
However, though some health benefits can be expected, there is still considerable debate about if, when and how, proactive school closure policy should be implemented. There is no consensus on the scale of the benefits to be expected but the most recent scientific review addressing the general issue, conducted by a European group of authors from the UK, France, Sweden and ECDC, concluded that proactive school closures could indeed be beneficial in the ways described above, but only if the children do not simply mix elsewhere outside the schools. Any benefits, however substantial, must be weighed against the potential high economic and social costs of proactively closing schools.[3,4] Particularly critical may be the negative impact of unplanned school closures on key health workers since, for example, many doctors and nurses are also parents with dependent children. There are also many important operational issues related to school closures which, though not insuperable, need careful preparation. It is also important to remember the many educational and social functions that schools deliver which would be lost, especially by prolonged closures (Table 2).
The current pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is proving especially challenging when considering school closures. The heterogeneous and unpredictable distribution of outbreaks and the mild nature of the illness in most people means that, by the time it becomes clear that the infection is in a school, it is too late for a proactive closure. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in North America, has moved away from recommending that authorities consider proactive closures. The CDC is also emphasising the importance of local flexibility and local decisions.[2,5] Within Europe there are different traditions with regard to school closures, and schools and school systems are often administratively complex bodies not necessarily under a single national authority. Communication of the policies to the public presents particular challenges in a European context where some countries (or even regions within a country) may close schools proactively, others perhaps only reactively and some not close them at all. In their paper published in The Lancet, the authors point out that historical experience shows that some schools close during pandemics just because of high levels of illness-related absenteeism. That has been the experience to date in North America.[4,6] It therefore seems sensible for countries and schools to at least have plans for reactive closures.
Table 1: Definitions and types of school closure
School closure: Closing a school and sending all the children and staff home.
Class dismissal: A school remains open with administrative staff but most children stay home.
Reactive closure: Closing a school when many children and/or staff are experiencing illness.
Proactive closure: School closure or class dismissal before significant transmission among the school children occurs.
Table 2: Operational questions concerning school closure to be considered during pandemic (H1N1) 2009
- The need for local sensitivity in timing in larger countries as the pandemic spreads; even if proactive school closures are considered desirable, it will not be necessary for all schools to close in all parts of a country at once, despite the communication and administrative advantages of doing so.
- What should be the trigger for proactive closures? Some suggested triggers are:
- The first case/outbreak involving the pandemic strain confirmed in a child or teacher.
- Outbreaks in neighbouring/nearby schools.
- What should be the trigger for re-opening? Low levels of transmission in surrounding community?
- What should be the recommended length of time of closure?
- How to sustain teaching and learning over prolonged periods of closure, especially for pupils approaching examinations.
- How to maintain contact between the schools and families and teachers; the advantages of ‘class dismissal’ over ‘school closures’.
- Anticipate group childcare arrangements so that any healthcare benefits are not undermined; consider organised approaches to alternative childcare.
- How to sustain vital social functions of some schools, especially with regard to disadvantaged and vulnerable families.
- Consider the major complexities of school systems that comprise state schools, independent schools, faith-based schools and the fact that decisions on school closures are often a matter for local not central government, i.e. some European countries find it much harder than others to have command and control relations with schools.
- Consider the potential loss of earning of parents who have to take time off work.
- Establish agreements between sectors (such as education and health) so that one does not undermine the other.
- Consider the communication issues inherent in explaining different policies in neighbouring countries or even adjoining administrations.
- Consider early warning mechanisms so that adjoining administrations are aware of imminent decisions.
- Should Tertiary (Higher) Education and pre-school care be included?
- Glass RJ, Glass LM, Beyeler WE, Min HJ. Targeted social distancing design for pandemic influenza. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006;12(11):1671-1681.
- CDC United States Department of Health and Human Services and Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. Interim pre-pandemic planning guidance: Community strategy for pandemic influenza Mitigation in the United States. Dec 2006
- Inglesby TV, Nuzzo JB, O'Toole T, Henderson DA. Disease mitigation measures in the control of pandemic influenza. Biosecur Bioterror 2006;4(4):366-75
- Cauchemez S, Ferguson NM, Wachtel C, Tegnell A, Saour G, Duncan B, et al. Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9: 473–81.
- CDC Update on School (K – 12) and Child Care Programs: Interim CDC Guidance in Response to Human Infections with the Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus
- Weisfuse I. Presentation to ECDC on Outbreak of Influenza A(H1N1)v in New York | <urn:uuid:4e05fd75-a815-47c2-ac9d-19d9fc6cb508> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/_layouts/forms/Review_DispForm.aspx?ID=87&List=a3216f4c%2Df040%2D4f51%2D9f77%2Da96046dbfd72 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660158.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00262-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952327 | 1,480 | 3.25 | 3 |
Provident fund (PF) is a government-regulated and administered scheme that helps salaried individuals save money for retirement. PF is one of the most popular investment options for the working population in India as it provides long-term financial security and stability.
In this article, we will try to demystify the concept of PF and explain its benefits and essential features in detail like pf balance check. Additionally, we will also discuss the current and predicted FD interest rates for 2023 and how it affects the PF scheme.
What is a Provident Fund, and how does it work?
The contributions made by the employee towards the PF account comprise two parts – the Employee Provident Fund (EPF) and the Employee Pension Scheme (EPS). The contributions made by the employer towards the PF account also comprise two parts – the Employer Provident Fund (EPF) and the Employer Pension Scheme (EPS).
The EPF corpus can be withdrawn by the employee after the age of 58, while the EPS corpus can be withdrawn after completing ten years of service. The EPF can also be withdrawn before the age of 58 under certain circumstances, such as medical emergencies, education, marriage, home loan repayment, etc. However, withdrawing the PF before the age of 58 attracts taxes and penalties.
PF is a mandatory savings scheme for salaried individuals that is regulated and administered by the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India. Both the employer and employee contribute 12% of the employee’s basic salary towards the PF account, which is linked to the employee’s unique PF account number (UAN).
Benefits of Provident Fund
- Retirement benefit: The primary benefit of the PF scheme is that it provides a corpus of retirement savings for the employee. Unlike other investment options. The PF scheme provides long-term financial security and stability, making it an ideal financial instrument for retirement planning.
- Compound interest: The PF scheme offers compound interest, which means the interest earned on the PF balance is added to the principal amount, allowing the employee’s retirement corpus to grow exponentially.
- Tax benefits: The contributions made by both the employer and the employee towards the PF account are tax-deductible up to a certain limit. Additionally, the interest earned on the PF account is also exempt from tax.
- Loan against PF: The PF scheme allows employees to take loans against their PF balance for certain expenses, such as home renovation, medical emergencies, etc.
- Disability and death benefits: In case of an unfortunate event of the employee’s death or disability. The PF scheme provides a financial safety net for the employee’s family.
FD Interest Rates 2023 and its impact on Provident Fund
Fixed Deposits (FDs) are a popular investment option for individuals looking for a safe and secure investment option with guaranteed returns. FDs come with different tenures and interest rates, and the anticipated FD interest rate for 2023 has a considerable impact on the PF scheme.
The FD interest rates are determined by various factors such as inflation rate, current economic situation, liquidity in the market, RBI’s monetary policies, etc. It is difficult to predict the exact FD interest rate for 2023, as it is influenced by multiple factors. However, experts predict that the FD interest rates may witness a decline in the upcoming years due to the current economic situation.
The typical interest rate on FDs range from 3.50% to 6%. Whereas the PF interest rate is currently fixed at 8.50%. This difference in the interest rate makes PF the more desirable investment option than an FD. Nonetheless, if the FD interest rates witness a decline in 2023. The interest rate difference between both the investment options will reduce, making FDs a less attractive option for long-term investment.
In conclusion, Provident Fund is an essential and appealing investment option for salaried individuals. As it provides long-term financial security and stability. It offers several benefits such as compound interest, tax benefits, retirement corpus, etc. Additionally, it also provides a financial safety net in case of death or disability of the employee.
Fixed Deposits have been the go-to investment option for individuals who prefer a safe and secure investment with guaranteed returns. However, the current economic scenario may lead to a decline in the FD interest rates in 2023. If the same happens, FDs would become a less attractive investment option than PF. Thus, it is advisable to invest in Provident Fund and maintain a diversified investment portfolio for financial stability and prosperity. | <urn:uuid:5ff2758c-59cc-47b1-918a-066194115c6b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.hanstrek.com/demystifying-provident-funds-understanding-the-benefits-and-essentials-of-pf-for-a-secure-financial-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100229.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130161920-20231130191920-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.949477 | 952 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The subluxation degeneration model
Subluxation degeneration has been described as a progressive process associated with abnormal spinal mechanics. The degenerative changes are associated with various mechanisms of neurological dysfunction. (1)
Progressive degeneration of the cervical spine is thought to begin with the intervertebral discs, progressing to changes in the cervical vertebrae and contiguous soft tissues. (2)
Several early investigators explored the relationship of spinal degenerative disease to neurological compromise.
In 1838, Key described a case of cord pressure due to degenerative changes causing spinal canal stenosis. (3)
Bailey and Casamajor reported that cord compression could result from spinal osteoarthritis. They suggested that disc thinning was the basic pathology underlying degenerative change. (4)
As early as 1926, Elliott gave an account of how radicular symptoms could be caused by foraminal stenosis secondary to arthritic changes. (5)
Several mechanisms have been suggested which may be operative in cervical spine degeneration.
Resnick and Niwayama used the term “intervertebral (osteo)chondrosis” to describe abnormalities which predominate in the nucleus pulposus. (6)
Osteoarthritis of the uncovertebral and zygapophyseal joints is another manifestation of cervical spine degeneration. Spondylosis is the term these authors applied to degenerative changes which occur as a result of enlarging annular defects which lead to disruption of the attachment sites of the disc to the vertebral body. This leads to the appearance of osteophytes.
O’Connell employed the term “spondylosis” in a broader context. Three lesions were described: disc protrusion into the intervertebral canal; primary spondylosis, characterized by degenerative changes between the vertebral bodies and zygapophyseal joints; and secondary spondylosis, associated with disc protrusion at a single spinal level. (7)
In the lumbar spine, pathomechanics and torsional stress have been implicated as etiological factors in spinal degeneration. (8,9)
It is likely that these factors are operative in the pathogenesis of cervical spine degeneration as well. Although it has been suggested that aging is responsible for degenerative changes in the spine, this appears to be an oversimplification. (10)
For example, Lestini and Weisel report that there is a high statistical correlation between disc degeneration and posterior osteophyte formation. (2)
Furthermore, it is noted that the incidence of degenerative changes varies from one segmental level to another. The C5/C6 level is most frequently involved, with C6/C7 being the level next most frequently affected. The C2/C3 level is the one least likely to exhibit degenerative changes. (11)
Since the prevalence of cervical spine degenerative change is not uniform throughout the region, the hypothesis that degenerative change is associated with spinal pathomechanics deserves consideration.
Hadley suggests that both aging and pathomechanics are operative in the pathogenesis of cervical spine degeneration. Age related disc degeneration causes hypermobilty, resulting in greater tractional forces on ligaments. This is said to result in the formation of reactive osteophytes. Trauma can result in local spondylotic changes. (11)
This is similar to MacNab’s description of traction spur formation in the lumbar spine. (12)
Pesch et al measured the dimensions of the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical vertebral bodies in 105 cadavers aged 16 to 91 years. Similar measurements were made on the third, fourth, and fifth lumbar vertebral bodies.
The authors suggest that dynamic stressing of the cervical vertebral bodies leads laterally to friction between vertebral bodies at the uncovertebral joints, causing osteophytosis. Anteriorly, osteophytic formation is attributed weakness of the anterior longitudinal ligament, leading to anterior disc protrusion. (13)
Neurological consequences of spinal degeneration
Neurological manifestations of spinal degeneration may be due to a variety of mechanisms. These include:
1. Cord compression. Compression of the spinal cord may result from disc protrusion, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy/corrugation, or osteophytosis. Myelopathy may result in cord pressure and/or pressure which interferes with the arterial supply. (7,14,15,16)
Payne and Spillane found that myelopathy was more likely to occur in persons with congenitally small spinal canals who subsequently develop spondylosis. (17)
Hayashi et al report that in the cervical region, dynamic canal stenosis occurs most commonly in the upper disc levels of C3/C4 and C4/C5. (18)
2. Nerve root compression. Compromise of the nerve roots may develop following disc protrusion or osteophytosis. Symptoms are related to the nerve root(s) involved. (19)
3. Local irritation. This includes irritation of mechanoreceptive and nociceptive fibers within the intervertebral motion segments. MacNab reports that arm pain may occur without evidence of root compression. The pain is attributed to cervical disc degeneration associated with segmental instability. (19)
4. Vertebral artery compromise. MacNab advises that osteophytes may cause vertebral artery compression. (19)
Furthermore, Smirnov studied 145 patients with pathology of the cervical spine and cerebral symptoms. 59% had vertebrobasilar circulatory disorders. (20)
5. Autonomic dysfunction. Symptoms associated with the autonomic nervous system have been reported. The Barre’-Lieou syndrome includes blurred vision, tinnitus, vertigo, temporary deafness, and shoulder pain. This phenomenon occurs following some cervical injuries, and is also known as the posterior cervical syndrome. (21)
Stimulation of sympathetic nerves has been implicated in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. (22)
Another manifestation of autonomic involvement, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, results in shoulder and arm pain accompanied by trophic changes. (23)
1. Flesia J: “Renaissance — A Psychoepistemological Basis for the New Renaissance Intellectual.” Renaissance International, Colorado Springs, CO, 1982.
2. Lestini WF, Wiesel SW: “The pathogenesis of cervical spondylosis.” Clin Orthop (1989 Feb) 238:69.
3. Key CA: “On paraplegia depending on the ligaments of the spine.” Guy’s Hosp Rep (1838) 3:17.
4. Bailey P, Casamajor L: “Osteoarthritis of the spine as a cause of compression of the spinal cord and its roots.” J Nerv Ment Dis (1911) 38:588.
5. Elliott GR: “A contribution to spinal osteoarthritis involving the cervical region.” J Bone Joint Surg (1926) 8:42.
6. Resnick D, Niwayama G: “Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders, Volume 3.” WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1988.
7. O’Connell JE: “Involvement of the spinal cord by intervertebral disc protrusions.” Br J Surg (1955) 43:225.
8. Miller J, Schmatz B, Schultz A: “Lumbar disc degeneration: Correlation with age, sex, and spine level in 600 autopsy specimens.” Spine (1988) 13:173.
9. Farfan HF, Cossette JW, Robertson GH, Wells RV: “The effects of torsion on the lumbar intervertebral joints: The role of torsion in the production of disc degeneration.” J Bone Joint Surg (Am) (1970) 52A(3):468.
10. Kent C, Holt F, Gentempo P: “Subluxation degeneration in the lumbar spine: Plain film and MR imaging considerations.” ICA Review (Jan/Feb 1991) 47(1):55.
11. Hadley LA: “Anatomico-Roentgenographic Studies of the Spine.” Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. 1981. Chapters IV and IX.
12. MacNab I: “The traction spur: An indicator of segmental instability.” J Bone Joint Surg (1971) 53A:663.
13. Pesch HJ, Bischoff W, Becker T, Seibold H: “On the pathogenesis of spondylosis deformans and arthrosis uncovertebralis: comparative form- analytical radiological and statistical studies on lumbar and cervical vertebral bodies.” Arch Orthop Trauma Sur (1984) 103(3):201.
14. Taylor AR: “Mechanism and treatment of spinal cord disorders associated with cervical spondylosis.” Lancet (1953) 1:717.
15. Mair WG, Druckman R: “The pathology of spinal cord lesions and their relations to the clinical features in protrusion of cervical intervertebral discs.” Brain (1953) 76:70.
16. Maiuri F, Gangemi M, Gambardella A, Simari R, D’Andrea F: “Hypertrophy of the ligamenta flava of the cervical spine. Clinico- radiological correlations.” J Neurosurg Sci (1985) 29(2):89.
17. Payne EE, Spillane JD: “The cervical spine. An anatomico- pathological study of 70 specimens (using a special technique) with particular reference to the problem of cervical spondylosis.” Brain (1957) 80:571.
18. Hayashi H, Okada K, Ueno R: “Etiologic factors of cervical spondylitic myelopathy in aged patients — clinical and radiological studies.” Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi (1987) 61(10):1015. (Published in Japanese–English abstract).
19. MacNab I: “Cervical spondylosis.” Clin Orthop (1975) 109:69.
20. Smirnov VA: “The clinical picture and pathogenesis of cerebral symptomatology in diseases of the cervical region of the spine.” Zh Nervopatol Psikhiatr (1976) 76(4):523. Published in Russian — English abstract).
21. Barre’ JA: “Sur un syndrome sympathique cervical posterieur et sa cause frequente, 1, artrite cervicale.” Rev Neurol (Paris) (1926) 1:1246. Published in French.
22. Watanuki A: “The effect of the sympathetic nervous system on cervical spondylosis.” Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi (1981) 55(4):371. Author’s translation.
23. Wainapel SF: “Reflex sympathetic dystrophy following traumatic myelopathy. Pain (1984) 18:345. | <urn:uuid:1f55d3ab-48b2-4893-9a70-ef0cb419b820> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.subluxation.com/the-subluxation-degeneration-model/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021727061/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121527-00085-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87035 | 2,432 | 2.734375 | 3 |
10 item checklist about the intersection of domestic violence, substance abuse and mental health issues
by David Mandel, MA, LPC
Domestic violence frequently co-occurs with mental health and substance abuse issues. A batterer may be diagnosed correctly or inappropriately with mental health issues. A domestic violence survivor may also have a substance abuse problem. A child who has been exposed to batterer’s behaviors may have mental or behavioral health issues. Frequently our response to these issues are “siloed,” meaning we prioritize one over the other or even completely ignore one issue to focus on another. For instance substance abuse and mental health counselors may not screen for domestic violence or if domestic violence perpetration is identified as an issue it may seen as a symptom of the substance abuse. A survivor’s recovery plan may be developed without consideration of how the perpetrator might try to sabotage her recovery. Or a child’s behavioral health issues are not evaluated in the context of historic and current domestic violence.
The following is a 1o item checklist to help begin the conversation about the intersection of domestic violence, substance abuse and mental health issues. I share this list with the idea that raising our awareness by asking questions about the connection between different issues can be huge step forward in our ability to help families.
- What is the relationship between domestic violence, substance abuse, mental health issues?
- How have the batterer’s behavior created or exacerbated mental health/behavioral health and/or substance abuse issues for the adult survivor and/or child?
- What is the relationship between the batterer’s abusive behavior and any of his mental health and/or substance abuse issues?
- How is the batterer interfering with/supporting the treatment and recovery of family members?
- How are family members more vulnerable to the batterer because of their mental health and/or substance abuse issues?
- How is child welfare and others assessing for domestic violence when the presenting issue is adult or child behavioral/mental health/ substance abuse?
- What are important case or treatment plan steps when domestic violence is co-occurring with substance abuse and/or mental health issues?
- What are skill level/policy/practices of substance abuse and mental service providers regarding assessing for domestic violence, safety planning and the integration of co-occurring issues into their treatment plan?
- What information do mental health and substance treatment providers have access to regarding the domestic violence?
- What is the training and skill level of mental health or substance abuse evaluators/assessors regarding domestic violence in general and more specifically regarding the co-occurrence of domestic violence with substance abuse and/or mental health issues? | <urn:uuid:fbbfcc98-492c-43fd-b989-a9b87b269123> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://endingviolence.com/2010/03/10-item-checklist-about-the-intersection-of-domestic-violence-substance-abuse-and-mental-health-issues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645293619.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031453-00252-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941942 | 552 | 2.859375 | 3 |
From the Departments of 1Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, 2Stan Cassidy Centre for Rehabilitation, Fredericton and 3Team Canada Healing Hands, Canada
Objective: To describe a 6-month follow-up of a specialized paediatric wheelchair and seating programme in Haiti.
Design: Descriptive design using a structured survey and open-ended questions.
Methods: Concurrent with a seating and wheelchair programme conducted in northern Haiti, beneficiaries and their families were introduced to the study, and 86 of 91 consented to future contact. A survey was developed with input from international and local partners, and administered by face-to-face or telephone interviews. Donated wheelchairs were assessed in 5 categories: wheelchair utilization, maintenance, fit, environmental access, and perceived benefits of wheelchair use.
Results: A total of 57 beneficiaries (age range < 2–31 years) were located 6 months after receiving their custom-fit wheelchair and consented to the survey. All respondents still had the wheelchair, 70.2% were using it a minimum of 3–5 days/week, 17.5% were using it < 3 days/week and 12.3% were not using it at all. Primary reasons for not using the wheelchair were that it was broken, uncomfortable, or difficult to transport. The commonly reported benefits were improved mobility, independence, participation and social interaction.
Conclusion: The majority of people who received customized wheelchairs continued to use their equipment 6 months later, with predominantly beneficial outcomes. In future seating initiatives in low-resource settings, efforts to optimize equipment durability and training of local technicians should be supported and evaluated.
Key words: wheelchair; developing country; Haiti; rehabilitation; disabled person.
Accepted Oct 27, 2016; Epub ahead of print Jan 18, 2017
J Rehabil Med 2017; 49: 178–184
Correspondence address: Emma Sumner, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, E2K 5E2 Saint John, Canada. E-mail: email@example.com
Wheelchairs improve the lives of people with disabilities by enabling independent mobility, employment, and equal participation in community life. There is a direct relationship between improvements in these areas, reduction in poverty, and an increase in overall health (1–3). Wheelchairs and other mobility aids are also linked to preventing premature morbidity and mortality (4). There are more than 1 billion people in the world living with a disability; 15% of the global population (1). Of those 1 billion, 80% live in low-resource countries. It is estimated that the number of people with disabilities in developing countries who need a wheelchair is approximately 1% of the population (1, 4, 5). Affordability is one of the many barriers to accessing mobility devices in low-resource countries, particularly considering the well-described relationship between poverty and disability (1, 2, 4, 6–9). Rehabilitation services, including assessment, fitting/adjustment, user training, follow-up and maintenance and repair, are often in short supply, and the production of mobility devices in poorer countries is lacking (4, 6). Thus, many countries rely on charitable and external donations, but unfortunately donated wheelchairs are too often inappropriate for user’s requirements (6, 10–12). The 2008 Guidelines on the Provision of Manual Wheelchairs in Less-Resourced Countries published by the World Health Organization (WHO) define an appropriate wheelchair as one that meets the user’s needs and environmental conditions, provides proper support and fit, is safe and durable, is available, and can be maintained affordably in the country (6).
There is a clear ongoing need for improved access to appropriate mobility devices and rehabilitation services in low-resource countries (6, 10, 11). In Haiti, half of the 10 million population lacks access to basic healthcare, and access to specialized services is even scarcer (13, 14). Haiti ranked 168 out of 187 countries on the 2014 Human Development Index, with 50.2% of the population living in “multidimensional poverty” (15). The 2010 earthquake in Haiti greatly increased the need for assistive technologies and rehabilitation services, yet the capacity of the country to meet these needs remains disproportionate (7, 13, 16–18), with ongoing reliance on non-governmental aid organizations for such services.
Team Canada Healing Hands (TCHH) is a not-for-profit, registered Canadian charity that has been working in Haiti since 2002, focusing on rehabilitation education, training, and care (19). They were intimately involved in the Haiti disaster response efforts, and have regularly sent teams who work with local rehabilitation clinics and hospitals, providing mentoring, training and collaborative care, including complex seating clinics. For a 2014 paediatric seating programme, TCHH therapists assessed and fitted 91 children with donated specialized wheelchairs in collaboration with a local rehabilitation programme in Northern Haiti.
In order to advance our knowledge of how to address the need for improved access to wheelchairs most effectively, the WHO recommends follow-up of wheelchair provision in low-resource countries (6), and the WHO Global Disability Action Plan 2014–2021 calls for more data collection and research on disability and more sustainable rehabilitation programmes (20). The aim of this study was to follow-up the described seating programme in northern Haiti, with a broader goal of collecting and describing data on the experiences of beneficiaries to better inform future guidelines and best practices of wheelchair provision in low-resource settings.
A descriptive survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire developed by the researchers specifically for this study. The Horizon Health Network Research Ethics Board granted approval for the study. The Haiti Hospital Appeal provided permission and facilitation for the study.
Working in partnership with local rehabilitation organizations, hospitals, the Bureau du Secrétaire d’Etat à l’Intégration des Personnes Handicapées (BSEIPH) and other local care providers, TCHH provided seating assessments and customized, donated wheelchairs to 91 beneficiaries near Cap Haitien, Haiti. Beneficiaries of the seating programme were mostly paediatric and non-ambulatory, referred from the BSEIPH, local orphanages, rehabilitation programmes, and respite care programmes. Demographic data was collected, such as name, age, sex and address, and the most responsible diagnosis and wheelchair measurements were recorded for future reference. The majority of patients were diagnosed with cerebral palsy, including other diagnoses, such as spina bifida, hydrocephalus, muscular dystrophy and spinal cord injury.
Wheelchair education was provided to families and other caregivers and staff at the local rehabilitation centre. The training focused on proper wheelchair fitting and adjustment, positioning, and basic maintenance. Clinics were held during a 1-week period and conducted by a team of Canadian rehabilitation and seating experts, including occupational therapists and physiotherapists, seating technicians, and physiatrists, along with local care providers.
At the time of the seating programme, clinicians informed beneficiaries of the study, and asked for their consent to be contacted 6 months later for a follow-up interview. The adult (15+ years) literacy rate in Haiti is 49% (UNESCO, 2011), and as such the informed consent process was verbal, accompanied by a witnessed signature. If the beneficiary did not have the capacity to provide informed consent (based on age and cognitive capacity), it was obtained from a parent/caregiver. Eighty-six of the wheelchair recipients or their parent/guardian provided informed consent to be contacted for a 6-month follow-up interview. The inclusion criteria for participants in the study were that they (or their caregiver) must: (i) have received a wheelchair in the 2014 TCHH seating programme; (ii) be able to understand English, French or Haitian Creole and be able to follow verbal instructions; and (iii) have capacity to provide informed consent.
The survey tool (See Supplement I) was a structured, 28-item questionnaire developed by the research team and TCHH, in cooperation with international aid organizations involved in wheelchair initiatives and local (Haitian) rehabilitation clinics. Information from a combination of literature review and input from seating experts, such as occupational therapists and seating technicians, as well as from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other partner organizations involved in wheelchair service, was used to guide development of the survey. These stakeholders were contacted initially to inform them of the project and enquire as to whether the results of such a survey would be valuable to their organizations and, specifically, what information from wheelchair beneficiaries and their families would be most useful in planning and evaluating future programmes.
The survey comprised 20 multiple-choice questions and 8 open-ended questions. An option of “other” was also included in many multiple-choice questions in order to provide the opportunity for additional comments. The survey items were divided into the following 5 main categories: wheelchair use (including extent of use, location of use, and barriers to use), wheelchair maintenance, wheelchair fit, environmental access, and benefits of wheelchair acquisition and use.
The final categories and survey items were selected based largely on the aims of the study, and therefore the information needs of the TCHH seating team and other seating experts. Questions about frequency and location of wheelchair use were included to characterize whether the utility of the wheelchair was truly as an adaptive aid being used to support and assist the person it was provided for, or whether it was serving a different purpose. Investigating barriers of use, including environmental barriers, was important in order to guide appropriate changes to future seating initiatives that could address such issues. The 2014 seating programme in Haiti was the first TCHH programme that had included formal training for local partners in wheelchair repair, thus gathering information about wheelchair maintenance was crucial to determine the advantages of such training, as well as whether the parts most commonly in need of repair could be sourced or repaired locally, which could affect the types of wheelchairs provided in future programmes. Durability of wheelchair fit and support following the seating clinic is also valuable information, because if the appropriate fit is not easily locally maintained without the assistance of seating experts then further training in this area would be indicated. Exploring the benefits of the wheelchair was imperative to determine whether the goals of the wheelchair donation and seating assessment were being met.
The survey was translated by bilingual staff at the local office of a prominent TCHH partner, Haiti Hospital Appeal (HHA). Translation and comprehensibility of survey items was then verified through back-translation by the trained Haitian translator who was employed with the original seating programme.
Six months after the seating clinics, the research team travelled to Haiti, hosted by the partner hospital in Cap Haitien. With assistance from a local partner organization, researchers attempted to contact all 86 consenting beneficiaries or parents/caregivers. The preferred method of contact was through a home visit, and if a current physical address was unavailable then contact via telephone was attempted a maximum of twice. Fifty-seven (66.3%) of the 86 were located and gave additional written and verbal informed consent to participate in the study. We were unsuccessful in contacting the remaining 29 beneficiaries due to logistical and geographical limitations. Two beneficiaries were deceased at the time of the study.
