text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 7.09k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Last week we looked at how monads can help you make the next jump in your Haskell development. We went over the
runXXXT pattern and how it’s a common gateway for us to use certain monads from the rest of our code. But sometimes it also helps to go back to the basics. I actually went a long time without really grasping how to use a couple basic monads. Or at the very least, I didn’t understand how to use them as monads.
In this article, we’ll look at how to use the list monad and the function monad. Lists and functions are core concepts that any Haskeller learns from the get-go. But the list data structure and function application are also monads! And understanding how they work as such can teach us more about how monads work.
For an in-depth discussion of monads, check out our Functional Data Structures Series!
The General Pattern of Do Syntax
do syntax is one of the keys to understanding how to actually use monads. The bind operator makes it hard to track where your arguments are. Do syntax keeps the structure clean and allows you to pass results with ease. Let’s see how this works with
IO, the first monad a lot of Haskellers learn. Here’s an example where we read the second line from a file:
readLineFromFile :: IO String readLineFromFile = do handle <- openFile “myFile.txt” ReadMode nextLine <- hGetLine handle secondLine <- hGetLine handle _ <- hClose handle return secondLine
By keeping in mind the type signatures of all the
IO functions, we can start to see the general pattern of do syntax. Let’s replace each expression with its type:
openFile :: FilePath -> IOMode -> IO Handle hGetLine :: Handle -> IO String hClose :: Handle -> IO () return :: a -> IO a readLineFromFile :: IO String readLineFromFile = do (Handle) <- (IO Handle) (String) <- (IO String) (String) <- (IO String) () <- (IO ()) IO String
Every line in a do expression (except the last) uses the assignment operator
<-. Then it has an expression of
IO a on the right side, which it assigns to a value of
a on the left side. The last line’s type then matches the final return value of this function. What’s important now is to recognize that we can generalize this structure to ANY monad:
monadicFunction :: m c monadicFunction = do (_ :: a) <- (_ :: m a) (_ :: b) <- (_ :: m b) (_ :: m c)
So for example, if we have a function in the
Maybe monad, we can use it and plug that in for
myMaybeFunction :: a -> Maybe a monadicMaybe :: a -> Maybe a monadicMaybe x = do (y :: a) <- myMaybeFunction x (z :: a) <- myMaybeFunction y (Just z :: Maybe a)
The important thing to remember is that a monad captures a computational context. For
IO, this context is that the computation might interact with the terminal or network. For
Maybe, the context is that the computation might fail.
The List Monad
Now to graph the list monad, we need to know its computational context. We can view any function returning a list as non-deterministic. It could have many different values. So if we chain these computations, our final result is every possible combination. That is, our first computation could return a list of values. Then we want to check what we get with each of these different results as an input to the next function. And then we’ll take all those results. And so on.
To see this, let’s imagine we have a game. We can start that game with a particular number
x. On each turn, we can either subtract one, add one, or keep the number the same. We want to know all the possible results after 5 turns, and the distribution of the possibilities. So we start by writing our non-deterministic function. It takes a single input and returns the possible game outputs:
runTurn :: Int -> [Int] runTurn x = [x - 1, x, x + 1]
Here’s how we’d apply on this 5 turn game. We’ll add the type signatures so you can see the monadic structure:
runGame :: Int -> [Int] runGame x = do (m1 :: Int) <- (runTurn x :: [Int]) (m2 :: Int) <- (runTurn m1 :: [Int]) (m3 :: Int) <- (runTurn m2 :: [Int]) (m4 :: Int) <- (runTurn m3 :: [Int]) (m5 :: Int) <- (runTurn m4 :: [Int]) return m5
On the right side, every expression has type
[Int]. Then on the left side, we get our
Int out. So each of the
m expressions represents one of the many solutions we'll get from
runTurn. Then we run the rest of the function imagining we’re only using one of them. In reality though, we’ll run them all, because of how the list monad defines its bind operator. This mental jump is a little tricky. And it’s often more intuitive to just stick to using
where expressions when we do list computations. But it's cool to see patterns like this pop up in unexpected places.
The Function Monad
The function monad is another one I struggled to understand for a while. In some ways, it's the same as the
Reader monad. It encapsulates the context of having a single argument we can pass to different functions. But it’s not defined in the same way as
Reader. When I tried to grok the definition, it didn’t make much sense to me:
instance Monad ((->) r) where return x = \_ -> x h >>= f = \w -> f (h w) w
return definition makes sense. We’ll have a function that takes some argument, ignore that argument, and give the value as an output. The bind operator is a little more complicated. When we bind two functions together, we’ll get a new function that takes some argument
w. We’ll apply that argument against our first function (
(h w)). Then we’ll take the result of that, apply it to
f, and THEN also apply the argument
w again. It’s a little hard to follow.
But let’s think about this in the context of do syntax. Every expression on the right side will be a function that takes our type as its only argument.
myFunctionMonad :: a -> (x, y, z) myFunctionMonad = do x <- :: a -> b y <- :: a -> c z <- :: a -> d return (x, y, z)
Now let’s imagine we’ll pass an
Int and use a few different functions that can take an
Int. Here’s what we’ll get:
myFunctionMonad :: Int -> (Int, Int, String) myFunctionMonad = do x <- (1 +) y <- (2 *) z <- show return (x, y, z)
And now we have valid do syntax! So what happens when we run this function? We’ll call our different functions on the same input.
>> myFunctionMonad 3 (4, 6, "3") >> myFunctionMonad (-1) (0, -2, "-1")
When we pass 3 in the first example, we add 1 to it on the first line, multiply it by 2 on the second line, and
show it on the third line. And we do this all without explicitly stating the argument! The tricky part is that all your functions have to take the input argument as their last argument. So you might have to do a little bit of argument flipping.
In this article we explored lists and functions, two of the most common concepts in Haskell. We generally don’t use these as monads. But we saw how they still fit into the monadic structure. We can use them in do-syntax, and follow the patterns we already know to make things work.
Perhaps you’ve tried to learn Haskell before but found monads a little too complex. Hopefully this article helped clarify the structure of monads. If you want to get your Haskell journey back under way, download our Beginners Checklist! Or to learn monads from the ground up, read our series on Functional Data Structures! | <urn:uuid:6e6ce097-1411-4c76-b3ef-3127e6276af0> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://mmhaskell.com/blog/2018/8/27/common-but-not-so-common-monads | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259757.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526205447-20190526231447-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.84655 | 1,867 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Three months and two days ago, John Kovacs and his team boasted before the world they had found the signature of gravity waves in deep space. This, they said, proved the long-held theory of spatial inflation, the key event in the Big Bang. Now at last they published their findings. And they have to admit they might have it completely wrong.
The Kovacs team used a special instrument called BICEP-2. That stands for Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization, Second generation. The polarization they were looking for (B-mode) is circular, not the familiar linear form. B-mode polarized light would be a sign of the ripples of gravity that, by convention, are the leftover signature of the Big Bang.
And in their abstract they make this key admission: “these models are not sufficiently constrained by external public data to exclude the possibility of dust emission bright enough to explain the entire excess signal.”
Any of several cosmologists could have predicted this pullback. In fact, Adrian Cho, writing in Science last month, almost did. “The signal,” he wrote, “a subtle pattern in the afterglow of the big bang, or cosmic microwave background, could be an artifact produced by dust within our own galaxy.”
The cosmic microwave background is, of course, the white-noise-like ambient “light” of space. Everyone seems to agree it has persisted from the beginning of the universe, however many years ago that beginning happened.
Raphael Flauger, writing in Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics on 28 May 2014, also warned the Kovacs team had spoken too soon. “BICEP1 and BICEP2 data alone cannot distinguish between foregrounds and a primordial gravitational wave signal,” he wrote.
Flauger pointed out one other flaw in Kovacs' analysis, that Agence France-Presse and The New York Times both missed. Kovacs and company searched on only one frequency. Flauger said specifically someone must search at higher frequencies for this polarization to tell the difference between a primordial gravity wave and a cloud of dust from our own galaxy.
Walter T. Brown, of the Center for Scientific Creation (Phoenix, Ariz.), spoke to this Examiner about the gravity-wave controversy today. “[The Kovacs team] made several mistakes,” he said. “First, they examined only one frequency; they needed to examine a much wider band of microwave radiation. Second, they held a big press conference before publishing, without even submitting their work for any of the usual peer review. Nor did they account for the nine other experiments now running to find the same thing.” Brown also pointed out no other team has found any B-mode gravity-wave signature.
“And third,” Brown went on, “they didn't deal adequately with one other problem: the signal they got was twice as strong as it should have been.” No other reporter or commentator has picked up on this last.
Brown's conclusion: the Kovacs team does not have the proof they sought of spatial inflation. “We cannot disprove it,” he said, “but they cannot prove it, either.”
So what did make the cosmic microwave background? Not a Big Bang, but a Big Stretch. In his book, In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood, Brown lists eleven verses in the Bible that talk about God stretching out the heavens. (The poet Job mentioned it once, as did King David and the prophet Zechariah. Isaiah mentioned it six times, and Jeremiah twice.) Brown also says the “light” of Day 1 of Creation was a cosmic visible background. This cooled to microwave level on Day 4 – at which time God also formed the sun and the moon to give the light the earth now enjoys. | <urn:uuid:8fc3c25c-f0a4-4b90-987e-c0747bf6bf21> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.examiner.com/article/gravity-waves-not-so-fast?cid=rss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930423.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00101-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963092 | 816 | 2.6875 | 3 |
DID YOU KNOW WHICH TYPES OF WATER USED FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PRACTISE–
IF YOU DON’T KNOW THEN LETS FIND OUT WITH US.
As per Indian pharmacopoeia there are three types of water to be used in pharmaceutical practice.
Water for injection
Sterile water for injection
so lets study these waters in deep
In purified water, water is totally free from volatile and non-volatile impurities
We can also define as the water which is free from volatile and non volatile impurities is called purified water.
2)this purified water is colourless, odourless,tasteless,clear liquid,
3)the process to make purified water are distillation method or ion exchange treatment reverse osmosis or any other suitable process.
4)purified water is easily used to get contaminated by micro organism hence this water should not be used the parenteral preparation.
5)storage-it should be stored in tightly closed container.
6)PH in between 4.5 to 7.0
7)test to be comply for chloride ,sulphate,nitrate,ammonia,nitrites and heavy metal
In IP is describe that whenever distilled water is prescribe purified water is to be dispensed.
WATER FOR INJECTION
Water for injection(WFI) is nothing but the water is free from volatile, non-volatile impurities, micro organism and pyrogens.
Water which is free from volatile and non-volatile , micro organism and pyrogens is called water for injection.
Prepared by distillation of potable water, purified water or distlled water.
Water for injection contains no additional substances
It must be free from pyrogens and comply the test for pyrogen
Storage-it should be stored in tightly closed container
As visual water for injection can be contaminated with micro organism during it preparation.
The bacterial contaminants are mostly gram negative bacteria
In water for injection bacterial growth can be prevented by heating and storing at 80 degree/celcius
It is used in the preparation of parenteral dosage form having PH 5.0 to 7.0
Water for injection must be used within 24 hrs for the preparation of parenteral products
The common and most include substance are pyrogens,
They are derived from the cell walls of bacteria which injection causes rise in temperature than the normal.
Pyrogens means, pyro-means heat
Gen-means to generate
Pyrogen consist of lipo polysachharides of which liquid portion appears to be the active pyrogen.
STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION
As per Indian pharmacopoeia sterile water for injection is clear,colourless,odourless or tasteless liquid which is sterilized and neatly packed.
It is free from dust, dirt, dissolved and undissolved impurities, micro organism and pyrogens
The PH for sterile water injection in between 4.5 to 7.5
The test must be comply are sterility and pyrogen.
The total solids should not be more than 0.004% w/v for sterile water for injection in glass container of the 30 ml and not more than 0.003% w/v for 30 ml-100ml sized
Sterile water for injection contains no bacterial statics agent
This water should be store in single dose container not larger than 1litre of sized.
this is all
TYPES OF WATER USED FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PRACTISE- | <urn:uuid:fc1c7763-228f-4a69-9ce0-d41c6f177225> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.pharmamad.com/types-of-water-used-for-pharmaceutical-practise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370509103.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402235814-20200403025814-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.904649 | 741 | 3 | 3 |
Smoking, which causes over 438,000 deaths and $167 billion in costs annually, is the greatest source of preventable death and disease in the U.S. [1
]. Smoke-free policies are an important component of an ecological and social-cognitive approach to reducing tobacco use and tobacco-related disease [4
]. Nonetheless, the U.S. healthcare system has been slow to respond with comprehensive tobacco control policies [7
]. Healthcare facilities serve as employers, healthcare providers, and community leaders and thus have greater responsibility than most in protecting people from tobacco smoke [8
]. Effective December 31, 1993, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations (JCAHO) introduced indoor restrictions on smoking as a quality indicator [10
]. However, these JCAHO requirements did not
restrict smoking outside facilities. One year later, 96% of hospitals were in compliance with the indoor restrictions, but only 2.7% reported smoke-free campus policies [11
As employers, healthcare providers, and community leaders, healthcare facilities seek to provide a safe, healthy, and cost-effective environment. Employee smoking increases costs from employee illness and absenteeism as well as increased property damage, maintenance, and insurance costs [12
]. Every employee who smokes costs employers approximately $3,200 in additional healthcare costs and lost productivity every year [13
]. Patient smoking negatively affects many medical treatments and procedures, inhibits bone and wound healing, and doubles the risk of post-operative infection [3
]. Although the JCAHO mandate made smoking more inconvenient, at least 25% of smokers report smoking while in the hospital with 82–90% of outdoor smoking clustered within 10 meters of building entrances, exposing others to second-hand smoke and creating problems with litter, fire risk, and negative role modeling in highly trafficked and visible areas [18
]. Patients are often more vulnerable to the effects of second-hand smoke, and if quitting, can benefit from smoke-free policies [8
]. Designated outdoor smoking areas fail to address these issues, especially when nearly 50% of on-campus, outdoor smokers are employees [19
]. A smoke-free campus models healthy behavior and sends a clear message that the facility supports the health of employees, patients, and the community. Establishing smoke-free campuses provides leadership in this domain, influences the community’s attitudes toward tobacco use, encourages and facilitates cessation, and has been shown to cause a significant reduction in employee smoking [7
]. A smoke-free campus can provide a safer, healthier, and more cost-effective medical environment.
While few severe problems are actually reported with smoke-free policies, a number of concerns remain about a lack of patient and visitor acceptance and negative employee morale [7
]. Some concerns have been expressed anecdotally and in letters to editors suggesting that smoke-free campus policies are impractical and unethical because smokers will be unable to refrain from smoking; are destined to smoke in uncontrolled areas; will be forced to compromise their treatment by leaving the grounds to smoke; and by doing so will aggravate existing distress while subjugating patient needs in favor of a policy [18
]. Consequently, administrators considering smoke-free campus policies are often unsure of the support and the resistance they will experience from employees, patients, visitors, physicians, the board, and the community; concerned about the prospect of losing good employees; and concerned about being financially penalized as smokers seek facilities on whose grounds they can smoke [7
In order to address these issues, the Arkansas state legislature passed Act 134 in March of 2005. This was groundbreaking legislation that prohibited smoking in all the “buildings and property in and on which the medical facility operates together with all property owned that is contiguous to the buildings in which medical services are provided.” This legislation was enacted primarily because the Arkansas Hospital Association (AHA) supported it. The AHA supported the legislation because a number of facilities were already planning to enact smoke-free campus policies and implementation of a unilateral, comprehensive, statewide medical facility campus smoking ban would enable facilities to implement smoke-free campus policies without being unduly penalized by market forces [7
]. Psychiatric and alcohol and drug (A&D) facilities, however, opposed the legislation because representatives felt that these patients would be negatively affected, and were thus exempted as were federally controlled facilities. Act 134 became effective October 1, 2005. Once the legislation was passed, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Public Health supported the AHA by compiling a Smoke-Free Hospital Toolkit comprised of a booklet to guide implementation and a resource CD. The toolkit was theoretically grounded in ecological and social cognitive perspectives, but also utilized experiential and empirical sources to guide development [7
]. Numerous written resources were provided on the CD including administrative and clinical guidelines, examples of policy statements, signage, training activities, and problem-solving. The toolkit is available as a download at ( http://www.uams.edu/coph/reports/SmokeFree_Toolkit/
). A hard copy was distributed to the AHA membership by AHA.
The aim of this study was to characterize the perceived concerns and sources of support and resistance reported by the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and administrators of Arkansas medical facilities before and after Act 134 became effective. Interviews were conducted with the same facilities both before and after the effective date. Information was collected to identify significant sources of support and resistance while considering the implementation of smoke-free hospital campus policies. Pre-implementation variables were also used to predict progress with establishing a completely smoke-free campus 12 months after Act 134 took effect. This investigation also provides evaluative information on the first legislated, statewide prohibition of smoking on medical facility grounds.
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. A list of 110 member medical facilities and CEO/administrators was obtained from the AHA. Three additional facilities were subsequently identified through contact with hospital CEOs for a total of 113. Information about number of hospital beds, psychiatric and/or alcohol and drug (A&D) beds, and financial control status (private non-profit, city, state, federal, county, or corporate) was obtained from the AHA. The number of beds at the AHA member medical facilities ranged from 0 to 791, with a mean of 132, a median of 77, and a mode of 25. The majority of facilities had no psychiatric or A&D beds (n=68; 64.76%), with 27.62% (n=29) maintaining some psychiatric and A&D beds, and 7.62% (n=8) maintaining only psychiatric and/or A&D beds. The majority of medical facilities were private non-profit (56.36%), with 26.36% under corporate control, and 17.27% under city, county, state, or federal government control.
2.2. Survey Instrument
The instrument used for pre- and post-implementation data collection was a 23 item questionnaire delivered over the telephone assessing the degree to which CEO/administrators (a) perceived their facility to have completed implementation of the new policy; (b) were in favor of or “agreed” with the legislation; (c) anticipated/experienced support from employees, patients, visitors, physicians, the board, and the community; and (d) anticipated/experienced resistance from employees, patients, visitors, physicians, the board, and the community. Responses to questions (a) through (d) were made on an 11 point discrete analogue scale where 0 = “have not started,” “none at all” or “do not agree at all,” and 10 = “process complete,” “the most possible,” or “total agreement.” Several open-ended questions were also included in the pre- and post-implementation surveys concerning (e) anticipated/experienced cost of implementation; (f) the greatest challenges for implementation; (g) negative effects of the policy on employee performance and retention, and (h) positive effects of the policy on employee performance and retention. Post-implementation, respondents were also asked to identify helpful resources and discuss the helpfulness of the Smoke-free Hospital Toolkit.
During the April and May 2005 monthly meetings of the AHA, the Smoke-free Hospital Toolkit was distributed to all members and the CEO/administrators were asked to respond to an upcoming telephone survey concerning Act 134. The pre-implementation survey was administered during April/May 2005 to CEO/administrators at all the medical facilities. The post-implementation survey was administered in October 2006, 16 months after Act 134 was passed and 12 months after Act 134 became effective.
Data were entered into a database and analyzed using SPSS version 12 [28
]. Descriptive analyses were conducted on all variables. Progress, agreement, support, and resistance items were analyzed with a paired samples t-tests (alpha < 0.05). Open-ended responses were categorized and summarized by similar words, meanings, and/or themes.
Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were utilized to test for significant differences among the non-exempt government controlled (county, city, state), private non-profit, and the corporate controlled facilities on the completion, support, and resistance variables (a through d above) both pre- and post-implementation, followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests to identify significant differences and control for Type I family-wise error.
A series of backward stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to develop a parsimonious model that predicted progress toward implementation 12 months after Act 134 look effect. The predictors included: 1) number of beds; 2) number of psychiatric and A&D beds; 3) financial control (government, private non-profit, corporate controlled); pre-implementation agreement as an 4) employer, 5) healthcare provider, and 6) community leader; pre-implementation level of support from the 7) employees, 8) patients, 9) visitors, 10) board, 11) physicians, 12) community; and pre-implementation resistance from 13) employees, 14) patients, 15) visitors, 16) board, 17) physicians, 18) community. The criterion probability of F for a variable to be removed from the model was >/= 0.10.
3.1. Response Rates
The survey required approximately 10 minutes to administer; however, several respondents provided lengthy comments post-implementation that extended the interview. The longest interview required 35 minutes to complete.
The initial survey administration revealed some confusion on the part of the facilities as to whether the legislation applied to their facility or not. Of the 113 facilities contacted for the pre-implementation survey, 99 (87.61%) responded. Of the 99 respondents, 11 correctly did not consider the legislation to apply to their facility because they were located out of state, maintained only psychiatric and/or A&D beds, or were federally controlled. However, four incorrectly assumed that the legislation did not apply because the facility leased space, leaving 84 respondents who completed a survey.
The confusion about the applicability of the legislation appeared to have been resolved 12 months after the legislation became effective. Of the original 113 facilities, 78 (69.02%) responded to the post-implementation survey, of which eight correctly assumed that the legislation did not apply because they were located out of state or maintained only psychiatric and/or A&D beds. Two facilities reported that they had closed, leaving 68 respondents who completed the survey. The respondents to the post-implementation survey included 18 facilities that did not respond to the pre-implementation survey (14 non-respondents and four facilities that initially incorrectly assumed that the legislation did not apply to them). Thus, paired responses were obtained from 50 facilities, 44.25% of the original 113 facilities.
There were no significant differences in number of beds, financial control status, and the presence of psychiatric and/or A&D beds between facilities that responded to both surveys and facilities that did not (F(1,103)=1.98, p=.16; χ2(5, N=110) = 2.29, p=0.81; χ2(2, N=105) = 2.86, p=0.24). There was also no significant difference between facilities that responded to both surveys and facilities that did not in terms of level of agreement with the legislation as an employer, healthcare provider, or community member (F(1,73)=0.041, p=0.84; F(1,73)=.81, p=0.37; F(1,73)=.24, p=0.63).
3.2. Levels of Progress, Agreement, Support, and Resistance
As shown in Table 1, item 1, the facilities clearly made significant progress with implementation. CEO/administrator level of agreement with the legislation was high both pre- and post-implementation with no significant change over time. Facilities experienced significantly more support than anticipated from employees, patients, the board, and the physicians; and significantly less resistance than anticipated from employees, visitors, and the board.
3.3. Estimated Cost
Pre-implementation, only 37 facilities were willing or able to estimate the projected cost for implementation. Pre-implementation projected costs ranged from $200 to $150,000 with a mean of $19,620 (SD $37,425), a median of $5,000, and a mode of $5,000. Post-implementation cost estimates were obtained from 55 facilities and ranged from $10 to $60,000 with a mean of $6,447 (SD $12,724), a median of $1,000, and a mode of $1,000.
Responses from the facilities which provided paired pre- and post-implementation responses (n=22) also indicate that the actual cost of implementation was much less than expected. Pre-implementation, the mean estimated cost was $14,020 (SD = $31,356), median $5,500, and mode was $10,000. Post-implementation, the mean estimated cost was $6,209 (SD=$12,483) with a median of $1,500, and a mode of $1,000. The mean actual cost was 44% of the anticipated mean cost; the median cost was 27% of the anticipated median cost; and the modal cost was 10% of the anticipated modal cost.
3.4. Greatest Challenges
When facilities were asked to anticipate their greatest challenges pre- and post-implementation, the pre-implementation responses were concise, often comprised of one or two words and most often mentioned communication and/or education about and enforcement. However, post-implementation, the respondents clearly demonstrated experience with the process and provided numerous details about their challenges with enforcement, communication and education. See Table 2
3.5. Most Helpful
Post-implementation, 68 facilities responded to the question about what was most helpful in the process, the answers included practical assistance such as, “The toolkit was helpful,” and elements in the toolkit such as “Getting policies from other hospitals.” Governmental or organizational support was cited such as, “The legislation itself,” and “That it was a law, took the pressure off the hospitals as individuals,” and “the support of the Arkansas Hospital Association.” Also cited was the cooperation of smoking employees: “We have actually had positive support from smokers, agreeing that smoking doesn’t belong in hospitals” and the support of non-smokers: “Non-smoking employees like the plan because their counterparts are no longer taking extra smoke breaks. It creates a more level playing field.”
3.6. Effect on Employee Retention, Attitudes, and Smoking Behaviors
The overall effect of Act 134 on employees appeared positive. See Tables 3
3.7. Differences among Government Controlled, Private Non-Profit, and Corporate Controlled Facilities
Pre-implementation, there were no significant differences among government controlled, private non-profit, and corporate controlled facilities on the degree of progress made toward implementation, level of agreement, or the support and the resistance anticipated from employees, patients, visitors, the board, or physicians. Post-implementation, a significant difference was found between government controlled (M = 5.50) and corporate controlled (M=7.30) facilities on the level of support experienced from patients (F (2, 61) = 3.8, p.=0.028). Corporate controlled facilities experienced significantly more support from patients than government controlled facilities.
3.8 Predicting Progress with Implementation
The degree to which facilities had made progress toward establishing a completely smoke-free campus 12 months after Act 134 took effect was parsimoniously predicted by five of the 18 variables: 1) fewer psychiatric and A&D beds; 2) less anticipated agreement with the law as a healthcare provider; 3) less anticipated support from visitors; 4) more anticipated support from the community; and 5) less anticipated resistance from physicians (R2
= .25, p.=.008). See Table 5
This investigation provides the first quantified, experiential evidence regarding the widespread implementation of smoke-free medical facility campus policies with data collected systematically both pre- and post-implementation from a large sample of medical facilities undergoing the same process at the same time. This investigation also provides evidence that smoke-free medical campus policies can be successfully legislated on a state level. Legislation such as this allows medical facilities to implement smoke-free campus policies without incurring market-force penalties such as losing patients who smoke to facilities that allow smoking.
The subjective concerns of those who spearhead policy change are vitally important to any change process. Overall, this investigation indicates that the major concerns about implementation, although thematically consistent with some of the literature, are less troublesome than anticipated. Respondents generally were accurate in anticipating the relative types of issues they were to experience. For instance, most both foresaw and experienced their greatest challenges as communication and enforcement. However, respondents underestimated the support they were to receive from employees, patients, the board, and physicians; and overestimated the resistance from employees, visitors, and the board. Overall, there was little negative effect on employee performance and retention, and some positive effects on employees. Additionally, implementation was much less costly than anticipated.
Interestingly, among the multiple comparisons made between the types of facilities, the only significant difference found was on the level of support experienced from patients. Corporate controlled facilities reported significantly more support from patients than government controlled facilities. Speculatively, these facilities may serve different patient populations with government controlled facilities serving a larger proportion of lower socio-economic status (SES) patients. Lower SES groups smoke at nearly double the prevalence rate of higher SES groups [29
]. If a facility served a larger proportion of lower SES patients, the task of communicating and enforcing the new policy to a larger proportion of patients may have been more difficult and respondents could have easily experienced less support if their patient population included more smokers.
The degree to which facilities had made progress toward compliance with Act 134 and established a completely smoke-free campus was parsimoniously predicted by five variables. Given that the Arkansas psychiatric and A&D treatment community believed that Act 134 would adversely affect these patients, it is unsurprising that the fewer psychiatric and A&D beds within a facility, the more likely the facility was to have established a completely smoke-free campus. It also makes intuitive sense that the more support from the community and the less resistance from physicians, the more likely the facility was to have established a completely smoke-free campus. Less obvious perhaps, are the reasons why less facility agreement with the law in their role as a healthcare provider and less anticipated support from visitors predicted greater progress. Perhaps facilities that were farther along in the process were less likely to consider their role as healthcare providers as important to compliance with the law and that implementation was driven by other factors. Similarly, facilities that were farther along expected less support from visitors, but may have had more realistic expectations of visitors and prepared more effectively. These facilities may have attributed their compliance to other factors that were not queried. Realistically, establishing a smoke-free campus in response to Act 134 occurred within a complex social environment for each facility with a plethora of responses to the factors contributing to progress and success.
Because this study included a large number of facilities of different types, these results are likely to be generalizable to other contexts. Support from the hospital association, however, may be a factor that mediates generalizability of these results in that it was instrumental in passing Act 134. Without AHA support, passage of the law would have been difficult. However, among individual AHA members, there was a full range in the level of agreement with the law on each of the agreement items (range 0–10). So although support from the state hospital association was key for passage, it may or may not mediate progress made toward implementation once such a law is passed or a decision to implement a policy is made. This information may be useful to state hospital associations in other states as well as smoke-free advocates interested in establishing smoke-free medical campuses. Additionally, the finding that facilities experience less difficulty than anticipated is similar to other findings [7
Clearly, enforcement was a significant concern for the facilities as evidenced by the responses to the greatest challenges question. However, open-ended responses revealed that the majority of facilities (54.79%) reported that they experienced, “none,” “low,” “minimal,” “mild,” “not much,” “fairly little” “not a whole lot,” or “very little” difficulty with enforcement or reported that the process was “fairly easy.” One facility reported, “a great deal of difficulty;” one stated, “enforcement was hard;” two reported that the process was “very difficult” and two reported difficulties with employers and patients. These results are also consistent with other findings [7
Summarily, many comments and responses to open-ended questions were useful for obtaining insight into the implementation process. Some unanticipated challenges were noted: “A few doctors felt people should be able to smoke, so they provided benches on their private property for the smokers;” “Die-hard smokers that are key contributors to our community, [found it] hard to make a change;” “Employees would go across the street [to smoke] and personal property house owners had to put signs up;” and “Smokers stand in the street and drivers are worried about running them over.” But creative solutions were also noted, “I decided to put up signs around the smoker hideouts that say: Danger, venomous snakes found in this area.” These comments suggest that although every facility experienced similar challenges as evidenced by the consistency of the responses to the greatest challenges question, each facility was also confronted with unique challenges and situations that required creative approaches to resolve.
There are several limitations to this study. While this study investigated the subjective concerns of the medical facility CEO’s and administrators and this focus is one of the primary strengths of the study, the subjective views were not objectively validated by observational or corroborative data. Additionally, those facilities that did not complete the pre- and post-implementation surveys may have systematically experienced more or less support or resistance than those who completed both surveys; and possibly did not achieve full implementation within the allotted time frame. Finally, the survey was confined to a single state and it is possible that hospitals in other states may have different experiences with implementing campus-wide smoke-free policies, particularly because Arkansas enacted other smoke-free legislation in July 2006, 3-months before the post-implementation survey was conducted [30
This study illustrates the positive role that the state legislature can play in facilitating broad health-related policy change. The results address the natural, anecdotal, and empirically-based concerns expressed by many administrators and thus support further implementation of smoke-free policies at institutions such as mental health facilities, where smoke-free campus policies have yet to make substantial inroads [31 | <urn:uuid:598bf956-d94f-42ab-af88-1e7d956bb27f> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/6/1/246 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949958.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401094611-20230401124611-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.969804 | 5,161 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In fourth grade, students are expected to perform more complex conversion and comparison operations. Math Games is here to make that process more enjoyable for pupils, parents and teachers alike, by integrating learning and reviewing math into visually stimulating games!
Fourth graders need multiple examples, charts, and other logical tools to help them make sense of these new tools. Math Game Time’s free videos help illustrate concepts such as the order of operations, working with fractions, and creating graphs, incorporating fun lessons from actual teachers who want children to learn these concepts just as much as you do.
CoolMath4Kids - Math and Games for Kids, Teachers and Parents. Math lessons and fun games for kindergarten to sixth grade, plus quizzes, brain teasers and more.
Free Printable Math Worksheets for Grade 4. This is a comprehensive collection of free printable math worksheets for grade 4, organized by topics such as addition, subtraction, mental math, place value, multiplication, division, long division, factors, measurement, fractions, and decimals. They are randomly generated, printable from your browser.
Math-Drills.com was launched in 2005 with around 400 math worksheets. Since then, tens of thousands more math worksheets have been added. The website and content continues to be improved based on feedback and suggestions from our users and our own knowledge of effective math practices.
Learn fourth grade math—arithmetic, measurement, geometry, fractions, and more. This course is aligned with Common Core standards. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.
Free 4th Grade Resources Online. 9 and 10 year olds deal with more abstract concepts and work on more difficult assignments than before. Help kids deal with the increased academic challenges of this academic level with JumpStart’s fun 4th grade resources. 4th Grade Activities.
We also identified math-specific topics based on grade level appropriateness. Some are from the websites above, while others were found on other popular math websites. Grades K-1. ABCya! produces free interactive educational math games for elementary school children. Counting Fish is a counting game for kindergarten and first-grade students.
Free Online 4th Grade Worksheets. In 4th grade, 9 and 10 year olds are introduced to many new concepts in each subject. Parents and teachers can make use of JumpStart’s free, printable 4th grade worksheets to give students extra practice with important concepts in math, science, language, writing and social studies. Writing Worksheets for 4th Grade.
All free. Math Worksheets Weekly: Please wait. Worksheets are loading. Math Worksheets. Addition Division Fractions Graph Paper Hundreds Charts Math Review. 4th Grade Educational Resources: More 4th Grade Educational Resources. Free Educational Resources. Helping teachers get the best resources for the classroom. Always Free.
Welcome to our Free Printable Math worksheets page. Here is our selection of free printable randomly generated math worksheets which will help your child improve their mental calculation skills and learn Math facts. Make user generated sheets for each of the four operations and also to practice your times tables and money skills.
