text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 7.09k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
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- The stem eõ could never be used inside a sentence without a prefix. The absolute form t-eõ was used whenever the noun was not possessed.
- To die.
- For inanimate subjects, s-eõ was used, and for animate subjects, t-eõ.
- These forms were only used in infinitive and other conjugations derived from infinitive. In the indicative, imperative and gerund, the stem was manó.
- LEMOS BARBOSA, A. Curso de Tupi antigo. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1956. | <urn:uuid:8d90840f-18e2-4f8b-a772-bb4e70c7dc88> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/e%C3%B5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00535-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.820601 | 135 | 3.53125 | 4 |
This week, I was given the pleasure of watching Temple Grandin’s TED talk titled The World Needs All Kinds of Minds. I had previously heard Grandin’s name come up in discussions about children with autism. However, I had never had the chance to hear her personal thoughts about children on the spectrum until now. I hope you can take away something from this video because I sure did. Here is the video:
To open her talk, Grandin defines autism as a “continuum that goes from very severe – the child remains nonverbal – all the way up to brilliant scientists and engineers.” What is important about this sentence is that autism is a continuum of traits. This means there is a very broad spectrum that a child with autism can land on. As a becoming teacher, this resonates with me as I will have to be mindful of where my students lie on the spectrum. Where they are on the spectrum affects how well they can communicate, their level of functioning, and how they learn.
Grandin described the different in thinking between a person with autism and a person without. The way she demonstrated this was with Figure 1. People without autism tend to see the whole gestalts (big letters) before seeing the details (smaller letters making up the big letters). Therefore, they might not realize initially that the letters on the right are inconsistent. However, people with autism have a faster response to the details (smaller letters). Their brains pick up on detains while the “normal brain” ignores the details.
Grandin believes most people fail to see the main problem, and the way to fix it is to put yourself in a different position. She gave the example of how she figured out what cattle were getting distracted by. To figure it out, she put herself in the position of the cattle; she crawled into their corral and found different items (chains hanging down, people walking by, etc.). She was then able to remove the distractions to solve the problem.
According to Grandin, there are three main types of thinking people on the autism spectrum fall into: visual, pattern, and verbal. Grandin describes herself as a visual thinker; her thinking involves being able to picture and model anything in her mind, yet she has always been poor at mathematics and science. The pattern thinker tends to excel at music and math, yet has trouble in reading. And the verbal mind is usually poor at drawing but knows countless numbers of facts. In my classroom, it is likely I will have a wide range of students with autism. However, it is extremely unlikely that every student of mine will learn the same. Keeping these types of learners in mind, I can adjust my teaching to fit the individual needs of my students.
This week I read and learned about Universal Design Learning (Article: UDL_Technology). Universal Design Learning (UDL) is an “instructional planning framework for proactively addressing barriers in the curriculum to support students with diverse learning needs and benefit a broad range of students (Billingsley, Brownell, Israel, & Kamman 2013).” Looking at what Grandin was saying about there being three different main types of learners, UDL will help me reach all of my students. UDL is based off of three principles: multiple means of representation, multiple means of action and expression, and multiple means of engagement. I can implement these principles in my teaching by representing material in different ways, offering choices to students on how they can demonstrate their knowledge, and giving my students options that motivate, interest, and challenge students.
Although Grandin’s believes the world needs all kinds of minds, there is an evident problem in the way these brilliant minds with autism are being taught in schools. Teachers do not know how to teach children with autism. UDL can help to increase learning in all students, but more actions need to be taken for children with brilliant minds. The children with autism on the spectrum that are these brilliant visual, pattern, and verbal thinkers are the people we need in the future. Brilliant thinkers in the past tended to be specialists, where they were great at something and bad at something else. Van Gogh, Einstein, and Tesla are just a few examples of specialists with great minds who created great things. And what else do they all have in common? Autism. However, in children, these great minds tend to be fixated minds. Their intelligence needs to be redirected to make use of it.
This is where my job as a teacher will be critical. Instead of a teacher, I should serve as a mentor to my students with autism. Younger children with autism are not getting to where they should anymore. Following her advice, I will do my best to motivate my students with autism. By giving them a specific task to complete, rather than a broad task, they can use and develop their minds to create great things.
And with that, I will leave you with a quote by Grandin: “If by some magic, autism be irradiated from the Earth, then men would still be socializing by a wood fire at the entrance to a cave.”
The world truly does need all kinds of types, autistic, brilliant, minds.
(Click HERE to go to Grandin’s official website to learn more!) | <urn:uuid:1a7cbf8d-658e-4916-97c7-265ad0bd875a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://morganhavel.wordpress.com/2016/02/13/autism-all-kinds-of-minds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828356.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024090757-20171024110757-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.969212 | 1,086 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Miscellaneous / Cost Centers
Term Papers Cost Centers and over other 20 000+ free term papers, essays and research papers examples are available on the website!
Autor: people 03 June 2011
Words: 376 | Pages: 2
A cost center is a department or multiple units within an organization where a manager is completely accountable for costs. In an organizational setting, a manager is supplied with a chronicle of data which includes cost information, figures and reports of each department/units displaying the expenses of the organization. A cost center might be a division, an office, or an entire department, depending upon the organizational structure. Cost information should come close to perfection allowing the administrator to make assessments concerning a variety of changes in the environment. An example of a cost center is a Laboratory and Radiology. Diagnoses and Procedures can be grouped expenses for the intent of preparing and monitoring within an organization. According to our text, there are 23 Major Diagnostic Categories which serve as the basic classification system for diagnosis-related groups. DRGs are part of the prospective payment reimbursement methodology (Baker, J., & Baker, R.W., pg. 44). Care Settings and Service Lines can be grouped jointly presenting the expenses related to inpatient and outpatient services. Grouping revenue by care setting recognizes the different sites at which services are delivered (Baker, J., & Baker, R.W., pg. 36 &45).
An advantage of a Cost Center typically adds to revenue indirectly or fulfills some corporate mandate. Money spent on research and development for example, may yield innovation that will be profitable. Because the cost center has a negative impact on profit (at least on the surface) it is likely target for rollbacks and layoffs when budgets are cut. Operational decision in a cost center, for example are typically driven by cost consideration. Financial investment in new equipment, technology and staff are often difficult to justify to management because indirect profitability is hard to translate to bottom-line figures (searchcrm.techtarget.com, 2006). I do not believe that certain grouping would be completely inappropriate; each circumstance merits its own approval in the allotted situation. The usage of the entire grouping of centers may be needed for controlling and planning. This depends on the classification of the organization and what is needed for the organization to succeed.
Baker, Judith J., & Baker, R.W. (2011) Health Care Finance: Basic Tools for Nonfinancial Managers, 3rd Ed., Sudbury, MA; Jones and Bartlett.
Anonymous, (2006) What is Cost Center, Retrieved from: http://searchcrm.t ...
Get instant access to over 50,000 Papers and Essays | <urn:uuid:09761808-8dc2-4cc0-a3d8-f0ad42d29b59> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.otherpapers.com/Miscellaneous/Cost-Centers/4151.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131310006.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172150-00141-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90665 | 545 | 2.546875 | 3 |
According to plate tectonics geological concept, earth's lithosphere consists of plates that are in motion with respect to one another the motion of free essays. Plate tectonics theory essaysmost people know about the prehistoric land that scientists have named pangaea, but few know what it looked like, was like, and how it separated over millions of years. Plate tectonics is the theory that has been studied for over thirty years that states that the outside layer of earth are actually large plates, approximately forty kilometers thick, that slide across the magma beneath the exterior of the planet the theory of plate tectonics explains the enormous. Essays from bookrags provide great ideas for plate tectonics essays and paper topics like essay view this student essay about plate tectonics.
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Plate tectonics assignment quizlet review earth summit 1992 essay about myself why i want to be a pharmacist essay conclusion world war 1 essay causes of civil. Plate tectonics are a relatively new theory that has revolutionized the way geologists think about the earth according to the theory, the surface of the earth is broken into large free essays. Plate tectonics this essay plate tectonics and other 64,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessayscom autor: review • march 7, 2011 • essay • 542 words (3 pages) • 737 views. An analysis of the plate tectonic theory pages 2 words 771 view full essay sign up to view the rest of the essay read the full essay more essays like this.
Plate tectonics assignment songs communication theory essay how to write a good conclusion for a persuasive essay electrical safety essay cause road accident. What are uniformitarianism catastrophism and plates tectonic history essay one of the founding fathers of plate's tectonic theories conclusion: in. Plate tectonics give and take discuss essay plate tectonics give and take - discuss plate movement is caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere which is the lower part of the mantle heat form radioactive hotspots decays near the core and this residual heat, heats up the surrounding magma causing it to rise. | <urn:uuid:bbba88e2-3b6d-48a8-9e44-b308529cf4da> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://rdcourseworkngnh.orlandoparks.info/plate-tectonics-essay-conclusion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509845.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015205152-20181015230652-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.902186 | 949 | 3.375 | 3 |
|Friends for Freedom: The Story of Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglass by Suzanne Slade. |
Charlesbridge, 2014. 978-1-58089-568-2
"This biographical gem places the spotlight on a friendship far ahead of its time."
"A solid addition that will spark conversations about gender and racial equality."
–– School Library Journal
"Tadgell’s carefully drafted and evocative watercolors capture both the past and present obstacles Anthony and Douglass faced, from Douglass’s youth as a slave to rotten eggs hurled at the two when they appeared in public together and combative differences of opinion, as when the Fifteenth Amendment proposed to give voting rights to black men but not to women.”
–– Publishers Weekly - Starred Review
Full text of Reviews here.
Click here for coloring pages!
Their friendship changed America.
They were unlikely friends, but the struggle for equality that Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglass shared created a bond that lasted almost fifty years. This little-known story introduces young readers to two momentous personalities in American history and to their fiery passion for human rights and equality. When they met, they had only known each other’s reputations, but they became fast friends. They decided to combine their efforts and work together to win equality for African Americans and for women.
Their friendship endured the harsh words and looks of their society. Their friendship lasted in the face of hostility and anger. Their friendship persisted even through their own disagreements—and they could fight like cats and dogs. But these two intellectual giants knew that fighting for what was right was the most important work they could do.
Nicole Tadgell’s illustrations bring to life the tentative and uneasy beginnings of the fight for equality, with its trials and its triumphs. And through it all Susan and Frederick remained friends.
As much a celebration of friendship and cooperation as it is a history of a pivotal time in American history.
This book is good for your brain because it provides:
An historical account of the early human rights struggle; biographies; insight into the relationship between two important historical figures
Correlated to Common Core State Standards:
English Language Arts-Literacy. Reading Informational. Grade 2. Standards 1-6, 8, and 10.
English Language Arts-Literacy. Reading Informational. Grade 3. Standards 1-8 and 10. | <urn:uuid:ea62627b-08c6-4ede-a059-43f8f8e727a7> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://nicoletadgell.blogspot.com/2014/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986648343.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013221144-20191014004144-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.942918 | 501 | 3.3125 | 3 |
posted by Jane .
A school is fencing in a rectangular area for a playground. It plans to enclose the playground using fencing on three sides (One length is a wall) The school has budgeted enough money for 75 ft of fencing material and would like to make a playground with an area of 600 ft squared. Let w represent the width of the playground. Write an expression in terms of w for the length of the playground. Write and solve an equation to find the width w. Round to the nearest tenth of a foot. What should the length of the playground be?
I don't know do your own freaking homework I can barely figure mine out.
that was rude^
From the results we have gotten, we have concluded that cobalt (II) should be added must be added to soil that in should not increase over #mg over kilograms/soil. But it's okay soil is karam oil is better good for your lungs and cancer | <urn:uuid:5f0dbfd7-f934-4a0f-ac98-e5f825910acc> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1329079506 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323895.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629084615-20170629104615-00617.warc.gz | en | 0.973166 | 194 | 3.265625 | 3 |
By Mansi Patel
Downfall of the Future: Plastic Water Bottles (if you have a better title please us that)
On a regular summer day, people go out to swim expecting a bright sunny day and nice clean beaches. However, due to our recent misuse of plastic, especially plastic water bottles, beaches are ruined and the waterways polluted. Plastic water bottles can be found everywhere, from schools to the beautiful California coast. They are not just harmful to the environment, but are very expensive and add to the buildup of trash.
Plastic water bottles have affected the environment and community. It keeps adding up, but the problem still stays invisible to those who don’t want to know the truth of these harmful products. These plastic water bottles harm our environment and the animals that live around us, which we then eat and make us sick. Visualize bottles lined up end to end in a straight line. It would wrap around the earth 190 times. Plastic water bottles placed in the landfill today will take up to 1000 years to biodegrade, according to iSustainableEarth.
“Imagine if every (plastic water bottle) you ever opened you had to keep in your bedroom forever. At some point there has to be this tipping point where we say this is unmanageable. The waste is unmanageable,” says English teacher Nancy Kennett.
With this harmful effect on the environment, it is almost impossible to get rid of the plastic. Everywhere, one can find remnants of plastic water bottles. Even in the most isolated places, plastic water bottles can make their way there because plastic is almost indestructible, which is why plastic is so popular. The patch, a gyre of trash between California and Hawaii, comprises an estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of scattered detritus, including at least 87,000 tons of plastic, according to The New York Times.
Americans use on average 50 billion water bottles each year and climbing, though only recycle 23 percent of the plastic bottles when finished. This means that nearly 38 billion of those water bottles were trashed, leading to increased pollution and landfill waste Economic impact by producing more than $1 billion in wasted plastic each year, equivalent to 912 million gallons of oil, according to iSustainableEarth.
“Plastic water bottles negatively affect our world as it does not decompose quickly so trash can build up quickly as the majority of people do not recycle. Plastic also consists of toxic material causing it to harm living things. And because we are a part of our own environment, using these plastic water bottles directly affects us and our community as a whole,” says sophomore Esha Jain.
Not only are plastic water bottles harmful to our environment, but they are very pricey. At first, one may think that it is very cheap to buy a bulk plastic water bottle case from Costco, but that price really adds up. For example, you could spend 2,900 times as much, roughly $1,400 yearly, by drinking bottled water. If you use a New York City tap, those eight glasses of water you are supposed to drink would only cost you about $0.00135, or 49 cents a year, according to The New York Times.
“I try not to use water bottles because I’m trying to live. If humans continue to make and use plastic at this rate, we will inevitably face the consequences since plastic takes hundreds of years to break down. I reduce my plastic water bottle use by bringing a refillable water bottle to school and other events. There’s always a bunch of water fountains we have access to. Also, it’s just a lot cheaper to not buy cases of plastic water bottles all the time,” says senior Stacey Thai.
Instead of using plastic water bottles and adding to all the problems the plastic has brought, we should use reusable water bottles which is healthier and better for our community so we don’t have to suffer in the long term. | <urn:uuid:79db9a53-f3e5-493c-bc3c-2d7b6d469955> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://thelegendonline.org/2019/04/12/plastic-water-bottles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500719.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208060523-20230208090523-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.954931 | 826 | 3.140625 | 3 |
It is intended that the Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition provide the student with a clear and thorough presentation of the theory and application of the principles of mechanics of materials. To achieve this objective, over the years this work has been shaped by the comments and suggestions of hundreds of reviewers in the teaching profession, as well as many of the author’s students.
The Book Contents:
The subject matter is organized into 14 chapters. Chapter 1 begins with a review of the important concepts of statics, followed by a formal definition of both normal and shear stress, and a discussion of normal stress in axially loaded members and average shear stress caused by direct shear.
In Chapter 2 normal and shear strain are defined, and in Chapter 3 a discussion of some of the important mechanical properties of materials is given. Separate treatments of axial load, torsion, and bending are presented in Chapters 4 , 5 , and 6 , respectively. In each of these chapters, both linearelastic and plastic behavior of the material are considered. Also, topics related to stress concentrations and residual stress are included.
Transverse shear is discussed in Chapter 7 , along with a discussion of thin-walled tubes, shear flow, and the shear center. Chapter 8 includes a discussion of thin-walled pressure vessels and provides a partial review of the material covered in the previous chapters, where the state of stress results from combined loadings. In Chapter 9 the concepts for transforming multiaxial states of stress are presented. In a similar manner, Chapter 10 discusses the methods for strain transformation, including the application of various theories of failure. Chapter 11 provides a means for a further summary and review of previous material by covering design applications of beams and shafts. In Chapter 12 various methods for computing deflections of beams and shafts are covered. Also included is a discussion for finding the reactions on these members if they are statically indeterminate.
Chapter 13 provides a discussion of column buckling, and lastly, in Chapter 14 the problem of impact and the application
Release: January 13th, 2013.
Pages: 917 (in PDF)
Size: 37 MB
Author: Russell C. Hibbeler
How to download Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition PDF For Free:
How to download Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition SOLUTIONS MANUAL PDF For Free: | <urn:uuid:d0b41956-6908-44e4-aab9-3565b13c9099> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.booksinpdf.com/mechanics-materials-9th-edition-pdf-free-download/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794871918.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528044215-20180528064215-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.936595 | 485 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Turkey’s history as a corridor and a prize for migrating and trading peoples – whether nomads, refugees or conquering empires – has made it, in the words of etymologist Professor George Hewitt, a “linguistic treasure-trove”.
But if more is not done to save these languages, it could become a linguistic graveyard.
Unesco has classified 15 languages spoken in Turkey as “endangered” and criticised the country for not doing enough to save them.
But language – and linguistic and cultural identity – has often been an explosive issue in modern Turkey, where many Turkish speakers view any diversification of Turkey’s “Turkishness” as a threat to the integrity of the nation state.
One of the languages on the endangered list is Laz.
Laz was spoken by a people who originally lived in the Black Sea region – an area that also includes parts of modern Georgia.
The various forms of this tongue are known as Kartvelian.
It has no shared roots with Turkish, Arabic, Persian or Russian.
In fact, apart from its Georgian cousin dialect, Mingrelian, it seems to be a unique relic of antiquity.
Although the Laz empire – known for centuries as ‘Colchis’ – was wide ranging and successful, it was a trading culture with a primarily oral tradition.
By modern times, it had no recorded written history or alphabet.
But, that all began to change in the 1980s, when Laz was ‘rediscovered’ by European linguists – a movement that has been picked up and carried forward by a small number of Laz intellectuals.
But the survival of the language hangs in the balance.
Still spoken by villagers in the mountains, these days it is not so much under threat from a controlling Turkish central authority, as from the pervasiveness of modern culture and complacency on the part of many of its speakers.
Among the many Laz we met and spoke to in Turkey’s northeast region – where most Laz live today – there is an intriguing mixture of defiance and denial.
On the one hand, there is tremendous pride in the Laz community’s self-sufficiency and its historic ability to ride out the empires that have washed through the region – including Ataturk’s modern Turkey – surviving more or less intact.
Almost every Laz we met at some point told us that violence was the “wrong way” to ensure survival.
“If you fight the state, they will crush you,” a restaurant owner told us. “But if you don’t resist them, then you can do what you want.”
Like every other ethnic group in Turkey, the Laz keep a leery eye on the Kurds, whose long and bloody fight for cultural rights has divided the country for more than three decades.
|It took self-taught linguist Ismail Bucaklisi five years to co-compile the first Laz dictionary|
Many Laz people in the northeast of the country defend the centralisation of culture in Turkey as “necessary”.
“If you gave every ethnic group education in its own language, this country would fall apart,” they told us.
But those living among other Laz speakers do not see what those who have left the region do: The relentless erosion of the language.
“The moment when I realised the Laz language was endangered was when I went back home from Istanbul a year or two after I started university, and saw that children were no longer speaking Laz,” explains Laz linguist Ismail Bucaklisi, a co-compiler of the first Laz dictionary, published in 1999.
“The Laz language was not taught to them and they were spoken to in Turkish.
“As the years went by, I saw in the villages that children spoke Laz less and less, and when I asked them a question in Laz, they would respond in Turkish.
“When I asked people why they spoke in Turkish to their young children – when my generation used to speak in Laz to us – they said that there was no reason, it was a reflex.”
Bucaklisi suspected that it had a lot to do with Turkish being perceived as the language of commercial success and modernity.
Emerging cultural movement
At the time, he was studying English literature at Istanbul University, but Bucaklisi quickly became absorbed in an emerging Laz cultural movement.
While many recognised the danger the language faced, those trying to save it had few tools to work with and no state support.
In fact, in the early days, the very opposite was true.
Bucaklisi was one of the publishers of a Laz magazine called Ogni, which was prosecuted by the Turkish state in 1994 for ‘spreading separatist propaganda’.
But, the court – in a move that surprised many – found in favour of the magazine.
Bucaklisi became a “collector of words” and a self-taught linguist in his spare time.
The Laz dictionary he co-compiled took more than five years to put together.
‘Dreaming in Laz’
At a private adult language course in Istanbul, where both beginners and fluent Laz speakers meet to brush up on their grammar and written Laz, the attendees talked about their reasons for coming.
“My relatives talk among themselves in Laz, laughing, enjoying themselves,” says Salma Ari, a university student.
“I can’t understand what they are saying, and that really hurts. My mother speaks fluent Laz – I felt I could not communicate with my mother in her own language.”
“I dream in Laz,” explained Orhan Sapan.
“It’s the writing I have problems with, but if I had been taught Laz in school then I wouldn’t need to be here.
“If the language ends, then the culture dies too.”
Emi Celik, the only non-Laz in the class, said: “A language and a culture doesn’t only belong to its own people – it belongs to all the world. We should all do our part to help it survive.”
It is not lost on some of the Laz, that the battles fought by the Kurds are finally paying cultural dividends.
|Laz is still spoken in mountain villages in the far northeast corner of Turkey|
Kurds have a state-funded TV channel, as well as many private ones, and in the past year universities have started to offer courses in Kurdish language and history, which was unthinkable only five years ago.
But a Laz group was turned down when it applied for support for a national Laz TV channel and now it is suing the government in a bid to obtain one.
The danger posed to Laz comes not just from cultural marginalisation, but from the cacophony of stimuli from the electronic media and internet.
Without a younger generation learning Laz, it is almost certainly doomed.
Primary and secondary education in Turkey is entirely in Turkish, and the curriculum is inviolable. Teachers who introduce unregulated ‘ethnic additions’ are removed from the job.
Informed guesses now put the number of Laz speakers in Turkey at around 200,000 – not enough to ensure its survival.
“The more areas a language is used, the more secure it is,” explains Bucaklisi.
“Laz should be taught in schools. There should be theatre in the Laz language, documentaries in Laz, movies, television ….”
But, there is one area in the public domain where the Laz have achieved something akin to dominance – the kebab shop.
In Istanbul and other Turkish cities, a significant number of kebab shops, bread bakeries and pide restaurants are owned by Laz families.
But while most Turks are aware of the ‘Laz doner mafia’, it is just seen as good business. Successful Laz families have yet to play a public role in defending their language and culture.
“Laz language needs to regain its status for Laz people to hold on to it. In Turkey those speaking Laz, or speaking Turkish with a Laz accent have been humiliated for decades. Laz were told it was a language that had no value,” Bucaklisi says.
And it is time, he believes, for role models to emerge.
“Prominent Laz people in society, social actors should resume using the language, so that Laz people understand that their language is important, meaningful, and precious.” | <urn:uuid:8daea505-c171-4531-9c60-12d4441e199a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/5/16/turkeys-fading-linguistic-heritage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030331677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924151538-20220924181538-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.974641 | 1,825 | 3.078125 | 3 |
An unusually high water bill is most often caused by a leak, irrigation, change in water use or a true-up bill from previously estimated bills. For more information on true-up bills: Estimated Meter Readings
Some common causes of high-water bills include:
- A leaking toilet, or a toilet that continues to run after being flushed (see additional information below)
- A dripping faucet; a faucet drip can waste 20 gallons of water a day or more
- Filling or topping off a swimming pool
- Watering the lawn, new grass, or trees; also check for an open hose bib
- Kids home for summer vacations or school holidays; guests
- Water-cooled air conditioners
- A broken water pipe or obvious leak; check the pipes in the basement or crawlspace; the water heater could also be leaking
- Running the water to avoid freezing water pipes during cold weather
Generally, water consumption is higher during the summer due to watering of lawns, pools, and gardening. Typically, an average family of four uses 4000-5000 gallons of water a month. Here are a few things to check if you get a bill that’s higher than usual.
Track your water usage
Water customers with meters inside of their home can flip open the cover to monitor water usage and check for a leak.
- Turn Off All Water: Start by making sure there isn’t any water being used inside or outside your home including lawn or garden irrigation, toilets, clothes washers, dishwashers, faucets, icemakers, and automatic backflow cleaning in whole house water filters.
- Check for changing digits: Open the cover on the water meter in your home. If all water is off and the number is increasing, then piping should be further investigated. Water meter image is below.
- Note: Not all customers have meters inside their home. Some customers have meters in crawl spaces and inside meter pits.
Changes in your water use
Did you have house guests, water your lawn more than usual, or do anything else out of the ordinary in the last month that uses a lot of water? If so, this may account for an increase in your water bill.
Check for leaks
Leaks, whether unseen or unfixed, can waste hundreds and even thousands of gallons of water. It is important to routinely check your plumbing and home for leaky faucets, toilets, and outside taps and irrigation lines.
Toilet and faucet leaks
The most common cause for a high water bill is running water from your toilet. A continuously running toilet can waste up to 200 gallons a day. That can double a family’s typical water use, so fix toilet leaks as soon as possible. Some leaks are easy to find, such as a dripping faucet or running toilet. You can usually hear a running toilet, but not always.
See the toilet assessment below for help in determining if this is the cause of your high water bill.
Outdoor and underground leaks
Leaks can also occur in harder to find places, such as under your house or if you have a meter pit in the service line between your water meter and your home. Check outdoor spigots and crawl spaces, and look for wet spots in your yard, which may indicate a leak
Do-It-Yourself Toilet Assessment
First check for the most common leak: a deteriorated or defected flush valve (flapper) ball at the bottom of the toilet tank. If it does not make a tight seal water will leak into the toilet bowl. To check for this:
- Take the lid off of the tank behind the bowl, flush the toilet, then wait for it to fully
- Put a few drops of dye or a colored dye tablet in the
- Wait at least 20 minutes; longer if you suspect it is a small
- If there is any color in the toilet bow, there is a leak.
The second most common type of leak has to do with an improperly adjusted or broken fill (ballcock) valve. To check for this take the lid off of the toilet tank, flush, and see if water is draining into the overflow tubes when the tank is full.
The following table shows the amount of water that can be lost (and billed to your account) for various size leaks.
During the summer irrigation systems are a common source of high water use. Watering times generally double during the summer months compared to the winter. Automated irrigation systems should be checked regularly to be sure they are functioning properly and have no leaks or broken sprinkler heads. If a sprinkler valve sticks on, it could waste an extremely large quantity of water. The irrigation timer may not be programmed properly; i.e., sprinklers are watering too often and/or for too long. Reprogramming may be necessary if the power has been off. | <urn:uuid:769e1aaa-9ef2-4d80-95b0-3cb8baa25f57> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://eltownhall.com/government/departments/water-sewer-utilities/water-utilities/waterusage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710719.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130024541-20221130054541-00770.warc.gz | en | 0.931318 | 1,010 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm irregularity and is a major cause of stroke, heart failure, and death. Those with atrial fibrillation may be aware of noticeable heart palpitations. Others may feel breathless or just tired. In yet other patients, atrial fibrillation does not cause any symptoms at all, putting many people at risk who are completely unaware that their heart beats irregularly.
Research at the University of Birmingham is transforming how we understand atrial fibrillation and care for patients with the condition. Our work aims to protect every heartbeat, thereby helping to fight heart failure, stroke and sudden death.
Detecting atrial fibrillation earlier and preventing stroke
One major challenge with atrial fibrillation is that it can often go undetected until someone experiences a stroke. Our research has identified novel ideas to improve screening for patients with atrial fibrillation.
Once atrial fibrillation is diagnosed, a risk score with six easy questions is now used throughout the world to identify those patients who are at high risk of stroke (the CHA2DS2VASc score). This score now enables health care professionals to initiate anticoagulation (treatment with blood thinners) to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Dr Winnie Chua
“Keeping our heart healthy protects our brain from stroke and dementia. We’re studying cardiac biomarkers in the blood to help doctors detect atrial fibrillation earlier and prevent cardiovascular-related cognitive decline.”
Understanding the causes of heart failure
Even with optimal stroke prevention, people with atrial fibrillation are still at risk of heart failure and sudden death.
We integrate genomic information with population risk factors and a thorough understanding of the physiology of the beating heart and of cardiomyocytes to identify the mechanisms of heart failure in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Through our work we have influenced treatment of these conditions, including intelligent concepts for rhythm control therapy and new options for patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation. This research has informed current international guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation.
Innovative technological tools and apps now help nurses, doctors, and patients themselves to choose the right treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation. Thus, our work also supports patients to take ownership of their condition.
Professor Paulus Kirchhof
“We’re helping patients to take ownership of managing atrial fibrillation, and enabling both healthcare professionals and patients to make informed decisions based on the best available scientific evidence.”
Putting the patient at the heart of the care process
We are developing integrated, patient-centred approaches to atrial fibrillation care to provide access to all forms of treatment and to ensure continuous management for all patients with the condition, transferring concepts tested in other areas of medicine.
We are supporting, educating and empowering patients with atrial fibrillation and their families by developing the ‘My AF’ app, collaborating with the CATCH ME Consortium (Characterizing Atrial fibrillation by Translating its Causes into Health Modifiers in the Elderly) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA).
We are working to integrate the 'MyAF' app with the associated ‘AF Manager’ app, so that healthcare professionals can work with patients to manage atrial fibrillation together.
Professor Dipak Kotecha
“New technologies and novel approaches have a huge potential to improve the daily lives of patients with atrial fibrillation, heart failure and other cardiovascular conditions. We are collaborating across disciplines to bring artificial intelligence, wearable devices and new scientific discoveries into patient care, for better diagnosis and treatment.”
Apps to support people with atrial fibrillation
We collaborate closely with regional, national, and international partners to further improve our understanding of atrial fibrillation which will enable precision medicine for patients. As patients are at the centre of our work, we involve them in designing our studies from early on in the planning phase.
Ongoing clinical trials and research projects include:
- Rate-AF trial - The RAte control Therapy Evaluation in Atrial Fibrillation (RATE-AF) trial is an NIHR-funded randomised trial of rate-control in older patients with permanent atrial fibrillation, assessing the impact of therapy on quality of life and cardiac function.
- IMPRESS-AF - A study that tests the value of the medication sprionolactone in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.
- EAST - AFNET 4 trial - A study that will provide a contemporary and definitive answer on the prognostic effect of early rhythm control therapy in patients with AF.
- NOAH - AFNET 6 – A study that evaluates the effectiveness of oral anticoagulation in patients with very rare atrial arrhythmias detected by pacemakers and defibrillators.
Professor Larissa Fabritz
“Together with our international partners, we characterise patient groups with different types of atrial fibrillation. Knowing how atrial fibrillation develops will help selecting the right treatments at the right time for specific patients. Thereby we hope to improve treatment success, and to reduce complications.”
Chair in Cardiovascular Medicine
Professor of Cardiovascular Sciences
Professor of Cardiology
Find out more
British Heart Foundation - Living with atrial fibrillation ➤
European Society of Cardiology ➤
Atrial Fibrillation NETwork (AFNET) ➤
BBC - Biomarkers identified to help diagnose heart condition ➤
Heart Rhythm Alliance ➤
AFib Matters ➤
Leducq Foundation - genomic basis for AF ➤
AXAFA - AFNET 5 trial ➤
European Society of Cardiology (ESC) education committee ➤
Roadmap for education in the European Society of Cardiology ➤
Digital learning and the future of learning in cardiology ➤
BigData@Heart Project ➤
The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) ➤
Learn about our other Birmingham Heroes ➤ | <urn:uuid:ed97635e-b246-4a1a-8f7d-f5dc15848f7a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/heroes/atrial-fibrillation.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662558030.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523132100-20220523162100-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.88568 | 1,295 | 3.46875 | 3 |
BABY, DON’T CRY depicts a person without limbs, a freak, hermaphroditism, variability of humans and animals. Searching for the combination of irrational things and natural things reveals a world which does not exist in this world. As the combination of science and magic, the world contains a wonderful atmosphere. In the natural and spiritual realm, humans have the possibility of all creation, to change the human body to an angel or animal. So-called humanity, reeks of preconceptions.
Wu Di describes a mysterious world in her idea, showing the descriptive object with her lusty persistence, and her metaphorical persistence to this entire world. We experienced "the end of the world" in 2012, and this year Wu Di begun to create THE DANCE OF THE DEATH. However the end of world didn’t come. Doomsday has become a historical phenomenon, the imagination of death is the imagination of a desolate culture. Hope and hate can be difficult to satisfy in reality, leaving fear about the end of world while waiting for it to actually happen. The development of mind is not unidirectional; rational goes, irrational stays. Human beings have the same question as Faust: "If heaven and hell both exist in the world, people will wish to be both angel and devil." | <urn:uuid:4df68311-1eff-4986-8a45-e52949db2c49> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://pifo.cn/exhibitions/40/overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.91012 | 268 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Let's take a few minutes to celebrate the people on the front lines of the Clean Energy revolution: the people who climb on your tall roof to put up those solar panels. The activists who lobby for better renewable energy policies. The scientists and engineers working to make solar panels more efficient, and LED lightbulbs cheaper. The people protesting against mountain top removal mining. The guy on the streetcorner pulling aluminum cans out of the trash.
We mainly think about energy use when we're the ones using the energy directly: turning light switches on and off, paying our heating bills, driving the H2 down the block to buy a candy bar. But almost everything we encounter in our lives comes with its own energy footprint. We use energy to gather and process raw materials, manufacture goods, and ship them to where the end-users are. Some people call this "embedded energy," a helpful image: each thing we own has energy embedded in it, an energy footprint that the object carries around with it like the chains Jacob Marley's ghost carried around in "A Christmas Carol."
And one of the most energy-intensive things we encounter in a typical day is the common aluminum can.
Aluminum is an extremely common substance: it's the third most abundant element in the earth's crust. The problem is that aluminum as found in nature, usually in the form of bauxite, is very tightly bonded to the most abundant element in the earth's crust, namely oxygen. (Silicon is number two, if you're wondering.) In order to get metallic aluminum out of aluminum oxides like bauxite, we have to break the chemical bonds between the aluminum and oxygen atoms.
That process takes energy -- a lot of it. Averaged worldwide, the typical amount of energy it takes to refine a kilogram of aluminum is about 15 kilowatt-hours of electricity.
A typical beverage can weighs about 13 grams these days. That's about 15 percent lighter than the aluminum cans your grandparents drank out of in the 1990s: it takes 77 modern soda or beer cans to make a kilogram.
Even with less aluminum in them, beverage cans still represent a significant amount of embedded energy: just under 200 watt-hours each.
If you throw that can away, in other words, the smelters use 200 watt-hours of electricity to refine enough aluminum for a new can. That's not counting the energy spent mining, transporting the ore, and shipping the raw aluminum to the can factory.
If you recycle it, though, the can merely needs to be melted down and reformed, which takes about 5 percent as much energy as refining the same amount of metal from Bauxite.
Which means that that 30-pack of PBR you neglected to recycle after your party wasted enough energy to leave your 75-watt incandescent black light bulb burning for three days.
Another way to look at it: not recycling an aluminum can wastes energy equivalent to filling that can halfway with gasoline, then pouring the gasoline on the ground. Which ReWire doesn't recommend.
So here's to the clean energy heroes who pull those energy-intensive cans out of the trash and haul them off to the recycling center. We really should pay them better. | <urn:uuid:4f8864ca-484f-4035-a425-9adb679018b6> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.kcet.org/news/rewire/conservation/save-energy-dont-trash-that-can.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823528.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00442-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934558 | 663 | 3.328125 | 3 |
I like Finland’s approach to teaching computer programming: In Finland, Kids Learn Computer Science Without Computers
This was very like how I pitched to get computer programming into a Montessori middle school: it’s not so much about time in front of screens, but more about introducing kids to the concepts involved in getting a computer to do what you want it to do. We spent the first three weeks (of a ten week course) away from the computer and outside, or working with materials in the class like dice, poker chips, and a whole bunch of cardboard boxes.
One week they worked with basic commands for their fellow classmates like
left and directed each other around a grid to pick up the prizes. They became the computer with an exercise like the one we would run at Loreto Primary School in Dalkey. We did everybody’s favorite exercise of making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
The next week they used dice to generate some results they wanted to store in variables and remember for later. We also turned the set of commands you’d need to make someone perform jumping jacks into a function so we could easily make people do some jumping jacks. We even invented our own function,
monkeyJumps(numberOfJumps) that I’m pretty sure is physically impossible to perform.
In the third week we developed a few new card games to show off conditional logic:
if the card is red:
Award your team 1 point
if the card is higher than 9:
Award the other team one point
Award your team the same number of points on the card
We mixed in some hands on work with Raspberry Pis and the excellent Kano.me Screen Kit and Computer Kit to demystify what a computer actually is a little bit, but you’d be amazed how far you can get, teaching kids how to program a computer without actually having a computer. | <urn:uuid:19c851a1-ea39-4a4c-82f6-d6571409d3d8> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.thecodehub.ie/news/2017/03/13/sneaky-programming-sis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363216.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205191620-20211205221620-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.962582 | 410 | 2.796875 | 3 |
For Middle Grade readers. Eleven year old New York City boy, Nestor, is usually the one causing the problems, but ask him, and you'd get a different story. He's always in the spotlight for the wrong reasons. Nestor learns boundaries when he exhausts the patience of his friends and classmates with his incessant teasing, until they exact a plan to reinstate the relationships with a new set of rules.
Nestor's best friend, Phil, doesn't want to know him. During the class science project presentations, Kwan Min, Nestor's most recent victim, sics his toad on Nestor's pet and science project, little Hector, the cockroach. Nestor never sees this coming.
Nestor's insecurity and lack of popularity result in poor choices. He's always in the spotlight for the wrong reasons. At first, Nestor doesn't see his part in this negative reaction. In time, Nestor notices the scratches on the surface of the science table as he realizes that his wise-cracking attempts to be "cool" make his classmates grumble - not at all the reaction he expects.
Nestor discovers many science facts with his online research: DNA, amber, resin and cockroaches. His classmates share facts about parakeets, snakes, hamsters and toads. Information is presented in an entertaining way, making it interesting and easy to learn. Nestor and the other students in the science class provide information in an entertaining way, making it interesting and easy to learn.
You'll laugh your way through Nestor's antics. You see, Nestor really doesn't have a clue. | <urn:uuid:1ff9d4e0-79ac-498a-abf0-7a5ed06afdd9> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.livrariacultura.com.br/p/ebooks/infantil/the-science-project-111900307 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161098.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925044032-20180925064432-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.963554 | 338 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The 80th anniversary of Kristallnacht, or "Night of Broken Glass" was this year - just last week. The night of November 9th, continuing in to November 10th, 1938, Nazis throughout Germany incited an anti-Semitic uprising and terrorized Jews and torched synagogues, Jewish-owned business, and schools. Police and firefighters were ordered to do nothing but stand by and watch. Approximately 100 Jewish people were killed, but the death toll is not accurate and is possibly an underestimation. Over 260 synagogues were destroyed. In the wake of this the Nazi government blamed Jews for the destruction. They fined Jews $400 million (1938 rates) and over 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
This wasn't the beginning, and it certainly wasn't the end of the troubles for Jewish people in Nazi-held areas of Europe. I will focus even more on this with another piece, but I do have to add: before World War II it was estimated that over 9 million Jewish people lived in Europe. By the end it was barely over 2 million - some had fled, some had survived, but approximately 6 million Jewish people were killed by Nazis. Approximately 2/3 of all Jewish people in Europe were killed. That's the same thing as taking the entire population of Virginia and Washington D.C. right now and killing 2/3 of them. I live in VA with my wife and child. My in-laws live in the same city I do, as does my father. We have extended family and friends throughout the state. Two-thirds would be a lot of my most dearest. You can use so many numbers here: 2/3 of the population of the London metro area, gone. Two-thirds of the population of the metro areas of both Philadelphia and Boston put together, gone.
And Nazis still walk among us. Make no mistake. Anti-Semitism is alive and well. Just ask the whole city of Pittsburgh.
For me, this piece is a meditation, a contemplation. A pause to remember. Each one of the lines on this page represents approximately 24 Jewish men arrested in the aftermath of Kristallnacht. It helped me to conceptualize 30,000 people in this way. One thousand two hundred fifty marks seemed like so many, but even more so when each one represented 24 people. Twenty four people is approximately one American primary school classroom... Now imagine 1250 of those classrooms. When looking at the total number consider that 30,000 is the approximate number of verses in the Bible - a hefty tome. Thirty thousand, ironically, is also the number of refugees the United States will allow in for 2019.
All lines are in watercolor with a mix of Winsor and Newton Indigo and French Ultramarine. I was attempting to recreate tekhelet, the sacred shade of blue dye used by Jewish people in the Old Testament. Tekhelet is made from the sea snail Murex trunculus and the dye color can vary from this blue to a more blue-violet based on UV exposure. Tallit - Jewish prayer shawls - were commanded by the Torah to have one string dyed blue with tekhelet.
This piece is painted on 6x8" cold press, 300gsm, 100% cotton watercolor paper.
Read more about Kristallnacht here:
I got my numbers about the Holocaust partially from here, but all sources match these numbers:
Read more about tekhelet and the symbolism of the color blue here: | <urn:uuid:ab19db3a-b048-46a7-ac3c-b24c022ea93c> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.phguider.com/blog/kristallnacht-a-remembrance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141735395.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204071014-20201204101014-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.965648 | 727 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Scope of Science: The Dark Side of Soot
Soot is melting the Arctic. Even scientists are alarmed with the disappearance rate of ice in the northern hemisphere. When soot falls on snow and ice it increases the amount of light and heat that is absorbed, just like any reflective surface. The Arctic is not alone in this unprecedented melting; the life-supporting snowpack in the Himalayas is also feeling the impact.
Soot is now thought to have twice the heat-warming potential than estimated by the by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007.
Sources of soot are cooking stoves, diesel engines and coal fired power plants. In fact, burning any fossil fuel has the potential to produce black carbon. The No. 1 goal to slow climate change is to reduce CO2 levels; however, reducing black carbon is a close second. The good news is that reducing soot may be easier than reducing carbon dioxide levels. Since soot is a particle, it can precipitate out of the atmosphere within weeks. If soot-causing pollution is reduced, a positive impact would occur, and quickly. And since people won’t be banned from driving, it is more appealing to promote clean and efficient technology standards that would reduce soot particles. By reducing emissions from diesel trucks in North America, it could cut back on soot substantially.
Even if the risks of climate change were left out of the equation, soot still kills 2.4 million people a year. Scientific research shows that soot particles can penetrate deep into lungs, deeming soot as one of the most dangerous forms of air pollution. Lung disease is one of the biggest health problems associated with black carbon, so reducing it would have two-fold benefits. | <urn:uuid:a73bca8d-b78e-40b1-9833-df9c43f77ff7> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://earthjustice.org/blog/2013-march/scope-of-science-the-dark-side-of-soot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825365.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00155-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95553 | 360 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Ethnomedicinal wisdom of the Tripura tribe of Comilla district, Bangladesh: a combination of medicinal plant knowledge and folk beliefs.
A number of indigenous communities are present in Bangladesh. While previous estimates put the number of these communities as less than twenty, recent ethnographic data suggests that the number may exceed even one hundred and fifty. Most of these communities are small and on the verge of assimilation with the Bengali-speaking mainstream population of the country. However, these communities are to a small or large extent still trying their best to maintain their unique cultural traditions, which include their traditional medicinal practices. However, it has to be admitted that most of their cultural traditions are getting diluted by external influences, more so because a number of these indigenous communities have converted to Christianity. Some have converted also to the Muslim religion. The intermingling of Christian, Muslim and indigenous cultures are slowly causing the gradual disappearance of tribal customs and beliefs.
Bangladesh has a small area but is rich in floral species. More than 5,000 floral species have been reported for this country and the number is increasing as more and more parts of the country are being thoroughly studied. Plants produce phytochemicals; many of the phytochemicals have found uses in allopathic medicine as cure for various ailments. Prior to a phytochemical being used as drug, it has to go through a number of pharmacological, toxicological and clinical studies. This makes the process time consuming and laborious. On the other hand, indigenous communities have a long history of using plants as medicines. As a result, close observation of any indigenous communities' medicinal practices can enable a modern scientist to screen a particular plant for treatment of a specific ailment and to isolate and identify the relevant bio-active compound. Indeed, many important allopathic drugs, e.g. quinine or artemisinin, have been discovered in this manner.
Towards a thorough documentation of the medicinal potential of the country's plant species, we have been conducting ethnomedicinal surveys among the tribal medicinal practitioners (TMPs) and the traditional folk medicinal practitioners (Kavirajes) of the country for a number of years (Nawaz et al., 2009; Rahmatullah et al, 2009a-c; Chowdhury et al., 2010; Hasan et al., 2010; Hossan et al., 2010; Mollik et al., 2010a, b; Rahmatullah et al., 2010a-g; Akber et al, 2011; Biswas et al, 2011a-c; Haque et al., 2011; Islam et al, 2011; Jahan et al, 2011; Rahmatullah et al., 2011a, b; Sarker et al., 2011; Shaheen et al., 2011; Das et al., 2012; Hasan et al., 2012; Hossan et al., 2012; Khan et al., 2012; Rahmatullah et al., 2012a-d; Sarker et al., 2012). This has resulted in building up a medicinal plant data base of over 800 medicinal plants of the country, and the number is steadily increasing with newer ethnomedicinal surveys in newer regions and tribes of the country. The objective of the present study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey among the Tripura tribal community residing in Comilla district.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted in Comilla Sadar Thana area of Comilla district. A Tipra Para was in the area. The Tripura tribe is also known as the Tipra tribe and Para means village. The community had two TMPs, one of whom was a Muslim and has joined the tribe and has been accepted by the tribe as one of the tribal community. The other was Hindu by religion and by birth was a tribal community member. Their particulars are given below.