The surveys were administered by means of face-to-face (n = 45) or telephone (n = 12) interviews with participants in or near Cap Haitien. If the wheelchair user was under the age of 12 years or was non-verbal, the interview was conducted with a primary caregiver. The national languages in Haiti are French and Creole, so a trained translator was present during the informed consent process and the interviews. The translator who assisted TCHH with the original seating programme was again hired to assist in conducting the follow-up interviews. For consistency and to minimize potential bias, a single member of the research team, who was unaffiliated with the seating programme and wheelchair delivery 6 months previously, conducted each of the 57 interviews. In order to accommodate the low literacy rate, the consent form and survey questions were read aloud to participants by the researcher and then translated by the translator. Responses were translated back to the researcher, and transcribed electronically onto a password-protected tablet. All beneficiaries were assigned a study ID prior to the interviews; thus all data entered was de-identified.
Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages for categorical data and means with standard deviations for continuous data, were used to summarize participant demographics (sex, age, diagnosis, and place of residence) and characteristics about wheelchair use, wheelchair fit, wheelchair maintenance, environmental access, and perceived benefits of use were obtained from responses to multiple choice questions.
Given that the study participants had the opportunity to comment on benefits other than those that were listed among multiple choices on the questionnaire, a thematic analysis (21) was conducted to identify, analyse and describe common patterns in the qualitative data. Transcripts of participant comments were gathered into a data-set and read multiple times by a member of the research team in order to be adequately familiar with the data. Data extracts relevant to the research question of perceived benefits were identified and systematically colour-coded into meaningful groups. These codes were then grouped into potential themes, and reviewed and re-grouped over several days to refine the themes. This process was subjective to researcher judgement.
The 57 beneficiaries involved in the study ranged in age from < 2 to 31 years, with a mean age of 7.56 (standard deviation; SD 5.50) years. Their characteristics are summarized in Table I.
Table I. Characteristics of wheelchair beneficiaries (n = 57)
All respondents were still in possession of the wheelchair (n = 57). Just under half of the 57 participants (49.1%) were using the wheelchair at least once per day. Other participants indicated that they used it 3–5 times per week (21.1%), less than 3 days per week (17.5%), or that they never used it (12.3%). Responses regarding why the wheelchair was not being used are summarized in Table II.
Table II. Contributors to limited wheelchair use (n = 57)a
The most common location where participants used their wheelchair was at home, including indoors (n = 43) and outdoors (n = 32). Other common locations of wheelchair use included church (n = 22), out in the community (n = 25), and at the respite care centre (n = 13). Only 1 user used it at school, whereas 1 adult reported using it at work. The majority of users needed another person to propel the wheelchair (70.2%), while others could propel it with some assistance (12.3%), and some were able to propel it fully independently (12.3%).
Regarding questions about wheelchair maintenance, 21 of the 57 participants indicated that their wheelchair had broken at some time and 9 indicated that there were parts missing from their wheelchair. Parts of the wheelchair that were most frequently reported to be in need of repair were tyres/wheels (including flat tyres) (n = 9) and brakes (n =7). Fewer participants (n =6) indicated that the tilt mechanism, headrest/armrest/footrest, or trunk support needed repair. Regarding repair of the wheelchair, only 8 (14.0%) of the 57 participants indicated that repair was available in their area of residence. In addition, 47.4% of participants indicated that they were unsure of whether repair would be affordable.
Over half of the wheelchair users (63.2%) indicated that the wheelchair fit had not changed since it was set up at the seating clinic 6 months previously. One-third, 33.3% (n = 19), of users indicated that the wheelchair fit had changed, with the most common reasons being broken parts, or because the user had grown.
Regarding questions about wheelchair accessibility of the user’s environment, 54.4% (n = 31) of participants reported that roads and other daily paths were accessible to the wheelchair, while another 36.8% (n = 21) did not find them accessible. The large majority of users who found the roads inaccessible explained that it was due to the terrain being rocky, unpaved and too rough to propel the wheelchair on easily. See Table III for a selection of direct quotations describing the terrain.
Table III. Explanations provided by participants for roads being reported as inaccessible to the wheelchair
The question of whether there were physical barriers to accessing school did not apply to 89.5% of participants, due to those users not attending school or not bringing the wheelchair to school. When a similar question about accessibility of the home was asked, 38.6% (n = 22) of participants indicated that there were barriers to accessing the home with the wheelchair, and 50.9% (n = 29) reported none. The most commonly reported barrier to the home was steps at the entrance. Many families were able to overcome this barrier by carrying the wheelchair and user up over the steps and into the home. A few homes had a ramp at the entrance to facilitate wheelchair entry.
The majority of participants (86.0%) were able to transport the wheelchair from one place to another. As for specific methods of transport, participants used a “tap tap” (n = 15) (a small bus or pick-up truck that serves as a shared taxi), motorcycle taxi (n = 15), taxi (n = 1) or private vehicle (n = 11), and some (n = 19) reported walking whilst pushing the wheelchair.
The most commonly reported benefits of using the donated wheelchair were improved mobility, increased participation, and greater interaction with others. Other responses are summarized in Table IV.
Table IV. Benefits of using the donated wheelchaira
Thematic analysis suggested 3 main themes emerging from the open-response comments of participants on wheelchair benefits: gratitude, comfort and joy of the child, and relief of the caregivers.
Many caregivers expressed strong gratitude for the wheelchair, describing it as a “blessing” and a “treasure”. An adult wheelchair user reported he “thanks God for TCHH” because the wheelchair allowed him to work again. One caregiver “prays TCHH’s work continues to prosper”. Caregivers explained that before receiving the wheelchair they “desperately needed” one, or that their new wheelchair “is much better” or “more comfortable” than their old one. They acknowledged incomplete satisfaction with the wheelchair after 6 months of use due to certain barriers (i.e. the wheelchair being broken, difficult to transport, uncomfortable), but they maintained that they were happy to have it. A benefit underlying the sense of gratitude reported is that beneficiaries and their families did not sell or discard the wheelchair; they were grateful for the improved quality of life it provided.
Caregivers noticed their child appearing more comfortable, happy and relaxed in the wheelchair. It was relayed that their children were better equipped to eat independently and safely, to be more active, to “get fresh air”, to watch films that they loved, or to sit up and view their surroundings. The wheelchair was described as being “like a friend” to the child, and the “only chair [the child] wants to sit in”.
Caregivers emphasized the positive impact that the wheelchair had on themselves, in addition to their children. Before having a wheelchair, caregivers carried their children in their arms while doing work around the home, or on their back when going anywhere outside the home. They explain that having the wheelchair relieved back pain and facilitated performing other duties.
A key finding of our study was that 6 months after the specialized seating programme, every family that responded to the survey still had the donated wheelchair, and the large majority of children were using their wheelchair consistently with predominantly beneficial outcomes. Caregivers reported the main benefits of the wheelchair to be improved mobility and home accessibility, increased independence, and increased participation and interaction with others. Children were happier and more comfortable when now having a wheelchair, and the acquisition of the wheelchair resulted in reduced physical strain on carers. The study also identified a number of barriers to using wheelchairs in this setting, which decreased overall satisfaction with the wheelchair. A lack of expertise to repair, adjust or modify the equipment contributed significantly to non-use. An additional principal barrier was the physical environment. Typical transportation modes in Haiti are not generally conducive to wheelchair portage, and road conditions or lack of roads in rural areas create difficulties for manoeuvring wheelchairs. Standard wheelchair tyres are often not suitable for such rough and fluctuating terrain.
Our results are in line with other studies that provide direct evidence of wheelchairs improving the lives of people with disabilities (2, 3, 22–25).
Glumac et al. interviewed caregivers in Guatemala regarding their experiences with donated wheelchairs for children with disabilities (24). They determined that the wheelchairs were greatly valued by caregivers, and they provided physical and emotional relief to caregivers. The wheelchairs also had a positive impact on children’s participation in family and community activities. Barriers faced by wheelchair users in Guatemala were similar to those reported in Haiti, such as poor road conditions and inaccessibility of public buildings and home entrances. Also consistent with our study, inappropriate tyres were noted as a wheelchair characteristic that affected their use.
Shore & Juillerat described a survey of wheelchair users in India, Chile and Vietnam 12 months after receipt of a wheelchair and found that recipients reported benefits similar to those in our study, such as improved mood and quality of life, less illness and pain, and increased mobility (25). Another survey of 188 wheelchair recipients in India and Peru found that 93.0% of recipients used their wheelchair every day, and significant improvements in function and skin health were noted (3). In this survey 56.2% of recipients stated that the wheelchair had improved their quality of life. As in the current study, this study reported the most common maintenance problems to be related to the wheels, including flat tyres. A Canadian study showed increased self-care ability, play and activity levels in children with cerebral palsy using adaptive seating devices at home (23).
There is some literature that provides a stark contrast to our results regarding utilization and benefit of wheelchair use. A survey of 162 recipients of donated wheelchairs in India revealed that 71.6% of users abandoned or sold the wheelchairs, with the most common reasons for rejection being pain, fatigue, discomfort, environment incompatibility, and damage (12). The donated wheelchairs were described as being randomly distributed by a variety of NGOs, cheaply made, and of conventional size and configuration. The authors concluded that manual wheelchairs are unsuitable for outdoor ambulation, and of minimal use indoors. In contrast, in our study, 70.2% of participants were using the wheelchair a minimum of 3 times per week, and the majority reported using their wheelchair most often indoors and outdoors at home. We would theorize that 2 particular characteristics of the TCHH seating programme may have contributed to the observed increase in wheelchair usage. Each wheelchair provided by TCHH was customized to the user through clinical assessment by a team of seating experts, and participation and input of local providers was sought early in the process, which included some formal training in basic wheelchair maintenance.
Geographical and logistical factors played a role in data collection. Addresses were lacking for many beneficiaries of the seating programme and numerous telephone numbers were out of service. Most participants lived in rural areas, which lengthened the researchers travel time from house to house, and the majority of homes required the assistance of local partners’ to locate. Language was also a limiting factor, as accurate data transcription relied on precision of translation.
Implications and recommendations
The 2008 WHO Guidelines on the Provision of Manual Wheelchairs in Less-Resourced Countries emphasizes that good practice in wheelchair provision should include assistance in proper wheelchair fitting, training in wheelchair use and maintenance, and follow-up as key steps (6).
The WHO recommends follow-up within 6 months of donating a wheelchair, and it should determine the effectiveness of the wheelchair for the user, problems experienced, and the condition of the wheelchair (6). Appropriate follow-up has many potential benefits, including identification of un-met needs, improvement of future services, increased trust and strengthened partnerships. Follow-up has also been associated with fewer accidents caused by broken or malfunctioning wheelchairs (26).
To our knowledge, this is the first follow-up research on a wheelchair donation programme in Haiti, and it demonstrates that it is feasible and valuable to conduct follow-up studies as part of clinical initiatives in low-resource settings. TCHH will continue to use the survey that was developed for the study as a clinical assessment tool and an instrument to collect follow-up data for future seating programmes.
While not directly implicated in our survey results, it was clear throughout the data collection process that collaboration with local partners can greatly facilitate follow-up, from providing direct logistical assistance to strengthening ties between community members and the organization providing the wheelchairs. We recommend more follow-up studies of wheelchair donation programmes in developing countries, and engaging with local rehabilitation organizations and community stakeholders as much as possible in future follow-up studies.
As this was the first TCHH seating programme to include formal training in wheelchair use and repair, identifying commonly problematic wheelchair parts and barriers to repair was a key goal of the follow-up. The most frequently reported maintenance issues included flat or balding tyres, missing screws and bolts, and broken hand-brakes, all of which would be simple repairs if more services were available locally. As a direct result of this finding, TCHH changed their practice to include additional training the following year.
Therefore, based on our experience and the support of the WHO Guidelines, we would recommend skills training programmes for wheelchair users and caregivers be supported and evaluated in future donation initiatives. The WHO Guidelines provide numerous strategies for the development of training programmes, including the fundamental concept of building the capacity of certain local trainees to become trainers themselves (6). An example of how a strong trainee can benefit an entire community can be found in Box I.
Box I. Papito’s story: a personal anecdote emphasizing the importance of further developing and supporting formal training sessions in wheelchair repair for local community members
The current study also highlights the importance of considering the context and community environment in which the wheelchairs are being provided. Due to the physical environment in Haiti being more challenging for wheelchair users than in most developed countries, durability and stability of wheelchairs should be key considerations in donation efforts in Haiti, similar to other developing countries. Particular attention should be given to tyres that are durable and suitable for rough and unpredictable terrain. There are examples in the literature of effective efforts to create sustainable wheelchairs for developing countries and rugged terrain, with designs that specifically target environmental accessibility (27–29). It has also been shown that wheelchair skills training provided to users and caregivers can improve mobility and increase accessibility of difficult-to-manoeuvre terrain (30, 31). In order to maximize mobility benefits, wheelchair donation programmes should tailor the wheelchair to the specific needs of the recipient population. The information gathered from the survey guided the TCHH seating team to investigate the availability of more durable wheelchairs, rather than continuing to ship only North American wheelchairs to Haiti, which has resulted in a new partnership with a foundation that only donates wheelchairs meant for rugged terrain (Walkabout Foundation, https://walkaboutfoundation.org/).
This study emphasizes that responsible follow-up is a key component to success of wheelchair donation, and provides evidence that appropriate wheelchairs can make a positive difference to the lives of people living with disabilities in Haiti.
The authors would like to thank the wheelchair beneficiaries and their families, Fiona Stephenson, Joseph Janvier, the TCHH Seating Team, Haiti Hospital Appeal and the Maison de Benediction, Footprints of the Son, Children of the Promise, BSEIPH, Healing Hands for Haiti and the Walkabout Foundation for all of their collaboration and assistance. The authors also thank TCHH and the Faculty of Medicine at Dalhousie University for funding this research. | <urn:uuid:6df988e6-66a5-4368-97c8-f6f943c2dedc> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/html/10.2340/16501977-2186 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657170639.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715164155-20200715194155-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.96707 | 5,775 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Designing circuit boards for high speed applications requires special considerations. This you already know, but what exactly do you need to do differently from common board layout? Building on where I left off discussing impedance in 2 layer Printed Circuit Board (PCB) designs, I wanted to start talking about high speed design techniques as they relate to PCBs. This is the world of multi-layer PCBs and where the impedance of both the Power Delivery Network (PDN) and the integrity of the signals themselves (Signal Integrity or SI) become very important factors.
I put together a few board designs to test out different situations that affect high speed signals. You’ve likely heard of vias and traces laid out at right angles having an impact. But have you considered how the glass fabric weave in the board itself impacts a design? In this video I grabbed some of my fanciest test equipment and put these design assumptions to the test. Have a look and then join me after the break for more details on what went into this!
What I Mean By “High Speed”
The term “high speed design” can mean different things to different people depending on what they are used to working with, but for me it’s where the energy of the rising and falling edges of the signals dominate the behavior compared to the fundamental frequency of the signal itself. In other words a 10Mhz signal that has a 1ns rise time has a bandwidth of roughly 350Mhz as seen by the formula below. Ultimately it’s the energy in the rise/fall time of the signal that affects a lot of the design.
The relationship between the bandwidth and the rise time can be approximated as:
With regard to high speed design rules, my first rule of thumb is to be cautious about rules of thumb. I use rules of thumb as an early estimate that helps me to get an idea of how all of my design rules and goals play together.
As someone who has been doing design since the 1970’s I have seen the evolution of assumptions and design guidelines mature and it’s fair to say that there were a couple of things that we got wrong along the way, some things almost comically wrong. For example, I have heard people say that electrons slam into each other trying to turn corners at high speeds so it’s a bad thing to do, we now don’t think that way.
High Speed Design Assumptions
Some of the principles of high speed design are listed below. I can’t get to all of them in this one post but I do want to get to all of them in turn.
- At high speeds it’s all about the propagation of the Electro-Magnetic (EM) field, not electrons.
- High speed current follows the path of least impedance on a power or ground plane, not the path of least resistance.
- Due to the geometry of the glass fabric weave used in the construction of the PCB, the impedance of a signal trace may change based upon the orientation and the position in relation to the weave.
- Right angle corners in PCB traces may not be near as detrimental as often assumed.
- In a properly designed multi-layer PCB, the placement of decoupling capacitors near the loads may not be near as critical as is assumed.
- Ferrite beads in line with the various voltage traces may do more harm than good.
- Differential pairs aren’t coupled to each other like we often depict, their return current is through the ground plane, not through the other half of the pair of traces.
- Tightly coupling a differential pair may not have as good of noise rejection as two random paths provided they are the same length.
- Since the current flows on the surface of a conductor (known as skin effect) high speed PCB’s may specify smooth or polished copper traces for the inner layers so that the path is smoother and straighter.
At high speeds it’s not so much about the flow of electrons but rather the energy in the Electromagnetic (EM) field and the way those fields propagate. Yes some electron displacement occurs along the way but a simple way of looking at this statement is that all of this works in a vacuum.
If you were to picture multiple traces in the same dielectric space you can see that the fields would overlap and consequently interact with each other. This is one of the primary causes of crosstalk. Another way of saying this is that crosstalk occurs in the whitespace between the conductors where the fields overlap and interact.
A function of thinking of signals and their EM fields racing around is that the return current follows as closely to the outbound signal as possible. Last time I talked at length about the fact that the path of minimum inductance is the path that forms the smallest loop between the outbound and return currents. Consequently this means that the return current follows the path of least inductance, hence the path of least impedance (Z). Impedance is the combination of resistance(R), inductive reactance (XL) and capacitive reactance (XC) all measured in Ohms (Ω)
The image on the left above shows the return current density follows the signal on a single layer. In real life, signals often jump layers and in order to have the return current continue to follow the signal closely (and therefore control the impedance) we have to place VIAs nearby that connect the internal reference (ground or power) planes. This is shown on the right.
To continue testing some of my design rules listed in the beginning I built a PCB to test the impedance of different PCB traces.
PCBs are constructed of layers of conductors (typically copper) and dielectrics (typically epoxy coated glass fibers). As speeds go up these materials become more and more specialized. Since the glass fibers or weave are uneven, they can have an effect based upon how the conductors interact with the weave of the fibers as shown below.
Likewise a trace in the vertical direction will see a different amount of glass under it than a horizontal trace due to the differences of the weave density in different directions. One answer is to spread the fibers out during PCB fabrication, but as you might expect, the price of the completed PCB starts going up.
One way to test the impedance of a PCB trace and to see changes along the path, is a high speed Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR). TDR’s are commonly used at slower speeds as in cable testing, [W2AEW] has a very informative video on the whole theory behind it.
High Speed Time Domain Reflectometer
Behind the technology is a fast rise time pulse. I had actually started to write this post as instructions on how to make a fast rise time generator using various techniques after reading Jenny List’s article on pulse edges. During my research I bought a pulse generator that clocked in at 32 picosecond (ps) rise time (sold as 40ps or faster) designed by an engineer named Leo Bodnar. When I received my pulse generator I saw that Leo had used a venerable piece of equipment known as the Tek CSA803/SD24 Communications Signal Analyzer (CSA) which has a 20Ghz bandwidth and a 17.5 ps rise time pulse to characterize my module. I just had to have one of these CSA’s myself and watching eBay got me a good find, though I haven’t told my wife yet. With this new-to-me piece of equipment I set off to test how easily I could see the effects of the glass fiber direction on impedance.
Horizontal vs. Vertical PCB Traces
As can be seen below there is a definite difference in the baseline impedance based upon the direction of the PCB trace. See the video for all of the fun in setting up for these pictures.
You can see a definite and measurable difference in the impedance of the traces based upon the orientation of the trace on the board, in the case of this board the Vertical trace was off by approximately five percent.
There are a couple of techniques that help deal with this effect without the cost of going to a more expensive PCB with a tighter glass weave. My CAD software supports the two main techniques shown below to help automate the process but both can be done manually as well. The first technique entails zig-zagging in a not-so-orthogonal way in an effort to statistically reduce the effects. If there is the option of laying out the PCB in a larger panel then it can be cocked to one side (I have heard 10-11 degrees but it is affected by other variables as well) so that again the sum of signals running down the worst case paths is minimal
Shocking Discovery: Square Corners Probably Don’t Matter
One of the factoids that plague the industry is the concern about what the effect of right angle corners used on PCB traces might have on the impedance of those traces. Other complaints are that the RFI emissions are higher with right angles and that acid can build up in the corners during the fabrication. I will put this board on the spectrum analyzer and check for “EMI spray” in the next video post and if your PCB fab house complains about acid in the corners then I would humbly suggest that one find a different fabricator.
I set out to see if I could detect the effects of corners myself with my new 20Ghz capability. As seen above the effects of right angle corners at 20Gz (.35/17.5ps=20Ghz) with a trace width of 5.27mil (calculated for 50Ω Impedance) on the characteristic impedance are minimal.
Square Corners Mean More Capacitance, but Not Much
At the heart of the debate over square corners vs. angled corners is the slight change in capacitance due to the change in trace width represented by a square corner.
We know the capacitance of the area of the metal since we are talking about 50Ω impedance in general. Per the equations above a 6mil trace would have an additional capacitance of 9.6fF (femtofarad), or 0.0000000096 μF, this is really small. The other thing that minimizes the effect of the corner is just how fast it goes by at the velocities we are talking about, which are sizable fractions of the speed of light. Given that a signal travels 6 inches in 1ns on a standard FR4 PCB, the signal will get through the corner in 30ps. (Which is why I have to use equipment with a 17.5ps rise time to examine it)
More about this can be seen in Eric Bogatin’s post on EDN where he comes up with a nice rule of thumb:
- If your rise time is 10ps, don’t worry about corners unless your 50O line widths are wider than 50mils.
If concerned about corners on your design, ascertain what your bandwidth is (35Ghz for 10ps rise time) and your trace features, given that 50mils is really big for a signal trace, it is more like a power trace in most designs.
Just for the Heck of It.
Just for the heck of it I ran the same test only instead of corners I had “hanging VIAs” which admittedly are worse case as they are like little capacitors and antennas hanging off the trace. I wanted to be sure to have something that would show up as an example of worse case when compared to right angle corners and this example did not disappoint.
The point I really wanted to get across is to be cautious when considering rules of thumb type advice. Question the sources of information, and do not be afraid to measure for yourself what you can when you can if in doubt. Above all else ask the question, “How do you know?”.
As these results were all demonstrated in the “time domain”, I will be demonstrating some of the aspects of the “frequency domain” as it relates to high speed design in the next installment. | <urn:uuid:49bbe012-3684-441f-8ba6-8e947ccaadbe> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://hackaday.com/2019/01/24/video-putting-high-speed-pcb-design-to-the-test/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406785.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529214634-20200530004634-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.950806 | 2,504 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The name "Italy" is shrouded in mystery; some etymologists trace it to a Greek word meaning "the land of young cattle."Italy was fond of Jupiter and Mars from the very start, Jupiter for fatherly good luck and Mars for war!But it all began with Rome. Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus who were sons of Rhea and Mars.The twins were abandoned at birth out of a fear that they would grow up and later overthrow Amelius, usurper of their grandfather's rightful throne.Wrongful mis-doings most foul! Treachery and sabotage!! HOW would these two blessed infants make their way in such a world?As it turns out, the twins didn't have to make their way very far, because one of them killed the other one and then they weren't twins anymore. But that happens later.First they got rescued by a she-wolf who suckled them with her milk and raised them as her own until they were discovered by the shepherd Faustulus.Faustulus fed them meat and bread and also raised them as his own until they were old enough to return to Amelius and hack him up as planned. They reinstated the grandfather Numitor to his rightful throne and went off to celebrate by starting a town of their own.They chose a hilly area where the mama wolf had saved them from certain death in the barren wilderness and began scouting locations.Romulus liked one hill. Remus liked another. The circle of crows like Romulus' hill, so Romulus killed Remus and named the town after himself. Thus Rome was born and Italy with it.Text by Steve Smith. | <urn:uuid:701e4e07-0d98-42ba-bd70-7b7256a33a5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.360cities.net/image/garda-punta-san-vigilio-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211052406-20171211072406-00640.warc.gz | en | 0.992492 | 339 | 3.046875 | 3 |
ALST 225 - Jamaica: From Colony to Independence (Study Group)
Surveys the history of Jamaica from 1655, when the British took possession of the island, through political independence in 1962, to the present. Examines the growth of Jamaica to become Britain’s most prosperous colony during the 18th century based on an export sugar-based, slave-driven economy; the social the political consequences of its dependence on slavery; the economic effects of slave abolition and free trade during the 19th century; social and political developments after emancipation; the growth of black nationalism and decolonization; and post/neo-colonial developments.
Major/Minor Restrictions: None
Class Restriction: None
Area of Inquiry: Social Relations,Inst.& Agents
Core Component: None
Click here for Course Offerings by term | <urn:uuid:42e864bd-550c-4bc3-a197-e7848a5cc892> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://catalog.colgate.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=13&coid=26411 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679515260.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211143258-20231211173258-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.908385 | 170 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Cardiac risks of hormone therapy for aging males?
Patients who succumb to the temptations of anti-ageing therapy with testosterone should bear in mind that the hormones could lead to sleep and … health disorders.
A study in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2003 88: 3605-3613) shows that hormone therapy leads to sleep apnoea syndrome, or snoring, and is therefore a potential cardiac risk factor. In the USA, advertising for the medically controversial indication “male menopause”, according to which – exaggeratedly formulated – men around 50 sink into depression and inactivity if they do not take hormones, has tripled the prescription of testosterone preparations. In Europe, too, manufacturers are trying to establish the condition.
The only possible risk currently considered is enlargement of the prostate. Other risks may have been overlooked because they were not looked for, suggests a group of researchers from the ANZAC Research Institute and the Woolcock Research Institute in Sydney. Their study is the first randomised double-blind trial to examine the effects of hormones on sleep and breathing, writes David Handelsman’s group.
They treated seventeen healthy men aged 60 for three weeks with three weekly injections of testosterone (500 mg, 250 mg and 250 mg) or a placebo. After an eight-week break in therapy, the patients changed treatment (cross-over). The examination in the sleep laboratory (polysomnography) showed that the testosterone treatment shortened the total sleep time by one hour and prolonged the duration of hypoxaemia by five minutes per night. Hypoxaemia occurs due to sleep apnoea syndrome, which, according to the results of the study, is promoted by testosterone treatment. The number of episodes leading to short pauses in breathing after initial snoring increased by 50 percent.
This significantly disturbed the quality of sleep. Sleep apnoea syndrome is also a recognised risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
However, the study was not able to prove more far-reaching consequences of the sleep disorder. Also, the dose of testosterone was significantly (two to three times) above the recommended amounts. According to the authors, it cannot be ruled out that treatment with normal doses can aggravate latent sleep apnoea syndrome. | <urn:uuid:11e52696-38b3-4c1a-a13c-70aa757d25c4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.urologia-keul.com/en/cardiac-risks-with-hormone-therapy-for-aging-males/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100912.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209134916-20231209164916-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.940236 | 467 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Preserved plants – a general description
What are they? Are they really completely maintenance free? Will they never die? The answers are coming, just read on.
Please note, what follows is a description of how Biotech Tropical Plants prepares their preserved plants.
Other companies that are in the business of preserving plants might use other techniques and consequently might not achieve the same results as we do with our preservation techniques.
What is a preserved plant?
To make a preserved plant you need some kind of natural plant material, for example branches from a birch or leaves from a palm tree. You also need something that serves as a trunk.
Biotech Tropical Plants trees come with a number of different trunks, some are real and others are manufactured.
You can for example get an authenic looking palm tree with a trunk made from parts of coconut shells. Moving on, you need something to ”glue” the leaves or branches onto the trunk.
Biotech Tropical Plants has developed a special foam that will let you manage the glueing process very easily. Finally, you need some kind of material that will let you mount the trunk into a pot or other container. Biotech Tropical Plants use their own foam material for this purpose.
The secret preservation process
Biotech Tropical Plants uses two different preservation methods, one for when the leaves or branches are
dry and completely dead and another for when the plant material still is green.
The palm leaves or tree branches are put through a series of preservation steps where they soak up a number of different solutions through a period of time.
During these steps the deterioration process of the plant material slows down and finally comes to a complete stop.
The final result are healthy-looking leaves with a deep, green color. All chemicals used during the preservation process are completely environmentally safe and so will the preserved plant material be.
Do they last for ever?
In theory the preserved leaves and branches should last for ever, but that is very hard to accually prove. Biotech Tropical Plants will simply say that the leaves and branches will last for a very, very long time.
One of the first leafs Biotech Tropical Plants preserved, twenty years ago (they then worked under a different name) came from a phoenix palm tree and this leaf is still healthy green.
Plant designs that suit every customer’s individual requirements
For large design projects as well as for shipments to end users the Biotech Tropical Plants plants arrive disassembled. This is cause for a flexible design of plantscapes and individual plants.
Assembling the plant material so that it becomes a finished product is not a very difficult task.