SplashLearn is an award winning math learning program used by more than 30 Million kids for fun math practice. It includes unlimited math lessons on number counting, addition, subtraction etc.
Discover thousands of math skills covering pre-K to 12th grade, from counting to calculus, with infinite questions that adapt to each student's level.
Free online math tests for elementary, middle school, and high school students. All tests come with an instant feedback and an overall score that you can see on the computer screen. Timed tests are available, as well as printable math worksheets.
Fourth grade is your child's biggest challenge yet, but with our curated selection of fourth grade games, it can also be the most exciting! Designed by education professionals to teach the skills fourth graders need most, our engaging fourth grade games will build your student's confidence in everything from fractions to grammar, typing to reading comprehension, and even the basics of coding.Fourth Grade Worksheets Fourth Grade Math Worksheets. You may also enjoy these Timed Math Drills. Addition and Subtraction Worksheets. Alien Addition Maze - Students will solve addition problems and color spaces containing the number 6 in the answer to help the alien find the spaceship. Addition Worksheet 11 - This addition practice sheet includes adding three 4-digit numbers with no carrying.Best Math Games for 4th Grade Math class can move pretty fast for some kids, and as they progress through more challenging concepts, it can help to have a fun way to practice at home. That's where our list of learning apps comes in! | <urn:uuid:c78444df-80bb-4cf2-b196-660aef7de330> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://chemistry.helpstudents.xyz/vip/Free-math-websites-for-4th-graders.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703505861.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116074510-20210116104510-00761.warc.gz | en | 0.935083 | 994 | 3.984375 | 4 |
A four part Big Data Series:
Part 1: Big Data, GFS and MapReduce – Google’s Historic Contributions
Part 2: Hadoop - The Open Source Approach To Big Data Processing You Ought To Know
Part 3: MapReduce - The Big Data Crunching Framework
Part 4: MapReduce Framework - How Does It Work?
So how do you eat an elephant? Of course one bite at a time and that is exactly what MapReduce Framework does to the behemoth of Big Data.
Introduced by Google, it essentially takes a big job and breaks it down into smaller, mutually independent chunks of work. Since each of these tasks are mutually independent, they can be processed on different machines independently at the same time. That is in parallel. The outputs of these machines working in parallel are combined together to give the final output for the original job.
The distinguishing feature of this framework is that it can be run on commodity machines, thus making it economically attractive as compared to bigger and more expensive parallel custom solutions.
Inspired by Google’s proprietary MapReduce, it’s open source equivalent was developed by the Apache Software Foundation and is an essential part of the Hadoop project.
Hadoop MapReduce has 3 major components that perform the core functions besides many other components performing important support functions such as scheduling, monitoring, failure recovery etc.
The core components are:
1. MapReduce Job
The job component does it work at the very first stage. It divides the input data set into smaller independent tasks. These tasks have to be independent otherwise they can’t be run in parallel.
2. MapReduce Map
The output of the job i.e. smaller, independent chunks of work, are processed by map tasks. As these chunks are independent, map tasks are able to process them in a purely parallel manner. Maps transform the input records into intermediate records.
3. MapReduce Reduce Task
The output of the map task, i.e., intermediate records, are sorted by the framework. This sorted output is then fed to the reduce task. The reduce task transforms the sorted intermediate records to the final output which is then stored in the file system.
This is just the gist of MapReduce framework.
In Hadoop, MapReduce framework is layered on top of HDFS. Typically, compute nodes and the storage nodes are the same, that is MapReduce and HDFS run on the same nodes (same CPUs). This way computation is taken to where the data is and the end result is a high net bandwidth across the cluster.
HDFS and MapReduce work in synergy. Through HDFS a distributed fault tolerant storage facility is obtained and using MapReduce on top of it provides an economical parallel computing cluster running on commodity hardware. | <urn:uuid:731eed72-e4a5-4181-ad97-657b15dc4865> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.technoduet.com/mapreduce-the-big-data-crunching-framework/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528702.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420060931-20190420082931-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.905368 | 586 | 3.0625 | 3 |
It’s a spring morning in Texas in the middle of peak migration. A flock of birders is collecting in the parking lot of the Boy Scout Woods, one of the four Houston Audubon bird sanctuaries at High Island. Their colors vary, but mostly stick to a neutral beige, brown or tan in order to blend in with their surroundings. Their field marks include binoculars and/or cameras and/or scopes hanging from their necks, along their sides or tucked up under their arms. Some might have eye rings, but most are missing wing bar coloring or crown or median stripes.
This roughly-assembled lot will migrate a short distance en masse to check in and pay their small day use fee (unless they already have their yearly High Island patch, a collectible badge of honor among birders). The leaders of the bird walk appear, healthy looking fellows from exotic places like Guatemala and Ecuador, and they begin to set the rules and expectations for the walk. Then the flock returns to their original spot, as the parking lot of this sanctuary is actually a high point in the walk. Several orioles and tanagers are spotted.
After this, the group migrates en masse to a small field behind the little house that serves as the Houston Audubon’s field office in this little town. There is a rope that serves as a boundary between the world the humans are allowed to exist in and the world in which only the birds belong. There are three guides and probably thirty birders standing along the rope boundary with their binoculars raised. Every few moments, someone would call out a birds name and point.
More often, a person would gesture or say a few words of description, and somehow with this abbreviated type of communication, those cued in nearby would look and add to the descriptions, until the bird guides put it all together into words that everyone could understand. For instance, one birder says, “fork in the tree”, and a second person might add, “yellow breast”, and then the bird guide says, loud enough for all to hear, “Yellow Throated Vireo, four o’clock, on the right branch of the fork in the second tree back”. Or, “something’s moving over here” (gestures loosely in a direction), “blue”, “Northern Parula, everyone, three o’clock!”.
Some birds would make the group gasp when they appeared, in mutual excitement and appreciation. Then, there would be the more rare sightings, excitement evident in the guide’s voice when he rang them out: “Chestnut Sided Warbler, everyone!”, “Yellow Billed Cuckoo, in the back”, “Cerulean Warbler, just dropped down in the back area of greenery”. Times like these, the excitement of seeing something new would start running along the spine, the message starting in the brain and moving all the way down to the body’s posterior, sending dopamine surges along with it. During these times, I realized that at this point in my life, these kind of experiences have actually become more enjoyable than sex, more exciting than the prospect of taking off clothes and moving around in conjunction with another human being. The group bird-gasms from seeing new birds appear, spotting them in the binocs or the scope and getting a good look, were activating my reward center in my brain more than (or at least as much as?) reaching a climax in intimate partnerships. Is this what happens when you get old? Is this what happens after three kids and a long monogamous partnership? Or is this just what happens when you reach maturity?
We don’t have great pictures to show for this excitement, but perhaps you would prefer to imagine your own anyways. Trust me when I tell you, this experience was definitely worth the journey. 10/10 would do it again. | <urn:uuid:4f8c2bec-1253-4846-bf8a-b07c58762173> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://stateofwilderness.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867309.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526033945-20180526053945-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.958284 | 826 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Adults often reach up to 5 feet (152 cm). These long, active snakes are a uniform black or dark gray without pattern, usually with some white on their chin and throat. The head is narrow in proportion to the body. Scales are smooth. Juveniles are blotched gray or brown on a bluish gray background.
Lays up to 24 eggs in June or early July.
Racers occupy a wide range of habitats, but are usually found close to undergrowth or other protective shelters to which they flee if provoked.
Racers eat a variety of prey. Small mammals, birds, frogs, reptiles and insects are included in their diet.
Found in every state east of the Mississippi River. The Northern Black Racer is found as far west as central Ohio, south through the Appalachians, and north into southern Maine. In Connecticut it can be found in all counties.
Not federally protected.
This snake will usually flee when approached, but will strike aggressively if harassed. It is harmless, but can create gashing wounds with its strike-and-slash bite pattern.
Conant, R. and J.T. Collins. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern/Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 450 pp.
Klemens, M.W. 1993. Amphibians and Reptiles of Connecticut and Adjacent Regions. Hartford, CT: State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut Bulletin 112. 318 pp.
Text by Chad Arment.
Photograph © Suzanne L. Collins. All rights reserved. Used by permission.
Animal featured on this page is from Kentucky. | <urn:uuid:c6f29d49-f379-458f-a28f-d40280f4cb30> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/vertebrate-zoology/herpetology/northern-black-racer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304444.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00171-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920357 | 343 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Bonsai Plant Business Idea: Low Investment gives You Huge Profit
Bonsai plants are miniature representations of full-sized trees that are often kept as houseplants or displayed in containers like furniture.
Bonsai trees are a traditional art form that originated in China. They come in different shapes, leaves, and forms.
Bonsai trees are a traditional art form that originated in China. They typically take the shape of a full-sized tree and can be made from any tree species.
The name bonsai is derived from the Japanese words meaning "tray plant" which refers to the container that houses these miniature trees.
Bonsai was originally created for people with limited living space such as farmers or fishermen who needed their crops or catches preserved for extended periods of time.
If you're new to the art of bonsai, you should know that they need to be watered regularly and groomed to maintain their shape.
Knowing what type of soil to use and how much water your bonsai needs can hel
p you keep it healthy.
It's important to k
now that while most plants require water every day, bonsai plants only need water twice a week or when the top inch of
soil has dried out.
The roots will help draw moisture from the potting mix and release it back into the air for other plants in the room. | <urn:uuid:c1dabc50-57ad-4273-8be9-991b876d165d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://jobexamhub.com/web-stories/bonsai-plant-business-idea-2022/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104215805.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703073750-20220703103750-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.964289 | 285 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Resulting from essay writing college students often develop their logical pondering and writing expertise. These college students who get a job to put in writing the essay for the primary time are often confused concerning the essay codecs and writing type. In the event you have no idea the principles of essay writing, use the next suggestions:
Discover a good subject to your essay. In the event you take too broad subject and you discover out that you’ve got numerous materials to deal with, you higher give up this subject. Assume additionally who your viewers is and in case your essay subject could enchantment them.
Most forms of essay writings (e.g. dialogue essay) require enough analysis. It’s inconceivable to create a profitable and mature essay with out referring completely different educational points. Studying the problems you need to remove all of the irrelevant knowledge. It is vitally essential to incorporate related examples to the essay. That’s the reason seek for good examples within the books or journals. You might also write out completely different related citations. Write bibliographical knowledge of the books that you’re going to cite in your paper.
You might also select a number of essay writing samples to give attention to. Studying the essay pattern, you’ll discover that any essay has compulsory three elements:
– the opening paragraph or introduction
– the essay physique
– the concluding paragraph
It’s often higher to begin with the writing of the primary physique. This essay half is essentially the most prolonged that’s the reason it’d take you numerous time to compose it. In every paragraph of the primary physique you need to current your opinion or thesis and its supporting statements. Attempt to present a number of sturdy causes or examples for every essential concept. Don’t current a number of concepts in a single paragraph. Begin every paragraph with a gap sentence and full with a concluding sentence.
Create an influential thesis assertion. Thesis is often a essential assertion concerning the topic that you’ll additional talk about or defend. Don’t state in thesis assertion the factors that you’re not going to develop in the primary physique. In the primary physique you need to clarify and talk about the concept in additional particulars.
Within the abstract you need to restate the thesis assertion. Attempt to manage the ultimate paragraph in such a means so it leaves the readers with a related concluding thought. Assume additionally should you managed to achieve all of your targets and function that you just talked about about within the introductory paragraph. Take note of your writing type. Don’t use casual phrases or phrases in your paper until your essay paper subject calls for it.
In case you are in search of assist in your essay writing, it’s possible you’ll seek the advice of customized writers of With the certified help customized writers you’ll produce a superb grade essay. You might also purchase an essay of high quality. It is going to be higher should you ask the customized author to ship an essay few days earlier than the deadline. So you should have sufficient time to verify if the whole lot is right in your paper. | <urn:uuid:d0e4fa92-bf27-49ae-aaa2-051deddc001d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.leonieclaire.com/the-best-writing-tips/discover-related-samples-to-your-essay-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540518627.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209093227-20191209121227-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.941418 | 644 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Learn linear programming with free interactive flashcards choose from 392 different sets of linear programming flashcards on quizlet. Linear programming is a relatively young mathematical discipline, dating from the invention of the simplex method by g b dantzig in 1947 historically, development in. Linear programming, a specific class of mathematical problems, in which a linear function is maximized (or minimized) subject to given linear constraints this problem class is broad enough to encompass many interesting and important applications, yet specific enough to be tractable even if the . In managerial accounting, linear programming refers to the application of various mathematical techniques to determine an optimum solution. A model in which the objective cell and all of the constraints (other than integer constraints) are linear functions of the decision variables is called a linear programming (lp) problem.
Linear programming can be applied to a wide variety of fields of study, and has proved useful in planning, routing, scheduling, assignment, and design, such as in transportation or manufacturing industries. Solving linear programs 2 in this chapter, we present a systematic procedure for solving linear programs this procedure, called the simplex method, proceeds by moving from one feasible solution to another, at each step improving the value. 1 introduction to linear programming linear programming was developed during world war ii, when a system with which to maximize the e ciency of resources was of utmost importance. Duality in linear programming 4 in the preceding chapter on sensitivity analysis, we saw that the shadow-price interpretation of the optimal simplex multipliers is a very useful concept.
This tutorial describes an optimization technique called linear programming and demonstrates its application in two examples. Linear programming requires linearity in the equations as shown in the above structure in a linear equation, each decision variable is multiplied by a constant coefficient with no multiplying between decision variables and no nonlinear functions such as logarithms. Sal uses a linear equation to model the amount of snow on the ground.
In mathematics, nonlinear programming is the process of solving an optimization problem where some of the constraints of the objective function are nonlinearan optimization problem is one of calculation of the extrema (maxima, minima or stationary points) of an objective function over a set of unknown real variables and conditional to the satisfaction of a system of equalities and . B pollington using excel to solve linear programming problems technology can be used to solve a system of equations once the constraints and. Linear programming i do a complete example for more free math videos, lec 1 | mit 1806 linear algebra, spring 2005 - duration: 39:49 mit opencourseware 2,986,230 views. The first stage of the algorithm might involve some preprocessing of the constraints (see interior-point-legacy linear programming) several conditions might cause linprog to exit with an infeasibility message. Introductory guide on linear programming for (aspiring) data scientists swati kashyap, february 28, 2017 introduction optimization is the way of life we all have .
Provides worked examples of linear programming word problems. How to use linear programming to solve word problems, linear programming - solve word problems, examples and step by step solutions, solving for maxima-minima, linear programming steps, examples in real life. Tutorial on solving linear programming word problems and applications with two variables examples and word problems with detailed solutions are presented. Linear programming is an important part of operations research and continues to make the world more economically efficient math central is supported by the university of regina and the pacific institute for the mathematical sciences.
Linear programming 1 introduction alinearprogrammingproblemmaybedefinedastheproblemofmaximizing or min-imizing a linear function subject to linear constraints . Connect with a live, online linear programming tutor available 24/7 through video, chat, and whiteboards get live linear programming help from university experts. Linear programming problem is empty that is, there are no values for x 1 and x 2 that can simultaneously satisfy all the constraints thus, no solution exists21.
Linear programming is a mathematical method that is used to determine the best possible outcome or solution from a given set of parameters or list of requirements, which are represented in the form of linear relationships. Linear programming problems are optimization problems where the objective function and constraints are all linear the wolfram language has a collection of algorithms for solving linear optimization problems with real variables, accessed via linearprogramming, findminimum, findmaximum, nminimize, nmaximize, minimize, and maximize. Integer programming problems often have the advantage of being more realistic than linear programming problems but they have the disadvantage of being much more difficult to solve while it may not be obvious that integer programming is a much harder problem than linear programming, it is both in theory and in practice. Linear programming, sometimes known as linear optimization, is the problem of maximizing or minimizing a linear function over a convex polyhedron specified by linear and non-negativity constraints simplistically, linear programming is the optimization of an outcome based on some set of constraints .
Linear programming solution examples linear programming example 1997 ug exam a company makes two products (x and y) using two machines (a and b). 3 linear programming what is it • quintessential tool for optimal allocation of scarce resources, among a number of competing activities • powerful and general problem-solving method that encompasses:. | <urn:uuid:55bae899-49e8-4b70-a39d-d420edce8997> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://vftermpaperyyib.firdaus.info/linear-progamming.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510749.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016113811-20181016135311-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.906199 | 1,095 | 4.28125 | 4 |
What is the definition of a third world country and where did it come from? Are there first, second, and fourth world countries?
Coined by French demographer Alfred Sauvy in the 1950s, "third world" refers to economically underdeveloped countries. Sauvy was making an analogy between pre-industrial nations with the poor of pre-Revolutionary France, who were considered part of the "third estate."
When the concept became popularized, it was extended to include "first" (industrialized or westernized) and "second" (communist) worlds. These distinctions have become less useful with the end of the Cold War.
The concept of the "third world" still rings true as there are many nations with high infant mortality, high rates of poverty, and dependence on industrialized nations.
—The Fact Monster | <urn:uuid:1495c01b-22b7-4e46-a736-f0829fef9d49> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.factmonster.com/askeds/etymology-third-world.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701160918.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193920-00251-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976074 | 169 | 3.203125 | 3 |
First, please notice that every nation on earth recognizes and responds to the change in seasons, most with 4 quarters, Egypt with only 3, and the Arctic region with only 2 (daylight and night). The origin of this practice is the sun-based calendar that is documented in the texts found in the Qumran caves. There is no moon equivalent, as the moon is short of the duration of a year by 11+ days, causing the seasons to regress accordingly, making such a practice untenable.
Second, notice that the year started with the vernal (Spring) equinox in every nation on earth until Pope Gregory changed it to coincide with the day the Roman Senate began its annual meeting. He was correcting an error in the Julian calendar, which was based on the sun-year. Julius Caesar adopted the sun-based calendar from Egypt, whose scholars had preserved it from antiquity.
The first time the days marking the beginning of the seasons appears in the calendar was after Noah got off the ark, during the covenant of the rainbow. He was given the corrected calendar intact to pass on to his descendants some years after the flood, during which time the cities struggled to come up with a calendar of their own, always failing due to intercalations (extra days, weeks, months, and years inserted into the calendar to keep it accurate) becoming necessary as a result of the instability of earth’s orbit introduced during the flood.
The first of these anomalies that Noah noticed was that the sun rose in the west and set in the east. There are still ancient temples in Egypt that face west to identify the morning sun that marks the day of the vernal equinox.
During the “days of thick darkness” preceding the time of the Exodus, the earth turned over on its axis and the sun began rising in the east, causing what was then Autumn (“fall” is when the sun turns at its northern-most point and begins heading south again: it has nothing to do with falling leaves) to become Spring. This resulted in the “lamb within its first year” being about 6 months old at the time of the first Passover. The consequence of the change of the season of the year were many.
First, the Jews still observe 4 “new year days”, as they call the named days of the seasons. They start the civil year in the Autumn, formerly the Spring and the beginning of the year when they were in Egypt, and the beginning of the religious year in what is the current Spring. This manifests itself in that Passover is in the current Spring, but the Feast of Tents (Tabernacles, meaning temporary dwellings) is held in the Autumn, yet they were contiguous at their inception.
Then we have the Winter and Summer solstices (places where the sun stands still for a few days before going back in the other direction).
These are the 4 seasonal days. How do we observe them today? We do, which most people don’t recognize.
Begin with Spring. There are Easter egg hunts. What does that have to do with Passover? Nothing. The egg represents the renewal of life, which is what happens during that particular season. Certainly there are people who celebrate Passover, which also represents the renewal of life for the Israelites. Then there are people who celebrate Easter Sunday, the renewal of the hope of eternal life in the Christian community. All have the same original connotation: the renewal of life.
Next comes Summer. European and English-speaking people would be greatly offended if they were told that they had to give up their “Summer vacation.” The named day of Summer was a day of rest, relaxation, and totally forgetting that the world is out there. It still is, only it has morphed into a week called “Summer Vacation”.
Autumn has its own rituals. The Jews have their Festivals of Tents, in which they all congregate and celebrate for 7 days, with the addition of an 8th day that Ezra tacked onto the end to be devoted to the reading of the law, a story for another time all in itself. Northern Israel had the “Fall Tent Meetings” in the eighth month instead of the 7th month like the Jews, a change made shortly after the death of Solomon when the nation split into two parts. These meeting have come down to us as the annual “Fall Fair” which still express themselves in a week of festivities, exhibits of skills, animal judging, and semi-carnival atmosphere as the “county fair” which is still being held in some areas of the United States today.
The “old folks” still remembered the “fall tent meetings” of the Christians, particularly in the “deep south”, where they joked among themselves that more souls were started than saved during these meetings resulting in a rash of “shotgun weddings” shortly afterwards. These fall meetings were snuffed out beginning in World War Two when people began working in factories to make munitions and could not take the time off to attend. By the 1950’s most of the meeting grounds were sold for lack of attendance.
Those are the occasional ones. The big one, and the one that causes the most difficulty, is the weekly Sabbath. This is Saturday for the Jews and fundamentalist Christians, or Sunday for the Catholic Church and its daughters. The Jews have it right: they go to the beach for the day.
The seventh day is a day for family, friends, and fraternizing. The rules are all stated in the negative, which causes a lot of confusion, but for every negative there is a positive. “You shall do no creative work” is the opposite of “crank up the fire in the fireplace and have family and friends over for good conversation”. Today’s equivalent is the football game where everyone in the group congregates around the largest TV and watches the game. Betting on the outcome is not part of the plan, however. In the “good old days” the men congregated in the living room and the women congregated in the kitchen, sharing recipes, child-raising tips, the latest community gossip, and domestic arts like knitting (permitted), crocheting (permitted), and tatting (ever hear of that one before? It’s a lost art).
No cooking was allowed, so everyone brought food they had prepared the day before and spread it out on the dining room table and people ate whenever they got hungry. Everyone packed up about four in the afternoon and went home to be there for the evening milking and closing up the chicken coops.
Summer simply meant that all socializing was transferred to the yard under the nearest shade trees and on the porch for nursing mothers. When churches became popular among Christians, the entire event was transferred to the church grounds, where everyone in the church participated. This became necessary when Northern Israel went into their own diaspora and the family structure was shattered. The people simply gathered into synthetic families called “churches” and continued their customs up until very recently.
There was a political component to these days as well. The reason the men got together among themselves was that they were tasked with the responsibility of the government and defense of the group, so they would meet to discuss the happenings of the day and how to appropriately respond in their family lives, guide their women-folk through the changed circumstances, and teach their children necessary skills to become full-fledged participants by age 14, when they were considered men and allowed into the negotiations.
Girls did not biologically morph into women until the age of 17 to 20 up until the time of Napoleon, when the age became younger and younger until today, when we see girls developing at age 10 or younger. Because the social structure was set to keep each family’s children within the family and away from other children, even within the cousin set, finding suitable marriage partners was part of the women’s responsibilities, then opening the way for them to get to know each other was usually arranged during the annual meetings.
“You shall do no creative work.” Religiously speaking, God instituted the Sabbath, so how does God keep it? Doing what, when? He socializes. He has a throne room, which is a large hall with a raised platform at one end with a chair large enough for everybody in the room to see it. In front of the chair is a small altar where the Ark Angels burn incense to make the room smell like heaven. To the right and left of the chair are angels standing in readiness to do whatever errands may be required of them. In the morning, at the set time, the first choir of angels files in to their places, female angels on the right hand of the one in the chair, male angels to the left hand, and begin to sing.
These are the young, unmated angels, all dressed in medium blue shirts and dark blue trousers or skirts. The men angels all have their hair cut short. The women angels all have their hair cut shoulder-length, some with bangs on their forehead, some without bangs.
When the first choir has completed their program, they file out and the next choir files in, and the process is repeated until the noon break. After the noon break, the next cadre of angels repeats the process until about four in the afternoon, when the day’s program is completed and everyone leaves the hall. The fire on the incense altar is allowed to burn out, and the room goes quiet. There is no “preaching”, only singing of praise to the one seated in the chair, their Creator.
Using this as the pattern, socializing is the order of the day. “Six days may creative work be made, but on the seventh day you shall rest from creating” and socialize. | <urn:uuid:974d8c37-2042-4980-b65e-794bf6270371> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://qumrancalendar.com/current-observances-of-the-seasonal-days/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647003.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319155754-20180319175754-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.979095 | 2,058 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Scots will have to put their clocks back by one hour this weekend as we say goodbye to daylight saving time.
With this year being as eventful as it has been, it only seems like yesterday since we made our last adjustment to the clocks in March.
But at 2am on Sunday, October 25, we will have to do it all again - but this time the clocks will be going back one hour.
The move will mean lighter mornings, but the nights will unfortunately feel that little bit longer.
But why do we do this?
The moving of the clocks was first introduced in World War One, to save coal usage. Germany and Austria adopted it first.
It was invented by George Vincent Hudson, a New Zealand entomologist in 1895, while British businessman William Willett is also credited with the idea as a way of getting up earlier and so having more daylight hours after work.
While the UK has always had daylight savings time since it was first introduced, it came into widespread use across the world during the 1970s because of the energy crisis.
We no longer live in the 1970s, so it’s easier for us to remember when the annual adjustment happens - especially with new technology such as smartphones.
But for those of us who still use manual clocks or alarms, remember the time goes back one hour at 2am on Sunday, October 25. | <urn:uuid:4447cad6-f420-48d8-872e-351b3c9e3583> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/clocks-go-back-weekend-daylight-22881029 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141186414.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126030729-20201126060729-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.97557 | 282 | 2.921875 | 3 |
In 1971, our parents bought an abandoned farmhouse in a wild valley in the remote Hérault countryside, and planted vines in clearings in the middle of 4,000 hectares of forest… They were visionaries. Let us tell you our story…
This exceptional terroir, identified in the 1970s by the French geographer and professor,
Henri Enjalbert, constitutes the identity of Mas de Daumas Gassac’s Grands Vins.
Most important of all is Mas de Daumas Gassac’s exceptional terroir, discovered in the 1970s by the geographer and professor, Henri Enjalbert. Occupying the chair of geography at the Academy of Bordeaux (he died in 1983 having completed his monumental book on Saint Emilion), he discovered, in the middle of the Arboussas Massif, under the thick mantle of the garrigue, 40 hectares (100 acres) of deep, perfectly drained soil, rich in mineral oxides (iron, copper, gold, etc) and poor in humus and plant matter.
He immediately saw a similarity between this soil and that of the finest terroirs of the Côte d’Or in Burgundy.
This terroir of glacial sandstone accumulated by winds during the Riss, Mindel and Guntz glaciations provides three essential elements for the production of a grand vin:
- deep soil in which the vines’ roots can find nourishment deep below the surface;
- well-drained soil in which the vines’ roots will never become water-logged;
- poor soil requiring effort from the vines and causing them stress but resulting in superb flavours.
Henri Enjalbert’s notes and drawings were reproduced in a remarkable book published in 1985 called “Un Vignoble de Qualité en Languedoc”.
A cold microclimate with beneficial effects
It is difficult for a great terroir to express itself in a hot climate: all of the legendary wines (Bordeaux, Champagne, Burgundy) are produced in northerly vineyards. The Upper Gassac Valley, the cradle for this exceptional terroir, also benefits from a cold microclimate that corresponds to an altitude of about 500 metres. At night, cold air flows down from the Larzac plateau (850 metres) into the Upper Gassac Valley, keeping the vines cool at night even in the middle of the summer.
The vineyard’s exposure on north-facing slopes accentuates the microclimate’s effect by reducing the hours of sunshine, especially in the summer. While this microclimate delays the vines’ flowering by about three weeks compared to the average in the Languedoc, thereby delaying the harvests of the red grapes, it is also responsible for the remarkable complexity and finesse of Mas de Daumas Gassac’s wines, and the extremely rare balance of three elements – alcohol, polyphenols and acidity – that is found in exceptional wines. | <urn:uuid:ea91ff80-905f-4978-9a5b-9d935c317132> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.daumas-gassac.com/the-estates/mas-de-daumas-gassac/terroir/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990449.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514091252-20210514121252-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.915025 | 641 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The word ligule comes from Latin “ligula” which means strap. It is a thin outgrowth at the junction of a leaf and leafstalk. Ligules occur only in some grass species. Basically, it acts in a passive way in protecting the culm and leaves that it encloses. It protects the leaf from the entry of water, dust and harmful spores. The ligule is the continuation of the leaf sheath and it encircles or clasps the stem as does the sheath.
Ligules take several forms. From a translucent membrane to a fringe of hairs. They can be very short 1–2 mm to very long 10–20 mm. Some have smooth edges, others ragged. A few species of grasses don’t even have a ligule!
The three basic types are: membranous, a fringe of hairs (ciliate), and absent. The shape, length, and appearance of the ligule is used to categorize and separate genera and species.
These are outgrowths borne on either side of the base of a leafstalk (petiole). A pair of them are considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical flowering plant (Angiosperm). In many species, the stipules are inconspicuous or entirely absent. These of course are termed exstipulate !!!
Stipules are basically a modified leaf. Not very common in the recently evolved monocotyledons. They usually occur in pairs in the dicots.
They function to protect the emerging leaf or bud. Usually short-lived – they drop off after the leaves matures.
Very common in the Beech family – Stipules protect the emerging bud and leaves.
Stipules are morphologically variable and might appear as glands, scales, hairs, spines, or laminar (leaf-like) structures. If a single stipule goes all the way around the stem, it is known as an ochrea.
Types of stipules
The three types of stipules according to duration are caducous, deciduous and persistent. Caducous stipules fall off before the leaf unfolds. Deciduous stipules fall off immediately after the leaf unfolds. Persistent stipules remain attached to the plant.
Ficus (common houseplant – rubber plant) are distinguished by terminal conical stipules that cover the newly developing leaves. It gets shed as the new leaf expands. Called “interpetiolar” – it is located in between the petioles, as opposed to being attached to the petioles. Generally these stipules are fused together, so it appears that there’s just one between each leaf instead of two.
Just Plain Scary !
Sometimes the stipules evolve for protection – check out these scary stipules!
Common locust tree – Robinia
For grasses with ligules or beeches with stipules –
Call Plant Specialists TODAY !
Don’t delay – the sooner the better !
GREENING NEW YORK FOR OVER 51 YEARS !
Article written by our Staff Horticulturist, Peter B Morris, BSc, MSc, MBA
All photographs used with permission @SHUTTERSTOCK | <urn:uuid:18906cb8-b6ab-4b5c-aa25-e67930edbba3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://plantspecialists.com/blog/ligules-and-stipules-oh-my/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.917449 | 701 | 3.859375 | 4 |
"The story of AIDS teaches us that animal tissues should not be injected into humans, because the risk of introducing a new virus is too great"
One in a series "Killing Christians Through Better Medicine".
Dr. Jonas Salk , creator of the polio vaccine, says that analysis indicates that the live virus vaccine in use since the 1960's is the principle, if not sole cause of all polio cases since 1961."Polio was pretty obscure before the twentieth century. There'd been some outbreaks in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and most victims had been under the age of four".
JEWS SALK AND SABIN INFECT THE HUMAN RACE WITH SV-40 VIRUS
In a real tribute to the efficacy of government's involvement in health care, the polio "epidemic" of 1950, which consisted of 31 cases of paralytic polio, 9 of whom died, was caused by government's good intentions of cleaning up our drinking water. What began as a humanitarian effort killed off the good viruses and created mass hysteria about polio in the 1950s which was almost on par with the bubonic plague epidemic in France, which in turn became a far worse worldwide epidemic of multiple diseases. Based on this mass hysteria, these jewish doctors innoculated 25,000 children with the monkey vaccine at a time when such a sample size could have proven NOTHING. It would have been expected that there would have been no paralytic polio cases in such a small sample size, with or without the vaccine. The only way to increase the odds of these children contracting polio so that the reliability of the vaccine could have been tested would have been to intentionally expose them to the polio virus.
Would you put it past jewish doctors to take such a risk with Christian children? Read on.
Based solely on this outrageous violation of our children's health and scant evidence of a polio "epidemic", jewish doctors Salk and Sabin convinced the federal government to innoculate 97% of the American population with a culture grown in dead green monkeys, which became a multi-billion dollar industry for jewish doctors and resulted in at least one known monkey virus, SV40, being injected into 98 million American citizens.
Most of the 3% of Americans who didn't receive this dangerous injection of monkey virus were the children of the doctors themselves: the 1.9% of the population who are jews.
It is now well established that cancer, AIDS, hepatitis B, Gulf War Syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, even polio, human adenoviruses, coxsackie, echo, herpes (HHV 6,7,8), Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, and other inexplicible chronic illnesses are directly traceable to the Salk and Sabin polio vaccines cultured in dead green monkeys which gave 98 million Americans the SV40 monkey virus. It is well established that neither the government nor the companies participating in this scam EVER warned the public nor admitted what they KNEW 30-40 years ago. Other doctors from around the world consider 1955 in America to be ground zero for the explosion in worldwide epidemics. And NOW we see from the following Fox News article that the government and its propaganda engines (the "mainstream media") are STILL engaged in a chronic denial of the facts:
This is a LIE. This is a big fat LIE!