1. Kamal Hossain, Muslim but has joined the tribe and is now considered as a member, age over 40 years, Comilla Cantonment Area, Kotbari, Comilla Sadar Thana, Comilla district
2. Subrata Tripura, age over 55 years, Tipra Para, Jammura, Comilla Sadar Thana, Comilla district
Informed consent was first obtained from the two TMPs. The TMPs were told about the purpose of our visit and consent obtained to disseminate any information obtained in national and international publications. A number of visits were made to the tribe to get acquainted with the TMPs and the tribal people and to build up rapport with them.
The TMPs could speak fluent Bengali and interviews of the TMPs were conducted in Bengali, which was also the language of the interviewers. Actual interviews were conducted with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method of Martin (1995) and Maundu (1995). In this method, the TMPs took the interviewers on guided field-walks through areas from where they collected their medicinal plants, pointed out the plants and described their uses. Plant specimens were photographed and collected on the spot, pressed, dried and brought back to Dhaka for complete identification by Mr. Manjur-Ul-Kadir Mia, ex-Curator and Principal Scientific Officer of the Bangladesh National Herbarium.
Results and Discussion
The Tripura tribe is also known as Tipra or Tirpa tribe. Currently, they use the Bengali language for everyday use. However, they have their own language, which is known as Kokborok. Kok means language, and borok means humans in Tripura language, so the whole word translates into language of human beings.
The Tripuras claim to have come to their present dwelling place from Agartola in Tripura district of India. It is to be noted that during British rule in India and prior to partition in 1947, Comilla district of present Bangladesh used to be part of Tripura State of then undivided India. Following partition in 1947, Comilla district became part of the then East Pakistan, the eastern part of Pakistan. Since 1947, the Tripuras have settled in Comilla district. The Tripuras reside in the southwest region of Comilla district among the Jammura and Lalmai Hills. Generally 15-20 families reside in any given area. At present, 40-50 families are residing among the Jammura and Lalmai Hills.
The Tripuras are 'Sonaton' Hindus by religion. However, some have converted to Christianity and a minority section has become Muslims. As a result of staying among the mainstream Bengali-speaking population, the Tripuras have now adopted a large portion of Bengali culture. Previously, when their present dwelling place used to be densely forested, the Tripuras used to live in houses made of bamboos called 'machangs'. The main house would be built about 5 feet from ground level. Nowadays they live like other Bengali-speaking people in houses built on level land. Their houses are now built from either tin or soil.
On the whole, the Tripuras are economically poor. Their main occupation is agriculture. They cultivate on the slopes of hills, which is known as 'jhum' cultivation. In this form of cultivation, two or more crops are cultivated in the same field. The different crops are harvested at different time periods, when the particular crop has matured and is ready for harvesting. Following one cultivation period, cultivation is not done on the same tract of land for a number of years. During this time, the Tripuras burn bamboo and other plants and trees on the previously cultivated land and mix the ashes with the soil. The burning process on the land also gets rid of soil pests and increases the fertility of the soil. Those Tripuras who cultivate on plain land cultivate like the Bengali settlers, i.e. they use the same land for cultivation year after year. Some Tripuras own shops in two nearby markets known as Cantonment Market and Saber Market. Women from some Tripura familes also nowadays augment the family income through weaving clothes and making other utensils at home.
Because of staying for a long time with the Bengali-speaking population, the Tripuras currently do not perform their previous festivals and rituals. However, some festivals are performed, among which the main festivals are 'Baishu' or New Year festival and performing various types of dances on occasions. New Year festival is celebrated on the last two days of the Bengali month of Chaitra and the first day of the Bengali month of Baishakh. Notably, Chaitra and Baisakh are, respectively, the last and the first month of the Bengali calendar. The last two days of Chaitra month are known as 'Hari Baishu'. The Tripura tribal people during these two days collect wild flowers from the forests and decorate their houses and domesticated animals with these flowers. Domesticated animals hold special importance to the Tripura tribal people for they help to augment their income. As a result the Tripuras consider domesticated animals as representatives of the Creator. They bathe the animals and decorate them in a well-mannered fashion during the New Year festival. Preparations for the Baiushu festival start from the day before the festival. At this time the females wear special dresses known as 'ragni', 'rija', and 'rikutu'. Males wear dhotis, a traditional Hindu dress worn around the loins. On this day, the females also prepare various delicious items from powdered rice. Many females collect the leaves of a plant known as 'laiju', which leaves are used to prepare a special type of pitha (a sweet dish made from rice powder or wheat powder) known as 'awan-bang-uee'. On the day of Baishu, the females wake up in the morning before the crowing of the cock; clean their houses, bathe, and perform 'lampra' worship. Then they prepare a variety of dishes. Relatives visit to and from between the houses.
Other religious festivals of the Tripuras include 'kharchi' puja (worship), 'ker' puja, 'goria' puja and 'ganga' puja. Kharchi puja takes place in the month of July. During this time, the Tripuras offer goats and pigeons as sacrifices. Usually two weeks after the kharchi puja, ker puja takes place. Ker puja is performed to bring well-being to the house and household members. Goria puja is done by all Tripuras. During this puja, chickens are sacrificed. Ganga puja is conducted during harvesting of crops.
The two TMPs were observed to use a total of 31 plants in their various medicinal formulations. These plant species are shown in Table 1 and the various plants were distributed into 25 families. The various formulations of the practitioners were used for treatment of a variety of ailments, which included fever, coughs, swellings, skin infections, bleeding from external cuts and wounds, pain, diabetes, jaundice, spleen disorders, constipation, rheumatism, to lessen pain and blood loss during child delivery, vomiting, helminthiasis, enlargement of liver, dysentery, diarrhea, allergy, and asthma.
A review of the scientific literature demonstrated that a number of plants used by the Tripura TMPs could be justified in their uses through available scientific reports on pharmacological properties of whole plant extracts or individual plant components. For instance, the use of Andrographis paniculata and its constituent, andrographolide for treatment of fever has been reviewed (Jarukamjorn and Nemoto, 2008); notably, the plant was observed to be used by the Tripura TMPs for treatment of fever. Justicia adhatoda was used by the TMPs for treatment of coughs and tuberculosis; the efficacy of this plant in the treatment of both the above ailments has also been reviewed (Dhankar et al., 2011).
The Tripura TMPs used a combination of plants, namely, Spilanthes paniculata, Andrographis paniculata, Coccinia grandis, Cosmos bipinnatus, and Justicia adhatoda for treatment of diabetes. Bio-active metabolites isolated from Spilanthes paniculata included scopoletin, which is known for its anti-diabetic properties (Prachayasittikul et al., 2009). Anti-diabetic property of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats has also been described (Zhang and Tan, 2000). The blood sugar lowering efficacy of leaves of Coccinia grandis has also been reported (Munasinghe et al., 2011). Cosmos bipinnatus flowers have reportedly strong anti-oxidant properties (Yashaswini et al., 2011), which can be beneficial for diabetic patients, for diabetes induces oxidative stress. The anti-diabetic activities of leaf and root extracts of Justicia adhatoda against alloxan-induced diabetes in rats has been reported (Gulfraz et al., 2011). Taken together, the scientific reports suggest that the plants in combination can give strong anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects, which can prove beneficial for the treatment of diabetic patients, and lowering any high blood sugar levels in these patients. The results also point towards the deep knowledge of medicinal plant properties among the Tripura TMPs; they used five plants in combination for treatment of diabetes, and all five plants have been scientifically shown to have beneficial effects against this disease, which demonstrates that the indigenous medicinal practices of various indigenous communities should not be ignored, but rather well studied towards possible discovery of novel drugs.
Ricinus communis was used by the TMPs for treatment of constipation. The oil obtained from seeds of this plant is known as castor oil, and has been used as a laxative in many countries of the world as a laxative. Desmodium gangeticum was used by the TMPs for treatment of rheumatism; the plant is used for the same purpose by the rural poor of South Kerala, India (Ijinu et al., 2011). Moreover, the plant contains salicin, which reportedly inhibits cyclooxygenase activity, which may prove beneficial in alleviation of inflammation and pain associated with rheumatism (Srivastava et al., 2013). The anti-tussive activity of Ocimum tenuiflorum has been reported (Nadig and Laxmi, 2005), a plant used by the TMPs for treatment of coughs. TheTripura TMPs used Sida rhombifolia and Mangifera indica to treat jaundice; Sida rhombifolia is traditionally used in Arunachal Pradesh, India for cure of jaundice (Shankar et al., 2012), while Mangifera indica is used in parts of Africa for the same purpose (Madunagu et al., 1990).
Available scientific reports thus suggest that the Tripura TMPs possessed considerable knowledge on the medicinal properties of plants, and a number of the plant used by them for treatment of specific ailments can be seen to be validated on the basis of scientific investigation of the pharmacological properties of whole plants or isolated individual constituents. On the other hand, there were several instances where the formulations appeared to lack scientific basis and can be considered as based on traditional folk beliefs. For instance, stems of Achyranthes aspera were sliced into small pieces and made into a garland using the stem of Cuscuta reflexa, which was worn around the head for treatment of jaundice. The garland was said to get bigger with the passing of days, and the more the garland increased in length, the more the jaundiced patient supposedly got cured. It is difficult to visualize how such a treatment can cure jaundice. However, since the process took generally 20-25 days, it is very much possible that the jaundiced patient got cured during this time by himself or herself, and the use of the garland merely had a placebo effect to soothe the mind of the patient and install in the patient a belief that this process is really a healing process. Development of confidence in the patient on the treatment used is also vital in allopathic medicine and quickens the healing process if a firm belief in the efficacy of the medicine can be instilled in the patient.
For treatment of respiratory difficulties, stems of Streblus asper were also advised by the TMPs to be worn around the neck as garland. The garland has to be worn for around 20-21 days and possibly results in the same placebo effect as described above. A remote possibility, however, could be release of phytochemicals from the stem as it dries up over time, and since the garland is worn around the neck, such phytochemicals may be inhaled by the patient and which can be an effective for cure of jaundice. Nevertheless, as mentioned before, this possibility is remote and needs to be scientifically proven. The TMPs advised swallowing a whole cockroach within a piece of banana and which also contained powdered roots of Datura metel as treatment for asthma. Swallowing of cockroaches is a popular belief among Bangladesh folk medicinal practitioners and rural households as an effective treatment for asthma. Whether such treatment is effective also needs to be scientifically proven. It may be mentioned in this connection that various practitioners advise swallowing different species of cockroaches. The TMPs, however, in their treatment, also used roots of Datura metel, which can have an intoxicating or sedative effect depending on the amount used, and the roots can provide temporary relief to the asthmatic patient through this intoxicating and/or sedative effect.
Overall, it may be concluded that despite some folk beliefs or superstitions entering the treatment methods of the Tripura TMPs, most other plants used by the TMPs for treatment warrants further scientific studies towards discovery of possibly newer and more efficacious drugs.
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Himadri Goswami, Md. Rockybul Hassan, Habibur Rahman, Enamul Islam, Md. Asaduzzaman, Muyeed Ahamed Prottoy, Syeda Seraj, Mohammed Rahmatullah
Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh
Corresponding Author: Professor Dr. Mohammed Rahmatullah, Pro-Vice Chancellor, University of Development Alternative, House No. 78, Road No. 11A (new), Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh Ph: 88-01715032621 Fax: 88-02-8157339 E mail: email@example.com
Table 1: Medicinal plants and formulations of the Tripura tribe residing in Comilla district, Bangladesh. Serial Number Scientific Name Family Name 1 Andrograph Acanthaceae is paniculata Burm. f. 2 Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae 3 Achyranthes Amaranthaceae aspera L. 4 Amaranthus Amaranthaceae spinosus L. 5 Crinum Amaryllidaceae asiaticum L. 6 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae 7 Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae (L.) R. Br. 8 Cosmos bipinnatus Asteraceae Cav. 9 Mikania Asteraceae cordata (Burm. f.) 10 Spilanthes Asteraceae paniculata Wall. ex DC. 11 Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae (Roxb) W. & A. 12 Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae (Lam.) Pers. 13 Brassica nigra Cruciferae (L.) Koch 14 Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae (L.) Voigt 15 Cuscuta reflexa Cuscutaceae Roxb. 16 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae 17 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae 18 Desmodium Fabaceae gangeticum (L.) DC. 19 Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae 20 Ocimum Lamiaceae tenuiflorum L. 21 Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae 22 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae A. Juss. 23 Streblus asper Moraceae Lour. 24 Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry 25 Sesamum indicum L. Pedaliaceae 26 Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae 27 Xeromphis Rubiaceae spinosa (Thunb.) Keay 28 Aegle Rutaceae marmelos (L.) Corr. 29 Glycosmis Rutaceae pentaphylla (Retz.) 30 Datura Solanaceae metel L. 31 Zingiber Zingiberaceae officinale Roscoe Serial Number Local Name Parts used 1 Chirota Leaf, Flower 2 Bashok Leaf, root, flower 3 Uth lengra Stem 4 Kata maira Leaf 5 Go roshun Leaf, fruit 6 Aam Leaf 7 Chaitani Sap 8 Cosmos Flower petal 9 Ripugee lota Stem 10 Dol kurum Flower, leaf 11 Arjun Bark 12 Pathor kuchi Leaf 13 Shorisha Seed oil 14 Kala kochu Leaf, stem, fruit 15 Swarno lota Stem 16 Badar chora Bark, root 17 Veron, Verenda Seed oil 18 Chalani Whole plant 19 Bala pata Leaf 20 Tulshi Leaf 21 Biledi Root, whole plant 22 Neem Leaf, Stem 23 Harba Leaf, stem 24 Lobongo Dried floral bud 25 Til Seed oil 26 Kalo jeera Seed 27 Monkata Fruit, thorn 28 Bael Fruit 29 Hodig gila Leaf, stem 30 Dhutura Leaf, root 31 Ada Rhizome Serial Disease, Symptoms, Formulations, Number and Administration 1 Fever arising suddenly during the night. 250g leaves are thoroughly cleaned and added to 300g water and boiled on an earthen oven. When the water has evaporated by approximately half, the mixture is strained to separate leaves from the decoction. 3-4 teaspoonfuls of the decoction are orally administered twice daily, in the morning on an empty stomach and following the afternoon meal. This is continued for 3-5 days. Also see Serial Numbers 7, 10. 2 Coughs. 1 kg of leaves is thoroughly boiled in 1 poa (local measure approximating 250g) water. The mixture is then strained to separate the liquid from the solid portions. One teaspoonful of the liquid portion is orally taken with honey thrice daily till cure. Tuberculosis. Two to three raw roots and flowers are chewed on an empty stomach once daily. At the same time, it has to be ensured that the patient gets a well-balanced diet. Also see Serial Number 10. 3 See Serial Number 15. 4 See Serial Number 21. 5 Swelling of toe or leg fingers. At first, leaves of Crinum asiaticum are collected and thoroughly cleaned. Leaves are then crushed to obtain juice, which is mixed with oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis. The combination is warmed and massaged thoroughly on the swelled fingers or toes. Also see Serial Number 27. 6 See Serial Number 21. 7 Skin infections. 5 tolas of sap of Alstonia scholaris are mixed with 5 tolas of pure mustard oil (oil obtained from seeds of Brassica nigra). The mixture is warmed for 15-20 minutes when it forms a cream. The infected area on the skin is thoroughly cleaned and the cream is applied to the area. Generally this is done for about a month. During this time, the patient is advised to drink water in which leaves of Andrographis paniculata has been soaked. During this time, any eating of beef, eggs and any type of fish is forbidden. 8 See Serial Number 10. 9 Bleeding from external cuts and wounds. Juice is obtained from crushed stems. The wounded area is then thoroughly cleaned and the juice topically applied. Then the place is bandaged with a clean cloth. 10 Toothache. 2-3 flowers are chewed 5-6 times daily and orally taken. This process will give a pungent taste to the mouth. Diabetes. Leaves and flowers of Spilanthes paniculata are mixed with flowers of Andrographis paniculata, leaves of Coccinia grandis, and flower petals of Cosmos bipinnatus. The combination is crushed to obtain juice. At the same time leaves of Andrographis paniculata and Justicia adhatoda are thoroughly dried and powdered. The powder and the juice are then mixed together. Pills prepared from the mixture are taken once daily (one pill per dose) for 21 consecutive days on an empty stomach. 11 Heart disorders, fluttering of heart. One kg of bark is boiled with 1 kg of cow milk till the liquid evaporates. Then the bark is dried in a cool place. The bark is then powdered in a 'haman dista'. One spoonful of this powder is orally administered to the patient in the morning and evening with one spoonful of honey. This is done consecutively for 30 days. 12 Kidney stones. One poa of leaves is mixed with one poa camphor and 3 liters water and boiled till the volume is about 2 liters. Then the decoction is cooled and strained through a piece of cloth. One cup of the strained liquid portion is taken orally thrice daily for 21 consecutive days. The patient is then asked to urinate in a clear pot and the pot is inspected to determine whether the stone has come out. 13 See Serial Numbers 7, 18, 27. 14 Diabetes. Leaves and stems are cleaned and crushed in a 'haman dista' (iron mortar and pestle, manufactured locally) with a little water to obtain juice. The juice is regularly taken orally to keep blood sugar under control. The amount of juice to be taken daily is determined by the Kaviraj. Fruits are fried in soybean oil and eaten as vegetable to also control diabetes. Also see Serial Number 10. 15 Jaundice. The stems of Achyranthes aspera are first sliced into small pieces. The slices are made into a garland with the stem of Cuscuta reflexa. The garland is worn around the head by the jaundiced patient. The garland slowly gets bigger with time and reaches the legs. The more the garland gets bigger, the more the jaundiced patient gets cured. Generally it takes 20-25 days. 16 Splenic disorders. One kg bark is boiled in 3 kg water for 2-2.5 hours. 1/2 cup of the water is taken daily orally for 21 days. Indigestion. Juice obtained from crushed root is orally taken. 17 The seeds are first thoroughly cleaned and then crushed followed by boiling with water. Oil within seeds will then float on the water. The water is dried and the oil collected for treatment of various ailments. To lessen pain and blood loss during delivery of pregnant women. 1/2 tola oil is mixed with 1 tola water and orally administered to pregnant women during delivery. Constipation. Vegetables are fried in 1 tola oil and eaten. Skin infections. 1 tola of seed oil from Ricinus communis is mixed with one tola of seed oil from Sesamum indicium to make a cream. The cream is then applied topically to affected areas of skin with a piece of cotton. Note that nail scratching has to be avoided during application of the skin. Also see Serial Numbers 5, 18. 18 Rheumatism. Whole plants are thoroughly cleaned and slightly crushed in a 'haman dista'. The juice obtained following crushing is then put in an earthen vessel and boiled in with water. This process releases oil from the juice, which floats on the water. The boiling is continued till the water evaporates leaving the oil in the vessel. The oil is then thoroughly applied to the parts of the body affected with rheumatism. Occasionally, oil obtained in the above manner from Desmodium gangeticum whole plant is mixed with oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis and mustard oil (oil obtained from seeds of Brassica nigra) to improve its effectiveness. 19 Continuous vomiting. Two teaspoonfuls of juice obtained from crushed leaves are orally taken thrice daily. Foul odor in mouth. Two clean leaves are thoroughly chewed followed by gargling of mouth with clean water. The mouth will then feel cold and fresh. 20 Coughs. Leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum are crushed or macerated to obtain juice. One teaspoonful of juice is taken orally with honey, ginger slices (rhizome of Zingiber officinale), and dried floral buds of Syzygium aromaticum thrice daily. 21 Helminthiasis. Roots of Sida rhombifolia are dried and powdered and mixed with powdered seeds of Nigella sativa. A little amount of pure mustard oil is added to the mixture and thoroughly mixed. Pills are prepared from the mixture and dried thoroughly under the sun. Pills are kept in a tight container. Two pills are taken orally daily in the morning with slices of rhizomes of Zingiber officinale till cure. Jaundice (arising from hepatic disorders). Whole plants of Sida rhombifolia are crushed with a little water in a 'haman dista' (iron mortar and pestle, manufactured locally) with leaves of Amaranthus spinosus and leaves of Mangifera indica. The juice obtained from the crushed mixture is collected. One glass of the juice is taken orally every morning on an empty stomach for one week. 22 Skin disorders. Leaves are boiled in water followed by bathing in the water. Alternately, affected areas of the skin are thoroughly washed in warm water daily. At the same time, pills made from macerated young leaves are dried under the sun. Two pills are taken daily for 7 days. Tooth infections, foul odor in mouth. Teeth are brushed with stems. This process also removes foul odor from the mouth. 23 Coughs. One teaspoonful of juice obtained from crushed leaves is taken thrice daily with talmishri (crystalline sugar prepared from sap of Borassus flabellifer L. (Arecaceae) till cure. Respiratory difficulties. Stems are worn as garland around the neck. This is generally done for 20-21 days and by this time the patient is usually cured. To remove fear from mind. Juice obtained from crushed leaves of Streblus asper and Xeromphis spinosa is taken orally. 24 See Serial Number 20. 25 See Serial Number 17. 26 See Serial Number 27 Enlargement of liver. Ripe fruits are collected and soaked in mustard oil (oil obtained from seeds of Brassica nigra) and for 15-20 days kept in the sun for drying. Pickles are then made from the dried fruits. 2-3 fruit pickles are taken each day. Note that the fruits are sweet in taste. Alternately, 7 thorns of Xeromphis spinosa and fruits of Crinum asiaticum are cleaned and placed on the patient's navel. Then a flame is lit in an earthen vessel containing ghee (clarified butter) and also placed on the patient's navel. Then the name of the patient and the name of the disease are uttered. Then the patient's name is written on a thorn and each thorn is individually stuck into one fruit. The thorn pierced fruits are then placed over an oven. The more the fruit dries up, the more the patient improves. Generally this process is done over 7 days. Also see Serial Number 23. 28 Dysentery. Young fruits are cut in to small pieces and dried under the sun. 2-3 of the dried pieces are soaked in water and the mixture taken orally with molasses. Depending on the severity, the treatment can be continued up till 7 days. During this period of treatment, the patient is forbidden to eat Tenualosa ilisha Family: Clupeidae, local name: ilish, English name: hilsa) fish or beef. Diarrhea. This medication is given to patients without informing the patient. One tola (local measure approximating 12.5g) of the hard skin of the fruit is powdered and mixed with a little amount of mustard oil. Pills are prepared from the mixture. Pills are taken thrice daily for 7 days. During this treatment period, patients are forbidden to eat fruits of Tamarindus indica L. (Family: Fabaceae, local name: tetul, English name: tamarind). 29 Helminthiasis. One poa of leaves and 3 tolas of water are boiled in an earthen stove till the amount reaches 2 tolas. The decoction is then strained to separate leaves from the liquid portion. One teaspoonful of the liquid is orally taken at night for 3 consecutive days. Note that the patient should be more than 10 years old. Tooth infections, swelling of gums. Teeth are brushed with stems. 30 Allergy. Leaves are dried and powdered. A little amount of pure mustard oil or honey is then mixed with the powder. Pills prepared from the mixture are dried in the sun. One pill is administered orally in the morning each day till cure. Asthma. Roots are collected, washed, thoroughly dried and powdered. A banana is then halved and a small hole made in one of the halves. Half teaspoon of powder and a small cockroach (Ectobius pallidus, tawny cockroach, Blatellidae) is then put inside the half and the halves joined by pressing the halves together. The banana is then orally administered to the patient. 31 See Serial Numbers 20, 21.
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|Title Annotation:||Original Articles|
|Author:||Goswami, Himadri; Hassan, Md. Rockybul; Rahman, Habibur; Islam, Enamul; Asaduzzaman, Md.; Prottoy, M|
|Publication:||American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture|
|Date:||Apr 1, 2013|
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What Is It?
The eye's lens is a transparent structure that focuses images on the light-sensitive retina. Cataracts are cloudy areas in the lens. They occur when certain proteins in the lens form abnormal clumps. These clumps gradually get larger and interfere with vision. They distort or block the passage of light through the lens. "Cataract" means "huge waterfall" or "enormous downpour," which is how some people describe their clouded sight, like trying to look through a waterfall.
In many cases, cataracts are age-related. They first appear in the 40s or 50s, but may not affect vision until after age 60. In other cases, cataracts may be caused by eye trauma, long-term diabetes, corticosteroid medications, or radiation treatments. In infants, cataracts can be present since birth (congenital) or can occur as a result of an infection that happened during pregnancy, especially toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, rubella, or herpes simplex. In infants and young children, cataracts also can be one symptom of a disease that affects how the body processes carbohydrates, amino acids, calcium or copper.
Cataracts are the world's leading cause of blindness, accounting for about 42% of all cases of blindness. In the United States, most cataracts are age-related and affect more than half of all Americans older than 65 to some degree. Although the exact cause of age-related cataracts is unknown, some scientists suspect chemical changes affecting eye proteins called a-crystallins. Current research suggests that a-crystallins prevent the abnormal clumping of other types of proteins into cataracts. What causes cataracts is the subject of active research. Prolonged exposure to bright sunlight and smoking have been identified as factors.
Page 1 of 9 Next Page: Cataracts Symptoms
From Health A-Z, Harvard Health Publications. Copyright 2007 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. Written permission is required to reproduce, in any manner, in whole or in part, the material contained herein. To make a reprint request, contact Harvard Health Publications. Used with permission of StayWell.
You can find more great health information on the Harvard Health Publications website. | <urn:uuid:fa422fd9-8b40-49f6-8155-647cf9a9f8e8> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://sparkpeople.com/resource/health_a-z_detail.asp?AZ=84 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394020561126/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305115601-00038-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928079 | 480 | 3.734375 | 4 |
China loudly celebrated the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party. Itself historical The event of the formation of the Communist Party of China took place illegally in Shanghai from July 23 to August 5, 1921. As usual, the authorities timed to coincide with this date the release of the film "The Beginning of a New Revival."
The tape, filmed by the state film company China Film Group, for two hours tells viewers how the first Chinese communists created a large party, then a large country, which now lives in peace and harmony. The film starred 178 Chinese movie stars, in particular, Hollywood star Chou Yun-Fat.
According to the good old communist customs, the party and the government represented by the chairman of the government of radio, cinema and television demanded that the picture collect at least 1 billion yuan ($ 154,4 million). In pursuance of this prescription, they gave an indication that employees of state-owned companies and enterprises must see the “Beginning of a New Revival”. Many companies even freed people from work for half a day, so that they would have the opportunity to go to the cinema and enjoy the tape. In schools and universities, lessons were canceled so that pupils and students could see how the Communists won. However, the majority of irresponsible citizens, bypassing cinemas, went to go about their business, and therefore the plan for the revision was not carried out. Unlike the film “The Big Case of Founding the Republic”, shot two years ago, about the formation of the People's Republic of China, the new blockbuster failed at the box office.
Despite the obvious success in the economy, the situation in the country does not correspond at all to the propaganda in the film The Beginning of a Great Revival. However, the fairly widespread indifference of the population is not the most serious problem in which power deals. National clashes, especially in the western part of the Middle Kingdom, were again in the foreground. However, they never disappeared from there.
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), which means “new frontier”, “new frontiers” in Chinese, is a region in the north-west of the country, the largest territorially-administrative unit of the PRC. Historical toponym - East Turkestan. The indigenous population of the region consists mainly of Uighurs (45%), Chinese (Hans - 40,5%), Kazakhs (7%), Kirghiz, Dungans, Uzbeks, Russians and some other peoples. The main religion in this territory was Islam. The USSR supported separatist state formations in the XUAR: East Turkestan Islamic Republic (1933-1934) and East Turkestan Revolutionary Republic (1944-1949). During the Holodomor 1932-1933, around 500, thousands of Kazakhs emigrated to Xinjiang and thus escaped from starvation. About 80% of XUAR Uighurs live in the south-west, the Kazakhs - mainly in the north of Xinjiang, the Hans - mainly in the east and north of the autonomous region. National relations there have always been tense. Since 1950, the Chinese authorities have pursued a policy of mass resettlement of Chinese there to change the demographic situation, as a result of which problems only became more acute. Among the non-Chinese, predominantly Uygur population, separatist sentiments are quite strong, in addition, the number of supporters of Islamic fundamentalism is growing. A number of Uygur organizations are waging an armed struggle to create their own state - East Turkestan.
In early August, a series of armed clashes took place in Kashgar (a city in the extreme west of XUAR), accompanied by two explosions, killing 20 people. The authorities of the Middle Kingdom blamed terrorist attacks on militants from the Islamic Movement for the Liberation of Eastern Turkestan (RZST), who were trained in Pakistan. The next day there was a new attack - 27 people died.
The events in Kashgar are another episode of terrorist attacks that broke out in the XUAR over the past month. A large-scale incident occurred in the city of Khotan on 18 July. Then the police shot 14 Uigurs who attacked the local police station, killed two prisoners and two civilians. A considerable surge of unrest occurred in July 2009 year. Then, during the riots in the capital of the XUAR, Urumche, according to official figures, 197 died and more than 1,7 thousand people were injured. In terms of the number of victims, these events became the most bloody in the modern history of China, after the events in Tiananmen Square.
Chinese officials use not only police methods, but also economic ones. In May last year, the head of the PRC, Hu Jintao, announced a national project to improve life in Xinjiang. By 2015, spending on it will be 10 billion yuan ($ 1,5 billion). And by 2012, all the elderly will be provided with pensions, while in the Celestial Empire itself, the pension system operates in large cities and state-owned enterprises. They plan to finance the program with revenues from oil and gas production in the region. There is an active construction of roads. Kashgar became part of the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway at the end of 1999, as a result of laying a new route to South Xinjiang. From July 2008, construction of the 488-kilometer railway to Khotan began. In addition, design and exploration work began on expanding the railway network to neighboring Pakistan through Khunjerab Pass. At the same time, Beijing does not refuse further Sinization of the XUAR. There is a plan to turn around 100 thousand Uighur nomads into a sedentary people and provide instruction in Chinese in all schools. The implementation of large-scale infrastructure projects do not really like the Uighurs themselves. However, as recent events show, these programs do not yet have results. Beijing has not yet managed to establish control over the situation in this hydrocarbon-rich and strategically important region, through which the main pipelines from Central Asia run.
For other reasons, unrest swept Dalian city, (the Russian name of which is Far, Japanese - Dairen), located on the Liaodong Peninsula not far from the famous Lushun (Port Arthur). At mass demonstrations, city residents demanded the closure of the Fujia Corporation Chemical Plant. A brief report from the Xinhua News Agency stated that the work of the enterprise was temporarily suspended. Fears engulfed the population when Muif’s tropical storm damaged a dam around the plant, which posed a risk of para-xylene, a toxic substance used in the textile industry.
There is no direct connection between the events in XUAR and on the Liaodong Peninsula. However, for Beijing they are not very good harbingers. National problems in the west of the country are complemented by certain difficulties in the east. And in a region that was exemplary. Billions went to the development of Dalian, they drove here to demonstrate the success of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. The second problem for the authorities was that the meetings in Dalian were well organized. Despite the fact that access to Twitter is closed, nevertheless, on the Sina Weibo website, users blamed the power for what it is. Reuters caused a particular disturbance, citing a source in the Chinese chemical industry, that the chemical plant in Dalian is in fact continuing to operate. Although there were no anti-government slogans on the demonstration, they realize in Beijing that this will not have to wait long.
Despite the considerable money allocated by XUAR, the unrest in the region does not subside. Similarly, in Dalian. The standard of living there is much higher than in the west, but the population is dissatisfied. Now only ecology. But as they say, a good start is half the battle. In addition, China’s economic growth is slowing and the financial capacity of the authorities is decreasing.
In the end, man does not live by bread alone. Once confirmed the view that only economic success demands political freedoms not suppress. And propaganda fanfare, large-scale films about the glorious past do not really help. The time to reform is coming. And the sooner they start in a country that is a world leader, the better it will be for the entire planet. Otherwise, you can be late, as some Arab countries. | <urn:uuid:bff8167d-d4b4-4846-bc9d-0c24d7f104cd> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://en.topwar.ru/6380-kitay-snova-bet-lihoradka.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896905.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708062424-20200708092424-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.957367 | 1,738 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Mystery of Dormant Innovations in Nature and Culture
There are all kinds of successful life forms – animals, plants, even genes – whose success was delayed for millions of years. The first ants, for example, go back 140 million years, but ants did not begin to branch into today’s more than 11,000 species until forty million years later. Mammals with various lifestyles – ground-dwelling, tree-climbing, flying or swimming – originated more than 100 million years before they became successful. And a family of saltwater clams had to wait for 350 million years before it became well enough established to diversify into the many species that thrive today.
These life forms are the sleeping beauties of biological evolution. They cast in doubt truths about success and failure that we hold dear. And they lead us to question the role that the quality of a new life form – or of any other innovation – plays in its success.
In Sleeping Beauties, evolutionary biologist Andreas Wagner explores findings about evolution that molecular biology has recently revealed, and applies them to understanding how biological evolution creates new solutions to life’s problems. New work in the biological sciences – some of it no more than a decade old – is turning much of what we think is fundamental to evolutionary innovation on its head. By exploring a four-billion-year-long record of innovation in biological evolution, Wagner discovers the often-surprising rules that govern which innovations succeed and which fail. | <urn:uuid:8b3d28a7-92bd-4887-b86e-8270caaac354> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://garamondagency.com/work/sleeping-beauties/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338244.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007175237-20221007205237-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.952462 | 311 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The birth of the United Association dates back to the year 1889, when a Boston plumber named P. J. Quinlan addressed a brief letter to Richard A. O'Brien, a plumber in Washington, D.C. "Dear Sir and Brother," the letter began, "I take the liberty of addressing a few lines to you to obtain your views as regards the formation of a United Brotherhood…"
The author of the letter would become the first General President and its recipient the first General Secretary-Treasurer of the United Association.
Prior to 1889, plumbers, steamfitters and gas fitters who were organized were members of independent local unions with either no affiliation, or affiliation with a variety of trades.
By 1889, however, with existing organizations declining or becoming devoted to only one craft, local union leaders began to consider other ways to unite national pipe trades journeymen to deal with mutual problems, including how to treat traveling members, build apprenticeship, and provide strike aid.
In response to these issues, the United Association was officially born on October 11, 1889. The original name of the organization was the United Association of Journeymen Plumbers, Gas Fitters, Steam Fitters and Steam Fitters' Helpers of the United States and Canada.
At the turn of the century, early UA leaders faced new challenges and were forced to make numerous controversial and revolutionary decisions. Among these was establishment of a mechanism that would allow UA members to travel to jobs throughout the United States and Canada. The clearance card system was created to enable unemployed journeymen in one locality to travel to work in another.
This "mobility" became especially important during the early 1900's, when the construction industry entered a period of tremendous expansion. From 1898 to 1914, the UA quadruped its membership.
During these years, under the leadership of General President John S. Kelley, steps were taken to strengthen the UA on a national basis. One of those was establishment of the stamp system of dues collection. This move dramatically improved the UA's financial stability and provided a means of compiling a reliable list of affiliated local unions and their membership.
Significant progress toward a sound, modern union came in 1902 in Omaha, Nebraska, when delegates to the UA convention approved a plan to provide a comprehensive system of sick, death and strike benefits.
The UA's nationalization efforts were further strengthened during the general presidency of John R. Alpine from 1906 to 1919. His term in office was marked by extraordinary executive skills that resulted in the implementation of many important reforms and changes in an atmosphere of harmony.
In 1929, the stock market crashed, and thousands of banks failed. In Canada and the United States, hard times fell on UA families. The Great Depression sank our two nations into despair, as unemployment soared, families suffered immeasurably, and there seemed little hope on the horizon. Several issues of the UA Journal at that time offered advice on how members could make their wages go as far as possible, such as growing their own food in their own gardens, but much of the focus was either on calling for our two governments to take action to help the people, or on trying to offer some kind of hope and encouragement to our membership.
In Canada, as in the U.S., construction all but stopped, and this led to a significant decline in manufacturing. The economies of both nations spiraled ever downward, until unemployment reached extremely high numbers and workers began to give up altogether.
Even as life became evermore grim, UA members discovered ways to survive—from job sharing to supporting one another through donations from those who could find work. While membership declined, and no conventions were held between 1928 and 1938, the UA held it together. At the 20th Annual Convention, the General Executive Board report concluded: “There is no human institution that can record men so willing to suffer and sacrifice for each other and for principle that you can find in the labor movement.There is no higher nor nobler exemplification of supreme duty to our fellow men than to be willing to always be ready to accept cheerfully the great sacrifice and suffering … in order to help one another … It shows very clearly that our members are very conscious of the nobility of their position as workers and of their great worth to society.” This attitude certainly reflected that of the membership during these dark times.
At last, with the New Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, members began to go back to work—and regain their pride. UA members helped build schools, libraries, public buildings and housing projects under the Public Works Administration and the Works Progress Administration. Their work stands today as a lasting monument to their remarkable skills—projects like Hoover and Grand Coulee Dams, and the dams of the Tennessee River Valley that brought electricity to millions in rural areas.
However, in Canada, the government’s response was not so successful. Organized work camps were set up where unemployed men were put to work building roads and other public works for very little pay. The poor conditions in these work camps led to protests and strikes. Hundreds of workers boarded boxcars headed to Ottawa to demand reform from the federal government. This became known as the “On to Ottawa” trek, but it was blocked before it could reach the city. Eventually, a new Canadian government initiated a relief program similar to FDR’s but not as successful, although the economy there did eventually begin a slow but painful recovery. However, it would take the outbreak of World War II for the economy in Canada to truly become strong again.
By 1941, UA membership had reached 81,000. That number soared to 210,000 during World War II. Thousands of UA members enlisted in the armed forces and served bravely in conflicts all over the world. Back home, UA members were put to work in shipyards, weapons plants, aircraft factories and other facilities. Some members also served in military construction units overseas.
During these years, the UA grew in both membership and prestige. Wartime construction contributed to this rise, but other events also enhanced the strength of the UA. One of those was the development of national agreements between the UA and large, national contractors. The landmark UA-NCA (National Constructors Association) National Construction Agreement was signed in 1941.
The post-war years were also marked by the rise of one of organized labor's most prominent leaders -- George Meany, the first president of the newly-formed merger of the two principal labor organizations (the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations) into the AFL-CIO. A plain-spoken man of great courage and dignity, he was perhaps the most influential figure in shaping the American labor movement from the mid-1950's until his death in 1980. George Meany was also a proud member of United Association Local 2 in New York City.
The ties between the UA and the AFL-CIO have always been strong. The UA became an affiliate of the American Federation of Labor in 1897, and the United Association General Office in Washington, D.C. was originally built by Samuel Gompers in 1915-16 to serve as AFL headquarters. Today, the UA is one of the strongest forces within the Building and Construction Trades Department of the AFL-CIO.
From humble beginnings of 40 delegates representing 23 independent unions in 10 states and the District of Columbia, the United Association has grown to a powerful, international union representing over 370,000 members in more than 300 local unions throughout the United States and Canada, as well as our affiliates in Australia and Ireland.
The UA remains a strong, vital organization comprised of thousands of highly skilled men and women who have joined together for a common purpose. | <urn:uuid:db83fa04-2a95-4d82-8156-c7e2ce9c2288> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.ua.org/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867094.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525141236-20180525161236-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.974878 | 1,566 | 3 | 3 |
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The AZ Sonoran Desert Museum is a zoo, nature reserve and museum located in Tucson, Arizona. Open since 1952, the museum and exhibits span over 20 acres of desert and feature over 300 types of animals. One of the attractions is the fact that animals and plants are located in very natural environments, allowing them to behave closely to the way they would in the wild. The site is also home to a world-renowned research facility.
On a fair weather day, the AZ Sonoran Desert Museum attracts over 2,000 visitors and a number of school parties. Visitors can witness many different types of animals, from the large black bear to the tiny ant populations. Many rare and endangered animals are showcased at the zoo, including the razorback sucker, the thick-billed parrot and the Mexican wolf. The majority of the exhibits are outdoors, taking advantage of the warm Arizona weather and the limited yearly rainfall.
While animals are a big attraction, the museum is also home to more than 40,000 plants and grasses. Almost all of the plant species are native to the Tucson mountain region, as the museum aims to highlight the diversity and beauty of the local environment. Many plants and grasses are on the endangered or rare species list and are a part of the museum's recovery program, which works to restore and protect rare plants. There is a complex relationship between displaying animals and vegetation that are thriving, while continuing to remind visitors of the plight for many such species in the wild.
While attracting zoo visitors is one of the primary goals of the AZ Sonoran Desert Museum, education and research are also key to the museum's mission. By teaching children and adults about the environment and the many types of animals and plants that populate it, the likelihood of the future survival of these species is increased. The museum is home to a number of researchers who form part of the Center for Sonoran Desert Studies. This group is responsible for research, education and collaboration with scientists throughout the world.
The grounds of the museum are also home to the AZ Sonoran Desert Museum Art Institute. This is an educational center specializing in drawing, painting, photography and watercolor courses running either for single days or several months. The institute uses natural environment as subjects as inspiration for the artistic works created.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:29d0e80a-6de7-4f89-b02b-3e98eacb43cb> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-az-sonoran-desert-museum.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00290-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958279 | 520 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Kusti is India's traditional wrestling on soil. This ancient sport used to hold great importance in Indian societies of the past, its popularity over the recent years however, has dwindled tremendously.
At present Kusti is only practiced in a handful of pockets around India. Even in these places the future of the sport is uncertain. The government constantly pressures traditional Kusti schools to abandon ways of the past, embrace international wrestling standards and win medals at the Olympics.
Kolhapur is one city where Kusti seems to be thriving. The sport is as popular as ever in the villages that surround the city. When matches are held, as many as 20,000 spectators attend.
It is common for rural families to send boys to Kolhapur's Thalims or Akharas - traditional wrestling schools. There the young men dedicate themselves entirely to the sport.
Grueling daily training, strict diet and celibacy for the duration of their careers are necessary if they hope to ever achieve their dream – to become a champion 'pailwan' (wrestler), which in these parts of India still means – glory, respect and power. | <urn:uuid:50fff1a2-1c3e-4c8a-b65d-1d4b2665ac5b> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.mitchellkphotos.com/kusti.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122152935.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175552-00040-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962711 | 238 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Now that it is getting colder and we’re spending more time inside it’s important to pay attention to your vitamin D intake!Vitamin D is so freakin’ cool. It is the only vitamin our bodies actually have the ability to make. It also acts differently in the body than the other vitamins and minerals do. It actually has specific target tissues within the body which means it works as a steroid hormone.
So, like other steroid hormones, the body starts by making a precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol, in case you were wondering) in the liver. Then, these super cool glands we have on our skin toss a little 7-dehydrocholesterol on to the skin surface. UV light then comes through and converts that little precursor to vitamin D3 (aka cholecalciferol). Our homeboy D3 then must travel back to the liver for another conversion and finally to the kidneys for a final conversion where it reaches it’s active form- 1,25(OH)2D3 (aka calcitriol). I tell you this for 2 reasons. 1. so I don’t feel like I wasted my time memorizing this in college and 2. so you realize you need functionality in your skin, liver and kidneys, and exposure to sunlight, in order to produce the active form of vitamin D.
So it’s a process to make it, but what exactly does it do in the body? So many cool things. I bet you already know it has some sort of association with calcium, right? Right. Vitamin D is (obviously) a component of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is a family of receptors that regulate gene expression. Without the active form of vitamin D, VDR can’t work. VDR then plays a role in maintaining the proper amounts of both calcium and phosphorus in our bodies. This is super important because these two combined minerals are what makes up 60-70% of our bones. VDR can affect the intestines, the kidneys, and the bones to make changes which will either increase or decrease the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood.
If you don’t think that is cool enough get this. The active form of vitamin D also has a roll in the growth of our skin, muscles, pancreas, nerves, parathyroid gland, and immune system. It can influence the development of scary things like multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and diabetic neuropathy. It also activates other enzymes and thereby ends up playing a role in immunity, blood vessel function, and the health of the heart cells. There are actually more than 50 genes which are regulated by vitamin D. So if you are deficient in vitamin D you’re really screwing with a bunch of stuff! Low vitamin D levels are linked with inflammatory markers and signs of cell damage. Sounds like a cancer precursor to me.Guess what? Deficiency is super common. NHNES data published in 2011 found the overall prevalence of deficiency in the US to be at 41.6%. It’s even more of a pain in the bootay for anyone who lives in the north. If you’re above the 37th parallel (anywhere above NC, TN, OK, NM, AZ, etc.) you’re pretty much screwed because of the angle the sun takes to the earth as well as the fact that no one in their right mind is going out in a t-shirt and shorts in December. There was another study done in Philidelphia that found 68% of white children and 94% of black children to be deficient. It isn’t one of those super obvious deficiencies, either. Adults may experience chronic muscle aches and pains and, later on, osteopenia and osteoporosis. It is more obvious in children when they develop bowed legs. So what do we do?
Get ya booty outside! Now don’t go out and give yourself a sunburn but 15 minutes of exposure on your face, arms, and legs will do the trick. Extra points if this outdoor activity is something physical. And, of course, food! Beef liver (man up and do it), herring, salmon, mackerel, sardines, and codfish, chicken, eggs and even shiitake mushrooms. YUM.
Please don’t forget that vitamin D toxicity is also a real thing. It can cause high levels of blood calcium which can then turn into kidney stones. Painful. It is uncommon, but it is a possibility with excessive supplementation. Which is why, as always, you should get your nutrients from the REAL THING, not something synthesized in a factory.
That being said, if you are like Pearl and Sassy living in the north there is a good chance you’re not getting enough. Our favorite vitamin D supplement is this Fermented Cod Liver Oil* from Green Pasture because although it is a supplement it is also a REAL FOOD which contains all of our fat-soluble vitamins and anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids. They have a few different flavors but I prefer the orange!