To aid in the assembly process Biotech Tropical Plants has developed a special foam that allows you to stick the leaves and branches onto the trunk. The same foam serves as a stable foundation for the trunk.
There is no need for regular maintenance
The finished product is a plant that looks and smells just like a living plant but does not the need for regular maintenance.
The only thing you will have to do to keep the plant looking healthy and shiny green is to treat it, once every five or six months, with the Biotech Tropical Plants Cleansing Spray, which keeps dust and nicotine off. | <urn:uuid:526fce1b-07ce-4ba7-b5fe-85afc9500701> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://biotechplants.com/preservation-technique/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122189854.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175629-00053-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95467 | 667 | 3.125 | 3 |
Planting flowers at home is a wonderful activity for any house-owner. But it can also be quite tricky especially if you are still a beginner. The best way to start with your flower gardening is to make a well-informed and educated decision. Here are some of the basics you need to know about:
Plant the plants, that you want in the garden in a manner that is suitable for your environment. This means that if your area is mostly shady, do not plant trees in sunny spots. A tree planted in the sun will grow fast, but the resulting shade will prevent the plant from growing well.
Do not place the seeds of your favorite plants in the same space as other plants that are not suitable for them. It is better to plant the seeds in a separate area away from the other plants. You may also make your own plan of planting by combining two or more types of plants that will complement each other.
If your garden has already been planted, you can plant new additions in an adjacent area. Never try to plant new plants close to the location of existing ones. This can be risky because the plants may be attacked by insects before they have had a chance to mature.
If you are planting flowers, plant the blossoms where they will receive adequate sunlight. The flowers are also benefited if there is adequate soil to support their roots. Also, remember that plants that do not survive in direct sunlight will usually not succeed in the long run.
It is always wise to pay careful attention to the ground around the plants before planting. If you find areas that seem to be rocky or have sharp edges, do not plant there. Instead, cut the plants back to create a more level surface.
Some plants require support to grow well. Check to see whether your plant needs support before you plant. If it does, then look for a spot in your garden where you can extend the root system without disturbing the flowers.
Certain plants that need protection from the weather such as roses and Japanese gardenias need the assistance of a special coating of soil in order to thrive. Once the coating has been applied, the plants will be protected from direct exposure to rain and wind. It is important to check to see if your plant requires this treatment before planting.
All plants, both cold-hardy and non-cold-hardy need watering in order to thrive. Therefore, if your area is moist and not hot, you should never over-water. All plants need water to get their blooms to blossom.
Do not place the seeds in a central location, where all of them can get sufficient light and air. The reason for this is that the seedlings will lose nutrients from the soil when they grow into plants. They need air and sunlight to grow and become healthy.
These are just some of the useful tips you can use in planting flowers. Continue to practice and improve your methods in your home-gardening so that you can successfully have an attractive garden at home. | <urn:uuid:07f661d8-856d-4bfd-b5d8-62d31dbeeb3a> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://yourfinegarden.com/the-basics-to-planting-flowers-at-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039554437.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421222632-20210422012632-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.961674 | 606 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Trivia: Influenza History – See If You Know It!
About one hundred years ago, the world experienced one of the most deadly scourges in history — the 1918 influenza pandemic. Do you know which of the following are true of the 1918 pandemic?
- More people died from it than from battle wounds in WWI.
- It started in the U.S.
- It was called “Spanish flu.”
- Scientists did not know what caused it at the time.
- None of these
- Two of these
- All of these
The answer is (g): All of these.
Calculating exactly how many people were infected and died from influenza during the 1918 pandemic is difficult for a variety of reasons; however, most estimates suggest that more people died from the pandemic than on the battlefields during World War I (WWI). The fact that the war was ongoing during the pandemic provides an interesting opportunity to explore the intersection of science and society. For example, because of the war, most countries hid the fact that the disease was widespread and they were losing soldiers to the illness. Because Spain was neutral, reports coming from that country more accurately depicted the severity of influenza circulating at the time. As a result, many people incorrectly believed that the pandemic started in Spain, oft referring to it as the “Spanish flu.” Historians and scientists now believe that the pandemic actually started in the U.S. — in Haskell County, Kansas.
Interestingly, at the time of the pandemic of 1918, scientists did not know what caused influenza. Some believed Bacillus influenzae (known today as Haemophilus influenzae) caused the illness because that bacteria could be found in the lungs of some who had died from the disease during autopsies. However, scientists later realized that a virus was causing influenza. Influenza virus was isolated in the early 1930s, and influenza type A, the type that causes pandemics, was identified in 1933.
The Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (VEC) has been educating about the science of vaccines for almost two decades. During this time, we have developed a variety of materials that may be of interest for your classroom, to share with the community or for your own family’s vaccination needs. We hope you will take a few minutes to see what we have to offer:
For the classroom
The Vaccine Makers Project (VMP) is the classroom program of the VEC. The dedicated website, www.VaccineMakers.org, offers a variety of free lessons about the immune system, infectious diseases and vaccines.
Influenza-related classroom resources include:
- A lesson about Influenza and HIV that focuses on viral replication and how these two viruses use genetic variability as a means of adaptation
- An eight-minute film clip about how Dr. Maurice Hilleman discovered antigenic shift and drift as well as predicted the 1957 influenza pandemic
- A 3 ½-minute animation that describes how influenza viruses undergo antigenic shift and drift (also part of the eight-minute clip above)
- Animation Expedition #9 – Antigenic shift and drift: How does influenza adapt?
- "How Diseases Spread" lessons - Two lessons that teach about the spread of disease and the 1918 Pandemic
About influenza and the vaccine
The VEC offers a variety of materials for the public and healthcare providers to address common questions and concerns related to influenza disease and vaccines, including:
- Influenza: What You Should Know — One in a series of Q&A sheets that address common vaccine and vaccine-safety questions.
- Just the Vax: Influenza — A series of 10 trivia questions related to influenza; find additional question sets and an online game in the Just the Vax educator toolkit, and on the Vaccine Makers Project page on Kahoot!, a popular online trivia platform.
- A Look at Each Vaccine: Influenza Vaccine — Web-based information.
- Can a Flu Vaccine Give You the Flu? — This video is part of the Talking about Vaccines with Dr. Paul Offit series.
- How Are Strains of Influenza Chosen for the Annual Vaccine? — This video is part of the Parents PACK Science Made Easy series.
Stay up to date
Vaccine Makers Project updates offer periodic updates for educators. Sign up.
The Parents PACK program offers monthly updates for parents and the public. Sign up. | <urn:uuid:34ffb016-de70-4d21-918b-3b36fd4da8b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.chop.edu/pages/trivia-influenza-history-see-if-you-know-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100545.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205041842-20231205071842-00834.warc.gz | en | 0.949493 | 934 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Folks often call about energy audits part of the way through their thinking on a project. Sometimes the big project decisions have already been made; homeowners are just looking for final guidance.
On more than a couple occasions, those plans to blow cellulose over an attic flat are brought up short by live knob and tube wiring. But what is knob and tube wiring and why is insulation such a big deal that the electrical code forbids that it be in contact?
What is Knob and Tube Wiring?
Knob and tube wiring is exactly what it sounds like; there’s knobs, tubes and wires. Ceramic knobs are fastened to the building frame, spacing the neutral and hot wires away from the wall. These wires often pass through the joists and studs where they are protected from abrasion by ceramic tubes.
The wire itself was originally sheathed in a protective cloth impregnated with asphalt though this was later replaced with a rubber coating.
Knob and Tube Wiring and Insulation
One advantage of knob and tube wiring is how well it dissipates heat. The knobs, used for mounting the wire on beams and rafters, suspend the wires in air, allowing plenty of cooling air flow.
When installed correctly, knob and tube wiring is quite safe. However, we can count on one thing in a house over the course of 100 years: people will make changes. Folks want several new outlets, electricity for the flat screen, microwave, computer and 100 other gadgets. Splicing new wiring into the existing knob and tube wiring is incredibly common.
So you’ve added extra electrical load to a system designed in 1911. The electrical fuse keeps popping. Replacing with a fuse rated for a higher current solves the popping, but the overfused wires carry more current and operate at a hotter temperature. Not good.
You have an overfused electrical wire diffusing gobs of heat suspended in the air of your attic. Not a problem at all…until you bury it in insulation. D’oh!
The knob and tube wiring is strung from joist to joist in your attic. There’s no insulation so the homeowner blows in 20 inches of cellulose, covering these very hot, overloaded wires.
This creates a pretty serious fire hazard. It is severe enough that the National Electrical Code now prohibits insulation from being in contact with knob and tube wiring.
If you are in the planning phase of an insulation project and have knob and tube wiring, you may have to address it. Contact a local electrician. They can examine the installation, determine whether or not it is live and help you with your house project planning. | <urn:uuid:6582b46a-66aa-42e0-b470-240a0d40d9c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.energyauditingblog.com/knob-and-tube-wiring-and-insulation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828009.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00125-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936829 | 551 | 2.875 | 3 |
If you’re conscientious about your appearance, as most people are, you most likely take great care in getting ready for the day: you shower, brush your teeth, choose presentable clothing, and tidy your hair. (Maybe not in that order, but you get the idea!) You brush your teeth not only to maintain optimal oral hygiene, but because you know from experience how offensive morning breath can be to our sweet, innocent nostrils.
It’s not intentional, we know. But we’re here to break some news: there are times where you are offending nearby noses with your breath without even knowing it!
Forgetting to Brush Your Teeth After Meals
Most of us have created morning routines that are easy to keep. Brushing our teeth upon waking is as natural as blinking! But you also need to brush after a big meal, such as lunch. Many people don’t consider the midday meal as a potential cause for bad breath, but it is!
Why you need to brush after meals: Food particles get left behind and trapped between our teeth. Bacteria slowly breaks down these particles, and odorous sulfur compounds are released, lingering on your breath for hours. Yuck!
Tip: Keep an extra toothbrush and travel size tube of toothpaste at your desk at work, or in a bag that you take with you every day. Even if you don’t eat lunch at the same time each day, you can set an alarm on your phone or calendar for an afternoon brush.
Forgetting to Drink Water Throughout The Day
Water helps flush food particles and debris–that bacteria feed upon– from the mouth. Drinking this odorless fluid throughout the day promotes the production of saliva. We need saliva, as it acts as a continuous cleansing agent, dissolving stinky substances in our foods and drinks.
If You Drink Liquids Other Than Water: If you enjoy your daily cup of coffee or evening glass of wine, make sure to drink a glass after consuming either one! Caffeine and alcohol dry out the mouth, creating an arid environment–a breeding ground for sulfur compounds!
Tip: Keep a reusable water bottle in your bag or at your desk, and fill it up throughout the day.
Forgetting To Floss
Flossing not only removes stinky food particles crammed in the crevices of your teeth, it dislodges bacteria under the gum tissue that brushing cannot reach. This bacteria is dangerous if not removed–the sticky plaque builds up and hardens into tartar, which is difficult to scrape off. It can lead to gum disease as well.
If Your Floss Smells Don’t panic, it might not mean you have advanced gum disease! The bacteria you’ve plucked from that particular spot is old…aged…vintage, if you will. Of course it’s going to have an odor!
Tip: Dip your floss into mouthwash before flossing for an extra clean sweep!
Forgetting to Visit the Dentist
Tooth decay, cavities, and poorly-fitting dental devices (bridges, crowns, or dentures) all contribute to bad breath. Yes, these are issues you cannot monitor solely from the comfort of your bathroom mirror. Your regular six month checkups are crucial for maintaining your oral health. It is during these appointments that your dentist will carefully check your teeth for signs of decay or damage, and will be able to correct any ill-fitting devices.
Maintaining A Healthy Smile at Priti Naik DDS
We love to keep our patients in Vienna, Falls Church, and Tysons Corner happy and informed! During your appointment, we’ll share tips with you on the best foods to eat and drink for fresh breath, as well as give you pointers on flossing like a pro! Call today for an appointment (703) 288-1800! | <urn:uuid:d11f765a-dd6a-4488-8afc-9a88b86251e4> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://pritinaikdds.com/might-bad-breath-not-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121778.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00563-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941627 | 805 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Pair of Large Flagons
Pair of Large Flagons
The flagons have bluish-grey bodies with decorative elements picked out in cobalt blue. The tall bodies are of slightly tapering cylindrical form and are divided into three panels, each with a male figure in a landscape, modelled in relief, and with impressed quatrefoil motifs above. Each panel is separated by a grotesque winged creature in relief at the base, a horned mask below the lip, and a garland of foliage between. The broad lip is modelled with further motifs and the angular scroll handle with beaded and serrated ornament.
These imposing flagons are revivals of a type of pouring vessel made in Germany during the 16th and early 17th centuries. Stoneware (so-called because it is fired at a higher temperature than most pottery and is much harder) was produced on an industrial scale and plain utilitarian pots were exported all over Europe. More elaborate and costly wares with fine incised and relief decoration were also made, especially at the potteries of Siegburg and Westerwald, southeast of Cologne.
Decorated stoneware of the 16th century enjoyed a revival of interest among 19th century collectors and changed hands for high prices in the later part of the century. At the same time an enthusiasm for a patriotic “alt deutsch” style in German manufactured goods followed the unification of the Reich in 1871. With official government support, production of Westerwald stoneware in traditional styles was revived and promoted at international exhibitions. Highly original historicist wares from the 1870s onwards are particularly associated with the firms of Merkelbach und Wick and Reinhold Hanke.
The Tata flagons are not signed or marked (other than an incised number, see below) but were possibly made by one or other of these firms. They reflect this renewed antiquarian interest and draw extensively on Renaissance ornament. But they are far from exact copies. The standing figures are dressed in the type of costume seen in early 16th-century portraits by Cranach and his contemporaries; the horned masks on the upper bodies recall elaborate helmets in 16th-century parade armours, and the serrated ornament on the outer face of the handles seems to relate to the kind of silver straps sometimes made to mount such vessels.
The two flagons, although very similar, are not an exact pair and there are a number of small differences between them: one has holes on the handle for a mount, the other does not; one is slightly greyer than the other, and one has a band of laurel beneath the lip while the other has egg-and-dart. One of the two is impressed under the base (before firing) with the number 599.
Sir D.J. Tata Collection
European Decorative Art
Late 19th century CE
H 41 cm | <urn:uuid:4101bae3-382c-44a9-8db4-88f62c9eef57> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://csmvs.in/collections/pair-of-large-flagons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531762.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520061824-20220520091824-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.957364 | 652 | 2.734375 | 3 |
DaSilva Institute Approach to Seizures
According to the Epilepsy Foundation, 150,000 people are diagnosed with epilepsy every year (1). Epilepsy diminishes quality of life substantially, often debilitating sufferers with the inability to drive a car or hold down a job.
At the DaSilva Institute, we address this challenge as we do many other chronic diseases, by uncovering and abolishing the root cause with detoxification, neurotransmitter support, diet and lifestyle changes, improving mitochondrial function, gut optimization, and so much more.
Research has suggested that seizure activity occurs spontaneously in response to the blockage of certain neurotransmitters, and the presence of excessive amounts of others (2), and that diet can positively affect people whose seizures were unsuccessfully treated with medications (3). Environmental toxins can severely affect the body’s ability to maintain optimal hormone and neurotransmitter function, which can lead to seizure disorders (4). It has been our experience that utilizing these basic tools can enable the patient to return to thriving in life while supporting the body’s ability to age optimally.
(1)Shafer, P., Sirven, J. (2014). What is the prevalence of epilepsy in the United States? Retrieved June 17, 2017 from http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/epilepsy-statistics
(2)Huguenard, J. (2003). Neurotransmitter supply and demand in epilepsy. Epilepsy Currents, 3(2): 61-63. doi: 10.1046/j.1535-7597.2003.03210.x
(3)Baranano, K., Hartman, A., (2008). The ketogenic diet: uses in epilepsy and other neurologic illnesses. Current Treatment Options, 10(6): 410-419
(4)Jett, D., (2012). Chemical toxins that cause seizures. Neurotoxicology, 33(6). doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.10.005 | <urn:uuid:f8a65212-7e3a-4001-957e-89e4ad1b3b79> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://dasilvainstitute.com/epilepsy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812259.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218192636-20180218212636-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.871128 | 419 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Rare Earth Alternatives in Critical Technologies
The projects that comprise ARPA-E's REACT program, short for "Rare Earth Alternatives in Critical Technologies", are developing cost-effective alternatives to rare earths, the naturally occurring minerals with unique magnetic properties that are used in electric vehicle (EV) motors and wind generators. The REACT projects will identify low-cost and abundant replacement materials for rare earths while encouraging existing technologies to use them more efficiently. These alternatives would facilitate the widespread use of EVs and wind power, drastically reducing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.
There is a growing global shortage of rare earth materials used in magnets. The cost of these materials has increased dramatically since 2010 alone. Demand for technologies that have relied on rare earths continues to rise in a market where the overwhelming majority of the supply is produced outside of the U.S. ARPA-E provides funding for early-stage alternative technologies that reduce or eliminate the need for rare earths by developing substitutes in two key areas: EV motors and wind generators. Though domestic supply of rare earths is increasing, the demand is increasing quickly as well. Therefore, technological advances that utilize low-cost and abundant alternatives such as manganese and nickel will become increasingly vital to our national economic and energy security. Alternatives must meet or exceed the performance of their rare earth predecessors while remaining cost-competitive. With nearly one million EVs expected on the roads by 2015, the design of new motors that include little-to-no rare earth content will have positive implications for the transportation sector. Likewise, wind energy could meet 20% of the nation's electricity demand by 2030, placing increased emphasis on the need for turbines that do not rely on rare earth-based magnets to generate electricity.
Potential Impact Description:
The U.S. produces a small fraction globally of industrial rare earths. Developing alternatives to the use of rare earths has potential to reduce our dependence on these materials and will have a positive impact on our national economic and energy security.
If successful, REACT's 14 projects would support EVs and wind generators that rely on low-cost, abundant materials. Aiding the spread of these technologies would have a profound effect on the level of greenhouse gases produced in the U.S.
The transportation and electric power sectors account for nearly 75% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions each year. Better permanent magnets would support the widespread use of EVs and wind power, significantly reducing these emissions.
The U.S. spends nearly $1 billion per day on imported petroleum. Enabling the use of EVs would help insulate our economy from unexpected spikes in the price of oil. | <urn:uuid:1bf521a5-afa3-4353-b71e-bacd12de9710> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://arpa-e.energy.gov/?q=arpa-e-programs/react | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010295336/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090455-00091-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927599 | 541 | 2.875 | 3 |
Sep 25, 2019 How an electrostatic smoke precipitator works. Electrostatic smoke precipitators work by forcing dirty flue gas the gas escaping from a smokestack past two electrodes electrical terminals, which take the form of metal wires, bars, or plates inside a pipe or smokestack.
Electrostatic precipitator meaning an efficient flue gas cleaning device ESP means Electrostatic precipitator is a device have been used for over half a century to control particulate emissions or dust cleaning device in many industries like power plants boiler ,cement and steel mills.
One of the most important considerations in design and operation of the dry electrostatic precipitator ESP is the removal of the collected material from the collecting surfaces without reentraining it in the gas stream, this ensures compliance with Federal Standards MACT, State SIPS State Implementation Plans and local regulations.
electrostatic precipitator installations has grown at an accelerated pace. While much has been discussed and written on attaining collection performance with the precipitator, a major void has occurred in the identification and transfer of information needed to help reduce maintenance costs and to pre
A simple electrostatic precipitator that cleans up smoke by collecting it using high voltage electrostatics A smoke precipitator or an electrostatic precipitator is a device which removes smoke or other particles from the air using high voltage electrostatics
Jul 25 2018 The working principle of the electrostatic precipitator is quite simple It has two sets of electrodes one is positive and another is negative The negative electrodes are in the form of rod or wire mesh Positive electrodes are in the form of plates
Jan 06, 2019 Electrostatic precipitators are ubiquitous nowadays in thermal power plants due to everincreasing concern about environmental pollution. Electrostatic precipitator uses the highintensity electric field to ionise the dust particles in the air stream and then the dust particles are collected by oppositely charged collectors electrodes.
We are one of the bestknown early manufacturers of Electrostatic Air Cleaner Electrostatic Precipitator in China since 1995. ALPHAIR is a trademark held by our company on our highquality electrostatic precipitator to remove exhaust fume and odor from HVAC air systems, commercial kitchens, workshops, highend market.
Principle of operation Electrostatic precipitator casing Highvoltage insulators Donnerstag 12 September 2013 Fuzeilentext 8 areincorporatedinto the support system In weighted wire systems the discharge electrodes are held taut by weights at the lowerendofthewires
Electrostatic precipitator, a device that uses an electric charge to remove certain impuritieseither solid particles or liquid dropletsfrom air or other gases in smokestacks and other flues. The precipitator functions by applying energy only to the particulate matter being collected, without
Depending on the application, the performance of an electrostatic precipitator can be affected by several factors in a rather complicated way. Therefore, practical work with electrostatic precipitators often requires empirical information about the separation process.
Electrostatic Precipitator Facts. Electrostatic Precipitators use up to 50 less energy than equivalently sized media air cleaners. Unlike media air cleaners and cartridge collectors that can lose up to 50 of its airflow with a dirty filter, electrostatic precipitators see an airflow drop of less than 5 when dirty.
Electrostatic Precipitator Working Principles At its most basic an electrostatic precipitator is an air purification tool that uses electrostatic force to grab and hold dust and other particles It consists primarily of wires and collection plates with a high voltage applied from an electrostatic field between the wires and the collecting plate charging the air electrically and ionizing them in the process
Dec 03 2017 The principal of electrostatic Precipitator is attraction between particles having opposite charges With the help of this flue gas is made to pass through a succession chamber which is called field made of steel ducting material with vertical plates suspended from top such that they do not obstruct the flow of flue gases but horizontally divided the flow in a large numbers of parallel paths
Electrostatic precipitator meaning an efficient flue gas cleaning device ESP means Electrostatic precipitator is a device have been used for over half a century to control particulate emissions or dust cleaning device in many industries like power plants boiler cement and steel mills Electrostatic precipitators have a very high collection efficiency upto 99
Electrostatic Precipitator ESP Upgrades Operators of ESPs can benefit from upgrade solutions to extend lifetime reduce emissions and lower maintenance costs This enables you to increase the output of your plant while maintaining your Environmental Control Systems ECS
24 Electrostatic Precipitator jobs available on Apply to Field Service Engineer Steam Power Plant I open Continuous Entry Level Engineer and more Skip to Job Postings Search Close Find jobs Company reviews Find salaries Upload your resume Where you will be working
Sep 25, 2013 Electrostatic precipitator esp working function 1. Prepared by 2. ELCTROSTATIC PRINCIPLE An electrostatic precipitator ESP is an device that removes dust particles from a flowing gas such as air using the force of an induced electrostatic attraction i.e, like charges repel unlike charges attract Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that
Working of Electrostatic Precipitator An ESP works because of electrostatic attraction like charges repel unlike charges attract An ESP uses a high voltage electrostatic field to separate dust fume or mist from a gas stream The precipitator consists of vertical parallel plates collecting plateselectrodes | <urn:uuid:7f27cd78-270b-45ba-980b-c18b2e036b4f> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.spontan-aktiv.de/electrostatic-precipitator-working_25561.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141177566.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124195123-20201124225123-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.886132 | 1,151 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Based on that story, social psychologist Robert Rosenthal and Jacobsen (1968) conduct an experiment to see the impact of expections put on someone to his performance. The work of Rosenthal and Jacobsen (1968), among others, shows that teacher expectations influence student performance. Positive expectations influence performance positively, and negative expectations influence performance negatively. Rosenthal and Jacobson originally described the phenomenon as the Pygmalion Effect.
“When we expect certain behaviors of others, we are likely to act in ways that make the expected behavior more likely to occur.” (Rosenthal and Babad, 1985)Some practical tips related to Pygmallion Effect that can be implemented in our daily life if you are a teacher or leader in a company.
- Never forecast failure in the classroom or workplace. If you know a test/task is particularly difficult, tell your students/follower that the test is difficult but that you are sure that they will do well if they work hard to prepare.
- Do not participate in gripe sessions about students/follower. Faculty members/leaders who gripe about students/follower are establishing a culture of failure for their students, their department and their own teaching.
- Establish high expectations. Students/follower achieve more when faculty/company have higher expectations. When you give students/employee a difficult assignment, tell them, “I know you can do this.” If you genuinely believe that your students/employee cannot perform the assignment, postpone the assignment and re-teach the material.
Setidaknya ada 2 orang hebat yang saya tahu dari kisah hidupnya mengalami efek pygmallion ini, dimana mereka mendapatkan posititive and high expectations dari orang-orang yang mereka hormati dan sayangi sehingga memberi mereka power untuk menjadi sukses. Kedua orang tersebut adalah Darwin Silalahi (CEO Shell Indonesia) dan Handry Satriago (CEO General Electric Indonesia). | <urn:uuid:c3996625-3596-4944-9f4f-08a483f6f7ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://harrypanjaitan.blogspot.com/2015/11/pygmalion-effect-phenomenon-that-every.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609598.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528043426-20170528063426-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.813789 | 434 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Discussion Topic #2: The Broadway Musical
(Go to Communication/Discuss)
Robert Cohen. Acting One, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2007
Charles McGaw and Larry D. Clarck. Acting is Believing, 7th edition. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. 1996.
Constantin Stanislavski. An Actor Prepares. Translated by Elizabeth Reynolds Hapgood. New York: Theatre Arts Books. 1936.
1. What is the actor's function?
To turn the dramatic character developed by the playwright into a living breathing human being.
2. What is the difference between the actor and the character he is creating?
The actor is the artist, the character is the work of art. The problem is that they inhabit the same body. According to Jeremy Kareken, a member of the Theatre Discussion List, acting is "infusing a play's character with the life of the actor; it's offering up the soul of personality."
Mark Twain - Hal Holbrook - Hal Holbrook as Mark TwainHal Holbrook (1925- ) has portrayed 19th century American writer and humorist Mark Twain in a one man show entitled Mark Twain Tonight! since its premiere on a Pennsylvania college campus in 1954. His first public appearence as Mark Twain was on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1956. He staged his one man show Off-Broadway in 1958 and on Broadway in 1966, 1977 and 2005. He has performed on stage as Mark Twain longer than Samuel Langhorne Clemens (the real Mark Twain). Watch Hal Holbrook, as Mark Twain, exponding upon "Man, the reasoning animal" from Mark Twain Tonight! (1967)
Mark Twain Lecturing, 1866 Mark Twain (1835-1910) was a well known, and very successful, 19th century lecturer. In October 1866, at the age of 31, he began his first lecture tour, speaking at 16 stops in northern California and western Nevada on his experiences in the Sandwich Islands. He delivered his lectures in a halting, whimsical manner. His speaking style was far from professional, but it fit the taste of his audience. A critic at the San Francisco Evening Bulletin wrote: “He displayed not the polish of the finished lecturer - nor did he need it; the crude, quaint delivery was infinitely preferable." His last speaking appearance was at a Benefit Concert for the Mark Twain Library in Redding, Connecticut in September 1909, seven months before his death. He gave nearly 1000 lectures, speeches or public readings during his long speaking career. For more information on Twain's lecture career,
go to http://steamboattimes.com/mark_twain_lecturing.html.
3. What is the mechanical external approach to acting, and how does it differ from the psychological internal approach?
In the external approach, the actor re-creates (without becoming emotionally involved) the external signs of the character's emotions.
In the internal approach, the character grows from within the actor.The actor is personally involved with the character.
4. Who was Francois Delsarte?
Francois Delsarte (1811-1871) was a French actor, opera singer, and teacher who believed that a character's emotional state could be projected to the audience through a formal set of gestures, postures, and physical attitudes.
What was the "Delsarte System?"
Delsarte's ideas on how a character's emotional state could be projected to the audience was the foundation of the Delsarte System of Expression published in 1885 by Genevieve Stebbins (1857-1914). This system was used during the last fifteen years of the 19th century in the actor training programs at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and Emerson's School of Oratory. Although the this approach was replaced by the Stanislavski method in the early 20th centry, the influence of Delsarte can still be seen in American Modern Dance.
The Delsarte Exercises to the left, from Pastimes at Home and School: A Practical Manual of Delsarte Exercises and Elocution (1897) illustrate a posture for discovery, mourning, and supplication. This formal, conventional, often melodramatic approach to acting can be seen in silent films such as DW Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925) starring Lon Chaney. Links are to the film's entry in the Internet Movie Database.
Lon Chaney in Phantom of the Opera (1925) : The Unmasking Scene
5. Who was Constantin Stanislavski?
Stanislavski (1863-1938) was a Russian actor and director who developed a "method" to train his fellow actors at the Moscow Art Theatre. He wanted his actors to discover, and project, the "inner truth" of the character, so the performance would be real to the audience.
With which approach is he associated?