When Salk was convincing the US government in 1955 to engage in this serious denial of the religious rights of Christian children, the cancer mortality RATE in the US was 138 deaths per 100,000 population. It "inexplicibly" increased 50% since then to 206 deaths per 100,000 population, per US GOVERNMENT figures. This is an "inexplicible" 50% increase in the rate of deaths from cancer, which caused an extra 180,000 cancer deaths/year in the US, at precisely the time when the cancer research budget was allegedly at an all time high. With the amount of money spent on cancer research, the cancer rate should have decreased by at least that much, to 7 deaths per 100k pop. This means that just last year, there were 370,000 EXTRA cancer deaths in the US alone--each one of which is directly traceable to Salk and his dead green monkey cultures.
This is more than fifteen million (15,000,000) extra dead Americans since 1995 due to cancer alone, thanks only to one jewish doctor, plus the "inexplicible" worldwide cancer epidemic.
Is it any wonder that the jewish controlled mainstream US media would cover this up, or ignore the facts, or keep on protecting one of their own. This is 50 times as many American lives as were lost to Hitler in WWII. For Americans, compared to Salk, Hitler was not even a novice at killing Americans--and this is just the loss due to cancer!! In addition to that are the 21.8 million lives lost around the world so far just to the AIDS caused by the mass innoculation of the polio vaccination in Africa, Russia and the US in 1955.
If there is no other proof that jews own and control the US mainstream media, then this is all you need to know. Here is a government "health" program that killed at least 36.8 million people, and counting, and the media treats this story as a non sequitur, instead focusing all of its energy and resources on one sodomite who died on a fence post in Montana, Matthew Sheppard. The obscure CFC Radio Program in Germany managed to trip across this story, but the US "mainstream media" failed almost completely to follow up.
1950 Professor Pierre LePine, noted scientist at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, is reported in the March 30, 1950 edition of the New York Times, as saying "no more than one injection in 2000 really prevents polio."
1954 Nobel prize to Enders & Robbins for work on polio virus.
1954 Reward of $30,000 offered to anyone who proves polio vaccine not a fraud. Not one person was able to claim the reward.
1954 Polio rate caused by the vaccine accelerates ten-fold in Massachusetts
1955 Despite the skyrocketing cases of vaccine-induced polio, the AMA, NFIP and USPHS claim a reduction of 40-50%.
1955 Salk Polio Vaccine again used in the US. Cases of polio skyrocket again in the United States.
1955 Idaho brings its Salk vaccination program to a halt on July 1, 1955. Utah does the same on July 12, 1955.
1955 Boston Herald newspaper reports on April 18, 1955, features an article entitled "Drug Companies Expecting Big Profit on Salk Vaccine", which stated. "A spokesman for Parke-Davis, which made 50% of the Salk vaccine, said 'now that it has been declared safe, we can get back the millions we invested in the development of the Salk vaccine and make a profit out of it. Our company will make over $10 million on Salk vaccine in 1955.'"
1955 Washington Bureau of the Detroit Free Press reports, on June 3, 1955, that "The USPHS reported that more children who received Salk shots made by the Wyeth Labs suffered polio than could normally be expected;"
1955, "A policy of secrecy and deception has been followed by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis and the US Public Health Service in the polio vaccine programs. The nation's physicians were prevented from learning vital information about the trouble with Salk vaccine. The US Public Health Service had an advisory group made up almost entirely of scientists who were receiving money from the National Foundation of Infantile Paralysis, which was exerting pressure to go ahead with the program even after Salk vaccine was found to be dangerous."
1955 Salk Polio Vaccine again used in the US.Cases of polio skyrocket again in the United States.
1955 Reports that doctors on the staff of the National Institutes for Health are avoiding vaccination of their children with the Salk vaccine. After experimenting with 1,200 monkeys, they declared the Salk vaccine worthless as a preventative and a danger to take.
1955 Vermont reports a 266% increase in polio since vaccinations began in 1954.
1955 Rhode Island reports 454% increase in polio since vaccinations in 1954.
1955 Massachusetts reports 642% increase in polio since vaccinations began in 1954 with vaccination of 130,000 children. In response, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis states that the increase in cases was due to the fact that "no children were vaccinated there." Massachusetts bans the sale of Salk vaccine."
1955 Dr. Graham W. Wilson, director of Britains Public Health Laboratory Service, who knew about the NIH Salk vaccine trials, says "I do not see how any vaccine prepared by Salk's method can be guaranteed safe."
1955 US Surgeon General Scheele admits in a closed session of the AMA that "Salk polio vaccine is hard to make and no batch can be proven safe before given to children". Despite this fact, the public is told that the vaccine is safe. The government announces that it has the intention to vaccinate 57 million people before August 1955.
1955 Surgeon General Scheele (who never practiced medicine a day in his life) goes on public radio saying "I have complete confidence in the Salk vaccine. I urge doctors to continue vaccinations."
1955 Rock music injected into society. Hyper- activity begins to appear in children. Children are born "only thinking of themselves", indicating neurological changes have taken place.
1956 Seventeen states in the United States reject their government-supplied Salk polio vaccine.
1956 Idaho health director Peterson states that polio only struck vaccinated children in areas where there had been no cases of polio since the preceeding autumn. In 90% of the cases, the paralysis occurred in the arm in which the vaccine had been injected.
1956 American Public Health Service announces 168 cases of polio and 6 deaths among those vaccinated. Censorship is then imposed on the reporting of reactions to Salk vaccine.
1956 The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis conducts its annual "March of Dimes" campaign, milking the public of $47 million.
1958 Verdict of $147,000 rendered against Cutter Laboratories in Calfornia for the crippling of two children with the Salk polio vaccine. Cutter Labs was the only vaccine manufacturer not part of the Rockefeller Trust.
1959 National Institute of Health (NIH) approves licensing of Quadrigen vaccine for children, containing Pertussis, Diptheria, Tetanus and Polio vaccines. The new combination vaccine was found to be highly reactive and was withdrawn from the market in 1968 after parents started filing lawsuits against Parke- Davis for vaccine damaged children.
1957 Scientists isolate a series of Simian (monkey) viruses and discover that these same viruses contaminate polio vaccines. SV-40 found in both Sabin and Salk polio vaccines. ( made since early '50s), Information not made public. The same vaccines continued to be used until the early 1960's.
1957 The Ditchley Foundation is founded by Sir Philip Adams near Oxford. The Ditchley Foundation is a conduit for classified instructions from the Tavistock Institute.
1976 Dr. Jonas Salk, creator of the polio vaccine, says that analysis indicates that the live virus vaccine in use since the 1960's is the principle, if not sole cause of all polio cases since 1961.
The Vaccination/Immunization Paradigm: News and Discoveries
Note: Please read Epidemic Diseases Linked to Early Polio Vaccines and Lab Test Shows AIDS Patients Have Antibodies to Normal Genes for background, before going on with this article.
Selecting several disease models to explain the biological mechanism by which retrotransposons or jumping genes from viral fragments can get into the wrong tissues and cause havoc in the body, Dr. Urnovitz cited the fact that 1.63 million Americans were infected with the wild polio virus in the 1940's and 1950's, and today 70% of them are suffering immune and neurological dysfunction that took 20 to 40 years tro develop, Post-polio syndrome is manifested by immune and neurological system dysfunction with symptoms including attention/concentration problems, trouble finding words, memory loss, sleep disorders, chronic fatigue, etc. The fact that 70% are exhibiting symptoms may have to do with the fact that humans have dominant and recessive genes for predisposition to disease.
Polio Virus Acts Like a Catalyst
Another interesting fact is that strains of the polio virus have the ability to spontaneously recombine with themselves and create a new strain. In an article published in Virology in 1993 (Vol 196, p199), it was revealed that "the administration of oral OPV creates favorable conditions for recombination by simultaneous infection of cells with viruses of different genotypes. It may be easily imagined that polio virus or other enteroviruses might encounter different enteroviruses multiplying simultanously in the gut of the same child, contributing thus to the natural evolution of these RNA viruses" And, Dr. Urnovitrz adds, contributes to the general resistance to the vaccine.
Original Salk Vaccine Not "Inactivated" As FDA Claimed to the Public
Reviewing a published report in the American Journal of Hygiene (Vol 68, pp 31-44) from 1958, Dr. Urnovitz told the Houston audience that up to 26 monkey viruses including the simian counterpart of human adenoviruses, coxsackie, echo, herpes (HHV6,7,8), Epstein-Barr, and cytomegalovirus may have been in the original Salk vaccines. Also, in a paper published in 1976 in the Journal of Epidemiology entitled "Human Exposure to SV-40", it was revealed that two of the original Salk vaccine lots that were tested in 1958 were found to have 1,000 infectious SV-40 units per milliliter of vaccine. In other words, the virus was contaminated with at least one identifiable live monkey CANCER VIRUS called SV-40. Children were dying of brain cancers after receiving the vaccine and SV-40 virus was cultured out of their brain tissue. Soon after the discovery that the vaccine was contaminated with SV-40 in 1958 (and they didn't inform the public, constituting criminal negligence), the vaccine manufacturers "said" they began to screen monkeys used to prepare the vaccine for SV-40, but by then 98 million Americans had already been injected with the contaminated vaccines.
Why an "AIDS Vaccine" Won't Work
According to Urnovitz, the reason why more tha $30 billion has (allegedly) been spent on an AIDS vaccine with such disastrous results is that because HIV-1 has the envelope of a normal human gene, the vaccine can never work. Says Urnovitz, "can you tell me what rocket scientist would ever build a vaccine against a normal human gene?" He added, "perhaps a government intellectual would." Later in the Houston Conference, he stated , "asking the government to solve this problem is like asking the suspect to investigate the crime. THE DEGREE OF TRUTH IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT DENIAL."
Urnovitz maintains, as do many others, that Gulf War Syndrome falls into the same category as post-polio syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome and other neurological and immune system dysfunctions. He has testified before the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans Illnesses and at Congressional Hearings that the 70,000 Gulf War vets who are sick were rendered immune compromised by experimental drugs and the 17 viral and bacterial vaccines they were requited (forced) to get, including the live oral polio vaccine, which left them vulnerable to environmental toxins.
The Vaccination/Immunization Paradigm: News and Discoveries
At the 8th Annual Houston Conference on AIDS in America, Dr. Howard Urnovitz, Ph.D., a microbiologist, founder and chief science officer of Calypte Biomedical in Berkeley, California challenged medical science to prove wrong his theory that the human immunodeficiency virus Type-1 (HIV-1) is a monkey-human hybrid that was created after more than 320,000 Africans were injected between 1957 and 1959 with lots of experimental polio vaccines contaminated with different monkey viruses. The vaccines, said Urnovitz, may have contained live simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or they were present environmentally as an opportunistic infection. The core of his theory of the origins of HIV-1 rests on the thesis that, in a certain number of African vaccine recipients, SIV combined with their own normal genes to create a monkey-human hybrid now known as HIV-1. Simultaneously, he forwarded the theory that early "inactivated" Salk vaccines given to some 98 million Americans were also contaminated with monkey viruses and may be one reason why there has been an explosion of cancer, new infectious agents and other new immune and neurological disorders among the baby boomers born between 1941 and 1961.
Although Dr. Urnovitz pointed to early experimental live oral polio vaccine trials in the Congo as the possible origin of HIV-1, he also pointed to inactivated Salk vaccine lots contaiminated with monkey viruses given to children in the United States between 1955 and 1961 as possibly having set this generation up for immune and neurological disorders after they were exposed to opportunistic infections and environmental toxins as adults. He pointed to the sudden emergence of human T-cell leukemia, epidemic Karposi's sarcoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, herpes (HHV-6,7,9), Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, and chronic fatigue syndrome, as well as other disorders following early polio vaccine campaigns in the U.S. and around the world.
Building his case step by step and supporting it with evidence from 30 years of published literature as well as original research data, Urnovitz made his compelling argument to AIDS patients, physicians and medical researchers at the Houston AIDS conference, arguing that the proof that his theory is highly plausible lies in the high-tech world of microbiology, not in the mere speculative world of epidemiology.
Urnovitz pointed out that endogenous retroviruses (ERV's), which are also called "retrotransposons" or "jumping genes", are normal genes found in rodents, cows, birds and monkeys and, after the polio vaccine campaigns in the 1950's and 1960's, WERE IDENTIFIED IN HUMANS in the early 1980's (Bush administration). One of the key characteristics of "jumping genes" is that THEY CAN EASILY COMBINE WITH FRAGMENTS OF OTHER VIRUSES, BOTH HUMAN AND ANIMAL, AND FORM NEW HYBRID VIRUSES called CHIMERA's. This, maintains Urnovitz, is what happened after monkey viruses were introduced into humans in Africa via the experimental live oral polio vaccines.
Doctors who disagree with these findings say things like:
This is a very disingenuous argument which discredits everything else doctors like him say. It is in fact a straw man argument. Nobody ever claimed that SV40 is the cause of "every tumor cell". Nobody ever claimed that SV40 needs to be "present in" a tumor cell for SV40 to be a part of the cancerous process. And if SV40 is responsible for only 1% of all cancer deaths in the US, that is STILL 5,400 deaths per year, which is 175 times as many cancer deaths as there were polio victims during the height of the polio "epidemic". The most probable mechanism by which SV40 disables the human immune system doesn't even suggest that the SV40 virus has to be present in ANY tumor cell.
There's another way to analyze this problem that avoids such disinformation from big government spending advocates and sociologists who insist on making the analysis so complicated that nobody can comprehend what they're saying. Comparing 1950 and 1990 cancer rates in countries who did not mass innoculate for polio in the early 1950s and 1960s to those who did reveals a remarkable five fold difference in cancer rates for men which cannot be explained by any other differences between countries, particularly in life expectancies which many media sources present as the sole factor. For example, Mexico's cancer rate in 1990 was 48 per 100,000 population, which was one seventh of the cancer rate for men in Hungary of 350, yet Mexican men have 2 year longer life expectancies than Hungarian men (69 years vs. 67 years). Paraguay and Uruguay, being right next to each other and of similar geography, climate, and culture, would be expected to have similar cancer rates and life expectancies, but Uruguay's cancer rate in 1990 was 5 times higher (270 vs 52) and life expectancy for men was 2.2 years longer (72.7 vs 70.2). It's impossible that a 2.2 year longer life expectancy could cause a five fold increase in the cancer mortality rate. The only explanation for Uruguay's higher cancer rate is that they mass innoculated their children for polio in the 1950s and Paraguay did not.
All of the following countries with cancer rates higher than Japan in 1990 (which includes Spain, Italy, Greece, Canada, Hungary, USA, Ireland, Netherlands, W. Germany, Norway, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, N. Ireland, Ukraine, Denmark, France, Uruguay, Russia, Switzerland, the UK, Scotland, and Belgium) did participate in the Salk and Sabin mass innoculation scheme. But none of the countries with cancer rates lower than Brazil in 1990 (including Sri Lanka, Suriname, Mexico, Mauritius, Venezuela, Belize, Paraguay, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Costa Rica, and Albania) did, at least not until too recently for the rise in cancer rates to be evident. Those countries which did recently mass innoculate for polio (for whom all the data is available) experienced a sharp increase in their cancer mortality rates between 1990 and 2001.
Perhaps the most egregious aspect of innoculating so many American children with such a risky vaccine is that the decision to do so was based on a study of only 50,000 children. How can this be? At the height of the "epidemic", there were only 33,300 cases of polio per year, which is only one case for every 5,000 people, which means you would expect there to be only 10 cases amongst 50,000 children. But there were only 33 cases per year of the most serious type, the paralytic polio that scared all parents across the country into accepting this mass innoculation of their children, which is only one case for every 4,636,364 people. You could run this study of 50,000 different children 93 times over and still not bump into a single case of paralytic polio.
Even if this was a much more serious "epidemic" than the NCHS statistics show and one child per 50,000 children got paralytic polio, if you ran the study on 50,000 children 20 different times, you would miss that one child with polio 5 times.
But Salk ran this study only once, and half of the 50,000 children received a "harmless liquid".
What could be proven by such a study?
Modified Sunday, October 02, 2011
Copyright @ 2007 by Fathers' Manifesto & Christian Party | <urn:uuid:41dac5c6-d424-4cc7-b600-8ef1b8ba056a> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.fathersmanifesto.net/polio.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094957.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00117-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958846 | 4,850 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Organohalogenated contaminants in harbour porpoises
Context of the study
The harbour porpoise is a vulnerable species in European waters. During the past decades, the number of observations of this cetacean have decreased. Although observations along the Dutch coast have increased since 1990, this trend is more likely to reflect a shift in the distribution, than an actual increase of the population. One of the main threats to the harbour porpoise is accidental capture by fishing gear. High levels of contaminants, declining fish stocks and other anthropogenic stress factors (wind mills, sonar, shipping,... ) are also considered possible threats.
Content of the study
The study evaluated the occurrence of important organic contaminants in the harbour porpoise: one of the top predators in of the North Sea ecosystem. Harbour porpoises don't migrate on a large scale, which makes them a suitable indicator for local pollution. This study specifically evaluated the occurrence of PBDEs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides. The study was based on liver samples of 21 harbour porpoises, which stranded along the Belgian coast between 1997 and 2000.
Main results of the study
Organoclorine pesticides occurred in low concentrations, while relatively high values of PCBs and PBDEs were measured (PCBs averaged 36,4 µg/g, PBDEs averaged 2,3 µg/g lipid). Comparison with other studies shows that the PCB concentrations are higher in harbour porpoises stranded along the Dutch and Belgian shorelines than in those stranded along the English shoreline. PCB discharges from the Rhine, Scheldt and Meuse rivers might have caused these higher concentrations along the Belgian and Dutch coasts. Concentrations of DDTs (the most important organochlorine pesticide) are lower than those reported in 1991. This reflects the decline of DDT concentrations in the North Sea after the European ban in the 1970's.
Higher median concentrations of all examined contaminants have been found in adults. This is explained by the accumulation of these pollutants in the animals with increasing age. Differences in food preferences between adult and juvenile harbour porpoises might be an additional factor. Adult females showed lower average pollutant concentrations than adult males: during pregnancy females transfer these pollutants (which primary accumulate in body fat) through their milk (which contains 30-60% fat) towards their pups.
- Covaci, A.; Van de Vijver, K.; De Coen, W.; Das, K.; Bouquegneau, J.-M.; Blust, R.; Schepens, P. (2002). Determination of organohalogenated contaminants in liver of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded on the Belgian North Sea coast. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44(10): 1157-1169 | <urn:uuid:a37adc2f-5e55-4b8e-aec7-23f470a7150b> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.vliz.be/v/index.php?title=Pesticides_in_harbour_porpoises&oldid=31598 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430457008123.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501051008-00001-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893333 | 579 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The Central Pacific Coastal Forests stretch from southern Oregon to the northern tip of Vancouver Island. Major habitats of this diverse region include sea stacks, sandy beaches, rocky coastal cliffs, coastal headlands, tide pools, mud flats, salt marshes and estuaries, streams and rivers of various sizes, grass balds, and many forest types (Noss 1993).
Influenced by cool moist air from the ocean, the Central Pacific Coastal Forests experience frequent clouds and fog, with most precipitation occurring in the winter. Generally, precipitation is greater in the western half of the ecoregion. Annual rainfall ranges from 2000-4080 mm, with higher coastal mountain areas receiving the bulk of this precipitation. Mean annual temperature is around 13°C. Vancouver Island experiences a mean annual temperature of 8.5°C, averaging 13.5°C in the summer, and 3.5°C in the winter. The climate on the island is marked by warm summers and mild winters, being one of the mildest areas in Canada. Rainfall varies between 1500-3500 mm per year. Precipitation in the eastern side of the island ranges from 800-2500 mm per year. Climate in this ecoregion is a combination of alpine, subalpine and maritime south Pacific Cordilleran (ESWG 1995).
The forests of the Central Pacific Coast are among the most productive in the world, characterized by large trees, substantial woody debris, luxuriant growths of mosses and lichens on trees, and abundant ferns and herbs on the forest floor. The major forest complex consists of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), encompassing seral forests dominated by Douglas-fir and massive old-growth forests of fir, hemlock, western red cedar (Thuja plicata), and other species. These forests occur from sea level up to elevations of 700-1000 m in the Coast Range and Olympic Mountains. This forest type occupies a wide range of environments with variable composition and structure and includes such other species as grand fir (Abies grandis), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), and western white pine (Pinus monticola) (Franklin 1988).
On Vancouver Island, low-elevation coastal forest cover includes stands of western hemlock, Douglas-fir and amabilis fir (A. amabilis). Western hemlock, Douglas-fir and grand fir characterize most forests of eastern Vancouver Island. Drier sites support stands of western hemlock and western red cedar. The driest areas in eastern Vancouver Island are comprised of mixed stands of Douglas-fir and western hemlock with occasional Garry oak (Quercus garryana), Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) and arbutus (Arbutus menziesii). The subalpine forests are composed of mountain hemlock (T. mertensiana) and amabilis fir, with some yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and western hemlock in high elevation areas in eastern Vancouver Island. Coastal areas of British Columbia are best characterized as hydroriparian forest ecosystems, such that the hydrologic cycle is the most important ecological process influencing forest dynamics. High winds, sea salt spray and fog strongly influence forest dynamics. Fires are not as important as in other areas (ESWG 1995).
Although Douglas-fir is the most abundant species at lower elevations in the region, western hemlock is the major climax species. Douglas-fir typically dominates young forest because of its relatively large and hardy seedlings and rapid growth rate. Western hemlock and several other species of fir are more tolerant of shade, however, and in mature forest Douglas-fir cannot regenerate.
While hemlock and fir dominate much of the ecoregion, the cool, wet conditions along the coast create a narrow band of forests distinguished by Sitka spruce. With its high tolerance of salt spray, in areas near the ocean Sitka spruce may form nearly pure forests or co-dominate with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). The Sitka spruce zone–in which hemlocks also occur in large numbers–may be only a few kilometers in width and generally occurs below 150 m. Where mountains abut the coast, however, Sitka spruce forests may extend up to 600 m (Noss 1993). The alluvial rain forests of the western Olympic Peninsula are outstanding examples of the spruce-hemlock forest.
Riparian forests of this ecoregion are quite distinct from the Douglas-fir/hemlock forests. Broadleaf species such as black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and red alder (Alnus rubra) replace the otherwise ubiquitous conifers along the many rivers and streams of the Pacific Northwest. Occasional grasslands, sand dune and strand communities, rush meadows and marshes, and western red cedar and alder swamps, these last often formed by beaver activity, break up the conifer forests.
The Central Pacific Coastal Forests are among the richest temperate coniferous forests in North America for amphibians and birds. Gray’s Harbor in Washington, for example, is a critical migratory stopover site for shorebirds. Rare and endangered species found in this ecoregion include California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), hoary elfin butterfly (Incisalia polios obscurus), North Pacific plantain (Plantago macrocarpa), and possibly the Pacific fisher (Martes pennanti) (Noss 1993). Other characteristic wildlife include elk (Cervus elaphus), black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus), coyote (Canis latrans), black bear (Ursus americanus), mink (Mustela vison), raccoon (Procyon lotor), grouse (Dendragapus spp.), seabirds, shorebirds, and waterfowl.
Human activity, particularly clearcut logging, plantation forestry, road building, agriculture, and development have heavily altered the Central Pacific Coastal Forests. Only about 4 percent of the region remains as intact habitat. Some ecosystem types, such as the coastal temperate rainforests in Oregon, have been virtually destroyed (Kellogg 1992).
Remaining Blocks of Intact Habitat
Several relatively large blocks of more or less intact habitat remain, as do a number of smaller patches. Important blocks include:
•Strathcona Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 2,193 km2
•Olympic National Park - northwestern Washington - 1,200 km2 (assuming that roughly half the park is forested) N.B.: Forests at the upper elevations of the park are Cascadian in nature and fall within the North Cascades Forest Ecoregion .
•Brooks Peninsula Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 380 km2
•Tahsish watershed - southwestern British Columbia
Degree of Fragmentation
Although heavily altered, most of the ecoregion remains forested. More than half of the remaining fragments have some degree of interaction with other intact habitat blocks.
Degree of Protection
The only protected habitats in this ecoregion are in national and provincial parks. Several of those protected areas, however, are relatively large and contain undisturbed forests. Human activities have significantly altered nearly all habitats outside the parks.
•Olympic National Park - northwestern Washington
•Strathcona Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 2193.04 km2
•Pacific Rim National Park - southwestern British Columbia - 499.6 km2
•Checleset Bay Ecological Reserve - southwestern British Columbia - 346.5 km2
•Brooks Peninsula Provincial Recreation Park - southwestern British Columbia - 287.8 km2
•Pacific Rim-West Coast Trail National Park - southwestern British Columbia - 263.3 km2
•Megin Watershed Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 213 km2
•Brooks-Nasparti Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 212.98 km2
•Cape Scott Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 150.7 km2
•Pacific Rim - Broken Islands Group National Park - southwestern British Columbia - 106.5 km2
•Tahshish - Kwois Provincial Park - southwestern British Columbia - 106.27 km2
Types and Severity of Threats
So little intact habitat remains outside national and provincial parks that conversion of the Central Pacific Coastal Forests has ceased to be an important issue for conservationists. Degradation from pollution, grazing, burning, introduced species, road building, and excessive recreational impacts is causing significant mortality in some native plant communities.
Suite of Priority Activities to Enhance Biodiversity Conservation
•Establish protected areas where ecological gaps remain in the protected areas system, for example, in Clayoquot Sound.
•Extend Olympic National Park to connect coastal and upland sections.
The following areas in the Oregon Coast Range are high priorities for protection and restoration (Noss 1993). All require consolidation, road closures, and revegetation. These areas contain substantial old-growth and other late-successional forests, are of high value to fisheries and aquatic biodiversity, support numerous spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) nesting sites, and form important natural linkages in a network of significant sites:
•Cummins Creek/Rock Creek - 427 km2
•Drift Creek - 229 km2
•Mt. Hebo/Nestucca River - 506 km2
•Mary’s Peak/Grass Mountain - 141 km2
•Elliott State Forest - 364 km2
These five areas are among 31 proposed high priority reserves that together cover 5,065 km2, or over 23 percent of the Oregon Coast Range Bioregion. The high priority reserves by themselves are too small to conserve viable populations of wide ranging species or to maintain natural disturbance regimes. The high priority areas must be linked and insulated by reserves under slightly less strict protection and by multiple-use buffer zones. Together, these three classes of reserves would form a continuous network through the Coast Range.
•More protected areas are required that represent the middle and lower elevation coastal rainforest communities.
•Proper enforcement of the B.C. Forest Practices Code is required. Further damage to remaining salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) habitat must be avoided and other riparian habitats restored.
•Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, British Columbia Chapter
•Clayoquot Biosphere Project
•Friends of Ecological Reserves
•Friends of Strathcona Park
•Friends of the Stikine
•The Nature Conservancy, British Columbia
•Nature Trust of BC
•Northwest Wildlife Preservation Society
•Sierra Club, Western Canada
•Victoria Natural History Society
•Western Canada Wilderness Committee
•World Wildlife Fund Canada
Relationship to other classification schemes
Bailey combines the Central Pacific Coastal Forests and the Cascades into a single province. We follow Omernik by distinguishing the regions on the basis of climate, elevation, and dominant communities. We have further divided the area by delineating two ecoregions within the Cascades: British Columbia Mainland Coastal Forests [NA0506], which run from central Washington to northern British Columbia; and the Central and Southern Cascades Forests [NA0508] which run from Washington almost to the Oregon/California border. Although the mountains of the Olympic Peninsula fall entirely within the coastal ecoregion, like Omernik we include the higher elevation forests with the North Cascades ecoregion. Conservation strategies for the coastal and montane forests would be unwieldy if managed as a single large unit stretching nearly from California to the Yukon Territory.
The Canadian portion of the Central Pacific Coastal Forests rests on Vancouver Island (TEC 193 and 194) (Ecological Stratification Working Group 1995). In addition to Southern and Northern Pacific Coast vegetation (2 and 3), Vancouver Island also has Coastal Subalpine forests (3) (Rowe 1972).
Prepared by: R. Noss, J. Strittholt, G. Orians, J. Adams, K. Kavanagh, M. Sims, G. Mann | <urn:uuid:4b1cf211-6837-492d-8100-ba6d141534fd> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0510 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644059455.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025419-00218-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880718 | 2,595 | 3.890625 | 4 |
(b) Signs are anatomical, physiological, or psychological abnormalities which can be observed, apart from your statements (symptoms). Signs must be shown by medically acceptable clinical diagnostic techniques. Psychiatric signs are medically demonstrable phenomena that indicate specific psychological abnormalities, e.g., abnormalities of behavior, mood, thought, memory, orientation, development, or perception. They must also be shown by observable facts that can be medically described and evaluated.
(c) Laboratory findings are anatomical, physiological, or psychological phenomena which can be shown by the use of medically acceptable laboratory diagnostic techniques. Some of these diagnostic techniques include chemical tests, electrophysiological studies (electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, etc.), roentgenological studies (X-rays), and psychological tests.
[45 FR 55584, Aug. 20, 1980, as amended at 65 FR 50775, Aug. 21, 2000; 71 FR 10429, Mar. 1, 2006] | <urn:uuid:8fb658d3-6b08-4209-a7bd-11f15f14f36d> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/cfr20/404/404-1528.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982954852.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200914-00210-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855029 | 195 | 2.6875 | 3 |
I’ve recently been introduced to Group-Grid Theory, a framework from anthropology for classifying group dynamics and power structures. Let’s examine the model from an interest in intentional community building.
Under Group-Grid theory, communities are described along two axes, predictably “group” and “grid”. Here, “group” means how cohesive the community is, in terms of both clear delineation of membership (it’s obvious who’s a part of the community), and in how group-centric the thinking and policies within the group are. Slightly more complex is “grid”, which represents how structured the group is in terms of both leadership hierarchy and sophistication of / emphasis on rules.
|Group/Grid||Low Grid||High Grid|
The above four groups are the most extreme corners of the axes - of course any real group will contain attributes along both axes, and land in a gradient rather than discrete categories.
This is the organizational structure we’re most used to, for organizations like corporations, the military, and student clubs. Membership is explicitly defined by initiation rites including contracts, swearing-in ceremonies, paying dues, and attending meetings.
The organizations not only have well-defined rules, but formal leadership hierarchies like officer positions, defined in bylaws or community guidelines.
When problems occur in these communities, they fall back on rules to assign responsibility or blame, and determine what courses of action to take.
Enclaves are groups without complex, well-defined structure, leadership, or rules, but clearly-defined membership qualities. Examples include communes, families, and other “horizontal” organizations.
These organizations are not without power dynamics, and frequently assign implicit authority based on experience or age. Membership is based on physical proximity (often living together), shared contributions of labor, or shared genetics.
In these organizations, problems are often framed as something external threatening the in-group. Conflict resolution revolves around the in-group collaborating to either deal with the external force, or in extreme circumstances, growing or shrinking the in-group to maintain cohesion.
Individualist organizations, as the name implies, have neither strong respect for authority nor clear group boundaries. These can include loose social “scenes” like hactivism or security culture, social movements like Black Lives Matter, or loosely organized hate groups. There are shared attributes in the organization, such as an ethos or area of interest - otherwise there would be no social group at all - but there is minimal structure beyond this.
Membership in these groups is usually permeable and self-defined: What makes someone a part of Anonymous beyond declaring that they are? What makes them no longer a member of that community, except ceasing to speak in those circles and dropping the Anonymous title? As members join and leave with ease, tracking the size and makeup of these groups is extremely challenging.
When these groups face pressure they fragment easily, making multiple overlapping communities to encompass differences in opinion. This fragmentation can be due to disagreements over ideology, hatred or reverence of a particularly person, group, or action, or similar schisms within the in-group. This apparent lack of consistency can in some ways serve as stability, allowing groups to adapt to change by redefining themselves with ease.
Fatalism describes organizations with sophisticated rules and rituals, but no communal behavior or allegiance. One example is capitalism as an ecosystem: There are rules of behavior governing money-making activities, but there is no care given to other participants in the community. In ultra-capitalist models, corporations are cut-throat to both one another and their own employees, prioritizing money-making over community health. Other fatalist groups include refugees, governed by the system of rules in their host country, without being cared-for members of it in the same way as a citizen.
These groups are called fatalist, because there are no tools for addressing conflict: The leadership structure hands down decisions and their effects, and there is little recourse for those impacted. The community holds little power, and has little trust in the benevolence of the grid.
The Group/Grid lens illustrates trade-offs between making groups with formal rules and leadership systems, and building a more anarchic self-organized group. It also shows benefits of declaring formal membership criteria and focusing on community-building, or allowing permeable, self-defined membership. Early intuitions are that a focus on community builds a more committed membership, which will be less prone to fragmentation and dissolution. Unfortunately, strong group identity can also breed toxic group dynamics, as members are more invested in seeing their vision realized and more resistant to “walking away” when the group moves in an incompatible direction. Similarly, group hierarchy can be efficient for decision-making, but can alienate the community if applied bluntly. Hierarchy works great at a local level, as with school clubs, where it’s effectively just division of labor. If the grid is no longer operated by the community, then we inevitably reach fatalism, which has extreme drawbacks.