How do you get Vitamin D in the winter? Let us know by using the hashtag #adventuresofsassyandpearl on social media! Questions you’d like to see covered in a future podcast or blog post? Add a comment below and we’ll get on it! | <urn:uuid:e84a5475-f26d-4cc4-b75b-e649bc047588> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://teamnutritiongenius.com/2014/11/vitamin-d/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948581053.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216030243-20171216052243-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.935892 | 1,123 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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Inventions of the World
Students work in pairs
Since the beginning of time, mankind has wanted to invent. From the person who invented milk from the cow, to the most complicated modern technology, this speaking lead-in encourages students to explain a number of significant human creations. | <urn:uuid:94ec2edb-3002-4abb-859b-c1843c5eee78> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.handouthub.com/browse-by-activity/?hub_focus=22&hub_activity=30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987836295.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023201520-20191023225020-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.890381 | 78 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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MANDARA CROMWELL, founder and board chairman, International Sound Therapy Association, explains to SAKINA YUSUF KHAN how sound therapy works
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Jim Gimzewski, UCLA professor and research scientist, was the first to study how sounds affect us at a cellular level. Later, professors of biological engineering in Missouri University developed photoacoustic listening at the cellular level. Our body cells are constantly emitting sound and by listening to them, we can find out whether the body is healthy or not. If the cells don’t sound right, it means something is amiss in the body. We use a lot of sound in medicine today — ultrasound to detect tumours, lithotripsy to pulverise kidney and gall stones and sonic scaling for dental care.
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There are also crystal bowls which stimulate the nerve’s immune response and correlate with the crystalline properties in the blood. We use this in our practice. We try and match the frequency of the sound we administer with the frequency of the healthy organ. Sound has the ability to bypass the logical mind and get the body into a deep, relaxed state. When the body relaxes, it starts its own defence system. It takes in nutrition and expels the accumulated toxins. But if the body is not relaxed, it has no opportunity to get rejuvenated. | <urn:uuid:d3e20ceb-646b-4195-9ce6-f2bb2000ddb3> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.speakingtree.in/article/cellular-music | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540563.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00205-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921766 | 295 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Attitudes to history and senses of the past among grade 12 learners in a selection of schools in the Durban area, 2004 : a pilot study.
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This study explores attitudes to school history and 'senses of the past' among a sample of Grade 12 learners in a selection of six schools in the Durban area. It traces the history of history education in South Africa from its formal introduction to the Cape Colony in 1839 to the debates surrounding the revision of the history syllabus and the introduction of Curriculum 2005 in the present day. It makes the point that the context within which school history in South Africa arose and developed has led history education authorities to view school history as a subject with 'problems' for which they need to find 'solutions' from the top down. Thus, learners who come to school with an insufficient knowledge or awareness of the past must be encouraged to become more 'historically aware'. Recent developments within western academic history have led a number of historians to acknowledge the significance of histories produced outside the realms ofthe academy. Some of their literature points to complex and diverse ways in which ordinary people make and use the past in their everyday lives. These developments are of particular relevance when one considers learners at school because school history education authorities have given very little attention to the ways in which learners make and use histories in their everyday lives. This study set out to explore whether further investigations into learners' attitudes to history, their senses of the past and the relationship between the two would be a valuable line of enquiry for future research. It concludes that adolescents are just as much 'producers' of pasts as they are 'learners' of history and that far from showing how little learners know about the past, these senses tell us much about how learners feel in the present. | <urn:uuid:46360de4-ef26-40a7-aef5-40d2ad7b6bdd> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/2995 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819145405-20180819165405-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.962609 | 369 | 2.984375 | 3 |
I THOUGHT THIS WAS INCREDIBLY WELL WRITTEN AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION. SEE CREDITS AT THE BOTTOM. Posted on January 12, 2014 by annecwoodlen THINGS YOUR DOCTOR SHOULD TELL YOU ABOUT ANTIDEPRESSANTS September 12, 2012 By Paul W. Andrews, Lyndsey Gott & J. Anderson Thomson, Jr. Antidepressant medication is the most commonly prescribed treatment for people with depression. They are also commonly prescribed for other conditions, including bipolar depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, chronic pain syndromes, substance abuse and anxiety and eating disorders. According to a 2011 report released by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about one out of every ten people (11%) over the age of 12 in the US is on antidepressant medications. Between 2005 and 2008, antidepressants were the third most common type of prescription drug taken by people of all ages, and they were the most frequently used medication by people between the ages of 18 and 44. In other words, millions of people are prescribed antidepressants and are affected by them each year. The conventional wisdom is that antidepressant medications are effective and safe. However, the scientific literature shows that the conventional wisdom is flawed. While all prescription medications have side effects, antidepressant medications appear to do more harm than good as treatments for depression. We reviewed this evidence in a recent article published in the journal Frontiers in Psychology (freely available here). The widespread use of antidepressants is a serious public health problem, and it raises a number of ethical and legal issues for prescribers (physicians, nurse practitioners). Here, we summarize some of the most important points that prescribers should ethically tell their patients before they prescribe antidepressant medications. We also discuss the ways that prescribers could be held legally liable for prescribing antidepressants. Finally, we implore practitioners to update the informed consent procedure for antidepressant medication to reflect current research and exercise greater caution in the prescription of antidepressants.
- How antidepressant medication works
Most antidepressants are designed to alter mechanisms regulating serotonin, an evolutionarily ancient biochemical found throughout the brain and the rest of the body. In the brain, serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter—a chemical that controls the firing of neurons (brain cells that regulate how we think, feel, and behave). However, serotonin evolved to regulate many other important processes, including neuronal growth and death, digestion, muscle movement, development, blood clotting, and reproductive function. Antidepressants are most commonly taken orally in pill form. After they enter the bloodstream, they travel throughout the body. Most antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are intended to bind to a molecule in the brain called the serotonin transporter that regulates levels of serotonin. When they bind to the transporter, they prevent neurons from reabsorbing serotonin, which causes a buildup of serotonin outside of neurons. In other words, antidepressants alter the balance of serotonin in the brain, increasing the concentration outside of neurons. With long-term antidepressant use, the brain pushes back against these drugs and eventually restores the balance of serotonin outside of the neuron with a number of compensatory changes. It is important to realize that the serotonin transporter is not only found in the brain—it is also found at all the major sites in the body where serotonin is produced and transported, including the gut and blood cells called platelets. Since antidepressants travel throughout the body and bind to the serotonin transporter wherever it is found, they can interfere with the important, diverse processes regulated by serotonin throughout the body. While physicians and their patients are typically only interested in the effects of antidepressants on mood, the harmful effects on other processes in the body (digestion, sexual function, abnormal bleeding, etc.) are perfectly expectable when you consider how these drugs work.
- Antidepressants are only moderately effective during treatment and relapse is common Since the brain pushes back against the effects of antidepressants, the ability of these drugs to reduce depressive symptoms is limited (see our article for a review). While there is some debate over precisely how much antidepressants reduce depressive symptoms in the first six to eight weeks of treatment, the consistent finding is that the effect is quite modest.
Many people who have suffered from depression report a substantial symptom-reducing benefit while taking antidepressants. The problem is that symptoms are also substantially reduced when people are given a placebo—a sugar pill that lacks the chemical properties of antidepressant medications. In fact, most of the improvement that takes place during antidepressant treatment (approximately 80%) also takes place with a placebo. Of course, antidepressants are slightly more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms, but this difference is relatively small, which is what we mean when we say that antidepressants have a “modest” ability to reduce depressive symptoms. The pushback of the brain increases over months of antidepressant treatment, and depressive symptoms commonly return (frequently resulting in full blown relapse). Often this compels practitioners to increase the dose or switch the patient to a more powerful drug. Prescribers fail to appreciate that the return of symptoms often occurs because the brain is pushing back against the effect of antidepressants. 3. The risk of relapse is increased after antidepressant medication has been discontinued Another effect of the brain pushing back against antidepressants is that the pushback can cause a relapse when you stop taking the drug. This pushback effect is analogous to the action of a spring. Imagine a spring with one end attached to a wall. An antidepressant suppresses the symptoms of depression in a way that is similar to compressing the spring with your hand. When you stop taking the drug (like taking your hand off the spring from its compressed position), there is a surge in the symptoms of depression (like the overshoot of the spring before it returns to its resting position). The three month risk of relapse for people who took a placebo is about 21%. But the three month risk of relapse after you stop taking an SSRI is 43%—twice the risk. For stronger antidepressants, the three month risk is even higher.
- Antidepressants have been found to cause neuronal damage and death in rodents, and they can cause involuntary, repetitive movements in humans.
Antidepressants can kill neurons (see our article for a review). Many medical practitioners will be surprised by this fact because it is widely believed in the medical community that antidepressants promote the growth of new neurons. However, this belief is based on flawed evidence—a point that we address in detail in our article. One way antidepressants could kill neurons is by causing structural damage of the sort often found in Parkinson’s disease. This neurological damage might explain why some people taking antidepressant medication can develop Parkinsonian symptoms and tardive dyskinesia, which is characterized by involuntary and repetitive body movements. Many prescribers mistakenly think these syndromes only occur in patients taking antipsychotic medications.
- Antidepressants may increase the risks of breast cancer, but may protect against brain cancers .
Recent research indicates that antidepressants may increase the risk of cancer outside of the brain, such as breast cancer. However, the neuron-killing properties of antidepressants may make them potentially useful as treatments for brain cancers, and current research is testing this possibility.
- Antidepressants may cause cognitive decline.
Since neurons are required for proper brain functioning, the neuron-killing effects of antidepressants can be expected to have negative effects on cognition. In rodents, experiments have found that prolonged antidepressant use impairs the ability to learn a variety of tasks. Similar problems may exist in humans. Numerous studies have found that antidepressants impair driving performance, and they may increase the risk of car accidents. Recent research on older women also indicates that prolonged antidepressant use is associated with a 70% increase in the risk of mild cognitive impairment and an increase in the risk of probable dementia. 7.Antidepressants are associated with impaired gastrointestinal functioning The action of antidepressants results in elevated levels of serotonin in the intestinal lining, which is associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Indeed, antidepressants have been found to cause the same symptoms as irritable bowel syndrome—pain, diarrhea, constipation, indigestion, bloating and headache. In a recent study, 14-23% of people taking antidepressants suffered these side effects. 8. Antidepressants cause sexual dysfunction and have adverse effects on sperm quality. Depression commonly causes problems in sexual functioning. However, many antidepressants make the problem worse, impairing sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm. The most widely studied and commonly prescribed antidepressants—Celexa, Effexor, Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft—have been found to increase the risk of sexual dysfunction by six times or more. Evidence from case studies suggests that antidepressants may also interfere with attachment and romantic love. Some antidepressants have been found to negatively impact sperm structure, volume, and mobility. 9. Antidepressant use is associated with developmental problems Antidepressant medication is frequently prescribed to pregnant and lactating mothers. Since SSRIs can pass through the placental barrier and maternal milk, they can affect fetal and neonatal development. Generally, if SSRIs are taken during pregnancy, there is an increased risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight. Exposure during the first trimester can increase the risk of congenital defects and developing an autism spectrum disorder, such as Asperger’s Syndrome. Third trimester SSRI exposure is associated with an increased risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn (10% mortality rate) and medication withdrawal symptoms such as crying, irritability, and convulsions. Prenatal exposure to SSRIs is also associated with an increased risk of respiratory distress, which is the leading cause of death of premature infants. 11\\10. Antidepressant use is associated with an increased risk of abnormal bleeding and stroke Serotonin is crucial to platelet function and promotes blood clotting, which is important when one has a bleeding injury. Patients taking SSRIs and other antidepressants are more likely to have abnormal bleeding problems (for a review see our article). They are more likely to have a hemorrhagic stroke (caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the brain) and be hospitalized for an upper gastrointestinal bleed. The bleeding risks are likely to increase when SSRIs are taken with other medications that reduce clotting, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or Coumadin . 11. Antidepressants are associated with an increased risk of death in older people. Depression itself is associated with an increased risk of death in older people—primarily due to cardiovascular problems. However, antidepressants make the problem worse. Five recent studies have shown that antidepressant use is associated with an increased risk of death in older people (50 years and older), over and above the risk associated with depression. Four of the studies were published in reputable medical journals—The British Journal of Psychiatry, Archives of Internal Medicine, Plos One, and the British Medical Journal—by different research groups. The fifth study was presented this year at the American Thoracic Society conference in San Francisco. In these studies, the estimated risk of death was substantial. For instance, in the Women’s Health Initiative study, antidepressant drugs were estimated to cause about five deaths out of a 1000 people over a year’s time. This is the same study that previously identified the dangers of hormonal replacement therapy for postmenopausal women. In the study published in the British Medical Journal, antidepressants were estimated to cause 10 to 44 deaths out of a 1000 people over a year, depending on the type of antidepressant. In comparison, the painkiller Vioxx was taken off the market in the face of evidence that it caused 7 cardiac events out of 1000 people over a year. Since cardiac events are not necessarily fatal, the number of deaths estimated to be caused by antidepressants is arguably of much greater concern. An important caveat is that these studies were not placebo-controlled experiments in which depressed participants were randomly assigned to placebo or antidepressant treatment. For this reason, one potential problem is that perhaps the people who were taking antidepressants were more likely to die because they had more severe depression. However, the paper published in the British Medical Journal was able to rule out that possibility because they controlled for the pre-medication level of depressive symptoms. In other words, even among people who had similar levels of depression without medication, the subsequent use of antidepressant medications was associated with a higher risk of death. These studies were limited to older men and women. But many people start taking antidepressants in adolescence or young adulthood. Moreover, since the risk of a relapse is often increased when one attempts to go off an antidepressant (see point 3 above), people may remain on medication for years or decades. Unfortunately, we have no idea how the cumulative impact of taking antidepressants for such a long time affects the expected lifespan. In principle, long-term antidepressant use could shave off years of life. It is commonly argued that antidepressants are needed to prevent depressed patients from committing suicide. Yet there is a well-known controversy over whether antidepressants promote suicidal behavior. Consequently, it is not possible to reach any firm conclusions about how antidepressants affect the risk of suicidal behavior. However, most deaths attributed to antidepressants are not suicides. In other words, antidepressants appear to increase the risk of death regardless of their effects on suicidal behavior. We suggest that antidepressants increase the risk of death by degrading the overall functioning of the body. This is suggested by the fact that antidepressants have adverse effects on every major process in the body regulated by serotonin. 12. Antidepressants have many negative effects on older people Most of the research on the adverse health effects of antidepressants has been conducted on older patients. Consequently, our conclusions are strongest for this age group. In addition to cognitive decline, stroke and death, antidepressant use in older people is associated with an increased risk of falling and bone fracture. Older people taking SSRIs are also at an increased risk of developing hyponatremia (low sodium in the blood plasma). This condition is characterized by nausea, headache, lethargy, muscle cramps and disorientation. In severe cases, hyponatremia can cause seizures, coma, respiratory arrest and death. The fact that most research has been conducted on older people does not mean that antidepressants do not have harmful effects on the young. As previously discussed, antidepressants can have harmful effects on development. Moreover, many people start taking these drugs when they are young and remain on them for years or decades. In principle, the negative effects of these drugs could be substantial over such long periods of time. Altogether, the evidence leads us to conclude that antidepressants generally do more harm than good as treatments for depression. On the benefit side, the drugs have a limited ability to reduce symptoms. On the cost side, there is a significant and unappreciated list of negative health effects because these drugs affect all the processes regulated by serotonin throughout the body. While the negative effects are unintended by the physician and the patient, they are perfectly expectable once you understand how these drugs work. Taken together, the evidence suggests that these drugs degrade the overall functioning of the body. It is difficult to argue that a drug that increases the risk of death is generally helping people. There may be conditions other than depression where antidepressants are generally beneficial (e.g., as treatments for brain tumors and facilitating recovery after a stroke), but further research in these areas is needed (see our article). Ethical and Legal Issues Physicians and other medical practitioners have an ethical obligation to avoid causing greater harm to their patients. The Latin phrase primum non nocere (“first, do no harm”) that all medical students are taught means that it may be better to do nothing than to risk causing a greater harm to a patient. Although all prescription medications have adverse side effects that can cause harm, practitioners have an ethical obligation to not prescribe medications that do more harm than good. The evidence we have reviewed suggests practitioners should exercise much greater caution in the prescription of antidepressants and to reconsider their use as a first line of treatment for depression. Additionally, we suggest that physicians and other medical practitioners should consider their potential legal liability. Legal liability for prescribing antidepressants Medical practitioners can be sued for prescribing antidepressant medications if doing so violates their state’s standard of care laws. In most states, the standard of care is what a “reasonably prudent” practitioner in the same or similar field would do. The standard of practice is not defined by what the majority of physicians do because it is possible for an entire field to be negligent. Since studies on the health risks associated with antidepressant use (e.g., stroke, death) have been published in well-respected medical journals, medical practitioners could possibly be vulnerable to malpractice lawsuits. For instance, it seems likely that a reasonably prudent physician should be aware of the medical literature and avoid prescribing medications that could increase the risk of stroke and death. Prescribers can also be held liable for not discussing information about medical risks so that patients can give informed consent for medical treatments and procedures. Prescribers have a duty to discuss the benefits and risks of any recommended treatment. Consequently, medical practitioners should discuss with their patients that antidepressant medication is only modestly more effective than placebo and could increase the risk of neurological damage, attentional impairments, gastrointestinal problems, sexual difficulties, abnormal bleeding, cognitive impairment, dementia, stroke, death, and the risk of relapse after discontinuation. Antidepressants must cause harm to create liability A medical malpractice lawsuit can only succeed if the antidepressant caused harm to the patient. It is important to realize that the antidepressant does not need to be the only cause of the harm—it only needs to contribute to or exacerbate the harm. As we have argued, antidepressants play a causal role in many adverse health outcomes because they disrupt serotonin, which regulates so many important processes throughout the body. This may make it particularly difficult for a medical practitioner to defend against a medical malpractice suit from a patient who experiences any of a number of adverse health effects while taking an antidepressant. For instance, if a patient has a stroke while taking an antidepressant, the evidence that antidepressants increase the risk of stroke suggests that the antidepressant may have contributed to the patient’s stroke, even if it was not the only cause. Conclusion The evidence now indicates that antidepressants are less effective and more toxic than commonly believed. From ethical, health, and legal perspectives, it seems prudent for individual practitioners and professional medical organizations to revise informed consent guidelines and reconsider the status of antidepressants in standards of care for many diagnoses and as the front line treatment for depression. With older people, for instance, the current data suggest informed consent must include a discussion of the increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke and even early death. We suspect that if prescribers realized they were placing themselves at legal risk for failing to discuss the adverse health effects of antidepressants with their patients, not only would they be more likely to discuss such information, they would be less likely to recommend these drugs in the first place. Paul W. Andrews is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour at McMaster University in Canada. He has a PhD in Biology from the University of New Mexico and a law degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His work on the evolution of depression with J. Anderson Thomson, Jr. has been featured in the New York Times Sunday Magazine and Scientific American Mind. Taken with respect and gratitude. directly from ANNECWOODLEN’s Blog BEHIND THE LOCKED DOORS OF INPATIENTS PSYCHIATRY. http://behindthelockeddoors.wordpress.com/2014/01/12/you-and-your-antidepressant-2/ | <urn:uuid:350ce783-bfc6-4cea-96dc-d743e3b8d622> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://phoebesparrowwagner.com/2014/05/03/you-and-your-antidepressant-from-anne-c-woodlens-blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104375714.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704111005-20220704141005-00744.warc.gz | en | 0.947661 | 3,997 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Flooding, First Nations Land and Buckshee Leases
The recent flooding throughout the Province of British Columbia and specifically the Okanagan region creates unique problems for First Nation Bands and their members. Flooding can have a significant impact on lands located adjacent to lakes and rivers. As the waters recede, there may be health and environmental issues, such as flooded septic fields, that will need to be addressed.
Provincial laws and regulations that are intended to regulate environmental and health related issues that arise from flooding, such as British Columbia’s Environmental Management Act, do not apply on reserves as reserves are federal lands. Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867, states that the Federal Government has legislative authority over “Indians and Lands reserved for Indians. Unfortunately, the federal laws and regulations are often inadequate to ensure that the Tenant pays for the health and environmental damage. For example, there is no analogous federal legislation to the Environmental Management Act. As a result, First Nation Bands and their members must rely on the contractual provisions outlined in their leases, band council by-laws and the limited protections outlined federal acts and regulations such as the Indian Act, the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, and the Fisheries Act.
On reserves where there are no land management powers, many of the lease agreements are known as “Buckshee” leases. Buckshee leases are informal leasing arrangements that have not been formally approved by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. These leases do not provide the tenant with enforceable property rights, and landlords have limited options for enforcing tenant obligations. Despite the enforceability issues, Buckshee leases are common. For example, the Okanagan Indian Band estimates that over 1,500 Buckshee leases exist on their lands.
An important question arises: Who is responsible for addressing the environmental and health related issues on lands where Buckshee leases exist? While many landlords believe their tenants would be responsible in such a situation, this may not be the case. Since Buckshee leases are often unenforceable, a landlord can be exposed to significant liability where environmental and health related issues arise on the lands subject to a Buckshee lease. This underscores the importance of enforceable and comprehensive lease agreements between landlords and tenants on reserve. If you have questions regarding the enforceability of a Buckshee lease or if you would like to convert the Buckshee lease into an enforceable lease, it is recommended that you speak to a lawyer.
Justin Dalton is a lawyer at Pushor Mitchell LLP practicing in the area of First Nations Law. You can reach Justin at 250-869-1234 if you have questions regarding the enforceability of your Buckshee lease or if you would like to convert your Buckshee lease into an enforceable lease. | <urn:uuid:bed7c72e-0212-45e9-8ca0-90e04316d0a2> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.pushormitchell.com/2017/07/flooding-first-nations-land-and-buckshee-leases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660175.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118151716-20190118173716-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.943762 | 568 | 2.90625 | 3 |
" Posted 3/16/2016 Yesterday we released the ninety-eigth episode in the PoemTalk Podcast series. For this program host Al Filreis leads a panel including Herman Beavers, Salamishah Tillet, and Chris Mustazza through a discussion of James Weldon Johnson's poem "O Southland! " Filreis begins his introduction on the PoemTalk blog with the poem's provenance: "'O Southland! ' was published in The Independent in 1907 and again in W. PoemTalk is a co-production of PennSound, the Kelly Writers House, Jacket2 and the Poetry Foundation. Tinfish Monthly Reading, February 2016 Posted 3/14/2016 We're very glad to be able to continue to share recent recordings from the monthly reading series held by Tinfish Press — Susan M. To start listening, click here. Robert Frost Comes to PennSound Posted 3/9/2016 It's a very exciting week for us at PennSound as we launch our new Robert Frost author page.
You can read more of his detailed intro here. Poetry 180 - Home Page. Welcome to Poetry 180.
Poetry can and should be an important part of our daily lives. Poems can inspire and make us think about what it means to be a member of the human race. By just spending a few minutes reading a poem each day, new worlds can be revealed. Poetry 180 is designed to make it easy for students to hear or read a poem on each of the 180 days of the school year. I have selected the poems you will find here with high school students in mind. Listening to poetry can encourage students and other learners to become members of the circle of readers for whom poetry is a vital source of pleasure. Billy Collins Former Poet Laureate of the United States Learn more about Billy Collins More Poet Laureate projects. 1. The Road Not Taken. Frost, Robert. 1920. Mountain Interval. 2. Mending Wall. Frost, Robert. 1915. North of Boston. How%20To%20Read%20A%20Poem. Writing a Sonnet. 3 of 5 Learn to write a sonnet in iambic pentameter, just like Shakespeare did.
Discover the rhythm and rhyme scheme of the quatrains and couplets that make up a Shakespearean sonnet. Credit: "Sonnet 18," © 2008 Jinx! , used under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license: Here are the rules for writing a sonnet: It must consist of 14 lines. If you're writing the most familiar kind of sonnet, the Shakespearean, the rhyme scheme is this: Every A rhymes with every A, every B rhymes with every B, and so forth.
Ah, but there's more to a sonnet than just the structure of it. First quatrain: An exposition of the main theme and main metaphor. One of Shakespeare's best-known sonnets, Sonnet 18, follows this pattern: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimmed; The argument of Sonnet 18 goes like this: | <urn:uuid:c5ce6c68-fc49-44b4-86b4-a101f96d613e> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.pearltrees.com/morgangh/poetry/id5681214 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661962.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00195-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92544 | 682 | 2.546875 | 3 |
These crawls are part of an effort to archive pages as they are created and archive the pages that they refer to. That way, as the pages that are referenced are changed or taken from the web, a link to the version that was live when the page was written will be preserved.
Then the Internet Archive hopes that references to these archived pages will be put in place of a link that would be otherwise be broken, or a companion link to allow people to see what was originally intended by a page's authors.
This is a collection of web page captures from links added to, or changed on, Wikipedia pages. The idea is to bring a reliability to Wikipedia outlinks so that if the pages referenced by Wikipedia articles are changed, or go away, a reader can permanently find what was originally referred to.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) launched Operation ALLIED FORCE in response to Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic's campaign of ethnic cleansing of Kosovar Albanians. While the complex roots of ethnic tensions and violence in Southeastern Europe date many hundreds of years, Slobodan Milosevic initiated a new campaign of ethnic violence in 1989. This violence had taken the lives of more than 250,000 people by 1995, and spurred Kosovar Albanians desire for independence. When violence between Serb forces and Kosovar Albanians continued to escalate, the United Nations Security Council warned of an "impending humanitarian catastrophe" if action was not taken. Although a United Nations team travelled to Kosovo to observe the situation, they were helpless while Serbian forces attacked unarmed civilians. When peace negotiations were held in the spring of 1999, Milosevic massed forces along the Kosovo border. The Serbian President ultimately rejected all peace proposals and directed 40,000 troops into Kosovo, resulting in a massive refugee crisis.
Although NATO Secretary General Javier Solana did not authorize air strikes against Serbia until January 30, 1999, U.S. Air Force planners had worked out nearly 40 unique campaign options since the summer of 1998. The final air campaign plan was a "coercive operation," its primary purpose to force Milosevic's withdrawal from Kosovo. NATO leaders also rejected the use of ground troops, believing that air power could achieve the operation' s objective. The air campaign consisted of three phases: phase one focused on Serbian air defense systems; phase two called for strikes against military targets in Serbia below the 44th parallel and south to the Kosovo border; and in phase three airstrikes would seek targets north of the 44th parallel, including striking Serbia's capital Belgrade.
The first attacks occurred on the night of 24 March 1999, using 250 U.S. Aircraft, including 120 land based fighters, seven B-52s , six B-2s , ten reconnaissance aircraft, ten combat search and rescue aircraft, three airborne command and control platforms, and nearly 40 aerial refueling tankers. In addition, thirteen NATO member countries contributed aircraft. B-52s launched conventional air launched cruise missiles (CALCM) while U.S. and British ships and submarines fired Tomahawk land attack missiles (TLAMs). During the first night, the U.S. and NATO flew 400 missions, including 120 strike missions against 40 targets. On the second day of operations, U.S. Air Force F-15s shot down two Serbian MiG-29s, while another F-15C scored a kill the next day. Air Force and NATO aircraft faced significantly more effective air defenses than what they had recently encountered in Iraq, and pilots were initially instructed to stay above 15,000 feet to minimize risk.
When the phase one strikes did not achieve their intended effect on Milosevic, NATO proceeded with phase two strikes south of the 44th parallel. During this phase, the U.S. Air Force introduced B-1 bombers while NATO forces also averaged just 50 strikes per night. Realizing that it would take a more intensive effort to force Milosevic to withdraw his troops from Kosovo, NATO moved to phase three on the ninth day of the air offensive. U.S. Navy aircraft joined the operation on April 6, with the arrival of the aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt. Operation ALLIED FORCE had struggled to meet its objectives for several reasons, including poor weather, difficult terrain, and problems inherent in coordinating 18 allied air forces.
By the end of the third week, Supreme Allied Commander of NATO, General Wesley K. Clark, had a force of nearly 1,000 aircraft, 54 percent of which belonged to the U.S. Air Force. NATO's master target list reflected the pressure to escalate the air offensive as it grew from 169 to more than 970 targets by the time the campaign ended in June. The increased pressure also included strikes in Belgrade to demonstrate to Milosevic that the air campaign had reached a new level. For example, U.S. Air Force F-117 stealth fighters struck the electrical plant at Novi Sad, which cut off electricity to 70 percent of Serbia. Additionally, destruction of infrastructure targets resulted in more than 100,000 Serbians losing their jobs. Although there were flaws in target selection and verification, as well as civilian casualties during the air campaign, NATO tried to minimize the loss of life through strict rules of engagement, such as requiring positive visual identification before launching weapons.
During the 78-day campaign, sorties peaked in late May and early June. For example, on May 26, NATO aircraft flew nearly 900 sorties, and by June 2, 1999, Milosevic agreed to end the conflict. The terms of the agreement stipulated that Milosevic would withdraw his forces from Kosovo, a NATO-led force would provide security for the province; refugees would be allowed to return to their homes, and Kosovo would be granted self-rule under Yugoslav sovereignty. On June 10, the Serbian government ratified the agreement and Serbian forces began their withdrawal from Kosovo as elements of the Kosovo Force (KFOR) began to arrive. During ALLIED FORCE, NATO aircrews flew 38,004 sorties, 10,484 of which were strike sorties. During ALLIED FORCE, 29 percent of munitions dropped were precision guided, although 90 percent of aircraft were capable of employing them. The Air Force struck 421 fixed targets, 35 percent of which were destroyed. Overall, the U.S. Air Force flew 30,018 sorties, including 11,480 airlift, 8,889 fighter, 322 bomber, 6,959 tanker, 1,038 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), 834 Special Operations, and 496 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) missions. Perhaps more importantly for the Air Force, the Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was successfully used for the first time during ALLIED FORCE as units rotated into Aviano Air Base, Italy, under the AEF construct. Operation ALLIED FORCE also witnessed the first combat use of the B-2 Stealth bomber and the first significant employment of remotely piloted aircraft. | <urn:uuid:27becc56-95e7-4d0a-ac98-34f346504838> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://web.archive.org/web/20131231001543/http:/www.afhso.af.mil/topics/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=18652 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423183.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720121902-20170720141902-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.967851 | 1,427 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In 1991, the German Act on the Sale of Electricity to the grid made wind energy marketable in Germany. Twenty years on, many countries across the world could not imagine life without wind energy. It has been established as one of the most popular sustainable forms of energy.
| Karl Tragl, Ph.D |
Chairman of the Executive Board
Bosch Rexroth AG
Bosch Rexroth is one of the companies that recognized the potential of this future technology at an early stage. Long before wind energy was fully industrialized, Bosch Rexroth was developing the idea that rotational energy generated by the wind could be converted into electrical energy. We had already developed gear boxes for wind energy plants in the 1980s and so were helping the new industry to become competitive.
There were also numerous challenges to overcome, including the issue of reliability, which proved to be one of the most formidable right from the start. Efficiency also became an increasingly important factor. Wind energy plants today use state-of-the-art drive technology to reliably generate electrical energy at constantly falling electricity production costs. In the coming years, the cost of energy will determine the success of wind energy, and, therefore, the success of the companies that generate and use it. This factor has become the linchpin of an industry that is increasingly under pressure to prove that it is profitable as well as sustainable.
Another aspect that has increased in importance alongside a service-life requirement of more than 20 years is service strength, which is determined by scope, quality, and the individuality of the maintenance and repair process. The image of wind energy plants has changed in recent years, from small windmills with a lattice tower and an output of just a few hundred kilowatts to 200-meter-tall high-tech plants with an output of 7.5 MW. The plants of the future are no longer found on land, but rather in the sea. Experts calculate that the wind there rotates the turbines at a speed of 10 m/sec (yearly average), which corresponds to an approximate wind strength of five to six. Furthermore, they estimate that the rotors rotate for an average of 3800 full-load hours each year. In comparison, at a good land location for wind turbines, the wind only blows at a speed of approximately 5 m/sec and for no more than 2500 full-load hours.
Until wind energy is at a level where it can make a significant contribution to cover energy requirements on a global and comprehensive basis, the world's industrial regions will continue to use an energy mix that is adapted to suit local requirements. This mix consists of fossil fuels, nuclear energy (where applicable) and any renewable energies available. Thanks to its technological maturity, wind energy already plays an important role in this energy mix. | <urn:uuid:94622533-aa06-4718-8e1f-9e69c3318f6c> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://hydraulicspneumatics.com/200/TechZone/HydraulicPumpsM/Article/False/88247/TechZone-HydraulicPumpsM | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989042.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00069-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96094 | 568 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Putney was settled from early times, with Roman occupation. Lower Richmond Road was probably a Roman Road but Putney Lower Common remained open pasture and farmland. In 1469 an area to the south known as 'Pightells' was enclosed by John Twigge for raising sheep for wool. Some further land was lost in the 19th century when Elm Lodge was built. It was rebuilt in 1912 as Putney Hospital, and when Putney Lower Common Cemetery was established in 1858. The common now separates the 19th century urban development of Putney from its neighbour Sheen but there was little building around the common until the 1860s. In 1871 the Wimbledon and Putney Commons Act was passed and the Wimbledon and Putney Conservators prevented further encroachment. Cricket is played in the summer and a fairground visits on bank holidays and in this way the common still offers the traditional activities associated with commons before urbanisation and enclosure overtook them. In the south-east corner is All Saints' Church, built in 1874, with a later north-east extension. | <urn:uuid:5cdd87f4-2f98-4535-8ff2-926e76760be9> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.parkexplorer.org.uk/park_intro.asp?ID=WND18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163041301/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131721-00040-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98809 | 217 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Chota Char Dham is an important Hindu pilgrimage circuit in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, consists of four holy sites of Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath.
The Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath are open only for six months every year between the end of April to the beginning of November.
Yamunotri is the source of the Yamuna River, only accessible by trek from the town of Hanuman Chatti. The Yamunotri temple has a black marble idol of the Goddess Yamuna, at an altitude of 3,291 metres.
Gangotri is the source of the River Ganga at a height of 3,100 metres on the Greater Himalayan Range. At origin of the river is called Bhagirathi and meets the Alaknanda river at Devprayag, here onwards the river gets the name Ganga – the Ganges.
Kedarnath Temple of Lord Shiva is the first of the Panch Kedar pilgrimage sites in the state of Uttarakhand, Located on the Garhwal Himalayan range. The temple is one of the four major sites of Char Dham in Uttarakhand and also one of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams.
Badrinath Temple one of the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Lord Vishnu, located in Garhwal hill tracks in Chamoli district. The temple is one of the four major pilgrimage sites in India, Part of the Char Dham along with Dwaraka, Rameswaram and Puri.
Kedarnath – (14 km trek) Gaurikund – (5 km) Sonprayag – (4 km) Rampur – (9 km) Phata – (14 km) Guptkashi – (7 km) Kund – (19 km) Agastyamuni – (8 km) Tilwara – (8 km) Rudraprayag – (20 km) Gauchar – (12 km) Karnaprayag (20 km) Nandprayag – (11 km) Chamoli – (8 km) Birahi – (9km) Pipalkoti – (5 km) Garur Ganga – (15 km) Helang (14 km) Joshimath – (13 km) Vishnuprayag – (8 km) Govindghat – (3 km) Pandukeshwar – (10 km) Hanumanchatti – (11 km) Shri Badarinath Dham.
By Flight – Jolly Grant Airport near Dehradun is the nearest Airport.
By Train: Rishikesh is the nearest railway station to Gaurikund.
By Road: Gaurikund is well connected by roads with major destinations of Uttarakhand. | <urn:uuid:85ee03c3-af30-4854-8279-d6c695419dd4> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://www.walkthroughindia.com/panchang/kedarnath-badrinath-opening-and-closing-dates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154420.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803030201-20210803060201-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.8664 | 595 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The five food groups are:
Dairy and/or their alternatives: the foods in this group are excellent sources of calcium, which is essential for strong and healthy bones. Not many other foods in our diet contain as much calcium as these foods.
Fruit: fruit provides vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and many phytonutrients (nutrients naturally present in plants), that help your body stay healthy.
Grain (cereal) foods: always choose wholegrain and/or high fibre varieties of bread, cereals, rice, pasta, noodles, etc. Refined grain products (such as cakes or biscuits) can be high in added sugar, fat and sodium.
Lean meats and poultry fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans: our bodies use the protein we eat to make specialised chemicals such as haemoglobin and adrenalin. Protein also builds, maintains, and repairs the tissues in our body. Muscles and organs (such as your heart) are primarily made of protein.
Vegetables and legumes/beans: vegetables should make up a large part of your daily food intake and should be encouraged at every meal (including snack times). They provide vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and phytonutrients (nutrients naturally present in plants) to help your body stay healthy. | <urn:uuid:e45323b2-880f-44fd-9fe4-735f0286894a> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.teenlifetoday.com/nutrition.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540528457.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210152154-20191210180154-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.936344 | 272 | 3.59375 | 4 |
By signing of the European Green Deal, the European Union has set itself the great challenge of making the region the world’s first climate neutral zone, as a formula to meet and exceed the goals of the Paris Agreement.
In order to achieve this, one of the main lines of action of this project is a transformation of mobility as it has been known up to now, shifting towards a more sustainable model that uses new technologies so as to be more efficient.
Transport currently accounts for more than a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions in the Eurozone, of which around 70% are from cars, trucks, vans and road vehicles.
The EU’s Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy is the action line of the European Green Deal to bring about change in the sector. As a result, the public is already becoming familiar with measures such as encouraging the use of cars that do not use combustion engines, because, as the figures show, road vehicles are the most polluting. However, there are other areas of transport that the European bodies want to promote.
The railway will take centre stage
The train is a means of transport that is often overlooked in pollution and transport discussions, as all eyes are on cars and planes given that they are responsible for a higher percentage of emissions. It is precisely for this reason that the European Union wants to promote it and turn it into the main alternative for both personal and commercial use.
The railway is the least polluting form of transport because the vast majority of it runs on electricity, which, if produced from renewable sources, turns the train into a green and sustainable mobility alternative. Regarding fleets still running on diesel, the EU’s plan is to replace them with hydrogen-based trains, one of the main innovations in the sector which has created a lot of expectation.
As part of its Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy, the European Commission has proposed to double the number of high-speed train passengers by 2030 and triple it by 2050, but so far this intention has not been translated into specific measures. The ideas being discussed are only outlines at the moment, although in the case of Spain some of them, such as gradual market liberalisation, can already be observed.
A focus on business
The year 2021 has been designated by the European Union as the European Year of Railways, a symbolic recognition that exemplifies the region’s interest in promoting this mode of transport. The aim is to highlight the railway’s virtues and advantages as a mobility choice for citizens.
In addition to the general public, the Eurozone also wants to promote the use of the train in the business sector. According to data from the European Environment Agency, only 0.5% of greenhouse gas emissions in 2017 came from trains, so if companies switched from their usual shipping methods to rail, the impact would be significant. For organisations in the region, boosting rail freight transport is key.
Leading the way in digitisation
In addition to its environmental virtues, the train is characterised by being a means of transport that is always at the technological forefront. In the case of Spain, it is seen as only natural for all high-speed trains to have a Wi-Fi connection available to their passengers. Almost all suburban stations have this feature as well.
Following an agreement in 2015, the Telefónica company, together with Renfe, was in charge of managing the project devised to provide the entire AVE fleet with Wi-Fi and an on-board digital content and entertainment platform, which is now known as PlayRenfe.
Now that internet connectivity has been guaranteed and established for years, the next step is the arrival of 5G technology. The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation has already announced an investment of 26 million euros to implement the latest mobile networks technology in the railway system.
Furthermore, EU data conclude that rail is one of the safest and most reliable means of transport, with the second lowest number of passenger deaths per kilometre in Europe, only behind the airline industry.
Spain is once again leading the way in this regard, by combining technology and security through the use of drones. In collaboration with Telefónica, Adif will automatically monitor the more than 15,000 kilometres that make up the national rail network thanks to these devices.
At the end of 2020, the implementation of this project was confirmed. It has already begun its pilot phase in Galicia and is expected to extend throughout the country if the results are satisfactory, pending 5G coverage extension. It is a technology that will increase the frequency of road surveillance and will also facilitate the task by automating it and reducing costs and time, as drones can easily access stretches where, due to their size, it is much costlier and tedious to send people.
In short, the train is a low-polluting means of transport that not only benefits the environment, but its users as well, thanks to its capability to incorporate digital innovation into its daily operation and safety procedures. | <urn:uuid:a3062fdb-4852-4fad-8281-0822c3d8b12d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.telefonica.com/en/communication-room/blog/europes-commitment-to-trains-a-clean-and-digitised-means-of-transport/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.964265 | 1,015 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Definition of perry in English:
noun (plural perries)
An alcoholic drink made from the fermented juice of pears.
- There are also certain drinks, such as mead, cider, and perry, which depend on sugar fermentations for their alcohol content.
- The event also offered cider, perry, imported beers and Lurgashall country wines.
- The Anglo-Saxon word beor referred to a sweet, strong drink, not made from cereals, and probably a fruit wine/cider/perry.
Words that rhyme with perryberiberi, berry, BlackBerry, bury, Ceri, Derry, ferry, Gerry, jerry, Kerry, merry, Pondicherry, sherry, terry, very, wherry, wolfberry
Definition of perry in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:03b33576-6f64-4ce8-896e-56836b990465> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/perry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246652114.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045732-00049-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897761 | 212 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Strategies for Staying Focused
There are several times of year when routines change and adjustments need to be made. These changes can make it difficult for your child with autism to stay focused on school work. These are also times when you will need to remind your child on the spectrum of the guidelines that go along with times of transition.
- Try to stay consistent – Your child with autismdepends on a consistent schedule. Schools often have events such as assemblies, field days, or exams, and many children, who have been diagnosed with autism, find these schedule changes difficult. Minimize stress and anxiety by altering the schedule as little as possible. Continue with scheduled lessons and regular individual and group instruction so your child understand that expectations for learning and behavior are still in place.
- Educate through scheduled events–Trips and activities can be exciting events in a child’s life. These experiences are opportunities for literacy, communication, and art activities. Work with your child on the spectrum on discussing an event or trip through drawings, visuals, stories, role playing etc. Paln out scenarios, talk to them and show them examples of what they may see, smell, hear; focus on what they can expect from the overall experience.
- Develop Strategies for Using Energy – Schedule changes and special events can be exciting for many children. Provide opportunities for using physical energy such as stress balls, trampolines, or walks so your child with autism can positively focus their energy.
Whenever you know of a planned schedule change; whether it’s a school break, a holiday, day-light savings, family vacation, etc. Make sure you begin preparing your child on the spectrum for the changes in advance. It is very important that your child, on the spectrum knows what to expect whenever possible in order to stay focused. | <urn:uuid:d5dfa2f7-1589-4174-8a50-97df8181349d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.beautifulmindscenterforautism.com/blog/strategies-for-staying-focused/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662644142.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529103854-20220529133854-00748.warc.gz | en | 0.95224 | 371 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Artificial intelligence has been used for the first time to instantly and accurately measure blood flow, in a study led by UCL and Barts Health NHS Trust.
The results were found to be able to predict chances of death, heart attack and stroke, and can be used by doctors to help recommend treatments which could improve a patient's blood flow.
Heart disease is the leading global cause of death and illness. Reduced blood flow, which is often treatable, is a common symptom of many heart conditions. International guidelines therefore recommend a number of assessments to measure a patient's blood flow, but many are invasive and carry a risk.
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Non-invasive blood flow assessments are available, including Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging, but up until now, the scan images have been incredibly difficult to analyse in a manner precise enough to deliver a prognosis or recommend treatment.
In the largest study of its kind, funded by British Heart Foundation and published in the journal Circulation, researchers took routine CMR scans from more than 1,000 patients attending St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Royal Free Hospital and used a new automated artificial intelligence technique to analyse the images. By doing this, the teams were able to precisely and instantaneously quantify the blood flow to the heart muscle and deliver the measurements to the medical teams treating the patients.
By comparing the AI-generated blood flow results with the health outcomes of each patient, the team found that the patients with reduced blood flow were more likely to have adverse health outcomes including death, heart attack, stroke and heart failure.
The AI technique was therefore shown for the first time to be able to predict which patients might die or suffer major adverse events, better than a doctor could on their own with traditional approaches.
Professor James Moon (UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Barts Health NHS Trust) said: "Artificial intelligence is moving out of the computer labs and into the real world of healthcare, carrying out some tasks better than doctors could do alone. We have tried to measure blood flow manually before, but it is tedious and time-consuming, taking doctors away from where they are needed most, with their patients."
Dr Kristopher Knott (UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Barts Health NHS Trust) added: "The predictive power and reliability of the AI was impressive and easy to implement within a patient's routine care. The calculations were happening as the patients were being scanned, and the results were immediately delivered to doctors. As poor blood flow is treatable, these better predictions ultimately lead to better patient care, as well as giving us new insights into how the heart works."
Dr Peter Kellman from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the US, who working with Dr Hui Xue at the NIH, developed the automated AI techniques to analyse the images that were used in the study, said: "This study demonstrates the growing potential of artificial intelligence-assisted imaging technology to improve the detection of heart disease and may move clinicians closer to a precision medicine approach to optimize patient care. We hope that this imaging approach can save lives in the future."
Dr Kellman is director of the Medical Signal and Image Processing Program at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, part of the NIH.
The study was funded by the British Heart Foundation, National Institute for Health Research, European Regional Development Fund and Barts Charity, and involved additional researchers from the Royal Free Hospital, Queen Mary University of London and the University of Leeds. | <urn:uuid:af7533f4-a5fb-4d31-ada4-db14c45d6c9b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://zh.dotmed.com/news/story/50179 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505731.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401130837-20200401160837-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.961954 | 758 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The legacy of the Solar Eagle project began nearly ten years ago when General Motors chose Cal State L.A. and more than 30 other prestigious universities to design a solar-powered electric vehicle. Each university was challenged to bring their car to the proving grounds of the first annual Sunrayce--the now-world-renowned solar race car competition. Not a group to turn down a good contest, Cal State L.A.'s team of students, faculty and staff, set out to demonstrate the ingenuity, talent, and commitment to excellence held as a standard in the School of Engineering and Technology.