Psychological internal. As Norman B. Schwartz has posted to the Theatre Discussion ListKS [Stanislavski] felt that when an actor truly experienced what the character was living under imaginary circumstances, the many layers of meaning in the play would be revealed in a way that would rid it of cliches. He contended that his method of acting was more effective than illustration or indication of emotion by calculated poses and tricks of voice and gesture. If the actor believed in the imaginary circumstances, revealing the subtleties of the text by truthful action rather than rhetoric, the audience would see things in the play that had been hidden previously by poor or lazy acting. KS insisted upon more [from] the actor, and particularly [from] an ensemble of actors, than many directors who preceded him.
(Il Professore, Theatre Discussion List, 2000)
6. When did he live?
Stanislavski was born in 1863 and died in 1938. His method was developed during the first two decades of the 20th century. He wrote four books, two of which were published after his death: My Life in Art (1924), An Actor Prepares (1936), Building a Character (1949), and Creating a Role (1961).
7. What was the American home of the Stanislavski method?
The American home of "The Method" is the Actor's Studio, founded in 1947 by Elia Kazan (the director of Streetcar Named Desire), Robert Lewis and Cheryl Crawford. Only about 1100 artists have been admitted to Studio membership. Collectively, they have received more than 150 Oscar, Tony and Emmy awards. The Actor's Studio, which is not a school, was formed to provide a place where professional actors could work together between jobs or during long runs to continue to develop their craft.
Who was its master teacher?
Lee Strasburg (1901-1982). In 1979 he joined George Burns and Art Carney in a film comedy about three retired men who were Going in Style. Watch the brief scene from Going in Style, where the three men discuss the idea of robbing a bank. (A YouTube video). The character of "Willie" is played by 78 year old Lee Strasburg.
8. Who was its first celebrated pupil?
Marlon Brando (1924-2004). Other actors who are part of the studio include Alec Baldwin, Robert DeNiro, Sally Field, Gene Hackman, Dustin Hoffman, Dennis Hopper, Walter Matthau, Jack Nicholson, Al Pacino, and Gene Wilder.
What was his (Marlon Brando's) first major New York success?
Tennessee William's Streetcar Named Desire (1948) which was directed by Eli Kazan, one of the founders of the Actor's Studio.
9. Briefly outline the seven steps of the Stanislavskian approach (or method) to acting?
10. How can an actor prepare his body and voice for the stage?
An actor can prepare his voice by taking voice (singing) lessons and his body by taking fencing (sword fighting) lessons. Voice class isn't just for singers. Learning how to control your instrument (voice and body) and produce volume and/or change your timbre, resonance, or pitch without injury is a basic part of an actor's "tool kit." He must learn to sensitize his instrument, his body, to respond to the emotional or attitudinal demands of his character. If an actor is cast in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet or Hamlet, Alexandre Dumas, pere's The Three Musketeers or Count of Monte Cristo or Edmond Rostand's The Cyrano de Bergerac, training in the safe use of a blade (sword) could come in handy. Watch the final swordfight from Shakespeare's Hamlet as staged by Laurence Olivier (1948), Franco Zeffirelli (1990), Kenneth Branagh (1996), and Michael Almereyda (2000) (A YouTube video).
11. What is stage technique?
The skill necessary to adapt everyday life to the conventions of the stage. There are techniques for walking, pointing, talking on the telephone, opening a door, sitting in a chair, firing a gun, eating food, etc.
12. Why must an actor be a skilled observer of life?
Because it is one of his primary research tools. He builds his character from these observations.
13. What is emotional recall?
The actor's ability to recall an experience from his past, and re-live that experience on stage.
The magic if?
The actor, asking himself, "If I was this character, what would I do?"
Many actors will create a detailed history for their character, a "back story" which goes deeper than the playwright's exposition. When the Aberdeen Community Theatre produced John Patrick Shanley's Doubt, A Parable, a 2004 drama about child preditors in the priesthood of the Roman Catholic church, the director had each actor develop a detailed history of their character. These five actors revealed their character's history during the actor-audience discussion after the final performance. Watch these five performers reveal their character's back story in this YouTube video.
14. What is the difference between a character's text and his sub-text?
The text is the lines written by the playwright. The sub-text is the meaning behind those lines. It is the "action" which is implied instead of stated.The cast should have a shared immersion in the playwright's text. Not an immersion that provides all the answers, but one that offers multiple possibilities. Such an immersion does two things:
- It forces the actor to make choices, rather than respond in a way predetermined either by themselves or by their director, and
- It makes them respectful of the choices made by the other actors in the ensemble.
(Ed Pixley, Theatre Discussion List, 2000)
What is a character's spine, or major objective?
A character's spine, using Stanislavski's terminology, is the character's major goal or objective, the internal force which drives the character's choices. For example, Hamlet's spine may be to cleanse the court of Denmark.
15. Why must the actor concentrate on the character he is creating?
It is the actor's concentration which makes it possible to ignore everything else that is happening on stage and focus his attention on the character he is creating.
16. What is an actor's most difficult problem?
To make each performance new and fresh. To make the audience believe that this is the first time that this "happening" is occuring. The secret to keeping a perfomance fresh is listening. As Broadway director Warren Enters has said "Acting is about listening and responding honestly. If you really are listening you will be able to react honestly to what you are hearing. It is about being absolutely present in the moment and listening."
Be sure to read, and perhaps even try, the four simple exercises in "Stagecraft: Basic Acting Exercises" on pages 42 and 43 of the text.
17. What is a performance?
Anytime a show is presented before an audience. An audience is anyone watching the show who is not directly involved in the production.
How does it differ from a rehearsal?
There is no audience (except for the director) for a rehearsal.
18. How does the audience participate in a performance?
By reacting (laughing, for example) to the actor's performance.
19. How does the audience participation effect the performance of a play?
The actors will react to the audience's reaction, creating a circular response. If it's a "good house" (meaning a responsive audience) the performance will build and the audience's response will get stronger. Obviously if it's a "poor house" (an un-responsive audience) both the quality of the performance and the audience's reaction will slide down hill. Every audience is different, so every performance is different. A professional actor, who performs eight times a week, will usually admit that the best audience is on the week-end (especially after they have had a "little bit of liquid refreshment") and the least responsive (and typically oldest) audience is at the Wednesday matinee.
20. Why do many writers not include films and television in their definition of theatre?
Because in a film or television performance, the actor can not respond to the audience's reactions. The actor's performance is "locked," and will not (and can not) be changed.
21. What is aesthetic distance?
The mental force which reminds the audience that they are in a theatre, and what is happening on stage is not real. It is the force which pulls the audience out of the play.
The mental force which tells the audience that these characters on stage are "real people" with real problems, and they should be concerned with these people's problems. It is the force which pulls the audience into the play.
22. What is the difference between illusion, delusion, and reality, as it pertains to a live theatre production?
Illusion: The audience knows what is happening on stage is not real, but will accept it as real for the two hours of the show. English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) refered to this as the "willing suspension of disbelief."
Delusion: The audience believes what is happening on stage is real, but they are innocent bystanders, and are not involved in the action.
Reality: The audience not only believes what is happening on stage is real, but believe that it is happening to them.
23. Which is the standard audience reaction of an adult audience?
Of a children's audience?
24. What is the economic reality of the acting profession?
An actor spends much of his time out of work. There may be two or three months between shows. For every fifteen auditions, he is lucky to be cast in one show. In 2013 the minimum weekly salary (or "scale") for a New York based Equity actor ranged from $ 650 (for a small 200 seat off-Broadway house) to $ 1,807 (for a first class Broadway production). An actor's income is very unstable. He may make less than a thousand dollars one season, and fifty thousand the next. (Note: An Equity actor, making "scale," would earn $ 94,235 per year.) Since an actor spends a huge amount of time unemployed (as a performer), most have other jobs (as a waiter, secretary, salesman, teacher, model, etc) that they rely on for their "bread and butter."
25. Why is an actor "always on the road?"
Outside of New York, LA, and possibily Chicago a professional actor is usually unable to find enough shows in one community to make a living. So he will perform for four weeks in Seattle, then do six weeks in Atlanta, five weeks in Minneapolis, etc.
Be sure to read "Photo Essay: Actor Patrick Stewart" starting on page 49 of the text.
26. Which union represents the actor in the live American theatre?
AEA, the Actor's Equity Association. AEA is a member of the Associated Actors and Artistes of America, an umbrella organization which includes...
The Hebrew Actors Union (HAU), which was founded in 1899, making it the first actor's union in the United States, was declared "defunct" (because of lack of membership) by the Associated Actors and Artistes of America in October 2005.
- SAG-AFTRA which formed in 2012 with the merger of SAG, the Screen Actors Guild, which represents the film actor and AFTRA, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, which represents the radio and television performer;
- AGMA, the American Guild of Musical Artists, which represents the opera singer, ballet dance and modern dancer;
- AGVA, the American Guild of Variety Artists, which represents the Vegas Show Girl, stand-up comic, magician, exotic dancer and the Radio City Rockettes, and
- GIAA, the Guild of Italian American Actors, which promotes a positive image of the Italian American in film and television.
27. How do you become a member of this union?
You become a member of Equity when you are cast in an Equity production. You may also join Equity through its fifty week "Membership Candidate Program." The candidate learns the art through nearly a years experience in the acting company of Equity approved theatres. | <urn:uuid:927e9d73-611c-4904-8747-0b0cdeda9164> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www3.northern.edu/wild/th100/_Chapt3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542213.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00408-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966566 | 3,644 | 2.78125 | 3 |
History of present illness: the existence of serious injuries and burns and inadequate immunization.
- Respiratory System: dyspnea, and cyanosis asphyxia due to contraction of the respiratory bibs.
- Cardiovascular System: dysrhythmias, tachycardia, hypertension and bleeding, the body temperature initially 38-40 ° C or febrile up to the terminal 43-44 ° C.
- Neurologic System: irritability (early), weakness, convulsions (late), paralysis of one or several nerves of the brain.
- Urinary System : urine retention (bladder distention and no urine output / oliguria)
- Digestive System: constipation due to no bowel movements.
- Integument and muskuloskletal System: tingling at the site of wound pain, sweating (hyper-hydration), was originally preceded trismus, spasm of the facial muscle contractions to increase the eyebrows, risus sardonicus, stiff muscles and difficulty swallowing.
- If this continues there will be a status of general convulsions and seizures.
Nursing Diagnosis for Tetanus
1. Ineffective airway clearance
2. Ineffective Breathing Pattern
4. Altered Nutrition: Less than body requirements
5. Risk of fluid and electrolyte imbalance
6. Risk for injury
7. Knowledge deficient
8. Disturbed sleep pattern
Hyperthermia Nursing Care Plan for Tetanus | <urn:uuid:117d3f84-045d-4d55-9672-1cbcc793c472> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://blog-nursingcareplan.blogspot.com/2012/06/nursing-care-plan-for-tetanus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737911339.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221831-00245-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.758304 | 307 | 2.984375 | 3 |
To inculcate good eating habits in children, parents must play an important role in shaping the eating habits of their children. As a parent or guardian, here are a few things you should know.
Exposing your children to a range of healthy foods and start introducing it when they’re very young. Cheap, poor-quality foods of convenience aren’t appropriate for anyone of any age (or anyone at all). Provide guidance but be careful when it comes to strictly forbidding and avoiding food. If you’re stocking the house with food, most of the control will be in your hands by default. However, as kids get older and spend more time with friends and away from their parents, they will make their own decisions. It’s important to teach them honestly as opposed to dictating forcefully. Developing a solid foundation of healthy eating habits at home will go a long way.
An easy way to maintain perspective is to ask yourself why people eat? Ultimately, the reason is (or should be) to provide life-giving nourishment to our bodies. Basing your food choices on the nourishment your body needs instead of the junk food that looks tasty is one strategy for making better choices.
Of course, it is not always easy to maintain a healthy diet. For example, many people don’t have the time or desire to cook at home. For others, natural or organic ingredients may be less available. It can also be difficult to consistently follow a balanced diet. When you consider all the macro and micro-nutrients your body needs on a daily basis, it’s not difficult to understand why many people may not receive the complete nutrition they need. In those instances, vitamins and natural supplements can be a great way to fill the gaps between your nutritional requirements and your nutritional intake. | <urn:uuid:b71e4451-ff89-4c5c-b4d4-6ac3c2c38149> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://acceleratetv.com/inculcating-good-eating-habits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647671.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321160816-20180321180816-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.952654 | 372 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A Finnish organisation that specialises in training animals in scent detection, Wise Nose, is training a total of 16 dogs for the project, 10 of which are eventually expected to be able to work at the airport. Working in shifts of two, four of them – ET, Kossi, Miina and Valo – started on Wednesday.
After collecting their luggage, arriving international passengers are asked to dab their skin with a wipe. In a separate booth, the beaker containing the wipe is then placed next to others containing different control scents – and the dog starts sniffing.
If it indicates it has detected the virus – usually by yelping, pawing or lying down – the passenger is advised to take a free standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, using a nasal swab, to verify the dog’s verdict.
Dogs are also able to identify Covid-19 from a much smaller molecular sample than PCR tests (said Helsinski Airport) needing only 10-100 molecules to detect the presence of the virus compared with the 18m needed by laboratory equipment.
Although Covid-19 is known to infect mink and cats, dogs do not have the receptors necessary for the virus to readily gain a foothold and do not appear to be easily infected (Hielm-Bjorkman).There is no evidence that they can transmit the virus to people or other animals.
Researchers in countries including Australia, France, Germany and Britain are reportedly working on similar projects but Finland is the first country in Europe to put dogs to work sniffing out the coronavirus. A similar trial started at Dubai international airport last month. | <urn:uuid:c2345a3f-8480-4f09-a0ba-cd251484980c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://palmerranchvet.com/blog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487634616.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618013013-20210618043013-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.950489 | 337 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Prototyping is an important tool in arki_lab’s teaching method. In our prototyping workshops we use soda boxes as a building material. Creating prototypes in this way is a great way to learn about physical features of space (such as the scale) and to have a pro-active approach in the transformation of local urban spaces. We use prototyping in our citizen involvement projects as a fun way of engaging different citizen groups. Therefore, we strongly believe that it also represents an engaging way of communicating urban design with the community.
Besides applying this tool while working with the youth (see our Schoolyard project at Blågård Skole), it also works very well with the adults. Jeannete participated in the international conference called Urban Spaces 3 last September in Århus, where she conducted a prototyping workshop. The theme of the conference was Children, City and Space – Education and Involvement, focusing on development of architectural experitize in educating children and adolescents. For this occasion, Jeanette conducted a prototyping workshop with the participants of the conference, and received a very positive feedback. In the final report Signe Sindberg points out:
“In a short time and with simple materials we had created our own model of urban furniture, and a dream for improving an urban space.”
Stay tuned about our new school design projects coming up this spring, where we will be doing more prototyping along with CoCityApp intervention.
Blog author: Ognjen Sobat
Share this Post | <urn:uuid:cd0fb9fd-4e4c-4ffe-bf84-2fd5b97bc4f9> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.arkilab.dk/prototyping-arki_lab/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587608.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024235512-20211025025512-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.939748 | 315 | 2.640625 | 3 |
19. How Music Education Brought Itself to a Dead End
The key power of any activity is motivation, the need for the activity. The need is formed by society. That which is wanted and cared about is developed by new dimensions. Unpopular knowledge disappears. In an illiterate society, the necessity of books disappears. In a society in which only the few can read sheet music, music literature is kept in reserves – rare, specialized music stores.
Was it ever otherwise? I won’t embellish the situation: the majority of society has always been musically illiterate. But earlier, more people persistently aimed for a music education; at the time, it was in demand. In order to fill one’s life with music, a person had to be able to play, and to listen to music as it was performed live. Any person that was able to play a music instrument, and freely play from notes, was treated with respect and held in high regard. Because of this, people of all social classes tried to learn music grammar.
However, only affluent people could afford access to a proper music education. The ability to understand and perform serious music was considered to be one of the highest honors. People bowed before a “talented musician.” High society spent its spare time in opera theatres and philharmonic orchestras. The “average people” were drawn to these spectacles, so that at least in the gallery, while standing, they’d get an opportunity to hear good music. The elite often opened musical salons and invited concert virtuosos to them. Without proper music lessons, the education of the aristocracy wasn’t considered to be ‘proper,’ and because of this the middle class treated music with immense respect.
These were the past couple of centuries, the “Golden Age” of musical progress. It was stylish to listen to and understand different genres of music. Society wasn’t lacking listeners and admirers; there were more than enough! Society needed talented, bright performers, whose masterful playing could stun the listener, cheer him, and touch him. “The Golden Age” formed the elite system of music education. Music pedagogy rarely trifled with the “average joes.”
The music institutions of Europe passionately busied themselves with the art of professional performance. The upbringing of new virtuosos – that is what brought the educators pleasure! The need of people with ordinary musical gifts didn’t interest them at all. Why waste time on “the ungifted masses” when you could take a talented student and make a name for yourself through him? This was the motto of most music educators of the time. As a whole, it is still the same motto today.
As a rule, music talents reveal themselves from early childhood. They are exceptionally convenient for the educator: there’s no reason to hurt one’s head trying to think up special methods in order to develop the music ear or memory. The assignment is simplified: using the ready-made abilities of the student, one only needs to develop the technique of his playing and help him to reach the professional level.
Imagine a gardener that can’t grow flowers from seeds. He buys grown bushes, aids their growth a little further, and prides himself on the splendid plants. And so convinced is he of his method that he proclaims that all seeds are incorrigible and a useless invention!
Just like him, music educators have declared that untalented students are hopeless. They don’t want to sow the seeds, to create and develop the music ear, music memory, intonation of voice, and sense of rhythm. The criterion for admission into music schools has become the population’s musical abilities. For the duration of the past century, graduates had to undergo special tests in which they were required to sing a melody while hammering out a different rhythm, and to separate movements from the intervals by ear.
But the greatest filter for the children who weren’t “gifted enough” was the very process of education itself. It was consciously oriented towards those that didn’t need to develop their music ears. It is a fact that since then, music education hasn’t changed much! It is still oriented towards gifted people, and doesn’t leave any chances for the rest, even if they really want to learn.
Music education doesn’t want to become that which it must be: an enlightening activity. It has irresponsibly isolated the selected few from the rest, and for the most part, has ceased to be pedagogy. It is exactly from this that so many absurdities, mistakes, and obnoxious habits stem into our music schools! The language of music’s scorn for most people. The inability to develop hearing and voice in ordinary people. The demand that each beginner must be made into a concert master. The persistent need to ‘get with the program’, or better, to get ahead of it. Lack of tolerance for mistakes in the performance of beginners. Disdainful regard for “amateurs,” yet an infinite inability to understand that music is a necessity to every person for his personal spiritual and creative growth.
Unlike the rest of our economy, our music education system doesn’t have a “middle class”; there are only the narrow group of elites and the completely illiterate majority. Nobody wants to understand that this situation is on the path to the degradation and fall of music as an art form. | <urn:uuid:1f9b008c-c635-47a2-8061-2a48809e12fd> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://pianolearningsoftware.com/pages/19-how-music-education-brought-itself-to-a-dead-end | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814036.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222061730-20180222081730-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.975264 | 1,157 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Georgia Intriguing State and Cities Historical Sites
Take a trip back in time and experience of how local ancestors lived and surved in the olden days. Visit Georgia State and Cities Historic Sites for a view of Georgia past treasures that you can enjoy today. Click on light blue links for more info.
Chief Vann House State Historic Site - During the 1790s, James Vann became a Cherokee Indian leader and wealthy businessman. He established the largest and most prosperous plantation in the Cherokee Nation, covering 1000 acres of Murray County. In 1804 he constructed a beautiful brick home that was the most elegant in the Cherokee Nation. Visitors can tour the best preserved historic Cherokee Indian home. Featuring beautiful hand carvings, a 'floating' staircase and and fine antiques. Address: 82 Georgia Hwy 225 N, Chatsworth Georgia 30705
Dahlonega Gold Museum State Historic Site - 20 years before the famed 1849 gold rush in California, thousands of prospectors flocked into the Cherokee Nation in north Georgia, marking the true beginning of our country's first gold rush. Their dramatic story is told inside the historic 1836 Lumpkin County Courthouse. It is the oldest courthouse in Georgia. Address: #1 Public Square, Dahlonega Georgia 30533
Etowah Indian Mounds State Historic Site - Home to several thousand Native Americans between 1000 A.D. to 1550 A.D., this 54-acre site contains 6 earthen mounds, a plaza, village area, borrow pits and defensive ditch. Many artifacts show how the natives decorated themselves with shell beads, tattoos, paint, complicated hairdos, feathers and copper ear ornaments. It is the most intact Mississippian Culture site in the Southeast U.S. A nature trail leads to the Etowah River and winds through the forest, See how early Americans used native trees.Address: 813 Indian Mounds Rd SE, Cartersville GA 30120
Fort King George State Historic Site - Georgia's first colonial British garrison, is located at the mouth of the Altamaha river and contains the brick ruins of its early sawmill operation and a small graveyard. Address: 1600 Wayne St, Darien GA 31305
Fort Morris Historic Site - This Revolutionary War fort was captured by the British in 1779 and used again by Americans during the War of 1812. When the Continental Congress convened in 1776, the delegates recognized the importance of a fort to protect their growing seaport from the British. Soon afterwards, a low bluff on the Medway River at Sunbury was fortified and garrisoned by 200 patriots. When the British demanded the fort's surrender, on November 25, 1778, the defiant Col. John McIntosh replied "Come and Get It!" Visit Fort Morris to see what happened. Today, visitors can stand within the earthwork remains and view scenic Saint Catherine's Sound. Address: 2559 Fort Morris Rd, Midway Georgia 31320
Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation Historic Site - This beautiful plantation represents the history and culture of Georgia's rice coast. In the early 1800s, William Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River. The family continued to grow rice until 1913. Today, a museum features silver from the family collection and a model of the plantation during its heyday. Tour the 1850s antebellum home and museum. A guided tour shows us the home with family heirlooms, 18th and 19th century furniture and Cantonese china. Address:5556 U.S. Hwy 17 North, Brunswick Georgia 31525
Jarrell Plantation Historic Site -
Nestled in the red clay hills of Georgia, this cotton plantation was owned by a single family for more than 140 years. It survived Gen. Sherman's 'March to the Sea', typhoid fever, Emancipation, Reconstruction, the cotton boil weevil, the advent of steam power, and a transition from faring to forestry. In 1895 a sawmill, cotton gin, gristmill, shingle mill, planer, sugar cane press, syrup evaporator, workshop, barn and outbuildings were added to the Jarrell Plantation farm. Address: 711 Jarrell Plantation Rd, Juliette Georgia 31046
Jefferson Davis Memorial Historic Site- When Confederate President Jefferson Davis and a few remaining staff members crossed the Savannah River into Georgia on May 3, 1865, they were headed for the Western Theater of War where Davis planned to unite rebel forces and continue fighting for the "lost cause." On May 9th, they camped in this pine forest, not knowing that pursuit was so close behind. At dawn, they were surrounded by two independent groups of Union Calvary who were unaware of each other's presence. Davis was taken prisoner. Today, a monument marks the spot where he was arrested. You can tour the 13 acre historic site that includes a museum, short trail, picnic tables, gift shop and group picnic shelter. Address: 338 Jeff Davis Park Road, Fitzgerald Georgia 31750
Lapham-Patterson House Historic Site - This south Georgia house museum is a one-of-a-kind building. Built between 1884-85 as a winter cottage for prosperous shoe merchant, Larmon, from Cincinnat. The house was well equipped with its own gas lighting system, hot and cold water, indoor plumbing and modern closets. There are no right angles in the cottage, and nothing is centered or symmetrical. The 19 rooms have 45 doors and 53 windows. Due to its outstanding architectural significance, the Lapham-Patterson House was named a National Historic Landmark in 1975.
Address: 626 N. Dawson St, Thomasville Georgia 31792
New Echota Cherokee State Historic Site - In 1825, the Cherokee national legislature established a capital called New Echota at the headwaters of the Oostanaula River. It was the site of the first Indian language newspaper office, a court case that carried over to the Supreme Court. Visitors can see several original and reconstructed buildings, including the council House, Court House, print shop, Missionary Samuel Worcester's home, an 1805 store, outbuildings, smoke houses, corn cribs and barns, and Visitor Center.
Address: 1211 Chatsworth Hwy NE, Calhoun Georgia 30701
Pickett's Mill Battleground State Historic Site - Visit one of the best preserved Civil War battlefields in the nation. Visitors can travel roads used by Federal and Confederate troops, see earthworks constructed by them, and walk through the same ravine where hundreds died. Address: 432 Mt Tabor Church Rd, Dallas Georgia 30132
Robert Toombs House Historic Site - A legend in his own time, Robert Toombs was a successful planter and lawyer who led a turbulent career as state legislator, U.S. Congressman and Senator. "Defend yourselves; the enemy is at your door!" thundered Toombs in 1860. In 1870, as the Reconstruction Era drew to a close in Georgia, Toombs felt that Georgia should live under a constitution of her own making. His last service to Georgia was helping create the Constitution of 1877, which was not amended until 1945. Visitors are welcome to tour the house and grounds, view exhibits and displays. Enjoy a dramatic film portraying an elderly Toombs relating his story to a young reporter. Address: 216 East Robert Toombs Ave., Washington GA
Roosevelt's Little White House State Historic Site - Franklin D. Roosevelt built this home in 1932, while governor of New York. He came to warm Springs in 1924 to find a cure for polio. Swimming in the warm spring waters brought him no miracle cure, but it did bring improvement. Visitors can tour his home just as it was when he left it for the last time. Includes the servant and guest quarters, the Walk of American Stone and Flats, and the historic pools complex that first brought the future president here. Address: 401 Little White House Rd, Warm Springs GA
Wormsloe State Historic Site - A breathtaking avenue lined with live oaks leads to the tabby ruins of Wormsloe, the colonial estate constructed by Noble Jones, one of Georgia's first settlers. Jones served as constable, Indian agent, surveyor, and member of the Royal Council. Visitors can view artifacts excavated from Wormsloe and a film about the founding of the 13th colony. Address: 7601 Skidaway Rd, Savannah Georgia 31406 | <urn:uuid:ba8b97c2-e3fa-4702-9f35-da076a3052b6> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.n-georgia.com/site_historic.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860113541.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161513-00075-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942655 | 1,747 | 2.828125 | 3 |
• Be aware of internal temperatures – Included in this article is a table of the appropriate temperatures for the various types of proteins. Instant-read thermometers can ensure foods are outside the temperature danger zones.
• Use different utensils for raw and fully-cooked foods – Swap out the tongs and/or plate that was used for the raw foods. This is important for when grilling - fully cooked burgers should get a clean plate!
• Use caution with leftovers – If in doubt, throw them out! One of the most common sources of food poisoning is consumption of unsafe leftovers. If food has been out appropriate temperature ranges for more than an hour, consider it tainted and pitch it! You will be glad you did!
• Don’t thaw foods on the counter – The recommended method of thawing foods is to put frozen foods in the refrigerator. This keeps them at safe temperatures as they unfreeze; although keep in mind; this will require more planning ahead of time.
• Pay attention to the color, smell and texture – If you are questioning if a foods looks or smells “off”, go with your gut and throw it away.
• Separate raw and cooked foods – When packing a picnic, separate the uncooked foods from ready to eat chow.
• Stay in tune with CDC recall alerts –Each season, there are recalls and food safety messages that the CDC sends out to make customers aware of contaminated foods in the grocery stores.
EQUIPPING communities to grow sustainable wellness solutions
EMPOWERING people to create a culture of wellness where they live, work, play and learn
Website by DH Consulting | <urn:uuid:583e8931-d630-40ed-b7c0-4bae2fffa201> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.mowerrefreshed.org/news/dont-let-food-spoilage-spoil-your-picnic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202506.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321072128-20190321094128-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.929798 | 341 | 3.328125 | 3 |
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Climate change and sea-level rise based on observed data
Temperature and sea levels have risen across Australia since regular observations began in the early 20th century.
At a glance
The global land and sea temperature record shows that temperatures have risen by about 1.0oC since 1850.
- Since 1901, global mean sea level has risen by about 19 cm.
- In Australia, trends in temperature and sea level broadly follow those at a global scale. Seven of the ten warmest years on record since 1910 have occurred since 2005.
Climate changes on all timescales, from short-term fluctuations such as El Niño events through to glacial-interglacial fluctuations that last many thousands of years. Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are just one cause of climate change. We call this cause of climate change global warming, or the enhanced greenhouse effect. Both can be used: some people say that ‘global warming’ is incorrect, because the warming is not the same everywhere – some places are warming more than others, and there is even an area of the North Atlantic that is cooling. But in fact both terms are widely accepted.
Global warming has affected our climate since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the Northern Hemisphere, or about 1750 (for an explanation of how global warming works, see Causes of climate change).