These are sophomoric first impressions, but now I have group-grid as a tool for describing and analyzing groups, and can apply it moving forwards. I’ll probably return to this topic in future posts as it becomes relevant. | <urn:uuid:946f82c3-1f74-4068-9725-9b9a615dcdac> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://backdrifting.net/post/023_group_grid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146127.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225172036-20200225202036-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.944251 | 1,090 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Floods, earthquakes, tsunamis – these are just a few natural disasters that can lead people to becoming displaced from their homes. Poverty and unemployment can also lead to homelessness, and all around the world, shipping containers are being utilised to combat this issue.
Brighton Housing Trust Project
The number of homeless youths has tripled in the UK in the last few years partly due to the cost of renting and the lower end of London’s housing market being on the up-and-up. Figures released by London councils show that the cost of the cheapest properties has risen by 10% in the past 18 months. The Brighton Housing Trust has set up used shipping containers, which are linked by walkways, on an old scrap metal yard. This land might have otherwise lain idle so it is being put to good use by providing much-needed accommodation.
The local council has labelled the initiative as an “imaginative and appropriate” way to meet a very real need for affordable accommodation. Because of their portability, if the land is re-developed in the future the shipping containers can be transferred to other locations making it a very sustainable project for temporary housing.
This particular housing project comprises 36 shipping containers stacked in three and five storey blocks, with balconies and external stairs to the upper levels and will house dozens of homeless men and women from the local area. The “cargotecture” homes are designed to serve as stepping stones for youths trying to re-enter the work force.
Forest YMCA Offers Converted Shipping Containers to Homeless People
The Forest YMCA is also trying to ease the growing homelessness epidemic in other parts of London. It has been running a trial of converted shipping containers in a disused car park over a nine month period while it applies for permanent planning permission for sites in Leytonstone and Walthamstow. Rent for these will be £75 per week, which amounts to 15 percent of the minimum wage and 120 people are on the waiting list.
While charities help young people gain employment, these young people still struggle to afford rental accommodation on the minimum wage. Many end up sofa-surfing, living with friends and moving around which creates a revolving door of youth homelessness. It is hoped that the simple repurposed homes which are equipped with all the basic necessities will break that vicious cycle and act as a “stepping stone” for young people moving towards independent living.
Shipping Container Housing for Japan’s Homeless
Japanese architect Yasutaka Yoshimura coordinated a project to convert shipping containers into emergency housing for people displaced due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan in 2011. The series of shipping containers were low cost and quick to construct and while intended to be temporary housing, have the ability to become permanent or moved to other disaster sites as the need arises.
The containers are fully outfitted in a factory outside Japan, then shipped to their destination.
The architects first used shipping containers in their Bayside Marina Hotel project in Yokohama. The Hotel is located in Yokohama Bay and was completed in 2009. The shipping containers were fabricated in Thailand and assembled in Japan. Each unit is made of two shipping containers tacked onto each other.
Bed by Night Shelter – Germany
The “Bed by Night” campaign by Architect Han Slawik was constructed in Hanover, Germany in 2002 for the city’s street kids. The emergency shelter providing temporary safe accommodation consists of used shipping containers and stands in a small park next to a former bunker. The two-story brightly coloured complex is a free-standing structure using 19 containers and has received a number of awards.
New Jerusalem Orphanage – South Africa
In 2000 two sisters established the New Jerusalem Orphanage in South Africa for children who had been either abandoned or orphaned because of poverty, HIV or other social problems. Their aim was to give the children a home and offer them a future filled with hope. Recycled shipping containers were chosen for the expansion of the orphanage because they are 25 percent cheaper than conventional building materials. The complex comprises 28 shipping containers. Each unit in the New Jerusalem Orphanage contains enough space for 12 children and a house mother, and the two houses share a communal kitchen, dining and lounge area.
New York City Preparing Shipping Containers for Future Hurricanes
After the destruction caused by Hurricane Sandy, New York City is preparing for similar future weather events with a plan to build disaster shelters out of used shipping containers. The New York City Department of Design and Construction is transforming the shipping containers into structurally sound dwellings that will give displaced people a comfortable and secure form of temporary housing. Many of the victims who lost their homes in Hurricane Sandy have had to move in with friends and family while others have had to live in tents until the rebuilding is complete.
The plan is to prepare hundreds of shipping containers which will be stored ready for use when needed. Because setting up shipping container homes takes very little time, disaster shelters can be established in just a few days … read more
Haiti Earthquake Leaves Two Million People Homeless
The disastrous earthquake in Haiti has left two million people living in tents. A new village is being constructed using 900 repurposed shipping containers which will be self-sufficient. The new container homes will all have running water and a bathroom, and because of their durable construction, will withstand earthquakes and hurricanes … read more
When mother nature strikes quickly and people need shelter, a reliable shipping container provider can make all the difference. Premier Box Shipping Containers offer immediate delivery in most areas of Australia, and with over 20 years experience in the shipping container industry, they know how to create solutions for their customers fast. Call today on 07 3888 3011 for more information or get a quote online. | <urn:uuid:1bb12d00-009d-4c83-832e-4004046fbee6> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://premiershippingcontainers.com.au/2017/11/01/accommodating-the-homeless-in-repurposed-shipping-containers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.958089 | 1,183 | 2.734375 | 3 |
|시간 제한||메모리 제한||제출||정답||맞은 사람||정답 비율|
|1 초||128 MB||0||0||0||0.000%|
Consider the function f(x)=tan(sin(x))-sin(tan(x))+cos(x)5-0.5 defined on the interval [a,b], and nb≥1 a series of subintervals [xi,xi+1], i=1,nb, where x1=a and xnb+1=b. Find the number of subintervals that contain “observable” roots of f(x). A root in a subinterval [xi,xi+1] is “observable” if the existence of that root can be decided without inspecting the behavior of f(x) for xi<x<xi+1, i.e. a subinterval is a black box and you cannot compute inside the interval.
The program input is from a text file. Each data set in the file stands for a particular interval [a,b] of f(x) and specifies the limits a, b (real numbers) and the integer number nb of subintervals.
For each data set the program prints the number of subintervals that contain “observable” roots of f(x). Each result is printed on the standard output from the beginning of a line.
White spaces can occur freely in the input. The input data are correct and terminate with an end of file. An input/output sample for the function f(x)=1-x2 is in the table bellow.
-2 2 2 0 100 5 -1 1 1
2 1 1 | <urn:uuid:0ab76306-c20b-4517-9fb0-e3c806b47c3d> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.acmicpc.net/problem/3718 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423269.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720161644-20170720181644-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.704685 | 414 | 3.15625 | 3 |
When it comes to land management, and specifically the eradication and control of invasive alien plants, few landowners are as committed as Eskom, says Cobus Meiring of the Southern Cape Landowners Initiative (SCLI).
With the exception of the inaccessible Outeniqua Mountains, the eastern seaboard is extensively farmed, with rare patches of land where indigenous biodiversity is still to be found.
The Southern Cape landscape is furthermore affected by dense infestations of invasive alien plants, especially along river systems, putting further strain on indigenous biodiversity.
“Eskom manages several servitudes, running east-to west as well as south- to north, and along these corridors, nature finds a last vestige to flourish”, continues Meiring.
Changes in burning regimes, wild fire as well as unbridled development and agricultural expansion, all contribute to a shrinking ecological and biodiversity footprint.
By law, Eskom has to keep the servitudes under its management clear of invasive alien plants, and it does so on a continuous bases, and in a manner exemplary to other state entities.
Says Meiring, “by default, Eskom has become a critically important conservation entity. You will often find that land, bordering Eskom servitudes with flourishing Fynbos and Renosterveld, are completely (and seemingly permanently) overrun by invasives.
The CareTaker initiative is aimed at landowners who continue their efforts to manage and eradicate invasive alien plants on their land, in line with environmental legislation such as NEMBA and Cara, and Eskom is a worthy participant in the struggle against invasive alien plants.
The Southern Cape Landowners Initiative (SCLI), is a public platform for landowners and land managers with a stake in the control and eradication of invasive alien plants. SCLI is supported by the Table Mountain Fund (TMF). | <urn:uuid:71b0c412-dde9-4e0b-9d09-dbce0b705c31> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.scli.org.za/eskom-joins-caretaker-initiative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578765115.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426093516-20190426115516-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.945381 | 385 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Battle of Bunker Hill: Now We Are at War--
By looking at The Battle of Bunker Hill: Now We Are at War, students can more easily understand why the British army's military victory at the battle of Bunker Hill was a moral victory for the colonists. This moral victory united colonial forces in opposition to imperial rule and allowed for the creation of the United States of America. Those interested in learning more will find that the Internet offers a variety of materials.
Boston National Historical Park
Boston National Historical Park is a unit of the National Park System. The park's web page provides details on the park and visitation information. Included on the site is a Virtual Visitor Center that guides you through the Freedom Trail, Charlestown Navy Yard, and other sites that demonstrate Boston's role in our nation's history.
The American Battlefield Protection Program
The National Park Service's American Battlefield Protection Program provides detailed battle summaries of the Revolutionary War on its web site.
National Archives and Records Administration
The National Archives and Records Administration offers a wealth of documents related to the Revolutionary War and the creation of the United States of America in their online exhibit hall. Visit "American Originals" to view documents such as George Washington's account of expenses while Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. Also visit "The Charters of Freedom" to see the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights.
Library of Congress
Search the "American Memory" collection on the Library of Congress web page for further information about the revolutionary time period. The following links are of special interest: Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention: 1774-1789, Words and Deeds in American History, the George Washington Papers, Map Collections: 1544-1999, and An American Time Capsule.
Liberty! The American Revolution
Liberty! is the story of the American Revolutiontwo and a half decades of debate, rebellion, war, and peace. It begins after the French and Indian War and ends with the creation of the U.S. Constitution. Liberty! is an online companion to the PBS documentary, Liberty! The American Revolution.
The Blue Darter's Guide to the American Revolution
This web site is the creation of the American History Honors Class at Apopka High School in Orange County, Florida. It was written by students to be a source for students on certain topics in world history. Included on the site are descriptions of the famous battles and people of the American Revolution.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI)
The WPI web site provides detailed military information about Revolutionary War battles, including the Battle of Breed's Hill/Bunker Hill. Also on the web page is an overview of the events leading to the battle, a brief history of the battle, and a detailed breakdown of battle specifics. | <urn:uuid:ef385ca1-1aec-4697-8c6d-7c3f0dc4b3bd> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/42bunker/42lrnmore.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122865.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00611-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898931 | 576 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Although traditional science believes this to be simply absurd, a great deal of evidence has been found worldwide that supports the ancient alien theory. Perhaps the most critical connection between the emergence of civilization and alien beings can be found in the very history of humanity, hidden in ancient manuscripts and clay tablets that have survived for thousands of years.
An example of this is the list of Ancient Sumerian Kings, which describes the kings who ruled the Earth for a total of 241,200 years since the original rulers descended from heaven. This ancient list is written in the Sumerian language, the first language written in cuneiform characters. It is an isolated language, meaning that we do not know any other language-related to it ancestrally. It contains numerous generations of kings who ruled Ancient Sumer, detailing its duration and the location of the kingdoms.
Traditional scholars believe that not everything written on the Sumerian Kings List is accurate. They often claim that the Sumerian Kings list is a mix of prehistoric and mythological accounts, which speak of gods who ruled the Earth, enjoying absurdly long reigns. But suppose we travel half a world, from ancient Mesopotamia to the Americas. In that case, we will discover how the sacred book of the old Maya, Popol Vuh, describes the beings who created humanity.
The creators of our race in Popol Vuh are referred to in the texts as:
- The Creator
- The Ancients
- The First
- The Dominator
- Those Who Created
- Those Who Gave Life
- Those Who Hovered Over Water Like Light Aurora
Although these ancient texts, mentioned above, are extraordinary, perhaps even more so are the countless artifacts that have been found scattered across the globe, representing beings frighteningly similar to modern astronauts. And while speaking of astronauts, Al Worden (February 7, 1932 – March 18, 2020), former astronaut and member of the Apollo 15 mission, had something fascinating to say about alien life while speaking with Good Morning Britain.
Al Worden was an American astronaut and engineer who was the pilot of the Endeavor Command Module during the Apollo 15 Lunar Mission in 1971. He is one of 24 people who went to the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The ex-astronaut is also listed in the Guinness book of world records as “the most isolated human being,” after spending six days alone orbiting the Moon, completing 75 laps around him.
While speaking to Good Morning Britain, Al Worden was asked if he believed the aliens were real, and his response surprised everyone who watched the interview. The former Apollo 15 member said that the aliens are accurate and came to Earth in the distant past and created our civilization. If we want to look for evidence, we have to look at ancient Sumerian literature.
“We are the aliens, but we think that they are other people. But we were the ones who came from somewhere else because someone had to survive, and they got into their little spaceships and came over here and landed, and then started civilization here. And if you don’t believe me, get books on the ancient Sumerians and see what they have to say. They will explain it to you right away.” | <urn:uuid:332e6175-6e18-4a3a-ba72-56e052685f5f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newstangail24.com/apollo-15-astronaut/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.970454 | 664 | 3.28125 | 3 |
An estimated 1,318 motor vehicle fatalities in Tribal areas from 2010-2014 involved an impaired driver. Among these fatalities are 1,168 involving a driver with a blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08 and another 150 fatalities involving a driver with BAC between 0.01 and 0.07. For tribal areas, 40% of fatalities involved a driver impaired by alcohol with a BAC of at least 0.01. In comparison, 36% of fatal crashes during 2010-2014 in the United States overall are reported to involve a driver impaired by alcohol with a BAC of at least 0.01 (NHTSA, 2015).
Nationally, use of drugs other than alcohol (e.g., marijuana and cocaine) are identified in about 18% of motor vehicle driver deaths in the United States but test results were only available for 66% of cases in the studied crash data (NHTSA, 2010). Data on the involvement of drugs in fatal crashes in Tribal areas is not available. Anecdotally, if drug abuse is a factor then alcohol is typically also involved. Police officers often do not test for drug levels if alcohol impairment is also a factor. In addition, there are a wide variety of drugs and many require special equipment or a unique test to identify the suspected drug. Not all police departments are equipped with the necessary training, equipment, and tests to cover all controlled substances. Despite the unavailability of data, law enforcement officers often discuss the involvement of controlled substances as a growing problem on reservations based on their experience.
Tribal Governments can:
- Establish and fully enforce existing laws that address the prevention of impaired driving. These include:
- Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of .08 limit laws;
- Minimum legal drinking age laws;
- Zero tolerance laws for drivers younger than 21 years old; and
- Drug impaired driving.
- Authorize sobriety checkpoints. Checkpoints can reduce alcohol-related crash deaths by 9 percent.
- Require ignition interlock use for people convicted of drinking and driving, starting with their first offense.
- Restrict nighttime driving for teens to no later than 10 p.m. for at least the first 6 months of licensed driving.
- Restrict new drivers to no more than one passenger during the first 6 months of licensed driving.
- Ensure that alternatives to driving and walking are available for those leaving drinking establishments.
- Explore Community Guide supported strategies that may lead to a reduction in binge drinking.
Local health professionals can:
- Conduct screening and brief interventions for risky behaviors, such as using alcohol and drugs, and driving while impaired.
- Educate patients about the dangers of drinking and driving.
- Assess prescription drug controls using the guidelines provided in the National Safety Council publication “Prescription Nation: Addressing America's Drug Epidemic” (http://www.nsc.org/learn/NSC-Initiatives/Pages/Prescription-Nation-White-Paper.aspx).
Law Enforcement can:
- Combine seat belt, impairment, and nighttime enforcement efforts.
- Publicize sobriety checkpoint programs.
- Conduct sobriety checkpoints.
- Maintain strong enforcement efforts.
- Coordinate enforcement efforts with education campaigns.
- Coordinate with Tribal council to ensure leadership support of enforcement campaigns.
- Ensure police officers are adequately trained to identify and test alcohol and drug impaired drivers. | <urn:uuid:52b7cc76-53d3-4f1a-b1ae-331c950a9c94> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://tribalsafety.org/Resources/Impaired-Driving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216453.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820121228-20180820141228-00709.warc.gz | en | 0.926893 | 703 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Sadly, Racism Still Alive in 2012
Recently a young African American, 17-year-old Trayvon Martin, was shot and killed by a neighborhood watch captain. The killing has ignited much controversy. Each side has become entrenched in a position. The shooter alleges self defense and the supporters of the victim allege murder as a result of racial profiling.
We may never know exactly what happened on February 26, 2012, when George Zimmerman shot and killed this unarmed teenager in Sanford, Florida. Hopefully our judicial system will allow both sides their day in court and a proper and just result with all of the constitutional safeguards offered to both sides.
This tragic event reminds all of us that our war against racism is far from over. The last one hundred fifty years has shown considerable progress beginning after the Civil War in 1866 with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment making all Americans born African American citizens, and the Fifteenth Amendment allowing African Americans the right to vote.
Setbacks have occurred, including Jim Crow laws advancing segregation and the U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1896 in Plessy v. Ferguson, which indicated public facilities did not have to be racially integrated as long as they were equal. Fortunately our judiciary corrected this impediment in 1954 in the case of Brown v. Board of Education which held that racially separate facilities are inherently unequal and hence the advent of desegregation.
Prejudice on both sides of the fence has considerably lessened but sadly still exists as is revealed by the aftermath of the death of Trayvon Martin. Eradication of such prejudices must be a way of life -- one which is lived, not just preached, and one that is not tolerated or permitted.
There are not two sides to this issue -- there is only one side -- we are one race -- the human race.
If you believe you have been subjected to discrimination or if you have been wrongfully terminated from your employment on account of your race, gender, color, creed, national origin, medical disability or age, call the Fitzsimmons Law Firm. The Fitzsimmons Law Firm has successfully handled claims and lawsuits for individuals who who have been the victim of wrongful termination and discrimination. For over 30 years, our West Virginia employment discrimination lawyers have committed themselves to ensuring that all people are afforded equal access to the work force regardless of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age or disability. | <urn:uuid:13f66734-4a43-4fcd-8152-70d2cad3fd26> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.fitzsimmonsfirm.com/blog/2012/april/sadly-racism-still-alive-in-2012/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178359497.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227204637-20210227234637-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.963686 | 494 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What is a test case?
Test case is a set of initial values created in order for a program to follow certain steps to get final result. On the basis of this result you can conclude if your program meets the initial requirements. Test cases should be well-structured and properly documented so that any other tester, having read it, would be able to understand the process of the test.
Test scenarios imply a set of actions, conditions and expected results. Test case contents should contain the main goals and methodologies of its implementation. Conditions mean the actions which prepare the system for testing. Test cases are divided into two groups: positive and negative.
- Positive test case checks if the program works properly and realizes a certain function using only correct data.
- Negative test case includes both correct and incorrect data. It is used to check the work of validators. When a validator is triggered, the function should not run.
When we talk about test cases, two more important notion should be mentioned. They are check list and cheat list.
Check list describes what should be tested without indication the possible outcome. Depending on specifications to testing documentation, check lists can include details of different specification levels.
Cheat lists are a set of standard actions which should be performed no matter testing specifications. Pretty often, cheat lists serve as a basis for creating new test and they remind a developer of important checks that should be done in any case.
It’s also important to understand that test cases are not perfect. They all have a “human factor” in it, and this always leaves room for mistake. In order for test cases to serve properly and solve the problems they are supposed to solve, they should be constantly checked and updated from time to time. Don’t forget that the quality of testing services depends on the test cases results. | <urn:uuid:22bc0917-cea5-4aa6-b185-5cf27ea81f94> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://softwaretesting.carbonmade.com/projects/5904842 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746301.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120071442-20181120093442-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.930647 | 377 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Find over 200 print-friendly fact sheets about heart disease and related health topics.
Thyroid cancer is a
disease that you get when abnormal cells begin to grow in your
thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is shaped like a butterfly and is located in
the front of your neck. It makes hormones that regulate the way your body uses
energy and that help your body work normally.
Thyroid cancer is an
uncommon type of cancer. Most people who have it do very well, because the
cancer is usually found early and the treatments work well. After it is
treated, thyroid cancer may come back, sometimes many years after
Experts don't know what causes thyroid cancer. But like other cancers, changes in the DNA of your cells seem to play a role. These DNA changes may include changes that are inherited as well as those that happen as you get older.
People who have been
exposed to a lot of radiation have a greater chance of getting thyroid cancer.
dental X-ray now and then will not increase your chance of getting thyroid
cancer. But past
radiation treatment of your head, neck, or chest
(especially during childhood) can put you at risk of getting thyroid cancer.
Thyroid cancer can cause
Some people may not have any symptoms. Their doctors may
find a lump or
nodule in the neck during a routine physical
If you have a
lump in your neck that could be thyroid cancer, your doctor may do a
biopsy of your thyroid gland to check for cancer
cells. A biopsy is a simple procedure in which a small piece of the thyroid
tissue is removed, usually with a needle, and then checked.
Sometimes the results of a biopsy are not clear. In this case, you may
need surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid gland before you find out if
you have thyroid cancer.
Thyroid cancer is treated with
surgery and often with radioactive iodine. It rarely needs
radiation therapy or
chemotherapy. What treatment you need depends on your
age, the type of thyroid cancer you have, and the
stage of your disease. Stage refers to how severe the
disease is and how far, if at all, the cancer has spread.
doctor may also remove lymph nodes in your neck to see if cancer has spread
beyond the thyroid.
Finding out that you have cancer can be overwhelming. It's common to feel scared, sad, or even angry. Talking to others who have had thyroid cancer may help. Ask your doctor about cancer support groups in your area.
Most thyroid cancer cannot
One rare type of thyroid cancer, called
medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), runs in families. A genetic test can tell you
if you have a greater chance of getting MTC. If this test shows that you have
an increased risk, you can have your thyroid gland removed to prevent thyroid
cancer later in life.
Learning about thyroid cancer:
Living with thyroid cancer:
Experts don't know what causes thyroid cancer. Like other cancers, changes in the DNA of your cells seem to play a role. These DNA changes may include changes that are inherited as well as those that happen as you get older.
One rare type of thyroid cancer, which is called
medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), runs in families. You
can inherit a specific
gene that increases your risk for
Thyroid cancer can cause many symptoms,
Some people may not have any symptoms. Their doctors may
find a lump or nodule in the neck during a routine physical exam.
is a disease that occurs when abnormal cells begin to grow in the
thyroid gland. You may notice a lump in your neck and
then go to your doctor. Or your doctor may notice a lump during a routine
physical exam or on an imaging test that you are having for another health
Thyroid cancer is usually found before the cancer has
spread very far. This means that most people who are treated for thyroid cancer
do very well. After it is treated, thyroid cancer may come back, sometimes many
years after treatment.
Before starting your treatment, your
doctor needs to find out which type of thyroid cancer you have. A
biopsy can identify your type of cancer. During a
biopsy, a small piece of thyroid tissue is removed, usually with a fine needle. The
thyroid tissue cells are then examined under a microscope.
also important to find out the
stage of your cancer. Staging is a way for your doctor
to tell how far, if at all, the cancer has spread. It also helps your doctor
decide what kind of treatment you need. Staging generally depends on the results of your radioactive iodine scan.
If you have your thyroid
gland surgically removed, you will probably need to take thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to replace the hormones that were made by your thyroid. Taking it will help regulate your
metabolism and other body functions.
A risk factor for thyroid cancer is something that increases your chance of getting this cancer. Having one or more of these risk factors can make it more likely that you will get thyroid cancer. But it doesn't mean that you will definitely get it. And many people who get thyroid cancer don't have any of these risk factors.
The most common risk factors for thyroid cancer include:
Call your doctor if you have any
of the following symptoms:
Health professionals who can evaluate your symptoms
and help determine your risk for thyroid cancer include:
Thyroid cancer is usually treated by endocrinologists,
nuclear medicine specialists,
medical oncologists, and
To prepare for your appointment, see the topic Making the Most of Your Appointment.
In order to diagnose
thyroid cancer, your doctor will ask about your
medical history and do a
Your doctor may check your vocal cords using a thin tube-like instrument that has a light (laryngoscope).
Your doctor may order a
CT scan or an
ultrasound to get a better look at your thyroid. If
your doctor thinks that the lump or nodule could be cancerous, he or she may
fine needle biopsy of the thyroid gland.
You may also
have blood tests to check the levels of your thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), serum calcitonin, or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).
Other tests may be done before, during, or after your
treatment for thyroid cancer.
In some cases, an MRI, a chest X-ray, a CT scan, or a
PET scan may be done.
If you have
medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), a
CT scan of the chest and belly and a
bone scan may also be needed.
At this time there are not any screening tests for thyroid cancer that work well for people at average risk. Talk to your doctor about whether you need
to be screened for thyroid cancer.
People who have a family
history of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) may want to have a
genetic test to look for a gene change called an RET
mutation. Before you have the test, it is a good idea to talk with a
genetic counselor. He or she can help you understand
what your test results may mean.
The goal of treatment
for thyroid cancer is to get rid of the cancer cells in your body. How this is
done depends on your age, the
type of thyroid cancer you have, the
stage of your cancer, and your general health.
Most people have surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland.
Sometimes a suspicious lump or
nodule has to be surgically removed before you will
know if you have cancer or not.
After surgery, you may need
treatment with radioactive iodine to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. When
you no longer have all or part of your thyroid gland, you will probably need to
take thyroid hormone medicines for the rest of your life. These medicines
replace necessary hormones that are normally made by the thyroid gland and
prevent you from having
hypothyroidism—too little thyroid hormone.
information on hypothyroidism, see the topic
Your treatment for
thyroid cancer may include:
If thyroid cancer is
advanced when it is diagnosed, initial treatment may also include
After treatment for
thyroid cancer, you may need to take
thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to
replace the hormones that your body no longer makes. You will also need
follow-up visits with your doctor every 6 to 12 months. In addition to
scheduling regular visits, be sure to call your doctor if you notice another
lump in your neck or if you have trouble breathing or swallowing.
At your follow-up visits, your doctor may order a blood test to measure your
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level. This test
helps your doctor know if you are taking the right amount of thyroid hormone
medicine. Your doctor may order other tests, such as a
radioiodine scan, X-rays,
or a CT scan.
The side effects of surgery for thyroid cancer are usually mild and last a couple of days. Your doctor will talk to you about medicine you can take if you are having pain. You will likely need to take
thyroid hormone medicine for the rest of your life to
replace the hormones that your body no longer makes.
The most important side effect of radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) is that you will become radioactive for a period of time. Your doctor will give you written instructions to follow to prevent exposing others to radiation. For more information, see Radioactive Iodine.
Thyroid hormone therapy rarely causes side effects when you have the right dose. Too much or too little thyroid hormone can cause side effects.
Taking high doses of thyroid hormone may cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat. High doses taken over time may also cause weakness in your bones (osteoporosis).
Home treatment may help you manage your side effects.
Thyroid cancer may come back (recur). If thyroid
cancer does recur, it may be found during a physical exam, on an ultrasound, or
as a result of increasing
thyroglobulin levels. Unlike other types of recurrent
cancer, recurrent thyroid cancer is often cured, especially if it has spread
only to the
lymph nodes in the neck.
Recurrent thyroid cancer or
thyroid cancer that has spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body may be treated with surgery, radioactive iodine, or chemotherapy.
Your doctor may talk to you about being in a clinical trial. For some people with thyroid cancer, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials for thyroid cancer are looking at targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Your doctor may talk to you about palliative care. This is medical care that provides an extra layer of support for people with serious and chronic illnesses. With palliative care, you have the help of a medical team to manage your symptoms, pain, and stress. For more information, see the topic Palliative Care.
Additional information about thyroid cancer is provided by the National Cancer Institute at www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/thyroid.
Most cases of thyroid cancer cannot be prevented.
You may be much more likely to get medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) if you have a gene carried by some families. A
genetic test can show if you carry this gene. If your test is positive for the gene, you may want to talk with your doctor about having your thyroid removed to prevent getting thyroid cancer later in life.
There are certain things you can do to
feel better or to reduce the side effects of your treatment for
thyroid cancer. Healthy habits such as eating a balanced diet and getting enough sleep and exercise may help control your symptoms. If you have chemotherapy, your doctor may also give you medicines to control and prevent nausea and vomiting.
You can try home treatments:
Having cancer can be very stressful, and it may feel overwhelming to face the challenges in front of you. Finding new ways of coping with the symptoms of stress may improve your overall quality of life. These ideas may help:
Having cancer can change your life in many ways. For support in managing these changes, see the topic
Getting Support When You Have Cancer.
thyroid cancer is generally treated with surgery,
medicines may also be needed to treat the cancer and to replace thyroid
Medicines to treat thyroid cancer include:
After you have your thyroid
surgically removed, you may have to wait several weeks before you have
radioactive iodine treatment to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue. During
the waiting period, you may have symptoms of hypothyroidism such as fatigue,
weakness, weight gain, depression, memory problems, or constipation.
doctor may also put you on a low-iodine diet before treating you with radioactive iodine. If you are
on a low-iodine diet, you cannot eat foods that contain a lot of iodine, such
as seafood and baked goods. Depleting your body of iodine may make radioactive
iodine treatment more effective, because your cells become "hungry" for
After surgery, you may need to take thyroid hormone replacement pills for the rest of your life. Taking these pills rarely causes side effects if you are taking the right amount. But too much thyroid hormone can cause you to feel hot and sweaty. It can also cause weight loss, a fast heart rate, chest pain, cramps, or diarrhea. And too little thyroid hormone can cause you to feel cold and tired. It can also cause weight gain, dry skin, or dry hair.1
Most people with thyroid cancer have surgery to remove the cancer. You may have part or all of your thyroid removed.
The kind of surgery you have may depend on your age, the type of cancer you have, how much the cancer has spread, and your general health.
During surgery, lymph nodes in the neck may also be
removed and tested for cancer cells (lymphadenectomy). If thyroid cancer has spread to the lymph
radioactive iodine will be used to destroy the
remaining cancer cells.
Most thyroid cancers grow and
spread so slowly that you can delay surgery for a short time if you need to. If
you choose to postpone surgery, your thyroid cancer should be watched closely
Surgery to remove only
the part of the thyroid gland that contains cancer (lobectomy) is less
complicated than total thyroidectomy and less likely to lead to hypothyroidism.
But thyroid cancer comes back (recurs) after lobectomy more often than it does
after total thyroidectomy.
If you and your doctor decide that you need surgery, it is important to have the procedure done by a highly skilled surgeon at a hospital that has a good success rate. There are fewer problems from surgery when a person has a skilled and experienced surgeon.2
Radiation treatment uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It is rarely used for thyroid cancer.
People sometimes use complementary therapies
along with medical treatment to help relieve symptoms and side effects of
cancer treatments. Some of the complementary therapies that may be helpful
These mind-body treatments may help you feel better. They can make it easier to cope with treatment. They also may reduce chronic low back pain, joint pain, headaches, and pain from treatments.
Before you try a complementary therapy, talk to your doctor about the possible value and potential side effects. Let your doctor know if you are already using any such therapies. They are not meant to take the place of standard medical treatment.
The American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck
Surgery (AAO-HNS) is the world's largest organization of physicians dedicated
to the care of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) disorders. Its Web site includes
information for the general public on ENT disorders.
The American Cancer Society (ACS) conducts educational
programs and offers many services to people with cancer and to their families.
Staff at the toll-free number have information about services and activities
in local areas and can provide referrals to local ACS divisions.
The American Thyroid Association promotes scientific and public
understanding of thyroid disorders. It publishes a monthly journal and manages
a Web site.
Cancer.Net is the information website of the American
Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) for people living with cancer and for those
who care for them. ASCO is the world's leading professional organization
representing physicians of all oncology subspecialties. Cancer.Net provides
current oncologist-approved information on living with cancer.
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is a U.S. government
agency that provides up-to-date information about the prevention, detection,
and treatment of cancer. NCI also offers supportive care to people who have cancer
and to their families. NCI information is also available to doctors, nurses,
and other health professionals. NCI provides the latest information about
clinical trials. The Cancer Information Service, a service of NCI, has trained
staff members available to answer questions and send free publications.
Spanish-speaking staff members are also available.
CitationsNational Cancer Institute (2007). What You Need to Know About Thyroid Cancer (NIH Publication No. 07-4994). Available online: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/thyroid.National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2011). Thyroid carcinoma. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, version 2. Available online: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/thyroid.pdf.Other Works ConsultedAmerican Cancer Society (2011). Cancer Facts and Figures 2011. Atlanta: American Cancer Society. Available online: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-029771.pdf.American Thyroid Association Guidelines Taskforce (2009). Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid, 19(11): 1167–1214. Also available online: http://thyroidguidelines.net/revised/taskforce.Cooper DS, et al. (2007). The thyroid gland. In DG Gardner, D Shoback, eds., Greenspan's Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 8th ed., pp. 209–280. New York: McGraw-Hill.National Cancer Institute (2011). Thyroid Cancer (PDQ): Treatment—Health Professional Version. Available online: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/thyroid/HealthProfessional.