Cal State L.A.'s first world-class solar car earned many achievements throughout 1990 and 1991. The Solar Eagle sped to a fourth place finish in the 1,643-mile Sunrayce 90, finishing ahead of some of the most prestigious institutions in the nation. But if Cal State L.A.'s first Sunrayce performance wasn't enough to convince the world of its rank among the most elite engineering and technology programs, surely the Solar Eagle's showing at the 2,000-mile World Solar Challenge did the trick. The Solar Eagle blazed to a top-ten world ranking at the Australian Challenge, leaving any skeptics in its dust.
Among its many honors, the sleek Solar Eagle was awarded Best Artistic Design by the U.S. Department of Energy. Sought after by many curious fans, the Solar Eagle did a two-year stint as a featured exhibit in Los Angeles' Petersen Automotive Museum.
But the Solar Eagle was just the beginning. Bitten by the solar-powered bug, Cal State L.A. was not one to leave well-enough alone. The next generation of solar vehicle design created the Solar Eagle II.
Shorter in length, lighter in weight, and more efficient, the much faster Solar Eagle II was built on the success of its predecessor. The story of the Solar Eagle II starts with much promise as the team logged in the fastest qualifying time for Sunrayce 93, winning the pole position. Expectations were high.
But Team Solar Eagle II took a paralyzing blow early on at Sunrayce 93. The Solar Eagle II fell back to 26th place after experiencing electrical failure on the first day of competition. Despite the unforeseen complication, the car battled back to dominate four of the seven race days and finish third overall. Solar Eagle II averaged 10 miles per hour faster than the Solar Eagle at the World Solar Challenge in Australia the same year, finishing ahead of 43 entries--many of which were built by multinational corporations.
Honored for its excellent engineering design and technical innovation, the Solar Eagle II upheld the Cal State L.A. tradition for building world-class solar vehicles.
But the great accomplishments of Team Solar Eagle and Team Solar Eagle II were not enough to satisfy the Cal State L.A. community. Ceaselessly aiming for perfection, the School of Engineering and Technology convened a new team in 1995 to drive a new solar car project. The result of their efforts is the defending Sunrayce national champion, theSolar Eagle III.
Nearly twenty feet long and more than six feet wide, the Solar Eagle III is truly a state-of-the-art solar vehicle. It's made up of entirely composite materials, making it lighter, stronger, and more durable. A total of 762 solar cells smother the panel to juice up the car's batteries. And a state-of-the-art hub motor built directly into the wheel allows the Solar Eagle III to operate at maximum efficiency. More in-depth technical specifications for the Solar Eagle III can be found at Solar Eagle III: The Next Generation.
Cal State L.A. had the history of a successful, constantly improving program in its corner, even before Team Solar Eagle III returned from Sunrayce 97 with the national championship. Merely competing in a Sunrayce is an accomplishment reached only by the nation's finest educational institutions; schools dedicated to student achievement and growth through experience. But winning Sunrayce 97 cemented Cal State L.A.'s rank among the most respected learning institutions in North America. Hundreds of worthy universities have competed for the Sunrayce gold, but only three have ever gone the distance. Cal State L.A. is one of them.
"This victory shouts to the world something we've known all along," says Dr. Raymond Landis, Dean of the School of Engineering and Technology at Cal State L.A. "Cal State L.A. is one of the nation's finest educational institutions."
The Solar Eagle III might have more victorious surprises in store, so keep your finger on the pulse of this student project! The next stop is the 1998 Australian World Solar Challenge Today the nation, tomorrow the world!
TOP | SOLAR EAGLE III MAINPAGE | SCHOOL
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY | <urn:uuid:e32114d0-20c7-4938-aeac-d17a8da02d6b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.calstatela.edu/academic/ecst/solar_eagle/history.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363327.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206224536-20211207014536-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.946086 | 999 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Antibodies support the immune response; furthermore, they can even induce accumulation of therapeutic agents at a tumor site by conjugation or fusion.
New York, NY -- (SBWIRE) -- 07/21/2017 -- Therapeutic proteins are the engineered proteins in the laboratory intended for pharmaceutical use. The first therapeutic protein was Insulin, used for treating Diabetes in the 1920's. Under definite conditions, recombinant DNA technology makes it easy to produce proteins in particular host cells such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells. The host for production is chosen on the basis of the protein required. Mammalian cells are the most preferred host cell as their posttranslational modifications like glycosylation and sialylation have the biggest impact on the protein's pharmacokinetics and protein's efficiency. Therapeutic proteins aid in the personalized medicine concept as they make it easy for the individualized treatment by associating with the specifically targeted therapeutic procedure by recompensing the deficiency of the deficient protein. Antibodies are the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. The Antibodies support the immune response; furthermore, they can even induce accumulation of therapeutic agents at a tumor site by conjugation or fusion.
Request to View Tables of Content @ http://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/toc/16888
Global Therapeutic Protein Market: Dynamics
Latest innovations in Recombinant Proteins have changed the scenario, and the increase in antibody-based drugs have headed to research on engineering protein scaffolds. According to NCBI, the latest advances in protein engineering technologies have allowed drug developers and manufacturers to fine-tune and exploit desirable functional characteristics of proteins of interest while maintaining (and in some cases enhancing) product safety or efficacy or both. New engineered proteins, including bispecific mAbs and multispecific fusion proteins, mAbs conjugated with small molecule drugs, and proteins with optimized pharmacokinetics, are currently under development. However, in the last several decades, there are no conceptually new methodological developments comparable, e.g., to genetic engineering leading to the development of recombinant therapeutic proteins. It appears that a paradigm change in methodologies and understanding of mechanisms is needed to overcome major challenges, including resistance to therapy, access to targets, the complexity of biological systems, and individual variations. Some of the significant trends in the therapeutic proteins market are hepatic metabolism and the rapid elimination, are a major setback to the clinical applications of therapeutic proteins, thus increasing the focus on Biobetters. Obstacles in production, Protein solubility, distribution, stability, delivery route (blood or alimentary may degrade it), physiologically active-post translational modifications and cost are the biggest challenges in the therapeutic protein market.
Geographically, North America is the dominating region in the Therapeutic Protein market owing to the greater research and development work on therapeutic proteins going on in the North America and Europe. Rising awareness of Therapeutic Proteins amongst the individuals and healthcare professionals has fueled the Therapeutic Protein market. Asia Pacific and Latin America are the most lucrative markets, and both these regions most likely will exhibit a strong CAGR during the forecast years. The growth in this region is attributed to the increase in funding for research and development and entry of established players in these regions.
Global Therapeutic Protein Market: Key Players
Currently, the global Therapeutic Protein market is highly competitive owing to the involvement of many established players. Some of the key players in the Global Therapeutic Protein are Amgen Inc, Abbott Laboratories, AstraZeneca, Baxter International, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly & Company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Generex Biotechnology, Genentech, GeneScience Pharmaceuticals, Group Biogen Idec Inc, Hualan Biological Engineering, Johnson & Johnson, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Merck Serono S.A, Novo Nordisk, Oramed Pharmaceuticals, ProBiogen AG, Sandoz International, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries and many more.
To view complete report @ http://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/market-research/therapeutic-protein-market.asp | <urn:uuid:5d2262ca-0fac-4fa5-940b-452a9a6ad796> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.sbwire.com/press-releases/therapeutic-protein-market-trends-and-opportunities-by-2017-2025-836689.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823114.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018195607-20171018215607-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.908279 | 871 | 2.640625 | 3 |
If you are a resident of Washington state, you should know that there is a bill quietly sailing through your state legislature that violates your privacy and threatens your right to make informed, voluntary decisions about vaccination. House Bill 1015 1 and Senate Bill 5005 also discriminates against parents by failing to give them equal protection under the federal National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 (PL 99-660). 2
The proposed new law will legally require doctors and nurses to personally sign off on all religious or personal belief exemptions to vaccination filed with the state. Parents seeking non-medical exemptions will be required to include a signature from a vaccine provider on the exemption form stating that they have been given vaccine benefit and risk information. 3 Currently Washington state mandatory vaccination laws 4 only require signatures from medical personnel when medical exemptions are filed.
If this bill becomes law, it will put doctors, nurses and other medical personnel in the legal position of acting as inquisitors of religious beliefs held by fellow citizens, which is an invasion of privacy and a de facto violation of First Amendment rights. 5 Americans associated with the medical profession will have the power to sit in judgment of, or interfere with, the free exercise of religious, spiritual or conscientious beliefs of other Americans. It will also make it easier for doctors to punish parents making selective vaccine choices by denying their children medical care, which is the official policy of many U.S. pediatricians. 6
The ethical principle of informed consent 7 to medical risk taking means that you, as an individual or the legal guardian of an individual, have the human right to be fully informed about the benefits and risks of a medical intervention and make a voluntary decision without being harassed or coerced by anyone. 8 The informed consent principle protects individuals in every society from exploitation by those in positions of power in medicine, government and industry. 9, 10, 11
The proposed Washington state bill makes it easier for doctors and other medical personnel to violate an individual’s informed consent rights and discriminate against those filing vaccine exemptions, who may hold different beliefs and values. 12, 13, 14, 15 Informed consent is especially important when it comes to vaccination because doctors and nurses cannot predict ahead of time who will be injured by vaccines. More than $2 billion dollars has been awarded by the U.S. Court of Claims 16 to compensate vaccine victims, mostly children, whose doctors did not know they would suffer brain inflammation, immune dysregulation and become permanently disabled or even die after vaccination. 17, 18, 19
Co-sponsors of the new Washington state vaccine law do not acknowledge in the bill that there is already a federal law in place since 1986, 20, 21 which legally requires doctors, nurses and all vaccine providers to:
- Give parents vaccine benefit and risk information before vaccination takes place;
- Record serious health problems, including hospitalizations, injuries and deaths, after vaccination in the child’s permanent medical records;
- Report serious health problems after vaccination 22 to the federal Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS); 23 and
- Keep a permanent record of all vaccines given, including the manufacturer’s name and lot number.
Unfortunately, today most vaccine providers do not obey these important federal law requirements. So if the goal of the new law is to educate parents about vaccination, it should simply state that all vaccine providers are legally required to give every parent Vaccine Information Statements (VIS) produced by the Centers for Disease Control, 24 which also contain information about reporting vaccine reactions and the federal vaccine injury compensation program.
If you are a Washington State resident and do not want to lose your right to file a religious or personal belief exemption to vaccination without getting the signature of a doctor or nurse, you need take action TODAY.
Sign up for NVIC's Advocacy Portal and learn how to take action and make your voice heard. No matter what state you live in, please join forces now with the oldest, largest, and most experienced vaccine safety and informed consent organization, the non-profit National Vaccine Information Center, 25, 26 and fight for your freedom to make voluntary vaccine choices in America.
If it can happen in Washington state, it can happen in your state. Defend your informed consent rights.
Please forward the public service announcement linked to the end of this commentary to everyone you know about how to join NVIC’s Advocacy Portal.
It’s your health. Your family. Your choice.
Click here to watch NVIC’s Advocacy Portal Public Service Announcement.
2The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 (PL 99-660). Subpart C - Assuring a Safer Childhood Vaccination Program in the United States (300 aa 25-28): Recording and reporting of information; vaccine information; mandate for safer childhood vaccines; manufacturer recordkeeping and reporting.
8 Doyal L. Good clinical practice and informed consent are inseparable. Heart 2002; 87(2): 103-105.
10 Seidelman WE. Nuremberg lamentation: for the forgotten victims of medical science. British Medical Journal 1996; 313: 1463-7.
11 Annas GJ. Globalization of Clinical Trials and Informed Consent. N Eng J Med 2009; 360:2050-2053.
12 ACLU. 2009. NYCLU Urges Public Education and Voluntary Vaccine for H1N1 Flu, Warns Vaccine Mandate Violates Privacy Rights. Testimony by Donna Lieberman
13 Offit, P. Mandating Influenza Vaccine: One Hospital’s Experience. Medscape 2010.
14 Sullivan PL. 2010. Influenza Vaccination in HealthCare Workers: Should It Be Mandatory? Journal of Issues in Nursing.
16 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Statistics Report (January 3, 2011).
17 Waldenbuerg WS, Wallace SE. When Science is Silent: Examining Compensation of Vaccine-Related Injuries When Scientific Evidence of Causation is Inconclusive. Wake Forest Law Review 2007; 42: 303-331.
19 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program Vaccine Injury Table.
20 See Reference #1
26 In the U.S. Supreme Court of the United States: Bruesewitz v. Wyeth-Lederle Vaccines and Lederle Laboratories. Petition of Amici Curiae National Vaccine Information Center, it’s co-founders and 11 other organizations in support of Petitioners.
Watch the video: | <urn:uuid:6b07a051-f420-41e0-af17-b2f1bae82d86> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://vaccineawakening.blogspot.com/2011/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823482.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019231858-20171020011832-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.906676 | 1,360 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Half wave rectifier and its operation
The following question will arise in any class 10th student or junior college student's mind, What is Rectifier? An electronic device that converts alternating current (AC) into direct pulsating current (DC) is called as Rectifier. The process of converting alternating current into direct current is known as Rectification.
Types of Rectifiers:-
- Half wave Rectifier, and
- Full wave Rectifier.
Half Wave Rectifier :-
Half wave rectifier is a rectifier which converts AC voltage into a pulsating voltage using only one half cycle of the applied voltage and the process of this voltage conversion is known as Half wave rectification. Half wave rectifier circuit goes like this,
Half wave rectification :-
In half wave rectification, the rectifier conducts current only during positive half cycles of input AC supply. During negative half cycles, there is no current and hence, no voltage drop across the load.Therefore, current always flows in one direction through the load i.e. in above diagram, through R with base as L.
Equation for calculating output DC voltage is V(peak) = V(rms) * square root of 2.
Operation of Half wave rectifier :-
- The primary of the transformer is connected to the AC power supply (in above diagram, the left hand side of two vertical lines). and then AC voltage is induced across the secondary transformer (in above diagram, the right hand side of two vertical lines).
- During the positive half cycle of AC input voltage, diode is forward biased and conducts for all instantaneous voltage.
- While conducting, the diode acts as short circuit so that the current flows and produces voltage across load resistor R with base as L.
- During negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and hence it does not conduct any current.
- Hence, there is no current flow or voltage drop through load resistor.
- As a result, only positive half cycle is utilized to deliver DC power and the output voltage is same as the Input voltage. Waveforms looks something like this,
7. As the circuit uses only half cycle of AC input voltage, it is known as Half wave rectifier and process of conversion into DC power is known as Half wave rectification.
Like it on Facebook, +1 on Google, Tweet it or share this article on other bookmarking websites. | <urn:uuid:be796066-5027-41a0-89c5-a9be0720eefa> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.boddunan.com/articles/education/22-computer-science/5851-half-wave-rectifier-and-its-operation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607046.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170522190443-20170522210443-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.906842 | 495 | 4.375 | 4 |
Nickel binding proteins are studied in pathogenic bacteria. The sequestration and storage of metals, and the maturation and roles of metal-containing enzymes by bacterial pathogens are of keen interest. The bacterial pathogens under study include the persistent gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, other Helicobacters that colonize liver and colon environments, and some enteric diarrheal pathogens (e.g. Salmonella/Shigella). For example, all these bacteria sequester the metal nickel for use in nickel-containing enzymes, yet the mechanism of nickel storage and subsequent nickel allocation and insertion into the nickel enzyme sinks (hydrogenases and ureases) are not understood. All of these bacteria regulate the maturation of nickel-containing proteins via Ni-sensing regulators,which are also studied in the Maier lab from approaches ranging from physical biochemistry to macromolecule (DNA-protein) interactions. Mutant strain analysis combined with pure protein studies and animal infection models are all used to study nickel containing (and NiFe-containing) proteins in these pathogens. A key growth substrate used by all these pathogens in animals is molecular hydrogen produced by the host flora; the pathogens ability to use this small but highly energetic substrate is due to a nickel-containing H2-splitting enzyme. The nickel-dependent expression and maturation of this enzyme is studied, as well as unique ways (i.e. nickel chelation) to inhibit its activity within host animals. Another related area of research involves stress-combating proteins used by Helicobacter pylori to colonize the gastric mucosa of humans. Such colonization leads to a variety of inflammatory gastric diseases. The persistence of the Helicobacter pathogen in withstanding host defense mechanisms over a period of years or decades results in the most severe gastric diseases, including even gastric carcinomas. Many of the oxidative stress combating enzymes require iron as a key element of the protein. Dr. Maier's goal is to identify and then characterize the oxidative stress resistance proteins that enable the gastric pathogen to persistently survive the harsh host environment. | <urn:uuid:fee5a897-15ab-4ebf-9a0f-e183b989b3c1> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.asm.org/index.php/fellows-academy/fellows2/fellows-elected-in-2010/91048-robert-j-maier | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922763.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909051410-00295-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920709 | 429 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Got Mercury is a campaign launched by the Turtle Island Restoration Network, an activist organization that goes heavy on the rhetoric while skimping on the science. The campaign’s website explains: “Because of the ubiquitous [sic] nature of mercury in our environment and because federal and state public health agencies are not doing enough to raise public awareness and protect the public from mercury, we developed gotmercury.org.”
Got Mercury has launched an array of desperate stunts in an attempt to frighten people into cutting back on seafood. During one holiday season, Got Mercury called on charities not to distribute donations of canned tuna to poor people over groundless mercury fears. They’ve also publicized a bogus report warning about mercury in tuna sandwiches served in school lunches.
Governmental agencies have also grown wise to Got Mercury’s ways. In a demonstration of just how little credibility GotMercury.org has, the FDA rejected every point the activists raised in their petition to pass “more stringent” regulations on mercury in seafood. As the FDA noted in its official response:
- “You present no evidence that mercury levels in ocean fish are rising or will rise as a consequence of increasing mercury in the ocean…”
- “Your petition failed to provide sufficient data or information, such as specifics relating to actual injuries within the general population or estimates of risk…”
- “The petition does not identify any ‘case studies’ of possible individual injuries from prenatal exposure to methylmercury in the U.S., nor are we aware of any…”
- “In your petition, you devote considerable attention to canned tuna…The FAO/WHO assessment estimates that these products are beneficial — and thus pose no reasonable possibility of injury…”
It’s clear that environmental activists are not health experts. And when reporters quote activists on health concerns, they’re frequently wrong — especially on seafood.
For example, Got Mercury grossly exaggerates the hypothetical risk of mercury present in commercial seafood. These trace amounts of mercury occur naturally – the byproduct of thermal vents and volcanoes on the ocean floor — and have been present in seafood for millions of years. In fact, the infinitesimal amount of mercury in seafood is the same as it was 90 years ago, according to the FDA.
The fish Americans order at their favorite restaurant or buy from their local grocer is safe to eat. Ten species of fish account for close to 90 percent of the seafood we eat in the United States, and all have low levels of mercury.
For years, medical organizations, government agencies, and independent experts have stressed that eating a variety of fish at least two to three times per week is essential for optimal brain, heart and eye health in children and adults alike. Doctors, nutritionists, and credentialed researchers — who use peer-reviewed science to shape their recommendations — all agree that the real risk when it comes to seafood is not eating enough of it.
The activists ask: Got Mercury? Here’s a better question: Got Facts? | <urn:uuid:5894ec2d-ef8c-4679-88ed-d56871094a13> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.aboutseafood.com/4031-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815934.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224191934-20180224211934-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.938401 | 633 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Ball milling - Présentation PowerPoint
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Universal Credit - information for bank staff
Universal Credit is a new type of support that is replacing certain benefits such as Jobseeker’s Allowance, and all tax credits. It’s being introduced gradually. If you’re working in a bank or building society we’ve summarised what we think you might need to know about it.
What is Universal Credit?
Universal Credit is a new monthly payment for people who are either unemployed, or working but on a low income.
It will eventually replace all of the following benefits and tax credits:
- Housing Benefit
- Income Support
- Child Tax Credit
- Working Tax Credit
- Income-based Jobseeker’s Allowance
- Income-related Employment and Support Allowance
What is different about Universal Credit?
How Universal Credit is paid
Universal Credit is paid directly into the customer’s bank account.
They get a single monthly payment and that includes the money they need to use to pay their rent.
||Current benefits and tax credits
|How it’s paid
||If a customer doesn’t have a bank, building society or credit union account, their payment can go into a Post Office card account or - in some circumstances - onto a Simple Payment card.
||Directly into the customer’s bank, building society or credit union account.
|How often it’s paid
||Benefits are normally paid fortnightly and tax credits are normally paid weekly or every four weeks.
||Universal Credit is paid monthly.
|Number of payments
||Each benefit is paid separately.
||A single Universal Credit payment.
|Help with rent
||Housing Benefit can be paid straight to the landlord.
||The housing element of Universal Credit (help with rent) goes direct to the customer who has to arrange their own rent payments to their landlord.
|Who receives the money
||Some of the benefits and tax credits being phased out can be paid to either partner in a couple and some go to the partner who does most of the childcare.
||Universal Credit is a single payment per household into a nominated bank account. If a couple are claiming Universal Credit the bank account can be in the name of either partner or a joint account in both names.
Other differences with Universal Credit
The claims process and what happens to someone’s payments when they start working (or increase their hours) are also different under Universal Credit.
|How to claim
||People can claim benefits and tax credits by completing paper forms, over the phone or sometimes by filling in forms online.
||Most customers will make their claim for Universal Credit online, although anyone who needs it will be able to get face-to-face advice or help over the phone.
|Working and claiming
||If someone is working 16 hours or more per week they will no longer qualify for some benefits.
||There are no limits on how many hours a week someone can work if they’re claiming Universal Credit. Instead the amount of Universal Credit they get will gradually reduce as they earn more.
The Money Advice Service leaflet ‘Get ready for Universal Credit explains what people need to do to prepare for the changes. It’s ideal for handing out to your customers.
When does Universal Credit start?
Universal Credit is being introduced in stages. Most people won’t be affected to start with.
Right now, Universal Credit mostly affects newly unemployed people in certain areas of the country.
You can find out where it’s currently possible to claim Universal Credit on the GOV.UK website.opens in new window
More in 'Resources for Professionals - Universal Credit: Information for Finance Staff' | <urn:uuid:45d10277-dab5-4861-b554-6660dd656f99> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.moneyadviceservice.org.uk/en/corporate/what-is-universal-credit-and-when-is-it-coming-in-ucrhub | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.933668 | 769 | 2.65625 | 3 |
There are 2 Carpathian lynx at the zoo – male lynx Boomer, who is 13 years old and female lynx Kicsi, who is 7 years old. You can find our lynx exhibit towards the top end of the zoo, next to the lions.
Carpathian lynx are a sub-species of Eurasian lynx and are found in the Carpathian mountain regions in Europe.
Lynx are a carnivorous species, however they are not very fast runners and will rely on ambushing their prey. Their diet consists on rabbits, hares, rodents and grouse. But they have been known to prey on larger animals when these are scarce, such as roe deer or even reindeer.
Carpathian lynx are classified as Least Concern, with the population widely distributed and stable throughout most of its range. However they still do face several threats in the wild, the main threat being habitat loss/ fragmentation, and also poaching and shortage of prey animals.
There is an important EAZA ex-situ breeding programme (EEP) for Carpathian lynx across Europe which we have been very successful in, in previous years. Since 2017, Boomer and Kisci have bred 4 healthy lynx kittens which have now moved on to other collections as part of the EEP. | <urn:uuid:0f2f03a3-567d-4d14-8f03-dd743feb6fd8> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.newquayzoo.org.uk/animals-az/carpathian-lynx/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662588661.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525151311-20220525181311-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.968812 | 277 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- CLASS: Mammalia (Mammals)
- ORDER: Artiodactyla
- FAMILY: Giraffidae
- GENUS: Giraffa
- SPECIES: camelopardalis
Hello up there! Why do so many people look up to giraffes—besides the obvious reason? The long and short of it is that they are a wonderful example of nature’s creativity.
Giraffes are the tallest land animals. A giraffe could look into a second-story window without even having to stand on its tiptoes! A giraffe's 6-foot (1.8-meter) neck weighs about 600 pounds (272 kilograms). The legs of a giraffe are also 6 feet (1.8 meters) long. The back legs look shorter than the front legs, but they are about the same length. A giraffe's heart is 2 feet (0.6 meters) long and weighs about 25 pounds (11 kilograms), and its lungs can hold 12 gallons (55 liters) of air! Its closest relative is the okapi.
Giraffes have a small hump on their back and have a spotted pattern similar to that of a leopard. For a long time people called the giraffe a “camel-leopard,” because they believed that it was a combination of a camel and a leopard. That's where the giraffe's species name camelopardalis comes from!
Although a recent study of giraffe genetics published in the scientific journal Current Biology concluded that there are actually four distinct species of giraffes—said to be as different from each other as polar bears are from brown bears—one species is currently recognized, with nine subspecies. The subspecies have different coat patterns and live in different parts of Africa. Giraffe coat colors vary from light tan to practically black. The differences occur due to what the giraffes eat and where they live. Each individual giraffe’s markings are as individual as our fingerprints.
Masai giraffes, from Kenya, have patterns that look like oak leaves. Uganda or Rothschild's giraffes sport large, brown splotches separated by thick, beige lines. The reticulated giraffe, found only in northern Kenya, has a dark coat with a seeming web of narrow white lines.
How many bones are there in a giraffe's neck? Just like humans, giraffes have seven neck vertebrae. For giraffes, however, each one can be over 10 inches (25.4 centimeters) long!
Both male and female giraffes have two distinct, hair-covered horns called ossicones. Male giraffes use their horns to spar, throwing their neck against each other. As a male matures, calcium deposits begin to form on his skull to protect it when he head-butts with other males. These calcifications can be quite pronounced, giving the strange appearance of a three- to five-horned giraffe.
Giraffes are so big that they really don't need to hide from predators. There is safety in numbers! It’s hard to pick out one giraffe from another when they form a tight group.
Besides humans, only lions and crocodiles hunt them. If they have to, giraffes defend themselves with a deadly kick, karate-style. Their speed, the way they move, and their body designs also help them to escape predators if they need to. Giraffes have a way of moving, or gait, in which both the front and back legs on one side move forward together, then the other two legs on the other side move forward. It’s called "pacing." Giraffes can run very fast—around 35 miles (56 kilometers) per hour for short distances.
You might think watching out for lions and spending 16 to 20 hours a day eating would all weigh heavily on a giraffe. Surprisingly enough, giraffes only need 5 to 30 minutes of sleep in a 24-hour period! They often achieve that in quick naps that may last only a minute or two at a time. Giraffes can rest while standing, but they sometimes also lie down with their head resting on their rump. That’s a vulnerable position for a giraffe, though, so usually one herd member stays on guard.
Many people think that giraffes have no voice, but they do make a variety of sounds, including moos, roars, snorts, hisses, and grunts. They just very rarely do so. One sound giraffes make when they’re alarmed is a snort. Threats—such as lions nearby—may warrant a snort. Giraffes are often the early warning signal for other savanna animals: if a giraffe herd starts to run, everyone else does, too! Studies suggest giraffes vocalize below the level of human hearing and perhaps use this sound for long-distance communication.
It’s easy to understand why giraffes top the list of so many people’s favorite animals. Their elegant stride, outrageous eyelashes, and calm expression give them an air of refinement.
HABITAT AND DIET
Blending right in: In a zoo, giraffes look conspicuous. But think of giraffes' presence in their African habitat, where their coat patterns actually serve as camouflage, blending with shadows and leaves. Giraffes are well adapted for living on the open, tree-dotted African plains. While other African herbivores compete for grass and small plants to eat, giraffes have the high branches with tender, young leaves all to themselves.
It takes a lot of leaves to fuel such a large animal. Giraffes may eat up to 75 pounds (34 kilograms) of food per day. They spend most of their day eating, because they get just a few leaves in each bite. Their favorite leaves are from acacia trees. These trees have long thorns that keep most animals from eating them. But those thorns don't stop the giraffes! They simply use their 18-inch (46-centimeter) tongue and prehensile lips to reach around the thorns. It is thought that the dark color of their tongue protects them from getting sunburned while reaching for leaves. Giraffes also have thick, sticky saliva that coats any thorns they might swallow. At the San Diego Zoo and the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, giraffes eat a variety of fresh acacia leaves hung high in artificial food “trees,” as well as hay, carrots, and low-starch, high-fiber biscuits.
Giraffes are ruminants and have a stomach with four compartments that digests the leaves they eat. When giraffes aren't eating, they're chewing their cud. After giraffes swallow the leaves the first time, a ball of leaves travels all the way back up the throat into the mouth for more grinding.
Acacia leaves contain a lot of water, so giraffes can go a long time without drinking. When they do get thirsty, giraffes have to bend a long way down to drink from a lake or stream. When they're bent over, it is easier for a predator, like a crocodile, to grab hold of the giraffe. So, giraffes go to a watering hole together and take turns watching for predators. If water is easily available, like in zoos, they can drink 10 gallons (38 liters) a day.
When a giraffe baby, called a calf, is born, it comes into the world front feet first, followed by the head, neck, and shoulders. Its entry is like a slow-motion swan dive! Because the umbilical cord is only about 3 feet (1 meter) long, it breaks midway through the birth, allowing the newborn to drop to the ground. The fall and the landing don't hurt the calf, but they do cause it to take a big breath. The calf can stand up and walk after about an hour, and within a week, it starts to sample vegetation. Sometimes the mother leaves the calf alone for most of the day. The youngster sits quietly until she returns.
When a calf gets older, the mother leaves her youngster together with other calves in a "nursery." One of the moms stays to babysit while the others go out to eat and socialize. In the nursery, the calves develop physical and social skills through play. Under the watchful eye of the designated babysitter, the youngsters explore their surroundings throughout the day. The young giraffes can eat leaves at the age of four months, but continue to nurse until they are six to nine months old.
AT THE ZOO
Giraffes have drawn long looks from San Diego Zoo guests since 1938. Lofty and Patches were the Zoo’s first giraffes, arriving from Africa with much fanfare. Loading their secure carriers off the ship and onto the truck for the long journey from New York to San Diego was quite a production, and upon their arrival here 10 days later, the giraffes refused to leave their traveling carriers. Finally, someone offered them onions, and these veggies accomplished what nothing else could do.
The Zoo currently has a small herd of Masai giraffes that share the habitat in Urban Jungle with the much smaller Nubian Soemmering’s gazelles, adding interest for the animals and our guests. The Zoo has giraffe feeding opportunities. When you visit, be sure to check out the giraffe feeding times!
The Safari Park is home to reticulated, Uganda, and Masai giraffes; they share their savanna habitats with a variety of antelope and rhinos, among other species, just as they might in the wild. Six-foot-tall (1.8-meter) feeding stations are ideal for giraffe calves—they can reach the food, but their antelope and rhino neighbors can’t. One of the Safari Park’s wildlife care specialists says, “Telling the giraffes apart is like cloud watching. The longer you look at them, the more you’ll notice unique shapes in their spot pattern. And that’s how we tell them apart.” Giraffe care specialists photograph unusual characteristics of each giraffe, and keep the photos in a book in their truck for easy reference. The Safari Park has a large herd of Uganda and reticulated giraffes in its East Africa exhibit; and a separate herd of Masai giraffes can be seen in the South Africa exhibit.
Check out our new Giraffe Cam to see live streaming video of Safari Park African Plains giraffes and other wildlife online, anytime.
In many African countries, giraffe populations are slowly decreasing because of habitat loss and the overgrazing of resources by livestock. As a result, the future of giraffes is dependent on the quality of the habitat that remains. Their numbers have decreased in the past century—and one giraffe subspecies, the West African or Nigerian giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, is vulnerable; and another, the Uganda or Rothschild’s giraffe G.c. rothschildi, is near threatened. While it has historically lived in western Kenya, Uganda, and southern Sudan, the Uganda giraffe has been almost totally eliminated from most of its former range and now survives in only a few small, isolated populations in Kenya and Uganda. The Nigerian giraffe is found in just one area of Niger, and it is considered the rarest of the giraffes.
The population of reticulated giraffes G.c. reticulata has dropped by an alarming 80 percent in just 10 years, most likely due to poaching. They are no match for humans with guns; giraffes are shot or snared for their meat, hide, bone marrow, and tail hair. The rest of the giraffe species have not become endangered for a number of reasons. Fortunately, Kenya is starting a giraffe conservation program for the three subspecies found there: reticulated, Uganda, and Masai giraffes G.c. tippelskirchi.
San Diego Zoo Global supports a community conservation effort in northern Kenya that is finding ways for people and wildlife to live together. At the San Diego Zoo, we have a giraffe-feeding patio where high-fiber biscuits can be purchased and fed to the giraffes. The money raised through the sale of the giraffe biscuits funds the community conservation initiatives we support in Africa.
You can help us bring giraffes back from the brink by supporting the San Diego Zoo Global Wildlife Conservancy. Together we can save and protect wildlife around the globe. | <urn:uuid:a9f218ba-4856-42e2-a9bb-4fd62aea7d24> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/giraffe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401617641.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928234043-20200929024043-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.945593 | 2,659 | 3.65625 | 4 |
By now everyone has heard the heartbreaking story of 10-month-old Charlie Gard, the baby with a rare disease that causes muscle weakness and brain damage. Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, where he has been since October 2016, recommended taking him off the ventilator; his parents refused, and a court battle ensued.
The parents ultimately lost. On June 27, the European Court of Human Rights refused to intervene, so the lower-court decisions stand: Charlie will be taken off the ventilator when the hospital decides to do so. His parents, who had raised enough money to bring him to the United States for treatment, have no say regarding their son.
For all their talk of a free society, in England, as throughout Europe, people belong to the state. Not so in America! In America people belong to themselves and it is the state that belongs to the people. Even if we have on the Left people who believe, as the Europeans, that government knows best, we in America are protected—thus far anyway—by our precedents, by the history of how we have interpreted our Founding principles.
The Declaration Exists to Keep Us True to America
On July 4, 1776, men from all 13 initial colonies had gathered together in Congress. It’s true many were learned, thinkers, and statesmen, but ultimately still just men like us. Some were religious, and some were not. They looked at their lives in the colonies, back on human history, and to man’s relationships to government, other men, and a Creator God.
Being human, just like us, they had their faults and disagreements. But the glue that bound them together, a bond Providence joined and sealed, was their vision of the dignity of the human person. The dignity of man required a certain form of government so man could thrive not only for himself, but for the good of all those around him—for the common good.
This common vision and their desire to act upon it was written down in the Declaration of Independence, a document sent to King George the tyrant, from whom the colonies were separating themselves. But it was not only for him. It was written for all the world to read and understand, and most importantly, it was written so that we, their posterity, will always have the philosophical and political grounding we need to keep our country true to its original vision; to protect it from tyrannies great and small, from within and without—and, if need be, to protect it even from ourselves. The Declaration of Independence is supposed to keep us grounded, and alert to the corrupting forces of power.
The ideas undergirding the Declaration of Independence are astonishing: people have a fundamental natural right to separate themselves from their rulers if those rulers besmirch the dignity with which the Creator has endowed them. “But when a long Train of Abuses and Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a Design to reduce them [the people] under absolute Despotism, it is their Right, it is their Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future Security.” They go on to give the world the long list of abuses they suffered under King George.
Man at His Best Uses Freedom Well
Yuval Levin writes in “The Fractured Republic,” “In 1776, a committee of the Continental Congress assigned to design an official seal for the United States settled on the Latin phrase ‘E pluribus unum,’ meaning ‘Out of many, one,’ as a motto. It referred both to the unity of several newly independent states, and to the coming together of a population that even in the late eighteenth century was remarkably diverse and disparate.”
America then and now is diverse and disparate. Its identity was never based on a common language, nor a common religion, nor common ancestry or heritage. America’s hallmark, its overarching identity, lies in that it is a nation that created the space for people to pursue the cultural mandate, not only a tangible space as in the earth beneath the feet, but a space in the mind and heart of any person who wanted to come to these lands and work hard, create, and multiply.
In one of his prayers, Thomas Aquinas writes that the infinite Creator “apportioned the elements of the world most wisely.” This wise apportioning, this ordering of nature and man, our Founders understood well. Although the outworking of the Declaration and eventually the Constitution have been imperfect, America has had an exceptional vision since its founding: The human soul hungers for freedom and man is at his best when he makes good use of this freedom.
In 1976, the bicentennial of the Declaration of Independence, Cardinal Karol Wojtyla—later Pope John Paul II—came to Philadelphia for the International Eucharistic Congress. In his address, “The Eucharist and Man’s Hunger for Freedom,” he acknowledges the God-given desire for a well-ordered freedom: “Freedom has been given to man in order to love, to love true good: to love God above all, to love man as his neighbour and brother.”
He goes on: “This year is the bicentennial of the day when the hunger for freedom ripened in the American society and revealed itself in liberation and the Declaration of Independence of the United States… At the same time while the United States of America were gaining independence, we [speaking of his homeland, Poland] were losing it for a period of more than a hundred years.”
Tyranny is never far. It is always at the door ready to enslave individuals and nations. That is what the Declaration of Independence tells the whole world. The war against tyranny never ends, and we must always be on guard. As tyrannies great and small, from within and without, increasingly encroach upon us, we Americans must renew our commitment to the Declaration of Independence.
We must read it to our children. It is their heritage. This is their land, and we must equip them so they can protect and defend it. So that this experiment may not fail. | <urn:uuid:afc56045-fdd5-4361-b3bd-c35a2a712511> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://thefederalist.com/2017/07/04/read-kids-declaration-independence-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738603.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810012015-20200810042015-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.970892 | 1,282 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Enabling Space Development
Challenge and Problem
The earthly challenges facing humanity are the result of our heavy demand on resources and raw materials. Many of these materials can be found in space but the expense to extract them is a major barrier. In addition to cost, other obstacles to developing space are safety, reliability, and performance.
According to the National Space Society there are four reasons why we need to pursue space exploration and colonization. These reasons—survival, growth, prosperity and curiosity—all point to the fact that we, as a species, want more room. Space exploration will give us a means to monitor the health of our planet, a source of resources and an outlet for our imagination.
Nanotechnology will create the ability for humans to operate in space more safely. Applications where nanotechnology will impact space exploration are propulsion fuels, coatings, structural materials, smart uniforms, electronics and life support environments. These will be more efficient, stronger, self-healing and lighter than what is currently available.
Expert Opinion – Foresight Institute Editorial Board Member
Recent news pertaining to Foresight Nanotechnology Challenge #6 — Enabling Space Development:
Foresight materials on the Web are ©1986–2017 Foresight Institute. All rights reserved. Legal Notices. | <urn:uuid:61fc7cfc-3279-43b9-a421-299f759e0d36> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.foresight.org/challenges/space.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172404.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00374-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882612 | 262 | 3 | 3 |
If You're Learning About Global Issues, Learn With Global Peers
All around the world you’ll find schools, classrooms, teachers and learners. Education is a truly global practise. Yet, while countless companies and offices have adopted a global mindset and use technology to create an international network, learners are often isolated from other schools in their community, let alone those around the world. Children learning about global issues like poverty, environmentalism and intercultural awareness might just be missing out on the best resource for learning - each other!
Innovative educators are out to change this, like Koen Timmers, Innovator and Top 10 Finalist for this year’s Global Teacher Prize. Timmers is the brain behind Global Learning, an initiative that brings together learners over the world to collaborate on ambitious projects addressing pressing real-life challenges.
Being recognized as one of the Top 10 teachers in the world was “fun, life changing and intense”, explained Timmers. “It really meant a lot to be a top 10 finalist. It was a really nice confirmation for the hard work of the last years. It brought me in contact with lovely and inspiring educators around the world, I had a lot of media attention in Belgium and I was interviewed by media across 15 countries in Dubai and I was able to talk to public figures... But the most heartwarming was receiving so many messages from people around the world – teachers claiming I changed the way they teach. Is there anything more awesome than this?”
As a Computer Science teacher, Timmers appreciates the power and potential of technology to make learning a global experience. While Timmers loves teaching his classes in Belgium, he wanted to reach more learners and connect children around the world, so set to work establishing a variety of international school projects focused around the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a set of 17 goals to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all.
Timmers admits that expanding his scope globally hasn’t always been easy. In 2015, Timmers launched a project connecting international teachers with classrooms in Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya, via Skype. It was a dire situation back then, with one teacher per 200 students, no computers and no reliable power supply, so Timmers had to establish his own infrastructure there to make his dream a reality.
“When I launched the Kakuma project very few people believed I could do it. After one year I was on my own. People thought I was nuts. At the same moment my private laptop I sent to the camp disappeared and the agency which shared internet connectivity and power supply lost interest. But I learned never to give up. I can now proudly say we have 175 global educators across 50 countries willing to teach the African students in the Kakuma refugee camp for free via Skype. And this group is growing on a daily basis. Thanks to being a Global Teacher Prize finalist I'm being invited to do keynotes in 15 countries and I get the chance to share our message.”
There are so many reasons to get involved with Global Learning. Connecting with international peers can broaden learners' perspectives, encouraging them to celebrate diversity, inclusivity and open-mindedness, while basing projects on the SDGs encourages learners to think creatively about some of the most pressing issues facing society today, promoting awareness and a proactive approach to addressing global challenges. Timmers explains the difference a global approach to learning makes, saying: “Formal education tends to be restricted to memorization, knowledge acquisition and examination. We are learning about global issues via textbooks instead of making a connection to students living in those countries. Thanks to projects like Climate Action, the Kakuma project and the Innovation project, tens of thousands of students and teachers across 6 continents are able to explore, brainstorm, create, connect, present and share their findings about global issues and specific SDGs.” Global Learning can help social cohesion and empathy within and beyond the classroom, as learners from all backgrounds see they share common problems and solutions.
Global Learning lends itself perfectly to multidisciplinary learning, tackling broad topics that encompass a range of subjects. Collaborating globally offers a way for young people to see the world from many different perspectives, work with other students from all over the globe and tackle some of the most important challenges facing our planet today. In doing so, learners gain valuable skills such as problem-solving, teamwork, creative thinking and communication. Learners are encouraged to think innovatively and work together to have a positive impact on the world around them - a truly empowering learning experience.
Educators that are keen to get involved should check out the upcoming Innovation project, which so far involves teachers and students from over 400 schools in more than 80 countries and boasts the support of Charlize Theron, Greenpeace, Unesco and other international public figures. Timmers explains, “The project is student-centered and teachers are asked to shift from instruction to guiding their students. Collaboration is key. Students will explore, brainstorm, discuss, create, present and share findings via weekly videos on the website. This way students will learn from each other in their classroom and then in the next stage from their global peers.”
Over the course of a month the learners will focus on 4 topics relating to their particular chosen SDG. Teachers can easily see which other schools around the world are focusing on the same SDG, making it quick and easy to connect with a partner school. Collaboration and sharing is key, so in the last week the students will be able to connect via Skype and experts will share their expertise during master classes.
In this increasingly connected world, it's vital that educators can connect children with others to normalize international relationships and prepare them to be successful adults in a globalized working world. Global Learning breaks down the four walls of the classroom, bringing global issues to life. As Koen Timmers says, “What can possibly be better than learning about global issues directly from each other?” | <urn:uuid:768ad641-34f8-4861-b7f1-41288f377826> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://hundred.org/en/articles/if-you-re-learning-about-global-issues-learn-with-global-peers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585828.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023224247-20211024014247-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.952909 | 1,223 | 2.6875 | 3 |
This has been such an exciting year for the orchestra, and it’s only getting better! While I realize this is a busy time for everyone, it is important for students to find a few minutes a day to pick up his or her instrument and play. Having your child practice for 15 minutes to half an hour daily will help strengthen his or her technique and note reading. In addition, studies have shown that students who play an instrument do better overall on tests.
Below I have listed some tips on how to make practicing easier for your child:
- Pick a small section that you find difficult. If it is more than two measures, break it up. Work on notes first. Have your fingers get used to the motions. Second, work on the rhythms (you can count, use ta’s and ti-ti’s, clap, etc.). For rhythms, pick an open string and practice on that before adding in the notes. Finally, when you feel comfortable with both, put the two together.
- Practice SLOWLY at first. It may be tempting to go faster, but it will take you longer to learn the section if you do. Remember: Slow and steady wins the race!
- Find a time of day that works for you. For example, if you are a morning person, try to fit a few minutes in before heading to school. If you do better after dinner, practice for a bit before going to sleep.
- Remember!! If you are struggling with a section, try again the following day. Sometimes we need to let information sink in before it becomes available.
In addition, we have a date for our concert. Tuesday, May 20 at 7 p.m. Further details will follow as the date approaches. Below you can find what students should wear to the concert. This is a formal occasion, so please NO SNEAKERS OR JEANS.
Nice white shirt Solid white top
Black pants Black pants OR
Black shoes and socks Black skirt (MUST be knee length or below)
If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to email me at
firstname.lastname@example.org. Once again, thank you all for your support! | <urn:uuid:e0429a5f-5fee-4a81-a6ed-707ee95bcd6f> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://mylowerlab.org/2014/04/25/4th-and-5th-grade-families-please-read/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989812.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515035645-20210515065645-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.933423 | 455 | 3 | 3 |
Broad mites are difficult to identify without magnification. Symptoms are confused with overwatering, heat stress, root rot, of pH imbalances. The new plant parts may be drooping and twisted, the leaves may look wet or blistered and turned up at the edges. Broad mites don't attack your crops evenly and some symptoms may appear worse in specific spots than others. For example, during the blooming stage, the fruits and flowers could die off. Because broad mites are tiny, the damage left behind by broad mites is the main way to identify an infestation. Once you've identified the infestation with broad mites, you must get rid of them! Standard insecticides aren't efficient.
At London Grow, we stock efficient formulas from Flying Skull and Biogreen, which help you prevent and manage infestations. Achieve superior broad mite control and protect your plants for healthy crops and increased harvests! | <urn:uuid:fde4bbc2-7384-48e7-aa5d-d843d1f62030> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.londongrow.com/collections/broad-mite-control | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474697.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228044414-20240228074414-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.916462 | 191 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Table of Contents
- 1 What is a simple definition of eukaryotic?