To understand weather and climate fluctuation in time and space, we need reliable and consistent records—these are measurements at the same time of day taken by the same instruments. This standardisation took place gradually through the nineteenth century, with widespread adoption of the Stevenson screen from the 1880s, and the Symonds rain gauge from the 1890s. More recently, we have evidence from satellites, starting in 1978 with temperature data. Box 1 gives a brief introduction to the history of meteorological observations in Australia.
Box 1: Meteorological observations in Australia.
Formal measurement of the weather using meteorological instruments began within months of the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, when Lieutenant William Dawes set up an astronomical observatory (Figure B.1) and commenced recording weather observations. Dawes’ recordings are held by the Royal Society in London (see Figure B.2).
For a very long time there was no common standard for observing equipment, but by 1910 the newly-formed Australian Bureau of Meteorology had established standardised equipment across much of the country.
Up to 2007, the highest temperature record for Australia was 53.1oC, recorded at Cloncurry on 16 January, 1889. However, because this was measured by a thermometer located in a beer crate, the record was set aside in 2007, and replaced by a new record of 50.7oC, measured on 3 January, 1960 in a Stevenson screen located at Oodnadatta in South Australia.
In 2011, the Bureau had 774 temperature recording sites and nearly 6000 rain gauges operating across Australia.
Sources of information: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/acorn-sat/, https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/21/1074360834960.html (both accessed 24 May 2016).
Observations from around the world, including satellite observations, can be used to understand how global warming is affecting temperatures. Figure 1 shows the global long-term trend, constructed by averaging from all records over the land and sea (sea surface temperatures are measured by ships and, more recently, by satellite). The temperature has risen by about 1oC since the start of the record in 1850. Figure 2 shows the spatial patterns of this warming. Despite widespread warming throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, there is still one area of the world that is unaffected, in the NW Atlantic.
Animation: Global warming from 1880 to 2017: http://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/139/ (accessed 12 March 2018). Source: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Centre Scientific Visualization Studio. Data provided by Robert B. Schmunk (NASA/GSFC GISS).
Global rainfall patterns
Rainfall is highly variable in time and in space, and so it is difficult to identify long-term trends in the midst of all the background noise caused by natural variability. One of the major drivers of rainfall variability at the global scale is ENSO, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (see Australia's current climate). On average, the world is getting more precipitation (rainfall plus snow) now than it did 100 years ago, although in some regions the trend has been toward decrease. Global trends are shown in Figure 3.
Working out whether the occurrence of extreme events has changed over time is not straightforward. These events, by definition, occur only rarely, and therefore the sample size for analysis is small making it difficult to (i) identify trends and (ii) (even more difficult) attribute them to global warming. We can say with some confidence that the frequency and duration of heat waves is increasing over some land areas, including Australia. Heavy rainfall events also seem to be happening more often, and with greater intensity over some land areas.
One of the outcomes from global warming is sea-level rise, caused by thermal expansion and melting of ice caps and glaciers. Since 1955, something like 90% of the excess heat produced by global warming has gone into the oceans, so thermal expansion is an important component of sea-level rise. Over the period 1901 to 2010, global mean sea level rose by around 0.19 m.
Changes over Australia
The average surface temperature over Australia and the surrounding oceans have increased by1oC since the beginning of the 20th century (Figure 5 left-hand side). Seven of the ten warmest years on record have occurred since 2005. There are spatial differences, with some areas warming faster than others, (Figure 5 right-hand side) but nowhere has cooled.
Since the mid 1990s, there have substantial long-term changes in rainfall over the continent:
- a significant increase in wet season rainfall over NW Australia (Figure 6 left)
- a declining trend over southwest Australia (Figure 6 right)
- a 15% reduction in late autumn and early winter rainfall in southeast Australia (Figure 6 right).
Sea levels have risen around Australia since the beginning of the 20th century, with a faster rate (partly due to natural variability) since 1993. There are geographical variations, with higher sea-level rise observed in the north and rates similar to the global average observed in the south and east.
We thank the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO for permissions to reproduce Figures 5 and 6.
Australian Academy of Science, 2015: The Science of Climate Change: Questions and Answers. Canberra. Accessed 29 May 2018. [Available online at https://www.science.org.au/learning/general-audience/science-booklets-0/science-climate-change/2-how-has-climate-changed].
Hartmann, D.L., and Colleagues, 2013: Observations: Atmosphere and Surface. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M.Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Accessed 15 June 2016. [Available online at https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2017/09/WG1AR5_Chapter02_FINAL.pdf].
IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policy Makers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M.Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Accessed 24 May 2016 [Available online at https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf]
McAfee, R.J., 1978: William Dawes: Australias first 'meteorologist'. Australian Meteorological Magazine 26(3), 79-83. Accessed 24 May 2016. [Available online at http://www.bom.gov.au/jshess/docs/1978/mcafee.pdf].
Morice, C.P., J.J. Kennedy, N.A. Rayner, and P.D. Jones, 2012: Quantifying uncertainties in global and regional temperature change using an ensemble of observational estimates: the HadCRUT4 dataset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117(D8). | <urn:uuid:0e884f74-2d2e-45c4-a08e-268bc8c0be5a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://coastadapt.com.au/climate-change-and-sea-level-rise-based-observed-data | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886516.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704170556-20200704200556-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.904503 | 1,911 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Serena Klippenstein, Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan
FABA BEANS ARE grown both for grain and as a green manure rotational crop in Saskatchewan, however there is little recent information on nutrient requirements of modern faba bean cultivars grown under prairie conditions. As legumes can obtain much of the nitrogen (N) they need from the air through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in the nodules on their roots, knowing the contribution of BNF in pulse crops like faba beans is important when selecting crops to use in rotation that can help maintain soil N fertility. Not only must nutrient requirements be met for a target faba bean crop yield, but nutrients removed by faba bean harvest should be accounted for to maintain fertility for successive cropping years. To address this need, a recent collaborative study at the University of Saskatchewan in the Soil Science Department and the Crop Development Centre looked at faba bean yield, nutrient uptake and removal over two years at four sites in the Dark Brown, Black and Gray soil zones. The study was funded by the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers and the Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund.
Four zero-tannin faba bean cultivars, two small-seed (CDC Snowdrop, 219-16) and two large-seed (Snowbird, Tabasco), were grown and analyzed in a two-year field study (2016 and 2017) in Saskatchewan. The effect of different environmental conditions and soil types were considered by utilizing four different field site locations each year (Meath Park, Rosthern, Saskatoon and Outlook, SK) (Figure 1) in different soil-climatic zones and in conditions where faba beans are normally grown in Saskatchewan. Two different fertilizer treatments, unfertilized and fertilized with potassium sulfate (K2SO4) (0-0-44-17) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) (11-52-0), were applied to each of the four site locations. Analysis of grain and straw biomass and nutrient concentration was used to determine yield, uptake and removal of soil macro- and micro-nutrients, and to estimate BNF by different cultivars.
Faba bean showed good yield potential. Average unfertilized and fertilized faba bean grain yields for the four cultivars were between 2,700 lb/ ac and 6,200 lb/ ac (3,000 to 7,000 kg/ha) at the four field site locations in 2016 and the three field site locations in 2017 (Figure 2). Overall average faba bean grain yield in the two site-years was 4,707 lb/ ac (5,283 kg/ha) and ranged from 872–8,720 lb/ ac (979–9,787 kg/ ha).
Note: Yields in this study were determined by hand harvesting, which typically results in higher yield values than harvest of the same site with a combine harvester.
Compared to other site locations, yields were lowest at Outlook due to adverse growing conditions in 2016, and the site was lost to hail in 2017. Compared to other cultivars, Snowbird had the lowest mean total (grain + straw) yield in 2016 and 2017 and the lowest average grain yield in 2017, but the greatest grain yield of all the cultivars in 2016. It was clear from the field results that soil and environmental factors, as well as cultivar, had a profound influence on the faba bean yield components.
Partitioning of yield between faba bean grain and straw, and therefore harvest index (grain yield/grain+straw yield), differed with site location and cultivar each year. However, grain yield was greater than straw yield in both unfertilized and fertilized treatments in 2016 and 2017. Average harvest index (HI) of faba bean ranged from 45–56% in 2016 and 2017, with the highest average HI at Rosthern (56% in 2016; 53% in 2017) and the lowest average HI at Saskatoon (45% in 2016; 50% in 2017) in both years. Lower HI at Saskatoon and Outlook likely reflected impacts of drier summer conditions. The Snowbird cultivar had a significantly greater HI than the other cultivars at most site locations in 2016 and, along with 219-16 and Tabasco, had a significantly greater HI than CDC Snowdrop at Rosthern and Saskatoon in 2017.
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE
In 2016 and 2017, average faba bean total (grain+straw) nitrogen (N) uptake was 205 lb N/ ac (230 kg N/ha), with grain N uptake and removal in harvest ranging from 104–267 lb N/ac (117–300 kg N/ha). The high yield potential of faba bean is associated with significant external contribution of N from BNF. Average faba bean total (grain+straw) phosphorus (P) uptake was 24 lb P/ ac (27 kg P/ha), with grain P uptake and removal in harvest ranging from ~13–31 lb P/ ac (~15–35 kg P/ha) or 30–71 lb P2O5/ ac (34–80 kg P2O5/ha). Grain P removal was similar to the reported P removal by faba bean grain according to the Canadian Fertilizer Institute (2001) and Saskatchewan Pulse Growers (SPG; 2018), for a 50 bu/ ac (3,800 kg/ha) faba bean yield, which falls within the range of the current study. As expected, the majority of above-ground N and P uptake was found in faba bean grain for both fertilizer treatments in all cultivars across all site locations in both field study years as revealed in the uptake harvest indices.
Yield – Faba bean has high yield potential, with significant external contribution of N coming from biological nitrogen fixation, which can help maintain soil N fertility.
Nutrient partitioning – Nutrient partitioning among grain and straw greatly favours grain, with large amounts of N and P being removed in the seed at harvest.
Fertility – Faba bean yield components showed limited response to fertilization at the four sites in this study, but fertility management in rotations with faba bean will need to consider drawdown over the long-term, as most of the P taken up was found in grain.
Controlling factors – Soil and environment are major controlling factors and faba bean yield and N and P uptake vary with location and conditions. | <urn:uuid:0fd83bb8-784d-407f-996e-a7a4a628733c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.manitobapulse.ca/2019/03/faba-bean-yield-and-nutrient-uptake-in-saskatchewan-soil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585997.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024111905-20211024141905-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.939472 | 1,340 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Organizations are constantly trying to launch different sustainability programs empowered by invested boardroom decisions.
Most IT leaders would agree that they are now expected—or will soon be required—to help improve their company’s sustainability efforts.
A good way to reduce an organization’s environmental impact is through printing and imaging. It’s been proven that by having a well-managed printing and imaging environment, companies will avoid revenue-eating expenses and wasting natural resources.
The average employee will print 12,500 pages annually, the equivalent of cutting a tree down, and will consume $1000 in toner. But with regards to office printing, it’s obvious that using recycled paper and toner only constitutes a start towards full sustainability.
Infolaser offers a green assessment program, a 7-step approach that helps companies develop a plan to reduce the environmental impact of their printing and imaging activities while saving money and increasing productivity.
Now isn’t that a greener way to think about printing? | <urn:uuid:27bf2708-da1f-442f-91c0-0937de42a589> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.infolaser.com/en/Services/Green-Action-Plan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670255.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119195450-20191119223450-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.952297 | 206 | 2.75 | 3 |
Dreidel-like dislocations lead to remarkable properties
Dec 14, Nanotechnology/Nanomaterials
Two-dimensional molybdenum/sulfur is a hexagonal lattice when seen from above, but when viewed edge on, as it is here, its three-layer form is apparent. When two sheets of the material meet, three-dimensional dislocations appear at the grain boundaries. When the sheets meet at a 60-degree angle, those boundaries are metallic, and conductive. Credit: Yakobson Group/Rice University(Phys.org)—A new material structure predicted at Rice University offers the tantalizing possibility of a signal path smaller than the nanowires for advanced electronics now under development at Rice and elsewhere.
Theoretical physicist Boris Yakobson and postdoctoral fellow Xiaolong Zou were investigating the atomic-scale properties of two-dimensional materials when they found to their surprise that a particular formation, a grain boundary in metal disulfides, creates a metallic – and therefore conducting – path only a fraction of a nanometer wide.
That's basically the width of a chain of atoms, Yakobson said.
The discovery reported this week in the American Chemical Society journal Nano Letters sprang from an investigation of how atoms energetically relate to each other and form topological defects in two-dimensional semiconductors. In recent work, Yakobson's group has analyzed defects in graphene, the single-atom sheet of carbon that is under intense scrutiny by labs around the world.
But flat graphene has no band gap; electrons flow straight through. "There is a lot of effort to open a gap in graphene, but this is not easy," said Yakobson, Rice's Karl F. Hasselmann Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and professor of chemistry. "People are trying different ways, but none of them are straightforward. This motivated the search for other two-dimensional materials."
An animated illustration shows the precise arrangement of atoms in one possible dislocation in two-dimensional molybdenum/sulfur. Dislocations happen when two growing blooms of material come together at different angles in chemical vapor deposition. At a specific angle, the lines along which these dislocations form can become conductive. Credit: Xiaolong Zou/Rice UniversityMolybdenum/sulfur (or tungsten/sulfur) materials are becoming interesting to scientists because they have a useful natural band gap, about two electron volts in the case of molybdenum/sulfur. And while they are technically two-dimensional materials, the energies at play force their atoms into a staggered arrangement.
"It's more complex than graphene," Yakobson said. "There's a layer of metal in the middle, with sulfur atoms above and below, but they're fully connected by covalent bonds in a honeycomb lattice, so it's one compound."
Chemical vapor deposition is typically used to grow such material; under high temperatures the atoms (like carbon for graphene) fall into line and form sheets. But when two such blooms appear and they meet, they don't necessarily line up. Where they merge, they form what are called "grain boundaries," akin to grains in wood that join at awkward angles. (Think of a branch meeting a tree trunk.) Those grain boundaries affect the electrical properties of the merged material.
Zou calculated those properties based on the atomic energies of the elements. In looking at the elemental bonds, the researchers found the expected "dislocations" where the energies force atoms out of their regular patterns. "Where the sheets meet, they cannot have an ideal lattice structure, so they have these stitches, the dislocations. Each grain boundary is just a series of these dislocations," Yakobson said.
It was only coincidence that the dislocations took on dreidel-like shapes for a paper published during Hanukkah, he said.
"We found order in this complexity and chaos, the exact structures that are possible at the grain boundaries and the dislocations types," he said.
The growing molybdenum/sulfur sheets can meet at any angle, and though the sheets are semiconducting, the boundaries between them generally stop electrical signals in their tracks. But at one particular angle—60 degrees—the periodic dislocations are close enough to pass signals on from one to the next along the length of the boundary. "Basically, they're metallic in this direction," Yakobson said.
"So in the middle of these domains of semiconducting material, you have this boundary line that carries current in one direction, like a wire. And it's only a few angstroms wide," he said.
"Metal disulfides may be promising for future electronic devices based on materials with reduced dimensions," Zou said. "It is important to understand the effects of topological defects on the electronic properties as we push toward post-silicon devices."
More information: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl3040042
Provided by Rice University | <urn:uuid:c702c6f4-de0c-4f8e-ad4b-4453e1010e73> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://m.phys.org/news/2012-12-dreidel-like-dislocations-remarkable-properties.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444385.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00008-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943776 | 1,067 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Each year, 15 to 20 visitor rescues are directly associated with unprepared victims finding themselves in the water either on purpose (swimming, boating, rafting) or accidentally (falling while hiking, crossing streams, scrambling on rocks). As a matter of fact, water-related accidents are the second most common cause of death in the park!
Often, people do not experience fear when standing next to water in the same way that they would if they were standing on the edge of a precipitous cliff. However, intentional or unintentional entrance into the water can be as dangerous as falling off a cliff.
Follow posted signs. If a sign says "NO SWIMMING," don't swim or wade! Hazards are often invisible on the surface and calm water may hide dangerous conditions. Areas are closed to swimming and wading in places (like Emerald Pool, above Vernal Fall) where multiple incidents occur each year.
Confidence in a familiar environment leads to danger in an unfamiliar one. For example, a strong ocean swimmer with no knowledge of swiftwater hazards might assume that their swimming skill is all they need. It’s not!
When rafting or kayaking, wear the required personal protective equipment (PPE): A life-jacket (personal floatation device or PFD) appropriate to the activity is the absolute minimum. Other equipment may include helmet, wetsuit, whistle, and knife.
Do not leave children unattended. They often don’t recognize danger. Young children can drown in relatively shallow water.
Always wear sturdy shoes. There are sharp objects in the water that will cut bare feet.
Alcohol and river activities do not mix. Approximately half of all boating and swimming deaths involve alcohol.
If you fall in, use the defensive position: on your back, feet pointing downstream and on the surface.
Do not swim or boat alone.
Be aware that mountain water is extremely cold, despite hot air temperatures. Strong swimmers may quickly become too weak from hypothermia to swim. Even professional swiftwater rescuers wearing layers of insulation sometimes struggle to stay warm!
Even a slow current will take you where you may not want to go. Remember, "slow" is a relative term in the mountains... you probably won't be able to swim to shore or away from a hazard faster than the current is taking you towards it.
Watch for water hazards, like submerged tree branches, abandoned cables, or narrow gaps between rocks, which can trap you or part of you underwater, causing hypothermia and even death. The pressure from even a "slow" current can be enough to immobilize you against an obstacle and keep you submerged. | <urn:uuid:27138ddb-f96d-4b77-988b-90f55c629b6a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.friendsofyosar.org/water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.954879 | 551 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Time is money. Time is of the essence. Time is, well, important. Telling time is especially important as you grow up and become a busy person. This article here is for anybody who want to know how to tell time. Read on for some helpful hints and tips.
Part 1 of 4: Basic Techniques
1Find a working clock to look at. On this clock, you'll notice a lot of numbers and three arrows, also called hands.
- One hand is very thin and moves very fast. It's called the seconds hand. Every time it moves, a second has gone by.
- Another hand is thick and long like the seconds hand. It's called the minutes hand. Every time it moves one little tick, a minute has gone by. Every 60 times it moves a whole step, an hour has gone by.
- The last hand is thick, too, but smaller than the minutes hand. It's called the hours hand. Every time it moves one big tick, an hour has gone by. Every 24 times it moves a whole step, a day has gone by.
2Know the relationship between seconds, minutes, and hours. Seconds, minutes, and hours are all measures of the same thing: time. They're not the same thing, but they measure the same thing.
- Every 60 seconds counts as one minute. 60 seconds, or 1 minute, is the time it takes the seconds hand to move from the number 12 all the way back again to 12.
- Every 60 minutes counts as one hour. 60 minutes, or 1 hour, is the time it takes the minutes hand to move from the number 12 all the way back again to 12.
- Every 24 hours counts as one day. 24 hours, or one day, is the time it takes the hours hand to move from the number 12 all the way back again to 12, and then around one more time.
3Look at the numbers on the clock. You'll notice that there are a lot of numbers laid out around the clock. They are laid out in ascending order, which means they get bigger as they move around the circle of the clock. There are numbers going up from 1 all the way to 12.
4Know that every hand on a clock travels around a circle in the same direction. We call this direction "clockwise." It goes in the order of the numbers, like the clock was counting up from 1 to 12. The hands on the clock always travel this direction when they are working properly.
Part 2 of 4: Telling the Hour
1Look at the number that the hours hand (the small, thick hand) is pointing at. This will tell us the hour of the day. The hours hand always points at the big numbers on the clock.
2Know that often, the hours hand will be pointed in between two numbers. When it's pointed between two numbers, the hour of the day is always the lower number.
- So if the hours hand is pointed between 5 and 6 on the clock, it's 5-something, because 5 is the lower number.
3Know that if the hours hand is pointed directly at a big number, it's exactly that-o'clock. For example, if the small, thick hand is pointed directly at the number 9, it's exactly 9 o'clock.
4As the hours hand points closer to a big number, the minutes hand gets closer to the number 12. When the minutes hand hits 12, the next hour starts.
Part 3 of 4: Telling the Minutes
1Look at the number that the minutes hand (the long, relatively thick hand) is pointing at. This will tell us the minute of the day. Notice the little ticks in between the big numbers. These represent minutes, although each big number also one minute, as well as the hour. Tell how many minutes there are by counting each little tick as one minute, starting from the number 12.
2Use multiples of five. When the minutes hand is pointing at a big number on the clock, use multiples of five to tell how many minutes there are.
- For example, if the minutes hand is pointing directly at 3, you multiply 3 by 5 in order to 15. "15" is how many minutes that have passed in the current hour.
3Tell minutes time using multiples of five, along with little ticks in between big numbers. When the minutes hand is pointed in between a big number on the clock, find the nearest big number that it has passed, multiply that number by 5, and add that product to however many little ticks are in between. There are four small ticks in between each big number.
- For example, if the minutes hand is pointed right in between the 2 and the 3, go first to the 2. Use the 2 to multiply 5, which gives us 10. Then, count out the number of ticks it takes to get from 10 to where the minutes hand is pointed: it takes two, meaning
4Know where the minutes hand is when the hours hand is pointed exactly at its number. When the hours hand is pointed exactly at a big number on the clock, the minutes hand will always be pointed directly at 12.
- This is because the hour changed, so the minutes hand is starting over again. If the hours hand is pointed directly at 5 and the minutes clock is pointed directly at 12, that means it's 5 o'clock exactly.
Part 4 of 4: Putting it All Together
1Notice where the hours hand is on this example. The hours hand is pointed directly at the number 6, which means it's exactly 6 o'clock. If the hours hand is pointed exactly at 6, that means that the minutes hand must be pointed directly at 12.
2Notice where the minutes hand is on this example. The minutes hand is 2 ticks beyond the 9. So how do we figure out how many minutes there are in this hour?
- First, we multiply 9 by 5 to get 45. Then we add another 2 ticks to 45, giving us 47. We have 47 minutes in the hour.
3Notice where the hours and minutes hands are on this example. The hours hand is in between 11 and 12, while the minutes hand is 4 ticks beyond the 3. How do we figure out the time?
- First, let's tell the hour of the day. Because the hours hand is between 11 and 12, we pick the lower number. This means it's 11-something o'clock. Let's do the minutes next. We need to multiply 3 by 5. This gives us 15. Now we need to add the 4 ticks to 15 which gives us 19. There are 19 minutes in the hour, and the hour is 11. That means the time is 11:19.
We could really use your help!
- If you have a digital watch, it's even easier!
- If 12:00 noon has not come yet, the time is AM. If it's after noon, the time is PM
- Some clocks may have a hand that ticks every second that looks kind of like the minute hand and it also passes sixty clicks each time around the clock. The only difference is that it measures seconds, not minutes, and you can tell the difference by how fast it moves.
Categories: Preschool and Kindergarten
In other languages:
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 23,885 times. | <urn:uuid:28f1711d-ffd6-413f-a0ed-4a4c7adec0d6> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.wikihow.com/Tell-Time | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302318.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00025-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954481 | 1,535 | 3.328125 | 3 |
3 class periods of 45 minutes each
The student will use a traditional German folksong to:
Internet resources: Text and audio recording of Die Lorelei Map and photo of Loreley location Information about author and composer English translation of German text
Die Lorelei is a well-known and often performed German folksong.
The words were written by the exceptional German poet Heinrich Heine
(1799-1856) and first published 1827 in Buch der Lieder
(Book of Songs), his 'most famous collection of lyrics' which
were 'chiefly inspired by his unrequited love for his Uncle's
Heine's poetry has 'natural rhythm and melodic charm,' and Die
Lorelei 'achieved the simplicity and depth of folk poetry.' The
music was composed by Friedrich Silcher (1789-1860), a composer, poet,
music teacher, publisher, and choral director noted for his
encouragement of German folksong singing.
Die Lorelei (Loreley Rock), located near St. Goarshausen (between Bingen and Koblenz), rises ruggedly and steeply to a height of 133 meters (399 feet) above the surface of the Rhein River. The stoney ridges, projections, and shallows combined with a strong river current makes this a dangerous place. The Rhein is a major inland waterway, and over the centuries numerous boatmen, especially the unattentive, have lost their lives here.
Students will learn to understand the meaning of Die Lorelei.
Imagine a man guiding a small boat in the fast-moving Rhine river past treacherous rocks. Add a view of a golden-haired maiden combing her hair on a rocky ledge high above the water. She awaits the return of her knight from battle.
Provide text and play audio recording of Die Lorelei.
Request students to read poem and list unfamiliar words.
Have students read poem aloud and discuss its meaning one line at a time.
Show map of Germany and identify the location of Loreley Rock.
Have each student do the following:
Have each small group of students complete the following Cloze test:
Ich ________ nicht, was soll es bedeuten, daß ich so traurig bin,
ein ______________ aus uralten Zeiten, das kommt mir nicht aus dem Sinn.
Die Luft ist ________ und es dunkelt, und ruhig fließt der Rhein,
der Gipfel des ____________ funkelt im Abendsonnenschein.
Die schönste Jungfrau sitzet dort ________ wunderbar,
ihr goldnes Geschmeide blitzet, sie kämmt ihr ________________ Haar.
Sie kämmt es mit goldenem Kamme und singt ein Lied __________;
das hat eine wundersame, gewalt'ge ______________.
Den ________________ im kleinen Schiffe ergreift es mit wildem Weh;
er ____________ nicht die Felsenriffe, er schaut nur hinauf in die Höh.
Ich glaube, die Wellen ________________________ am Ende Schiffer und Kahn;
und das hat mit __________ Singen die Lorelei getan.
Correct word (correct form) - 2 points
Correct word, but incorrect form - 1 point
Total possible: 24 points
Die Lorelei is written from the perspective of a person observing both the maiden and the boatman. Ask each student to answer (in English) one of the following two questions:
Also ask each student to describe (in German) the location and height of Loreley Rock.
(See references, Links (in Procedure Steps), )
Reinhardt, Kurt F. Germany: 2000 Years (F. Ungar, New York, 1961) 580-583 | <urn:uuid:18c27631-93d6-450e-b5ee-9597d997021a> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.uen.org/lessonplan/view/1957 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742322.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114232605-20181115014605-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.720845 | 854 | 3.859375 | 4 |
An internal NASA study found the fuel depot option to be $79 billion cheaper ($64 billion versus $143 billion) than a Space Launch System option and the fuel depot option would be 5 years faster for Near earth Asteroid mission.
Rohrabacher noted "When NASA proposed on-orbit fuel depots in this Administration's original plan for human space exploration, they said this game-changing technology could make the difference between exploring space and falling short. Then the depots dropped out of the conversation, and NASA has yet to provide any supporting documents explaining the change," says Rohrabacher."
NASA had actually been rather busy studying those very topics. The conclusions that NASA arrived at during these studies are in direct contrast to what the agency had been telling Congress, the media, and anyone else who would listen.
This presentation "Propellant Depot Requirements Study - Status Report - HAT Technical Interchange Meeting - July 21, 2011" (69 pages) is a distilled version of a study buried deep inside of NASA. The study compared and contrasted an SLS/SEP architecture with one based on propellant depots for human lunar and asteroid missions. Not only was the fuel depot mission architecture shown to be less expensive, fitting within expected budgets, it also gets humans beyond low Earth orbit a decade before the SLS architecture could.
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks | <urn:uuid:f38ee46e-e036-41c9-b97a-d82261e53e4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.nextbigfuture.com/2011/10/nasa-hid-cheaper-in-space-fuel-depots.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170696.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00554-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938359 | 293 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Saffron is a rhizome of the common cumin which was first cultivated by Arabians who were farmers who relied heavily on it with their crops. Today it is grown commercially in some places in India and Pakistan. The seeds are usually stored in a dark plastic or glass jar until they germinate with the seedling in it.
How fast does it take to germinate saffron?
Saffron is a fast and easy to grow plant. You just need to prepare the seed and make sure it is wet before you plant it. Once dry you can grow it. If the seed needs to be washed before planting saffron it takes around two to three days for the seeds to germinate. This means the seeds can be planted up to 8 weeks before you need to take them up for flowering.
What type of saffron should I grow?
Saffron varieties are known to vary in color and flavor. These are the most commonly grown. The best saffron varieties are called “chaste” and “parshad” because of their low flavor and mild nature. You can also grow traditional saffron, called shaafi, which has a distinct flavor and aroma.
If you’d like to grow saffron, choose from the following saffron varieties:
Saffron varieties that you may want to grow:
How much time should I plant saffron seeds?
Saffron seed needs between 2 to 3 years to grow to maturity, and about 4 to 6 weeks to flower. It needs enough sunlight to grow, but the soil should be very fertile and well-drained.
Is there one type of strain of saffron to plant?
In addition to growing traditional saffron, this is the choice of the individual and depends on their tastes and preferences.
What varieties of saffron can I grow?
Yes, you can grow more than one variety of saffron, but it gets more complicated with the different kinds of varieties.