July 27, 2011
E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & Matthew I. Kim, MD - Endocrinology
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:6083840c-4f88-45a5-ab3b-439ee4237e4f> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://www.cardiosmart.org/healthwise/tv76/60/tv7660 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462751.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00010-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928565 | 4,045 | 3.375 | 3 |
Thank you for the connect * The Universe offers endless possibilities * Keep in touch
Hyperspace is a faster-than-light (FTL) method of traveling used in science fiction. It is typically described as an alternative “sub-region” of space co-existing with our own universe which may be entered using an energy field or other device. As seen in most fiction hyperspace is most succinctly described as a “somewhere else” within which the laws of general and special relativity decidedly do not apply – especially with respect to the speed of light being the cosmic speed limit.
Entering and exiting said “elsewhere” thus directly enables travel near or faster than the speed of light – almost universally with the aid of extremely advanced technology. “Through hyper-space, that unimagineable region that was neither space nor time, matter nor energy, something nor nothing, one could traverse the length of the Galaxy in the interval between two neighboring instants of time.”
Astronomical distances and the impossibility of faster-than-light travel pose a challenge to most science-fiction authors. They can be dealt with in several ways: accept them as such (hibernation, slow boats, generation ships, time dilation – the crew will perceive the distance as much shorter and thus flight time will be short from their perspective), find a way to move faster than light (warp drive), “fold” space to achieve instantaneous translation (e.g. the Dune universe’s Holtzman effect), access some sort of shortcut (wormholes), utilize a closed timelike curve (e.g. Stross’ Singularity Sky), or sidestep the problem in an alternate space: hyperspace, with spacecraft able to use hyperspace sometimes said to have a hyperdrive.
Jump To Hyperspace
We love ❤️ Earth | We love ❤️ Mars | We love ❤️ Space | <urn:uuid:f8da02eb-0d22-4854-b0b1-5997e29fef8f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://intercontactnews.com/2019/01/30/jump-to-hyperspace/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368608.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304051942-20210304081942-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.92255 | 403 | 3.140625 | 3 |
English National Identity
Foreman: Although it is quite easy for us to characterise the Royal line of England as a bunch of thieves, philanderers, murderers and fratricides, the period when John O'Gaunt was alive was a time when the English national identity was formed.
- Parliament conducted in English.
- Use of English as a poetic language (by Chaucer and the "Gawain poet" by comparison with whom Chaucer looks pretty thin)
- Use of the red cross of Saint George as the English emblem (Richard II ordered it to be worn by the English soldiers against "the auld enemy" the Scots)
- Establishment of the Grand Tradition of the Travelling Hooligan going across to the continent, getting into drunken brawls duffing up the locals and generally making a flaming nuisance of ourselves with rowdy behaviour.
- Bringing back funny curios from holidays in Spain such as May revels, Maid Marians and Morris dancing.
- Quite a few folkloric customs, which we now regard as being "TYPICALLY ENGLISH", seem to have been introduced in this period of our history.
The mainspring was the celebration of Whitsuntide with a carnival/pageant/choosing of a May Queen/holding a fair/Lamb/Youth/Whitsun Ale. | <urn:uuid:75a95869-1c90-413e-9c0c-63527d04968f> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://dartingtonmorrismen.org.uk/english-national-identity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313889.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818124516-20190818150516-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.959636 | 283 | 3.28125 | 3 |
If ever one needed a cogent example of why relying on the federal government to comply with the constitution and protect the liberties of the people is hopeless, the senate just gave one. Robert Wenzel reports over at his EconomicPolicyJournal that in a 79 to 12 vote, the senate rejected an amendment to the Foreign…Details
“The radical change in the relationship of the federal government to individual Americans was ratcheted up greatly in the Progressive Era,” argues Judge Andrew Napolitano in his new book, Theodore and Woodrow: How Two American Presidents Destroyed Constitutional Freedom.
The first decades of the 20th century saw an assault on individual liberties that was both unconstitutional and unprecedented in American history. From crackdowns on freedom of speech to the seizures of vast swaths of land, Judge Napolitano shows how the policies of two presidents from opposing parties laid the groundwork for a century of ever-expanding federal power.Details
Term limits are one of most popular political issues of the day. Most think of achieving this with a Constitutional Amendment, but there is another way: with nullification.
Before 1995, states were legislating term limits. Then in Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779,(1995) in a 5 to 4 split decision, the Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional. Their reasoning was that since the U.S. Constitution imposed some qualifications on Congress people, such as age restrictions and citizen requirements. The states could not legislate additional requirements.
In a well reasoned and clear statement for federalism, Clarence Thomas dissented with, “It is ironic that the Court bases today’s decision on the right of the people to ‘choose whom they please to govern them’.” Under our Constitution, there is only one State whose people have the right to ‘choose whom they please’ to represent Arkansas in Congress… Nothing in the Constitution deprives the people of each State of the power to prescribe eligibility requirements for the candidates who seek to represent them in Congress. The Constitution is simply silent on this question. And where the Constitution is silent, it raises no bar to action by the States or the people.”
Justice Thomas is correct. There is no real Constitutional basis for this split Supreme Court ruling. It is the ruling on the whims and political view of five lawyers. At the end of this Blog are states that still have federal term limits in their laws and/or constitution. As best I can determine, these states still have these statutes on the record. If the governor or Secretary of State deems that in Inc. v. Thornton, the U.S Supreme Court does not have the authority to make their ruling, then they could prevent these multi-term federal politicians from appearing on the ballot. A grass roots effort in these states might persuade one of them to do this.Details | <urn:uuid:6b362601-81ec-460d-a6e7-a4ede7e0221b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://blog.tenthamendmentcenter.com/2012/12/28/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645261055.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031421-00164-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95761 | 585 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Approximately half the cases of acute pancreatitis in childhood are idiopathic. Trauma such as from bicycle handlebar injuries make up the largest proportion of identifiable causes. Biliary problems such as those associated with gallstones and anomalies of the biliary tract make up the next largest group. It is possible that hereditary pancreatitis is less common than represented because cases of hereditary pancreatitis are more likely to be reported than other forms of childhood pancreatitis. Examples of drugs causing pancreatitis (Slide 58) include valproic acid and sulfasalazine. As illustrated in the "other" group, many otherconditions can be associated with pancreatitis.
Hereditary pancreatitis should be suspected in every child with childhood pancreatitis, especially those that have a history of recurrent episodes of severe abdominal pain. The first attacks cannot be differentiated from idiopathic acute pancreatitis. The diagnosis should be suspected if pancreatic calcification is noted in the first few attacks. Approximately 82 kindreds with 375 separate cases of hereditary pancreatitis have been reported in the literature. Although hereditary pancreatitis follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, variable clinical penetrance may make this pattern difficult to elicit. A survey of family members may show an increased incidence of pancreatic carcinoma even in subjects who have never had pancreatitis. Although some kindreds have been described with aminoaciduria, most families do not demonstrate this feature. Management is similar to that of acute, recurrent, and chronic pancreatitis.
Pediatrics in Review
Pancreatitis in Childhood
Pancreatitis in children is a disease characterized by inflammation of the pancreas in the clinical setting of epigastric abdominal pain and usually is accompanied by elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes, amylase, and lipase. Pancreatitis can be categorized as acute, chronic, necrotic, hemorrhagic, and hereditary. The types are distinguished most frequently according to clinical and radiologic criteria; material obtained from the organ rarely is analyzed histologically.
Acute pancreatitis is a self-limited disorder causing nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, and marked elevations in enzymes. Bouts of acute pancreatitis may recur, but normal pancreatic function and morphology usually are restored between attacks. If the inflammatory process is progressive, morphologic changes may occur in the gland, leading to chronic pancreatitis, often with debilitating pain and possible irreversible loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. Protein ductal plugs may calcify in the gland, leading to chronic calcific pancreatitis, which indicates advanced disease. Relatively high mortality occurs in necrotizing hemorrhagic pancreatitis, where the inflamed gland can become infected secondarily with bacteria and sepsis can occur, often in association with subsequent multiorgan failure. Hereditary pancreatitis is an autosomal dominant condition that is characterized by recurrent attacks of pancreatitis, usually presenting during childhood within affected families.
It is difficult to estimate the true incidence and prevalence of pancreatitis in children because most of the literature reports individual cases or small clusters of patients. Although pancreatitis is not seen as commonly in children as in adults, it most likely is underdiagnosed and requires a high index of suspicion on the part of the clinician. Acute pancreatitis is believed to be the most common pancreatic disorder in children, with cystic fibrosis second in prevalence.
Although the majority of adult cases of acute pancreatitis can be attributed to either alcohol or gallstone disease, the causes of acute pancreatitis in childhood are more numerous and include trauma, infection, medications, anatomic variants, and systemic and metabolic disorders. Gallstone pancreatitis is relatively common in adolescent females. Despite the varied causes, the clinical characteristics of acute pancreatitis follow a similar pattern. The severity of the disease and long-term complications may differ, depending on the cause. The primary initiating event, whether traumatic, infectious, or metabolic, is damage to the pancreatic acinar cell by the premature activation of digestive enzymes within the cell. The damaged acinar cell then attracts inflammatory cells and activates platelets and the complement system, which leads to the release of cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, nitric oxide, and platelet activating factor), free radicals, and other vasoactive substances. These substances damage the gland directly, causing pancreatic edema, ischemia, necrosis, and eventual loss of glandular tissue. Systemically, often within hours of the initial insult, fever, hypotension, tachycardia, hypoxia, and capillary leak syndrome may occur in severe cases. The direct links between these chains of events are not well understood, but current research is targeting this inflammatory cascade for therapy that may be beneficial in all types of pancreatitis, regardless of the inciting event.
The various etiologies of pancreatitis are too numerous to be discussed in detail for this review (table1), which is limited to some of the more common causes and those in which recent advances in research have been made. Numerous drugs have been reported to be associated with pancreatitis. However, most of them have a proposed and unproved pathophysiology and do not have an established causal relationship (Table 2).
Infections from a variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, account for a significant number of cases of pancreatitis worldwide. The Escherichia coli strain that produces verotoxin and is associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome, as well as varicella and influenza B that have been associated with Reye syndrome in the past, all have been implicated in causing acute pancreatitis in children. In developing areas, parasites such as Ascaris and Clonorchis may migrate into the biliary tree, causing obstructive jaundice, pancreatitis, and portal hypertension, and ultimately can lead to liver failure. In patients who have viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus, an elevated serum amylase level may be associated with parotid inflammation rather than pancreatitis. With such infections, determining serum amylase isoenzymes may be clinically useful.
Trauma is a significant and possibly the most common cause of acute pancreatitis in children in the United States. Blunt traumatic pancreatitis often results from motor vehicle and bicycle handlebar accidents. Findings on a physical examination that are consistent with trauma in the absence of a reliable history should raise the suspicion for child abuse. There usually are other associated intra-abdominal injuries in cases of significant blunt abdominal trauma. Duodenal hematoma or bowel rupture is not uncommon. In the absence of complete duct transection, nonoperative management is believed to be safe, and there usually are no long-term complications.
Congenital defects in the formation of the pancreas are rare, but can lead to chronic pancreatitis if not corrected. The most common anatomic variant, pancreatic divisum, occurs when the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts fail to fuse during a critical time in fetal development. As a result of this failure, pancreatic flow is directed primarily to the dorsal duct. This is believed to lead to relapsing pancreatitis, which eventually may require endoscopic or surgical treatment. However, some believe that pancreatic divisum is a normal anatomic variant and a rare cause of pancreatitis.
Cystic fibrosis, an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, is thought to be the most common inherited disease involving the exocrine pancreas. CFTR is located on the apical membrane of the epithelial cells that line the pancreatic ducts, and it promotes dilution and alkalinization of the "juice" as it flows through the ducts. Up to 2% of individuals who have cystic fibrosis experience pancreatitis as a result of pancreatic ductal plugging due to mutant CFTR. There appears to be a strong correlation between specific CFTR mutations and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis, even in the absence of lung disease. Ongoing research is seeking to define the role of CFTR further in pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas.
In the United States, the most common cause of chronic relapsing pancreatitis in childhood is believed to be hereditary pancreatitis. The gene defects in the two types of hereditary pancreatitis, which were reported in 1996, may shed some light on the pathophysiology of the nonhereditary forms of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Clinically similar, both types are autosomal dominant, with 80% penetrance. The majority of affected patients report symptoms before the age of 15 years, many before the age of 5 years. Type I hereditary pancreatitis involves a mutation in the gene that codes for cationic trypsinogen on chromosome 7q35; type II hereditary pancreatitis involves a different mutation in the same gene. Both mutations are believed to allow trypsinogen to become activated to trypsin within the pancreas instead of within the duodenum. This, in turn, may lead to uncontrolled activation of the other pancreatic enzymes within the gland's acinar cells, leading to autodigestion, inflammation, and resultant pancreatitis. Attacks of acute pancreatitis are only intermittent, perhaps because this uncontrolled activation only occurs when trypsinogen exceeds the inhibitory capacity of the "secondary brake" of the pancreas, pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. Affected patients are at increased risk for pancreatic pseudocysts, exocrine and endocrine failure, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Pancreatitis has been a reported complication in children who have received heart, kidney, liver, pancreas, and bone marrow transplants. It can be life-threatening following liver transplantation and is associated with retransplantation, emergency transplantation, and infectious peritonitis. As with autoimmune and collagen-vascular diseases, it is difficult to distinguish the contribution that medications play in this scenario versus the transplant or primary disease process.
Signs and Symptoms
The classic symptoms of pancreatitis in children are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. The quality of the pain may be sharp and sudden or constant. It may be located in the epigastrium or right upper quadrant or even in the periumbilical area, back, or lower chest. Eating usually triggers a worsening of the pain and vomiting. The emesis may be bilious. A family history of pancreatitis should prompt the clinician to ask about symptoms of hereditary and systemic/metabolic disorders, such as diarrhea, vasculitis, joint pain, rashes, and pulmonary disease.
A careful physical examination may provide more clues for differentiating pancreatitis from other, more common causes of acute abdominal pain in the child. Fever, if present, is usually low grade, but tachycardia and hypotension may be present early in the course of the illness. The child may be icteric, with a distended abdomen, decreased bowel sounds, and diffuse or localized tenderness and guarding on palpation. He or she may experience some pain relief when the knees are drawn up to a flexed trunk. In the case of severe hemorrhagic or necrotizing disease, Grey Turner sign (blue discoloration of the flanks) or Cullen sign (blue discoloration around the umbilicus) may be noted. In advanced disease, ascites, a mass (pseudocyst), or pulmonary findings may be appreciated. The physician always should be alert to additional physical evidence of child abuse.
A complete blood count with differential count, chemistry panel, amylase, and lipase usually differentiate pancreatitis from other, more common causes of abdominal pain. Leukocytosis with bandemia, hemoconcentration, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, and elevated alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin are frequent findings. Hypoxemia with hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, and azotemia with elevated glucose and lactate dehydrogenase levels reflect more progressive disease and hemorrhagic pancreatic damage.
Although it has a relatively low sensitivity and specificity (75% to 92% and 20% to 60%, respectively), the serum amylase level remains the test used most frequently to confirm acute pancreatitis. By making the cut-off three to six times the upper limit of normal, specificity increases for pancreatitis, but at the expense of sensitivity. In addition, as shown in (Table 3), hyperamylasemia may result from many diseases of nonpancreatic origin, and normal amylase levels may be seen in cases of pancreatitis. Measurement of the isoamylase levels to differentiate between enzymes of pancreatic and salivary origins is more discriminatory. Serum activity of amylase begins to increase 2 to 12 hours after the pancreatic insult and peaks at 12 to 72 hours after the onset of symptoms.
Serum lipase levels have a reported clinical sensitivity of 86% to 100% and clinical specificity of 50% to 99%. By increasing the cut-off level to greater than three times the upper limit of normal, sensitivity can by increased to 100% and specificity to 99%. Lipase levels remain elevated for a longer period of time in the plasma than do amylase levels, beginning to increase within 4 to 8 hours after symptoms, peaking at 24 hours, and decreasing over 8 to 14 days. It should be noted, however, that the degree of elevation of amylase and lipase in the plasma does not reflect the severity of the pancreatic disease. By using serum amylase and lipase determinations together, clinical sensitivity for the diagnosis of pancreatitis increases to 94%.
Plasma immunoreactive cationic trypsin, pancreatic elastase I, and phospholipase A2 are serum enzymes that show higher sensitivities than amylase and lipase and correlate with disease severity. Unfortunately, they are not readily available in most centers.
The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis depends on the assessment of pancreatic function and clinical and radiographic findings. Noninvasive tests of pancreatic function reflect decreased enzymes in the blood or stool or increased amounts of malabsorbed food products. These tests include measuring serum pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase, isoamylase, and immunoreactive trypsinogen) and fecal assays for fat and pancreatic enzymes. However, due to the poor negative predictive value of these tests, chronic pancreatitis cannot be excluded confidently. These tests also may be falsely positive in the presence of intestinal bacterial overgrowth or other mucosal diseases of the small bowel. A recent study examining the usefulness of measuring fecal pancreatic elastase I versus the secretin-pancreozymin test in children who had cystic fibrosis and healthy controls reported a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96% and may offer a valid noninvasive test to detect pancreatic insufficiency.
The "gold standard" for establishing pancreatic insufficiency involves direct testing of pancreatic function by administering intravenous cholecystokinin or secretin and measuring output of bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes in pancreatic ductal secretions. If performed correctly, the sensitivity and specificity for this procedure range from 90% to 100% in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. However, these tests require oroduodenal or endoscopic intubation, accurate placement of a duodenal catheter, and complete recovery of all duodenal secretions. Because these studies are difficult to perform and interpret, they usually are available only at tertiary centers.
Although ultrasonography is the radiologic study of choice in pancreatitis, a simple radiograph of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) may suggest the diagnosis. Findings of ileus, with colonic dilatation, a sentinel loop of dilated small bowel, obscured psoas margins, or a radiolucent "halo" around the left kidney, are suggestive of the disease. In chronic pancreatitis, calcifications may be seen in the area of the pancreatic parenchyma or ductal system. Changes in pancreatic size, contour, and echotexture are appreciated best with ultrasonography, as is the presence of dilated ducts, pseudocysts, abscesses, ascites, and associated gallstone disease. Computed tomography often is used to help manage the complications of pancreatitis, such as providing guidance in the aspiration and drainage of an abscess, phlegmon, or pseudocyst or prior to surgical intervention.
Recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis of unknown etiology require a detailed delineation of the pancreatic and biliary anatomy to rule out anatomic malformations, biliary strictures, and cholelithiasis. Cholangiopancreatography may be accomplished by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) intraoperatively or via a percutaneous cholangiogram. ERCP is considered the study of choice to diagnose pancreas divisum and anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction. It has the added benefit of being a therapeutic modality, allowing sphincterotomy, stent placement, and stone removal, which can be performed at the time of diagnostic evaluation. These procedures should be undertaken at centers that have significant experience both in performing the studies and in managing childhood pancreatitis.
If an anatomic variant is suspected and ERCP is not possible, the next appropriate step is transduodenal exploration with intraoperative pancreatography. Surgical sphincteroplasty can be performed if minor or major papillae stenosis is found. MRCP has proven useful in determining the presence of pancreaticobiliary disease, the level of biliary obstruction, and the presence of malignancy and bile duct calculi. This procedure may prove useful in the patient who is unable to tolerate general anesthesia for ERCP or for an open laparotomy. Percutaneous cholangiography requires a skilled interventional radiologist and may be used when dilated bile ducts are present or through a biliary drain placed postoperatively (such as with postpancreatic debridement or postorthotopic liver transplant).
The treatment of pancreatitis is primarily supportive, providing adequate hydration, pain relief, and "pancreatic rest" by decreasing the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of pancreatic secretion. In the case of severe pancreatitis, the child is made nil per os, and nasogastric suction may be necessary to manage persistent vomiting or ileus. Parenteral nutrition should be initiated if the patient is expected to be without enteral feedings for more than 3 days to prevent protein catabolism. Antibiotics are indicated when there are clinical signs of sepsis, necrotic pancreatitis, or multiorgan system failure. Histamine2 receptor antagonists may help prevent stress ulceration by reducing duodenal acidification.
It may be difficult to relieve pain completely, and opiates have been reported to worsen symptoms by increasing spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Of all the pure opiate agonists, meperidine is the analgesic of choice by most clinicians for acute pancreatitis because it produces the least increase in enterobiliary pressure. We have used hydromorphone hydrochloride in many children who had severe acute pancreatitis, as well as in chronic pancreatitis, with excellent pain control. Chronic pancreatitis that leads to exocrine or endocrine insufficiency may require pancreatic enzyme replacement, insulin, or an elemental or low-fat diet to optimize nutritional status once enteral feedings are reinitiated.
The major cause of mortality in patients who have acute pancreatitis is septic complications, believed to arise from bacteria that have translocated from the small or large intestine via the mesenteric lymph nodes and lymphatics. This can lead to pancreatic abscess, infected pseudocyst, or pancreatic necrosis. These infections necessitate surgical intervention, but whether sterile necrosis requires operative management is still controversial. Evidence of infection within an area of necrosis can be obtained via fine-needle aspiration, with either ultrasonographic or CT guidance, for Gram stain and culture. The most common organisms recovered are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, and other gram-negative enteric rods.
Antibiotics and intensive care unit management usually provide adequate support for the patient who has sterile necrosis, but persistent ileus, bowel perforation, portal vein thrombosis, and multisystem organ failure are indications for urgent surgical intervention. Infected pancreatic necrosis is an absolute surgical indication, requiring necrosectomy (surgical debridement). Debridement of the pancreatic and peripancreatic parenchyma is thought to stop the progression of the necrotizing process and resultant multiorgan failure. Debridement, rather than partial or total pancreatic resection, is preferred because it preserves the exocrine and endocrine function of the gland. Multiple reoperations or continuous lavage with catheters left in the retroperitoneum may be necessary. Complications after necrosectomy include sepsis, hemorrhage, wound infection, and fistulas of the intestine, pancreas, and biliary system.
The chances of surviving an acute attack of severe pancreatitis are related to associated complications, which may affect virtually all organ systems, including pulmonary, cardiovascular, hematologic, gastrointestinal, renal, metabolic, and central nervous system (Table 4). Most cases of acute pancreatitis in children, which are uncomplicated and rarely progress to chronic pancreatitis, persist for only 5 to 7 days. The primary morbidity and mortality arise from septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome and respiratory failure, renal failure, and inflammatory masses of the pancreas. Criteria to predict the outcome from acute pancreatitis have been developed for adults (APACHE-II, Ranson), but they may not be as reliable in young children. Studies have shown a mortality rate of 5% to 17.5% from an initially mild presentation of acute pancreatitis and 80% to 100% from hemorrhagic pancreatitis or severe multisystem disorders. Exocrine and endocrine insufficiency are common after necrotizing pancreatitis, and the degree of dysfunction correlates with the extent of parenchymal necrosis.
The general clinician needs to have a high index of suspicion for pancreatitis when a child presents with the nonspecific symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and localized upper abdominal pain. A thorough history and physical examination that emphasizes recent infections, medications used, recent trauma, and underlying medical conditions may make the diagnosis clearer. Using serum enzyme testing alone (amylase and lipase) to diagnose both acute and chronic pancreatitis remains a challenge because although clinical sensitivity has improved, clinical specificity remains suboptimal. Ultrasonography is the first radiographic study of choice in the child who has pancreatitis to look for evidence of congenital anomalies, biliary ductal dilatation, cholelithiasis, and infection. More detailed imaging of the pancreatic and biliary system should be performed in recurrent acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. Unlike the adult disease, in which the majority of cases are due to alcoholism or gallstone disease, pancreatitis in the child may be due to infection, trauma, abnormal anatomy, or hereditary or systemic diseases and the medications used to treat them. Nearly 25% of cases of childhood pancreatitis may remain idiopathic. Gallstone pancreatitis is not infrequent in teenagers. A family history of the disease should prompt the clinician to look for evidence of inherited biochemical or anatomic abnormalities.
Treatment is basically supportive in an effort to decrease the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of pancreatic stimulation. Despite the varied etiologies, the course of acute pancreatitis in the child usually is limited, with complications being rare. However, the complications of this disease can involve virtually every organ system, and major morbidity and mortality can result despite aggressive supportive care. For severe cases or when complications occur, ERCP and pancreatic surgical and nonoperative radiologic intervention should be undertaken at a center that has significant expertise in caring for children who have pancreatic disorders.
Quiz also available online at www.pedsinreview.org.
6. Hereditary pancreatitis is characterized by recurrent attacks of pancreatitis beginning in childhood. Inheritance is best described as:
7. A 14-year-old girl who has severe bulimia presents with abdominal pain with guarding, distention, decreased bowel sounds, and low-grade fever. As part of your evaluation, you obtain a serum amylase activity level, which is three times the upper limit of normal for your laboratory. Your next step in interpreting this result would be to measure:
8. The result of your further laboratory evaluation increases your suspicion of pancreatitis. The radiologic study of choice is:
9. Among the following, the surgical treatment of choice for infected pancreatic necrosis is:
MD Consult L.L.C. http://www.mdconsult.com | <urn:uuid:ce9e0a0c-ee16-4b6c-8c52-2912dd6085b7> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.top5plus5.com/Childhood%20pancreatitis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930256.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00295-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915104 | 5,291 | 3.203125 | 3 |
We continually work on several long term projects which improve the power and scientific output of SETI@home. Recent accomplishments on this front as well as future plans are noted below.
After applications return signals they are validated and stored in our master database. The goal of SETI is to find persistent signals - those that appear at the same frequencies and points in the sky, but at different times. The aim of the ntpckr is to identify and (re)score such persistent signals as new results from the distributed clients are received, that is, in near real time. This will allow us to maintain an up-to-date list of our best candidates.
Development is currently very active on the NTPCKR. We are finishing up and debugging the candidate finding code and starting to develop a set of normalized scoring algorithms. We will also be developing web based tools for querying and displaying ntpckr generated data.
The current SETI@home application looks for signals that are narrow in frequency, but have long duration. That's one way that an extraterrestrial civilization can send a signal that stands up above the radio background noise. Another possibility is that they could put a lot of power into a short duration pulsed signal that has a wide bandwidth. As such a pulse travels through interstellar space, interactions with interstellar matter slow down low frequencies relative to high frequencies in a process called dispersion. This dispersion spreads the pulse out over time. If we know how much dispersion a pulse has experienced, we can correct for this effect. For an extraterrestrial signal we won't know how much interstellar matter the signal interacted with on its journey, therefore we have to try every possible dispersion measure. That takes a lot of computing time.
Astropulse is a SETI@home application that uses coherent dedispersion to search for pulsed signals. In addition to extraterrestrial signals we might see signs of evaporating black holes or discover new pulsars.
Since we began using the ALFA receiver at Arecibo we find we are more susceptible to have our data contaminated with military radar noise. Luckily, these radar bursts happen at known periods, and the staff at Arecibo already worked on a "hardware radar blanker," i.e. observational projects can have their data injected with extra bits that denote when radar is expected to be on or not. We implemented use of this hardware signal at the beginning of 2008.
However, in practice, we find the signal provided by Arecibo isn't 100% correct. This is for various reasons, including the military not being too keen on broadcasting changes in their radar patterns. Since the hardware blanker is predictive, it can't be completely trusted when things change. So we are also currently working on a "software radar blanker" which will analyze raw data and use statistical analysis to find radar patterns. This has the side effect of letting us re-analyze pre-2008 data (which didn't have the hardware radar blanker signal) more effectively. In effect, this is another form of RFI rejection. There are actually two concurrent forms of software radar blanking being developed at the time of writing.
One of the big challenges in SETI is to filter out intelligent but earth originating signals. Such false positive signals are, to SETI, Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). Integrating both tried and true RFI rejection algorithms, as well as some novel ideas made possible by our multibeam receiver is the goal of this task. One of the things we will be exploring is whether it is more efficient to filter RFI from all data pre-ntpckr or only filter the candidates post-ntpckr.
The current data recorder has the ability to "step" in frequency when the telescope is tracking a spot on the sky. The idea is that there is a diminishing return from collecting data at the same frequency, at the same sky location, for very long at a time. So, in such a case, the recorder can step through a series of frequencies. That part is done. What is not done are the required client application changes and related frontend and backend changes to properly handle a frequency stepping data set.
Due to our high network bandwidth needs which campus cannot support, we pay a monthly fee for our SETI@home "internet pipe" to an ISP (Hurricane Electric). It should be noted that since we are located on campus they do still play a large part in our network connectivity. However, given their resources and current infrastructure campus can only support us up to a point. In fact, we can only use 100 Mbits/sec of our pipe, even though we are paying for 1000 Mbits/sec (1 Gbit/sec).
This hasn't been a problem or concern for us, especially given our own hardware could barely handle more than 100Mbits, until recently. Our server/router hardware has improved over the past year, Astropulse is creating more bandwidth demands, and Moore's law still applies - we see a steady increase in bandwidth consumption even over long periods when our active user base remains the same.
While we are managing for now, we'd like to get access to more of our paid bandwidth. Campus is working with us already by researching what hardware is necessary for such an upgrade. We are, unfortunately, in a building up a large hill far from most of the campus, so a large portion of our upgrade costs would include dragging a new underground fiber up the slope to our lab. This isn't cheap.
This project doesn't require much of our time.
If we get the money for such an endeavor, we'll tell campus
to go ahead with the upgrades. If we don't, we'll have to manage with
what we got. By the way, we aren't currently "wasting money" - we are
paying far less for this Gigabit link than we were for our 100 Mbit link
several years ago, and the uptime/service has been far superior.
©2017 University of California
SETI@home and Astropulse are funded by grants from the National Science Foundation, NASA, and donations from SETI@home volunteers. AstroPulse is funded in part by the NSF through grant AST-0307956. | <urn:uuid:e6157f6a-a62a-4464-9643-e0fe6618bae4> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/sah_plans.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107065.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821003037-20170821023037-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.959379 | 1,284 | 2.5625 | 3 |
If you've hiked or backpacked, you've probably observed someone breaking one of the exalted but unwritten rules of hiking and trail etiquette. Whether an infraction is the result of innocent ignorance or deep character flaws can be debatable, as are the rules and codes themselves.
The American Hiking Society recently included the following hiking etiquette reminders in their newsletter. Share your own below.
- Hike quietly. Speak in low voices and turn your cell phone down if not off. Enjoy the sounds of nature and let others do the same.
- If taking a break, move off the trail a little ways to allow others to pass by unobstructed.
- Don't toss your trash — not even biodegradable items such as banana peels. It is not good for animals to eat non-native plants/foods and who wants to look at your old banana peel while it ever-so-slowly decomposes? If you packed it in, pack it out.
- Hikers going downhill yield to those hiking uphill.
- Leave what you find. The only souvenirs a hiker should come home with are photographs and happy memories — and maybe an improved fitness level!
- When "going" in the outdoors, please do so 200 feet from the trail and any water sources. Follow Leave No Trace principles when doing so.
- Walk through the mud or puddle and not around it, unless you can do so without going off-trail. Widening a trail be going around puddles, etc. is bad for trail sustainability.
- When hiking in a group, don't take up the whole width of the trail; allow others to pass.
Here are a few more from me:
- Acknowledge others on the trail with a smile, nod, or brief "hello" at the minimum. No one has to stop or even slow down to do this, but it's good manners to recognize your fellow hikers.
- I'll go one step further than AHS and say, turn your cell phone off. Then stow it away in your pack and forget you even brought it.
- If you hike with your dog, have your pet under control at all times. On the flip side, when you meet well-behaved dogs on the trail, recognize that effort and training and praise them and their owners.
- If someone is hiking faster than you, just let them pass. Do not try to walk faster, then slow down, then walk faster, and so on. If you're the one hiking faster, don't hike on someone's heels. Wait for an appropriate spot to pass and politely excuse yourself past them.
- Don't drop anything off a cliff.
- Unless you're officially involved in trail construction, don't start building rock piles on summits or trails because they look neat. Those rock piles are called cairns and are used for route finding.
Are you a stickler about trail etiquette or rules? Do certain acts get your hiking goat? Maybe you've been the guilty party yourself...(gasp).
I'm human, so I know I've broken a rule or two. The problem is, I don't know when because I was probably oblivious at the time. I will say that years later I still remember that group who kept yelling across the peaks in the southern Presidentials, and the fancy-dressed lady in Shenandoah National Park who looked at us like we were scum for making eye contact and saying "hello" while passing on the trail.
However, as most of us have found, the majority of people on the trail are friendly. So offer up a smile to the next one you meet. And assume the best of others, and hopefully others will assume the best of you.
Share your own rules or stories of gross hiking infractions below. | <urn:uuid:3409bb57-dc50-4e88-8c30-aff6eece7101> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.trailspace.com/blog/2010/02/24/hiking-101-etiquette.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737940794.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221900-00106-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957193 | 789 | 2.6875 | 3 |
2004 INDEXCountry Ranks
Denmark Introduction - 2004
SOURCE: 2004 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK
Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is participating in the general political and economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973. However, the country has opted out of certain elements of the European Union's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and issues concerning certain justice and home affairs.
NOTE: The information regarding Denmark on this page is re-published from the 2004 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Denmark Introduction 2004 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Denmark Introduction 2004 should be addressed to the CIA. | <urn:uuid:ab32f5c9-0e1c-4174-9660-9b6d52390ec3> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://immigration-usa.com/wfb2004/denmark/denmark_introduction.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998607.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618043259-20190618065259-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.851254 | 178 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Saturday: 10am-1pm and 2pm-4pm
Welcome to Southampton's Museum of Archaeology. The museum displays artefacts from prehistoric, Roman, Saxon and medieval Southampton. It also has objects from outside Southampton, including some from ancient Egypt. God's House Tower itself is a fascinating historic building.