- 2 What does eukaryote mean literally?
- 3 What does the word eukarya mean?
- 4 What does EU mean in eukaryotic?
- 5 What does the word Animalia mean?
- 6 What does it mean when all animals are eukaryotes?
- 7 What is eukaryotic cell Class 11?
- 8 What is eukaryotic cell class 8?
- 9 What is the difference between Eukarya and Prokarya?
- 10 Is the official name Eukarya or Eukaryota?
What is a simple definition of eukaryotic?
eukaryote, any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material) are located.
What does eukaryote mean literally?
[juːˈkærɪˌɒt] Definition: an organism with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles inside the cell(s) Table of Contents. Eukaryote Definition.
What does the word eukarya mean?
Noun. 1. eukaryote – an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good’ or membrane-bound nuclei in its cells. eucaryote. organism, being – a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently.
What is the meaning of prokaryotic and eukaryotic?
Summary. Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have other organelles besides the nucleus. The only organelles in a prokaryotic cell are ribosomes.
What is eukaryotic cell class 9?
Eukaryotic cells are defined as cells containing organized nucleus and organelles which are enveloped by membrane-bound organelles. Examples of eukaryotic cells are plants, animals, protists, fungi. Their genetic material is organized in chromosomes.
What does EU mean in eukaryotic?
Explanation: Eukaryotic Cells “Eu” means “Well” and “Karyon” means “Nucleus” the name tells us that eukaryotic cells have a nucleus a WELL DEFINED NUCLEUS. The nucleus is well protected inside the nuclear membrane. They contain a true nucleus, consisting of nuclear membrane & nucleoli.
What does the word Animalia mean?
: that one of the basic groups of living things that comprises either all the animals or all the multicellular animals — compare animal kingdom, plantae, protista.
What does it mean when all animals are eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. There is a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, including all animals, plants, fungi, and protists, as well as most algae. These membrane-bound structures are called organelles. …
Are humans Eukarya?
Humans belong to the domain Eukarya. The three domains are Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria.
What is prokaryotic cell class 9th?
Prokaryotic cells are single-celled microorganisms known to be the earliest on earth. Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea. The photosynthetic prokaryotes include cyanobacteria that perform photosynthesis. A prokaryotic cell consists of a single membrane and therefore, all the reactions occur within the cytoplasm.
What is eukaryotic cell Class 11?
Eukaryotic cells possess an organised nucleus with a nuclear envelope and genetic material is organised into chromosomes. All cell organelles of eukaryotes are distinct from each other but these are considered together as an endomembrane system because their functions are coordinated. …
What is eukaryotic cell class 8?
The cells having nuclear material enclosed by a nuclear membrane are called eukaryotic cells. The organism whose cells possess a nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane are called eukaryotes. 1)They have proper, well organised nucleus. For Ex: Amoeba, cheek cell, onion peel cell , plants, animals, protozoa, fungi etc.
What is the difference between Eukarya and Prokarya?
Prokaryotes are simple and tiny organisms while eukaryotes are large, complex organisms. The key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms is the presence and absence of a nucleus in their cells. Eukaryotes have a true membrane-bound nucleus while prokaryotic lack a nucleus.
Is Eukarya a living thing?
All living things are either Eukarya, Bacteria or Archaea . These three broadest categories in the classification of life are called domains.
What do Eukarya and archaea have in common?
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya Have More in Common Than Previously Thought. SEAS researchers have found that these pink-hued archaea — called Halobacterium salinarum — use the same mechanisms to maintain size as bacteria and eukaryotic life, indicating that cellular division strategy may be shared across all domains of life.
Is the official name Eukarya or Eukaryota?
Eukaryotes (also referred to as the Eukaryota or the Eukarya) comprise one of the three recognized domains of cellular life, the other two being the Archaea (or Archaebacteria) and the Eubacteria (or Bacteria) (Cavalier-Smith, 1998; Gogarten et al. Start studying Biology Chapter 1 Definition. | <urn:uuid:d5031140-a7b4-49fd-97e6-7d01ea19e431> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://sageadvices.com/what-is-a-simple-definition-of-eukaryotic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948632.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327123514-20230327153514-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.886748 | 1,272 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The Environmental Working Group (EWG) released their Dirty Dozen™ for 2013 on Monday. The list outs the most pesticide-contaminated produce. This year, apples topped the list, followed by celery and cherry tomatoes. Although washing produce thoroughly can help reduce the pesticide residue, I would still recommend choosing organic, especially for top 10 to 20 fruits and vegetables on the list.
A Clean Fifteen™ list was also released. This list, which includes sweet potatoes, avocados and kiwis, contains produce that has the least amount of pesticide residue. So if you can not afford organic, consider eating the foods on the clean list more often.
EWG also offers two great tools for those who may find sticking to this list too expensive or limited, or even time consuming. The first is EWG’s Shoppers Guide to Pesticides in Produce 2013™ , which can be downloaded as a PDF or used as an app for your smart phone.
The second tool is Good Food on a Tight Budget, a site that offers tips on saving money on food, as well as tasty recipes! | <urn:uuid:19842906-4dc0-47c1-bf60-20c645b24fa0> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.myvillagegreen.com/blog/diet/2013/04/24/ewgs-dirty-dozen-produce-list-for-2013/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660712.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00197-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959875 | 229 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Forty years after the Moynihan report, the tragic saga of the modern black family is common knowledge. But the tale of family breakdown in modern America is no longer a story delimited to a single ethnic minority. Today the family is also in crisis for this country’s ethnic majority: the so-called white American population….
Consider trends in out-of-wedlock births. By 2002, 28.5 percent of babies of white mothers were born outside marriage in this country. Over the past generation, the white illegitimacy rate has exploded, quadrupling since 1975, when the level was 7.1 percent. The overall illegitimacy rate for whites is higher than it was for black mothers (23.6 percent) when the Moynihan report sounded its alarm….
Today no state in the Union has an Anglo illegitimacy ratio as low as 10 percent. Even in predominantly Mormon Utah, every eighth non-Hispanic white infant is born out of wedlock.
Pete discusses these demographics over dinner in Hanover, New Hampshire with Mark Steyn, who points out that the dramatic changes to the American national character can be readily observed even in rural Northern New England.
For miles in every direction, Mark noted, lay country that until just a few decades ago represented the heartland, so to speak, of the flinty, resourceful, independent Yankee spirit. Now? “You’ll see lovely girls in the local high schools,” Mark said. “When you come across them again five years later, they’ll each have three children by three different fathers.” Then Mark told a story.
In colonial times, it was against crown law to cut down any pine that exceeded a certain girth–twenty-some inches, as I recall–because all such trees were reserved for the use of the Royal Navy, which required a ready supply of masts. Every time you see a colonial house with floorboards more than two feet wide, you’re witnessing an artifact of the American spirit–an act of rebellion. Mark pointed to the floorboards in the restaurant, some of which were certainly more than two feet wide. “Two centuries ago,” he said, “the families in these parts were felling trees in defiance of the crown. Today they’re raising their children on welfare checks.”
Woe to us all.
It probably is worth noting that both of the last two presidents elected by the democrat party may not have been born in wedlock. William Jefferson Clinton, given the name William Jefferson Blythe III at birth, is widely rumored not to have really been the offspring of the traveling salesman William Blythe II who perished in an automobile crash three months before Bill Clinton’s birth. Barack Hussein Obama is certainly of illegitimate birth, as his parents’ marriage was bigamous and invalid.
Barack Obama, Sr. had married Kezia Aoko aka “Grace” in 1954 and had already had two children, prior to his attending the University of Hawaii and marrying Stanley Ann Dunham in 1961. No divorce from Kezia ever occurred, and Barack Sr.’s first wife Kezia is still alive today. | <urn:uuid:ea812140-7e9a-4c60-aca4-c8d605212463> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://neveryetmelted.com/2011/04/15/rising-illegitimacy-rates-inevitably-means-more-democrats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983578600.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201938-00264-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971941 | 670 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Annual Christmas Bird Count
The Tule Lake count began in 1979 and usually draws about a dozen participants consisting of local biologists, park staff and community members who have a keen interest in birds. The designated survey area includes the northern portion of Lava Beds National Monument.
Nico E. Ramirez
Here's an account of last year's count highlights from coordinator Keven Spencer:
A low of 15 degrees might have been an omen as three different counting groups were able to see a total of 18 COMMON REDPOLLs. This species is out of the Boreal Forests of Canada, and it rarely makes its way down into the lower 48 states. It has been quite the winter for them in Oregon and California, as they have been widely reported, and some of them were seen on this count; something not done since 1985.
Another rare bird seen was a THAYER'S GULL, although not as rare, and considering all of the frozen water, one BELTED KINGFISHER was a big surprise. The total species count was 97 species, and ties it for 2nd in the more than 30 years of the count. Other interesting species included: a lone Sage Thrasher, interesting because a fire several years ago in the Lava Beds National Monument wiped out the habitat where a few were known to winter, Red-shouldered Hawk-1, which has previously attempted to winter a few other times, seven Short-eared Owls, Red-breasted Sapsucker- 2, both a BLACK PHOEBE, and a Say's Phoebe, Northern Shrike-4, a titmouse sp.-1, a species that has also been unseen on the count since a fire reduced a known wintering habitat, a Hermit Thrush, a NORTHERN MOCKINGBIRD, and six LAPLAND LONGSPURs.
These bird counts are important because environmental conditions are changing. Documenting these species will allow us to gain knowledge on whether environmental changes are affecting the presence of native bird species in our area.The National Audubon Field Note is the publication of the count and will give the highlights of the Christmas International Bird Count.
The next Tule Lake Christmas Bird Count, which includes areas within Lava Beds National Monument, will be January 5, 2014. To attend the full-day event, bring binoculars, a field guide, lunch, water, plenty of warm cloths, and sturdy shoes. Plan to be outside all day, from dawn to dusk. An annual compilation potluck dinner closes the day to allow participants to share the Tule Lake birding highlights. To participate, you must register in advance. Contact the count organizer, Kevin Spencer by e-mail at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:eec82a9a-d82a-40c1-9e31-164e0e0e741c> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.nps.gov/labe/naturescience/annual-christmas-bird-count.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931005799.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155645-00088-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957255 | 572 | 2.953125 | 3 |
It would be difficult to watch an hour of prime time television today without seeing an advertisement for overactive bladder medication or adult diapers. The fact is more than 37 million adults in the United states-one in six-suffers from overactive bladder, urinary frequency, or urgency. Unfortunately, many people dismiss such urinary symptoms to be a part of “getting older” and do not seek medical intervention. The fact is, overactive bladder and urinary retention (the inability to completely empty the bladder) are not a normal part of the aging process, can cause embarrassment, and can diminish the quality of daily living dramatically.
Women are twice as likely as men to experience urinary incontinence. This is due to pregnancy, childbirth, menopause and the structure of the female urinary tract. Older women experience urinary incontinence more often than younger women. Bladder control problems may also affect younger people, especially women who have just given birth. In fact, a recent study found 25 percent of women over 18 years old has experienced episodes of leaking urine involuntarily, and one-third of men have experienced loss of bladder control during their adult lives. Only one in eight Americans who have experienced loss of bladder control have been diagnosed. Recent data has shown that women wait and average of 6.5 years from the first time they experience symptoms until they obtain a diagnosis for their bladder control problems. People experiencing bladder control issues often suffer diminished social lives. Even mild symptoms affect social, sexual, interpersonal and professional function. People with bladder control problems often struggle with simple everyday activities, such as working, shopping, or seeing a movie, for fear of embarrassing wetting episodes or not being near a restroom. Also, overactive bladder sufferers are two to three times more likely to regularly experience disturbed sleep, overeating, and poor selfesteem.
Bladder control issues can be caused by a multitude of factors. In certain cases, pregnancy and childbirth, obesity, weak pelvic muscles or diabetes can contribute to overactive bladder. Additionally, certain medications or inactivity also can contribute to such issues. In some people, bladder control problems are caused by miscommunication between nerves. Specifically, the brain and sacral nerves, which control the bladder, do not communicate properly, causing the nerves to tell the bladder to release urine at the wrong time. The first step towards treatment is diagnosing the type of incontinence and then pinpointing the underlying cause or causes. We ask our patients to complete a “voiding diary” which provides great insight and aids in diagnosis. The gold standard for diagnosing urinary issues, including incontinence, is called Urodynamic testing or Urodynamic study. This series of tests, all done in one visit, along with the data from your voiding
diary will give the physician objective data related to bladder functions. Additionally, physicians often perform a cystoscopy to further assess the urinary tract. A cystoscopy is a test that allows the doctor to look at the inside of the bladder and the urethra using a thin, lighted instrument called a cystoscope. This study helps find the cause of symptoms such as blood in the urine (hematuria), painful urination (dysuria), urinary incontinence, urinary frequency or hesitancy, an inability to pass urine (retention), or a sudden and overwhelming need to urinate (urgency) and much more.
In some instances, behavior modification may be sufficient to deal with urinary incontinence. You may be asked to limit fluid intake, avoid bladder irritants such as a caffeine and alcohol, and do pelvic floor exercises-“Kegels”. There are also medications commonly used to treat overactive bladder (OAB) and are sometimes prescribed to treat stress urinary incontinence. In certain cases of incontinence involving the miscommunication of nerves to the bladder, a neurostimulator (commonly called a Bladder Pacemaker) may be the best treatment option. Incontinence is not a hopeless problem. There are many treatment options available, however, only proper diagnosis will lead to proper treatment. Although behavior modification and pharmaceutical therapy work for some, they may be ineffective or poorly tolerated by other patients. It is definitely possible to live life dry. | <urn:uuid:00a65eec-8759-4bf7-b13b-b17135bc7bb8> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://uuanj.com/live-life-dry-treating-urinary-incontinence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400212039.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923175652-20200923205652-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.946784 | 868 | 2.546875 | 3 |
|Type||Journal Article - European Journal of Medicinal Plants|
|Title||Types of Herbal Medicine Used for HIV Conditions in Vihiga County, Kenya|
Aim: To identify types of herbal medicine used for HIV conditions in Vihiga county, Kenya.
Study Design: Qualitative ethno botanical survey.
Place and Duration of Study: Hamuyundi sub-location, west Sabatia location, Sabatia Sub
County, Vihiga County – Kenya. The study was carried out in December 2014.
Methodology: Information was obtained by interviewing Community health workers (CHW), as key
informants using an interview schedule. Hamuyundi community was selected on basis of having
the highest number of long serving CHW. All the 11 CHW were interviewed.
Results: Thirty six plant species belonging to 26 families were identified as medicine. The plant
species with most consensus for specific conditions were Cassia occidentalis L. for malaria/fever at36% and Justicia betonica (L.) for gastrointestinal conditions at 36%. Most plant species belonged
to Solanaceae, Labiateae and Rubiaceae. The most mentioned conditions for which plant
medicines were used were gastrointestinal and skin problems.
Conclusion: The majority of plants used by Hamuyundi community as medicine are supported by
literature as used elsewhere or contain bioactive compounds. The low consensus on plants used
as medicine for specific conditions shows the dynamic state of plant medicine application in HIV
conditions. The use of leaves as plant parts for medicine preparation shows the preservation
strategy of plant resources. The gastrointestinal and skin problems treated by majority of plant
medicines are common HIV associated diseases.
|»||Kenya - AIDS Indicator Survey 2012-2013| | <urn:uuid:1e0725ce-eeb6-4918-a648-1c3676e5bb8c> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/citations/73991 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391923.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526222359-20200527012359-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.89163 | 373 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Castles and castle ruins
The numerous castles and fortifications in the Palatinate are among the most ancient and impressive attractions of the Palatinate cultural landscape.
The Stiftskirche in Neustadt an der Weinstrasse
Overlooking the Rhine Valley, the German Wine Street Wine and set against a background of the Palatinate Forest is the impregnable Hambach Castle with its rich past and which has written a page in German history. The manifestation of the patriots of 1832, when, for the first time, the flag of black, red and gold was hoisted black, made these ruins famous. In the year 1919, and again in 1949, the castle was chosen as the national emblem of Germany. Inside is a new concept of interactive museum where guests are invited to be protagonists of this story and its revolutionary slogans: 1° European Revolution, 2° Birthday Banne,r 3° Freedom of the press, 4° Revolution, parliament and constitution, 5° Human Rights and Peace
King Ludwig I (1786-1868) was so fond of Italy that had an Italian-styled villa erected as a summer residence in the Palatinate. Located at the highest point of the village of Edenkoben, on the German Wine Street, where the vineyards bordering the dense forest of the Palatinate look over the beautiful landscape of the Valley of the Rhine.
Since 1975, the Villa Ludwigshöhe has been in possession of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and the first floor houses a permanent exhibition of over 100 works of the painter and graphic artist, Max Slevogt (1868-1932). This artist is considered to be one of the most important representatives of German Impressionism.
Around the German Wine Route of the Palatinate
Speyer – Cathedral
Mainz Cathedral - the Gutenberg Museum
The six towers of the cathedral date back to the XI- XIII century. The impressive cathedral standing in the centre of the city was also the centre of political power. The archbishop of the city was also " Kurfürst ", (Elector) , one of seven powerful noblemen who crowned the emperor of Germany . Along with the cathedrals of Worms and Speyer, Mainz Cathedral is one of the finest examples Romanesque church architecture .
The Gutenberg Museum (a museum illustrating the history of printing)
Heidelberg - Heidelberg Castle
Heidelberg Castle, one of Germany's most famous castles, is the city’s landmark and was originally a magnificent palace for the nobility of the Palatinate. After its destruction in 1689 and again in 1693 it was only partially restored.
Strasbourg Cathedral is one of the most famous churches in France. With a height of 142 metres it is a Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to Our Lady, also called Notre-Dame or Liebfrauenmünster, respectively, in French and German. La Petit France Strasbourg is a picturesque area with its waterways that once housed fishermen, millers and tanners. | <urn:uuid:9a1831d8-f3ce-46e7-a476-639f2ef49b83> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.neustadt.eu/Tourism-Wine/Discover-Neustadt/Castles-castle-ruins?La=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573385.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918234431-20190919020431-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.942585 | 639 | 2.75 | 3 |
More about this book:
The Donner Party is one of the most famous emigrant adventures in American history. Eliza Donner Houghton compassionately and accurately recounts this well-known journey and its aftermath. Her narrative is compelling both as story and as history. She combines her childhood recollections of life on the ill-fated wagon train with other survivors' accounts and historical sources. First published in 1911, her work remains one of the premier histories of the Donner Party.Thirty-two members of the Donner Party left Springfield, Illinois, in April 1846, unknowledgeable and unprepared in for the obstacles they would face. En route to California the group increased to 81. After numerous delays, often due to supposed shortcuts, the party unsuccessfully attempted to cross the Sierra Nevada late in the fall of 1846. Winter storms trapped the already weary travelers in the mountains for four months. Forty-two people succumbed to cold and starvation before relief from California reached the stranded emigrants.Numerous historians have retold the misfortunes of the Donner Party. This book is a basic source of information about those events because of Eliza Donner Houghton's personal experience. Mrs. Houghton does not spare the reader from the horrors and sufferings of the party. But unlike other records of the events, her account also shares the joys and romance of the overland journey, as well as describing her life in California after the tragedy. Her parents perished in the mountains, but she and her sisters were adopted by Mary and Christian Brunner. She reminds us that the survivors of the Donner Party were not doomed for the remainder of their lives. Once rescued, these people thrived in California, the land they endured so much to reach.This new printing includes a foreword by William N. Lindemann, Curator of the Donner Memorial State Park, in the Sierra District of the California Department of Parks and Recreation. | <urn:uuid:36edbd12-c8e7-4413-a475-e43d57fda46f> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://free-books.online/ebook/the-expedition-of-the-donner-party-and-its-tragic-fate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573439.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919040032-20190919062032-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.962242 | 396 | 2.875 | 3 |
Feb 2, 2018 The annual Democracy Index looks at governments around the world and tracks elections, If you are unable to view the map, click here.
Archived. Democracy index map for 2014 [2754x1397] upload.wikimedia.org Electoral Democracy Index, scale 0-1, 1789–2019 The Democracy Index is based on five categories: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture. Based on its scores on a range of indicators within these categories, each country is then itself classified as one of four types of regime: “full democracy”, “flawed democracy”, “hybrid regime” and The index provides a snapshot of the state of democracy worldwide for 165 independent states and two territories—this covers almost the entire population of the world and the vast majority of the world’s independent states (micro states are excluded). sources : democracy index 2020 : v-dem | upsc There are 22 countries showing positive development over the last ten years but almost all of them have fairly small populations .Ex:Gambia , Armenia By contrast with the autocratizing countries below the line: Brazil, India, Poland, Ukraine, the United States of America, and Turkey. In the 2017 Democracy Index, the average global score fell from 5.52 in 2016 to 5.48 (on a scale of 0 to 10). Some 89 countries experienced a decline in their total score compared with 2016, more than three times as many as the countries that recorded an improvement (27), the worst performance since 2010-11 in the aftermath of the global economic and financial crisis.
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In the latest installment published today, 23 countries in the world were rated as “full Democracy was dealt a major blow in 2020. Almost 70% of countries covered by The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Democracy Index recorded a decline in their overall score, as country after country locked down to protect lives from a novel coronavirus. The global average score fell to its lowest level since the index began in 2006. A map shows the distribution of scores around the world for one indicator in one year. You can zoom in ”+” and zoom out ”-” to learn more about regions and countries. Details about selected indicators and indices are available in the "Selected Indicators" box at the bottom of the page. The world has changed.
Democracy Index 2019. The darker green, the more democratic; the darker red, the less democratic.Weifeng Yang, CC BY-SA 4.0.
The world has changed. Two centuries ago, most countries were autocracies or colonies; today, most are democracies. In the map and chart below, each country receives a Polity IV score, which goes from −10 (full autocracy) to 10 (full democracy). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) Strömsborg, SE-103 34 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46 8 698 37 00 Fax: +46 8 20 24 22.
The Democracy Index. The Democracy Index is an index compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The index measures the states of democracy in 167 based on 60 indicator groups in five different categories: electoral process and pluralism, functioning of government, political participation, political culture, and civil liberties.
Austria. Germany. Australia Map Legend. 51% - 100%. 31% -50%.
The Economist Intelligence Unit’s measure of democracy, almost one-half (48.4%) of the world’s population live in a democracy of some sort, although only 5.7% reside in a "full democracy", down from 8.9% in 2015 as a result of the US being demoted from a "full democracy
The Democracy Index. The Democracy Index is an index compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The index measures the states of democracy in 167 based on 60 indicator groups in five different categories: electoral process and pluralism, functioning of government, political participation, political culture, and civil liberties. The map shows the indicator: Democracy Index (10 = perfect). The data are for the different sovereign countries of the world. Data source: Economist Intelligence Unit.
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Visit the Site →. Democracy Maps. Website.
Countries are given a score from 0 to 10 with scores closer to 10 meaning the country is more democratic. This map shows the results of the Democracy Ranking 2015.
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i10-index, 8, 8 Theory of Local Government: Connecting Individual Autonomy and Local Self-Determination with Democracy. Rolling out the map of justice.
Karta - Kongo-Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo) - MAP688ALL.COM. Karta-Kongo-Brazzaville-democratic-republic-of-congo-map3. democratic-republic-. av J Högström · 2013 · Citerat av 9 — democracy rating, Vanhanen's index of democratization, women's parliamentary representation Table 2.1 presents these studies and maps how they could. Sverige rankas fyra i världen i The Economists "Democracy Index" och på nionde plats i Förenta nationernas "Human Development Index".
av P Aronsson · 2008 · Citerat av 12 — Ladda ner artikel http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp_article/index.en.aspx?issue=030;article=001 structural findings in the other sub-projects and hence map in what directions The civic culture: political attitudes and democracy in five nations: an
2020-02-04 · We examine the new Democracy Index 2019 rating of the US and world countries performed by the Economist Intelligence Unit. I was very interested in this since it would contain the third year of the Trump Presidency and his House Impeachment. 2021-04-23 · The index map contains information on all land and property that’s registered or being registered with HM Land Registry.
This Democracy Index Map - Central America On The World is high quality PNG picture material, which can be used for your creative projects or simply as a decoration for your design & website content. Democracy Index Map - Central America On The World is a totally free PNG image with transparent background and its resolution is 640x325. Table 1 Democracy Index 2019, by regime type Chart 1 Democracy Index 2019, global map by regime type Chart 2: Evolution of democracy by category, 2008-19 Table 2 Democracy Index 2019, regional category scores Table 3 Democracy Index 2006-19 Table 4 Democracy across the regions 2019, by regime type Chart 3 Democracy Index change over time 2006-19 Democracy index map for 2014 [2754x1397] Close. 107. Posted by. u/timwenzel. | <urn:uuid:52ded817-d041-4ece-9b11-99038b0097b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://investeringarhpie.netlify.app/19668/74180.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.85288 | 1,554 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In the last chapter we dealt with one major issue that disturbs our inner peace, that of being able to receive God’s forgiveness. In this chapter we will consider another factor that hinders inner peace—perhaps more than anything else—the problem of forgiving other people who wrong us.
When I was 12, I read Moby Dick—it’s a great fish story. When I got into it I couldn’t put it down. Captain Ahab and all the whalers are looking for this mythical great white whale called Moby Dick. When they spot him, they are all afraid of him and only Ahab will go after him. When he tries to harpoon the great whale, his leg gets caught in the line and is severed. As he is recuperating, he becomes obsessed with killing the whale. Upon his recovery, he recruits a new crew and outfit and goes to sea to pursue Moby Dick.
The more Ahab chases the whale, the more he becomes consumed with the fact that he has been maimed by him. At the climax of the story, Ahab harpoons Moby Dick, becomes entangled in the lines of his harpoon, and he and the entire crew die.
When I finished reading the book, my grandmother asked me, “What did it teach you about good and evil?” I was only 12 years old then, and I thought it was just a good fish story. As the years have gone by, however, the lesson of that classic novel has become clear—the all consuming passion of revenge, the inability of Captain Ahab—being wronged and maimed—to forgive.
Each one of us has been or will be maimed by someone else, and nothing robs us of inner peace like resentment and revenge. If we don’t find a way to get rid of it, there is no peace. That is why Jesus was so adamant about forgiving others. Listen to His words:
Then Peter came to Jesus and asked, “Lord, if my brother keeps on sinning against me, how many times do I have to forgive him? Seven times?“
“No, not seven times,” answered Jesus, “but seventy times seven, because the Kingdom of heaven is like this. Once there was a king who decided to check on his servants’ accounts. He had just begun to do so when one of them was brought in who owed him millions of dollars. The servant did not have enough to pay his debt, so the king ordered him to be sold as a slave, with his wife and his children and all that he had, in order to pay the debt. The servant fell on his knees before the king. ‘Be patient with me,’ he begged, ‘and I will pay you everything!’ The king felt sorry for him, so he forgave him the debt and let him go.
“Then the man went out and met one of his fellow servants who owed him a few dollars. He grabbed him and started choking him. ‘Pay back what you owe me!’ he said. His fellow servant fell down and begged him, ‘Be patient with me, and I will pay you back!’ But he refused; instead, he had him thrown into jail until he should pay the debt. When the other servants saw what had happened, they were very upset and went to the king and told him everything. So then he called the servant in. ‘You worthless slave!’ he said. ‘I forgave you the whole amount you owed me, just because you asked me to. You should have had mercy on your fellow servant, just as I had mercy on you.’ The king was very angry and he sent the servant to jail to be punished until he should pay back the whole amount.”
And Jesus concluded, “That is how my Father in heaven will treat every one of you unless you forgive your brother from your heart.” (Matthew 18:21-35)
Now I’ve studied the Bible in Greek and Aramaic trying to find a way to change what Jesus said about forgiving others. It cannot be done. There are no loopholes.
Someone once caught the atheist W.C. Fields reading the Bible and asked, “What are you doing?”
“I’m looking for loopholes,” he replied.
There are no loopholes in what Jesus taught about forgiveness. He plainly said that if we don’t forgive those who maim us, God will not forgive us. This raises a difficult question. Is God placing a condition on His forgiveness? How can He love us unconditionally and impose this condition? My answer is this: We cannot feel God’s forgiveness as long as we refuse to consider forgiving those who hurt us.
Think of God’s forgiveness as a radio signal. I can’t receive it unless I am tuned in to the right frequency. Refusing to forgive others gets me “off frequency.” God’s forgiveness is there. I simply can’t receive it. When this happens to me, I try to remember these things:
The Best Thing I Can Do For Me Is Forgive
The first thing that I try to remember is that the very best thing I can do for ME is forgive. When we are wronged by someone, it can be quite painful. There is usually a wall put up between us and the other person, we are estranged and separated from them. We are not comfortable this way because we were created for community, and the wall of unforgiveness puts us in an emotional prison.
The two most popular responses to hurt are revenge and resentment.
Revenge—retaliation—is getting even. I was raised in an environment where I learned the art of getting even. We often talk about revenge lightly. We speak of a sports team wreaking vengeance on their opponent.
When I was a young boy growing up watching the western movies, the good guys always got revenge and we all applauded when the bad guys bled. On a late night TV martial arts show that aired recently the bad guys killed two people. The good guy killed 37! He broke necks, he burned people, he gleefully pushed them off cliffs, ran over them in bull dozers—and I was shouting approval.
Revenge is getting even, but there is one problem with it. It doesn’t work. If getting even worked, then the first time that the Serbs retaliated against the Croatians in Yugoslavia during the 1940’s, it would have been over. But the Croatians waited 50 years and returned the favor. And it goes on and on. If retaliation worked, the Arabs and Israelis would have made peace a long time ago. Revenge won’t work. It never works. You can’t get even.
When I was a child, I remember a big bully who took a knife which had been given to me by an actor who played the Cisco Kid. It was like the holy grail to me. This bully took one look at it and threw it in a stream. From that day on, I hated him and I waited for my revenge. Some time later his father died and when I saw him walking down the sidewalk weeping, I leaned out the window and said, “Glad your daddy died.” The boy broke down, started crying, and ran into his house. I felt no sense of being even. Instead, I felt a deep sense of loss. I call it my “fall from grace.”
The other thing we do that hinders forgiveness is resentment. The root meaning of resentment is “to feel again”—over, and over, and over. Resentment makes you rehearse a painful situation every day for the rest of your life. “I was hurt, I’m going to remember it, I’m not going to forget it, I’m going to hold onto it and that’s how I’m going to be free!”
Retaliation and resentment—these are the two popular ways we respond to hurt. But Jesus comes along and uses another word: Forgiveness. The root meaning of that word means “to hurl away.” Forgiveness is a word used to describe a prisoner being released from prison and hurling away his chains. He is freed of the things that had bound him. That is the root meaning of the word forgive. We still have people going around saying that revenge and resentment are the best ways to deal with hurt, but Jesus said, “Forgive. Hurl it away.” The best thing you can do for yourself is forgive.
Remember Reginald Denny—the truck driver caught in the middle of the Los Angeles riots in the aftermath of the Rodney King verdict? We all watched on live television as he was dragged out of his truck, and beaten senseless. A few days later, he was at the preliminary hearing of the two perpetrators. They were sitting there in court with passive, steely eyes, showing no feeling at all. Reginald Denny broke away from his lawyers—who were trying to stop him—and went over to the two men and said, “I forgive you.”
“It was the only way I could find peace,” he answered.
“Do you think it made any difference in the minds of the people who beat you up?” asked the reporter.
“I don’t know,” answered Denny, “and I really don’t care. I didn’t do it for them. I did it for me.”
The best thing you can do for yourself is to hurl away those chains of resentment.
To Change My Enemies, I Must Forgive Them
The second thing I try to remember is that the best thing I can do to change my enemies is to forgive them. That sounds irrational, but you only have two choices when someone hurts you. You must eliminate them or change them.
One of Lincoln’s adversaries who had dogged him for years was finally caught in a compromising situation. One of Lincoln’s assistants said, “Now we’ve got him! We can ruin his career, disgrace him, and get rid of him once and for all!”
But President Lincoln said, “There are two ways to get rid of your enemies. Eliminate them or turn them into friends. See if there is something that this man and I have in common so we can be on the same side.” Lincoln made a friend for life.
Joseph’s brothers sold him into slavery, he was taken from his family, falsely imprisoned, and at the mercy of the Egyptians. When his brothers finally stand before him, the opportunity comes where he can take revenge. When they beg for forgiveness, however, Joseph begins to cry. He says, “Who am I to play God? I’m not God. I’m one of you.”
Forgiveness never occurs until we get on the same side. In the story Jesus told in Matthew 18:21-35, all of the servants were in debt—not just one or two of them. They were all in debt, just as you and I are in debt. We had better not get what we deserve! On judgement day, I want to be very inconspicuous. If God wants to let some of you sinners off, that is okay with me. I don’t want to smell any burning flesh or hair because it’s apt to be mine!
The best way to change other people is to forgive them. If you think it is idealistic or wrong, you should try it. I’ve been married over 40 years and I’ll never forget our wedding day. It was one of the saddest days of my life. I got married just because I was afraid someone else would marry Lois and I thought she was quite pretty. I didn’t want to get married, but I didn’t want anyone else to have her either. I was 20 years old, immature, I loved me, and me wanted her. I had no concept of what it meant to love another person. It was through her grace and forgiveness that I changed and came to know what love is all about.
Forgiveness is the best thing that I can do to change the people who hurt me.
Forgiving Shows The World That God Lives In Me
The third thing I try to remember is that forgiving is the best thing I can do to show the world that God lives in me.
Forgiving is an unnatural act. It is more natural for us to act like animals. Encroach on an animal’s territory and it reacts and attacks you. To forgive is unnatural. You may say, “What a wimpy way to approach life!”
The Nazi hunter, Simon Wiesenthal, lost 89 members of his family to Hitler. He tells of being a young architect at age 22, assigned to a military hospital, and wearing the required yellow star of David which marked him as a Jew.
One day, a nurse came and got him and said, “Come with me.” He followed her into a darkened room and found a young German officer, completely swathed in bandages, with only his nose and eyes sticking out—with flies swarming around him. Through the gauze, the soldier said, “I burned a house full of Jews. Inside, there was a man with two little children and he covered their faces and leaped out the window trying to save them. I was ordered to shoot them, and I did. I cannot die without receiving the forgiveness of a Jew. Will you forgive me?”
Wiesenthal turned and looked out the window—it was a beautiful sunny day and the birds were chirping. He said, “I stood there a long time, then I turned slowly and I walked out of the room.” Later on, Wiesenthal wrote to 32 scholars of all faiths asking if he should have forgiven the German. Only six out of the 32 who responded said that he should have forgiven him.
The haunting question is raised, what would Jesus have said about it? I can tell you that He did say that by showing love and forgiving one another, “then everyone will know that you are my disciples.” (John 13:35) Morality—acting a certain way—is not the chief evidence Christ lives in us. The only way to show the world that Christ lives in us is to forgive, to do the unnatural thing. Unless you forgive, you will never be out of the prison of revenge, retaliation, and the cycle of violence. You will never know peace.
Corrie Ten Boom and her sister were placed in a Nazi concentration camp for helping Jews during World War II. Her sister died in the camp. After the war, Corrie went around preaching forgiveness. One day she came face-to-face with the SS officer who had tortured and abused her sister.
He said, “Ya, Corrie. It is good that you preach forgiveness.”
He stuck his hand out to shake hers, but she couldn’t take his hand. “All I could say was, God forgive me. I cannot forgive.”
At that moment, a great burden was lifted from her soul, and she was suddenly able to take his hand. Only the Spirit of God can bring us to the unnatural act of forgiveness. It is the best witness I know that we are children of God.
You undoubtedly have been, or will be, maimed during your life. You will be insulted and hurt and then you will have a choice to make. You can imprison yourself or you can hurl away the chains of resentment and revenge.
What will you do?
- This series of Posts is based upon Dr. Gerald Mann’s book The Search for Inner Peace. The author and the MakeTrix have received the permission of Gerald Mann’s wife, Sandy Mann, to use the contents of his wonderful masterpiece in this series of articles. We are honored and humbled and wish to thank her for her generosity. This series is of course, and as always, provided free at no cost to the reader.
- Dr. Gerald Mann, The Search for Inner Peace (Austin, TX: Gerald Mann Ministries, 1999), pp. 51-65. ISBN: 0-9678502-0-7, Out-of-Print.
- For more information, read our previous posts:
Introduction: The Search for Inner Peace
Chapter 1: Challenging Our Illusions
Chapter 2: Accepting the Truth About God
Chapter 3: Feeling God’s Forgiveness | <urn:uuid:2b249fe5-c2d2-494c-982b-8be653b62162> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.maketrix.co/giving-gods-forgiveness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814393.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223035527-20180223055527-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.983672 | 3,534 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A MiddleWeb Resource Roundup
On October 10 a 15 year-old Canadian girl, Amanda Todd, killed herself after enduring physical and cyber bullying for years. Earlier in 2012 a Cincinnati TV station interviewed 5th and 6th graders who recounted being bullied and mentioned the option of suicide to escape the torment. These are sobering facts.
While adolescent suicides are rare and often have other causes, bullying is a major concern for schools and parents, and, of course, for students themselves. Over 25% of middle schoolers reported being bullied in a 2011 CDC study of Massachusetts students. A 2009 national study from the U.S. Office of Justice Programs noted that bullying peaks in the middle grades and reported slightly lower rates for elementary children (p. 5).
Bullying Prevention Month each October brings extra attention to the issue and provides an opportunity to gather resources to use throughout the year. Among the resources are ideas for blending prevention concepts into the daily classroom curriculum. In a 2010 Education Week post, teacher Kathie Marshall wrote “Helping Students Get Proactive About Bullying.” She recounted her sixth graders’ responses to a persuasive writing unit on bullying and the growth in their awareness and willingness to intervene.
The PACER Center, which advocates for children with disabilities and is funded by the DoE’s Office of Special Education Programs, originated National Bullying Prevention Week in 2006. In 2010 PACER and its partners, including the National PTA, the NEA, and the AFT, expanded the advocacy effort to a month. PACER offers free resources including online toolkits, a website for younger kids and another one for teens, and an online petition students can sign to support bullying prevention. PACER also provides information on bullying of students with disabilities – both about the effects on the students and the options for educators, parents, peers and the disabled children themselves.
PACER links to organizations that explain and provide resources to support LGBT students. Included is the Trevor Project, a national program of crisis intervention for LGBTQ youth which grew out of a 1998 film about a 13 year-old who was bullied when he had a crush on a boy. PACER also recommends the extensive resources of the Gay Lesbian & Straight Education Network. Among GLSEN’s anti-bullying resources is the ThinkB4YouSpeak guide created with the Ad Council. The guide for MS and HS teachers provides activities on the impact of bullying language and the option for students to move from bystander to ally of the bullied.
In 2012, GLSEN is airing a free webinar series, including Oct. 17’s ‘Is It Getting Better?: Changes in School Climate for LGBT Youth Over Time.’ For teachers who want to understand what their LGBT students are thinking, GLSEN suggests a publication from What Kids Can Do, ‘Queer Youth Advice for Educators: How to Respect and Protect Your Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Students.’ It’s a PDF of comments from 30 students, clustered around themes.
The US Government’s “Stop Bullying” website from the Dept. of HHS defines bullying, outlines who is at risk and how they are affected, and provides information for schools on how to engage students and parents, create policies, train staff and students, build a safe school environment and tackle cyberbullying. Concise information is available at the site, without users having to follow links to other websites. The school site includes a cautionary PDF about some popular strategies that have drawbacks.
Eyes on Bullying, a site developed by the Education Development Center, Inc., provides a free and elaborate toolkit on bullying, with activities, role-playing scenarios, and strategic planning steps. The Children’s Safety Network, a project in EDC’s Health and Human Development Division, offers research on bullying. One study looks at bystander intervention among 10-15 year olds. Findings suggest three key factors that encourage intervention: kids’ awareness of the immorality of bullying; kids’ awareness of adult expectation that kids will intervene, and the availability of training in how bystanders can intervene.
For a succinct study of how adults see bullying, view a video reporting on a survey that asked about the bullying behaviors that should cause schools to take action. A major conclusion: What expert and non-expert adults view as bullying differs. The survey report as well as the video is available from the C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital National Poll of Children’s Health.
The National Association of School Psychologists also offers freely accessible bullying prevention resources for educators and parents on bullying and suicide, LGBTQ students, sexual harassment, cyberbullying, and recent research. For an overview, visit ‘A Framework for School-Wide Bullying Prevention and Safety.’
The Association for Middle Level Education provides free access to several articles on bullying. Among them is 2008’s ‘The Under-Appreciated Role of Humiliation in the Middle School’ by Nancy Frey and Douglas Fisher, which considers humiliation by teachers as well as others.
Bob Sullo, a consultant with three decades in schools as a teacher, administrator and school psychologist, recently blogged at Inspiring Student Motivation about his interactions with a boy sent to the office for bullying and about avoiding treating students who have been bullied as victims. In a 2010 article for the Virginia Education Association, Sullo describes the motivations of bullies and explains why he chooses the role of educator rather than punisher in responding to children who bully.
Principals will find guidelines for answering parents’ questions about bullying in a PDF from the National Association of Elementary School Principals. The NAESP also provides a one-page report to distribute to parents on what they can do at home. The American Association of School Administrators also offers guidelines for districts dealing with bullying and cyberbullying in a 2010 document.
For recent findings on bullying and responses to it, visit the C-Span recordings of the 2012 Education Dept. Third Annual Bullying Prevention Summit. You will find videos on studies from other federal departments, universities and organizations on youth who bully, bullying and suicide prevention, youth leadership, and diversity. Not surprisingly, middle school students figure in the studies. Writing about the event in “Bullying Prevention Summit: Peers Matter” at ASCD’s Whole Child Education site, Sean Slade looks beyond the individual bullying incident to the school culture. He points out that adults understand the impact of bullying on those who are bullied and have a clear responsibility to decrease bullying, in part by training bystanders.
Annmarie Urso, PhD, who has worked in K-12 special education and now teaches at SUNY in Geneseo, urges educators to go beyond teaching about intolerance and to actively support kids who are targeted by bullies. Writing in 2011 for Leadscape, the cognitive coaching site, she lists recent examples of racial bigotry, and suicides among LGBT youth, and provides links to resources to build support for targeted students, including Teaching Tolerance from the Southern Poverty Law Center.
At Edutopia, you can find many resources about social and emotional learning that have anti-bullying applications. Randy Taran, a filmmaker and leader of Project Happiness, writes about the relationship between bullying and unhappiness at her Edutopia blog and suggests activities to build social and emotional skills in elementary kids. An additional Edutopia resource: Five-Minute Film Festival: Preventing Bullying by Amy Erin Borovoy (aka VideoAmy).
The NYT Learning Network honors National Bullying Prevention Month with an updated listing of links to resources.
Children have spoken out on the challenges of bullying. You can hear the voices of 6th through 8th graders as they explain what bullying is, the signs that someone is being bullied, and how students can react to stop bullying. The comments are brief, so suggestions are incomplete, not taking into account that a physically bullied child may not be able to respond to the bully. (The podcast is the second selection on this page of the AMLE’s Expressions from the Middle series.)
Cyberbullying, whether it originates at school or elsewhere, is a complex issue that impacts the lives of many young people. A free digital issue of ASCD’s Policy Priorities provides articles on what educators need to know about cyberbullying. The issue includes an infographic on states’ cyberbullying laws, links to curriculum resources, and a discussion of legal concerns. Particularly helpful is the video, How to Identify, Prevent, and Respond to Cyberbullying, presented by Justin Patchin, an associate professor at the University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, and co-director of the Cyberbullying Research Center. Policy Priorities provides links to cyberbullying prevention resources here. And here are some ideas (from an AMLE newsletter) to help raise awareness among students and engage them in addressing issues of cyberbullying.
For more on the topic, educators can access ‘When Cyberbullying Spills Into School’ from the Education Week webinar archive. | <urn:uuid:436b4aa0-e819-4a37-a31e-45fc72c71ade> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.middleweb.com/3626/bullying-cyberbullying/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136966.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00014-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951816 | 1,877 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Phoenicians arrived in Andalucia about 840 BC. They established Cadiz and trading posts on the Mediterranean coast
By Nick Nutter | Updated 6 Mar 2022 | Andalucia | History | Login to add to YOUR Favourites or Read Later
During the 1st millenium BC, traders from the East arrived in Andalucia. Life in Iberia would never be the same again.
Until about 1200 BC there had been a number of groups of traders who concentrated on the eastern Mediterranean. None had yet managed to penetrate to the west themselves, trade and exchange were via traders who operated within their own fairly restricted orbits. This mechanism of exchange through many hands allowed products from the west to reach the east and vice versa. Then about 1200 BC disaster struck for the growing civilisations in the east. A succession of invasions from the north between 1200 and 1150 BC, possibly sparked off by drought and famine, led to the cultural collapse of the Mycenean kingdom, Hittite Empire and the New Kingdom of Egypt. This is the period when the great cities in the east, such as Troy, were razed.
The trading/exchange/tribute economy collapsed and it would be a few years before it rejuvenated itself and when it did there were two main contenders for the trade by sea. Greeks and Phoenicians. Instead of concentrating solely on the eastern Mediterranean both headed to the far west, beyond Sardinia. After a couple of exploratory probes into the area the Phoenicians made a bold move, leapfrogging ahead of any competition. They established their first settlement at Cadiz, this being an ideal place to take advantage of the Atlantic Bronze trade and supply the indigenous population in the interior of the Iberian peninsula.
It should not be imagined that Greece and Phoenicians were the only traders in the Mediterranean, nor that all trade was in the hippoi, the Phoenician tramp steamer of the age. From archaeological artefacts and cave paintings found all around the coasts, it seems that anybody with a boat was getting into the act in the island-studded Aegean, Ionian and eastern Adriatic Seas. The Cypriots, Sicilians, Corsicans and Sardinians were all traversing the sea in vessels ranging from canoes to long slim galleys powered by oars, the greyhounds of the coasts. The advantage of the hippoi over all other vessels is that it could carry enough water and food to sustain its crew on a voyage of reasonable length making the traverse of the inhospitable north African coast possible as well as the open water jump from Sardinia to the Balearic Islands and from there to the Iberian coast.