Saffron can grow in the soil where the seeds were collected or in the air. The ideal planting time depends on the soil, and also upon the type of saffron you want to grow. You need to keep the soil moist. The seeds should be very well-dried for the best growing conditions.
Saffron can be found in two types of seed — pure and
how many years ago was the first saffron planted aquariums creation, how many years ago was the first saffron planted seat rails extension, fedco saffron, how many years ago was the first saffron planted seeds quilt, how long to grow ginger root | <urn:uuid:71fe1751-9d3d-4936-be5e-46373c6b01b3> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://educationcenter.ml/saffron-planting/how-long-does-it-take-saffron-to-grow-from-seed-how-many-years-ago-was-the-first-saffron-planted-seed-ministries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643354.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618230338-20210619020338-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.970757 | 560 | 2.84375 | 3 |
According to the researchers’ calculations, it is likely that Neanderthals were able to hear the voiceless consonants that are produced without the vocal cords. These included voiceless pauses, such as “t” and “k,” and fricatives that have no sound including “f,” “s,” and “th.” Vocalized consonants could not be broadcast loudly throughout the landscape – try shouting “ththth” or “sssss” – which might indicate that these consonants were used for close communication between individuals of the same kind.
Although Neanderthals possess all the correct anatomy to support human speech, the authors acknowledge that the physical ability of a Neanderthal does not imply the mental capacity, or cognition required of human language.
“Speech is not necessary for language,” said Robert Berwick, a computational linguist at MIT, who was not involved in the study. Dr Berwick was not convinced by the authors’ interpretation of what the reconstructed ear suggested about Neanderthal communication. In his view, the Neanderthals’ consonant-friendly beautiful spot does not imply the ability to acquire a human language. “If we evolved with differently shaped ears, we would simply use the contrasts that we would still be able to perceive differently,” he said.
Even as the evidence continues to accumulate, the issue of Neanderthal speech may never be fully resolved. “No Neanderthals speak anymore,” said Dr. Goldfield.
The numerous recent discoveries about the nature of Neanderthal life provide a compelling case that they behaved symbolically, while dressed Jewelery, Making Cave art And burial Their dead. These discoveries helped free Neanderthals from the long-standing perception that early humans were primitive savages, a myth rooted in part in Racist ideology.
For a long time, scientists have tended to believe that there was a “leap” that separated modern humans from the rest of the biological world, such as perception and language, according to Dr. Dedio. “But maybe Neanderthals were humans like us, in a different way,” he said.
The most striking evidence of Neanderthal interior design lies at the back of the Brunnickel Cave in France, where Archaeologists found Two concentric rings of broken stalagmites and traces of fire and burning bones. Stalagmites were cut down 176,500 years ago – at a time when Neanderthals were the only humans in the area. | <urn:uuid:4a10ffb5-f676-4b52-b192-f732a1bcfeda> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.vzglyad.kg/neanderthals-listened-to-the-world-just-like-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991641.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511025739-20210511055739-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.967807 | 531 | 4.09375 | 4 |
No one disputes that ageing brings about changes in the body. One of the natural but preventable changes associated with ageing is muscle loss. The decline in muscle mass and strength is a progressive condition known as sarcopenia.
The onset of sarcopenia generally starts when a person is 50 years and above and affects walking, balance and the body’s ability to perform daily activities. Here are some signs of muscle loss
A person experiencing any of these symptoms should visit a doctor because sarcopenia could bring in problems like rheumatoid arthritis, falls, fatigue and disability.
According to doctors of Medanta-The Medicity, there are reasons why a person suffers from sarcopenia. These include:
Loss of muscle can make the body feel weak but Dr Gitika Sud, Consultant, Internal Medicine, at Medanta-The Medicity, says that there are various ways through which sarcopenia can be prevented. She recommends:
1) Physical Activity:
Taking up any physical activity can make a huge difference in the body. Exercise, according to doctors, is the best way to prevent muscle loss, whether it takes place due to ageing or disease. Walking is the easiest form of exercise to stay healthy and avoid complications. One can also try easy strength training or resistance training workouts after talking to a doctor. Strength training is known to build body muscles and improve body strength, balance, and flexibility in seniors. Some of the strength exercises include yoga, simple push-ups and squats.
Adequate sleep for old people is important and it is recommended to sleep at least 8 hours at night. While sleeping, the body takes on the task of repairing and adding new muscles. Try reading a book before going to bed or listening to some soothing music to help wind down, if falling asleep is the problem.
3) Healthy Diet:
Diet is one of the most important things that decide how early one can suffer muscle loss and also how to prevent it. For senior citizens, Dr Kajal Pandya Yeptho, Deputy General Manager (Head), Dietetics, Medanta, has some dietary recommendations.
Protein helps in muscle formation and adding it to a daily diet can improve muscle growth. Normally, a person requires 1 gram protein per kg body weight; for instance, a person weighing 50 kilos requires a minimum 50 grams of protein daily. In an elderly, the protein requirement increases by 1.25-2 grams per kg. An ageing body also requires high biological value (HBV) protein which comes through non-vegetarian sources such as eggs, chicken and fish. A vegetarian can compensate their protein requirement through second level sources like soy, milk products and pulses. For some older people, doctors may also prescribe nutritional supplements enriched with high protein to meet the body’s requirement.
5) Vitamin D:
This is important for the proper absorption of calcium in the bones to maintain bone density. Exposure to sunlight during the day is known to be good for the bones, but according to Dr Kajal, generally, no one gets the required amount of vitamin D through that way alone. Eating a diet consisting of fish, milk fortified with vitamin D and supplements with a doctor’s consultation, is therefore recommended.
6) Omega-3 Fatty Acids:
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential good quality fats that the body does not produce. Eating nuts like walnuts and almonds, oils such as fish oils and seeds like flax seeds can help increase muscle growth.
Adding antioxidant foods like vegetables and fruits are important to boost the health of a senior citizen coping with muscle loss. It is advised to eat four servings of vegetables, two in salad form and two in cooked form. At least two to three types of fruits should be eaten daily.
8) Avoid Preserved Foods:
Senior citizens should avoid preserved foods as these often contain chemicals that can affect their metabolism. High fat foods such as chips and cola which are high on calories but low on nutritional value should be avoided as well.
9) No Alcohol and Smoking:
Both smoking and alcohol are known to cause damage to the lungs and liver.
Ageing is a natural process that affects everyone. However, doctors say one should start working on looking after their body early in life to delay the onset of or avoid age-related complications. If symptoms of sarcopenia start appearing, consult a doctor on how best to deal with them. | <urn:uuid:7a912043-d253-49c4-a778-1905be4c0b50> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/preventing-muscle-loss-in-elderly-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038878326.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419045820-20210419075820-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.946823 | 909 | 3 | 3 |
Fluorometric assay of quinine quinine control: bottled quinine water (canada dry) urine unknown: further explanation of this sample will be provided at.
Chemistry 316 laboratory manual for instrumental analysis solutions to problems and sample exam papers determination of quinine sulfate in tonic water using.
Fluorescence determination of quinine in tonic water experiment 2 author: laura clesi lab partner: julie ngo. Chem 438 lab 4 fall 2003 lab 4 determination of quinine in tonic water by fluorescence introduction to the lab in a previous lab, you determined the concentration of quinine in.
Chem 438 lab 2 fall 2003 laboratory 2 determination of quinine in tonic water by uv-vis absorbance spectroscopy introduction to the lab the purpose of this lab is to use the uv-vis.
View essay - expt 3 fluorescence of quinine in tonic water from fdst 4080 at uga spectrofluorometric determination of quinine in tonic water experiment no 3 instrumental methods of food. Needs to have been rinsed with distilled water after it has been cleaned quinine is a very strongly the instrument gives a “coefficient of determination. A fluorometric analysis of quinine in tonic water introduction in this laboratory exercise thus, the determination of even small amounts of quinine. Experiment 2 title: determination of quinine in tonic water objective: to determine the concentration of quinine hydrochloride in sample (schweppers) given, by plotting a calibration curve. The quantitative determination of quinine determine the concentration of the unknown quinine sample and of the tonic water using a least squares spreadsheet and.
Flu-1 experiment flu: excitation and emission spectra, determination of quinine in tonic water learning goals: to learn to use a fluorometer to learn to normalize results obtained on. | <urn:uuid:52950e54-10af-4d7d-ac6d-6f7c4636614b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://fdassignmentxmir.musikevents.us/determination-of-quinine-in-tonic-water-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860776.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618183714-20180618203714-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.865435 | 408 | 2.625 | 3 |
Pretty much, argues John Millis, with some good reasons:
The program cost twice as much as anticipated.
The plan was to have made 50 flights a year; over 30 years that would be 1500 flights. But, less than one tenth of the planned 1500 flights were completed – just 135.
1 in 25 of the astronauts involved in the program died as a result of participation.
It’s hard to think of a lot of scientific achievements that came from this program, despite its high cost. On the other hand, it’s easy to think of achievements from unmanned flights (Voyager, most notably, but also the Mars missions and others) or from the telescope program (Hubble, Chandra, Kepler, etc.)
This is pretty much my viewpoint as well. The space shuttle was pretty much an expensive dead end, with few spinoffs and no breathtaking advances in human knowledge. Not even another Tang. | <urn:uuid:0e34d84d-2836-4210-9100-216f971a12f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://www.truncatedthoughts.com/2011/12/was-nasas-space-shuttle-program-failure.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710733.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130060525-20221130090525-00603.warc.gz | en | 0.980774 | 190 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Tackling Brain Drain through "Brain Circulation"
During a meeting organized by the African Development Bank in Cairo, Egypt, 11 February 2018 organized on the theme, “improving partnerships in higher education, research and development; promoting brain circulation,” participants observed that brain drain is partly responsible for Africa’s underdevelopment. They argue that better management of “brain circulation”, can help curb this trend. The meeting, attended by more than 45 participants, was part of the Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Forum organized from 10 to 12 February 2018.
Brain circulation is defined as the circular movement of skilled labour across nations. “We have realized that African governments spend a lot of money to educate people abroad. Unfortunately these people do not come back or only come back and leave after a short while for better wages and working conditions abroad. This has an impact on development as poor nations need these brains to develop. Sometimes, the poor African nations resort to importing workers at exorbitant fees to meet specialist skills gap.
“We are therefore suggesting that if these “brains” are encouraged to circulate within Africa, this would have a tremendous positive impact on development,” said Assane Gueye, Research Professor, University Alioune Diop of Bambey and Next Einstein Forum Fellow. In certain cases these people settle in other African nations, where they are hired to work on projects or specialized research tasks, he added.
Governance and building infrastructure key to attracting Africa’s Diaspora
Participants discussed reasons why well-trained people remain abroad. These include poor policies and governance at home and lack of incentives and infrastructure to attract them to return. China was cited as a good example where the government established infrastructure to attract thousands of students sent annually to America and Europe to study. There is a close relationship between the Chinese government and the students abroad that enables skills to be ‘repatriated’ back home and this has been partly responsible for China’s fast development and economic boom.
Insights from African Development Bank’s Jobs creation work
The African Development Bank Group launched its 2016-2025 Jobs for Youth in Africa strategy in 2016. The strategy is to support African countries scale up their response to youth unemployment and underemployment crisis on the continent through high impact and workable solutions aimed at creating opportunities through responsive education and training, transformative jobs and a business environment conducive to entrepreneurial activities of the youth. The goal is to equip 50 million youth with employable skills and create 25 million jobs over the next decade. It emphasizes partnerships including with the private sector; scaling up solutions that work and sustainable results for impact.
In this regard, the Bank invested US$ 164.3 million in Rwanda under the Skills Entrepreneurship and Employability Program. Some of the results include the institutionalization and operationalization of sector skills councils – a key instrument to promote employability of graduates, which has allowed structured private sector participation in the review of curricula for technical and vocational education to help bridge gaps in labour market needs; promotion of private sector in providing industrial attachment and apprenticeship thus promoting employability of graduates. Over 60 private companies are working with the government to host interns who are placed in different institutions, to support their transition to the world of work.
The coordination and harmonization of youth employment interventions across ministries and agencies under one umbrella has resulted in the development of highly effective National Employment Programme, to address the country’s unemploymentchallenges
Malawi is another example where the Bank has invested US$14.57 million in bringing the public and private sectors to work together to improve competitiveness and scale production that feeds the export market and creates jobs. Some of the key outcomes include the creation of 132 enterprises in the edible oil value chain that have benefitted from business linkages and the creation of 1000 sustainable jobs.
Participants at the conference acknowledge initiatives such as those cited above do address some of the continent’s brain drain problem as they provide youths with good employment at home.
South Africa attains brain-drain-brain gain equilibrium
In Cairo, Dr Thomas Auf der Heyde, Deputy Director-General for South Africa’s Research and Development Support Department of Science and Technology, shared his country’s experiences on the subject. He told participants that South Africa has reached the equilibrium point where the number of highly skilled people leaving the country is equal to those coming into the country.
“This involved a lot of innovations to attract the best brains to remain in, or come back to the country. For instance South Africa developed strategic national programs such as Astronomy Radio telescope that will be the largest in the world and established scientific chairs. The country also created the right conditions at home,” said Thomas Auf der Heyde. The telescope will attract many specialist scientists from the world and the Scientific Chairs encourage excellent brains to remain or those abroad to come back home because the Chairs are prestigious and holders are paid handsomely. The Scientific Chairs have so far attracted 2011 members of South Africa’s Diaspora that work closely with the Ministry of Interior to get visas for foreigners coming from abroad.
Sometimes, it’s about nation building and a call of duty
Participants discussed the Somalia case where learned people were returning to Somalia with no benefits such as hefty perks and good environment attached. They only come back as a call of duty; a call to develop their country. Therefore, in spite of the many challenges mentioned, all participants agreed that there was an urgent need for Africa’s Diaspora to return home and develop their respective countries. | <urn:uuid:c84ffc46-5bfa-4245-8c55-bdeeec732ffa> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.afdb.org/fr/news-and-events/tackling-brain-drain-through-brain-circulation-17874/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247488374.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218200135-20190218222135-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.948793 | 1,155 | 2.875 | 3 |
posted on Jul, 19 2013 @ 05:47 AM
A truer picture of intolerance between peoples, not only of differing nationalities and race, but socio-economic status, can best be provided by
substituting the word 'racism' with 'prejudice'. In truth, you can't dislike someone out of colour, alone, the prejudice goes deeper than that.
The colour of a person merely identifies them with a particular culture and cultural mindset different to one's own, a culture that is often
perceived as 'alien' and something to be denied equality and tolerance.
Prejudice is what drives racism, and it also drives the oft' seen disparity between people's of same colour. India's caste system has its
counterpart throughout the West's' class systems, particularly in Britain, where 'class' is a dividing line of disparity in the still extant
system of feudalism that is rampant here in the British mindset. In Britain, you are either 'working class' (the labourers, enslaved by economics),
'middle class' (the managers of economics), or upper class (idle rich and privileged without merit, the owners of economics). Britain still holds
onto its monarchy, its so-called royalty, and its branches of tentacles that stretch around the country, each 'sucker' representing a country seat
of privilege and unmerited Lordship over the local peoples by adherence to the pomp and circumstance of feudal tradition. Of course, being privileged
does not carry the same power it used to wield, but it does still carry some clout. Disparity in Britain is built into and sustained by its very
All societies, no matter which country, are layered along these lines of division of social status, and prejudice is rampant between them. Wealth has
always, throughout history, bought power and control, and those with the wealth do not want to share the power and control, as that would unseat them
from their positions of unmerited privilege.
In America, wealth is what truly sets people apart. America was probably the first true multicultural society, which still creaks and groans under the
strains and fault lines of disparate cultural mindsets. Having no monarchical history or traditions, its society became layered through the
accumulation of wealth, which sets its tone of British-like feudalism. Your 'royalty' is denoted by wealth, which buys position and power, and thus
the control. You broke away from British royalty and pretty much created your own.
Racism, itself, is nothing more than the 'tip-of-the-iceberg' of deeper prejudicial mindsets. Colour is just the first indicator of that prejudice. | <urn:uuid:08c24ca5-20d7-444f-b1dc-1f9c1fd44576> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread959654/pg4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663743.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00112-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955343 | 559 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The culmination of two years of development using Cambridge
Nanotherm's ceramic dielectric technology, Nanotherm MBPCB (Metal-Backed
Printed Circuit Board) is an innovative thermal management material
with a dielectric thermal conductivity of 7 W/mK.
This means the metal-backed PCB is able to
significantly reduce LED die temperatures, even in the most thermally
challenging luminaire designs. The company’s core IP is in its unique
process for converting Aluminium into Alumina (Al2O3), allowing the
surface of an Aluminium plate to be converted into a layer of Alumina as
thin as 10 micron, which acts as a dielectric. A range of standard PCB fabrication techniques can then be used to apply circuitry onto the nano-ceramic dielectric layer.
Independent testing of the Nanotherm MBPCB in LED lighting
applications has shown that it offers a 20% reduction in substrate
thermal resistance over some of the best available metal-backed PCBs. In
back-to-back comparison testing with other metal-backed PCBs, LED
temperatures were seen to be reduced by as much as 20°C, thus allowing
designers to increase component density and power or give longer
Visit Cambridge Nanotherm at www.camnano.com
This article originally appeared on EE Times Europe. | <urn:uuid:103ef09d-c0d4-4d2d-b2c4-309844df4c00> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1315945 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1433195035572.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150601214355-00063-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880782 | 298 | 3.265625 | 3 |
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Editor's Note: If you have measurements for this important sword please email me firstname.lastname@example.org
This legionary sword was found at the Roman fort of Segontium, Caernarfon, in March 1879. It dates from the first century and consists of a metal blade and walrus ivory hilt. Segontium was a very important military and administrative centre. It can be dated to the year AD 77 and a garrison was maintained there almost throughout the period of Roman rule in Britain. It been proposed that the scabbard was sheet copper alloy not leather, as small remains can be viewed on the blade. | <urn:uuid:ede15c47-9d07-458a-a30e-5dbb35384f45> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://sword-site.com/thread/958/segontium-sword-roman-gladius-wales | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946564.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424041828-20180424061828-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.962196 | 130 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Skip to 0 minutes and 17 secondsSupply chains are all around us, yet we take them for granted. Imagine a world without water, without food, without medicine, without our homes, that would be a world without supply chains. Take an everyday occurrence like eating your breakfast-- your cereal, your milk, the bowl, your spoon. They've all got to you via a supply chain.
Skip to 0 minutes and 40 secondsThe MOOC is designed to have broad appeal. If you understand how supply chains work in practice, you'll start to look at the world differently. As a consumer, it could change how you behave. And from an organisational perspective, that kind of understanding can help to make more holistic and long-term decisions.
Skip to 1 minute and 1 secondThis MOOC is going to take you on a journey through the basic principles with different processes-- the planning, manufacturing, the logistics-- and we want to understand how these things work in practice through case studies. Some of the companies we have worked with include Robert Welch, Rype Office John Lewis, Alucast. [Radio: Chukka Umunnan] I think of supply chains as being the blood that pumps the heart in our economic system. They are such an important part of the economy. It's a six-week course, and each module will begin with a course introductory video, some core principles, and different supporting materials. Each week, we'd expect you to commit about two hours to the MOOC, digesting content.
Skip to 1 minute and 40 secondsThere's some interactive work through the discussion boards, small activities. And at the end of each week, there'll be a short quiz just to check your understanding.
Skip to 1 minute and 55 secondsWe hope that this MOOC will spark your imagination, will get you to think about the world of supply chains differently, and that help you make more informed decisions, either as an individual consumer or within your organisation. | <urn:uuid:b2fa674a-850a-49de-a020-c5aeb1b6e63c> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/supply-chains | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864461.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521161639-20180521181639-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.952959 | 402 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Mla Essay Format Explained
For writing a great essay the guidelines will be the exact same. APA writing style is most regularly found in humanities papers. The abstract provides an summary of your own document.
There really are a number of rules to keep in your mind while estimating your resources. Your thesis statement presents the debate you plan to confirm using the advice you need in your own essay. If you’re quoting from a source contrary to a book, like a site, documentary, or job interview, you may choose to check farther in to MLA citation convention includes a rigorous protocol on how best to mention every sort of origin.
New example essay
Questions About Mla Essay Format
It really is desired to track down a native-speaker teacher specializing in IELTS. When you’ve got each of your information, and also you know after that get to be hauled from the article and the way you can arrange it, producing it ought to be simple. In the event you would like to be effective at composing an MLA arrangement composition, don’t hesitate to check out along with together side the advice and recommendations provided by professional authors.
Stay clear of tacking a quote on at the beginning of your paper only so you could state that you own you. After you have the finished paper, you can even review it into your way. Whether you’re writing a newspaper for school or preparing to supply a retirement address, it’s essential to know appropriate outline arrangement.
Introducing Mla Essay Format
Writing function that’s written lets you keep a test up on thoughts as well as your ideas. Anybody who’s looking at your conclusion has most likely examine your whole informative article and can understand all of the thoughts without a excess explanation ( assuming everything was clarified clearly within the body and launch ). Intro Like informative article, the after you have to present the topic of one’s mission.
You may possibly be trying to reach a huge numbers of webpages, but it is sti ought to be sure that your informative article is eloquent. In the event you composed the article having a different author, add his final name too. The reference list ought to be alphabetized based around the writer’s name.
If a lot significantly more than 1 writer collaborated on a source, all the writers’ names are mentioned the exact first time the source will be required from the text. Once a report doesn’t have any known creator, utilize a shortened name of the task rather than an author’s identify. Be certain to add page numbers in the suitable corner of each page for your reader can make reference to distinct places on your article that she might prefer to re Search, or quotation for a research study.
It’s desirable to track down a native speaker teacher devoted to IELTS. Writing an report could be challenging job. You may possibly come across essays on line, that are probable published over a site or as an element of an internet journal or magazine.
Figuring out exactly what you’re very likely to publish by developing an outline. In the event that it’s still true that you have a very long way to go prior to reaching your word count target, then you can wish to place the essay aside for a quick moment. If your credo essay will pay attention to the value of spouse and children, as an example, write an announcement which tends to make the argue concrete, for example, I really think household togetherness could be your secret to a life that is satisfying.
Ok, I Think I Understand Mla Essay Format, Now Tell Me About Mla Essay Format!
Utilizing MLA-style lets you introduce your resources accurately. MLA referencing is a necessary component of any assignment. Secondary resources could also be necessary.
As soon as you receive the essay format which is very easy down tap, your topic sentence wonat will need certainly to be the specific paragraph. Write alist of three or more chief ideas you may devote your thesis along with also body paragraphs. Shortlists may usually be included in just a paragraph.
Writing work that’s written lets you keep a check up on ideas along with your own ideas. Anybody who’s examining your conclusion gets likely read your whole essay and certainly will know all of the notions with no extra excuse ( imagining what was explained clearly within your system and launch ). Intro Like article, the following you have to exhibit the topic of one’s mission.
Software apps like Microsoft Word ensure it is an easy task to create a consistent header that looks in the ideal position and format at the summit of every page. Guarantee that the text will be based. Click on the Align Left icon which means you begins registering on the exact first lineup.
Mla Essay Format – Dead or Alive?
The very first page calls for a operating mind. Thesis statements are an average of a number sentences, located at the close of the opening paragraph. An effective final paragraph can be an essential element in a article .
Avoid tacking an quote on at the beginning of your paper only therefore that you can state you possess you. When you have the ready paper, you might also examine it into your way. A properly crafted paper will not ensure a fantastic grade in the event the initial text isn’t cited correctly.
Difficulty commencing an essay is usually one of many initial problems you will strike. The only most critical part of your essay prep could be simply making certain you truly know the subject or article instant. Example essays concentrate on one principal proven fact that you just prove with assorted specific, persuasive examples.
Normally, it is necessary to perform both tasks from section Composing, but it does not imply that you must get started writing instantly. Instruction is crucial, and every single assignment is university student’s major consideration. Writing issue newspapers is a vital talent for the majority of college pupils’ educational careers. | <urn:uuid:efa30964-efec-4a21-b68b-8eea3da3b4ae> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.innophoenix.com/2018/08/14/the-foolproof-mla-essay-format-strategy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744750.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118221818-20181119003818-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.943758 | 1,228 | 3.0625 | 3 |
During the war, Cotignola was a safe haven for Jews and political dissidents.
The village built a solidarity network led by Vittorio Zanzi, Cotignola’s resident and at that time Prefectural Commissioner, and artist Luigi Varoli, whose names are inscribed on a plaque installed in the Garden of the Righteous, at the Yad Vashem Memorial in Jerusalem, together with their respective wives Serafina Bedeschi and Anna Cortesi.
The “Righteous Among the Nations” are all those non-Jews who, at their own peril in opposition to Nazi-Fascist persecution and genocide, saved Jewish lives.
Thanks to the efforts of many Cotignola residents, who jeopardized their lives by offering hospitality and protection, procuring food and clothing and providing false documents, it was possible to save many persecuted people, including some families of Jews.
In 2003, the Ambassador of the State of Israel in Italy, Ehud Gol, conferred the Medal of the “Righteous Among the Nation” to the heirs of Vittorio Zanzi and Luigi Varoli.
In 2006, the President of the Republic, by effect of his own Decree, awarded the Silver Medal for Civil Valor to the Municipality of Cotignola.
This garden is dedicated to the saved and their saviors.
Their names are carved in stone along the walls of a stele, installed in the center of the garden.
Around it, we find a grove with 41 trees, one for each saved Jew, which grows around a Lebanese cedar, typical plant of Jerusalem.
In front of the cedar are six large stones, a Jewish symbol of values handed down from father to son, in memory of the six million victims of the Holocaust.
To this community, to celebrate its courage and generosity in memory of values that have always supported and animated it. | <urn:uuid:06322637-ed72-4a61-bd9d-1d872a59bb7b> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.museovaroli.it/2018/02/23/the-garden-of-the-righteous/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578610036.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423174820-20190423200820-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.951043 | 388 | 2.765625 | 3 |
According to a study by analytical agency Kazakh-Zerno, the average volume of feed in Kazakhstan is 2500-2700 kg of fodder units per head, while in EU countries it is about 3800-4000 kg, and in Canada and the US 4500 kg.
The plant feed deficit means the animals do not receive sufficient energy and protein in their diets Also recent evaluations have shown that Kazakhstan is currently using its feed resourses more inefficiently than any other country in the CIS region.
These factors have meant that the animal productivity potential only reaches 50-60%, resulting in the republic continusouly losing a significant amount of very scarce meat and dairy products. In addition, dietary imbalances in energy and protein nutrition leads to a major (25-30%), overuse of feed resources, thus increasing the proportion of grain forage, which further worsens the economic performance of the feed production and animal husbandry –the Kazakh-Zerno report pointed out.
Another factor is that plant protein in Kazakhstan is in short suply mostly because compound feed production is generally of a poor quality with a very low plant protein consistancy. Currently, about half of the total dry matter (hay, silage, haylage and straw) of winter rations for cattle contains 4-10% crude protein, instead of 12-13% required for the animals with an average productivity – the report added.
For a long time now farmers have been unable to solve the problem of the lack of protein in the concentrate mix of their own production. The low percentage of protein (10-11%) is associated mainly with the lack of protein supplements. In countries with a highly developed livestock industry (Japan, Canada, USA), the protein supplement share is about 16-34%, and in Kazakhstan it is only 6-7%. Due to lack of protein components more than half of the concentrated feed used is imbalanced in protein and amino acids, which leads to huge cost overruns of grain and reduces the profitability of livestock production. | <urn:uuid:1ceb7f56-b432-411a-b0dc-da9b04ba5b60> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.allaboutfeed.net/animal-feed/feed-processing/kazakhstan-lack-of-feed-hampering-livestock-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363226.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205221915-20211206011915-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.949178 | 407 | 3.109375 | 3 |
It’s 10 stories high and more than three football fields long. It’s called “A Whale,” it’s been called the world’s largest oil-skimming vessel, and BP hopes it can clean up the spill in the Gulf.
The recovery effort’s latest hope is “A Whale,” a giant Taiwanese oil-skimming vessel converted from a cargo ship. “A Whale” swallows water and then separates it, skimming about 21 million gallons of oil every day, which is 250 times as much as the skimmers currently in the Gulf of Mexico. Like an actual whale, it collects water and pumps internally, like a heart. It could be most successful close to the wellhead, where oil is the thickest.
Officials had to wait several days to try “A Whale,” because they wanted the Environmental Protection Agency to test the water the vessel will send back into the Gulf. The delay angered local and state officials affected by the oil slick.
Initial tests of “A Whale” over the weekend were inconclusive, due to rough seas. More typical sea conditions this week will help with future testing.
BP has spent more than $3 billion on containment, cleanup, damage claims and relief well drilling during the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The company has made more than 47,000 payments, totaling almost $147 million.