The History of the Building
God's House Tower stands at the south-east corner of the town walls which had once encircled medieval Southampton. The whole structure is really an amalgamation of two buildings; a simple gatehouse, built in the late thirteenth century and extended in the early fourteenth century, and a massive spur work, an early fifteenth- century addition consisting of a two-storey gallery and a three-storey great tower.
For more about the history of God's House Tower, follow the link at the bottom of this page.
The Architecture - Exterior
Just visible under the arch of God's House Gate are the grooves of the portcullis which was raised and lowered in defence of the town. Also visible on the north and south walls of the Tower are the arches, now blocked in, which mark the position of the tidal moat and sluices. The vaulted sluice chamber, although not open to the public, still exists beneath the Tower.
In the upper storey of the Tower and the connecting gallery there are a series of two-light windows and keyhole-shaped gunports. The two-light windows in the gallery were unblocked in the late nineteenth century when the window tracery was also restored. The Tower roof is modern.
The Architecture - Interior
Prior to its restoration, the gallery was just a shell. Originally there had been a stone newel staircase to the floor above, but both the floor and stairs had long since disappeared. A modern staircase was built and a Mezzanine floor inserted between the two floors. At the top of the modern staircase, looking through the north-facing window, it is possible to see the line of the town wall and a fourteenth-century half-round tower. There still exists the remains of a mural stairway leading to a parapet above.
The Museum Displays
As Southampton's Museum of Archaeology it is appropriate that God's House Tower should illustrate the three important periods in the town's history: Roman, Saxon and Medieval.
Roman Clausentum (now Bitterne Manor) was founded as a port circa AD 1O. Among other things it exported lead from the Mendips. Towards the end of the third century it had become a fort and part of the coastal defences. The collections include examples of the distinctive New Forest Pottery, and glass and jewellery.
Saxon Hamwic , sited in the city's St. Mary's area, was the first of the great English mercantile towns and existed as an industrial and trade centre for approximately 150 years. The Hamwic exhibition at the museum attempts to re-create the daily life of the Saxon community.
Medieval Southampton probably acquired its present shape during the Norman period when the town defences were laid out. Documentary sources reinforce the archaeological evidence that Southampton was the home of numerous wealthy merchants. Collections on display include fine imported medieval pottery and glass.
For more information about the archaeology of Southampton and about museum objects from outside the city, including a collection of Egyptian artefacts, follow the links at the bottom of this page.
To search the archaeological collections, follow the link at the bottom of this page
Access Information for disabled visitors to the Museum
There is a designated parking bay immediately outside, however there is no wheelchair access to the museum, as all exhibits are on the upper floors of the building. Staircase information - 15 steps up to the first landing, and a further 7 steps up to the museum shop, and another 8 steps up to the 'Medieval Southampton' exhibition. There is a further step up to the 'Roman Clausentum' exhibition. From here there are 22 steps to the top of the tower. 12 steps reach the 'Saxon Hamwic' exhibition up from the shop area. Touch objects - please ask the attendants for access to our handling collections.
Exhibitions at Southampton Museums
Click here to take control of this listing | <urn:uuid:965df17a-ef0c-4a49-813b-adada68b666c> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.remotegoat.com/uk/venue_view.php?uid=22071 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164997874/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134957-00043-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954643 | 885 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Snow -- that icon of winter -- blankets the land with a beautiful silence. Love it or hate it, we all depend on snow. Our year-round water supply largely comes from snowmelt.
But we're not the only ones who need snow.
Species from microscopic fungi to 800-pound-moose require it as much, if not more. They survive the winter by living in nature's igloo: snow.
And spring's profusion of flowers? They're fertilized by nutrients in snow.
If you're planning to skate on a frozen lake or river this winter, ski on a snowy slope, or, when spring arrives, depend on snowmelt to fill your reservoir, you may need to think twice.
A view of the new winter
Winter is changing, becoming less like the cold seasons we may remember. The "new winter" has consequences far beyond December-to-March. It affects spring and summer, too, including plants' flowering dates -- and species such as hummingbirds that depend on precision flowering times for nectar.
In celebration of snow and winter as we know it, and in a look at what winter may be like in the future, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has launched a new special report: Let It Snow! The Science of Winter.
The report focuses on projects supported largely by NSF's Directorate for Geosciences and Directorate for Biological Sciences/Division of Environmental Biology.
Grants from these areas fund research on subjects as diverse as measuring snowfall; tracking snowstorm "bombs," as whiteouts are known in meteorology; studying animals and plants that live beneath the snow in an ecosystem called the subnivian; searching for snowmelt, or "white gold"; and the bane of winter -- dust from the atmosphere that causes snow to melt before its time.
Go winter storm-chasing, enter nature's igloo
In the report, explore such topics as winter storm-chasing, a conifer tree's view of snow, life in nature's igloo, and where our winters have gone.
Watch a video of snowflakes photographed by a new high-speed camera, and another on the water that's locked in snow and ice: a zero sum game.
As you look out your window at a snow-covered landscape, or perhaps one that has been so in the past -- and even if you live below the snowline -- find out what scientists are learning about winter.
It matters, even if you never see a snowflake. | <urn:uuid:ec2c4dbb-0c52-436b-b2e8-983dd97c65e4> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-01/nsf-nns011416.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660350.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00099-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938557 | 524 | 3.640625 | 4 |
An important achievement in the process of assessing ecosystem services in Llanganates was the involvement of local people, the direct beneficiaries and users of ecosystem goods and services within the region. With the participation of local stakeholders, information was obtained rapidly, economically and in a participative manner, creating local capacity, and producing concrete and robust results, in agreement with local reality. Llanganates is the first site in the continental Americas, and the first among high Andean wetlands, where this toolkit has been implemented.
The toolkit, designed by BirdLife International and others, to assess and monitor ecosystem services, is strongly grounded in the participation of the direct users of the ecosystems goods and services.
The Important Bird Area (IBA), Parque Nacional Llanganates (EC056), including the Ramsar Site ‘Complejo de Humedales Llanganati’, is one of the most important high Andean wetlands of Ecuador, providing water and other ecosystem services to a population of approximately 20,000 people. At present, the site faces multiple threats, as documented in the National Park’s management plan (currently under review) and the draft Ramsar Site Action Plan. Both these documents define the main areas of work for the management of the area.
Aves y Conservación (BirdLife in Ecuador) seeks to improve the conservation status of the high Andean wetlands at Llanganates by strengthening capacity for environmental management among the local population through the implementation of activities within the Park’s Management Plan, and by supporting the preparation of the Ramsar site Action Plan.
These activities have been funded by the Aage V. Jensen Charity Foundation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act.
People and ecosystem services in Llanganates
Assessment of ecosystem services was implemented in two stages; the first stage set priorities among ecosystem services according to local requirements and regional impacts, the second involved gathering information on these services in the field. This type of assessment has powerful advantages over other similar exercises, given the strength of the involvement of the local population.
Specifically in Llanganates, the IBA’s Local Conservation Group played a leading role in the following aspects of the process:
Identification of threats in the area – The following threats were identified: agriculture and livestock within the protected area, electricity production and mining, illegal hunting and deforestation, forest fires, trout (invasive species), road construction and lack of control and vigilance on the part of Environment Ministry personnel in the area.
Providing opportunities for building consensus between the community and other local stakeholders - The local population was able to converse with the local authorities in a friendly manner, and experience at first hand the environmental problems in the region.
Participative priority setting of ecosystem services - Local stakeholders decided whichecosystem services were necessary for community development in the area, thusprioritising the following services: water (for drinking water, irrigation and hydroelectricity generation), tourism, paramo grasslands as fodder for livestock and for carbon storage.
Involvement of the Local Conservation Group in field work - the support groupplayed a leading role in gatheringinformation on local uses and costs of the ecosystem services among the local communities.
The experience created awareness of ecosystem services among local inhabitants and strengthened the Local Conservation Group’s capacity to replicate the experience in other wetlands and IBAs of Ecuador. Finally, the experience facilitated the active participation of the local population in general, including local and regional government, empowering them in the management of natural resources in the Protected Area and its buffer zones.
Aves y Conservación is currently working with the BirdLife Secretariat to further analyse the results and develop specific adaptations of the toolkit methodologies for use in paramos and high Andean wetlands. This information will be distributed shortly. Based on this experience, Aves y Conservación recommends applying this tool for assessing ecosystem services in other places and ecosystems and is willing to share its experience with other organizations if requested.
More information on the project:
- Adrian Soria: firstname.lastname@example.org Llanganates Project Coordinator, Aves y Conservación | <urn:uuid:51234810-a7bf-40a7-a261-6ddf7f451783> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.mtnforum.org/content/local-population-plays-key-role-assessing-ecosystem-services-ramsar-site-%E2%80%98complejo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270528.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00362-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904881 | 866 | 2.96875 | 3 |
During each unit covered, I hand out a list of objectives to my students. For the teacher, it acts as a check-list to make sure each topic is taught before moving on to others. For the student, it helps them to prepare for tests and quizzes and they could ask questions about topics they were unsure about. It's up to the teacher (you) to edit accordingly-- and you can announce to your students if you want to eliminate an objective. Just let them know! They'll appreciate that!
Here's a sample list using the topics from today's blog post:
Unit II Objectives: Isotopes and Related Topics
(Chapters 3 & 4)
1. Define isotopes and atomic mass; calculate average isotopic mass from percent abundance data; report atoms and ions using symbol notation.
2. Find the percentage composition of a given formula; use percentage composition to determine the formula of an unknown sample; find empirical and molecular formulas.
3. Use facts and concepts presented in Chapters 3 & 4. (Be a careful reader!)
This last objective is a "cover all" objective that makes any topic addressed in the textbook chapters listed fair for quiz/test questions. I found it really useful when designing a quiz or test to make sure that each topic was addressed.
Right now, I won't be listing the objectives on my blog posts -- but it may show up in the future!
I think I've defined isotope before, but it is an element with different atomic mass due to different numbers of neutrons. A classic example is carbon-12 and carbon-14. The number provided is the mass number, so the number of neutrons could be calculated easily. (mass number - atomic number (# protons) = # of neutrons)
A very typical application is to calculate the weighted average based on the percent abundance of the isotope on Earth. For example, chlorine-35 has a percent abundance of 75.53% and chlorine-37 has a percent abundance of 24.47%.
To calculate the weighted average based on percent abundance:
1) Change the percent values to decimals by dividing by 100.
chlorine-35 = 0.7553 chlorine-37 = 0.2447
2) Multiple each mass number by the percent value in decimal form.
35 x 0.7553 =26.4355 37 x 0.2447 = 9.0539
3) Add the values together to get the weighted average isotopic mass.
26.4355 + 9.0539 =35.4894
Symbol notation reports the mass number as a superscript and the atomic number as a subscript. It's just a part of the language of chemistry. I've included it before, but just in case you need a reminder:
Calculating percent composition can be accomplished with the Periodic Table or with laboratory values.
Here's one percent composition worksheet using Periodic Table values:
A typical question would be to take the percent composition values and determine the empirical and molecular formulae of the compound. Here is one explanation:
Here's a worksheet and answers:
I like how the answers in the key are set up, to aid in converting to moles.
I've shared the composition of magnesium & oxygen lab previously -- it can also be used as an example of percent composition and empirical formula.
Here's a very simple lab:
Here is a longer version, but very useful:
I found some food-related labs determining the percent composition of bubble gum or Oreos -- since I don't want to encourage eating in the chemistry lab (safety first!), I have not included them here. Even if you tell your students not to eat in the lab, and remind them for this lab, there is at least one student who probably will sample the lab materials.
If you want to move to an alternate location, such as a consumer science kitchen, then this type of lab could work!
This lab is interesting as well:
Notice that I have addressed topics in each of objectives #1 & #2 -- the objective list is very useful, and your students appreciate it. They may start asking for it! Now, I have combined a list of smaller objectives together for each numbered item -- if every item was included by itself, it would be a very long list!
*I'd love to hear from you -- tell me about your lab experiences, ask your questions, or share your ideas for other topics for this blog!
For other lab ideas, check out my lab book "Chemistry on a Budget" at amazon.com:
Each lab is presented with two possible report formats -- both with the same procedure -- one with 10 questions to be answered as a conclusion, the other with a full laboratory report required. This was to give the teacher the option of what type of report is desired!
Have a good rest of the week! | <urn:uuid:608fb73d-ce21-4a96-b60d-27e248686927> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.teachinghighschoolchemistry.com/blog/archives/02-2014 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540548544.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213043650-20191213071650-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.91645 | 1,013 | 3.90625 | 4 |
By Dr. John Bagnulo, Director of Nutrition
In light of a recent paper in the journal Nature, in which researchers share their concerns about a lack of reproducibility in the area of health-based research, it’s important to know about some undeniably beneficial foods.
A food can have amazing medicinal qualities, but it has to taste good in order to become a regular part of our menus, and has to be available where we live. Also: Is it affordable? Are its nutrients absorbable? Can it be eaten in a variety of ways, from fresh to heavily cooked? These are important questions to consider when assessing any food’s potential to influence our health.
Tomatoes and spinach meet the above criteria and are nutritional powerhouses, consistently shown to be the most protective by a large number of peer-reviewed investigations.
The Mighty Tomato
Who doesn’t like a really fresh, vine ripened tomato or cherry tomato? All right, there might be a few of you, but most individuals appreciate the flavor and sweetness of this superstar.
In addition to the research around cancer prevention, I really like that they have a lot of potassium (very cardio and stroke-protective) and very little fructose. Also, tomatoes’ benefits vary, depending on whether they’re raw or cooked: They contain more glutathione when raw (great for detoxification), and more lycopene when cooked. You can’t go wrong.
Leafy Green Superhero
Some people avoid tomatoes because they’ve heard that, as a member of the nightshade family, they might cause or exacerbate arthritis. Similarly, some avoid spinach because they have been told that the oxalic acid will weaken their bones. There is no evidence of either effect, but we know that no matter how you prepare spinach, from tossing it into a salad to cooking it in a stir-fry, the dark green offers us so much.
In addition to being nutrient dense (one cup of cooked spinach provides more than 25 percent of the Recommended Daily Allowance for folate, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and magnesium), spinach is loaded with an amazing carotenoid: lutein. We can make vitamin A from lutein, and if we don’t need the vitamin A, it gets incorporated into our eyes to act as a natural free-radical scavenger, helping prevent cataracts and similar disease processes. When eaten raw, spinach is another great source of glutathione. High levels of potassium nitrate make it a great addition to help regulate blood pressure.
Don’t limit yourself to how you use greens … consider smoothies, casseroles, and egg combinations. But make sure to purchase organic spinach, as it is on the Environmental Working Group’s Dirty Dozen list (of foods most likely to hold pesticide residue) week after week.
Reliable nutrition, versatility, availability, and taste make spinach and tomatoes star players in your garden and kitchen!
Dr. John Bagnulo is the Director of Nutrition at Functional Formularies and leads nutrition research and development initiatives. Learn more about Dr. Bagnulo here. | <urn:uuid:229c90dc-70bd-44d3-9638-649454846e58> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.functionalformularies.com/blog/proven-winners-tomatoes-and-spinach | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319082.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823214536-20190824000536-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.925331 | 662 | 3 | 3 |
Peace-keeping today is in flux, if not in crisis. Two sets of powerful images - one reflective of the limitations of international peace-keeping in situations where there is no peace to keep, the other seemingly demonstrating the potential of the use of force to promote peace in the same situation - frame the context of this discussion. If peace-keeping is to serve as a useful instrument in the maintenance of international peace and security, it needs conceptual clarity, political support, and financial resources. For peace-keeping to remain effective in a changing world, its credibility must not be jeopardized by the application of peace-keeping to inappropriate situations, by the issuance of mandates unsupported by doctrinal consistency or military means, or by the undermining of its authority by attempts to reconcile peace-keeping with war-making under the rubric of peace-enforcement.
This article begins by describing the current dilemma facing peace-keeper. Next, two different types of peace-keeping scenarios: (1) Traditional peace-keeping, where the parties agree to end their conflicts and only need our help to keep their word; where the consent and co-operation of the parties can be assumed and the impartiality of the peace-keepers is unchallenged; and (2) more modern peace keeping situations characterized by "the nature of the world we live in and the challenges the new world disorder." Finally the article explores limitations and potentials of peace-keeping in the later context
The Changing Face of Peace-Keeping and Peace-Enforcement,
19 Fordham Int'l L.J. 408
Available at: http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj/vol19/iss2/20 | <urn:uuid:3d49b128-ca55-4807-ab81-5be644184341> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj/vol19/iss2/20/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105712.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819182059-20170819202059-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.908119 | 343 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Holy Word of God, the greatest Book of love ever written, is one Book that we prepare for, by bathing ourselves in prayer before opening its pages. In this Book, we find the prayer, “Open Thou Mine Eyes, that I may behold wondrous things out of Thy Law” in Psalm 119:18. Each of us should make the prayer of the psalmist as our own personal prayer, as we open the Word of God.
- It is possible that David, a man after God’s own heart, expressed this prayer to God. King Saul was threatening to take the life of David, and he fled. And when the news reached his brethren and his father’s house, 400 men in distress, in debt, and discontent, went after David to follow him, and David became their captain. (1 Samuel 22:1,2) David and his army of men went into exile as King Saul sought David’s life. When the Lord delivered him and his men out of the hand of all their enemies, and out of the hand of Saul (2 Samuel 22:1) life became good again.
- It is also possible that Ezra, a priest and scribe, wrote Psalm 119. Many of the people of Israel, were stripped of their homes and native land, and went into exile when the Babylonians took them into captivity. Some were left behind and foreigners were brought into the land. Later the Babylonians were conquered by the Persians, and after 70 years of exile, the Persian ruler allowed the people to return to their homeland. When Ezra brought the second group home, he found the people intermarrying and caught up in idolatry.
This prayer in Psalm 119:18 may have been among the prayers of David or Ezra, as the memories of their exile surfaced in either man’s thoughts. Let’s take a closer look at the words of this prayer in Psalm 119, in the setting of the time that the Psalmist lived, whether he be David or Ezra.
The word Open, in Psalm 119:18, means to denude, to expose, to make bare or naked, to exile. When people are in exile, they are stripped from their families, their clothing, homes, animals; their native land; they lose everything of value to them. The Psalmist is asking God to strip everything from before his eyes. As priest, Ezra’s prayer may also have been on behalf of his people, and if David penned the Psalm, as captain of his army, his prayer may also have been on behalf of his men.
Neither of the men would have been asking God to remove everything of value from their own life or the lives of the people they watched over. The Psalmist realized we do not have the ability within ourselves to see the full revelation of God and how He works wondrously in and through the lives of His people.
Sometimes our love for God brings us to wholeheartedly seek Him, and to pray as the Psalmist. Other times we may be destitute, we may feel we are in bondage, we may be discontent with life, we may be confused about what to believe and Who God is, and this may bring us to our knees to seek Him. God hears our prayers, and opens our eyes to see wondrous things of Him throughout His Word. He wants us to know Him, to know His love for us, and how He works in our lives, in ways that is beyond our abilities to do for ourselves. “But with God all things are possible.” Matthew 19:26
“Open Thou mine eyes,” Let’s look now at Psalm 119 for the reference to God, whom both men loved. Psalm 119:12 “Blessed art Thou, O Lord, teach me Thy statues.” Both men praised God whom they called Lord, (in Hebrew Yehwah, a name that expressed His presence to generation after generation. His presence is everlasting). Both of these men, who lived in different time periods, worshipped and loved the same God, who guided their lives and led them to pen His Words upon their scrolls for an everlasting testament of Himself to future generations.
Now let’s look at the word behold. This word means to take a good look at, to look at something closely, to study, to search, God told Abraham “Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them, so shall thou seed be” Genesis 15:5. We can believe after this statement from God to Abraham, many a night, he was out studying the stars. He couldn’t take his eyes off the night sky. He looked forward to nightfall, to study those stars again and again.
This is what the Word of God is worthy of. It is a book worthy of taking a good look at, to look closely at, to search out, to return to it, whether it be day after day, morning by morning, night by night, to read, study and meditate upon its words. We must make time for God’s Word in the busyness of our lives.
wondrous is a word that means to separate, to distinguish, marvelous acts, extraordinary accomplishments. These are acts of God that only He, having all power, could do, acts beyond the Psalmist’s power, beyond our power. These are acts distinguishable from the works that the Psalmist could carry out, or from works that you and I could carry out. The word, that Ezra spoke in his prayer, mainly has God as its subject. These are actions that you and I could never expect to carry out. Although something may seem impossible to us, it is always within God’s power.
In Matthew 19:23-26, Jesus speaking of salvation stated to his disciples, “With men this is impossible, but with God all things are possible.”
Law is a word for instructions, statues and teachings, that are of God, that taught man how he was to live his life on earth, as an individual and in a personal relationship with God, how to live together as family and as community, and united together in their relationship with God . The Psalmist viewed the Law as the (TLC) tender loving, caring words of the God he loved.
Let’s look at some excerpts of Psalm 119 where the Psalmist speaks of God and His Law.
- Psalm 119:11 “Thy Word have I hid in mine heart that I might not sin against Thee.” The Psalmist viewed the Law as a treasure that he did not want to forget, he hid it in his heart, it kept him from failing in how he related to the God he loved. The Psalmist treasured the law for what it did for him in his relationship with God. He saw the value and worth of the Law.
- Psalm 119:18 “Open Thou mine eyes, that I may behold wondrous things out of The Law.” The Psalmist saw things in the Law that he wanted to get a better look at. He describes them as wondrous, marvelous acts, extra ordinary things that the One he loved accomplished. And he asks God to strip his eyes of anything that would cloud his view. He wanted to see the full pictures of these acts like he had never seen before, things that were beyond the power of man.
- Psalm 119:63 “I am a companion of all them that fear Thee, and of them that keep Thy precepts.” His companions, the ones you would find the Psalmist among, they reverenced God, they stood in awe of Him, They were of one mind, they lifted God up in their praises of Him, and together they rendered God the respect He was worthy of.
God does not want us to miss out on the wonderful things He unveils or reveals of Himself to us. Throughout the Holy Scriptures, from Genesis through Revelation, God reveals Himself to us as the triune God, God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit.
- He is omnipotent (Creator of the heavens and the earth, all-powerful)
- omnipresent (everlasting, the eternal God)
- omniscient (He authored books over 1600 years to make Himself known to man and His plan for His people throughout the ages, He is all-knowing)
And He wants us to know and to see Him, always wonderful and marvelous things to discover of Him throughout His Word. © Copyright 2015 Rosie Barnett Foshee All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:9495462e-e14e-4e6a-afec-3828c1de1028> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://rosiefoshee.wordpress.com/2015/05/02/prepare-with-prayer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322873.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628065139-20170628085139-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.980255 | 1,799 | 2.828125 | 3 |
June 7, 2012
Set up by the Charles Darwin Trust (which was created by Darwin’s descendants), Darwin Inspired is an educational resource for teachers and children. From the website:
Charles Darwin’s home – Down House, Kent. 23 Aug, 2006
The Charles Darwin Trust uses the intellectual and cultural heritage of Darwin, through his approach to science and his work at Down House and in the immediate countryside, to inspire a deeper understanding of the natural world.
We aim to:
- promote a real understanding of the natural world to ensure that biodiversity and life on earth survive
- improve and extend science literacy and the understanding of science
- use Darwin Inspired teaching and learning to promote excellence in science education
- enhance the understanding of Darwin’s historical and contemporary significance.
We achieve this through research and development of Darwin Inspired education materials, and through developing programmes for teachers and schools. These programmes are delivered through collaboration with major organisations and at Down House.
We aspire to improve public access on the web to the whole Darwin heritage. We are playing a leading role, with English Heritage and the Natural History Museum, in developing proposals for collaboration between all the main holders of Darwin material.
October 26, 2011
In a move to coincide with Open Access Week, The Royal Society of London has made its scientific journal archive available for free, FOR EVER!
Professor Uta Frith FRS, Chair of the Royal Society library committee, said: “I’m delighted that the Royal Society is continuing to increase access to its wonderful resources by opening up its publishing archives. The release of these papers opens a fascinating window on the history of scientific progress over the last few centuries and will be of interest to anybody who wants to understand how science has evolved since the days of the Royal Society’s foundation.”
Treasures in the archive include Isaac Newton’s first published scientific paper, geological work by a young Charles Darwin, and Benjamin Franklin’s celebrated account of his electrical kite experiment. And nestling amongst these illustrious papers, readers willing to delve a little deeper into the archive may find some undiscovered gems from the dawn of the scientific revolution – including accounts of monstrous calves, grisly tales of students being struck by lightning, and early experiments on to how to cool drinks “without the Help of Snow, Ice, Haile, Wind or Niter, and That at Any Time of the Year.”
Henry Oldenburg writes in his introduction to the first edition: “…it is therefore thought fit to employ the Press, as the most proper way to gratify those, whose…delight in the advancement of Learning and profitable Discoveries, doth entitle them to the knowledge of what this Kingdom, or other parts of the World, do, from time to time, afford…”, going on to state that potential contributors are: “…invited and encouraged to search, try, and find out new things, impart their knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge, and perfecting all Philosophical Arts, and Sciences.”
Read the complete article at The Royal Society, and begin exploring fully searchable online archive. (Only articles over 70 years old are available free)
July 15, 2011
In the following video (click on link below) you can see the VPRO Beagle expedition as viewed through the eyes of Redmond O’Hanlon, with input from Sarah Darwin. Narrated in English by Redmond O’Hanlon. (50 min.)
May 21, 2011
Not the Galapagos…
The Darwin Archipelago–The Naturalist’s Career Beyond Origin of Species is a new book by Steve Jones, in which he examines Darwin’s lesser known works in biology. From the publisher (Yale University Press):
Charles Darwin is of course best known for The Voyage of the Beagle and The Origin of Species. But he produced many other books over his long career, exploring specific aspects of the theory of evolution by natural selection in greater depth. The eminent evolutionary biologist Steve Jones uses these lesser-known works as springboards to examine how their essential ideas have generated whole fields of modern biology.
Earthworms helped found modern soil science, Expression of the Emotions helped found comparative psychology, and Self-Fertilization and Forms of Flowers were important early works on the origin of sex. Through this delightful introduction to Darwin’s oeuvre, one begins to see Darwin’s role in biology as resembling Einstein’s in physics: he didn’t have one brilliant idea but many and in fact made some seminal contribution to practically every field of evolutionary study. Though these lesser-known works may seem disconnected, Jones points out that they all share a common theme: the power of small means over time to produce gigantic ends. Called a “world of wonders” by the Times of London, The Darwin Archipelago will expand any reader’s view of Darwin’s genius and will demonstrate how all of biology, like life itself, descends from a common ancestor†.
And the NCSE is offering a free preview.
† “…all of biology, like life itself, descends from a common ancestor.” Really? All of biology? A cute turn of phrase, but not true.
April 2, 2011
The 34th edition of the Carnival of Evolution is up at Quintessence of Dust. Visit now if you are interested in ‘junk DNA‘, complexity, perfection, variation, co-operation, willies and more (or less). | <urn:uuid:3b4f1e38-d300-4c0e-a276-f4784a4495e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://evolvingcomplexityii.wordpress.com/tag/charles-darwin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702039825.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195359-00159-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91902 | 1,162 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The average Bihari is 19 years old, has attended primary school and earns roughly Rs 35,000 per annum. The average Tamilian is 30 years old, has matriculated and earns Rs 136,000 per annum, nearly four times more. This demographic, literacy and income gap between the richest and poorest big states of India is the starkest among all large economies in the world.
In China, the average person in the poorer Yunnan province is nearly as educated and old, but earns one-third the wage of the average person in the richer Jiangsu province, a similar ratio to other large federal economic zones such as the US, European Union and Japan.
Levels of income disparity across the big states of India are at an all-time peak. India is currently experiencing a 3-3-3 paradox – the richest three are three times richer than the poorest three large states. The corresponding ratio is two for China, and 1.5 for the US and European Union member states.
Further, our research reveals that there is no visible trend indicating that this inequality gap across India’s states will narrow any time soon, as in the case of China and the rest of the world. This means, a child born in Bihar today is still likely to earn only one-fourth the amount earned by a child born in Tamil Nadu, when they both become adults.
India is today the only large economy in the world that is experiencing an economic divergence across its large states, and not convergence, as neo-classical economic theory would posit. It was not like this in the early days of the republic.
In 1960, the average Tamilian earned roughly Rs 330 per annum while the average Bihari earned Rs 215, and both were roughly of the same age. Up until 1990, the difference in average income between the richer and poorer states in India was around 1.5 times. In the subsequent 25 year period from 1990 to 2015, the difference shot up to four times, implying that the richer states grew much faster than the poorer states in post-liberalisation India. Primarily, the southern states, and Maharashtra and Gujarat grew at a scorching pace in the post-1990 period leading to this great divergence among states.
Decadal analysis from 1960 to 2015 shows that in the decades until 1990, India did not experience any significant divergence across its big states and may have even experienced slight income convergence between 1970 and 1980 but has shown puzzling divergence in every decade since 1990. There have been various scholarly attempts to explain this disparity and economic outperformance of some states (primarily the southern states) vis-à-vis others, but none have done so satisfactorily.
A new reality
It is tempting to credit political leadership and their policies for the outpaced growth of some states versus others, but there is always a counter narrative. For example, Kerala went from being the fourth poorest (per capita Net Domestic Product) of the 12 large states in 1960 to the richest state in India today, governed by Communists and a left-of-centre Congress party during this entire period. While West Bengal went from being the second-richest to the fifth poorest, all under the same Communist party rule. Determining exact causes for this large economic divergence across states can be laborious and even futile. It is perhaps more pertinent and important that we internalise and acknowledge this economic diversity of India and re-orient policy making to this new reality.
It is quite evident that the needs and priorities of much poorer Bihar or Madhya Pradesh will be vastly different from that of, say, Kerala or Tamil Nadu. Bihar may need a more robust state-run social security mechanism, focus on primary education, flexible labour laws, inexpensive energy and public health system. Tamil Nadu may well need a focus on higher education, cleaner energy, privatised health care and perhaps a cash transfer-based social security net.
It is established wisdom that different sovereign states will have different policy priorities in their development cycle. In this context, true federalism doesn’t merely imply more devolution of financial resources but also granting true legislative and political autonomy to the states to enable a “horses for courses” policy paradigm.
Wouldn’t it be better to let Maharashtra and Odisha make their own choices about, say, adopting a cash-transfer subsidy regime than handing down such a policy from Delhi? While the passing of the Goods and Services Tax Act is a laudable achievement, it is important to remember that efficiency gains of a common tax market come at a cost of fiscal autonomy to states, as the Tamil Nadu chief minister J Jayalalithaa pointed out. As with most other things, there is a big gap between the co-operative federalism rhetoric and corresponding actions. Formulating a national education policy, proposing concurrent elections to states and the Centre – which will remove the powers of the states to call for elections – are all fundamentally anti-federal in nature.
There is an inherent tension between efficiency and federalism – the former demands commonness and the latter demands acceptance of differences. Whichever camp one belongs to, there is no denying the vast cultural, political and now economic diversity of India. It is then also time to ponder greater legislative autonomy to states, perhaps by transferring some of the concurrent list subjects such as education, land and labour back to the states.
Praveen Chakravarty is a Senior Fellow in Political Economy at IDFC Institute, a Mumbai think-tank. This piece is based on his co-authored research paper available on www.idfcinstitute.org. | <urn:uuid:2b175b56-99dd-4e3d-80cf-70f242e6e432> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://scroll.in/article/816726/the-stark-economic-divergence-between-indias-states-makes-a-strong-case-for-greater-federalism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945242.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324020038-20230324050038-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.96146 | 1,151 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Land Acquisition Changes Social Conditions of Farmers
Main Article Content
In Economics, the word ‘land’ is used not merely in the sense of the soil or surface of the earth as is ordinarily understood. It stands for all nature, living and lifeless. It includes all natural resources that we can get free from air, water and land. It covers the land surface, whether level or mountainous. It includes oceans, lakes and rivers, mineral deposits, rainfall, water-power, fisheries, forests and numerous other things which nature provides and man uses. The term ‘land’ thus embraces all that nature has created on the earth, above the earth, and below the earth’s surface. Dr. Marshall has therefore defined land thus: “By land is meant not merely land in the strict sense of the word, but whole of the materials and forces which nature gives freely for man’s aid in land, water, in air and light and heat.”
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:acdd7cd3-9e83-4c93-b435-4dac3b5076eb> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://tojqi.net/index.php/journal/article/view/9851 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948609.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327060940-20230327090940-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.896606 | 223 | 3.5625 | 4 |
By Jeanethe Falvey
This week, scientists from EPA, Maine Department of Environmental Protection, University of New England, and the Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve completed a water sampling effort along the southern coast of New England. Why?