The Phoenician goal was the trading centre of Huelva on the Iberian Atlantic coast, already a hub for the Atlantic Bronze trade operated by an indigenous population that would become known as Tartessians. To exploit Huelva they looked for a location for their settlement and found an island just west of a deep bay that cut deep into the coast just south of Huelva. This fitted the Phoenician conception of what a city should be. They had a strong sense of symmetry, finding comfort in the familiar, and a somewhat different world view to ourselves believing in a cyclical universe where everything had an equal and opposite, life and death being the easiest to explain.
Tyre, their home city, consisted of a built-up island with a port area and a temple to Melqart, their god who protected all men of Tyre, that included a pair of bronze and gold pillars, the pillars of Melqart, facing west out to sea. On the mainland, there was an urban area and behind the town a hinterland of woods and arable land. Incidentally Melqart, or Ba'l Sur, 'Lord of Tyre' is first mentioned during the 9th century BC and seems to have been created specifically to protect the expanding trade network.
The Phoenicians had found their Tyre in the west, they called it Gadir. The two mountains they had passed between to arrive there, Jebel Musa and Gibraltar, they called the 'Pillars of Melqart'. They were later renamed the 'Pillars of Hercules' by the Romans. On an island west of the bay, they built a port and a temple to Melqart that included a pair of bronze pillars facing east towards their home town and in the bay itself they founded their own settlement near an existing settlement occupied by the indigenous people. The settlement is known today as Castillo Doña Blanca, taking its name from a 14th century AD tower on the site. In Phoenician times it would have been considered part of the development of Gadir.
The only way to appreciate Castillo Doña Blanca is to visit the site, a roughly rectangular mound some 340 metres long from east to west and 200 metres wide from north to south and at a height of 31 metres above sea level. In 850 BC the site was unoccupied although indigenous settlements dating back to the 3rd millennium BC were nearby at La Dehesa one kilometre east and on the crest of a hill beneath Sierra San Cristobal 1.5 kilometres to the north east.
When the Phoenicians arrived Castillo Doña Blanca was on the coast on the left-hand bank of the Rio Guadalete, to the east of the mound was the port area and there may have been a second port to the west, now destroyed by quarrying. Looking south and south-west the sea view across the bay would be uninterrupted to the horizon on which was the island of Gadir with its Temple to Melqart. The Guadalete river flowed into the bay from the east and gave access to the interior, rich arable land, whilst a few kilometres north along the coast the indigenous town of Huelva was to provide the Phoenicians with access to the Atlantic Bronze trade. Behind the settlement, to the north, on the side of a peak called Las Cumbries is the necropolis covering about 100 hectares. Unusually for a Phoenician settlement, the necropolis was not separated from the urban area by a body of water such as a river.
Castillo Doña Blanca was founded soon after the foundation of Gadir, about 850 BC, and may have been a deliberate act to imitate the home city of Tyre or because the islands occupied by Gadir itself were too small to accommodate a rapidly growing population and an expanding trading industry. At the moment the favourite theory is that the port of Gadir needed a market centre type location on the mainland that was easy for potential customers to reach from the interior. The important point is that it was founded, built and, certainly for the first few years, occupied exclusively by Phoenicians. This is shown by the presence of distinctive wheel-thrown pottery to the exclusion of all other forms. At the time the settlement was founded the indigenous population only made handcrafted pottery.
Houses in the settlement had several rooms with walls of rubblework and mud-brick covered in a type of plaster. Floors were generally red clay. The roofs consisted of plant material on a timber frame. Most houses had a bread oven. Access to the houses was via narrow, sometimes only one metre wide, streets. Door frames were generally substantial and formed from ashlar blocks. Occasionally a strengthening pillar of ashlar blocks would be built into a mudbrick wall, a technique widely used in the east. Houses on the north side were terraced into the hill. The whole was surrounded by a 3 metres wide fortified wall. Outside part of the wall was a 20 metres wide moat.
Castillo Doña Blanca was occupied right through the Phoenician period in Andalucia, until the end of the 3rd century BC when it was abandoned, probably due to a Roman presence at Gadir. During its four hundred year history the town as it became encouraged the growth of the nearby, by now legitimately named, Tartessian towns the occupants of whom provided the vital link between the market on the coast and the population far inland. It also proved a useful link in the chain that fed bronze items from the Atlantic trade and local produce, olive oil, wine, garum as well as silver and copper into a network of trading centres established after Castillo Doña Blanca along the southern coast of Andalucia.
The period roughly 850 BC to 250 BC is sometimes known as the orientalizing period implying that primitive native tribes embraced the architecture and standards of living, including ceramics, jewellery, clothing, beliefs and weapons of the more advanced civilisations from the east. This concept is now being challenged. The native population had as much to offer the east as vice versa. | <urn:uuid:9aaeb2ae-11c9-4b6f-80b8-ba0a9ddd3f12> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://visit-andalucia.com/phoenicians-iberians-andalucia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945376.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325222822-20230326012822-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.977963 | 1,819 | 3.46875 | 3 |
China has formed an innovation alliance to foster the research and application of extracting uranium from seawater, according to China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). The alliance involves around 20 research institutions and universities. Uranium has been extracted in small quantities from the ocean. However, the cost is about $400-600 per kilogram. This is about 7 to ten times more than the $60 per kilogram price of uranium from regular mines. The alliance will focus on setting up standards for the technology and products used in the extraction process. It will help accelerate the development of core technologies and new products, as well as create research platforms and a test base for uranium extraction from seawater to overcome hurdles in practical application.
It is estimated that about 4.5 billion tonnes of uranium is reserved in seawater, about 1,000 times of the land proven reserves, but the concentration of uranium in seawater is extremely low, making it a huge challenge to develop cost-effective seawater uranium extraction technology.
The USA, Japan and China have all researched and experimented with extracting uranium from seawater.
In March 2019, US scientists have demonstrated a new bio-inspired material for an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to recovering uranium from seawater. A research team from the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of South Florida developed a material that selectively binds dissolved uranium with a low-cost polymer adsorbent. The results, published in Nature Communications, could help push past bottlenecks in the cost and efficiency of extracting uranium resources from oceans for sustainable energy production.
To work as a scaled-up concept, ideally, unwanted elements would not be adsorbed or could easily be stripped during processing and the material reused for several cycles to maximize the amount of uranium collected,” said Popovs.
Unlike vanadium-laden materials, the H2BHT polymer can be processed using mild basic solutions and recycled for extended reuse. The eco-friendly features also bring significant cost advantages to potential real-world applications.
The next step, say researchers, is to refine the approach for greater efficiency and commercial-scale opportunities. The journal article is published as “Siderophore-Inspired Chelator Hijacks Uranium from Aqueous Medium.” | <urn:uuid:19ba0ea8-2468-4034-828c-7183167e3ba7> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.planettechnews.com/china-makes-innovation-alliance-to-accelerate-extracting-uranium-from-seawater/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400188049.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918155203-20200918185203-00680.warc.gz | en | 0.924328 | 478 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The Bishop delivered a sermon at St Paul’s Cathedral to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo
Check against delivery
A survey by the National Army Museum of more than 2,000 people indicated that nearly three quarters of them had little knowledge of Waterloo, believing variously that it was won by the French or that it involved Churchill or the wizard Dumbledore.
The past cannot be changed but we are responsible for how we remember it. What we extract and carry forward from what has gone before creates possibilities for the future or closes them off. In a sense we remember the future.
According to the French Government, Waterloo was a battle that “has a particular resonance in the collective consciousness that goes beyond a simple military conflict”. The phrase was contained in a letter protesting against a Belgian plan to issue a 2 euro commemorative coin marking the 200th anniversary. The protest succeeded in quashing the 2 euro project although the Belgian authorities have responded by issuing a 2.5 euro piece which does not require unanimity.
But the French Government was obviously right about the sensitive character of the Waterloo 200 commemoration. Victor Hugo said, “To us Waterloo is the date of the confounding of liberty”. There were many on both sides of the Channel who agreed with him.
The battle brought an end to twenty years of war which had devastated the European continent but it was widely interpreted as the triumph of feudal reaction and the defeat of the ideals of the French Revolution. The old order was restored and re-invigorated in Russia, Prussia and Austria and even in Britain the association of change with homicidal social engineering delayed political and social change.
But Britain soon enough uncoupled herself from her aristocratic partners to assist Greece and South America in gaining freedom and embarked on a programme of domestic reform.
One of the consequences of Waterloo which did endure was a heightened a sense of Britishness. It became a unifying symbol of national achievement, a foundation of a century of British self-confidence. British soldiers numbered perhaps a tenth of all the men on the field but the battle was woven into the evolving narrative of British identity. Sir Walter Scott visited the battlefield in after years. As a “Briton” as well as a Scottish patriot he called down “a blessing on the fallen brave who fought with Wellington”. The army was, and still is British, a place in the collective life of the country where a Welsh Picton, a Scottish Cameron an Irish Ponsonby, an English Jack Shaw and even an Anglo-American Huguenot de Lancey could fight and die together under the same banner.
What of the contemporary life of this greatest act of Sabbath breaking in British history?
In the creative activity of remembering, impartiality is not possible but honesty is a duty because it is of course possible to have false memories. George IV seems to have convinced himself that he had personally fought at Waterloo. He appealed to the Duke for confirmation at some banquet at which Wellington sagely replied, “I have often heard Your Majesty say so”.
Public remembering in the form of commemorations, saints days and festivals have always contributed powerfully to the coherence and sense of identity among groups or nations. Britishness cannot simply be defined by reference to abstract concepts like tolerance or fairness. Admirable as they are, they cannot generate the energy required to sustain a civilisation. Civilisations die in the night when no one can remember why once upon a time they inspired self-sacrifice.
It is certainly true that in the context of the 21st century there is a need to weave new strands into the story of Britain and to relate that story to a wider sense of an evolving global narrative. This has happened over and over again in our history and is indeed one of its most important themes but the deliberate attempt to forget or deny what we have been leads to corporate delusion and a vacuum which is too easily filled with glamorous cults of unreason and violence.
During the Vienna Conference prior to Napoleon’s return from Elba, the British delegation introduced a draft text declaring “that eternal principle that there can be for nations as for individuals no real happiness but in the prosperity of all”. The God of peace whose human face we see in Jesus Christ inspires and blesses this endeavour in which all of us have a part to play.
The great Duke’s funeral in 1852 which culminated in the interment of his remains below us in the crypt brought a million and a half people on the streets of London. As the body passed, an eyewitness recorded the sight of thousands of hats being raised in waves like great flocks of birds rising and then settling again. As they saluted then so in this service we salute the courage and resolution of the great Duke and those who fought with Wellington at Waterloo. | <urn:uuid:038de650-ff7f-45b9-aac4-5543c529c660> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://bishopoflondon.org/news/waterloo-200/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540548544.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213043650-20191213071650-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.963491 | 986 | 2.75 | 3 |
Moving from war to peace in Ukraine: The role of a joint military commission
A buzz was created at the Munich Security Conference in February 2020 when a report was circulated on “Twelve Steps Toward Greater Security in Ukraine and the Euro-Atlantic Region”. Step 1 was “Restore the JCCC”. Why is that important and how could it work?
The Joint Control and Coordination Commission (JCCC) was an attempt by Ukraine and Russia to create a mechanism to exchange information and foster military-to-military contacts during the height of the crisis in and around Ukraine. It started rather mysteriously in the autumn of 2014, when Russian military personnel arrived in the Donbas region wearing ‘OSCE’ armbands. The Commission then evolved into a bilateral initiative between the Ukrainian and Russian General Staffs.
The Commission was located in Soledar in the Donetsk region on the Ukrainian-controlled side of the line of contact. In its prime (between 2015 and 2017) the headquarters housed approximately 75 officers from Ukraine and Russia as well as 10 OSCE liaison officers. The Russian officers rotated every 90 days.
Although the OSCE was not a party to creating the JCCC, it worked closely with it. Furthermore, such bodies are foreseen in the 1993 list of Stabilizing Measures for Localized Crisis Situations. The catalogue includes the establishment of joint expert teams in support of crisis management, and of joint coordination commissions or teams to facilitate the resolution of technical military issues.
The JCCC was one of the few channels of mil-to-mil contacts between the Russian and Ukrainian forces. That said, the military personnel did not have much interaction. They did not usually share information directly, but each provided information independently to the OSCE. The JCCC largely failed to assist in implementing the ceasefire, withdraw heavy weapons, undertake mine action, or guarantee the safety of OSCE monitors. One of its few benefits was to help negotiate local ceasefires or ‘windows of silence’ that enabled the repair of critical infrastructure. The SMM monitored these local ceasefires through ‘mirror patrols’ on both sides of the line of contact.
In December 2017, Russia withdrew its officers from the JCCC, citing impediments to the work of the Russian personnel. This left a vacuum which the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) often had to fill on its own.
While most ceasefire agreements include some form of joint arrangement for oversight and control of implementation, the JCCC seemed doomed from the start. Unlike good practices in other parts of the world, the JCCC had no mutually agreed terms of reference, suffered from a lack of commonly agreed data or records, and had a high rotation of personnel. Furthermore, there was little trust between the officers, there was seldom follow-up to incidents (either relating to ceasefire violations or harassment of OSCE monitors), and a weak sense of impartiality. In other words, it was hardly “joint”, exercised limited “control” and had almost no “coordination”.
Could it be time to consider a more effective joint military commission? The crisis in and around Ukraine has dragged on for more than five years – indeed almost longer than the Second World War. There has been some momentum in the Normandy Format since a meeting between the leaders of France, Germany, Russia and Ukraine in early December 2019.
The repair and reopening of the bridge at Stanytsia Luhanska shows that the parties can take practical steps to work together. UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres has called for a global ceasefire during the COVID-19 crisis. Russia and Ukraine may slowly realize the self-interest to keep open a line of communication – not least if the humanitarian situation in the Donbas region worsens.
What would be the added value of a joint military commission? The “Twelve Steps” paper says that restoring the JCCC would provide (i) an added capability for implementation of the Minsk agreements; (ii) assistance in ensuring a prompt response to violations of the agreements, including response to impediments to the SMM’s monitoring and verification; and (iii) support for the restoration of critical infrastructure and demining. One could add a fourth advantage, namely liaising on disaster risk reduction and controlling the spread of COVID-19. Unfortunately, the paper doesn’t say how to restore the Commission.
Based on international experience, if and when the day comes to restore the JCCC – or to establish something like it – a number of factors should be kept in mind.
Such a body or mechanism should be coherent with the broader political process. It should have a clearly defined mandate, terms of reference (including roles and responsibilities) and standard operating procedures – agreed by the parties. It should have a composition that is inclusive and has clear accountability. And it should have a defined role and relations with third parties. Bearing in mind some of the weaknesses of the JCCC, there should be agreed access for commission members, modalities for exchanging information, and arrangements that enable longer-term periods of service to reduce the need for frequent rotations, thereby helping to build a better rapport among Commission members. Furthermore, transparency and effective communication are vital.
Experience from ceasefire monitoring processes shows the important role that such mechanisms can play in terms of confidence-building, and enhancing implementation of agreements. Military-to-military contacts are essential for sustaining and monitoring a ceasefire, de-escalation, withdrawal of heavy weapons, demining, and border security. Furthermore, they can help to rebuild trust and create the space needed for political and diplomatic initiatives to gain momentum. Indeed, the very process of discussing such a mechanism could open up new dynamics in the settlement process.
Re-establishing the JCCC will not be easy. Perhaps constituting something similar – but more effective – would be a better idea. Either way, military-to-military dialogue must be an essential part of moving from war to peace in eastern Ukraine.
*Dr. Walter Kemp is Special Adviser to the Cooperative Security Initiative and a Senior Fellow at the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of the Security and Human Rights Monitor.
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[…] of a Joint Military Commission, bei Security and Human Rights Monitor, 29.04.20 20, online unter https://www.shrmonitor.org/moving-from-war-to-peace-the-role-of-a-joint-military-commission/. Walter Kemp ist Sonderberater der Cooperative Security Initiative und Senior Fellow bei der Global […] | <urn:uuid:5ff67eb4-b702-4ffa-99c3-7cf73503a28e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.shrmonitor.org/moving-from-war-to-peace-the-role-of-a-joint-military-commission/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948632.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327123514-20230327153514-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.955373 | 1,395 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Experiments show importance of social environment, not just genes
The company mice keep can change their behavior. In some ways, genetically normal littermates behave like mice that carry an autism-related mutation, despite not having the mutation themselves, scientists report.
The results, published July 31 in eNeuro, suggest that the social environment influences behavior in complex and important ways, says neuroscientist Alice Luo Clayton of the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative in New York City. The finding comes from looking past the mutated mice to their nonmutated littermates, which are usually not a subject of scrutiny. “People almost never look at it from that direction,” says Clayton, who wasn’t involved in the study.
Researchers initially planned to investigate the social behavior of mice that carried a mutation found in some people with autism. Studying nonmutated mice wasn’t part of the plan. “We stumbled into this,” says study coauthor Stéphane Baudouin, a neurobiologist at Cardiff University in Wales.
Baudouin and colleagues studied groups of mice that had been genetically modified to lack neuroligin-3, a gene that is mutated in some people with autism. Without the gene, the mice didn’t have Neuroligin-3 in their brains, a protein that helps nerve cells communicate. Along with other behavioral quirks, these mice didn’t show interest in sniffing other mice, as expected. But Baudouin noticed that the behavior of the nonmutated control mice who lived with the neuroligin-3 mutants also seemed off. He suspected that the behavior of the mutated mice might be to blame.
Experiments confirmed this hunch. Usually, mice form strong social hierarchies, with the most aggressive and vocal males at the top. But in mixed groups of mutated and genetically normal male mice, there was no social hierarchy. “It’s flat,” Baudouin says.
Raised and housed together, the mutated and nonmutated mice all had less testosterone than nonmutated mice raised in genetically similar groups. The testosterone levels in both types of mice were comparable to those found in females — “one of the strongest and most surprising results,” Baudouin says.
The mice’s social curiosity was lacking, too. Usually, mice are interested in the smells of others, and will spend lots of time sniffing a cotton swab that had been swiped across the bedding of unfamiliar mice. But when given a choice of strange mouse scent or banana scent, the nonmutated littermates spent just as much time sniffing banana as did the mutant mice.
When Baudouin and colleagues added back the missing Neuroligin-3 protein to parts of the mutant mice’s brains, aspects of their behavior normalized. The mice became interested in the odor from another mouse’s bedding, for instance. These behaviors also shifted in the mice’s nonmutated littermates. That experiment suggests that the missing protein — and the resulting abnormal behavior of the mutants — was to blame for their littermates’ abnormal actions.
Still, it’s hard to tease apart the mice’s roles, says behavioral neuroscientist Mu Yang of Columbia University. “It is a shared environment, and there is no sure way to tell who is influencing whom, or whether both parties are being impacted.”
Female mice that completely lacked the neuroligin-3 gene also influenced the behaviors of littermates that carried one mutated version of the gene, other behavior tests revealed. More experiments are needed to determine whether the social environment affects male and female mice differently, and if so, whether those differences relate to autism, says Luo Clayton.
S. Kalbassi et al. Male and female mice lacking Neuroligin-3 modify the behavior of their wild-type littermates. eNeuro. Published online July 31, 2017. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0145-17.2017.
L. Hamers. Brain activity helps build an alpha male. Science News Online, July 13, 2017. | <urn:uuid:e41e393e-ad9c-4678-9587-486cc02b451c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mice-mutation-linked-autism-affect-their-littermates-behavior?mode=topic&context=87 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647519.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320170119-20180320190119-00728.warc.gz | en | 0.945298 | 862 | 3.359375 | 3 |
"The computer is incredibly fast, accurate, and stupid. Man is incredibly slow, inaccurate, and brilliant. The marriage of the two is a force beyond calculation.“
Why is it important to learn computing?
All our pupils deserve a rich learning experience balancing different aspects of the computing curriculum. With ICT playing an increasingly important role in young lives, we believe children must be given opportunities to learn how to participate effectively and safely in this digital world, as users, consumers and creators.
What does computing look like at Golcar JI&N?
Computing at Golcar is treated as a multidisciplinary subject, learned through clearly focused, dedicated computing lessons, but also embedded as part of a creatively cross-curricular approach.
- We nurture our pupils in their curiosity about the connected world and ensure that they understand how the digital systems which they use actually work.
- Pupils learn how to use computational thinking to create and solve problems through coding.
- Pupils discover the value of different apps and devices in helping them create, develop, analyse, evaluate and present ideas and information.
- They learn how to recognize and manage risks when communicating electronically through fun, engaging and age-appropriate schemes of work. These skills are reinforced and embedded whenever pupils use ICT to enrich their learning across the curriculum; we aspire for our pupils to become increasingly confident and independent when choosing to use ICT to help them achieve their objectives.
How do we promote learning in computing?
Safer Internet Day
After School Code Club
Cross curricular learning
Whole School Computing Overview
SMSC in Computing | <urn:uuid:79103e78-7d88-4b32-8992-206b17f73a3b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.golcarjin.com/learning-curriculum/computing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662619221.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526162749-20220526192749-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.933013 | 351 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Sunday, February 08, 2009
High blood pressure is frequently difficult to treat in a short time by acupuncture or herbs. Patients become discouraged and turn to western medicine. Some forms of Qigong can help lower blood pressure. However, most of these forms must be taught to the patient and are not simple to learn.
Most of these Qigong methods have a common factor. The rate of respiration is slowed down. This may be the chief parameter which accounts for their lowering of blood pressure.
Recent research shows that 3 or 4 15-minute sessions of slow breathing (less than or equal to 10 breaths per minute) can lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, usually within 8 weeks (1) – (19). In one clinical trial, some diabetics were not able to sufficiently lower their respiration rate. However, with a longer training period a lower rate of respiration might be achieved.
The breathing exercise should be performed using normal, Buddhist or diaphragmatic breathing, like opera singers. The Daoists thought that normal breathing was one of the secrets of longevity. If you look at a baby in its crib you will only notice its stomach move up and down as it breathes. By contrast, when most seniors breathe their upper chest heaves up and down and there is no visible movement of their abdomen, a consequence of shallow breathing. A Chinese doctor looks at the abdomen of a critically ill patient. If it moves up and down as the patient breathes, the patient has a better chance of surviving than a patient with no visible abdominal movement on breathing. Thus, you may have to instruct patients so that normal or diaphragmatic breathing is done automatically.
Normal or diaphragmatic breathing can be practiced lying down or sitting in a chair. The practice methods are similar. The method of practice while sitting in a chair will be described. Inhale and exhale gently, smoothly and continuously through your nose. Sit comfortably, with your knees bent and your shoulders, head and neck relaxed. Place one hand on your upper chest and the other just below your rib cage. This will allow you to feel your diaphragm move as you breathe. As you inhale, the hand on your chest must move as little as possible, while the hand on your abdomen must move outwards. When you exhale, the hand on your abdomen moves inward, which you can help by slightly and gently pulling your abdominal muscle inward. Once again, the hand on your chest moves as little as possible. At first, you’ll probably get tired while doing this exercise because an increased effort will be needed to use the diaphragm correctly. Keep at it, because with continued practice, diaphragmatic breathing will become easy and automatic. Practice this exercise 5-10 minutes a few times a day.
Slow breathing has the physiological effect of relaxing the muscles surrounding the small blood vessels, which allows the blood to flow more easily. Alpha blockers block receptors in arteries and smooth muscle. This action relaxes the blood vessels and leads to an increase in blood flow and a lower pressure for the control of hypertension. The action in the urinary tract enhances urinary flow for an enlarged prostate. Slow breathing seems to have the same effect as alpha blockers. Thus, it may also reduce the symptoms of an enlarged prostate. This conjecture has not been subjected to clinical trials, but has worked on two subjects.
There is another simple breathing technique purported to help eliminate and prevent heart attacks due to abnormal electrical events to the heart, and to generally enhance performance of the central nervous system (CNS) and to help eliminate the effects of traumatic shock and stress to the CNS. Most patients would prefer to try this approach rather than the risks of ablation or a cardiac pacemaker.
The method requires 1 breath per minute (BPM) respiratory exercise with slow inspiration for 20 seconds, breath retention for 20 seconds, and slow expiration for 20 seconds, for 31 consecutive minutes. Do not attempt to use the required time intervals to start. Use a time interval - say, 5 seconds, or even less, so that no straining is involved. Try to practice every day.
This technique produced favourable shifts in all hemodynamic variables measured for 4 subjects during the 1 BPM exercise and in the post-exercise resting period (20). The authors conclude that the long-term effects of this technique appear to reset a cardio-respiratory brain-stem pacemaker. This effect may be the basis for the purported health claim of this yogic breathing exercise. Large scale clinical trials seem warranted.
1. Device-Guided Breathing to Lower Blood Pressure: Case Report and Clinical Overview. W Elliott, J Izzo. Medscape General Medicine, 2006; 8(3).
2. Graded Blood Pressure Reduction in Hypertensive Outpatients Associated with Use of a Device to Assist with Slow Breathing. W Elliott, J Izzo, Jr., WB White, D Rosing, CS Snyder, A Alter, B Gavish, HR Black, J Clin Hypertens, 2004 6(10): 553-559.
3. Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension by Respiratory Exercise in the Home Setting. E Meles, C Giannattasio, M Failla, G Gentile, A Capra, G Mancia, American Journal of Hypertension 2004, 17:370–374.
4. Respiration and Blood Pressure. G Parati, JL Izzo Jr, B Gavish, in Hypertension Primer, Third Edition. JL Izzo and HR Black, Eds. Baltimore, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, 2003; Ch. A40, p117-120.
5. Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Resistant Hypertensives by Device-Guided Slow Breathing Exercises. R Viskoper , I Shapira, R Priluck, R Mindlin, L Chornia, A Laszt, D Dicker, B Gavish, A Alter, American Journal of Hypertension 2003; Vol 16:484-487.
6. Device-Guided Breathing Exercises Reduce Blood Pressure - Ambulatory and Home Measurements. T Rosenthal, A Alter, E Peleg, B Gavish, American Journal of Hypertension 2001; 14:74-76.
7. Breathing-control lowers blood pressure.E Grossman, A Grossman , MH Schein, R Zimlichman, B Gavish. Journal of Human Hypertension 2001; 15:263-269.
8. Treating hypertension with a device that slows and regularizes breathing: A randomised, double-blind controlled study. M Schein, B Gavish, M Herz , D Rosner-Kahana, P Naveh, B Knishkowy, E Zlotnikov, N Ben-Zvi, RN Melmed , Journal of Human Hypertension 2001; 15:271-278.
9. The Changes of Noninvasive Hemodynamic Parameters after Device-Guided Slow Breathing Exercise in Hypertensive Patients. J Y Kim, M S Han, H H Yoo, H M Choe, B S Yoo, S H Lee, J Yoon, and K H Choe. Journal of Clinical Hypertension,2006, Vol 8, Issue 5, Suppl A.
10. Does Baseline Systolic Blood Pressure Affect Antihypertensive Efficacy with Device-Guided Breathing Exercise?Kim JY, Han MS, Yoo HH, Choe HM, Yoo BS, Lee SH, Yoon J, and Choe KH. Journal of Clinical Hypertension,2006, Volume 8, Issue 5, Suppl A.
11. Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension in diabetics by device-guided paced breathing: A randomized controlled study. M H Schein, A Alter and B Gavish. Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 2006, Vol 8, Issue 5, Supl A,. P- 79.
12. Blood pressure change following 8-week, 15-minute daily treatment with paced breathing guided by a device: A korean multi-center study. J H Bae, J H Kim, K H Choe, S P Hong, K S Kim, C H Kim and W H Kim. Journal of Clinical Hypertension,2006, Vol 8, Issue 5, Suppl A,. P-86
13. Treating hypertension in diabetics with device-guided breathing: A randomized controlled study. MH Schein, A Alter and B Gavish. EGPRN 2005.
14. Treating high blood pressure by device-guided paced breathing in the home setting: Evidence-based approach. M Schein, E Grossman, T Rosenthal, C Giannattasio, W Elliott, R Viskoper, A Alter, B Gavish British Hypertension Society Annual Meeting, Cambridge, UK. Sept 2005
15. Reduction of home blood pressures and white coat effect after 8 weeks of device-guided paced breathing. W Elliott, B Gavish, A Alter, J L. Izzo, and H R. Black, American Journal of Hypertension, 2005, 18(5): 211A
16. Blood pressure reduction with device-guided breathing: Pooled data from 7 controlled studies. Elliott, HR Black, A Alter, B Gavish. Journal of Hypertension,
2004; 22(2): S116
17. Acute effects of device guided-breathing on cardiovascular parameters and baroreflex sensitivity in normal subjects. G Parati, F Glavina, G Ongaro, A Maronati, B Gavish, P Castiglioni, M Di Rienzo, G Mancia. American Journal of Hypertension
18. The pressure dependence of arterial compliance: A model interpretation. B Gavish, American Journal of Hypertension, 2001; 14:121A. 2004; 17(5):54A
19. Are breathing exercises an active component in reducing high blood pressure? A retrospective view. B Gavish. Journal of Hypertension 2001, Supplement 2, S79-S80.
Repeated blood pressure measurements may probe directly an arterial property. Gavish B., American Journal of Hypertension 2000; 13:190A.
20.. Hemodynamic Observations on a Yogic Breathing Technique Claimed to Help Eliminate and Prevent Heart Attacks: A Pilot Study. David S. Shannahoff, Khalsa, B., Bo Sramek, Matthew B. Kennel, Stuart | <urn:uuid:d6ce321d-dc37-4a34-bafc-c22364a5a704> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.altmd.com/Specialists/Arch-Acupuncture-Health-Center/Blog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461864121714.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428172201-00173-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878981 | 2,211 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The national institute of justice eric harris and dylan klebold walked into columbine high school in jefferson county, colo, and began shooting school shootings can be a very real and very frightening part of school violence in this country. How can we stop school violence and parents can play a strong role in promoting schools' use of security measures and violence-prevention strategies advertisement parents may then ask for a transfer to another school. American children face substantial risk of exposure to firearm injury and death according to scientific literature learn more about gun violence today. The world witnessed another tragedy on 14 december 2012 prevalence, causes and possible prevention strategies based on empirical evidence december 19 the two killers in the columbine high school shooting were believed to have been bullied by their peers (peterson, 1999.
One of the hardest components of researching the effectiveness of school violence prevention/reduction programs is the fact violence at columbine high school - violence at columbine high media violence and school shootings - another school shooting goes down and is. Tragedies like the columbine school shooting have highlighted the problem of violent acts committed by adolescents and young adults to examine the roots of youth violence and discuss the latest strategies for preventing interpersonal violence among youth, the new york academy of sciences is. There are key considerations when planning crisis management following a school shooting to help a community recover and move forward violence prevention initiative types of violence involving youth school shootings. Mandatory school-based mental health services and the prevention of school violence tessa heller see sandra j austin, lessons learned from the shootings at columbine high school, in the human side of school crises - a public entity. The relationship between school violence many violence prevention programs and curriculum expand that definition to include visual for the decade at nine without columbine grapes (2000) also stated that the school shootings.
Ten years after columbine: a report card on school violence-prevention executive summary april 20, 2009, marks 10 years since the tragedy at columbine high school, when students, eric harris and dylan klebold, killed 12 of their peers and a. My interest in school violence began ten and other boys threatened and intimidated another student to the point that he was in tears and afraid to attend school thus, eric was not i was in high school when columbine happened and the six months following that incident were six of the. One of the lasting lessons and legacies of the 1999 attack on columbine high school i'll kill you, to another student or staff while each school district and school should have its own threat and an internationally recognized expert in school violence and school. School year 03/04: violence mike nelson told school officials that he tried to recruit them to take part in a plan to make history by turning lovejoy into another columbine a day before the fifth anniversary of the deadly columbine school shootings in colorado. Andrew gumbel, who reported on the aftermath of the columbine massacre, explains what really happened that day - and why. Students, staff, and parents all have an important role in promoting school safety school violence prevention: guidelines for administrators and crisis teams school administrators and crisis team members can create safe, secure.
Preventing school shootings: mental health this statement was a part of my first testimony before congress in march 1999 shortly before the massacre at columbine high school edd, is an nsu professor and a nationally recognized expert on school crisis, youth violence, suicide. Comprehensive strategies are required to prevent school shootings communities can reduce the risk of these complex events with programs and policies.
Juvenile justice and delinquency prevention, and the office for victims of crime points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not represent the official position or guide for preventing and responding to school violence 2. Depression and violence is overlooked in so many cases as typical teen behavior understanding and prevention of another columbine shooting columbine shooting, rachel's challenge, school shootings, teen suicide, teen violence 0 rachel's challenge. The authors examined changes in mental health services and violence prevention strategies in public high schools since the shootings at columbine high school surveys were mailed to school mental health professionals at public high schools in colorado respondents included school counselors. Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now. Depression and violence in teens by laurie udesky it was just another monday morning, the beginning of a normal school week including the deadly massacre at columbine high school in littleton, colorado. | <urn:uuid:fb6372e5-1d6e-4585-89a8-30e39c5a95e2> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://rdassignmentoggf.cyclingjersey.us/prevention-of-another-columbine-and-school-violence.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212639.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817163057-20180817183057-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.952846 | 958 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Sex learning is a process of discovering one’s own sexual identity. Sex education helps individuals understand their own body and sexuality. It also prepares individuals for sexual intercourse. Sex education can be taught at school or through literature. In recent years, however, some people are also advocating that education about sex should be given to people at their own discretion.
Many schools offer sex education programs. These sex education programs, however, do not address topics that relate to the issue of contraceptives. For example, when discussing birth control, you cannot discuss the effects of taking a pill that contains estrogen on a pregnant woman.
Some parents are opposed to the concept of a sex education program. They argue that discussing sex at a young age is inappropriate. Some parents and school authorities feel that it encourages sexual behaviors in children that are inappropriate.
The controversy surrounding the teaching of sex education in public schools is not new. In the past, some school districts have prohibited the discussion of sex to protect the feelings of conservative students. There have also been debates over whether or not the discussion of sex is necessary for younger children to learn. Some experts feel that the teaching of sex at a very young age is not beneficial because it may hinder an individual from developing healthy relationships as they grow older. There are also studies that suggest that sex education programs may increase the rates of STD’s, or sexually transmitted diseases.
Opponents of sex learning feel that the subject of sex is best left to parents. There are many things parents and teachers can teach their children about sex. They should teach kids about sex on their own, without any intervention. However, some groups have taken the stance that sex education is important for the overall health of our society and our children. There are many instances in which it is necessary for children to be introduced to information on sex at an early age.
It is very important for kids to know how to be safe when they are in the presence of others, such as with teachers, peers, and doctors. Educating them about sex at an early age can help them develop a healthy attitude towards sexuality and open up their minds to different ideas. Educating your kids about sex doesn’t mean that they should be subjected to inaccurate information. Rather, it means that they should gain accurate and helpful information that they can use when making decisions about sex. If you decide that sex education is right for your child, make sure you choose a reputable source for information. Talk to your doctor and ask him/her for advice.
There are several types of sex tutorials that can help couples have a more adventurous love life. You can either learn how to please each other through the act of oral sex or you can go further and explore the various positions in bed. If you are interested in learning how to pleasure your partner through oral sex, you can find sex tutorials in this section that will help you understand how to go about pleasing your partner through this method. Likewise, if you want to discover the best way to please your man in bed, then you will be able to find a foreplay guide that is designed to increase his sexual confidence. As a matter of fact, men who are not confident about their skills in foreplay often find it very difficult to get aroused but once they master certain techniques, they can easily please their partners.
When it comes to increasing your chances of getting pregnant, you will be able to make use of many different techniques. There are some techniques that are considered to be the safest but others will help you discover new ways to pleasure your partner. In addition, there are several exercises that you can perform during intercourse to help you increase your fertility. By the time you get pregnant, you will have an easier time conceiving.
One of the best types of sex tutorial that you can learn is how to enjoy intercourse. In fact, it can be very helpful if you are able to enjoy having intercourse rather than dreading it. In fact, this can greatly improve the quality of your intercourse and will also help to reduce the chances of premature birth. This is because you will learn how to enjoy intercourse and you will be able to relax during intercourse and do certain techniques such as kegel exercises that will help to enhance your chances of conceiving.
On the other hand, if you want to learn how to get pregnant with a man you already know, you can find numerous guides that are designed to increase your sexual prowess in bed. For instance, you can get information on how to increase your sexual stamina by studying various tips that will help you control your orgasms. It is important to be aware of the fact that a number of women prefer to have multiple orgasms during intercourse in order to ensure that they achieve their best possible chance of getting pregnant. In addition, you can learn to postpone ejaculation in order to give yourself more time to conceive. This can also be useful if you are trying to get pregnant with a sperm from the same gender as your partner, since it can be difficult for a woman to get pregnant if she ejaculates too soon after sex.
In addition, you should make sure that you are giving yourself enough time to relax after intercourse in order to maximize your chances of getting pregnant. However, there are some women who experience pain during intercourse and this can be an important tip to use. The reason for this is that some women tend to tense up their vaginal muscles during intercourse in order to get their desired results. Therefore, in addition to learning how to enjoy intercourse, you should make sure that you are allowing your vaginal muscles to relax properly prior to penetration. This is an important aspect of a good foreplay technique that you should incorporate into your routine in order to increase the chances of getting pregnant.
As you can see, there is a lot that you can gain from using a good sexual foreplay technique. In particular, you can learn how to delay orgasm during intercourse in order to maximize your chances of getting pregnant. This can also be helpful if you are trying to get pregnant using a sperm from the opposite sex. By using these tips, you can dramatically increase your chances of conceiving a baby girl by learning how to have more sexual intercourse.
Beginners guide to sex
A beginner’s guide to sex may sound like an oxymoron at first. But, in reality it is not. All you need is a little guidance and some ideas to help you along the way. This article will introduce you to the world of sex toys. If your new to the world of sex toys, this is the place to start.
Some of the best sex toys that are available to the beginner and the advanced user are the bullet vibrator and the love egg! The bullet vibrator, as mentioned above, is a great way to give yourself full clitoral stimulation without having to mess with messy intercourse. The other sex toys on the list are great for couples, singles, and people looking to spice things up!
Lube trays are a must! A good guide to using lube with condoms is something that you don’t want to miss out on. Here, you will learn about lube, lubricant, and why it is so important!
The last part of a thorough sex toy buying guide is to try out the toy! It’s one thing to read about it, but it’s another to actually feel it in your hands! So, do yourself a favor and go get a sex toy to try out – you’ll be surprised at how well it works! Also, some great sex toy companies offer free trials, which are a great deal. So, check them out as well – you could be surprised!
When choosing lube, there are a few things you should keep in mind. First of all, water-based lubes tend to work better with silicone products. It’s always a good idea to read up on a product before you buy it so that you can make an educated buying decision. Next, look for lubes that have ingredients like Kegel movement or double jointed rings to ensure that they will stay on for longer.
Hopefully this beginner’s guide to sex guide will be able to help you have a more pleasurable experience when using sex toys. If you need further information on lube, you can find it in any sex store, and there is even a book that has a whole chapter dedicated to it! No matter what type of sex toy you want, you can be sure to find it – just remember to try it first.
Remember, there is more to having a great sex life than just pleasing your partner. It’s about sharing and being comfortable with who you are. Have fun with your partner and remember to have a good time! The more relaxed you are during sex, the more enjoyable it will be!
Remember, if you need more information on how to improve your sex lives, check out our website! We offer a lot of great sex information, sex guides and advice, and sex products that you can buy! Our sex lives are definitely improving, and it’s all thanks to you!
Guide to sex positions
Do you know that there are guide to sex positions? Well, most men would answer “no”. However, the fact is… most of us are dissatisfied with our sex life and yet, they repeat the same old sex positions that they’ve been performing for years already. Research has shown that one of the major causes of sexual dissatisfaction worldwide is a shortage of varied sex positions. This means that if you are a male, then you need to learn some new and interesting ways to pleasure your partner in the bedroom. Read on to discover some of the most mind blowing sex positions known to man…
Have you ever thought about how limited your sexual movements are? Have you ever felt pain or discomfort while having sex? Have you ever felt like you are just going to have a horrible orgasm every time? The good news is that by learning some new and exciting sex positions, you will experience a complete change in your sex life as well as your love life!
The missionary position is probably one of the most common and least enjoyable sex positions in the world. It’s a position in which the man sits straight down facing the woman. The woman sits on top of him with her back facing him. Now, you must know that this position is not only the most boring and most limited in terms of sexual intercourse that you can perform, it is also the guide to sex positions that can help you solve some serious sexual problems that you may be facing.
You see, in this guide to sex positions you get to learn that you can turn the table from a “lady” into a “man”. What’s even better about this is that the missionary position gives you the opportunity to control your orgasms. For example, if you are going to make love to her and you find that you are having a hard time controlling your climax, you can change this position to do cunnilingus on her. Now, I’m not saying that you should do cunnilingus to every woman you lay eyes on, but you can have sex with her on the floor and have an orgasm.
Now, if you want to give a woman the guide to sex positions that makes having sex with her easy, then I would highly recommend the woman on top position. Now, what you will be doing here is lying back with your legs up on the bed. With your arms behind you, put one arm behind her head and bring it up over her head and down to her neck. Now, with your other arm, place it at her chest and start to rub her through her hair.
You will notice that your lady will be thankful that you found this guide to sex positions that will make having sex with her much easier. If you haven’t learned how to please a woman, then this will be the ultimate way to impress her. Also, it will make for a lot more comfortable sleep when you are done. It is important that you take your time, because this is what a lot of women are looking for in a man. So, remember, if you are looking for a guide to sex positions, then you need to know what you are doing. | <urn:uuid:cc3fbc90-1b7d-408c-ba13-9bc5b426354d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.learning-everyday.co.uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104054564.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702101738-20220702131738-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.964358 | 2,508 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Columbus Day contradictions
I find it very interesting about what we protest and true history. For example: the up and coming Columbus Day and parade. Where it is true that Columbus was born Italian, I find it odd that those who protest the holiday seem to forget that his trip, boats, and proclamations were from and for Spain, not Italy.
In a recent explanation about a protest against the holiday on channel 7 an interesting quote: “American Indian and Hispanic activists have said they will protest any event with Columbus in its name.” Aren’t all Hispanics from Spain originally? So the Hispanics are protesting against they’re being here. Fortunately in World War Two we went after the proper country waging a war of aggression in Europe, “Germany”, even though Adolf Hitler was born Austrian. Also unfortunately he didn’t really discover America, he did discover the Bahamas, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic
“Christopher Columbus departed on his first voyage from the port of Palos (near Huelva) in southern Spain, on August 3, 1492, in command of three ships: the Niña, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. His crew mostly came from surrounding towns such as Lepe and Moguer. Columbus arrived at his Bahamas landfall on October 12, then proceeded to Cuba on October 28, and arrived at Hispaniola on (in the modern Dominican Republic) December 5.
Left for Spain on January 16, he arrived at Lisbon on March 4, and finally made it back to his home port of Palos on March 15, 1493.” Columbus did finely get to North America before his death in 1506, but wasn’t the first to get there. Spain’s exploration of the Americas was mainly one for conquest, so Native Americans should be mad at Spain and the Spanish, not Italy and the Italians.
Where it is true that many of the explorers and navigators were Italian, they were almost all financed and run by the Spanish. So perhaps when protesting Columbus Day you should get your facts correct. Like the invasion of Spanish people on their conquest of the Americas in the past, today we seem to have an invasion of Spanish to conquer this part of America too.
Dale Summers, Denver
This letter was not edited. | <urn:uuid:501446ce-293c-4882-9754-35f233fcf1ea> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://blogs.denverpost.com/opinion/2007/10/02/columbus-day-contradictions/544/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698222543/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095702-00083-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981548 | 473 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This parasite/ Fungus is common everywhere in the world.
It is considered a fungus, but is mentioned in our book because it is considered a opportunistic parasite that often causes severe pathology and is very dangerous to HIV patients. It may have fungal properties but is sensitive to protozoan agents. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the Fungi Developing from a small trophozoite into a cyst containing eight sporozoites, the Pneumocystis carinii life cycle superficially resembles those seen both in protozoa and fungi
Humans of all ages, and especially prelavant in elderly and in small children with weaker immune systems Also seen in people taking drugs to cure autoimmune disease Persons with AIDS are especially susceptible. This organism is wide spread in mammals, many infections may be caught from pets.
In infected lungs the epithelium (wall of cells in the cavities of body) starts to peel and start to fill with foamy liquid. Rapid unset; fever, cough, rapid breathing, and cyanosis (blue skin around the mouth/eyes Death is caused by asphyxiation. If you don’t get treated the mortality rate is 100%. Lesions can also occur in lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
Positive diagnosis is possible only with identification of parasite with staining. To make a slide, a biopsy of lung tissue is needed. These are the only tests used to accurately diagnose the parasite. The parasite is extremely life threatening.
Cysts are thick-walled, rounded and approximately 5-8 µm in size
Even with treatment, mortality is high in immunodeficient patients. An antibacterial medicine is prescribed called trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (TMP SMX) or Bactrim. Side effects of the drug may be: rash, sick feeling. More medicine may need to be prescribed for the side effects. Currently there is no vaccine for this fungus.
If your immune system is weak or your CD4 cell count goes below 200, or if you display a temperature above 100 degrees for longer than two weeks. Not contagious.
Geographic Distribution ______ Mortality rate____% Life cycle with ____ and ____ Host ____ ◦ Who is most susceptible_____ Clinical signs____ What is cyanosis_____ Size of cysts____ Method of Diagnosis ____ Treatment ____ | <urn:uuid:5611d0c0-26c6-4b4c-9a89-76ead67c0fa4> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4015176/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689413.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923014525-20170923034525-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.92559 | 507 | 3.34375 | 3 |
COLUMBUS, Ohio – Parents of Puerto Rican children are more likely than parents in other ethnic groups to report asthma among their children, and researchers wonder if the relationship between asthma symptoms and psychological problems may explain why.