Scientists have yet to conclusively report the environmental impact of the oil spill. Swarms of analysts have examined the Gulf, and some say the area was spared from major disaster and others say that the spill put undue pressure on already-fragile ecosystems. | <urn:uuid:a9f63a13-7157-4e8f-8883-b6876b49d2ad> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/07/05/can-a-whale-clean-up-the-oil-spill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128304.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00191-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967914 | 347 | 2.78125 | 3 |
PowerPoint Overview PowerPoint- introduction to Physical Fitness Review application Class Activity Conclusion
Thesis Statement The obesity rate in the United States is rising; people are eating more junk food and are not exercising enough which has caused many people to develop diabetes and other hazardous diseases. However regular exercise and a healthy diet can help establish a stable level of physical fitness that can help decrease the dangerous side effects of obesity.
What is Physical Fitness? It enables us to perform at our peak potential. Fitness can be described as a condition that helps us look, feel and perform at our best. Physical fitness involves actions of the heart and lungs, and various muscles within the body. (http://www.righthealth.com)
Why is it important to be physically fit? You are more likely to live longer Regular exercise reduces the risks of: Stroke Heart Disease High Blood Pressure High Cholesterol Diabetes Several types of Cancer (http://www.functional-fitness-facts.com)
Continued… You’ll more easily control your body weight You’ll have more energy and strength You will keep your bones strong You will improve brain function while at the same time preventing dementia You will prevent or reduce back pain You will get sick less often The most important one…You’ll enjoy life more! (http://www.functional-fitness-facts.com)
Essential information The object of any program of physical fitness is to maximize an individual's health, strength, endurance. These ends can only be realized through conscientious regulation of exercise, rest, diet, and periodic medical examinations. Exercise should be regular and vigorous, but be sure to begin slowly and only gradually increasedthe strenuousness of the workouts. Popular exercise methods include jogging, cycling, and the use of body-building machines.
Continued… It is more important that your periods of sleep be regular and restful than fulfill a pre-determined number of hours A properly balanced diet in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals is essential.
Continued… Complete and regular physical examinations should be the basis of any program of physical development. Tobacco smoking, as well as alcohol and drug consumption, iscounterproductiveto any physical fitness program. www.answers.com
What causes people to become overweight/obese? Physical Inactivity Overeating/ Malnutrition Genes & family history Health conditions Medicines Lack of sleep (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/)
Side effects of Obesity Diabetes Hyperlipidemia Blood Circulation diseases Skin Disease Joint problems (http://www.ecureme.com)
Becoming fit You Don't Have To Be A Star Athlete To Get Fit Keep It Fun, Flexible, and Varied Convenience Counts, Patience is Everything (http://www.lifeclinic.com/focus/nutrition/fitnessview.asp?artId=1785)
The three Faces of excersice Whatever your choice of exercise, your fitness plan needs to have three components. That's because all exercise and movement is not the same. Here are the three types of activity you need to include:
Exercises Walking Interval Training Squats Lunges Push-ups Abdominal Crunches Bent over Row
Setting fitness goals Set your sights on short-term as well as long-term goals. With short term-goals you will be less likely to push yourself too hard or too long. Discuss your program and goals with family or friends. Their encouragement provides important support that can help keep you going. Favor, Lesli
Eating healthy can be achieved by learning some nutrition basics and incorporating them in a way that works best for you.
You will have more energy You will feel great It will improve your metabolism To achieve a healthy body you will need to eat healthy and change your lifestyle completely. (http://www.helpguide.org)
What is healthy? Healthy foods give energy and the nutrients the body needs. Whole grain Lean meats Beans (rich in protein) Fruits Milk/ daily products Vegetables
Nutrients Intake A balanced diet provides a healthy, moderately active person with all the essential nutrients needed, making supplements unnecessary Dedicated athletes sometimes need to tweak their diet, increasing their intake of certain essential nutrients and adding supplements. Shryer, Peak Performace
Nutrients Carbohydrates Protein Fat Water Vitamins Minerals Shryer, Peak Performance
Protein Meats Fish Poultry Eggs Milk and cheese Died beans (legumes) Nuts and nut butters Wheat germ Goldbeck, The Dieter’s Companion
Essential Nutrients Essential nutrients fall into two categories: Macronutrients (energy-yielding nutrients)- your body needs macronutrients in larger quantities Carbohydrates Fat Protein Water Shryer, Peak Performance
Macronutrients These provide every cell in your body with energy. To get energy, the body turns first to carbohydrates, then to fat, and then to protein Shryer, Peak Performance
Micronutrients Micronutrients- micronutrients are required in smaller quantities. Vitamins minerals Their necessary amount is small but their power is huge. They keep the body regulated and functioning properly. Shryer, Peak Performance
Calories A calorie is a unit of a measurement for energy, just like a yard or mile is a unit of measurement for distance. Calories are used to calculate the amount of energy provided by a carbohydrate, fat, or protein. Goldbeck, The Dieter’s Companion
Water Water is an odd macronutrient, since it provides no energy, vitamins, or minerals. Despite this, it is essential. Without water your metabolism and many additional body processes would come to a screeching halt. Shryer, Peak Performance
How to keep weight off Do not skip meals. Skipping meals can slow your metabolism down. Skipping meals can also cause overeating later in the day. Weigh yourself once a week. Eat a variety of foods to get all the nutrients you need. (www.webmd.com)
Continued… Be sure to get plenty of activity every day. Physical activity is one of the most important aspects of keeping weight off, so do your best to keep active every day. Include choices from whole grains, fruits, vegetables and lean protein sources. (www.webmd.com) | <urn:uuid:db1ca07d-fb5e-48ab-96fe-140a4e0331ac> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.slideshare.net/KatherineC10/newpowerpointpresentation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115856115.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161056-00213-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903222 | 1,298 | 3.140625 | 3 |
When these plates move past each other, they cause large earthquakes, which tilt, offset, or displace large areas of the ocean floor from a few kilometres to as much as a 1, km or more. One of the largest and most destructive tsunamis ever recorded was generated on August 26, after the explosion and collapse of the volcano of Krakatoa Krakatauin Indonesia.
Earth crust consists of several unfixed solid rock faces which move slowly below the surface under the range of millimeters to Whats a tsunami essay.
To understand how earthquakes cause tsunamis we must first fully understand what causes earthquakes. Disease can also spread from the dead bodies that begin to rot on the ground once the water has subsided.
In the case of a propagating wave like a tsunami, either may be the first to arrive. The word originates from Japan because this is the country where tsunamis are most common.
There is no any fix duration for the occurrence of earthquake, it may occur anytime and anywhere for any duration. It is a giant form which can cause death and destruction to the living and non-living things.
The focus of earthquakes becomes the subterranean point where it originates.
In Sicily they are called marubbio and in Nagasaki Bay, they are called abiki. Predicting when and where the next tsunami will strike is currently impossible. The Navy boat was left in its resting place and a memorial has been built around it.
Landslides cause tsunamis when the debris falls into the water. However, if the first part to arrive is a trough, a drawback will occur as the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. At the same time, inland areas of the overriding plate are suddenly lowered.
Generally, places such as Alaska, Japan, the Philippines, and the west coast of the United States are at the greatest risk. The result is an accumulation of energy very similar to the energy stored in a compressed spring. Thus, volcanic activity within the earth surface is one of the reasons for earthquakes.
But when this happens in the sea and it is thousands of tonnes of rock and earth falling into the sea a very large ripple, more like a tidal wave is created.
Tsunamis are sometimes referred to as tidal waves. This has been shown to subsequently affect water in enclosed bays and lakes, but a landslide large enough to cause a transoceanic tsunami has not occurred within recorded history.
Homes are destroyed by the tsunami Chaos: But what causes these extreme weather phenomena? It is also believed that the destruction of the Minoan civilization in Greece was caused in B.
These waves could be detected by specially designed synchronous satellites mandated to keep a watch. Sometimes volcanos located around edges of the Pacific Ocean, known as Ring of Fire bursts and releases lots of lava, gas, etc which causes pressure and imbalance within the earth surface and produces earthquake waves in the surrounding areas.
Landslides cause tsunamis when the debris falls into the water.
Examples of tsunami originating at locations away from convergent boundaries include Storegga about 8, years ago, Grand BanksPapua New Guinea Tappin, There may be a constant stream of waves that that batter the shore for between 10 and 60 minutes.
Some of the earthquakes become weak however some of them become very strong with huge force which may shake the earth suface far away from the centre point. The rest were spread between India, Maldives and other nations hit by tsunami waves.1.
Essay on Tsunami Asian Tsunami: Series of Waves Created. Asian Tsunami A tsunami is a series of waves created when lots of water, like an ocean, is very quickly displaced it can cause lots of destruction. Tides. Give equation for wave base and describe how it is measured.
If a wave has a wave length of 30 m, what is the wave base depth? If 4 wave lengths pass a point in 2 minutes, what is the wave period? Tsunami Essay - Tsunami A tsunami is a large water wave that is generated by sesmic activity in or underlying layers known as faults. These enormous wave have historically affected many ways of life and still lie as a major factor for destruction in our coastal communities throughout the world.
A tsunami is a wave chain or series of waves that. On Nov. 18,a magnitude Mw earthquake occurred miles south of Newfoundland along the southern edge of the Grand Banks, Canada. This illustration, called a Tsunami Time Travel Map, shows the arrival times of tsunami waves. Sep 12, · The effects of a tsunami are devastating.
They are one of the world's worst natural disasters that can hit a country. Tsunami damage is first caused by the immense force of the tidal wave hitting the shoreline.
Tsunami flooding then continues to Reviews: - Australia & The World Tsunami essay The Boxing Day Tsunami in the Asian region was a devastating event for the Region and the World alike and will go down in history as one of the worst widespread events the World has seen in recent years.Download | <urn:uuid:1324e981-d00b-4477-9722-67ee734f9923> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://bidiwif.dfaduke.com/whats-a-tsunami-essay-21729vb.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670162.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119172137-20191119200137-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.955674 | 1,053 | 4.0625 | 4 |
WordPower: Written Constitutions and British Worlds
Washington History Seminar
Historical Perspectives on International and National Affairs
“WordPower: Written Constitutions and British Worlds”
The proliferation of new written constitutions after 1787 presented British governments with both opportunities and challenges. By way of its empire and international heft – and increasingly in order to compete with the US – the UK came to draft and influence more constitutions in more parts of the world than any other power. But its official classes have always resisted the introduction of a written constitution in the UK itself. Other peoples might need their political systems set down in writing, it was often argued. Britain did not: and its uncodified constitution was thus a demonstration of its distinctiveness. In this presentation to the Washington History Seminar, Linda Colley will explore these trends and tensions over time, and discuss how far writing a constitution might now usefully reconfigure the UK.
Linda Colley is Shelby M.C. Davis 1958 Professor of History at Princeton University and a Fellow of the British Academy. Her books include Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837(1992) which won the Wolfson prize; Captives: Britain, Empire and the World, 1600-1850(2002); and The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh: A Woman in Global History, named by the New York Times as one of the ten best books of 2007.
Report from the Field: U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Washington, Department of Defense 60th Anniversary of the Korean War Commemoration Committee
Monday, November 4, 2013
Woodrow Wilson Center, 6th Floor Moynihan Board Room
Ronald Reagan Building, Federal Triangle Metro Stop
Reservations requested because of limited seating:
firstname.lastname@example.org or 202-450-3209
Sponsored jointly by the National History Center of the American Historical Association and the Wilson Center, the seminar meets weekly during the academic year. See www.nationalhistorycenter.org for the schedule, speakers, topics, and dates as well as videos and podcasts. The seminar is grateful for support given by the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. | <urn:uuid:de207edb-7f20-4377-bc75-a1a961b10457> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/wordpower-written-constitutions-and-british-worlds | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115859923.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161059-00041-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912383 | 449 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The summit of Mount Mikeno
|Elevation||4,507 m (14,787 ft)|
|Length||80 km (50 mi)|
|Countries||Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Uganda|
The Virunga Mountains (also known as Mufumbiro) are a chain of volcanoes in East Africa, along the northern border of Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Uganda. The mountain range is a branch of the Albertine Rift Mountains, which border the western branch of the East African Rift. They are located between Lake Edward and Lake Kivu. The name "Virunga" is an English version of the Kinyarwanda word ibirunga, which means "volcanoes".
The mountain range consists of eight major volcanoes. Most of them are dormant, except Mount Nyiragongo 3,462 metres (11,358 ft) and Mount Nyamuragira 3,063 metres (10,049 ft), both in the DRC. Recent eruptions occurred in 2006 and in January 2010. Mount Karisimbi is the highest volcano at 4,507 metres (14,787 ft). The oldest mountain is Mount Sabyinyo, which rises 3,634 metres (11,923 ft) above sea level.
The Virunga Mountains are home of the critically endangered mountain gorilla, listed on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species due to habitat loss, poaching, disease, and war (Butynski et al. 2003). The Karisoke Research Center, founded by Dian Fossey to observe gorillas in their native habitat, is located between Mount Karisimbi and Mount Bisoke.
|Name of mountain||Location||Elevation in Metres||Elevation in Feet|
|Mount Karisimbi||Rwanda / DRC||4,507||14,790|
|Mount Muhabura||Rwanda / Uganda||4,127||13,540|
|Mount Bisoke||Rwanda / DRC||3,711||12,180|
|Mount Sabyinyo||Rwanda / Uganda / DRC||3,674||12,050|
|Mount Gahinga||Rwanda / Uganda||3,474||11,400| | <urn:uuid:ee1d12f1-dde1-4630-b625-f0bd02d6e96e> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.like2do.com/learn?s=Virunga_Mountains | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865928.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524053902-20180524073902-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.861612 | 491 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Please note: This site contains links to websites not controlled by the Australian Government or ESA. More information here.
Using the properties of a circle to solve problems
This resource describes how to use the formulas for the circumference and area of a circle to find the circumference, diameter or area. (Note: all measurement are in imperial units and would have to be changed to metric when presenting to students.)
|Content knowledge, Teaching resource
|Teaching strategies and pedagogical approaches
|Circle, Circumference, Pi, Area, Diameter, Radius
|Critical and creative thinking, Numeracy
|Strand and focus
|Angles and geometric reasoning
|AC: Mathematics (V9.0) content descriptions
Describe the relationship between π and the features of circles including the circumference, radius and diameter
Understanding units of measurement (P9)
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Canker sores are small white or gray sores with a red border that appear your lips, the back of your throat or under your tongue. Their exact cause is uncertain but some suggest that immune system problems, bacteria or viruses may be play a role. They are also more common in women.
Canker sores aren’t contagious and usually heal on their own after one or two weeks. Over-the-counter creams and mouthwashes may give you temporary relief. Until it heals, stay away from hot, spicy or acidic foods because these can irritate the sore.
Each year, approximately 40,000 new cases of oral cancer and cancers of the throat, tonsils and back of the tongue are diagnosed. Tobacco use, alcohol abuse and HPV all increase your chance of developing these cancers. Men are twice more likely to get oral cancer than women. During regular checkups, your dentist will check your mouth for symptoms like red or white patches, sores that won’t heal and rough, crusty spots. If anything suspicious is found, your dentist will order more testing or refer you to a specialist. The image above is only one example of how oral cancer might appear.
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This text is part of:
Table of Contents:
1 This is one of the chief sources of the fancy that numbers are intermediate entities between ideas and things. Cf. Alexander, Space, Time, and Deity, i. p. 219: “Mathematical particulars are therefore not as Plato thought intermediate between sensible figures and universals. Sensible figures are only less simple mathematical ones.” Cf. on 525 D. Plato here and elsewhere simply means that the educator may distinguish two kinds of numbers—five apples, and the number five as an abstract idea. Cf. Theaet. 19 E: We couldn't err about eleven which we only think, i.e. the abstract number eleven. Cf. also Berkeley, Siris, 288.
2 Cf. Isoc.Antid. 267αὐτοὶ δ᾽ αὑτῶν εὐμαθέστεροι. For the idiom αὐτοὶ αὑτῶν cf. also 411 C. 421 D, 571 D, Prot. 350 A and D, Laws 671 B, Parmen. 141 A, Laches 182 C. “Educators” have actually cited him as authority for the opposite view. On the effect of Mathematical studies cf. also Laws 747 B, 809 C-D, 810 C, Isoc.Antid. 276. Cf. Max Tyr. 37 7ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν εἴη ἄν τι ἐν γεωμετρίᾳ τὸ φαυλότατον. Mill on Hamilton ii. 311 “If the Practice of mathematical reasoning gives nothing else it gives wariness of mind.” Ibid. 312.
3 The translation is, I think, right. Cf. A.J.P. xiii. p. 365, and Adam ad loc.
4 Cf. Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, p. 111: “Even Plato puts arithmetic before geometry in the Republic in deference to tradition.” For the three branches of higher learning, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy, Cf. Laws 811 E-818 A, Isoc.Antid. 261-267, Panath. 26, Bus. 226; Max, Tyr. 37 7.
5 Cf. Basilicon Doron(Morley, A Miscellany, p. 144): “I grant it is meete yee have some entrance, specially in the Mathematickes, for the knowledge of the art militarie, in situation of Campes, ordering of battels, making fortifications, placing of batteries, or such like.”
6 This was Xenophon's view, Mem. vi. 7. 2. Whether it was Socrates' nobody knows. Cf. pp. 162-163 on 525 C, Epin. 977 E, Aristoph.Clouds 202.
7 Because it develops the power of abstract thought. Not because numbers are deduced from the idea of good. Cf. on 525, p. 162, note b.
8 Cf. 518 C. Once more we should remember that for the practical and educational application of Plato's main thought this and all similar expressions are rhetorical surplusage or “unction,” which should not be pressed, nor used e.g. to identify the idea of good with god. Cf. Introd. p. xxv.
9 Or “becoming.” Cf. 485 B, 525 B.
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explanation on how to read a barometer properly in order to predict weather.>
Familiar as the practical use of weather-glasses is, at sea as well as on land, only those who have long watched their indications and compared them carefully, are really able to conclude more than that the rising glass usually fortells less wind or rain, a falling barometer more rain or wind or both, a high one fine weather, and a low one the contrary. But useful as these general conclusions are in most cases, they are sometimes erroneous, and then remarks may be rather hastily made, tending to discourage the inexperienced.
By attention to the following observation (the results of many years' practice, and many persons' experience), any one not accustomed to use a barometer may do so without difficulty. The barometer shows whether the air is getting lighter or heavier, or is remaining in the same state. The quicksilver falls as the air becomes lighter, rises as it becomes heavier, and remains at rest in the glass tube while the air is unchanged in weight. Air presses upon everything within about 40 miles of the world's surface, like a much lighter ocean, at the bottom of which we live, not feeling its weight because our bodies are full of air, but feeling its currents, the winds. Towards any place from which the air has been drawn by suction, air presses with a force or weight of nearly 15 lbs. on a square inch of surface. Such a pressure holds the limpit to the rock when, by contracting itself the fish has made a place without air under its shell. Another familiar instance is, that of the fly, which walks on the ceiling with feet that stick. The barometer tube, emptied of air and filled with pure mercury, is turned down into a cup or cistern containing the same fluid, which feeling the weight of air, is so pressed by it as to balance a column of about 30 inches (more or less) in the tube, where no air presses on the top of the column.
If a long pipe, closed at one end only, were emptied of air, filled with water, the open end kept in water, and the pipe held upright, the water would rise in it more than 30 feet. In this way water barometers have been made. A proof of this effect is shown by any well with a sucking-pump, up which, as is commonly known, the water will rise nearly 30 feet by what is called suction, which is, in fact, the pressure of air towards an empty place.
The words on scales of barometers should not be so much regarded for weather indications as the rising or falling of the mercury, for if it stand at "changeable," and then rise towards "fair," it presages a change of wind or weather, though not so great as if the mercury had risen higher; and, on the contrary, if the mercury stand above "fair," and then fall, it presages a change, though not to so great a degree as if it had stood lower; besides which, the direction and force of the wind are not in any way noticed. It is not from the point at which the mercury may stand that we are alone to form a judgment of the state of the state of the weather, but from its rising or falling, and from the movements of immediately preceding days, as well as hours, keeping in mind effects of change of direction and dryness or moisture as well as alteration of force or strength of wind
In this part of the world, towards the higher latitudes, the quicksilver ranges, or rises and fails nearly three inches--namely, between about thirty inches and ninetenths (30.9), and less than twenty-eight inches (28.0) on extraordinary occasions; but the usual range is from about thirty inches and a half (30.5) to about twenty-nine inches. Near the Line, or in equatorial places, the range is but a few tenths, except in storms, when it sometimes falls to twenty-seven inches.
The sliding scale (Vernier) divides the tenths into 10 parts each, or hundredths of an inch. The number of divisions on the Vernier exceeds that in an equal space of the fixed scale by one.
By a thermometer the weight of air is not shown. No air is within the tube, none can get in. But the bulb of the tube, is full of mercury which contracts by cold and swells by heat, according to which effect the thread of metal in the small tube is drawn down or pushed up so many degrees, and thus shows the temperature.
If a thermometer have a piece of linen round the bulb, wetted enough to keep it dump by a thread or wick dipping into a cup of water, it will show less heat than a dry one, in proportion to the dryness of the air and quickness of drying. In very damp weather, with or before rain, fog, or dew, a wet and dry bulb thermometer will be nearly alike.
For ascertaining the dryness or moisture of air the readiest and surest method is the comparison of two thermometers, one dry, the other just moistened and kept so. Cooled by evaporation as much as the state of the air admits, the moist (or wet) bulb thermometer shows a temperature nearly equal to that of the other one, when the atmosphere is extremely damp or moist; but lower at other times in proportion to the dryness of air and consequent evaporation--as far as 12 or 15 in this climate, 20 or even more elsewhere. From 4 to 8 of difference is usual in England, and about 7 is considered healthy for inhabited rooms. The wet and dry bulb thermometer on the same frame, the water being supplied by a bird fountain, constitutes August's or Mason's hygrometer.
The thermometer fixed to a barometer intended to be used only as a weather-glass, shows the temperature of air about it, nearly, but does not show the temperature of mercury within, exactly. It does so, however, near enough for ordinary practical purposes, provided that no sun, nor fire, nor lamp heat is allowed to act on the instrument partially.
The mercury in the cistern and tube being affected by cold or heat, makes it advisable to consider this when endeavoring to foretell coming weather by the length of the column
Briefly, the barometer shows weight or pressure of the air, the thermometer, heat and cold, or temperature; and the wet thermometer, compared with a dry one the degree of moisture or dampness.
It should always be remembered that the state of the air foretells coming weather rather than shows the weather that is present--an invaluable fact too often overlooked; that the longer the time between the signs and the change foretold by them, the longer such altered weather will last, and, on the contrary, the less the time between a warning and a change, the shorter will be the continuance of such foretold weather.
To know the state of the air not only barometers and thermometers should be watched, but the appearance of the sky should be vigilantly noticed.
If the barometer has been about its ordinary height, say near 30 inches (at the sea level), and is steady, or rising while the thermometer falls, and dampness becomes less, northwesterly or northerly wind, or less wind, less rain or snow may be expected.
On the contrary, if a fall takes place with a rising thermometer and increased dampness, wind and rain may be expected from the south-eastward, southward or southwestward. A fall with a low thermometer foretells snow. A rise during frost indicates snow.
Exceptions to these rules occur when a north-easterly wind with wet (rain, hail or snow) is impending, before which the barometer often rises (on account of the direction of the coming wind alone) and deceives persons, who from that sign only (the rising) expect fair weather.
When the barometer is rather below its ordinary height, say down to near 29 1/2 inches (at the sea level), a rise foretells less wind, or a change in its direction toward the northward, or less wet, but when it has been very low, about 29 inches, the first rising usually precedes or indicates strong wind; at times heavy squalls from the northwestward, northward or northeastward, after which violence a gradually rising glass foretells improving weather, if the thermometer falls; but if the warmth continue, probably the wind will back (shift against the sun's course) and more southerly or southwesterly wind will follow, especially if the barometer's rise is sudden.
The most dangerous shifts of wind or the heaviest northerly gales happen soon after the barometer first rises from a very low point, or if the wind veers gradually at some time afterwards.
Indications of approaching changes of weather and the direction and force of winds are shown less by the height of the barometer than by its falling or rising. Nevertheless, a height of more than thirty (30.0) inches (at the level of the sea) is indicative of fine weather and moderate winds, except from east to north occasionally or during frost, when northeast winds and snow are indicated.
The barometer is said to be falling when the mercury in the tube is sinking, at which time its upper surface is sometimes concave or hollow; or when the hand of the wheel barometer or Aneroid moves to the left. The barometer is rising when the mercurial column is lengthening, its upper surface being convex or rounded, or when the hand moves to the right.
A rapid rise of the barometer indicates unsettled weather, a slow movement the contrary; as likewise a steady barometer, which, when continued and with dryness, foretells very fine weather.
The greatest depressions of the barometer are with gales from S.E., S., or S.W.; the greatest elevations, with wind from N.W., N., or N.E., or with calm.
Though the barometer generally falls with a southerly and rises with a northerly wind, the contrary sometimes occurs; in which cases, the southerly wind is usually dry with fine weather, or the northerly wind is violent and accompanied by rain, snow or hail; perhaps with lightning.
When the barometer sinks considerably, much wind, rain (perhaps with hail) or snow will follow; with or without lightning. The wind will be from the northward, if the thermometer is low, (for the season), from the southward if the thermometer is high. Occasionally a low glass is followed or attended by lightning only, while a storm is beyond the horizon.
A sudden fall of the barometer with a westerly wind, is sometimes followed by a violent storm from N.W., or N., or N.E.
If a gale sets in from the E. or S.E., and the wind veers by the S., the barometer will continue falling until the wind is near a marked change, when a lull may occur, after which the gale will soon be renowed, perhaps suddenly and violently, and the veering of the wind towards the N.W., N., or N.E., will be indicated by a rising of the barometer with a fall of the thermometer.
Three causes (at least) appear to affect a barometer:
1. The direction of the wind; the northeast wind tending to raise it the most, the southwest to lower it the most, and wind from points of the compass between them proportionally as they are nearer one or the other extreme point.
N.E. and S.W. may, therefore, be called the wind's extreme bearings.
The range or difference of height shown, due to change of direction only, from one of these bearings to the other (supposing strength or force and moisture to remain the same), amounts in these latitudes to about 1/2 an inch (as read off).
2. The amount taken by itself of vapor (moisture, wet, rain, or snow in the wind remaining the same), seems to cause a change amounting in an extreme case to about 1/2 an inch.
3. The strength or force alone of wind, from any quarter (moisture and direction being unchanged), is preceded or foretold by a fall or rise, according as the strength will be greater or loss, ranging in extreme cases to more than 2 inches.
Hence, supposing three causes to act together, in extreme cases, the height would vary from near 31 in. (30.9) to about 27 in. (27.0), which has happened, though rarely (and even in tropical latitudes).
In general the three causes act much less strongly, and are less in accord, so that ordinary varieties of weather occur much more frequently than extreme changes.
Another general rule requires attention, which is, that the wind usually appears to veer, shift, or go round with the sun (right-handed, or from left to right), and that when it does not do so, or backs, more wind or bad weather may be expected, instead of improvement.
It is not by any means intended to discourage attention to what is usually called "weather wisdom." On the contrary, every prudent person will combine observation of the elements with such indications as he may obtain from instruments, and will find that the more accurately the two sources of foreknowledge are compared and combined, the more satisfactory their results will prove.
A barometer begins to rise considerably before the conclusion of a gale, sometimes even at its commencement. Although it falls lowest before high winds, it frequently sinks very much before heavy rain. The barometer falls, but not always on the approach of thunder and lightning. Before and during the earlier part of settled weather it usually stands high and is stationary, the air being dry.
Instances of fine weather with a low glass occur, however, rarely, but they are always preludes to a duration of wind or rain, if not both.
After very warm and calm weather, a storm or squall, with rain, may follow; likewise at any time when the atmosphere is heated much above the usual temperature of the season.
Allowance should invariably be made for the previous state of the glasses during some days, as well as some hours, because their indications may be affected by distant causes, or by changes close at hand. Some of these changes may occur at a greater or less distance, influencing neighboring regions, but not visible to each observer whose barometer feels their effect.
There may be heavy rains or violent winds beyond the horizon, and the view of an observer, by which his instruments may be affected considerably, though no particular change of weather occurs in his immediate locality.
It may be repeated that the longer a change of wind or weather is foretold before it takes place, the longer the presaged weather will last, and conversely, the shorter the warning the less time whatever causes the warning, whether wind or a fall of rain or snow, will continue.
Sometimes severe weather from the southward, not lasting long, may cause no great fall, because followed by a duration of wind from the northward, and at times the barometer may tall with northerly winds and fine weather, apparently against these rules, because a continuance of southerly wind is about to follow. By such changes as these one may be misled, and calamity may be the consequence if not duly forewarned.