Many asked when we were in Ipswich Bay off Essex, Massachusetts. We were thrilled that boaters took interest to the big blue ship; cautiously, but curiously approaching when we stopped to send down equipment. During boat to boat conversations from the back deck, they said they had never seen anything like the Bold before. It was a great opportunity to explain firsthand what we were doing, and why we have this research ship. When I said we were sampling water quality along the coastline they asked, “Is it ok for swimming?”
I explained for swimming yes. We were looking for something less obvious, sampling the bottom, middle, and surface depths further offshore compared to estuaries, or bays, more geographically enclosed areas where rivers and streams meet the sea. In this confluence of environments where fresh water sources and land meet the ocean, are there specific indications showing that our land-based activities are having too much of a negative impact in the coastal environment? Too much would mean that the natural environment can’t cope with the influx of pollutants and runoff from land. Examples of this can be algal blooms, or “fish kills.” More obvious to many would be closed beach days due to bacterial pollution in the water, that’s always from our sewage and runoff too.
This is why for the third year, we sampled for nutrients, specifically, phosphorus and nitrogen, and also for chlorophyll (plant matter in the ocean). Nutrients (commonly found in fertilizers, as an example) help plants grow. Excess amounts can cause algal overgrowth and deteriorate natural conditions, sometimes to the point where fish and other sea life cannot survive.
If we see trends from something specific like nutrients, then we hope to better inform decisions made on land: encouraging SmartGrowth and sustainable development, better sewage treatment, or generally raising awareness about more environmentally conscious day to day activities.
The Bold isn’t just an ocean going research vessel, it’s one of our best tools to study our natural world and use that science to inform how we protect our environment.
About the author: Jeanethe Falvey, U.S. EPA Office of External Affairs and Environmental Education, based in Boston, Massachusetts.
Editor’s Note: The opinions expressed in Greenversations are those of the author. They do not reflect EPA policy, endorsement, or action, and EPA does not verify the accuracy or science of the contents of the blog. | <urn:uuid:e29eb7aa-feff-4d48-8fa2-081b54edc941> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://blog.epa.gov/blog/tag/bold-research-vessel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542244.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00417-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957321 | 558 | 3.375 | 3 |
25 August 2015
Sometimes there are innovations that completely revolutionise the way we do things. Whilst it is hard to imagine something new that could have the same impact as the wheel or the internet, there are still products that creep into our everyday lives and change the way we work.
One such thing is the Raspberry Pi. Undoubtedly it caused a stir on the tech scene when it was first launched in 2012, but it never really broached the wider world. The microcomputer might be tiny and brings open source software to the fore, but its impact is huge; costing less than £20 it puts real ‘tinkerable’ tech into the hands of children without fear of them breaking it.
But this is where the real impact of this tiny piece of tech is. Education in the wider world. Children can experiment, adventure and innovate without worrying about breaking hardware worth hundreds of pounds. I remember how precious every piece of equipment was at school – even back in my day, you had to be exceptionally careful with musical instruments, science equipment and the like. And that’s well before the days of iPads, Pis and super-connected PCs.
The Raspberry Pi is able to feed that hunger for tech knowledge without costing the earth. We have been working a lot with the Raspberry Pi since its launch in 2012, we even have our own branded versions that we give as gifts. One of the greatest things we’ve been able to do is to play a part in bringing technology to areas that need it most.
Last year, we sponsored a trip out to Lehae, one of the poorest districts of Johannesburg. Here we created a Raspberry Pi-powered internet hub at the district’s Khaya Centre. The centre helps the community to better the lives of those affected by HIV/AIDS through feeding programmes, counselling and pre- and after-school programmes. The centre equips this community and empowers young people to harness the benefits of technology and it’s a self-sustained revenue stream.
This year, we launch a similar project closer to home at Broadoak School in Partington. This centre brings internet access and computer skills training to the community, as well as a brand new tech suite for the pupils of the school. Working with the Dean Trust and local schools, we’re able to see the tangible impact that technology like this is having on children – the potential tech superstars of the future!
The third project we’re involved in is happening right now. One of UKFast’s technical wizards and all-round good guy, Tyson, has flown out to Malawi with his wife and a team of exceptional people to create a technical suite at The Kasupe Project, Chigonere Village. This will see five Raspberry Pi computers for the primary school that local charity, Kasupe, has opened in a rural village near Monkey Bay, Malawi; bringing internet access, tech education and providing a revenue stream to make a lasting impact. It’s incredible.
I am so proud to read Tyson’s updates and see the photos filling social media. It is amazing what one little piece of technology can achieve and how, when we apply it correctly, it can change lives. | <urn:uuid:c7cc47ac-2368-472c-a5ec-917399ef282f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.lawrencejones.co.uk/thought-for-today/2015/08/25/a-piece-of-the-pi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255943.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520101929-20190520123929-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.94983 | 663 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Amid terror threats, new hope for radiation antidote
- UVA researchers have identified compounds that could lead to the first antidote for potentially deadly radiation exposure
- Research was spurred by government concern about terror attacks and nuclear accidents
- For people exposed to sufficient ionizing radiation, doctors can only try to ease their suffering until death
- 2016 is the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and the fifth anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear accident
University of Virginia School of Medicine researchers have identified promising drugs that could lead to the first antidote for radiation exposure that might result from a dirty bomb terror attack or a nuclear accident such as Chernobyl.
Some of the compounds, including the drug rapamycin, have previously been shown to extend life in organisms such as worms and flies, though it's unknown if they would have the same benefit in humans. UVA's research suggests that these compounds, or similar drugs, might counter the deadly effects of ionizing radiation.
Currently there is no treatment for people exposed to lethal doses of radiation; doctors can only try to ease their suffering until death. "If you're exposed to a very, very high dose, it's rapid deterioration and immediate death," explained John S. Lazo, PhD, of UVA's Department of Pharmacology. "It's the lower doses that people – particularly governments – are concerned about. The type of exposure that might result from a dirty bomb or a nuclear accident. How do we alleviate the effects? What's the antidote? Right now, we just don't have anything."
Lazo and his colleague Elizabeth R. Sharlow, PhD, screened a library of more than 3,400 existing drugs, vitamins and other compounds to identify ones that might help cells withstand the effects of radiation exposure. The goal was to keep stem cells – the cells that produce the various cell types in the body – alive long enough to repair the damage caused by radiation.
"We wanted to find already approved drugs that would potentially keep stem cells, or progenitor cells, alive after radiation exposure," Sharlow said. "That's very much of interest to the NIH [National Institutes of Health] right now: How can we keep those self-renewing populations alive so they can actually help heal the effects of radiation exposure?"
After they identified potential leads, Sharlow created 3D computer models to compare the substances' chemical structures. That analysis identified a cluster of promising compounds with similar structures – a tantalizing lead in the quest for an antidote. "If you're a drug hunter, the way we are, this is really cool information," Lazo said. "Because you can say, 'Now I will look in the universe of 40 million compounds. What else looks like that? Are they useful?'"
He noted that it is unlikely any one drug or compound will work on its own. "A lot of us in this field think it will be a cocktail of things you take," he said. "And if you think you need cocktails, you need the individual ingredients. That's why we think this is pretty important – because it's providing new ingredients for that cocktail."
The findings have been published in the scientific journal ACS Chemical Biology. The article was written by Sharlow, Stephanie Leimgruber, Ana Lira, UVA faculty member Michael J. McConnell, UVA research scientist Andrés Norambuena, UVA faculty member George S. Bloom, Michael W. Epperly, Joel S. Greenberger and Lazo. | <urn:uuid:b1281b0a-8c51-4953-b8f2-6e95f895dac7> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://scienmag.com/amid-terror-threats-new-hope-for-radiation-antidote/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864657.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522092655-20180522112655-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.955571 | 714 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Traumatic Optic Nerve Damage
Optic nerve damage resulting from injury (trauma) is divided into two categories:
(i) Direct traumatic optic nerve neuropathy and
(ii) Indirect traumatic nerve neuropathy
Direct trauma to the optic nerve encompasses penetrative injury to the eye by objects or bone fragments that transect the optic nerve fibers. The point of penetrative injury can be obscured by swelling and redness in the conjunctiva. The optic nerve may also suffer direct trauma as a result of ocular or cranial surgery (to treat the primary trauma, e.g. head injury following a car crash). Penetrative injury to the chiasma by a bone fragment, say, or damage to the blood vessels supplying it will also result in visual impairment (if not total loss of vision). Another form of direct trauma affecting the optic nerve may result from a crush injury (e.g. a displaced cranio orbital fracture).
Indirect trauma to the optic nerve can occur through transmitted forces in head injury; often to the forehead. It may result in traumatic loss of vision without any visible damage to the eye or optic nerve. A frequent cause of indirect optic nerve trauma is blunt force trauma to the orbit of the eye; mid facial trauma and frontal bone damage. Indirect injury to the optic nerve can arise by stretching or tearing forces.
In addition to direct damage to the optic nerve itself, reduction of the blood supply to the nerve is also a major cause of injury. Also physical compression of the nerve by proximal bruising or bleeding will also result in damage.
The incidence of traumatic optic neuropathy is estimated as 2.5% in both mid facial injury and closed head injuries.
Treatment options will depend on the nature and location of the damage to the optic nerve and other complicating medical conditions sustained at the same time. It may involve treatment with steroids and antioxidants or a surgical decompression of the optic nerve. | <urn:uuid:6eb37737-4297-47ff-b18d-e66e8dece294> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.healthguideinfo.com/eye-health/p67193/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645261055.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031421-00158-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906348 | 396 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This tutorial shows you how you can create straight lines and circles with GIMP (Gimp – Open source image retouching and editing tool.). A straight line can be drawn using the Shift key, instead of relying on the imprecision of the mouse. A perfect circle can be drawn by setting the aspect ratio of an ellipse.
Let’s start by creating a new file. Open up Gimp, A window titled GNU Manipulation Program as seen below should pop up.
In the upper left hand corner click on File then New… The following window appears.
Leave the settings at 640×480 pixels since that should be all we need for this tutorial, if you plan on making something higher resolution or of different dimensions you can adjust these settings. Click OK and you will have your work space.To draw a straight line click on the pencil Icon in the toolbox, place the pointer over the white surface and place a dot where desired.
After placing the dot move your cursor to the desired end point, hold shift and click to place a line.
The thickness and other effects for line creation are adjusted in the Tool Options” pane on the left hand side in the tool box. See how adjusting the thickness to seven made a thinner line?
Now to create a perfect circle! Change to the ellipse select tool in the toolbox, instead of the pencil, otherwise you will draw another line. To make it a perfect circle, in the tool options part of the toolbox you’ll want to check fixed aspect ratio.
Click and drag in the drawing area until you create a circle of the desired size, and then release the mouse button.
A moving dotted line, marking your circle, tells you that you created the circle correctly. Leave the circle selected and go up to the top row and choose Select, then choose Selection Editor, this will fill the circle with color.
After opening the selection editor you’ll want to select the paintbrush in the lower right hand corner.
After opening the choose stroke style window you may adjust the settings which will adjust thickness, color, style and other more advanced options. Click stroke to draw your circle.
Exit out of the selection editor and click outside of your circle to deselect it, and you have your circle!
A straight line, a circle, hey no problem and you thought this was going to be as painful as going to the dentist. | <urn:uuid:4c669dac-9afd-48ed-99a6-ada1f9d83048> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://zypath.com/how-to-get-it-done/gimp-beginner-straight-line-circle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999853.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625152739-20190625174739-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.874805 | 499 | 3.84375 | 4 |
I LOVE when teachable moments organically manifest out of thin air. On Sunday morning, we had one of those moments. My family goes through Cheerios like free candy on Halloween. We love them and eat an embarrassing amount each week! I noticed on the latest box that Cheerios has an initiative to #bringbackthebees. Most of the content on the box helps to support the education of teaching kids about the important roles that bees play in our lives!
Let’s keep it real…
It was EARLY Sunday morning. My child requested pancakes…. NOPE, sorry kid. Mama doesn’t have the ingredients for that fancy of a breakfast. But the consolation prize is a bowl of cereal ANNNNND you get to read the cereal box this morning. You’re welcome!
Lucky for us, this stemmed an ENTIRE morning adventure. As we were all sitting down eating our Cheerios, we started to read the box together.
This is what we learned:
- Bees are going missing and it is becoming a serious issue. Bee population everywhere has been declining at an alarming rate.
- 1 and 3 bites of food we eat are made possible by bees and other pollinators. These foods include apples, almonds, coffee (okay… Everyone, stop swatting at these bees right now, haha), and of course honey.
- It only takes an ounce of honey to fuel a bee’s flight around the world… WHAT?
- Bees have good color vision. This is one reason why flowers are so “showy”.
- Bees are the only insect that produce food that is eaten by humans…. What a cool fact!
After we read all of this AMAZING information, I talked about the “scary” parts of bees… You know, the “STINGING”. We discussed that this is a bees defense mechanism. They only do this if they feel threatened. They wouldn’t want to hurt anyone if they didn’t need to.
This seemed to resonate with Caira. The fear of bees seemed to decrease and she was on board to save the bees!
How can we help?
In our latest box of Cheerios, General Mills included a bag of cosmos seeds! Bees need flower pollen and nectar to stay happy! So, planting flowers is one easy way to help this cause. Caira was SOOO excited to plant cosmos flowers to help the bees. After we ate breakfast, we got dressed and headed out front to do some gardening (sorry neighbors, haha.. I know it is crazy early!).
The learning continued…
Not only did we learn about bee facts and plant seeds, Caira also made a map and wrote me a thank you card! Caira thought that the bee needed a map to find the flowers. The first sentence that we read on the cereal box was, “Buzz went missing”… She inferred that the bees didn’t know how to find the new flowers. She wanted to make sure that the bees found her flowers that she planted for them. I adore her spirit! She is so kind hearted.
She also wrote me a thank you card and taped it onto the box. This is what she wrote-
Thank you for getting me the seeds to plant the flowers so we can see the bees.
Are you kidding me? Seriously! This girl…. Well, this sure did make our early Sunday morning a lot more fun :).
Also, thank you Cheerios for the fun activity too… It was a blast! | <urn:uuid:9744085a-e0a0-4e0c-93d2-8fffb7fd5636> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.beehaventribe.com/bring-back-the-bees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863939.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620221657-20180621001657-00336.warc.gz | en | 0.960433 | 748 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Was this article helpful? 0
Reduce in 3 Rs and Guidelines
The first and the most effective R in 3R's is Reducing. Reducing the amount of waste we produce is the best way to protect our environment. Most predominantly, reduce the consumption of natural resources like water, fuel, etc. Try to reduce or avoid using plastic bags, which will take up to 500 years to decompose. Approximately, most of the families throw 35 to 40 kg of plastic bags per year.
Did you know? Making one ton of paper requires 24 trees.
- Turn your computer off at night instead of leaving it in sleep mode.
- Try to avoid/reduce using plastic bags.
- World is moving on digitalization. So please try to avoid paper communication.
- Print both sides of the paper whenever possible.
- Use two sides of the paper to write.
- Use cloth napkins instead of paper napkins.
- Try to reuse gift bags.
- Use reusable shopping bags.
- Turn-off lights while leaving room.
- Play outdoor games instead of video games which are good for your health.
- Pay bills online whenever possible.
- Stop receiving bank statement in papers; instead get statements in your mail.
- Use Cruise Control to reduce the fuel consumption.
- Take a shorter shower; every two minutes you are consuming more than ten gallons of water.
Reduce consumption of fuel by:
- Public Transportation
- Car Pooling
- Use bicycle or go by walk which is also good for health.
- At least do 2to 3 car trips less in a week. | <urn:uuid:f2178900-07e4-48a1-9890-000f12addff1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://themedihealth.com/gogreen/article/reduce-3Rs-and-guidelines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623114917-20170623134917-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.886282 | 336 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Thursday, August 28, 2008
US Military is better educated than civilian counterparts
From the Heritage Foundation's latest report, "Who Serves In The U.S. Military: The Demographics of Enlisted Troops And Officers": Based on an understanding of the limitations of any objective definition of quality, this report compares military volunteers to the civilian population on four demographic characteristics: household income, education level, racial and ethnic background, and regional origin. This report finds that: U.S. military service disproportionately attracts enlisted personnel and officers who do not come from disadvantaged backgrounds. Previous Heritage Foundation research demonstrated that the quality of enlisted troops has increased since the start of the Iraq war. This report demonstrates that the same is true of the officer corps. Members of the all-volunteer military are significantly more likely to come from high-income neighborhoods than from low-income neighborhoods. Only 11 percent of enlisted recruits in 2007 came from the poorest one-fifth (quintile) of neighborhoods, while 25 percent came from the wealthiest quintile. These trends are even more pronounced in the Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program, in which 40 percent of enrollees come from the wealthiest neighborhoods—a number that has increased substantially over the past four years. American soldiers are more educated than their peers. A little more than 1 percent of enlisted personnel lack a high school degree, compared to 21 percent of men 18–24 years old, and 95 percent of officer accessions have at least a bachelor’s degree. Contrary to conventional wisdom, minorities are not overrepresented in military service. Enlisted troops are somewhat more likely to be white or black than their non-military peers. Whites are proportionately represented in the officer corps, and blacks are overrepresented, but their rate of overrepresentation has declined each year from 2004 to 2007. New recruits are also disproportionately likely to come from the South, which is in line with the history of Southern military tradition. The facts do not support the belief that many American soldiers volunteer because society offers them few other opportunities. The average enlisted person or officer could have had lucrative career opportunities in the private sector. Those who argue that American soldiers risk their lives because they have no other opportunities belittle the personal sacrifices of those who serve out of love for their country. | <urn:uuid:1b794b95-fe04-4b48-9d8e-80b4bde14142> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://airforcepundit.blogspot.com/2008/08/us-military-is-better-educated-than.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423764.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721082219-20170721102219-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.969011 | 464 | 2.515625 | 3 |
BY: FR. MICHAEL ROZIER, SJ, PhD
A comprehensive community health needs assessment will find genuine need in every corner of our communities, yet these CHNAs focus on the needs that touch our poor and vulnerable. Why is that so? Doesn't diabetes or cardiovascular disease or opioid addiction have the same devastating effect on individuals and families, regardless of their social location or economic status? Why would we focus our attention on one part of our communities over another?
In the field of health care, we all recognize the nearly unlimited needs in our communities and are keenly aware of the limited resources with which we can respond. Prioritization in health care is not a new task, but what is new is the ever-expanding list of medical and social needs with which health care organizations must be concerned. Alternative payment models, better data systems, a disease burden of chronic disease and new community benefit requirements are just some of the reasons why delivery organizations must look beyond their own walls. Issues of prioritization in health care used to focus on matters of care delivery: how to allocate scarce medical interventions;1 how to triage in an emergency;2 or who gets pharmaceuticals when drug shortages occur?3 Yet with health care delivery organizations engaging more with community-level issues, the need for thoughtful prioritization grows.
Community health needs can be prioritized using many methods. The National Association of County and City Health Officials offers five of the most popular methods,4 all of which are likely used by one or more Catholic health organizations. Still, the more fundamental question for setting priorities is not one of process but one of purpose. The justifications for how we prioritize community needs reveals a great deal about who we are. How might we ensure that the Catholic tradition informs this important task, thus revealing a fundamentally Catholic understanding of this work? One aspect of the answer is to keep our attention focused on the poor and vulnerable. All health needs are real, but all needs are not created equal.
WHY THE VULNERABLE
To further explain the focus on the poor and vulnerable, we can look to three areas of thought.
The law: Nonprofit health care is required not just to be attentive to the community as a whole, but to direct special attention to the poor and vulnerable. The IRS does not specify what process should be used for prioritization, but it does indicate an interest in "ensuring the hospital facilities assess and address the needs of medically underserved, low-income, and minority populations in the areas they serve."5 We have decided as a matter of policy and law that this is important, similar to means-testing safety net programs, wherein income or disability helps determine whether one is eligible for food assistance or Medicaid.
Social science: Ideally, our society would be organized in such a way that everyone had the same opportunities — safe parks, good education, clean air and water, health insurance — to realize their fullest potential for health. The only differences, then, would arise, aside from genetics and luck, from personal choice. We don't live in that world. We know that social conditions make it more likely for some groups of people to be healthier than others. In addition, those groups that are less healthy are the same people who lack the financial resources or political power to change how society is structured. Therefore, if we want to improve the community's overall health, we must pay special attention to those groups whose social conditions make health more difficult to achieve.
Catholic moral tradition: The third and most fundamental reason for giving priority to the poor and vulnerable is Catholic moral tradition. Human dignity, the idea that every human being is willed by God and imprinted with God's image,6 is why we are concerned with anyone who is sick and suffering. Any affront to the human person requires our attention, which is why everyone suffering from diabetes or depression deserves our expertise. At the same time, offenses to human dignity are not evenly distributed across society. Some groups — the disabled, the elderly, racial minorities, the undocumented, to name a few — are treated as more disposable than others and, therefore, the efforts to affirm the dignity of these groups must be more concerted.
Human dignity also provides the motivation for our moral tradition's preferential option for the poor. God has a preferential option for the poor "not because they are better than others, morally or religiously, but simply because they are poor and living in an inhuman situation that is contrary to God's will."7 In part, we draw our care for the poor from the founding congregations who often risked their physical and financial health to respond to their community's greatest needs. But ultimately, this call is from the Gospels and the person of Jesus, who cared for all who crossed his path, but paid special attention to those society tried to marginalize.
Ultimately, the ministry of health care not only affirms each individual's dignity, but also reveals something about how we think society ought to be organized. We seek the common good, or the conditions individuals and groups need to realize a state of fulfillment. The complexity and expense of health care is a perfect example of a good that simply cannot be achieved by an individual acting alone. We pool our resources to educate our physicians and nurses, to build infrastructure, ensure clean air, and much more; we also seek a society where those resources are shared by all.
I spend much of my time in the secular world of public health, and it tends to believe all its insights are its own. For example, the general rise in appreciation for meditation and mindfulness rarely points to the religious traditions that have encouraged the practice for millennia. The same is true with the health care community's relatively new emphasis on health disparities and equity. Catholic health care has a rich tradition of grounding its efforts in social analysis and has long found purpose in caring for those the world believes are disposable. We should welcome more voices singing from the hymnal we have been using for centuries, but we must not shy away from claiming our hard-won expertise in this area.
In the Catholic tradition, along with many other faith communities, we do this work because of our core beliefs about the human person and human communities. That is why we are often on the leading edge of these efforts. We do not wait for the law to tell us what to do. We should not need the business case to be conclusive. We are responding to something more fundamental — the belief that our gaze should fall as Jesus' did: on everyone, of course, but with special attention to those from whom society tries to look away.
FR. MICHAEL ROZIER is a Jesuit priest and an assistant professor of health management and policy at Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice.
- Govind Persad, Alan Wertheimer, Ezekiel J. Emanuel, "Principles for Allocation of Scarce Medical Interventions," The Lancet 373, no. 9661 (2009): 423-31.
- K.V. Iserson and J.C. Moskop, "Triage in Medicine, part I: Concept, History, and Types," Annals of Emergency Medicine 49, no. 3 (2007): 275-81.
- P.M. Rosoff, "Unpredictable Drug Shortages: An Ethical Framework for Short-term Rationing in Hospitals," The American Journal of Bioethics 12, no. 1 (2012): 1-9.
- National Association of County and City Health Officials, Guide to Prioritization Techniques, www.naccho.org/uploads/downloadable-resources/Gudie-to-Prioritization-Techniques.pdf.
- Internal Revenue Service, Community Health Needs Assessments for Charitable Hospitals 75, no. 250 (2014). www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2014-12-31/pdf/2014-30525.pdf.
- John Paul II, On the Hundredth Anniversary of Rerum Novarum: Centesimus Annus no. 11, 1991. http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/ documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_01051991_centesimus-annus.html.
- Gustavo Gutierrez. On Job: God-Talk and the Suffering of the Innocent. (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1987).
Copyright © 2019 by the Catholic Health Association of the United States
For reprint permission, contact Betty Crosby or call (314) 253-3490. | <urn:uuid:8192da9b-7b5f-485e-8187-d5192ec5dc70> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://test.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/march-april-2019/community-benefit---all-needs-are-not-created-equal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671239.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122042047-20191122070047-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.946072 | 1,761 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Do you believe in hardwire behavior? It’s the idea of being genetically predisposed to certain behaviors such as alcoholism, anger, violence and other such things. It would mean we could blame our genes for being too heavy or too skinny. Certainly our appearance comes from our genes. It might even explain an aversion to green beans or the love for football. This illustrates the Nature theory.
However, much research has explored whether personality and inherited characteristics are the result of the environment in which we were raised. It’s the Nurture side of the debate, that behaviors and attitudes are learned in early childhood and carried with us into our adult lives.
Examples of Nature or Inherited Behavior?
- Red heads are predisposed to anger.
- Irishmen are natural-born drinkers.
- Females are more naturally fearful than males.
- “I was born to hate.”
Examples of Nurture or Generational Transmission
- Low self-esteem or negative self-image.
- Prejudice, hatred and violence towards certain groups.
- Wife and child abuse.
- “Grandpa was like that, so was Dad, and so am I”
Are any of those eight ideas rooted in fact? Are any of them true? Have they been established by scientific study?
AN INWARD PERSPECTIVE
We may not like certain aspects of ourselves. Aspects that were either transmitted in childhood or received at birth. People can struggle with behaviors and attitudes that overcome them, creating many kinds of conflict in adult life. Do we accept it for the way it is, that we have to live with it? Or can we overcome our, “Bad DNA?”
Whether it’s hardwired or something we were taught, many struggle with habits, behaviors and attitudes assimilated in childhood.
In Wednesday’s blog I’ll try to give some encouragement and some hopefully helpful steps in overcoming some of what we’ve carried since childhood. Things that defeat subdue us.
On Wednesday: “Overcoming Our Bad DNA, Part Two” | <urn:uuid:e3434fa1-1666-4a99-ae85-30787eae0547> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://rickfyffe.blog/2018/11/05/overcoming-our-bad-dna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371824409.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408202012-20200408232512-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.963019 | 440 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Microbes in household dust help degrade potentially harmful plasticizer chemicals!
Thanks to Ashleigh Bope for her contribution!
Microbe of the episode
Microbe of the episode: Rosa rugosa leaf distortion virus
Using bacteria to protect roads from deicer deterioration
Modern life and technology comes with modern challenges, including exposure to chemicals in building materials and such that humans didn't encounter much before the last few generations. Phthalate esters, found in PVC and other materials, can accumulate in homes and cause some problems, especially in children.
Modern life is also new to microbes, but they are very adaptable and versatile. In this study, microbes in household dust show some ability to break down the phthalates over time. Whether this activity is significant and beneficial to residents remains to be discovered.
Other interesting stories
Subscribe (free) on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Android, RSS, or by email. Also available on the ASM Podcast Network app.
Support the show at Patreon. Follow the show on Twitter and Facebook. | <urn:uuid:6ccffbec-057f-490d-bed0-4d1c4b26250a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://asm.org/Podcasts/BacterioFiles/Episodes/Floor-Fungi-Fracture-Phthalates-BacterioFiles-388 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334974.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927002241-20220927032241-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.915137 | 226 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Many of us have done a detox in order to eliminate internal toxins from our body, but how many of us do anything about the toxins in our own homes? Common household and body-care products are increasingly being found to have negative health effects on the nervous and immune systems, on our reproductive systems and on our endocrine, cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The average home contains 500-1,000 chemicals, many of which we are unable to see, smell or taste. While these chemicals may be tolerated individually and in small doses, problems can arise when one is exposed to them in combination or in larger doses. Everyone’s tolerance level is different depending on genetics, nutritional status and previous contacts with many chemicals, but the negative effects of household toxins are often compounded by the use of other drugs especially the habitual use of alcohol, or prescription or recreational drugs.
Indoor air is typically 2-5 times more polluted than outdoor air. Home insulation, so wonderful for keeping our homes warm in winter and cool in summer, doesn’t allow fresh air in, so we’re constantly breathing in the same stale air. Wall to wall carpeting keeps us cozy, but can introduce a myriad of toxins to our well insulated homes. It can also trap dirt, fleas, dust, dust-mites and lead.
Many of the cleaning products we use to clean our furniture, bathrooms, windows etc. are full of toxic chemicals, some of which do not even appear on the labels. Similarly with the many personal-care care products we put on our skin and the pet-care products we use on our pets. Most tick and flea products contain active ingredients and solvents that might cause cancer in animals. Also, substantial human exposure is possible by absorption through the skin, while playing with and handling the pet.
The pesticides we use on our gardens eliminate not only plant pests but also most of the insects that are beneficial to help control these pests. Of the 30 most commonly used lawn chemicals, 19 have studies pointing toward cancer and 15 are known to cause nervous system poisoning.
This is not to say that we should not keep our houses comfortable and clean and our yards looking good. What’s important is to understand that how we do this can have an important impact on our health. Abundant toxins can and do lead to health problems.
Taking more care to reduce our exposure to both internal and external toxins, by detoxing our bodies and our living space allows the body’s own detoxification to function more efficiently. This strengthens our resilience to the daily onslaught of factors impacting our health.
There are many things you can do to “detox” your home, some more practical than others. Here are my 20 suggestions:
No shoes in the house (as most household dirt, pesticides and lead come in on your shoes). Go barefoot or wear slippers.
Place floor mats vertically by your entryways to wipe your shoes. This way more dirt and residue from your shoes stays outside on the mat
Keep the air clean. Keep your windows and doors open as much as possible to ventilate. Use green plants as natural air detoxifiers. Remove odors with baking soda. Use fresh flowers or bowls of herbs like rosemary and sage to add a pleasant fragrance to rooms. Have your air ducts and vents cleaned with nontoxic cleaners. Get a portable air cleaner/purifier, especially for the bedrooms.
Switch from the standard household cleaning products to cleaner and greener ones. These don’t damage your health or the environment’s as much and work as well as the mass marketed ones. You can also use basic ingredients you have around the house, for instance, vinegar in place of bleach, baking soda to scrub your tiles and hydrogen peroxide to remove stains. According to Annie Bond, the author of “Better Basics For The Home,” she can clean anything with water and these five basic ingredients: Baking Soda, Washing Soda, Distilled White Vinegar, Vegetable based liquid Soap eg Dr. Bronner’s Peppermint Soap and Tea Tree oil.
Replace your skin care and personal products with less toxic and chemical free options. Deodorant, toothpaste, cosmetics, hair products, nail polish and perfumes are often loaded with toxins. Learn how to identify them and avoid them.
Use plastics wisely (as some contain Bisphenol A (BPA), which is linked to cancer and Phtalates, which are linked to endocrine and developmental problems). Avoid plastic food packaging (when you can). Don’t wrap food in plastic. Don’t microwave food in plastic containers. Choose baby bottles made from glass or BPA-free plastic. Avoid vinyl teethers for your baby. Stay away from children’s toys marked with a “3″ or “PVC.” Avoid plastic shower curtains.
Avoid non stick pans, pots, bakeware and utensils (as Teflon contains perfluorinated chemicals (PFC’s) which have been linked to cancer and developmental problems).
Keep house dust to a minimum (as more dust means more toxins). Mop all surfaces at least once a week. Use a vacuum cleaner (with a HEPA filter, preferably) for your carpets. HEPA-filter vacuums capture the widest range of particles and get rid of allergens.
Avoid excess moisture (as it encourages the growth of mold and mildew). Check areas for moisture accumulation or leaks (particularly basements). Regularly clean surfaces where mold usually grows – around showers and tubs and beneath sinks.
Get a shower filter (as many of the contaminants in tap water become gases at room temperature). A shower filter can help keep these toxins from becoming airborne.
Get a water filter (as more than 700 chemicals have been identified in drinking water). Filtering your tap water is better than drinking bottled water.
Avoid stain-guarded clothing, furniture and carpets (due to the presence of PFC’s). Wrinkle free and permanent press fabrics used for clothing and bedding commonly contain formaldehyde – use untreated fabrics where possible.
Be conscious of toxins in carpeting, especially in products made from synthetic materials. Use natural fiber wool & cotton rugs. If possible, replace your wall-to-wall carpeting with hardwood floors, all natural linoleum or ceramic tiles. Use nontoxic glues, adhesives, stains or sealers for installation.
Seal (with a non toxic sealer) or replace particleboard walls, floors or cabinets (which often contain formaldehyde, which can emit irritating and unhealthy fumes for decades). Avoid plywood, fiberglass, fiberboard and paneling.
Avoid harmful pet-care products and avoid toxic pest control (including traditional termite exterminators).
Replace toxic lawn and garden pesticides and herbicides with less harmful natural ones.
Tell the dry cleaner not to use the plastic wrap or remove it as soon as possible (as the plastic traps the dry cleaning chemicals on clothes and in your closet). Let your dry cleaning air out (preferably outside) before storing it. Use “wet cleaning” if you are lucky enough to have it in your area.
Use low VOC, low odor latex (water based) paint. Open all windows to ventilate properly when painting indoors.
Have your house checked for carbon monoxide leaks, (most commonly found in leaking gas stoves, gas fireplaces, furnaces and chimneys and gas water heaters).
Check Radon levels in poorly ventilated basements that have cracked walls and or floors. Radon is an odorless gas that forms as uranium in rocks and soil breaks down. Radon is linked to lung cancer.