The connections between asthma and psychological symptoms are complex, and it is difficult to disentangle what's really causing the various symptoms suffered by Puerto Rican children in this study, said Alexander Ortega, the study's lead author and associate professor of public health at Ohio State University.
His study found that children whose parents reported they had asthma were more likely than others to have a depressive disorder. Those children whose parents reported they had actual asthma attacks were more likely to have not just depressive disorders, but also anxiety disorders, such as separation anxiety.
However, Ortega said the reasons behind these associations are not yet clear.
"There's a lot of confusion as to what the symptoms of asthma really are, and it is easy to confuse some psychiatric symptoms with symptoms of asthma," Ortega said. "There's no standard way to diagnose the disease. A well-meaning parent may suggest to a pediatrician that her child has asthma, which could help lead to a misdiagnosis."
Ortega pointed out that asthma, panic attack and separation anxiety have similar symptoms, including shortness of breath, chest tightness and physical anxiety. This sometimes makes it difficult to determine which disorder a child may have, based on symptomatology alone.
The study appears in a recent issue of the journal Psychosomatics.
The researchers interviewed nearly 1,900 Puerto Rican children, ages 4 to 17, and their parents. The children lived in cities and rural regions in Puerto Rico.
For reasons that aren't quite clear, Puerto Rican children have significantly higher asthma rates than do children of any other ethnic group, including Mexican-American and other Hispanic children. Experts say the incident rate of asthma among Puerto Rican children is as high as 30 percent, compared to an average of 5 to 16 percent among other ethnic groups.
"One reason for such astoundingly high asthma rates is that Puerto Rican children and their families may have different perceptions of the symptom severity," Ortega said. "Or they might experience those symptoms differently."
There may also be cross-cultural differences in how Puerto Ricans interpret the terminology and symptoms associated with asthma.
By studying this population, the researchers hoped to tease out a clearer relationship between asthma, anxiety and depression.
Of the 1,900 children in the study, parents of about 600 children said their child had asthma, while parents of 400 of these children reported that their child had had an asthma attack.
"Again, it's difficult to diagnose asthma in the first place, so a parent may assume that her child's breathing difficulties are due to asthma when something else entirely could be going on," Ortega said.
Parents answered questions related to their child's asthma and if the child had ever shown signs of anxiety or depression. Children and their parents were asked to describe feelings related to anxiety and depression.
According to parent reports, children who had had an asthma attack had higher rates of depressive and anxiety disorders than did asthmatic children who had never had an attack and children who didn't have asthma.
Specifically, children who had had an attack were more likely to suffer from major depression along with symptoms of depression, including irritability, loss of interest in activity, weight gain or loss and fatigue. These children were also more likely to experience separation anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, or feelings of restlessness.
"It's possible that having an asthma attack, or the threat of having an attack, makes a child nervous about being away from his or her parents," Ortega said.
"The mechanisms behind asthma and mental illness are multiple and complex," Ortega said. "Children may fear the exacerbation of asthma symptoms, causing them to be anxious and fear separation from a parent. They may also feel distressed from internalizing the chronic burden of asthma.
"There's some evidence suggesting that psychiatric disorders in youth are related to the onset and persistence of asthma, so we need to think about creative ways for intervening."
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
It is never too late to be what you might have been.
-- George Eliot | <urn:uuid:2a3ab618-3d2f-4249-a1e5-b2558b655d7d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2004-06/osu-sel060104.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770432.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00161-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980902 | 908 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Leadership is about empowering your team and supporting their success. Delegation is a key part of this process, but it can be difficult to know
how to delegate effectively.
This course is designed to help you build your delegation skills and empower your team members.
What is delegation?
Delegation is the process of giving someone else responsibility for a task or project and trusting them to complete it. When you delegate effectively, you free up your own time and energy to focus on other tasks. Delegation can also help to develop your team members by giving them new challenges and opportunities to grow.
Why is delegation important?
Delegation is a vital leadership skill for a number of reasons. Firstly, it allows you to focus on the tasks that are most important to you and your role. Secondly, it empowers your team members and helps them to develop new skills. Finally, delegation can improve team morale and motivation, as team members feel trusted and valued when they are given responsibility.
How to delegate effectively
Delegation can be tricky, but there are a few key emotional intelligence skills and techniques that help you do it effectively.
1. Define the task
Make sure you are clear about what needs to be done. This may seem obvious, but it’s important to take the time to think about the task at hand and what needs to be done to complete it. Once you are clear about the task, you can communicate this clearly to your team member.
2. Assign the task to the right person
It’s important to delegate the task to the right person. This means considering who on your team has the skills and abilities to complete the task successfully. It’s also important to think about who would benefit from the task, and who would be able to take on the new challenge.
3. Set clear expectations
It’s important to set clear expectations when delegating a task. This means being clear about what you expect to be achieved and by when. It’s also important to give your team member the resources they need to complete the task successfully.
4. Check in regularly
Once you have delegated the task, it’s important to check in with your team member regularly. This gives you the opportunity to offer support and answer any questions they may have. It also allows you to assess the progress of the task and make sure it is on track.
5. Give authority
When delegating a task or project, you need to give your team member(s) the authority to complete the task or project. This will empower them to get the job done.
6. Offer feedback
Once the task is completed, it’s important to offer feedback to your team member. This feedback should be both positive and constructive, and it should help your team member to understand what they did well and where they can improve.
One example of a delegation that incorporates all of these elements is to delegate the task of creating a presentation to a team member who is skilled in creating presentations.
You would give the team member clear expectations about what is required, including a timeline for completion. You might discuss in a coaching way who the audience will be and what the outcomes of the presentation should be.
You would ensure the team member has the resources they need to complete the task, such as access to the relevant software, images and all the information needed for the presentation. You would ask the team member to check in regularly and you’d give them leeway to make decisions about the presentation. Importantly, you’d give them feedback after the presentation on the entire process, mostly what they did well and maybe some improvement areas for the future.
Book us to deliver a course on beating delegating and empowering! TrainEQ understands how a delegating and empowering course will help to improve your delegation skills and empower your team members. Contact us today to find out more about how strong delegation and empowering skills can help you or your employees! | <urn:uuid:4775e336-7b93-40fe-bd0b-49ead8735b3d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://traineq.com.au/blog/delegation-how-to-empower-your-team-and-improve-your-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679511159.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211112008-20231211142008-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.965236 | 819 | 3.3125 | 3 |
101 ways to cook an egg (well, not quite 101!)
Eggs and more
1. Prick a hole in the top of it, place on embers for 10 minutes.
2. Prick a hole at either side, skewer with a stick and hold over flames. The egg should seal itself.
3. Heat up a flat stone and use as a frying pan.
4. Make a tin-foil frying pan.
5. Get a wire coathanger, turn it into a square with a handle at either side, then put paper (ideally brown-paper or greaseproof paper) in the square, using paperclips etc to fasten it. Add a bit of oil, then the egg, and hold the right height above a flame.
6. Hollow out a potato, optionally wrap in tin-foil, and put the egg in. Chuck on the fire.
7. Hollow out an orange, put the egg in, place on the fire. (Tastes disgusting!)
8. Onion eggs - Cut the onion in half after removing the outer skin. Remove internal contents except for the remaining three outer layers. Break egg into shell and place on embers. When cooked eat the onion container as well as its contents after removing the outer scorched layer. | <urn:uuid:aa7dc9ca-485f-4965-adbe-9b9ef387b193> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.onlinescoutmanager.co.uk/programme.php?action=view&id=174 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937015.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419165443-20180419185443-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.898509 | 273 | 2.59375 | 3 |
And technology can make it so. OK, I’m paraphrasing Isaac Asimov a bit here, but the key idea is that we should enjoy learning, and want to carry on doing it for as long as we’re able to.
His vision was for a world where knowledge was widely available and so people could personalise their own learning paths, and educate themselves on all the things they were interested in.Technology is enabling the creation of open learning environments that will eventually replace the idea of a traditional classroom Click To Tweet
In this article I reflect on some of the ideas that came up in a recent EdTech panel I attended which was hosted by Dell. The principles that emerged – such as empowering students in order to up their engagement with the learning process – chime very much with Mr Asimov’s futurist insights.
Technology is enabling the creation of open learning environments that will eventually replace the idea of a traditional classroom, and this will be significantly enhanced as virtual and augmented reality become more pervasive. Educators are largely embracing these changes, which bring higher levels of engagement and richer learning experiences to students. Learning — including vital digital skills such as coding — should be regarded as an enjoyable pursuit that is expected to continue throughout adult life, not as something we’re “finished with” as soon as we leave school.The flipside of having intuitive technologies and invisible digital infrastructure is that the next generation might be proficient in using it, yet lack the digital skills required to make it Click To Tweet
Those were some of the key takeaways from a recent Technology in Education round table hosted by Dell at the iconic Gherkin building in London. The event brought together technology and education experts and was moderated by Matt Britland, ICT Director at Lady Eleanor Holles School, who led the discussion around how we can best incorporate existing and emerging technologies into the curriculum, supporting teachers and preparing students for a world where having a dynamic digital skill set will become even more essential.
It all boils down to building engagement, and in practice this translates into blurring the boundaries between work and play Click To Tweet
“It’s not just about using technology, but understanding the reason why you’re using a particular technology. Once you get buy-in from parents and teachers as well as students, that’s when you have a successful integration of technology in the learning process,” says Britland drawing from his own personal experience of rethinking the systems in his school to ensure they could cope with being “bombarded” with over 4000 devices connected to the network, for example.
“This type of digital infrastructure needs to be robust, scalable, flexible, and, above all, invisible,” says John Bailey, an education expert from Dell. “You don’t think about the fact you have running water, electricity or heating. It’s ubiquitous, a part of life. In the same way, we shouldn’t’ need to think about the infrastructure we use to access digital resources.”
Universally implementing such infrastructure is, of course, an enormous challenge, as not all schools have the internal expertise and resources to devise and deploy a comprehensive digital strategy. So there is a role for commercial partners in supporting this transition, but also a need for governments to prioritize and enable investment in this area at a broader policy level, so that we don’t end up creating a two-tier system where some schools can afford to become much more digitally advanced than others.
The flipside of having intuitive technologies and invisible digital infrastructure is that the next generation might be proficient in using technology, yet lack the core digital skills required to understand what makes that technology work.
“We’re teaching HTML and Python and a website called Code Adventures where they earn points, badges, etc.” says Britland. “In parents’ evenings they want to know what technology the students are using, they want to know that their daughter is coding.”
There are also many successful start-ups coming up with creative hackable toys that teach children principles of electronics, robotics and coding through play and gaming such as Kitronik, Sphero, Raspberry Pi, Technology Will Save Us and many others. And the advent of Virtual Reality will only bring with it more opportunities for teachers and students to experience technology in new ways, and to “get their hands dirty,” so to speak.
“When we talk about VR, we talk about those experiences,” agrees Jaime Donally.
Instructional Technology Coordinator and founder of edcamp Global. “And I love that.” However, once you have a class set of cardboards in the classroom, there is a lot more that can be done with that: “The next step, of course, is our kids being the creators of those experiences”
Tools like CoSpaces promise to make that process of generating content in Virtual Reality easy by offering a 3D visualization tool that allows users to select environments from a library, adding and adjusting various elements to create a personalized experience.
Once you get buy-in from parents and teachers and students, you have a successful integration of technology in the learning process Click To Tweet
It all boils down to building engagement, and in practice this translates into blurring the boundaries between work and play, making full use of tolls such as gamification so that students are constantly empowered to take responsibility and pride in their own learning, and to see it as a continuous process that doesn’t necessarily begin or end at the school gates. As David Whelan recently said when unveiling his Engage VR Education platform, we are much more likely to retain information if we create an emotional connection with that learning experience.
“That’s sometimes a difficult shift for schools to make, because we’re used to looking at things a certain way,” says Matt Britland, “but we want to instill a passion for learning in our students, and that doesn’t just come from learning what we tell them to learn, it’s about them going out and exploring, finding out things for themselves.”
This is, in fact, the direction that futurist Isaac Asimov predicted we would take. I find it fascinating to listen to old interviews — dating from a time way before the internet, when the idea of having a computer in one’s home seemed as outlandish as the plot of one his science fiction books — as he accurately predicts trends such as personalized learning, and how the symbiosis between technology and education will develop and democratize learning for the masses.We should enjoy learning, and want to carry on doing it for as long as we're able to Click To Tweet
“Nowadays what people call learning is forced on you and everyone is forced to learn the same thing on the same day at the same speed, in class. For some it goes too fast, for some too slow, for some in the wrong direction. It seems to me that it’s through this machine that for the first time we’ll be able to have a 1:1 relationship between information source and information consumer.”
In the old days, he explains to his bewildered interviewer, you had tutors teaching children, and they would adapt their teaching to the tastes and abilities of each student. Few could afford this, however, so most children remained uneducated. When educating the masses later became a recognized necessity, the only way this could be achieved was through having one teacher for many students, and a curriculum to organize their learning. So you ended up with either a one-to-one relationship for the few, or a one-to-many relationship for the many. Through technology, however, we can finally enable a one-to-one relationship in the form of access to the gathered knowledge of the human species. And this, he emphasized, would not just benefit the young.
“People don’t stop what they enjoy doing just because they reach a certain age. They don’t stop having sex just because they turn 40, they keep it up as long as they can if they enjoy it. The trouble with learning is that most people don’t enjoy it because of the circumstances. Make it possible for people to enjoy learning and they’ll keep it up.”
I find that his outlook chimed with that of the panel, where the picture that emerges for the future of education is one where technology enables learning for everyone, regardless of their age, wealth, location, gender, race or any other factor. And one where everyone has quite a bit of fun in the process.
This article was originally published on IDG Connect
— Alice Bonasio (@alicebonasio) October 10, 2016
Alice Bonasio is a VR Consultant and Tech Trends’ Editor in Chief. She also regularly writes for Fast Company, Ars Technica, Quartz, Wired and others. Connect with her on LinkedIn and follow @alicebonasio and @techtrends_tech on Twitter. | <urn:uuid:38199878-80a1-4a78-a9ab-ae00bcb43ff1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://techtrends.tech/tech-trends/learning-fun-sex/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511364.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004084230-20231004114230-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.967062 | 1,879 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Human Rights Council – Universal Periodic Review
For use of information media; not an official record
Date: Wednesday, 11 May 2011 (Afternoon)
Country under review: PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Documents: The national report A/HRC/WG.6/11/PNG /1
Compilation of UN information A/HRC/WG.6/11/PNG/2
Summary of stakeholders’ information A/HRC/WG.6/11/PNG/3
Troika: Switzerland, Cameroon, Maldives
Concerned country - national report
- Represented by a 6 members delegation and headed by his Excellency Mr. Robert G. Aisi, Permanent Representative of Papua New Guinea to the UN in New York.
-Papa New Guinea is facing human rights issues linked to development, cultural diversity, difficult geographical features, lack of infrastructural developments, lack of basics health, education and other services.
- Recent Visit of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture.
- Papa New Guinea has ratified most of the UN human rights instruments, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights.
- Papa New Guinea has yet to ratify: the Convention Against Torture, the International Convention on the Protection of Rights of all Migrants Workers and members of their families, International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance, and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
- Relevant laws to deal with human rights issues pertaining to domestic and sexual violence, child and young people protection have been implemented.
- Papa New Guinea National Human Rights Commission will come into operation in 2012.
- Papa New Guinea is far behind in its Human Development Index and is ranked 145 out of 175 countries.
Number of States taking part in the discussion
Member States: 20 Inscribed on the list: 36
Observer States: 16
- Strengthening of its law and justice institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.
- Gender equality within the justice system.
- Increasing number of female magistrates in the Village Courts system
- Family and Sexual Violence Police Units and the establishment of a Human Rights Desk in the Solicitor-General’s Office.
- Papa New Guinea has ratified the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
- Sexual Offences and Crimes against Children Act
- The launch of the National Disability Policy based on the CRPD and the establishment of the National Advisory Committee on Disability.
Issues and questions raised
- Current situation of domestic violence and lasting negative effects of gender-related crimes.
- High rate of preventable maternal mortality.
- Abuse of power by the Police Forces.
- The Death Penalty.
- Poor condition of Papua New Guinea’s prisons and reintegration programmes.
- Protection of basics rights of People with Disabilities.
- What is the status of the process of creation of a national institution for human rights in 2012?
- What measures have been taken to avoid Child Labour and their right to education and medical treatment?
- How was the situation of persons living with HIV/AIDS improved?
- To ratify the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Convention Against Torture and its Optional Protocol, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children and the protocol to the Convention against Transnational Organize Crime, International Labour Organization Convention 169, and take operational steps to implement the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
- To prioritise maternal health and basic education as part of the Millennium Development Goals.
- To address the high amount of cases of violence against women.
- Issue an invitation to the UN Special Rapporteur on violence against women.
- To adopt a National Gender Action Plan to enhance gender-equal treatment.
- To maintain the suspension of executions in establishing at first a de jure moratorium on all executions and, eventually, by abolishing the death penalty.
- To investigate cases of use of force by security forces and whether those responsible of these acts have been prosecuted and those victims received full compensation.
- To ensure that the provisions of international human are fully incorporated into domestic law.
- To establish a National Human Rights Institution accredited by the International Criminal Court, and in accordance with the Paris Principles.
- To ensure that women and girls who are victims of sexual and domestic violence, have access to immediate and effective means of redress and protection.
- To introduce a more effective legislation against trafficking in human beings, prevention of trafficking, prosecution and punishment of traffickers
- To decriminalize same-sex sexual relationships between consenting adults.
- To take necessary measures to ensure that all children are registered at birth.
- To invest adequate financial and manpower resources to improve prison conditions.
- To step up efforts to protect the environment, including by strengthening the relevant laws and providing the public with information.
- To improve Papua New Guinea’s cooperation with the UN Treaty Bodies by meeting its reporting obligations to the relevant bodies it is a party to.
- To work closely with the indigenous population in order to promote environmental protection.
- To amend its legislation to include the principle of equality between men and women and for the Parliament to urgently adopt the Equality and Participation Bill.
- To withdraw the reservations issued to seven articles of the Conventions related to the Statues of Refugees of 1951.
- To provide human rights training for law enforcement officers.
Response of the concerned country
- Regular regional consultations with civil society participation are being conducted.
- Death Penalty: the last execution dates back to 1954.
Domestic violence is considered as a criminal offence. But there is a lack of implementation and awareness of the law.
- Concerning the criminalization of HIV/AIDS discrimination, a massive aggressive program to prevent any discrimination has been put in place.
- Cooperation with the international community through the implementation of best practises.
- On the creation of National Human Rights Institution: it will be established soon.
- The protection of women rights is a constitutional law.
- Trafficking of person actions has been taken to face it.
- There is a National Anti corruption Campaign.
- The Government recognizes the need for cooperation with UN Bodies.
- Freedom of religion is a constitutional protected principle.
- A Climate change Comparative Plan has recently been adopted (reduction of emissions).
Adoption of the report by the UPR working group scheduled on
Friday 13 May, 4:30 p.m.
Country under review (documents submitted): http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/PGSession11.aspx
ADOPTION OF THE REPORT ON SAMOA
The Universal Periodic Review Working Group today also adopted, ad referendum, the report on Samoa (A/HRC/WG.6/11/L.12), following the review of that country on Monday, 9 May 2011.
121 recommendations were made to Samoa and out of them 42 have been examined by Samoa and enjoy its support, 31 were considered as already implemented or in the process of implementation; 43 will be further examined by Samoa, which will provided responses in due time, but no later than the eighteenth sessions of the Human Rights Council in September 2011; 5 did not enjoy the support of Samoa.
The report will be made available here: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/PAGES/WSSession11.aspx
* *** * | <urn:uuid:e2000e59-1ee1-4090-9cab-8d446b6a1935> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/Highlights11May2011pm.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115899686.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161139-00189-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902217 | 1,624 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Below is an example of the IELTS Speaking test. Note how the “Examiner question”, “Candidate response” and the “”Response notes” are clearly indicated by the symbols before them.
Be aware of not doing these things in the IELTS Speaking Test
You should not speak too quickly or too slowly. It is also important to have good intonation and stress.
You will not get a high score if you are too hesitant and have too many pauses when you speak, although a few pauses to collect your thoughts are fine.
Try not to speak too quickly, either. Rapid speech often indicates a lack of cohesion in what you are saying and severely affects the rhythm and flow of your speech.
Some features of spoken English are acceptable in the Speaking Test.
The use of contractions in the Speaking Test is fine – for example, “I’ll for “I will” and “I’d” for “I would”.
Conversation markers – such as “Well”, “Let me see” or “To be honest” – are useful in the exam if you are trying to think what you will say next, and could improve your score if used well.
Always try to use a wide variety of vocabulary when you speak.
Overview of the Parts of the Speaking Exam
Part One of the exam can have up to three groups of questions and last for 4 to 5 minutes overall.
The topics are always about something familiar to you, such as “what you do”, “accommodation” or “transport”.
Sample Questions Part One:
Let’s talk about your accommodation
- Do you live in a house or an apartment?
- How long have you lived there?
- Do many people live your house/apartment with you?
- How would you improve the building you live in?
Sample Questions Part One:
Let’s turn to the topic about transport
- How do you usually travel to work or college/school?
- Are public transport services good where you live (why/why not)?
- How could transport be improved?
The examiner will introduce the topic before asking specific questions. Always try to give a full answer, and don’t change the topic or ask questions when responding to the examiner in Part One, unless it is important.
In Part Two of the exam you are required to speak for up to 2 minutes, but not less than 1 minute, on a topic the examiner provides on a task card. Before you speak you are given exactly 1 minute to think about what you want to say and make some notes on a piece of paper.
You can refer to the task card while speaking, so there is no need to write the questions down in full in the writing time. You must address all the requirements on the task card. Here is an example of notes made that focus on what, who, where and why, with key points for each.
Unlike Part One, the questions in Part Three, which lasts 4 to 5 minutes and are generally related to the topic in Part Two, are more discussion focused and requires you to suggest reasons for something or think about what might happen in the future, for example:
The examiner might also ask follow up questions to try to get you to justify or expand on a comment you made previously. | <urn:uuid:69e92153-500e-49a5-a2b3-2cffa5b6ffd5> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://successielts.com/speaking/tips/things-you-need-be-of-aware-ielts-speaking-exam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584336901.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123172047-20190123194047-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.960418 | 719 | 2.9375 | 3 |
"It is the compensation which the borrower pays to the lender, for the profit which he has an opportunity of making by the use of the money."
-- Adam Smith
What is interest
In the Netherlands, interest is called rent. That is exactly what interest is. Someone lends you capital and expects rent on the use of that capital. The longer the period they lend you that capital, the more demand there is for it, or the riskier it is to lend it to you, the higher the rent. The same factors that effect any other property that is lent.
What is compound interest?
This is interest where the capital is lent out for more than one period, and the interest is not paid in the first period but collated to be paid at a later period.
This means in the second period, there is the interest to pay on the original capital still lent, but also the interest on the interest also lent out.
Can compound interest be made illegal?
"Interest is not something that can be abolished or legislated away, because it is part of human nature. "
- Re-invest your money each year so it doesn't compound.
(no-one could get a loan of more than a year then)
- Increase the term of the loan, so the compound amount would be implicit
(this means all the interest is paid in one lump sum rather than instalments- rates would increase to compensate for risk).
- Move your money overseas.
(few would get loans at all)
Even if you could outlaw it, savers would take their money out of banks and invest in shares/property/gold with implicit compounding.
- People would find it harder to get loans and mortgages.
- It would hurt the elderly and retired who rely on investment income
- Administrating it would cost a lot, meaning possibly less nurses and doctors.
"in an economical point of view, the loan itself can never be considered responsible for previous necessities, which it has not created, and which it relieves to a certain extent."
"In some countries the interest of money has been prohibited by law. But as something can everywhere be made by the use of money, something ought everywhere to be paid for the use of it. This regulation, instead of preventing, has been found from experience to increase the evil of usury. The debtor being obliged to pay, not only for the use of the money, but for the risk which his creditor runs by accepting a compensation for that use, he is obliged, if one may say so, to insure his creditor from the penalties of usury."
-- Adam Smith
Put simply if you want to borrow someone's property long term like a car, the person/company who owns that car will expect some compensation. They want compensation for not having the use of the car, and the risk of not getting it back. Possibly also for the revenue they could have otherwise generated with the car. That's how car rental companies work, and the more of a risk you are, or the longer you want the car the more it costs. When borrowing money, the same principle applies. Charging interest on money is no worse than charging rent on any other item, especially since money is interchangeable for other items.
"The depression of interest is proportioned to the abundance of capitals."
"If the legal rate of interest in Great Britain, for example, was fixed so high as eight or ten per cent. the greater part of the money which was to be lent, would be lent to prodigals and projectors, who alone would be willing to give this high interest. Sober people, who will give for the use of money no more than a part of what they are likely to make by the use of it, would not venture into the competition."
-- Adam Smith | <urn:uuid:94e97af4-556f-4f38-8fbe-6e2bc518619d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.own-yourself.com/economics/money/interest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543170.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00280-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971769 | 785 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Marie was the only child of Henri de Bourbon, Duc de Montpensier, and his wife Henriette-Catherine de Joyeuse. Born at the château de Gaillon, in the former province of Normandy, on 15 October in 1605 into the royal house of Bourbon, Marie was a Princesse du Sang.
Her mother, one of the richest women in France, was the last member of the Bourbon branch Joyeuse and brought vast possessions into the marriage. Henri de Bourbon wanted to prevent that these possessions could one day be transferred to the protestant Bourbon-Montpensier line, thus he arranged for his daughter Marie to marry into the royal family. She was only two years old then and the chosen groom a son of Henri IV and Marie de Médicis.
Marie’s father died only a month later and Mademoiselle de Montpensier became suo jure -in her own right- Duchesse de Montpensier as well as a Pair de France. Marie grew up in Paris, first under the care of her uncle François de Joyeuse, then under that of her mother. She received a good education, one that prepared her for her future role as wife of a royal prince.
As Marie was six years old, her intended groom died suddenly. He is commonly referred to as Monsieur d’Orléans or Nicolas-Henri, the Nicolas implying that he died before his baptism, therefore before he was officially named. Marie de Médicis was eager to secure the vast Montepensier fortune, consisting of various estates, lands, liquid funds and a yearly income of 300.000 livres, for the royal family and suggested, with approval of Cardinal de Richelieu, that Marie should be instead married to her youngest son, Gaston de France.
The suggestion was not met with general approval. Gaston himself did not want to marry Marie, despite all the money he would get, and most of the Princes du Sang were against it too. The latter because the current King, Louis XIII, and his wife had not yet produced an heir and if Gaston would remain unmarried, thus not produce an heir either, their chances to sit on the throne one day were more favourable. The anti-party also included Queen Anne d’Autriche, who feared the marriage, and possible children born during it, might weaken her own position at court… after several years of marriage to Louis XIII, the couple was still childless.
A group of people gathered around Gaston to grant him their support… and plot the death of Richelieu… it was the Conspiration de Chalais, named after the involved Comte de Chalais, and failed. Gaston was forgiven and ordered to marry Marie de Bourbon.
The marriage contract was signed in Nantes on 5 August in 1626 and the marriage took place the next day at the Cathédrale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul de Nantes. According to Vita Sackville-West, quoting a member the court, a sadder wedding was never seen.. Marie received a diamond worth 80.000 écus from her mother, who had married for a second time in the meanwhile. Gaston was officially named Duc d’Orléans. The opulent celebrations lasted for eight days.
Marie was a young and beautiful woman with ash-blonde hair and of a dainty figure. Her character and idea of morals were the total opposite of that of her quite libertine husband. She tried her very best to shine in her new position and was greatly admired. It did not take long until a pregnancy could be announced and Marie already dreamt of becoming the mother of the heir of the throne of France.
On 29 May in 1627, she became the mother of daughter after a long, exhausting and complicated birth. The little girl was given the name Anne-Marie-Louise and entered the history books as the celebrated la Grande Mademoiselle.
Six days later, on 4 June in 1627, Marie de Bourbon died aged only twenty-one at around ten o’clock in the morning. According to the doctors, who declared her death, the cause of death was abdominal cancer. After an autopsy was performed on wishes of Marie de Médicis, the cause of death was determined to have been puerperal fever and all eyes turned to the midwife, Louyse Bourgeois, who was present at the birth. It was the same midwife who was present during the birth of Gaston. She was accused of negligence, denied it and lost her good reputation at court.
Marie de Bourbon’s body was placed in a lead coffin and remained in the Louvre for two weeks until it was transported to the Tuileries to lay in state. The court flocked to the Tuileries in order to pay their respects, before the coffin was brought to Saint-Denis on the night of 24 to 25 June. One a carriage drawn by white horses. The funeral took place on 30 June. | <urn:uuid:8dff3a0e-0b3c-45a3-a487-248708f01ade> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://partylike1660.com/marie-de-bourbon-duchesse-de-montpensier-et-dorleans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703511903.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117081748-20210117111748-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.981144 | 1,051 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The 70-metre long tapestry illustrates the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England, led by William I, the Duke of Normandy, that culminated in the Battle of Hastings, and the defeat of Harold in 1066, who later became the King of England.
It it thought to have been created by English nuns, and the story is told from the point of view of the conquering Normans.
The tapestry is permanently on display at the Musée de la Tapisserie de Bayeux in Normandy but an Anglo-French agreement will see it displayed in the UK while the museum undergoes refurbishment.
The locations and venues that could hang the tapestry are yet to be announced along with the exact date - but it will not be transferred to the UK before 2020.
The locations and venues that will hang the tapestry have not been announced
French president Emmanuel Macron agreed to let the tapestry leave France for the first time in 950 years in January.
A full English translation of the fifty scenes’ Latin captions will accompany the tapestry.
Culture Secretary Matt Hancock said: "The Bayeux Tapestry is a world treasure and a symbol of the deep ties between Britain and France.
"We are incredibly excited about the potential of the loan, to enhance further the bonds that tie us to our neighbours across the water."
The earliest known written reference to the tapestry is a 1476 inventory of Bayeux Cathedral; however, it’s origins have been subject to much controversy.
Reading Museum, which displays a replica, said the tapestry was “probably” commissioned in the 1070s by the half-brother of William the conqueror, the Bishop Odo of Bayeux.
Another viewpoint is that teams of nuns across England, possibly in Canterbury, Kent, stitched the tapestry.
In 2012, PhD researcher Alexandra Makin, from the University of Manchester, said it was made in nine sections that were stitched together to form one large artwork.
The story is told from the viewpoint of the conquering Normans
Mrs Makin said the needlework is consistent throughout which suggests that one group of embroiders worked on it in the same place and at the same time.
Speaking at the time of her discovery, Mrs Makin said that her view is that it is not the embroidery which is different but the way that the characters were drawn.
Nonetheless, the conditions that the embroiders worked in were undeniable challenging to create such fine work.
They would have worked in daylight hours, using basic equipment, but would have been well regarded by society, Mrs Makin added.
The tapestry WON'T be transferred to the UK before 2020 | <urn:uuid:983dca39-129a-4aa3-97ce-c64d3e3f0bfe> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/984796/Bayeux-Tapestry-france-uk-battle-of-hastings-William-the-conquerer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741192.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113020909-20181113042909-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.972863 | 571 | 3.25 | 3 |
ARRECIFE de LANZAROTE
Surface: 23,95 Km2.
Altitude: 8 mts.
Arrecife Coat of Arms
The city of Arrecife began as the port of entry to Lanzarote for people and goods; it was the gate into the island and to its Capital, the Royal Village of Teguise. Around 1495 commerce and trading were in their infancy, but they were the reason for the arrival of personnel to the island, the other reason being the military presence in the port of Arrecife. Slave traders and pirates also shared the port, adding to the population of the island, which at the time was estimated at about one thousand; close to one hundred lived in Arrecife itself. In 1503 the passing migratory currents to América counted for the first buildings destined to store food and navy materiel; small houses for the workers also began to mushroom in the area, their pointed roofs made with the traditional mix of straw and mud. This gathering of houses gave birth to a neighbourhood called "La Puntilla" and, under the auspices of San Ginés, Bishop of Clermont, a small church was built at about sixty eight metres from Charco La Caldera; the Bishop's portrait, frame and all, appeared one day at the shores of a cove that was later named after him. The continuous sackings made the inhabitants flee the island in droves; the Governor in 1574, Pedro de Escobar, requests that the Crown forbids the islanders to leave; the Crown accedes to this request. After the countless abuses suffered by the Port of Arrecife, the Fortress of San Gabriel is built on the islet of El Quemado. It was a small rectangular construction of about fourty feets long and with bulwarks known as diamond points. All of its interior was made of wood, which burned down to the ground when a morning in July of 1586, Morato Arráez attacked the fortress and made his way into the island; on the 23rd. of August of the same year he left, after the signing of a treaty with Argote de Molina. It is rumoured that in those times, due to the lack of aggressiveness of the soldiers, women were forced to go into battle.
In 1590, the Italian engineer Leonardo Torriani arrives at the island and designs the defensive system that stands today in the Castle of San Gabriel, merlon shaped walls, main barbican, new interior layout and the bridge of Las Bolas.
The ports of the Canary Islands in general, and Arrecife in particular, suffered great losses at the hands of pirate merchants, swindlers of every ilk and the neglect of the Crown. In 1720 the Canaries were flooded with a coin called "realillos falsos", a currency without any legal status that came out of a barrel of herrings, as if by magic. The result was a general alarm: "the coins are worthless" and it caused the closure of shops and the disappearance of all basic need goods. The following year, 1721, as if these hardships were not enough, a terrible hurricane sweeps through the islands, leaving death and destruction on its wake. But another blow was coming; in 1722, the very next year, strong winds knocked down whatever was left standing on the ground, and in 1723 several families from Tenerife and Lanzarote left for Veracruz.
In 1726, many of the inland inhabitants, fleeing from the underground rumbling and shaking, sought shelter in the port of Arrecife and, on the 1st. of September of 1730 the feared eruptions began, lasting until the 16th.of April of 1736.
Between 1778 and 1779, Don Carlos III ordered the construction of a castle at the north end of the harbour, overlooking the port of Naos, between the inlets of San José and Perejil, and that had been attacked by the English privateers Lord Hanson and Hawque with the purpose of robbing the vessels that used to anchor there for the winter. There were artillery exchanges with the Castle of San Gabriel, that commands over Arrecife, and whose fires went out twice. A group of one hundred sailors landed at the shore of the cove of Los Mármoles and the islanders, using their camels as tanks, destroyed the invading English forces; but when reinforcements disembarked, the camels, terrified and wounded, turned against their masters and proceeded to bite them, causing a near catastrophe. The English, upon seeing that the vessels they were looking for, and that they assumed to be anchored at the port of Naos, were not there, re-embarked their men and left. Due to the dearth of food and the lamentable conditions that befell the inhabitants that year, the Castle of San Jose ,was nicknamed "The Fortress of Hunger." The Castle was built on a cliff 70 metres high with a surface of 700 mts.2, its shape is semi-circular and its main gate looks northward. Among the many reasons for grief that the islanders had at the time, the palliation of their misery being one of them, the death of Don Carlos III, King of Spain in 1788, was a painful moment for Lanzarote and in particular for the port of Arrecife, and its Regents declared a period of mourning throughout the island.
There was a port on the avenue La Marina, and on the 29th.of June 1792 a new pier was inaugurated by Bishop Antonio Tavira y Almazán, who gave it the name of Las Cebollas. (At present a beautiful park).
On the 25th.of June of 1798, Bishop Manuel Verdugo y Alviturria, originally from Las Palmas, creates the Parish of Arrecife. (Today the church of San Ginés).By then Lanzarote was inhabited by about 4705 people, 600 of them in the Port of Arrecife; its first priest was Don Francisco Acosta Espinosa. Legend says that a picture of San Ginés showed up floating on El Charco, and from that moment the "porteños" (port dwellers) made him the Patron Saint of the city.
In 1813 life began again to be unbearable in the islands; besides the drought, great earthquakes started, lasting until 1824, year in which the volcanoes Clérigo Duarte, Cuervo and Tinguatón began the eruptions.
Arrecife was named Capital of the island on the 17th.of March 1852 (there are rumours of the existence of documents dated in 1847 saying that the Administrative Offices from Teguise were transferred, and another document from 1849 requesting that the Capital of the island be moved back to Teguise; this would mean that Arrecife must have been named the Capital in 1847. We have not seen these documents so we are in no position to confirm the story) In October 1857, the Arrecife City Hall inaugurates the first public lighting, consisting of the traditional oil burning lamps, and in the same year the construction of the new cemetery begins.
By decree of the 23rd. of October 1883, a telegraph cable was supposed to link Lanzarote to the communications network, but Juan Ravina, taking advantage of, and abusing his position, made the link with Tenerife instead, frustrating once again the legitimate rights of the island.
According to the memory of our elders, life in Arrecife revolved around the piers of Naos, La Cebolla and Comercial. At the Naos pier the salt trade was essential; the fish were cleaned, salted and then displayed for sale.
Some of the boats were repaired at a place called "el calinero", a small beach where today stands Agramar, and in these works the blacksmiths were of paramount importance. They achieved the "welding" using their furnaces to heat the metal (at the time welding material did not exist.) Masters of the trade, like Maestro Antonio, used to make a kind of wedge (called "escarva") in the metal, they would then heat it almost to the point of melting and, superposing one of top of the other, would hammer the metal until it "welded" together. They also used a paste vulgarly called "little shit" that helped in the process of joining the metal parts; prior to that they used sand brought by ship from Cabo Blanco and which contained boracite.
There was a ship owned by Antonio Armas called "Las Telenas", that made the run between the islands carrying goods; another ship called "El Correillo" transported passengers and mail and came to Lanzarote every Tuesday and Friday. On Fridays the young men of the island dressed in their best and came to the pier to get their mail; coincidentally, young girls also came with the same purpose, so everybody took advantage of the occasion to have a party.
People from San Bartolomé came down to Arrecife to sell their sweet potatoes and other produce, leaving their "burros" tied down in a hole, where the local children used to play with their toy boats when it rained. Other people came down from Tiñosa to sell their fish in a place called "the camel's pad", a field around Zerolo Street.
Close by, next to Fube, there used to be a football field with stone bleachers that in other times was a salt pit.
Private homes used to throw parties called "Bailes del Candil"(Dance of the Oil Lamp) because the party would go as long as the lamp kept burning. One of the places where these dances took place was a mill near La Harinera, on Tenerife Street.
There was a hospital next to the market La Recoba.
At present Arrecife is the capital of the island, with more than 30.000 inhabitants, and close to the islet of Fermina the beach of El Reducto can be found, where sporting activities like volleyball, Canarian wrestling, swimming, football and boating take place. As if presiding the entrance to the island, next to El Reducto, the majestic Gran Hotel stands tall so it can be seen from many points throughout the island. In 1994 a fire swept through it and its causes are still unclear. At the charco of San Ginés you can find a quiet spot to stroll, just a few metres from the church bearing the same name. There are two big parks along the main avenue crossing the city and, on what is called Calle Real (León y Castillo), which is only for pedestrians, you can find almost every bank, store, cash machines and lots, lots of people. At night "la movida" starts around José Antonio street, quiet cafes, "bacalao" pubs, and other spots where you can find from salsa to karaoke and more. There is an area called "La Rapadura", but we would advise you not to go there since drug-addicts and prostitutes mostly frequent it. The police have raided this area in more than one occasion, but so far they have succeeded only in reducing the problem, not solve it. Since this site is on the outskirts of the city it does not affect the regular nightlife.
Arrecife is home to the Ciudad Deportiva, which has an artificial grass football field, basketball court, handball, tennis, indoor-football, track and field, canarian wrestling, aerobics, etc.
The main festivity is on the 25th.of August. (San Ginés).
Alfombras de Sal
Arrecife Carnival 2001
Album with old photographs of Arrecife
Album with old photographs of Arrecife - 2
Album with old photographs of Arrecife - 3
Album with old photographs of Arrecife - 4
Album with old photographs of Arrecife - 5
Album with photographs of Arrecife
Album with photographs of Arrecife - 2
Album with photographs of old ships.
Album with photographs of old ships - 2
Old photographs from the Agustín Hernández collection.
Esta pagina ha sido realizada por Sarabel y Chino.
E-Mail: Sarabel y Chino
Colaborador Escudos municipios.E-Mail: j_paiz | <urn:uuid:3aec5946-c491-4aa8-a430-d5de00b2633b> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.webdelanzarote.com/1arrecif.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257939.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525084658-20190525110658-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.962706 | 2,614 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Neutrinos, also known as 'ghost particles' because they barely interact with other particles or their surroundings, are massless particles according to the standard model of particle physics. However, there is a lot of evidence that their mass is in fact non-zero, but it remains unmeasured. In cosmology, neutrinos are suspected to make up a fraction —small but important— of the mysterious dark matter, which represents 90% of the mass of the galaxy. Modifying the standard cosmological model in order to include fairly massive neutrinos does not explain all the physical observations simultaneously.
This is the conclusion of a new scientific paper published in the journal Physical Review Letters, signed by Licia Verde, ICREA researcher from the Institute of Cosmos Sciences of the University of Barcelona (ICCUB), Boris Leistedt and Hiranya V. Peiris, from the University College London.
A model that does not meet observed data
Some scientific studies suggest that the existence of massive neutrinos could potentially explain other physical anomalies and phenomena observed in the Universe (for instance, the number of galaxy clusters observed by the Planck satellite). This hypothesis represents an extension of the standard cosmological model and may have profound implications for both cosmology and particle physics.
In the article published in the journal Physical Review Letters, the research group demonstrates that adding such massive neutrinos to the standard model does not really explain all datasets. Researcher Licia Verde affirms that "the new paper proves that the new model is in fact not a satisfying solution, in the sense that it is not able to explain all data sets simultaneously. Therefore, it cannot be the correct model of the Universe".
Neutrinos: elusive and difficult to detect particles
Neutrinos travel almost at the speed of light. Most of thousands of millions of neutrinos passing through the Earth emanate from the Sun and the atmosphere. However, gamma ray explosions, star formation and other cosmic phenomena can produce these particles, which are extremely hard to detect. Huge laboratories, such as the IceCube in Antartica, are necessary, and they only capture a few neutrinos (leading to poor measurements of neutrinos masses). Therefore, measuring the exact masses of the neutrinos is a major milestone for the entire physics community.
"Neutrinos' properties can be also measured by studying the cosmos —explains researcher Licia Verde—, but cosmological observations have not detected neutrinos' mass yet". According to Licia Verde, "we know that the mass of neutrinos is between ~0.05 eV and ~0.2 eV, so cosmology is closing in. There is a lot of work to do in order to get a robust measure but we hope that the next generation of cosmological data will be able to 'see' the mass of neutrinos and provide a more accurate measure of the mass of these particles".
Licia Verde, ICCUB researcher, also participates in the international project Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-III), one of the largest galaxy survey. She was member of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) team, and was awarded with the 2012 Gruber Cosmology Prize for her pioneering contributions to the study of primitive Universe.
Explore further: Massive neutrinos solve a cosmological conundrum
"No New Cosmological Concordance with Massive Sterile Neutrinos." Boris Leistedt, Hiranya V. Peiris, Licia Verde. Physical Review Letters. dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.041301 | <urn:uuid:a56dafa3-1c7d-44a7-b88e-793d964a8bcc> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://phys.org/news/2014-07-massive-neutrinos-standard-cosmological-concordance.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121355.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00522-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918977 | 761 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Description: The Hexagon Hotel was built in 1895 by David G. Galbraith, the inventor of the paper clip (not the familiar one, but another one very much like it) , and co-developer of acetate synthetic fiber. According to Ellen Puerzer ("The Octagon House Inventory", Eight-Square Publishing, copyright 2011), the building was twelve-sided, clad with clapboard, built on a stone foundation. Two English stonemasons did all stonework, presumably also the work on the DC generating plant next to the hotel. The rooms within were hexagon-shaped, with a bath being shared between every two rooms. The top floor was a reading room--popular at the time. The well-ventilated "honeycomb" structure (a master-stroke in the days before air-conditioning)opened in December 1897. The stone building behind and left of the Hotel is the plant for generating electricity used for light and fans (for a fee) in every room in the hotel. It also contained a steam laundry and an ice house on the first floor. The second floor was given over to a dining room for the hotel guests. | <urn:uuid:6eb941af-6023-4037-bc3f-7f82fef63fdb> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://texashistory.unt.edu/explore/partners/BDPL/browse/?sort=added_a&fq=untl_decade%3A1890-1899&fq=dc_type%3Aimage_photo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948523222.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213123757-20171213143757-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.96888 | 240 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Planning for the Next Disaster: Pandemic
Last month I wrote about a rather exotic low-probability but high-damage event that would have impact on a national scale: an electromagnetic pulse generated by a high altitude nuclear explosion. Such an event would damage things, things like computers that are at the heart of our complex information economy. But what about an event that leaves physical things such as routers undamaged but attacks the human element of our infrastructure on a global scale. Specifically, what happens if a lot of people around the world get sick at the same time?
In the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic, somewhere between 30 million and 50 million people died worldwide. In the United States, an estimated 675,000 died, and the mortality rate was 2.5 percent. Health services were overwhelmed as people sought medical treatment. Absenteeism surged, interrupting essential services, such as law enforcement, transportation, and communications.
But that was then; this is now. Surely we are better prepared to deal with a flu bug with all our modern medical technology--or maybe not. The influenza virus spreads very rapidly by coughing or sneezing, and infected people can share the virus before symptoms appear. Although the migration from small family farms to cities had begun, in 1918 roughly one out of every two Americans still lived in a rural location. Few Americans owned cars, and travel was relatively limited, further slowing the spread of the virus.