A few of the more marked signs of weather, useful alike to seaman, farmer and gardener, are the following:
Whether clear or cloudy, a rosy sky at sunset presages fine weather; a red sky in the morning bad weather, or much wind (perhaps rain); a gray sky in the morning, fine weather; a high dawn, wind; a low dawn, fair weather.
Soft-looking or delicate clouds foretell fine weather, with moderate or light breezes; hard-edged, oily-looking clouds, wind. A dark, gloomy, blue sky is windy, but a light, bright, blue sky indicates fine weather. Generally, the softer clouds look, the less wind (but perhaps more rain) may be expected; and the harder, more "greasy," rolled, tufted, or ragged, the stronger the coming wind will prove. Also, a bright yellow sky at sunset presages wind; a pale yellow, wet; and thus by the prevalence of red, yellow, or gray tints the coming weather may be foretold very nearly; indeed, if aided by instruments, almost exactly.
Small, inky-looking clouds foretell rain; light scudclouds driving across heavy masses show wind and rain, but, if alone, may indicate wind only.
High, upper clouds crossing the sun, moon, or stars, in a direction different from that of the lower clouds, or the wind then felt below, foretell a change of wind.
After clear, fine weather, the first signs in the sky of a coming change are usually light streaks, curls, wisps, or mottled patches of white distant clouds, which increase and are followed by an overcasting of murky vapor that grows into cloudiness. This appearance, more or less oily, or watery, as wind or rain will prevail, is an infallible sign.
Usually the higher and more distant such clouds seem to be, the more gradual but general the coming change of weather will prove.
Light, delicate, quiet tints or colors, with soft, undefined forms of clouds, indicate and accompany fine weather, but gaudy or unusual hues, with hard, definitely outlined clouds, foretell rain, and probably strong wind.
Misty clouds forming or hanging on heights, show wind, if they remain, increase, or descend. If they rise or disperse, the weather will improve or become fine.
When sea birds fly out early, and far to seaward, moderate wind and fair weather may be expected; when they hang about the land, or over it sometimes flying inland, expect a strong wind with stormy weather. As many creatures besides birds are affected by the approach of rain or wind such indications should not be slighted by an observer who wishes to foresee weather.
There are other signs of a coming change in the weather, known less generally than may be desirable, and therefore worth notice, such as when birds of long flight, rooks, swallows, or others, hang about home, and fly up and down, or low, rain or wind may be expected. Also, when animals seek sheltered places, instead of spreading over their usual range; when pigs carry straw to their styes; when smoke from chimneys does not ascend readily (or straight upwards during calm), an unfavourable change is probable.
Dew is an indication of fine weather; so is fog. Neither of these two formations occur under an overcast sky, or when there is much wind. One sees fog occasionally rolled away, as it were, by wind, but seldom or never formed while it is blowing.
Remarkable clearness of atmosphere near the horizon; distant objects, such as hills, usually visible, or raised (by refraction), and what is called "a good hearing day," may be mentioned among the signs of wet, if not wind, to be expected.
More than usual twinkling of the stars, indistinctness or apparent multiplication of the moon's horns, haloes, "wind-dogs," and the rainbow, are more or less significant of increasing wind, it not approaching rain, with or without wind.
Near land, in sheltered harbors, in valleys, or over low ground, there is usually a marked diminution of wind during part of the night, and a dispersion of clouds. At such times an eye on an overlooking height may see an extended body of vapor below (rendered visible by the cooling of night), which seems to check the wind.
Lastly, the dryness or dampness of the air and its temperature (for the season) should always be considered, with other indications of change, or continuance of wind and weather.
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Can you find triangles on a 9-point circle? Can you work out their angles?
Can you put the 25 coloured tiles into the 5 x 5 square so that no column, no row and no diagonal line have tiles of the same colour in them?
If you continue the pattern, can you predict what each of the following areas will be? Try to explain your prediction.
Show how this pentagonal tile can be used to tile the plane and describe the transformations which map this pentagon to its images in the tiling.
A circle rolls around the outside edge of a square so that its circumference always touches the edge of the square. Can you describe the locus of the centre of the circle?
Two circles of equal radius touch at P. One circle is fixed whilst the other moves, rolling without slipping, all the way round. How many times does the moving coin revolve before returning to P?
Players take it in turns to choose a dot on the grid. The winner is the first to have four dots that can be joined to form a square.
An environment that simulates a protractor carrying a right- angled triangle of unit hypotenuse.
Two engines, at opposite ends of a single track railway line, set off towards one another just as a fly, sitting on the front of one of the engines, sets off flying along the railway line... | <urn:uuid:acef484d-e495-44bc-bfad-b72eb5416889> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://nrich.maths.org/public/topic.php?code=5039&cl=3&cldcmpid=7541 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670743.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121074016-20191121102016-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.935232 | 1,526 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were prolific German scholars, yet the work they are best known for, the one that will eternally bear their name was not actually authored by them. The genesis of the Grimm’s Children’s and Household Fairy Tales, is the fascinating subject of Valerie Paradiz’s Clever Maids: The Secret History of the Grimm Fairy Tales.
The brothers Grimm could have gleaned the bulk of the tales from the dusty old books they were wont to frequent, but, spurred by German nationalism in an era of Napoleonic domination, they were searching for something simpler, richer, something more quintessentially German. They believed that a “Volk” spirit (i.e., the spirit of the commoner) could more accurately be found in the hearts and souls of young German women, who had heard the tales from their mothers and nannies. Although there were some male contributors, the focus of Paradiz’s skillful narration traces the assemblage of Children’s and Household Fairy Tales to at least 20 core female collaborators who provided the Grimms with over half of their stories, including some of the collection’s most memorable: Sleeping Beauty, Little Red Riding Cap, and The Goose Maid.
The real genius of Paradiz’s book is her ability to interweave the fairy tales with the biography. For instance, The Singing Bone, a grisly tale of fratricide, was communicated to Wilhelm Grimm by his future wife, Dortchen Wild (one of the book’s main collaborators), while she and Wilhelm were embroiled in what appears to have been a lover’s triangle with Ferdinand Grimm. The chapter entitled “The Six Swans”, juxtaposes a tale of sisterly self-sacrifice with Lotte Grimm’s unwillingness to be a domestic slave to her four brothers.
Paradiz is a something of a social historian as well as a German scholar (she includes many quotes directly from original source material), and her feminist slant is well taken. In addition to portraying the domestic woes of Lotte Grimm and the lack of credited authorship for most of the collection’s female collaborators, she also successfully illustrates how the tales themselves portray the social inequity of those that told them. It was as if, in telling these stories to the Grimm brothers, the young women were “giving a voice to their voicelessness.”
Clever Maids is a scholarly but immensely readable work, and will captivate anyone interested in folk history, German scholarship, or women’s studies. | <urn:uuid:fd40fac8-21d9-4d14-bfba-e8bc70dd0cd8> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.popmatters.com/review/clever-maids-by-valerie-paradiz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011143926/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091903-00020-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972782 | 538 | 3 | 3 |
Low-Income, High Risk
Low-income households are typically unemployed or underemployed due to a number of factors, such as a challenging labor market; limited education; a gap in work history; a criminal record; unreliable transportation or unstable housing; poor health or a disability.
For those who are low-income but employed, wages have been stagnant and have not kept pace with expensive housing costs. The typical American worker has seen little to no growth in his/her weekly wages over the past three decades. Too little income combined with the dwindling availability of low-cost housing leaves many people at risk for becoming homeless.
Solutions to Filling the Income Gap
Those who are homeless face significant obstacles to finding and maintaining employment. Finding a home is a critical first step. Job training and placement programs, such as those funded by the federal government, also provide the tools some people need to secure stable, long-term employment. Improving access to supportive services, such as childcare subsidies and transportation assistance, would also go a long way in helping people stay employed, achieve housing stability and remain housed.
When Work Is Not an Option
Many of those who experience homelessness are unable to work due to a disability, or are not able to quickly earn the money they need for rent. If eligible, these individuals may be able to receive cash assistance from Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or similar programs described below. | <urn:uuid:ce3e7bf8-aab8-4954-a360-cef1dc6bd327> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://endhomelessness.org/homelessness-in-america/what-causes-homelessness/incomeinequality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153897.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729203133-20210729233133-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.962311 | 300 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Can Music Therapy Help Children With Emotional Problems?
Music therapy is a clinical intervention by a trained professional that can support the emotional, psychological, cognitive, social, and communicative needs of people. It especially works for children because it’s non-threatening and playful, promotes trust, and doesn’t need verbal skills. In the brain, music can bypass the parts involved in planning and language and go right to the limbic system which is associated with emotions. It is also thought to stimulate the functioning of the right-brain which is involved with feelings, particularly sadness. Music therapy can help children manage difficult emotions, communicate better, and improve behavioral and social problems.
Music therapy is a clinical intervention that uses the healing power of music to provide emotional, psychological, cognitive, social, and communicative support to people who need it.1 Children especially stand to benefit. According to the British Association for Music Therapy, music therapy provides children with a therapeutic and interactive opportunity to express themselves better and this improves their cognitive, emotional, and physical development. It can help them develop concentration and listening skills, build self-esteem and resilience, explore their feelings and thoughts, and improve self-awareness and social skills.2
This support is much needed by children with emotional problems who may lag behind others of their age where cognitive and social milestones are concerned. The term “severely emotionally disturbed” (SED) refers to diagnoses of a range of conditions including affective disorders (e.g. depression), anxiety disorders (e.g. phobias), behavior disorders (exhibiting disruptive behaviors seen in conditions like oppositional defiant disorder), attachment disorders (where children don’t form normal attachments to people, as is seen in reactive attachment disorder), autism, and schizophrenia.3 Children with emotional problems usually have a shorter attention span, and they may have trouble concentrating. Some find it difficult to cope with the negative emotions associated with a trauma they’ve suffered. They can also be exceedingly impulsive and display behavioral problems.
Here’s why music therapy can be used and how it can bring out positive change in children.
1. Non-Threatening And Playful
Music therapy is innately inviting and non-threatening. Playing an instrument or repeating a riff seems more like fun than therapy. Most children like and respond to music and it can be a safe medium for a child to explore a range of issues from low self-esteem to grief or abandonment. And you don’t really need any special musical abilities to benefit from music therapy.4
2. Doesn’t Need Words
Many emotionally troubled children also have developmental and cognitive difficulties. They often lack the skills required for therapies that use verbal communication. Also, children who have been traumatized may be reluctant to talk about the issue directly; sometimes they may just be too young to put things into words properly. Music therapy, which uses nonverbal and indirect communication, can, therefore, be particularly effective.5
3. Goes Right To The Heart Of It
In the brain, music can bypass the parts involved in planning and language and go right to the limbic system which is associated with emotions. It is also thought to stimulate the functioning of the right brain which is involved in feelings, particularly sadness.6
4. Promotes Trust
Music can set the stage for a child to develop a meaningful bond with an adult. Many children with emotional problems experience disruptions in important relationships (for example, children who have been placed in foster care) and may have trouble trusting others. Music therapy can help build trust and social skills and enables a music therapist to connect with a child. This can be a powerful foundation for therapeutic work.7
Music therapy has been found to be useful in three broad areas in children with emotional problems.
1. Manage Emotions
Music therapy can lower tension, improve tolerance for frustration, and instill a sense of security.8 It can help children handle difficult emotions like grief. One study compared the effects of social work and music therapy on children who had behavioral problems and showed symptoms of grief. Children in the social work group showed a decrease in behavioral problems but not in their grief symptoms while those in the music therapy group showed a reduction in their behavioral problems as well as grief symptoms.9
2. Aids Communication
Music can be used to project what you want to say about yourself. It makes you more creative and improves your ability to express yourself. Music can help start a conversation and keep it going, and can be useful in communicating feelings about difficult things like abuse. Research has shown that music therapy can significantly improve communication skills in autistic children.10
3. Improves Social And Behavioral Aspects
Research has found that simply introducing background music can help reduce hyperactivity in children.11 Under the Positive Education Program (PEP) of Cleveland, music therapy has been used to reintegrate emotionally disturbed children into regular classrooms.12So if you have a child who doesn’t play well with others or is fidgety, a little music might help. Studies have also found music therapy to be beneficial in improving social interaction in adolescents with autism.13
What’s The Process Like?
Music therapy aims to change behavior as well as explore underlying issues. Individual treatment plans are developed after considering the child’s needs and abilities. Music therapists may incorporate singing or playing of instruments into therapy. They may also use improvisation, song writing, and analysis of lyrics. A session usually lasts between 30 to 60 minutes and can have individual as well as group formats. The skills acquired during therapy can then be taken and used in the outside world; for instance, learning to articulate things during therapy can translate to better communication with parents, friends, and, eventually, the larger world.14
References [ + ]
|1.||↑||What is music therapy? British Association For Music Therapy.|
|2.||↑||Working with children, young people and their families, British Association For Music Therapy.|
|3, 8.||↑||Layman, Deborah L., David L. Hussey, and Sarah J. Laing. “Music therapy assessment for severely emotionally disturbed children: A pilot study.” Journal of Music Therapy 39, no. 3 (2002): 164-187.|
|4, 5, 6, 7, 14.||↑||Hussey, David L. “Music therapy with emotionally disturbed children.” Psychiatric Times 20, no. 6 (2003): 37-37.|
|9.||↑||Hilliard, Russell E. “The effects of orff-based music therapy and social work groups on childhood grief symptoms and behaviors.” Journal of Music Therapy 44, no. 2 (2007): 123-138.|
|10.||↑||Edgerton, Cindy Lu. “The effect of improvisational music therapy on the communicative behaviors of autistic children.” Journal of music therapy 31, no. 1 (1994): 31-62.|
|11.||↑||Scott, Thomas J. “The use of music to reduce hyperactivity in children.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 40, no. 4 (1970): 677-680.|
|12.||↑||Presti, Geralyn M. “A levels system approach to music therapy with severely behaviorally handicapped children in the public school system.” Journal of Music Therapy 21, no. 3 (1984): 117-125.|
|13.||↑||Eren, Bilgehan. “The Use of Music Interventions to Improve Social Skills in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Integrated Group Music Therapy Sessions.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 197 (2015): 207-213.|
Disclaimer: The content is purely informative and educational in nature and should not be construed as medical advice. Please use the content only in consultation with an appropriate certified medical or healthcare professional. | <urn:uuid:2f45bd62-accc-4639-9a4e-be511828f2b0> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.curejoy.com/content/can-music-therapy-help-children-with-emotional-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249406966.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222220601-20190223002601-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.931208 | 1,645 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Literature of the English Enlightenment: Courage to Use Your Own Reason
Our newest Timeline and Reading List features literature from the English Enlightenment. Lasting from 1660 to the late 1700s, the era often referred to as “The Long Century” is an incredibly rich period, not only for innovations in literature, but also for developments in philosophy, science, mathematics, and political thought. Historians and students of culture find a common quest over these years to apply human reason to ultimate questions.
This “long 18th century” has been given many names: The Age of Reason, The Age of Enlightenment, The Age of Individualism, and The Age of Empiricism.
In much of the literature of the era, writers did not just document their own times, but sought for general truths that applied to people at all times, everywhere.
What made people tick, and especially, how can we formulate those truisms?
Much literature focused on moral questions: what values are right, true, good, and everlasting? Who on the public scene, especially writers and politicians, are following them and who is breaking them, and what are the consequences? Based on these values that are good for people and good for society as a whole, how do we judge our politicians, writers, and dramatists in light of these truths?
Join us for a look at some background information on the literature of this era that can help readers understand and enjoy it. For an overview of the culture, authors, themes, and major works of this prolific and seminal era, click the “Continue Reading” link under the London river view painting. To skip the overview and go directly to the Restoration and 18th Century Timeline, or to any specific section of it, use the links just above “Continue Reading.”
The blue link will skip the rest of this background article and go directly to the Timeline and Reading List.
To read more of this background post, click “Continue Reading” button just below.
Mary Jane is a longtime literature lover who lived in the Cincinnati area for many years, then in central Louisiana for three years (what a treat!), teaching literature classes at universities in both locations. Now back in the Cincinnati area, she pampers her grandchildren, experiments with cooking, and visits art museums as often as possible. | <urn:uuid:49ef0152-ab80-4891-80d7-393293d71fd8> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://readgreatliterature.com/category/thoughts-on-famous-literature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662558015.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523101705-20220523131705-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.945534 | 482 | 3.734375 | 4 |
COMMON CORE LESSON PLANS 4TH GRADE MATH
Fourth Grade Math Common Core State Standards: Overview
Find fourth grade math worksheets and other learning materials for the Common Core State Standards.
Common Core Grade 4 Math (Homework, Lesson Plans
EngageNY math 4th grade 4 Eureka, worksheets, Place Value of Multi-Digit Whole Numbers, Comparing and rounding Multi-Digit Whole Numbers, Multi-Digit Whole Number Addition and Subtraction, Common Core Math, by grades, by domains, examples and step by step solutions
4th Grade Common Core Lesson Plans - Structured Learning
Overall, these 4th grade Common Core lesson plans are authentic approaches to student-centered learning, with essential questions that are open-ended and conversations organic and inquiry-driven. It can be used as a resource, to provide exciting lessons that blend technology with inquiry, or a road map, plotting the vertical planning and differentiated instruction fundamental to CCSS goals.
Free K - 12 Math Lesson Plans, Materials & and Ideas
Easy and effective math lesson plans across all grades including long division, algebra, geometry, and statistics with free resouces from world-class teachers. Fourth Grade. Operations & Algebraic Thinking. Number & Operations in Base Ten. Number & Operationsâ Fractions. Measurement and
Videos of common core lesson plans 4th grade math
Click to view on YouTube5:284th Grade Math Common Core Module 1 Lesson 149K views · Aug 12, 2014YouTube › Extended Teaching SeriesClick to view on YouTube6:324th Grade Math Common Core: Module 1 Lesson 4 Review2 views · Aug 19, 2014YouTube › Extended Teaching SeriesClick to view on YouTube10:294th grade Math Common Core Module 1 Lesson 7 Review4 views · Aug 28, 2014YouTube › Extended Teaching SeriesSee more videos of common core lesson plans 4th grade math
Fourth Grade | Common Core Lesson Plans
These lessons were designed to help teachers prepare their students for Common Core ELA extended response questions and to help teachers make digital connections to literature. Because the standards are not taught in isolation from one another the lesson plans below each meet more than one Common Core
Grade 4 Mathematics Module 1, Topic A, Lesson 1 | EngageNY
Next - Grade 4 Mathematics Module 1, Topic A, Lesson 2 . Grade 4 Mathematics Module 1, Topic A, Lesson 1 Math Grade(s): Grade 4 Topic(s): Common Core Learning Standards CCLS Math: 4.1 interpret 35 = 5 × 7 as a statement that.. To see a list of all New York State Common Core Learning Standards (CCLS), please visit our CCLS Search
Fourth Grade Lesson Plans | Core Knowledge Foundation
Language ArtsWorldVisual ArtsHaving Fun With HabitatsIntegration of Content Areas Through Hands-On Literacy StationsCreate a Chain Reaction: Vocabulary and Technology4th Grade Technology-Infused LessonsDeveloping an Integrated Reading and Writing Program Using the Core Knowledge LiteratureReady, Set, Write!Using a Writing WorkshopSee more on coreknowledge
4th Grade Math Lesson Plans | Education
4th Grade Math Lesson Plans. Want to help your fourth grade class flourish in essential math skills like multi-digit multiplication or becoming familiar with order of operations?Education offers fourth grade math lesson plans that help teachers break down complex concepts into simple steps to help every student learn, regardless of their skill level.
Math Lesson Plans | Teacher
With that said, these lessons can easily be integrated into an existing curriculum Math curriculum for any grade. The lessons you see here were submitted by real teachers working in schools across the United States. We encourage you to contact us in order to share your lesson plans with the rest of the Teacher community.
Grade 4 Mathematics | EngageNY
Grade 4 Mathematics In order to assist educators with the implementation of the Common Core, the New York State Education Department provides curricular modules in P-12 English Language Arts and Mathematics that schools and districts can adopt or adapt for local purposes.People also askWhat do teachers really think of Common Core math?What do teachers really think of Common Core math?Most teachersare partial to the CommonCoremathstandards, but they don’t thinkall of their students and their parents are. Teachersbelievethe standards will both improve their own content knowledge and enhance students’ mathskills, prepare them to succeed in college, and bolster their ability to compete in a global economy.What teachers really think of Common Core math: LessonsSee all results for this questionWhat are Common Core standards for Flocabulary math?What are Common Core standards for Flocabulary math?What are Common Core Standards for Flocabulary Math? Fourth Grade. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples. CCSSent.4.B.4.Fifth Grade. Convert like measurement units within a given measurement system.Sixth Grade. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division.Seventh Grade. Solve real-life and mathematical..MoreWhat are Common Core Standards for Flocabulary Math?See all results for this questionHow much homework is appropriate for 4th grade?How much homework is appropriate for 4th grade?Homework at the elementary level results in no improvement, but if you have to have it 10 minutes per night, per grade. 4th=40 minutestops. 1 mom found this helpfulHow Much Homework Is Appropriate for 4Th Grade? - Mamapedia™See all results for this questionWhat is common core geometry?What is common core geometry?Geometry Common Core. Geometry builds upon students' command of geometric relationships and formulating mathematical arguments. Students learn through discovery and application,developing the skills they need to break down complex challenges and demonstrate their knowledge in new situations.Geometry Common Core - cdnlearningSee all results for this questionFeedback
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Special Education Associate Diploma
The Associate Diploma of Special Education Program is designed for people with classroom experience as regular teachers, special education teachers, or assistant teachers and people with experience working in a center for special needs children, who are eager to learn essentials of special education and Inclusion practices in their classes, at homes or just for personal development.
Participants will be able to acquire a basic understanding of special education and basic skills in order to deal with children having different learning abilities.
The course entails the following:
1. Introduction to Special Education
2. Different Learning Disabilities
3. Different Learning Styles
4. Core Skills for Teachers
5. Teaching Strategies
6. Differentiated Instructions and Inclusion
By the end of this course, students will be able to:
1. Define and recognize various types of learning disabilities, including dyslexia, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, and more.
2. Identify the key characteristics, challenges, and strengths associated with different learning disabilities.
3. Demonstrate an awareness of the diversity and individuality of learners with different learning disabilities.
4. Identify various learning style models, such as visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and multimodal.
5. Apply strategies to create inclusive learning environments that cater to diverse learning preferences.
6. Define differentiated instruction and its role in addressing diverse student abilities and needs. | <urn:uuid:16d9d9f7-e67f-4e0d-a1f9-8f5852aa9c8f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://ace.lau.edu.lb/programs/education/special-education-associate-diploma/special-education-associate-diploma.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510575.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930014147-20230930044147-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.919454 | 291 | 3.6875 | 4 |
You must have Credits on your Balance to download this sample
Finance & Accounting
Pages 6 (1506 words)
IAS 16 Property Plant and Equipment Name Instructor IAS 16 Property Plant and Equipment IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment provides the general outline of the numerous accounting treatments to be applied to most types of property, plant and equipment. Initially, Property, plant and equipment were measured at its initial cost but has consequently with time changed it being measured using a cost revaluation model and depreciated with the depreciated amount being allocated systematically over its useful life (International Accounting Standards Board, 2006).
IAS 16 requires that the recognition principle is applied to all property, plant and equipment costs only at their occurrence. Amongst other things, the costs include the initial costs incurred for either the acquisition or the construction of an item of property plant and equipment and the subsequent costs that are incurred for replacement of parts or service. There exists two types of accounting models under IAS 16. These include the cost model and the revaluation model (International Accounting Standards Board, 2006). While the cost model requires that assets are assessed at costs that are less than the accumulated depreciation and the impairment, the revaluation model requires that the assets be recorded at a revaluated amount hence making its fair value at the date of revaluation less the subsequent depreciation and impairment only with provisions that the fair value can be measured with much reliability. The company that we will be taking into consideration is ING Group N.V., a global financial services firm that is based in the Netherlands (ING Group, 2012). ...
Not exactly what you need? | <urn:uuid:276c41a6-000a-4315-ac76-181424a63991> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://studentshare.net/finance-accounting/116035-casestudy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00337-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954991 | 332 | 2.828125 | 3 |
There are various views as regards the adoption of a digital asset in a country’s economy. And from these views, benefits and disadvantages have been cited. Just as some countries do not give in to the idea of creating a centralized ledger whereby illicit transaction occurs as a result of the technology. Some would argue the fact that digital is beneficial to their countries economy and contributes to their financial stability.
Digital asset poses no threat to the stability of a countries finance. Instead, it has been said to be a positive impact on an economy, serving as a hedge against bad government policies, and useful economic functions.
What are Digital Assets
A digital asset is a media or text that is formatted into a binary source and includes right-to-use features. The right-to-use feature is what makes the digital file a digital asset. So when a digital file doesn’t come with a right to use, it’s not a digital asset. A digital asset is majorly categorized into media assets and textual content.
A digital asset is increasingly becoming more important in the world of asset management. It’s no news that corporations like Microsoft and Apple are providing management features of a digital asset. These assets keep on existing notwithstanding where or when it was created, even as technology continues to progress.
A digital asset can be owned by individuals and can be used as a currency for transaction purposes and storing intangible contents, like videos or documents. Examples of digital assets are Cryptocurrencies such as non-fungible tokens(NFTs) which is a certificate of ownership for original digital content, bitcoins, and the likes.
Digital assets are securely held in a decentralized database or a centralized ledger called the blockchain. This decentralized database allows for the transfer of digital assets without the need for bank, broker, third party involvement, hence scraping the intermediaries to transactions.
Digital asset has significantly grown in importance over the years, but there is an argument as to their effect on the financial stability of a country and causing economic issues. The majority of individuals believe investment in digital assets and adopting payment methods is an innovation that shifts the financial sector of an economy and facilitates the smooth transaction between businesses and individuals.
So what are the effects digital assets have on the financial stability of countries economies;
Digital assets possess importance to the improvement of a nation's economy, increasing the financial stability of the country through reducing the cost of transfers, making transactions faster, creating new market opportunities between countries, offering high security for financial transactions.
With the rapid advancement in technology across the financial sector, digital assets have majorly hacked the benefits of this innovation, entering into the mainstream of finance, thereby contributing to the stability of countries economies.
Low transfer fees, high security, rapid transactions, and new market opportunities are among the main benefits of using digital assets for businesses. Bitcoin brought about some major positive growth in the digital asset ecosystem since its creation in 2009 and has enabled a wide range of tokens.
Although digital assets aren't regulated as a result of their decentralized database, it still maintains as a highly secure method of payment. Using digital assets as a means of payment is generally becoming a major method among individuals. There are many benefits digital asset offers to business and countries.
Most businesses and countries undergo transactions in their hundreds and thousands weekly and some daily. A digital asset can aid countries in minimizing transactions costs during intra country trade and international trade. Saving the government lot of costs incurred during transactions. It is paramount to know that cost of transactions can be as low as possible when using a digital asset for transactions. Amount saved while using a digital asset for a transaction depends on a variety of factors that occurs, some of which are processing fee, which must be checked regularly.
Processing fees are costs incurred when you send and receive digital assets through third-party platforms like Binance, Coinbase, and others. It's part of their terms of the agreement, one has no option but to accept the processing cost. So it's important to check the processing fee, so you can select a party that suits your needs. When Countries involve themselves in international trade with another country using a digital asset as a means of payment, it helps the economy by reducing unnecessary fees that are incurred when the traditional method is being used.
A major effect the use of digital assets has on the financial stability of a country is its feature of security. Instead of paying a high fee to perform a secured transaction. The transparent public ledger the digital asset is recorded in makes it possible for easy tracking of transactions and to perform audit trails.
Transaction performed using digital asset are irreversible once it has been done, and it can not be tampered with or hacked. This saves countries from the high occurrence of stolen funds. These assets are majorly controlled by the owner and are securely protected by the technology called Blockchain, shielding your asset from stealings and hackers.
Rapid Transaction Process
Delay in the transaction process can be quite devastating, especially when it is inter-country transactions. Sometimes most governments incur more costs just to put forth their trade. Digital asset transactions are very fast and still offer you control over the process. You can get any transaction approved and choose what transaction to initiate. This helps to reduce waiting time during transactions between businesses and countries.
New Market Opportunities
When a digital asset is introduced into a country or business, it enables the establishment of a new market. Using digital assets helps get in business with individuals who are also owners of digital assets, thereby widening the market opportunities. This gives a competitive advantage over other countries and businesses. And increases the financial capacity of the country.
Before venturing into the use of digital assets for transactions, it's important to take into consideration the volatility of a digital asset. This means that the price of the digital asset can rise and fall. That aside, the effect of digital assets on the financial stability of most countries is advantageous. It gives a competitive advantage to countries and increases their financial capacity. | <urn:uuid:386ef177-d6f4-4890-9bcc-395105c639dd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://coin.space/the-effect-of-digital-assets-on-the-financial-stability-of-most-countries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.946833 | 1,212 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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