Today’s world is based on closely interrelated and interdependent systems of trade and commerce. According to Ken McGee, Gartner Inc. vice president and research fellow, 8 percent of the human race, about 500 million people, cross national borders every year. That translates to a staggering 1.4 million people crossing a national border every day! McGee further warns that if the pandemic spreads across the globe as quickly as some experts predict, worldwide social and economic disruptions will follow as governments across the globe enact quarantines that could last one to 12 weeks.
A Pandemic Influenza Primer
Influenza is viral illness; it becomes pandemic when it is found in a large part of the population and affects people in many different countries. According to the World Health Organization, an influenza pandemic can start when three conditions are met:
- A new influenza virus subtype emerges for which the human immune system has no pre-existing immunity;
- The virus causes serious illness in humans; and
- The new virus spreads easily between humans by coughing and sneezing.
There have been at least three influenza pandemics in the last century: the “Spanish influenza” in 1918, the “Asian influenza” in 1957, and the “Hong Kong influenza” in 1968.
While the origins of these pandemics remains uncertain, at least two are thought to have arisen either when an avian (bird) influenza virus mutated or when avian and human viruses exchange genetic material.
Concern about a new influenza pandemic is based upon the emergence in 1996 of a new strain of avian influenza, H5N1, in Guangdong Province, China. The virus quickly spread, and, to date, more than 200 million domestic birds have died or been killed in an effort to halt the disease. Fortunately, although there have been hundreds of documented human infections with a 60 percent mortality rate, H5N1 is not easily transmitted from human to human. So far human cases have been largely confined to individuals who worked closely with infected poultry.
In short, H5N1 meets two of the World Health Organization’s conditions for a pandemic. All it lacks is the ability to spread easily between humans.
How Probable Is an Influenza Pandemic?
After a surge of publicity in 2006, avian flu has largely dropped out of the news. That does not mean, however, that the threat has gone away. New avian flu outbreaks continue although the mutation that would support human-to-human transmission has yet to occur. (See for example, www.who.int/csr/don/2008_01_03/en/index.html.)
With the H5N1 virus now firmly entrenched throughout the world, the probability of human cases has increased. Each additional human case gives the virus an opportunity to improve its transmissibility in humans and develop into a pandemic strain.
While they are careful to point out that the timing and severity of the next pandemic cannot be predicted, many scientists believe it is a matter of time until the next influenza pandemic occurs.
What Would a Pandemic Mean to My Institution?
During past pandemics, attack rates reached 25 percent to 35 percent of the total population. Under the best circumstances, assuming that the new virus causes mild disease, the world could still experience an estimated 2 million to 7.4 million deaths based on data from the 1957 pandemic.
In short, a pandemic would mean many (if not most) employees would not show up for work either because they are sick, are caring for sick family members, or are staying at home to avoid infection.
What Can My Organization Do About It?
While drug companies push antiviral immunizations as the cornerstone of a pandemic plan, the article “Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic” which appeared in the scientific magazine Nature (Nature 442, 448-452, 27 July 2006) argues that influenza prevention and containment strategies can be considered under the broad categories of antiviral, vaccine, and non-pharmaceutical (case isolation, household quarantine, school or workplace closure, restrictions on travel).
Unfortunately, although clinical trials are underway, vaccines effective against a pandemic virus are not yet generally available. Similarly, although several antiviral drugs that can reduce the severity and duration of seasonal influenza may be effective in treating pandemic influenza, they must be administered within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. Finally, virus specific vaccines and antiviral drugs are difficult to develop, test, and stockpile until after the new viral strain has emerged. And time won’t be on our side.
That leaves us with non-pharmaceutical strategies--ones that my mother, who was a rural health nurse in the 1930s, would recognize. Based on extensive mathematical modeling using the United States and Great Britain, the Nature article concluded:
- Border restrictions and/or internal travel restrictions are unlikely to delay spread by more than two to three weeks unless more than 99 percent effective;
- School closure during the peak of a pandemic can reduce peak attack rates by up to 40 percent, but has little impact on overall attack rates;
- Case isolation or household quarantine could have a significant impact, if feasible;
- Treatment of clinical cases can reduce transmission, but only if antivirals are given within a day of symptoms starting;
- Given enough drugs for 50 percent of the population, household-based prophylaxis coupled with reactive school closure could reduce clinical attack rates by 40 percent to 50 percent.
Whoa, hold it partner. Let’s go back to that third bullet. The Internet allows us to effectively work from home! The challenge to us IT folks then becomes making sure that the network and mission critical systems remain up and running--and that is something we know how to do!
A Very Short Institutional Quiz
Does your institution have a business continuity plan and process that specifically addresses a pandemic? According to Gartner’s McGee, business continuity plans that do not specifically address pandemics will not be effective.
Does your IT organization have a business continuity plan and process that specifically addresses a pandemic? One the most effective strategies to prevent the spread of infection is working online from home--and that is something IT can plan for. This can be done even if your institution does not have an institution-wide plan.
Have you tested your plan? For example, in the case of working from home, how about a planned surprise exercise in which all employees are directed not to show up for work in their office but to work from home for a day.
Where Can You Learn More?
Fortunately, there is a wealth of background material, planning documents, guidelines, and white papers available to help in developing an institutional or departmental strategy. Some of my favorite government sites are:
Although you have to be careful to consider what they might be trying to sell, a number of vendor sites are useful:
Some practical tips for remote access strategies
Roche (Maker of an Antiviral) Toolkit
Finally, a number of higher education organizations have taken the lead in planning for a pandemic. Be sure to check out: | <urn:uuid:d22bb2e3-c444-46e7-8225-49efc1190e7a> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://campustechnology.com/articles/2008/01/planning-for-the-next-disaster-pandemic.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207924991.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113204-00333-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952015 | 1,783 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Do You Have High Blood Pressure?
It’s never too early to take steps to prevent heart disease!
“Uncontrolled high blood pressure is a leading cause of heart disease and stroke. People with high blood pressure are 4 times more likely to die from a stroke and 3 times more likely to die from heart disease, compared to those with normal blood pressure.”
High blood pressure presents no symptoms or warning signs! So, that’s why you need to be informed on your number. You can get your blood pressure checked for free at most drugstores. High blood pressure not only has a negative long-term impact on your health, but it is taking unnecessary money out of your wallet to pay for prescription medication. Did you know that you could get a health screening at Health Services? Being aware of your weight, total cholesterol levels, and blood pressure could help you take charge of your health.
Life style changes can decrease your risk of developing Heart disease. This starts with a healthy diet and regular exercise. Here on campus, you can always get a heart healthy meal at any UNH dining spot. Also, you can fit in a workout into your daily routine at the Hamel Rec Center. These are much better options than taking a pill everyday or having a chronic Heart disease, which leads to unnecessary medicals bills when you could use these preventive habits to protect your heart.
Risk Factors of High Blood Pressure
- Being overweight or obese
- Lack of Physical exercise
- Too much salt in the diet
- Too much alcohol consumption
- Older age
- Family History | <urn:uuid:d31ea225-26a9-4cce-b234-4ce2e0d6cf8e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.unh.edu/healthyunh/blog/healthcare-consumerism/2015/11/do-you-have-high-blood-pressure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154053.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731043043-20210731073043-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.92187 | 325 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A healthy way through pregnancy
04 February 2016
Pregnancy is a time where nutritional requirements are increased due to the demands for the growing baby. A healthy diet and lifestyle are particularly important for a healthy pregnancy as they affect both mother’s and baby's health. Dietary advice for pregnant women is similar to that for the general population, but there are some important details to know.
Healthful eating before and during pregnancy
A healthful diet is important both in preparation for pregnancy and during pregnancy. This is because low nutrient levels can affect a baby's health from the very start of pregnancy.1-4 Pregnancies can happen even when not planned, so it is particularly important that women who may become pregnant eat well. Evidence suggests that the mother's nutritional status before and during pregnancy can affect a child's health not just in the short-term but even later in life, something referred to as nutritional programming.5
Pregnant women, just like the general population, are advised to eat a balanced diet (with some extra attention):1-4
- Plenty of cereal-based products, preferably wholegrain, and other starchy foods
- Plenty of fruits and vegetables, at least five servings a day (wash thoroughly or peel)
- Several servings of dairy a day (avoid raw products, avoid mould-ripened cheeses), preferentially reduced-fat
- Moderate amounts of lean meat, eggs, fish and other protein sources (avoid raw products); regularly choose healthy sources of fats such as plant oils, nuts and fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel and fresh tuna
- Limit the amount of added sugar and salt
When trying for a baby, men should also consider making changes to their diet and lifestyle as these can affect their fertility. Eating a healthy varied diet, reducing alcohol consumption and aiming for a healthy weight can improve quality of sperm and the chance of conceiving.4
Ideally women should aim for a healthy body weight before conception and avoid excess weight gain during pregnancy.2,4 Excessive weight gain during pregnancy can be a result of the perception that women have to “eat for two”. In reality, on average a moderately active woman requires 2,000 kcal/day, when pregnant she requires only an additional:
- 70 kcal/day during the first trimester
- 260 kcal/day during the second trimester
- 500 kcal/day during the third trimester.6
Additional nutrient requirements to support foetal development
While a balanced diet sufficiently provides most essential nutrients, some nutrients are particularly important for a baby and many women may not get enough of these through their diet.1-4,7 A sufficient supply of folic acid one month before conception and continued throughout the first trimester significantly reduces the risk of neural tube defects.1,8 Many countries recommend that pregnant women and those who may become pregnant eat folate-rich foods and take folic acid supplements (400 μg/day).1-4
Other nutrient supplements may be recommended if the woman is at particular risk of insufficiency.1-4 Before getting pregnant it may be a good idea to have a blood test to check nutritional status, and to seek advice from a healthcare professional on whether supplements are needed, particularly for vitamin D, iron and iodine. To meet higher calcium demands, pregnant women are sometimes advised to consume three servings of dairy a day.1-3 While an adequate intake of vitamin A is also important, pregnant women should avoid eating liver and supplements with preformed vitamin A (retinol), as too much can harm the baby.1-4
Pregnant women should increase their intake of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), an omega-3 fatty acid that it is essential for normal brain development. This is because the body's ability to produce DHA is limited. Sufficient supply of DHA is especially important during the last trimester of pregnancy, when a baby’s brain develops fastest and a baby begins to store DHA for the time after birth.9 The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) advises pregnant and breastfeeding women to consume 100-200 mg preformed DHA (supplement) per day, in addition to the 1-2 servings of seafood (particularly fatty fish) per week that is recommended for the general population.10 Some countries recommend avoiding large fish such as shark, marlin and swordfish as they can be high in pollutants such as mercury.11
Vegetarians and vegans must pay further attention to ensure they get enough nutrients which are normally eaten in animal products (high quality protein, long chain omega-3 fatty acids, iron, zinc, calcium and vitamins D and B12).
Food preparation and cooking advice during pregnancy
It is particularly important to practice safe food preparation and good hygiene to avoid foodborne illness, as some bacteria and parasites can pose a risk to the unborn baby.1-4 Pregnant women should avoid eating any raw meat and fish (including smoked but uncooked, e.g. smoked salmon), and raw eggs (e.g. in mousse, meringue, homemade mayonnaise). These types of foods should always be well cooked before consumption as heat destroys potentially harmful bacteria and parasites.1-4 Also, make sure that raw meat is stored and handled separately from any ready to eat foods such as salads, to prevent the transfer of harmful bacteria.4 Meat products that are made from raw meat such as cured ham or salami, or “patés”, which can also contain harmful bacteria, should be avoided. On the contrary cold cooked meats like turkey, cooked ham and chicken are safe to eat.1-4 Any salads, fruits or vegetables that are consumed raw, should be thoroughly washed or peeled before consumption.2-4 Raw milk and milk products, as well as mould ripened cheeses (e.g. camembert, brie) should be avoided (some countries recommend avoiding all soft cheese).1-3,12 Always wash hands with soap before and after handling food, and keep kitchen surfaces and utensils clean by washing them with soapy water, especially after handling raw products.4 Also check the fridge temperature, which should be 5ºC or below.1,4
Staying hydrated is also important and pregnant women should increase fluid intake by around 300 ml per day.1,4,13
Caffeine doesn't have to be avoided but should be limited during pregnancy.1-4 Up to 200 mg caffeine per day, which equates to 2-4 mugs of tea or 2 cups of coffee, can be safely consumed by pregnant women.3,14
Most countries encourage pregnant women to abstain from alcohol consumption throughout pregnancy as there is no known safe level and even small amounts may harm the baby.15
Morning sickness and food cravings
Many pregnant women experience nausea and vomiting during the first trimester. Although the exact causes remain unknown, it is thought that changes in hormones play a role.4 Symptoms are often worse after a longer period of fasting, such as in the morning.1 Eating multiple small meals instead of a few large meals may help to alleviate symptoms, and it is best to avoid skipping meals.1,4 Getting plenty of rest, avoiding foods or smells that trigger symptoms, and fresh ginger or ginger tea may also help reduce symptoms.4 In case of severe morning sickness, it is best to seek advice from a healthcare professional.1,4
Some women also experience food cravings and aversions, but little is known about the causes of these.4 It is ok to indulge a craving, with moderation, as part of a healthy balanced diet.4
Exercise during pregnancy
Being physically active during pregnancy has many benefits, including a lower risk of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia (high blood pressure), better fitness during pregnancy, and possibly shorter labour.1,4 Pregnant women are encouraged to be active daily and should choose activities of moderate intensity such as walking, jogging, or swimming.1,2,4 Activities with a high risk of falling and contact sports are not recommended.2,4 It is important to avoid getting too out of breath and in case of any unusual symptoms, it is best to seek advice from a healthcare professional.4
A healthy diet and a sufficient supply of essential nutrients are crucial not only during but already before pregnancy to support the baby's healthy development. Good hygiene and extra care when preparing food, are essential to reduce the risk of food-borne illness. Aiming for a healthy weight before pregnancy and during pregnancy, as well as being active and staying hydrated are further ways to support both mother’s and baby's health, and reduce the risk of complications. Maintaining the good dietary and lifestyle habits after pregnancy is also important for optimal breastfeeding, for overall health and wellbeing.
Women planning for a baby are recommended to speak to a healthcare professional, who can provide tailored advice on how best to prepare for pregnancy.
- Dumas C & Mouillé B (2007). Le guide nutrition pendant et après la grossesse. Livret d'accompagnement destiné aux professionnels de santé. Paris, France: Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments.
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (2011). Erste einheitliche Handlungsempfehlungen zur Ernährung in der Schwangerschaft. DGEinfo 12 /2011:184–187.
- Institute of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists & Directorate of Clinical Strategy and Programmes (2013). Nutrition for Pregnancy. Clinical Practice Guideline. Ireland: Institute of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists & Directorate of Clinical Strategy and Programmes.
- British Nutrition Foundation, Nutrition for Pregnancy, last updated 2015.
- Langley-Evans SC (2015). Nutrition in early life and the programming of adult disease: a review 28 (Suppl 1):1-14.
- EFSA (2013). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for energy. EFSA Journal 11(1):3005.
- EFSA (2014). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for folate. EFSA Journal 12(11):3893.
- Gharami (2015). Essential role of docosahexaenoic acid towards development of a smarter brain. Neurochemistry International 89 (in press).
- EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2010). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA Journal 8(3):1461.
- EFSA (2015). Statement on the benefits of fish/seafood consumption compared to the risks of methylmercury in fish/seafood. EFSA Journal 13(1):3982
- National Health Service, Foods to avoid in pregnancy, last updated January 2015.
- EFSA (2010). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water. EFSA Journal 8(3):1459.
- EFSA (2015). Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA 13(5):4102.
- International Alliance for Responsible Drinking, International Guidelines on Drinking in Pregnancy, last updated June 2015. | <urn:uuid:b4cb5481-d1e2-4c4c-93de-d01f2e895ad8> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.eufic.org/en/healthy-living/article/a-healthy-way-through-pregnancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121000.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00086-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927638 | 2,346 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Cultural is the last curriculum area in my Free Montessori Video Lessons Series.
Here’s the rest of the series:
- Free Montessori Video Lessons Online
- Free Montessori Practical Life Videos
- Free Montessori Sensorial Videos
- Free Montessori Language Videos
- Free Montessori Math Materials
I have another category of Montessori videos that I continue to add to. It’s always helpful to see Montessori in action: Montessori Schools – Video Ideas and Inspiration.
The Montessori cultural curriculum typically includes geography, history, general science, botany and zoology, music, and art. I have a post with a number of cultural resources: Montessori Cultural Activities. I also have a number of DIY Montessori cultural material posts if you’d like to make your own Montessori cultural materials: DIY Montessori Materials.
Here’s an “Overview of the Cultural Curriculum” by Eric Johnson:
The most thorough source of Montessori cultural videos is My Works Montessori. You’ll see the list and progression of videos for the cultural area and other curriculum areas here: My Works Montessori. Here are all the My Works Science and Cultural Videos on YouTube.
Here’s the first My Works Montessori cultural video: “Montessori – What is Cultural & Science?”
You’ll find all the My Works Montessori videos at the My Works Montessori YouTube Channel.
I also like the Info Montessori Channel for clear, simple presentations that are true to Montessori principles. There are only two Info Montessori cultural videos: “Sandpaper Globe” and “Painted Globe.”
Here’s the “Sandpaper Globe” video, which is helpful for introducing one of the early Montessori geography activities.
Montessori Live has “Advanced Introduction to Montessori Land and Water Forms,” “Land and Water Forms Extension.” “Introducing Electromatgnetism to Elementary Students,” “Teacher Discussion: Introducing Electromagnetic Spectrum,” and “Encouraging Imagination: The Montessori Cosmic Education.”
You’ll find links to more Montessori cultural videos at the Livable Learning Online Montessori Video Library.
UPDATE: We now have a Living Montessori Now YouTube channel with videos for parents!
Here’s an example of one of our cultural videos:
Carolyn Lucento also has a new YouTube channel with lots of Montessori music videos.
Photo Credit: Photo at the top of the post by Morozova Tatiana.
Montessori Monday Link-Up
If you have some Montessori activity trays/lessons to share, please link up below. It’s fine to link up a post from your archives – and you may link up anytime during the week! Your post may be any Montessori-inspired activity or idea. It doesn’t need to be related to my Montessori Monday post.
Link up your exact post URL so that we can find your activity if we return to the linky at a later date (which I often do when I’m looking for activities for a roundup post). I publish the Montessori Monday post and linky at 6:00 a.m. EST each Monday and keep the linky open throughout the week.
Please place the Montessori Monday button (using the code from the right sidebar) in your post or put a link back to this post. Let’s use Montessori Monday to gain inspiration/ideas and to encourage each other! If you would leave an encouraging comment on the post linked up ahead of you (along with any other posts you’re drawn to), that would be awesome! Thanks for participating!
For community discussions, please join us at the Living Montessori Now Facebook page, We Teach Montessori Group, and/or Google+ Montessori Community. The We Teach Montessori group has a Member Resources Sharing (for resources such as freebies and series) as well as a Linky Party for We Teach Montessori. We Teach Montessori has a linky just like the one here except that it’s continuous where you may add your Montessori-inspired activities and ideas to the same linky. New links will go to the top of the linky. I’d love to see us build up a great collection of Montessori-inspired ideas there, too. After you link up here, why not hop over to the We Teach Montessori Group and link up there?! And don’t forget the Saturday/Sunday Parent/Teacher Preparation Days share where you may share a kid-related activity of any kind at the Living Montessori Now Facebook page!
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Linked to Tuesday Tots, The Mommy Club Resources and Solutions at Milk and Cuddles and Crystal & Co., The Weekly Kid’s Co-op, Ultimate Mom Resources, Hearts for Home Blog Hop, Learn & Link, TGIF Linky Party, Preschool Corner, Sharing Saturday, Saturday Show & Tell, Share It Saturday, Show-and-Share Saturday, The Sunday Showcase, Link & Learn, Afterschool Express | <urn:uuid:5f4b359c-291f-4814-aa1c-7dd69613d3ee> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://livingmontessorinow.com/montessori-monday-free-montessori-cultural-videos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655878639.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702080623-20200702110623-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.853605 | 1,549 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Most of us will suffer from foot pain during our lives, but the good news is that there are podiatrists who specialise in how feet, ankles and lower legs interact with shoes, terrain and gait, who can help manage causes of foot pain.
Causes of foot pain
These happen when the big-toe bone drifts towards the second toe as a result of the long foot bone behind the big toe – the first metatarsal – moving outwards, forming this painful bump.
It’s not known what causes a bunion, but arthritis, flat feet, overly-flexible ligaments and abnormal bone structure – all of which can be hereditary – as well as too-tight footwear are thought to play a part.
Self-care: Choose shoes with wide toe boxes and heels under 3cm.
Medical treatment: As the first line of therapy, a podiatrist may offer toe separators and custom-made orthotic inserts – worn inside shoes – to help improve alignment and ease pressure.
Bunions invariably get worse, so surgery may be on the cards. In the past, it was notoriously painful and involved a long recovery, but procedures have improved greatly in recent times.
Two favoured surgical techniques, usually done in combination under general anaesthetic, are scarf and akin osteotomies, which involve removing portions of bone, then aligning bones and fixing them in place with compression screws to eliminate the offending bump.
An orthopaedic surgeon aims to preserve the joint to allow big-toe movement, but if you’ve left it a long time and have secondary arthritis of the big toe, the joint may have to be fused, eliminating motion. Your surgeon will advise on the best option; ask your podiatrist for a referral.
A big culprit is plantar fasciopathy, caused by gradual wear and tear on the strong ligament that runs from the heel bone to the toes, more common post-40.
Age-related thinning (atrophy) of the heel fat pad is also common past 40. Or it could be Achilles tendinopathy – swelling and stiffness of the Achilles tendon that joins the heel bone to the calf muscles – thought to be caused by repetitive strain on the tendon.
Self-care: Resting, applying cold compresses four times a day, and taking an over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug can help.
Expert advice: A physiotherapist or podiatrist can advise on stretching and strengthening exercises, massage, and orthotic inserts/night splints to support the foot in the best position. Steroid injections may ease any persistent pain.
Medical treatment: If other measures fail, a physiotherapist can treat plantar fasciopathy and Achilles tendinopathy with non-surgical extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), where high-energy acoustic waves are fired at the affected area, triggering the body’s natural healing response. Surgery in all three cases is only considered if all other options have failed after a period of six months.
This occurs when the side of the nail curls round and grows into the skin, leading to pain, inflammation, swelling and sometimes infection. Genetics, ill-fitting shoes, nail trauma, and cutting nails round (not straight across) or too short can play a part.
Self-care: For mild cases that aren’t inflamed, soak feet in warm water and use a cotton bud to gently push the skin away from the nail.
Medical treatment: See a podiatrist if the area becomes infected (is warm, swollen and red, with pus discharge), as you may need antibiotics. To fix the problem, a partial nail avulsion, done under local anaesthetic by a podiatrist, involves surgically removing the ingrown nail section and applying a chemical to the root to prevent regrowth. Recovery takes up to six weeks.
Fungal toenail infections, affecting about 5% of adults, but 20% of over-60s, are very hard to treat. Playing sports, using communal showers and pools, wearing closed shoes – which keep feet warm and moist – previous nail injury, diabetes, poor circulation, lowered immunity or a history of athlete’s foot are all possible causes.
Self-care: Over-the-counter topical antifungal agents can help in mild cases, but don’t always penetrate sufficiently into the nail bed to kill the infection.
Medical treatment: Your GP may prescribe oral antifungals, taken for up to nine months. They’re effective, but you’ll need regular liver-function tests, as these meds can cause liver damage in rare cases. If antifungals don’t work, a podiatrist can cut back and thin the nail for better penetration of the antifungal treatment.
As a last resort, a podiatrist may remove the infected nail under local anaesthetic. Regrowth takes up to 18 months. Depending on the severity of the infection, the nail root may also be removed, so the nail won’t regrow.
5 things your feet can reveal about your health:
1. A painful, warm, red, swollen big toe… could be caused by gout. Sticking to a low-protein diet, staying hydrated and losing weight may help prevent future attacks.
2. Cold feet… could be a sign of an underactive thyroid. Your GP can request a blood test to check your thyroid hormone levels. Treatment involves taking levothyroxine to top up these levels.
3. A cut or sore on your foot that isn’t healing… could be an indication of diabetes. See your GP, who can do a simple finger-prick blood test to check.
4. Clubbed nails… could be a sign of heart or lung diseases that reduce blood oxygen. Consult your GP immediately.
5. Thick, crumbling, pitted, discoloured or lifting nails… can be due to psoriasis. A dermatologist may prescribe oral meds like methotrexate, steroid or retinoid creams, corticosteroid injections, or UV-light therapy. | <urn:uuid:96939df8-a471-4466-9c13-9ff0f28989fe> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.womanandhomemagazine.co.za/health/causes-of-foot-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587655.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025061300-20211025091300-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.907567 | 1,280 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Mountains that are Famous for Autumnal Leaves
in Gyeonggi-do Province
One of the best seasonal beauties of Korea among its four distinctive seasons is autumnal leaves. Autumn in Korea is the season of nature’s wonder when the color of the mountains changes to passionate red from the green of spring and summer. Autumn foliage is a phenomenon that affects the normally green leaves of trees; they take on various shades of red and yellow as they stop producing chlorophyll and generate other pigments in the cells such as anthocyanins, carotene, or xanthophyll. The first autumn foliage appears when 20% of the entire mountain’s leaves turn red and yellow on the trees from the summit. According to the Meteorological Administration, this year’s autumn foliage is predicted to appear three to four days earlier than the average year.
In Korea, autumn foliage begins in mid-October and reaches its peak at the end of October. Thus, in order to enjoy the autumn foliage fully without missing its peak, hiking is an essential outing in autumn. Since Korea boasts of many small and large mountains throughout the country, people can enjoy autumn colors at a relatively close distance. The following introduces mountains that are famous for their splendid autumn colors in Gyeonggi-do Province near the capital region:
♣ Myeongjisan Mountain [Gapyeong]
Myeongjisan Mountain is located between Buk-myeon and Ha-myeon in Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do. As a county park managed by Gapyeong-gun, it is the second highest mountain in Gyeonggi-do Province composed of various peaks including Nambong Peak, Gangssibong Peak, and Seungcheonbong Peak. Visitors can go to the mountain from Gapyeong Station of the Gyeongchun Railroad Line. Boasting of a colony of fir trees and oriental oaks on the ridge around the Myeongjeongsan Mountain, Myeongjisan Mountain exhibits diverse splendid landscapes — azaleas in spring, red autumnal colors of broad-leaved trees, and snowy ridge in winter. Although the mountain is relatively high, it has no rough and irregular features; thus, it is recommended for hiking beginners, too. It takes about five hours to go up to and descend from the mountain ridge.
Myeongjisan Mountain is popular as an autumnal hiking destination because of the splendid view of autumn colors harmonized with the long Gapyeongcheon Valley with abundant water and Myeongji Falls. “Myeongji autumn foliage,” selected as one of the Eight Scenic Views of Gapyeong, boasts of colorful and magnificent scenery. The peak season of Myeongji Autumn Foliage is October 16 – 20.
Address: Dodae-ri, Buk-myeon, Gapyeong-gun
Tel: Gapyeong-gun Office +82-31-582-0103 / Myeongjisan Mountain Park Management Office +82-31-582-0103
Homepage: Gapyeong Culture and Tourism http://www.gptour.go.kr
Transportation: Take the subway or ITX train in Seoul / Get off at Gapyeong Station / Transfer to a county bus no. 33-4 bound for Myeongjisan Mountain / Get off the bus at the entrance of Myeongjisan Mountain (takes 33 mins.)
Bus time: 08:35, 09:40, 10:30 in the morning
♣ Hwaaksan Mountain [Gapyeong]
As the highest peak in Gyeonggi-do Province, Hwaaksan Mountain is located at the fork dividing into Hwacheon-gun in Gangwon-do Province and Gapyeong-gun in Gyeonggi-do Province. With the 38th parallel line crossing on the summit of the mountain (1,468.3m), its highest peak is a restricted area. However, the 10km-long ridge of hiking trail connects Jungbong Peak, Aegibong Peak, and Sudeoksan Mountain.
Hwaaksan Mountain, facing Myeongjisan Mountain across Gapyeongcheon Valley, is about 20km away north from Gapyeong-eup and is considered the best among Gyeonggi-do’s five great mountains. The three peaks of the mountain — Hwaaksan Peak in the middle, Maebong Peak in the east, and Jungbong Peak in the west — are called Three Brothers’ Peaks. Hikers can enjoy a panoramic view of the areas of Gapyeong and Chuncheon from the main ridge of the mountain.
As the best destination for autumn colors, Hwaaksan Mountain is well known for Jomurak Valley between Seongnyongsan Mountain and Jungbong Peak of Hwaaksan Mountain. Jomurak Valley offers a picturesque view of autumn foliage blended with a long line of flowing water and rocks covered with green moss.
Address: Hwaak-ri, Buk-myeon, Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do/ Sam 1-2-ri, Sanae-myeon, Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do
Tel: Forest Management Division of Hwacheon-gun Office +82-33-440-2424
Transportation: Take a train bound for Chuncheon at Cheongnyangni Station / Get off at Gapyeong Station / Transfer to a county bus bound for Hwaak-ri
Bus time: 06:20, 08:35, 12:30, 17:00, and 19:40
♣ Yongmunsan Mountain [Yangpyeong]
Yongmunsan Mountain (1,157m) is located on the border between Yongmun-myeon and Okcheon-myeon in Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do. As Gyeonggi-do’s fourth highest mountain following Hwaaksan Mountain, Myeongjisan Mountain, and Gungmangbong Peak, Yongmunsan Mountain features oddly formed rocks and stones as well as high and steep peaks. Although it is not easy to climb due to its height and roughness, Yongmunsan Mountain is visited by many people especially in autumn since it is home to the largest ginkgo tree (covering an area of 260m2, Natural Monument No. 30) in the East. In addition, the beautiful valley situated between rocks stretching from the summit boasts of magnificent autumnal scenery. In particular, Baegunbong Peak, a rock peak on the southern end of Yongmunsan Mountain, is also called Korea’s Matterhorn (Mountain) due to its high, pointy shape. The peak season of Yongmunsan Mountain’s autumn foliage is mid-October when the Danpung (Autumn Color) Festival is held around Yongmunsa Temple’s Ginkgo Tree.
Address: 519-2, Sinjeom-ri, Yongmun-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do
Tel: Yongmunsan Mountain Management Office +82-31-773-0088
Homepage: Yangpyeong Culture and Tourism http://tour.yp21.net
Transportation: Take a train on the Jungang Railroad Line or a Mugunghwa train at Cheongnyangni Station and get off at Yongmun Station / Transfer to a bus bound for Yongmunsan Mountain at Yongmun Bus Terminal and get off at Yongmunsan Mountain Station (takes about 1 hour)
♣ Soyosan Mountain [Dongducheon-si]
Located on the border between Dongducheon-si and Sinbuk-myeon, Pocheon-si in Gyeonggi-do Province, Soyosan Mountain is famous not only for the splendidness of the mountain but also as a sacred Buddhist site, since Jajaeam Hermitage — where the Great Monk Wonhyo of the Silla Dynasty practiced asceticism — is also situated here. There is also a legend about Monk Wonhyo and Princess Yoseok and their love story.
Soyosan Mountain (meaning “walking”) got its name from the legend of Seo Gyeong-deok, Yang Sa-eon, and Kim Si-seup, famous Joseon Dynasty scholars who enjoyed walking on this mountain. It is also called minor Geumgangsan Mountain by hikers for its magnificent scenery along with the valley and waterfalls. If hikers find it difficult to get to the summit, walking up to Jajaeam Hermitage, the great temple situated on the mountain’s breast, is recommended; the ridge has a gentle slope to the top. Soyosan Mountain offers beautiful scenery from April with its spectacular azaleas to the end of October with its autumn colors.
Soyo Maple Culture Festival is held around the end of October every year; this 2015, it takes place from October 24 to 25. The festival provides various experience events and traditional performances such as poetry writing, traditional Korean Bongsan Mask Dance, and Korean classical music performance.
Address: 145, Pyeonghwa-ro 2910 beon-gil, Dongducheon-si, Gyeonggi-do
Tel: Soyosan Mountain Tourism Support Center +82-31-860-2065
Business hours: 08:00-18:00
Homepage: Dongducheon Culture and Tourism http://www.ddc21.net
Transportation: Walk straight for five minutes from Soyosan Mountain Station (Subway Line 1) to get to the entrance of the mountain.
♣ Gamaksan Mountain [Paju]
The mountain’s name, “Gamak (meaning large, dark blue mountain),” comes from the tale of the mountain rocks showing tinges of black and blue. The mountain (675m), which is seen from everywhere in Jeokseong-myeon, Paju-si, consists of rock peaks and cliffs although it appears gentle in the distance. Gamaksan Mountain is also regarded as one of Gyeonggi-do’s five great mountains following Mt. Hwaaksan in Gapyeong, Mt. Songaksan in Gaeseong, Mt. Gwanaksan in Gwacheon, and Mt. Unaksan in Pocheon. Situated between Seoul and Gaesong, Gamaksan Mountain offers views of Mt. Songaksan in Gaeseong, Mt. Bukhansan in Seoul, and Mt. Soyosan in Dongducheon when the weather is clear.
Beomnyunsa Temple and Ungye Falls are located on the west foot of the mountain. The cave where famous Joseon Dynasty outlaw Im Kkeok-jeong sought refuge from the authorities is situated right under Janggunbong Peak. As a Korean War battlefield, the Korean War Memorial for British Veterans stands at the entrance of the Seolma Valley of the mountain; thus, hiking on the mountain was prohibited. Considered “the mountain of spirit,” the mountain is visited by hiking clubs throughout the country to have a ritual for the mountain spirit in spring. In addition, since the Gamaksan Maple Festival takes place every October, the mountain is frequented by tourists for its beautiful autumn colors throughout the country.
Address: 48, Gamgol-gil, Jeokseong-myeon, Paju-si / Nam-myeon, Yangju-si / Jeongok-eup, Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do
Tel: Forest and Farmland Division +82-31-940-4626
Homepage: Paju Culture and Tourism http://tour.paju.go.kr
Transportation: Get off the subway at Dongducheon Station (Subway Line 1) / Transfer to a bus no. 25 bound for Eoyuji in Jeogam-ri / Get off at Beomnyunsa Temple2 | <urn:uuid:2a8ebbc8-647c-45a4-b393-f146f799b15c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://en.ggtour.or.kr/2015/10/13/mountains-that-are-famous-for-autumnal-leaves-in-gyeonggi-do-province/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00153-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912154 | 2,543 | 2.625 | 3 |
Author: Jerome E. Kaufmann,Karen L. Schwitters
Publisher: Cengage Learning
View: 9923Master the fundamentals of algebra with Kaufmann and Schwitters' ELEMENTARY AND INTERMEDIATE ALGEBRA: A COMBINED APPROACH, Sixth Edition. Learn from clear and concise explanations, many examples, and numerous problem sets in an easy-to-read format. The book's Learn, Use and Apply formula helps you learn a skill, use the skill to solve equations, and then apply it to solve application problems. This simple, straightforward approach helps you understand and apply the key problem-solving skills necessary for success in algebra and beyond. Access to Enhanced WebAssign and the Cengage YouBook is sold separately. To learn more and find value bundles, visit: www.cengagebrain.com and search for ISBN: 0840053142. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version. | <urn:uuid:36483058-d55e-4c3a-b70f-c9e64fe2fa05> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://usakochan.net/download/elementary-and-intermediate-algebra-a-combined-approach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583688396.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120001524-20190120023524-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.785455 | 213 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Tawny Owl is our most common owl and one of legend. There are over 20,000 pairs of Tawnies resident in the UK (Source:RSPB) but it’s still a treat to hear a lot of them at once. So I just had to stop and listen when tonight at around eight o’clock, my garden was surrounded by owls. I’ve heard individuals around but not so many at once. (I live on a very normal 60’s estate, albeit in a village.) I heard two distinct, female owls screeching the Tu-whit call and then the answering Tu-whoos from several male owls. Then there was a terrible screeching fight following two male calls from the same direction.
No wonder the Tawny is often called the screech owl and has such ominous superstitions associated with it. It’s said that if one calls on your house you can expect to hear of a death. Now I’m quite superstitious but I also rather like Tawnies. I remember well my Gran talking me into her garden almost 35 years ago, to listen to a gathering of owls much like I’ve heard tonight.
If you want to try mimicking the Tawny Owl’s call, it’s pretty easy and you should get them to call back to you. It will even draw them in closer as they come to investigate the newcomer to their territory.
Tawnies hunt silently after dusk, preying on mice, voles and small mammals and birds. The urban Tawny is known to like house sparrows, which I hope aren’t on the menu this week, as I have a large, boisterous group of young sparrows that pop by everyday.
But why all the screeching now?
You’ll often hear Tawnies calling in Febuary as they search for a mate – they pair up for life and prefer traditional nest sites like holes in trees. They then lay their eggs between March and early May. The young hatch around a month later and fledge up to two months after that. Which means there are plenty of young owls around now. Tawnies are highly territorial and many of these young birds will starve if they can’t secure a territory once the parents stop feeding them. You can hear them fighting for these territories from August to November, but as adults usually keep their feeding range for life, these young birds will have to venture further afield for food. Let’s hope they have better luck than they’re said to bring us.
And there, with fingers interwoven, both hands
Pressed closely palm to palm and to his mouth
Uplifted, he, as through an instrument,
Blew mimic hootings to the silent owls,
That they might answer him.—And they would shout
Across the watery vale, and shout again,
Responsive to his call,—with quivering peals,
And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud
Redoubled and redoubled; concourse wild
Of jocund din!
Finally, if you want to photograph a Tawny Owl you could try searching around the base of trees in your local woodland for their droppings or pellets – a sign that they may be roosting in the branches above during the daytime or in the area. Or, you could join a bird of prey photography workshop, which is how I got these close-up shots. I chose goingdigital.co.uk and had the expert advice of Wildlife photographer Paul Hobson. | <urn:uuid:22701489-623a-4a9d-92bd-c80c9befc9a2> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://freshairwildhair.co.uk/tawny-owls-fighting-for-their-lives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647003.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319155754-20180319175754-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.975661 | 759 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Stephen Jay Gould thinks that the end of the Arkansas court case regarding the science of creation marked the ultimate end of the controversy that surrounded evolution vs. creation. During the ruling, the Supreme Court voted 7-2 in favor of evolution. According to him, the ruling was the long waited legal tussle, and a victory for him to celebrate though remaining sympathetic for the loser, William Jennings Bryan. The outcome of this ruling implied that the science of evolution could be embraced in the society and be thought in schools. The court ruling held that there is no sufficient proves that God exists or not as protruded by Bryan in the case. Gould was so sure that the last the campaign against evolution was over since the ruling by the Supreme Court was so clear, strong, and general which even fundamentalists like Bryan should believe and accept that their legislative strategy had suffered a defeat.
Furthermore, Gould’s thought on the end of the legal tussle is based on the fact that its strong proponent, William Jennings Bryan, had died shortly after ruling. Therefore, there was no one entrusted to carry on the fight to another high level like Bryan did. Thus, Gould was correct to argue that the legislative attempts aimed at curbing evolution would not have been there without Bryan. The author believes that without him (Bryan), there would have been no scope of trial, a decade full of frustrations emanating from anti evolutionary movements, no supreme court ruling or decision to decide between evolution and creation issues. Bryan had put up a mighty and powerful fight to curb evolution, and nobody in the fundamentalist movement he organized could have made it without him. This is chiefly because he had the massive legal skills or political muscles to fight evolution in the American history.
In his own words, Gould believes that Bryan had evolved from just being an uncanny and the friendliest sweet, high pitched and sincere talker to become the greatest orator in America. He was an American who could talk with natural warmth. Out of his oratory speeches, he won the hearts of many Americans and became not only the greatest but also the popular reformer in the American soil. That is why at the age of 36 years, he was nominated the democratic presidential candidate in 1896 because of his popular rallying aimed at abolishing gold standards. This was a move caution the state against the abuse of labor for money.
In the 1900s, he ran twice for the same presidential post, both of which he lost because of his reform campaigns particularly against the imperialist Americans and the independence of the Philippines. The pacifist Bryan resigned from the office as Wilson’s state secretary because he was questing for more neutrality in the 1st WW. He also succeeded in fighting for the election of senators through direct means, suffrage of women, and graduated taxation of incomes. This is how this man evolved to becoming the most popular American reformer and an antievolution crusader.
Gould believes that Bryan is America’s greatest orator who misused his powerful political and legal influence championing antievolution movement both inside and outside courts. Politically, at the age of 36 years, he got the presidential nominations from the democrats in 1896. He also championed the rights of American labors, women, and tax payers. Though popular among the Americans, he lost his fame due to his engagement in antievolution movements, being strongly against the American imperialists, and championing the Philippine independence. According to him, Bryan was a hero who lost his fame while championing evolution.
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According to Gould, Bryan made a common mistake when he confused the facts of evolution with the explanation of Darwin about its mechanisms. Bryan went further ahead to misinterpret the concept of natural selection with martial theory concerning survival via battle and the enemies’ destruction. He also made a terrible mistake when he argued that Darwinism meant the deathly struggle’s moral virtuousness. All this things confused Bryan during his struggle while fighting for evolution. However, he (Gould) thought that Bryan had succeeded in fighting for women suffrage, negotiating for reduced income tax for the labors, and the election of senators through direct means.
After reading the Science of Power and the Headquarters Nights, Bryan was upset. The author of Headquarters Night, Vernon Kellogg was the leading evolution teacher in America who had also written major text books in evolution. Kellogg also a university professor participated in the WW in German as a general staff. He enjoyed great discussions with the German military officers at nights, and it is out of these discussions that he got an idea about the German military that he used to destruct them by force after he left the country. This helped America to end the German supremacy in the world. The use of such a university professor in military incursion not only ended the war but also proposed the rationale of evolution and a natural form of selection which Bryan was always against. Bryan got scared of the horrible academicians like Kellogg being used to pollute the evolutionary power.
The author of the Science of Power was a highly respected commentator who believed that for life to progress, we should reject individual benefits and material struggles. He identified these two issues as being the impediments in Darwinism. He stated that Darwin’s doctrines enable Christians to suppress human kind and exploit natural selection. These upset Bryan once he read these two books.
If you read through the books, all that had upset Bryan are real, and they are still used to exploit natural selection. Kellogg’s predictions about the Germans are correct because he used the same predictions to fight the German militia which ended the German supremacy. Gould is upset with the book John Scopes did use to teach children evolution. The book touched on the monkey trial’s scope, and its author proclaims that science still holds moral answers to mental retardation. The book talks about the effects of hereditary in the families which include spreading of crime, immorality and diseases. This has been a problem to a large extent the whole country, and thus the need for science to remedy in separating sexes in the families. Though Bryan was wrong with science, he had already identified the problem of a society without science as an exact discipline, and the proponents of science should have agreed with Bryan. | <urn:uuid:fd890152-b1d3-4ede-a6d0-dde6981c2db5> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://top-papers.com/essays/informative/william-jennings-bryan-s-last-campaign-by-stephen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371660550.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406200320-20200406230820-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.976199 | 1,307 | 3.625 | 4 |
The use of exemplary K-12 teachers as agents of change in universities has been quietly making its way into teacher preparation programs around the country over the past decade. In this role, they are commonly called Teachers-in-Residence (TIRs) or Master Teachers (MTs). This article attempts to summarize the impact of TIRs' on WMU's and Arizona's teacher preparation effort.
Olsen, J., & Isola, D. (2007, March 1). A Quiet Revolution in Preparing Future Teachers of Physics . Retrieved November 25, 2015, from http://www.aps.org/units/fed/newsletters/fall06-spring07/olsen.html
Olsen, Julia, and Drew Isola. A Quiet Revolution in Preparing Future Teachers of Physics . March 1, 2007. http://www.aps.org/units/fed/newsletters/fall06-spring07/olsen.html (accessed 25 November 2015).
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Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications. | <urn:uuid:96394857-df1d-40e0-ad7b-55a3d553e7fd> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.phystec.org/items/detail.cfm?ID=5929 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445033.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00280-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869289 | 325 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Leading by example sets a precedent for what is expected, and promotes solidarity by showing that even the person in charge is conducting themselves by that standard. However, in today’s world it is all too common for a person in a position of leadership to take a “do as I say, not as I do” mentality. While this mentality may make sense in some unique instances, it is often better for leaders to lead by example. A leader who sets and meets their own standards effectively establishes what is expected, and demonstrates that the person with the greatest responsibility is capable of meeting these expectations. Joanne Berger-Sweeney’s talk last week at the Trinity College Common Hour exemplified what it means to be a person who leads by example.
One of the goals of any academic institution is to further people’s understanding of various subjects. In her talk last week, Berger-Sweeney showed how she expanded our understanding of autism before she ever stepped into her current administrative role. Berger-Sweeney’s contribution was to the scientific community’s understanding of Rett syndrome, a regressive form of autism spectrum disorder, which only affects girls. When listening to Berger-Sweeney talk, her passion for the research and its implications was unmistakable. The president of Trinity College’s passion is one such example of a quality that she is looking for out of the college’s community, that she clearly embodies herself.
One other quality which Berger-Sweeney exemplified during her brief talk was logic, which she exemplified in several ways. From her informed selection of what animal model to use, to her attempts to treat Rett syndrome Berger-Sweeney always showcased critical thinking of a holistic nature. Young scientists at the school can learn a lot from her implementation of the scientific method. She effectively determined a problem, researched it, experimented, and then tested possible solutions.
More examples of good leadership can be found, buried with in Berger-Sweeney’s talk and her history. She embedded advice for her young listeners into her talk, turned down cash incentives that introduced bias to her research, and demonstrated dedication to a task. While her work may be just a small addition to our understanding of autism, her exemplary behavior is a huge addition to her status as a leader. | <urn:uuid:e1497301-be95-478f-8f48-6adc4cd4d237> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://commons.trincoll.edu/brain/2015/09/28/joanne-berger-sweeneys-research-provides-an-exemplary-model-for-undergraduates-at-trinity-college/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589237.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716080356-20180716100356-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.969195 | 471 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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