We can reduce our risk of chronic illness by limiting our exposure to these toxins but don’t let this become an obsession which can cause so much stress that it creates more of a negative impact on your health than the toxins themselves. And finally, no amount of environmental toxins are as important as emotional toxicity. You can do all the above, but if your house is full of anger, resentment, jealousy, unhappiness and a lack of love, compassion and forgiveness, the house will remain toxic. | <urn:uuid:d28cc090-0bfa-4c24-95d4-797238633e1e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.care2.com/greenliving/20-ways-to-detox-your-house.html/4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00391-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935686 | 1,705 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Read more: “Smart Guide 2012: 10 ideas you’ll want to understand“
My heart sinks as a nonsensical response to my question flashes up on the computer screen. I am one of the judges at the 2011 Loebner prize competition, where computer programs are trying to convince us they are people. The contest is based on the Turing test, the most famous benchmark of machine intelligence. So far it’s not going well.
2012 is the centenary of the birth of Alan Turing, the second world war code-breaker who dreamed up the test in 1950 while pondering the notion of a thinking machine, so expect a flurry of competitions in his honour. Bear in mind, though, that the Turing test is a poor gauge for today’s AIs. For one thing, the test’s demand that a program capture the nuances of human speech makes it too hard. At the same time, it is too narrow: with bots influencing the stock market, landing planes and poised to start driving cars, why focus only on linguistic smarts?
One alternative is a suite of mini Turing tests each designed to evaluate machine intelligence in a specific arena. For example, a newly created visual Turing test assesses a bot’s ability to understand the spatial relationships between objects in an image against that of a human.
Others want to stop using humans as the benchmark. Using a universal, mathematical definition of intelligence, it could soon be possible to score people and computers on a scale untainted by human bias. Such universal tests should even be able to spot a bot that is far smarter than a human.
More on these topics: | <urn:uuid:f7719b95-cafd-439d-b072-ef1526a9c0b5> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21228444-200-smart-guide-to-2012-how-best-to-test-machine-iq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583822341.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121233709-20190122015709-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.921819 | 337 | 3 | 3 |
On Thursday 19th September of assembly focused on The International Day of Peace. We talked about what peace means to us and the rest fo the world.
The United Nations organisation was formed after the Second World War ended.
The world was in a mess. Neighbouring countries could no longer trust one another, and there was no peace.
In 1945, representatives from 51 countries met in San Francisco, USA. The representatives signed an important document with four very important agreements within it.
This special day was agreed upon in 1981 by the United Nations General Assembly with the first official International Day of Peace happening on the 21st of September 1982. | <urn:uuid:92a39496-24a6-4601-835a-6ae4286fc501> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.mwcp.co.uk/post/mwcpcare-assembly-international-day-of-peace | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897027.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708124912-20200708154912-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.957383 | 130 | 2.625 | 3 |
I wanted to find out if the stripe pattern on monarch larvae indicated gender. Students in my class raised monarch larvae to 5th instar. We examined the stripe patterns on monarch larvae and made drawing of what we observed, paying special attention to the fused 9-11 segment, which corresponds to the location on the adult's abdomen where the distinguishing gender characteristics are located. Once the larvae developed into an adult, each student recorded the gender of their larvae drawings. Our research used drawings of two male and five female larvae. We found one characteristic that seemed to distinguish a male lava from a female larva. On the fused 9-11 segment, male larvae had a white or a yellow stripe interrupted with two black dots, where the female larvae had a yellow stripe broken with only one black dot. Our results are inconclusive due to a very small sample size. | <urn:uuid:74ce386c-236e-48ae-bde8-8d6944d485c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://app.monarchlab.org/ecology-fair/AbstractSchoolView.aspx?SchoolID=496&PYear=2009 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805911.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120032907-20171120052907-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.970102 | 171 | 3.3125 | 3 |
A sports physical is a medical exam required by many schools prior to participation in sports. The exam is meant to identify any medical conditions that could potentially put your child at risk during physical activity.
Checkout this video:
The Physical Exam
Most sports physicals follow a standard format. The doctor or nurse will start by asking you about your medical history and doing a basic physical exam. This will include taking your blood pressure, checking your heart and lung sounds, and feeling your belly. They will also test your vision and hearing.
When you arrive for your physical, you will need to check in with the staff and fill out some paperwork. This paperwork will ask for your personal information and medical history. Be sure to fill it out completely and accurately. The doctor will use this information to help make decisions about your care.
After you have checked in, a nurse or medical assistant will take you to a room and weigh you, take your blood pressure, and test your vision. You will then be asked to remove any clothing that will get in the way of the exam. You will be given a gown or drapes to cover yourself with.
Height and weight
The health care professional will also take your height and weight. Your Body Mass Index (BMI) will be calculated from these measurements. BMI is a number that represents how much body fat you have in relation to your height and weight.
Blood pressure and pulse
Blood pressure and pulse will be measured using a manual or automated device. The health care provider will wrap an inflatable cuff around your arm and place the stethoscope in your armpit. As the cuff deflates, you will hear your heartbeat through the stethoscope. The health care provider will record your blood pressure as two numbers--the systolic (top number) and diastolic (bottom number) pressures. Healthy blood pressure in adolescents is usually less than 120 systolic and less than 80 diastolic.
The Head-to-Toe Exam
A sports physical is a head-to-toe exam that helps determine if it’s safe for you to participate in a sport. The exam is also sometimes called a preparticipation physical examination (PPE). The doctor or other health care provider will ask about your medical history and do a physical examination.
Next, the doctor will check your eyes. They will look at the clarity of your cornea, the inner workings of your eye, and your pupils’ reactions to light. All of these things can give clues about your overall health.
Ears, nose, and throat
In order to check your hearing, the doctor or nurse will have you sit in a sound-proof booth and wear headphones. You will then be asked to push a button every time you hear a beep through the headphones.
The next part of the exam is a vision test. The doctor or nurse will ask you to read a Snellen chart, which measures how well you see at different distances. If you need glasses or contact lenses to see clearly, you will be given a prescription for them.
After that, the doctor or nurse will use a tongue depressor to look at your throat and tonsils. They will also feel your neck to check for lumps or thyroid problems.
A thorough sports physical should include an evaluation of the cardiovascular system. This system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The doctor or other healthcare provider will:
-check your pulse to evaluate your heart rate and rhythm
-listen to your heart and lungs with a stethoscope
-check your blood pressure
-evaluate your chest for any unusual changes in shape or size
-check for any murmurs or other abnormal heart sounds that may indicate a problem with the valves or chambers of the heart
During the physical, your doctor will assess your respiratory system by:
listening to your lungs with a stethoscope
checking if your ribs move when you breathe in
checking if you have trouble breathing or if you get tired easily when exercising
You may also be asked to blow into a machine that measures how well your lungs are working. This is called spirometry.
The musculoskeletal system is made up of the bones, joints, and muscles of the body. The doctor or nurse will check your child’s range of motion and look for any deformities. They will also test the muscle strength and reflexes.
Athletes need to have a healthy nervous system in order to perform at their best. During the neurological exam, the doctor will test the athlete’s coordination and reflexes. The athlete may be asked to walk heel-to-toe in a straight line or stand on one leg with eyes open and then closed.
The doctor or nurse will start by looking at your skin for any rashes, sores, or other problems. They will also look for signs of dehydration, which can make it harder for your body to regulate its temperature. They may also check for any evidence of banned substances, such as needle marks from steroids.
A sports physical is a physical examination that is done to ensure that an athlete is physically fit to participate in their sport. The physical will also check for any injuries or health conditions that could potentially be aggravated by playing the sport. There are a few specialized tests that are often done as part of a sports physical.
X-rays are a type of high-energy radiation that can go through the body to create images of the bones and soft tissues inside. X-rays are most commonly used to look for broken bones or other problems with the bones, such as cancer or arthritis. They can also be used to look at the lungs, heart, and blood vessels.
An electrocardiogram records the electrical activity of your heart and is used to detect heart problems. The test is usually done as part of a routine physical exam, but it may also be done if you have symptoms of a heart problem, such as chest pain or an irregular heartbeat.
To prepare for the test, you may be asked to remove any jewelry or other objects that could interfere with the test. You will be asked to lie down on a table or bed, and sensors will be attached to your chest and limbs. The sensors will record your heart’s electrical activity and send it to a computer, which will generate a printout of your EKG results.
The test usually takes less than 10 minutes. There is no pain involved in the test, but you may feel mild discomfort from the sensors during the procedure.
Exercise stress test
An exercise stress test, also called a treadmill test or an exercise electrocardiogram, is a cardiology procedure that shows how your heart responds to physical activity.
The test is usually done on a treadmill or bike. You’ll start out walking or pedaling at a slow pace. The speed and incline will gradually get tougher.
You’ll be hooked up to an electrocardiogram (EKG) machine during the test. This monitors your heart rate and rhythm. A blood pressure cuff will also be placed around your arm to check your blood pressure during the test.
Bone density test
A bone density test can help diagnose osteoporosis, determine your risk for fractures, and monitor your bone loss. Bone density tests are quick, painless, noninvasive procedures that use low-dose X-rays to measure how much calcium and other minerals are present in a segment of your bone. The results of a bone density test are expressed as a T-score. Your T-score is the number of standard deviations above or below the mean bone density of a healthy young adult.
Your coach or the athletic trainer may recommend that you have a blood test before playing a sport. Blood tests can show if you have anemia (not enough red blood cells) or if you have other problems.
If you have sickle cell trait, you will have a blood test to check for hemoglobin S. This is a special kind of hemoglobin that can cause problems if you play a sport that has repeated bouts of strenuous activity, such as football or track.
You will also have a blood test to check for infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and Hepatitis B and C. | <urn:uuid:ad8ddeca-8e96-43f0-8dc9-0146ba3a12fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://homenetmenny.org/what-happens-in-sports-physicals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711344.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208150643-20221208180643-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.937908 | 1,747 | 3.9375 | 4 |
NOAA: Record 312 tornadoes in 24 hours last week
WASHINGTON - Preliminary government estimates say there were more tornadoes in a single day last week than any other day in U.S. history.
Government analysts said Monday there were 362 tornadoes during last week's outbreak, including a record-setting 312 in one 24-hour period.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said the largest previous number on record in one event occurred from April 3-4, 1974, with 148 tornadoes.
NOAA says 340 people were killed during the 24-hour-period from 8:00 a.m. Wednesday to Thursday.
It was the deadliest single day for tornadoes since the March 18, 1925, tornado outbreak that had 747 fatalities across 7 states. | <urn:uuid:ad86efbc-8aa5-47dc-9219-9a9625d0868e> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.wbrz.com/news/noaa-record-312-tornadoes-in-24-hours-last-week/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927634.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00052-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978386 | 158 | 2.578125 | 3 |
PUPILS at a Scottish school were sent home after a legionella bacteria outbreak was found in the water system. The School has remained closed for the rest of the week while decontamination of the legionella bacteria has taken place.
The bacteria, a form of which causes the potentially fatal Legionnaire’s disease, was found in the school’s hot and cold water systems on Tuesday.
Legionella bacteria can contaminate and grow in other water systems such as cooling towers and evaporative condensers. It can survive low temperatures but is killed by high temperatures.
For the complete story please visit: Full Story Here
Options Skills operates a Legionnaries Control of Legionella Bacteria in Water Systems Course.
The Legionella and water treatment course is designed to enable installers to understand the requirements of applicable regulations, HSE guidance, British Standards and Water Regulation.
With the increased publicity surrounding recent outbreaks of Legionnaires, effective water treatment is of paramount importance to those carrying out installation and maintenance of hot and cold water supply systems and to those who are responsible for managing the properties. | <urn:uuid:1ddf03de-06ad-44ed-a2ad-d009db453656> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.options-skills.co.uk/2010/11/16/legionella-bacteria-closes-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103341778.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627195131-20220627225131-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.949714 | 225 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The migratory woodland caribou (in Latin, Rangifer tarandus caribou) of Northern Quebec and Labrador live in two wild herds, the Leaf herd with 628,000 individuals and the George River herd with 385,000 individuals. The caribou generally travel upwards of 2,000 km annually and live in an area of about 1,000,000 square kilometres. Some individuals have been observed traveling 6,000 km in a single year.
The caribou population varies considerably, for unknown reasons, and their numbers have apparently peaked in the later decades of each of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The most recent decline at the turn of the 20th century caused much hardship for the Inuit and Cree communities of Nunavik, Quebec, who hunt them for subsistence. By 1950, as few as 5,000 caribou remained in Northern Quebec and Labrador.
The George River herd, south of Ungava Bay, whose numbers reached about 800,000 towards 1993, had about 384,000 individuals in 2001. The Leaf herd in the west, near the coast of Hudson Bay, has grown from 270,000 individuals in 1991 to 628,000 in 2001. Inuit, Cree and southern sport hunters kill about 30,000 caribou each year in Northern Québec.
A much smaller population of migratory woodland caribou, perhaps numbering about 20,000, is found in Northern Ontario, on the coastal plains south of Hudson Bay.
Woodland caribou were once found throughout much of Ontario's boreal forest; at the turn of the 20th century they ranged as far south as the Canada-United States border. However, caribou range has receded approximately 34 km/decade, the manifestation of widespread range collapse and population decline. Although woodland caribou have been protected from sport hunting since 1929, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada listed forest-dwelling caribou in Canada as threatened (likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed) in 2000. Woodland caribou may be extinct before the year 2100 if the rate of range loss continues.
Human-caused landscape disruption is the chief cause of caribou range recession. For example, the conversion of forests by logging may result in greater abundance of other ungulates, like moose, and increased predation by wolves. Linear corridors, such as roads, utility corridors, and trails may improve travel speed and hunting efficiency for predators, improve access for poachers, and hinder caribou movements.
Cutovers from forest harvesting have been identified as the strongest predictor of caribou extirpation. This was not surprising; the northern front of forest harvesting in Ontario closely matches the southern boundary of continuous caribou occupancy and timber harvesting may lead to reduced occurrence of woodland caribou. However, there appears to be a time lag between forest harvest and disappearance of caribou. Research suggests that there is a two decade time lage between disturbance by forest harvest and disappearance of caribou. Forest harvest converts forest stands to early seral stages, which are favoured by moose, which in turn can support a higher wolf population than caribou alone. A higher wolf population may increase predation mortality of caribou. Thus, two decades is likely the time necessary for these faunal changes to take place. This time lag is cause for concern, as there is overlap of forest harvest with the southern boundary of caribou range in Ontario. Caribou in these areas are very likely to vanish in the next 20 years. While patterns of forest harvest show the strongest relationship with caribou extirpation in Ontario, strong correlations among landscape disturbances suggest that no single variable can be unequivocally implicated as key to caribou range recession.
Woodland caribou persistence in Ontario will likely depend on the availability of large tracts of old growth forest situated at great distances from anthropogenic disturbance. Recent research suggests that forest harvest operations should be buffered from caribou habitat by at least 13 km.
Climate change has negative potential for woodland caribou as well. Climate change may further alter forest structure to favour moose and white-tailed deer, which may carry the parasite Parelaphostrongylus tenuis; lethal to caribou but not harmful to deer. In addition, increased episodes of freezing rain in the winter may make it difficult for caribou to dig through the snow to reach their primary food source, lichens. The effects of climate change on woodland caribou have not been studied.
In September 1984, about 151 km south of the Northern village of Kuujjuaq, Québec, about 10,000 caribou (about 1.5% of the George River herd) drowned while crossing the Calcaire Falls on the Caniapiscau River, a tributary of the Koksoak River that flows into southern Ungava Bay. Although the caribou regularly criss-cross northern rivers and lakes and can swim 10 km at a stretch, northern rivers and lakes often claim lives during their annual migrations. At the time of the accident, observers raised questions about the management of the newly built reservoir on the headwaters of the Caniapiscau River, some 450 km upstream, and focused their attention on decisions made in the days following the exceptionally heavy rains in September 1984. The Caniapiscau Reservoir is part of the La Grande hydroelectric complex in Northern Quebec. The waters of the upper Caniapiscau River, which flow north, were diverted to the La Grande River of the James Bay watershed to the west.
After investigation, the Québec Recreation, Hunting and Fishing Department – whose employee had discovered the dead caribou on September 30th -- came to the conclusion that a larger number of caribou would have perished had the Caniapiscau Reservoir not yet been built, since the water flow at the falls would have been even greater in the absence of the reservoir.
On the other hand, in a short but savvy analysis, Quebec’s Indian and Inuit Secretariat (SIGMAI) expressed the opinion that the fast-growing George River herd may have become accustomed to the reduced water flow from 1981 to 1984, during which time the reservoir was being filled. SIGMAI hypothesizes that the caribou may have been surprised as the water flow of the Caniapiscau River was partially restored to its natural state in mid-September 1984, after the filling of reservoir had been completed. The partial release of the headwaters back into the Caniapiscau was necessary because the power stations on the La Grande River could not yet turbine the full water flow. According to Hydro-Québec, any major addition of water to the La Grande River would by necessity have been diverted around the power stations for months, even years, and seriously damage the floodgates which were designed for temporary use during exceptional climatic events.
Thus, SIGMAI chastised the Société d'énergie de la Baie James, a subsidiary of Hydro-Québec, that had just completed the construction of the reservoir, for not having planned to actively manage the restored water flow to the Caniapiscau River in such a way as to protect the caribou herd from exceptional floods caused by heavy rains or rapid spring thaw. This was a rather novel idea at the time, as no Canadian wildlife expert had foreseen anything more than the usual mortality along the rivers of the region (up to 500 deaths every year).
The Quebec game officials did, however, put forward the opinion that a dynamic management of the water levels and flows of the Caniapiscau Reservoir could have avoided the high mortality observed in September 1984, either completely, or at least reduced it to levels observed in recent years. SIGMAI finally recommended that the water levels of the reservoir be lowered by about 0.5 meter for several months of the year in order to avoid the use of the flood gates during extreme rainfalls when the caribou are migrating in late summer and early fall. Of course, this is largely a moot point today, since virtually no water has been diverted back into the lower Caniapiscau since 1985. Furthermore, a fence was installed to divert the herd from the danger zone near the Calcaire Falls. | <urn:uuid:06b96d06-5e82-4e27-9593-e05726a7e4fc> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.reference.com/browse/Migratory+Woodland+Caribou | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699924051/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102524-00087-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95861 | 1,727 | 3.828125 | 4 |
While automated external defibrillators improve survival for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, an analysis of data indicates their use for cardiac arrest in a hospital does not result in an improved rate of survival, according to a study in the November 17 issue of JAMA.
Use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) has been proposed as a strategy to reduce times to defibrillation and improve survival from cardiac arrests that occur in the hospital setting, according to background information in the article. However, current evidence to support the use of AEDs in hospitals has been mixed and limited to single-center studies. Also, these devices may be less effective or potentially harmful when used in hospitals where only 1 in 5 hospitalized patients have initial cardiac arrest rhythms that respond to defibrillation. "Before the widespread dissemination of AEDs in hospitals, it therefore becomes critical to demonstrate that AED use improves survival," the authors write.
Using data from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Paul S. Chan, M.D., M.Sc., of Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, and colleagues evaluated the association of AED use and survival after an in-hospital cardiac arrest. The study included 11,695 hospitalized patients with cardiac arrests between January 1, 2000 and August 26, 2008, at 204 U.S. hospitals following the introduction of AEDs on general hospital wards. Of these patients, 2,079 (17.8 percent) had shockable rhythms, such as ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (rapid heart rhythm), and 9,616 (82.2 percent) had nonshockable rhythms, such as asystole or pulseless electrical activity. AEDs were used to assess initial rhythm in 4,515 patients (38.6 percent).
Overall, 2,117 patients (18.1 percent) survived to hospital discharge. Within the entire study population, the rate of survival to hospital discharge was 16.3 percent among patients in whom AEDs were used and 19.3 percent among patients in whom AEDs were not used. After multivariable adjustment for hospital site and clinical characteristics, AED use was associated with a 15 percent lower rate of survival.
The association between AED use and survival to discharge differed by the initial cardiac arrest rhythm. Among the 9,616 cardiac arrests due to nonshockable rhythms, AED use was associated with a 26 percent lower in-hospital survival (10.4 percent for AED use; 15.4 percent for no AED use). In contrast, for the 2,079 cardiac arrests due to shockable rhythms, there was no association between AED use and in-hospital survival (38.4 percent for AED use; 39.8 percent for no AED use).
"Our results may appear surprising because AEDs have been shown to improve survival for witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in public locations. However, our results may differ substantially from those investigations due to differences in the initial cardiac arrest rhythm," the authors write.
The researchers note that despite lack of data on the potential benefit of AEDs in the hospital setting, hospitals have increasingly adopted the use of AEDs in patient areas in response to local and national efforts to improve defibrillation time and resuscitation survival. "Between 2003 and 2008, more than 50,000 AED units were sold to U.S. hospitals, and marketing reports project annual sales growth of 9 percent to 12 percent over the next 5 years. … In light of our data, national organizations and hospitals may need to reconsider the use of AEDs in general hospital ward units or develop different strategies for using them."
Editorial: Automated External Defibrillators and the Law of Unintended Consequences
The findings from this study should lead to consideration of a change in practice for in-hospital cardiac arrest, writes David E. Haines, M.D., of the Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Mich., in an accompanying editorial.
"Initiation of prompt and effective chest compressions should be the highest priority by first responders to the arrest. The AED may be used in the automatic mode by non-advanced cardiac life support-trained personnel, but the device should be converted to the manual mode immediately on arrival of the advanced cardiac life support-trained resuscitation team. In the future, prevention of cardiac arrest by use of high-tech monitoring and rapid response teams for earlier detection and treatment of life-threatening conditions may help improve outcomes in this challenging patient cohort."
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:38a4a70c-e3d7-4d2a-8b84-39e04950b251> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101115091848.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163729.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00244-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934669 | 961 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Sun on the Mountains–Blue Sky Day–Happy Spring!!
Today is the first day of Spring! The Sun entered Aries at 4:29 am Mountain Time. Happy Vernal Equinox, the beginning of the year according to the Romans and by the Persians.
When Julius Caesar established the Julian calendar in 45 BC, he set 25 March as the date of the spring equinox. Because the Julian year (365.25 days) is slightly longer than the tropical year, the calendar “drifted” with respect to the two equinoxes — such that in 300 AD the spring equinox occurred on about 21 March. By 1500 AD, it had drifted backwards to 11 March.
This drift induced Pope Gregory XIII to create a modern Gregorian calendar. The Pope wanted to continue to conform with the edicts concerning the date of Easter of the Council of Nicaea of AD 325, which means he wanted to move the vernal equinox to 21 March, which is the day allocated to it in the Easter table of the Julian calendar. However, the leap year intervals in his calendar were not smooth (400 is not an exact multiple of 97). This causes the equinox to oscillate by about 53 hours around its mean position. This in turn raised the possibility that it could fall on 22 March, and thus Easter Day might theoretically commence before the equinox. The astronomers chose the appropriate number of days to omit so that the equinox would swing from 19 to 21 March but never fall on the 22nd (although it can in a handful of years fall early in the morning of that day in the Far East).
- Spring equinox and fall (or autumn) equinox: colloquial names based on the seasons. However, these can be ambiguous since the northern hemisphere‘s spring is the southern hemisphere‘s autumn, and vice versa. The Latinate names vernal equinox (spring) and autumnal equinox (fall) are often used to the same effect.
- March equinox and September equinox: names referring to the months of the year they occur, with no ambiguity as to which hemisphere is the context. They are still not universal, however, as not all cultures use a solar-based calendar where the equinoxes occur every year in the same month (as they do not in the Islamic calendar and Hebrew calendar, for example).
- Northward equinox and southward equinox: names referring to the apparent direction of motion of the Sun. The northward equinox occurs in March when the sun crosses the equator from south to north, and the southward equinox occurs in September when the sun crosses the equator from north to south. These terms can be used unambiguously for other planets.
- First Point of Aries and first point of Libra: names referring to the astrological signs the sun is entering. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, however, the constellations where the equinoxes are currently located are Pisces and Virgo, respectively. | <urn:uuid:cf903b8f-4290-4b6a-8ee7-06a014ac0027> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://durangodowntown.com/astrology/sun-mountains-blue-sky-day-happy-spring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.945407 | 646 | 3.84375 | 4 |
In recent years, coconut water has become a very trendy beverage.
It is tasty, refreshing, and also happens to be very good for you.
It is loaded with several important nutrients, including minerals that most people don’t get enough of.
Here are eight health benefits of coconut water.
1. Good Source of Several Nutrients
Coconuts grow on large palm trees known scientifically as Cocos nucifera. Despite the name, the coconut is a fruit rather than a nut.
Coconut water is the juice found in the center of a young, green coconut. It helps nourish the fruit.
As the coconut matures, some of the juice remains in liquid form, while the rest ripens into the solid white flesh known as coconut meat.
Coconut water is produced naturally in the fruit, and contains 94 percent water and very little fat.
It should not be confused with coconut milk, which is made by adding water to grated coconut meat. It contains about 50 percent water, and is very high in coconut fat.
Coconuts take ten to twelve months to fully mature. Coconut water typically comes from young coconuts about six to seven months of age, though it’s also found in mature fruit.
An average green coconut provides about 0.5-1 cup of coconut water.
This is what coconut water looks like:
One cup (240 grams) contains forty-six calories, as well as:
- Carbs: 9 grams.
- Fiber: 3 grams.
- Protein: 2 grams.
- Vitamin C: 10 percent of the RDI.
- Magnesium: 15 percent of the RDI.
- Manganese: 17 percent of the RDI.
- Potassium: 17 percent of the RDI.
- Sodium: 11 percent of the RDI.
- Calcium: 6 percent of the RDI.
2. May Have Antioxidant Properties
Free radicals are unstable molecules that are produced in your cells during metabolism. Their production increases in response to stress or injury.
When there are too many free radicals, the body is said to be in a state of oxidative stress, which can damage cells and increase the risk of disease.
Research on animals exposed to toxins has shown that coconut water contains antioxidants, modifying free radicals so they no longer cause harm.
One study found that rats with liver damage showed significant improvement in oxidative stress when they were treated with coconut water, compared to rats that received no treatment.
In another study, rats were fed a high-fructose diet and then treated with coconut water. Free radical activity decreased, as well as blood pressure, triglycerides, and insulin levels.
So far, no studies have investigated this antioxidant activity in humans.
Bottom line: Coconut water contains antioxidants that protect cells from damaging free radicals.
3. May Provide Benefits against Diabetes
Research has shown that coconut water can lower blood sugar levels, and improve other health markers in diabetic animals.
In one study, diabetic rats treated with coconut water maintained better blood sugar levels than other diabetic rats.
The same study also found that the rats had lower levels of hemoglobin A1c, a measure of long-term blood sugar control.
Another study found that providing coconut water to rats with diabetes led to improvements in blood sugar levels and reductions in markers of oxidative stress, including malondialdehyde (MDA).
However, controlled studies need to confirm these effects in humans.
Nevertheless, with three grams of fiber and a digestible carb content of only 6 grams per cup, coconut water can easily fit into a diabetic meal plan.
In addition, coconut water is a good source of magnesium, which has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and decrease blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes.
Bottom line: Studies on diabetic animals suggest that coconut water may improve blood sugar control. It’s also a good source of magnesium, which may increase insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar levels.
May Help Prevent Kidney Stones
Drinking enough fluids is important for kidney stone prevention.
Though plain water is a great choice, one study suggests that coconut water may be even better.
Kidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, and other compounds combine to form crystals in the urine.
These compounds can then form stones. However, some people are more susceptible to developing kidney stones than others.
In a study on rats with kidney stones, coconut water was found to keep crystals from sticking to the kidneys and other parts of the urinary tract. It also reduced the number of crystals formed in the urine.
The researchers believe that it helped to reduce free radical production that occurred in response to high oxalate levels in urine.
However, this is the first study that has investigated coconut water’s effects on kidney stones, and more research is needed in this area.
Bottom line: Early animal research suggests that water from coconuts may potentially prevent kidney stones by reducing crystal and stone formation.
4. May Support Heart Health
Drinking coconut water may be helpful to reduce heart disease risk.
In one study, rats that consumed coconut water had reductions in blood cholesterol and triglycerides. They also experienced significant decreases in liver fat.
The same researchers conducted another study in which rats were fed a similar diet and treated with the same dosage (4 ml/100g of body weight) of coconut water.
After forty-five days, the coconut water group had a reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride levels that rivaled the effects of a statin drug used to lower cholesterol.
However, it’s important to note that this was a very large dose. In human terms, it would be equivalent to a 150-pound (68 kg) person consuming 91 oz (2.7 liters) of coconut water per day.
Nevertheless, the finding that it reduced cholesterol as effectively as a statin drug is very impressive, and should be further investigated.
Bottom line: Animal studies suggest that coconut water may have powerful cholesterol-lowering properties.
5. May Reduce Blood Pressure
Coconut water may be also be a great beverage for keeping blood pressure under control.
One small study gave coconut water to people with high blood pressure. Seventy-one percent experienced significant improvements to systolic blood pressure, which is the higher number of a blood pressure reading.
Additionally, it contains an impressive 600 mg of potassium in 8 oz (240 ml). Potassium has been shown to lower blood pressure in people with high or normal blood pressure.
What’s more, one animal study found that coconut water has anti-thrombotic activity, which means it should help prevent the formation of blood clots.
Bottom Line: Coconut water may help lower blood pressure and potentially decrease the risk of blood clots forming in the arteries.
6. Beneficial after Prolonged Exercise
Coconut water may be the perfect beverage for restoring hydration and replenishing electrolytes lost during exercise.
Electrolytes are minerals that play several important roles in the body, including maintaining proper fluid balance.
They include potassium, magnesium, sodium, and calcium.
Two studies found that coconut water restored hydration after exercise better than water, and equaled the performance of high-electrolyte sports beverages.
Participants also said it caused less nausea and stomach discomfort.
However, another study comparing high-electrolyte beverages found that coconut water tended to cause the most bloating and stomach upset.
Bottom line: Coconut water is effective at replenishing fluids and electrolytes after exercise. It is comparable to other sports beverages.
7. Delicious Source of Hydration
Coconut water is slightly sweet with a subtle, nutty flavor. It’s also fairly low in calories and carbs.
Coconut water is freshest when it comes directly from the coconut. Simply press a straw into the soft part of a green coconut, and start drinking.
Store the coconut in the refrigerator, and consume it within two to three weeks of purchase.
You can also buy bottled coconut water at most grocery stores.
However, be sure to read the ingredients list to verify you’re getting 100 percent coconut water. Some bottled brands contain added sugar or flavoring agents.
Coconut water can be used in smoothies, chia seed pudding, and vinaigrette dressing, or substituted for plain water whenever you want a bit of natural sweetness.
Bottom line: Coconut water can be consumed directly from green coconuts, or from bottles. Avoid brands with added sugar, sweeteners, or flavors.
8. Coconut Water Is Super Healthy
Coconut water is a delicious, nutritious, natural beverage that is extremely good for you.
Though controlled studies are needed to confirm many of these benefits, the research to date is encouraging.
This article is reprinted with permission from Authority Nutrition. | <urn:uuid:01e113be-eae1-46e2-98a0-988cfde75e04> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://dlife.com/8-science-based-health-benefits-coconut-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540508599.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208095535-20191208123535-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.94343 | 1,843 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Speech and Language therapists work with individuals whose speech, language, swallowing and eating is affected following a brain or spinal injury or neurological condition.
Speech and Language therapists help people to overcome swallowing and communication difficulties. Brain injury can cause impairment of speech, language and swallowing abilities, resulting in the three main conditions for which speech and language therapists are uniquely qualified to treat.
WATCH: Speech and Language Therapist Alison Nickson introduces common communication impairments individuals may experience following a brain injury or neurological condition in our short video.
- Dysarthria is a condition that affects an individual’s ability to produce speech
- Dysphasia affects the ability to understand and use language to communicate
- Dysphagia is a muscular disorder that effects an individuals ability to swallow, drink or eat
It is the Speech a Language therapist’s role to assess these problems and to inform the rehabilitation team and family about suitable communication methods as well as advice about food and fluid consistency. Speech and Language therapists work with the individual to develop verbal and non-verbal strategies of communication. | <urn:uuid:3a5fdffa-10cb-4529-a05e-2e28144c8c07> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.christchurchgroup.co.uk/information-families/understanding-neurorehabilitation/speech-and-language-therapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816068.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224231522-20180225011522-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.929077 | 217 | 3.34375 | 3 |
"The Bombing of Germany" is a new program from American Experience, premiering February 8 at 9:00 pm on PBS.
"The lessons we stand to learn from World War II are especially important today, as American troops enter the ninth year of fighting on two foreign fronts," says American Experience executive producer Mark Samels regarding the timeliness of this program.
With all the recent television examinations of various aspects of World War II in Europe—using newsreel film, splashy graphics, talking heads and so on—why is this still a fresh look at a well-covered story? There are new wrinkles here, including some really fine color and black-and-white film from both Allied and Axis cameras. All first-hand accounts are taken from surviving veterans—military and civilian—of the bombings. But what stands out in "The Bombing of Germany" is the theme, which examines the moral dilemma resulting from the style and escalation of the aerial bombardment of Germany.
It was obvious to all that the advent of aircraft technology would create new levels of warfare in World War II, as aerial bombing would be employed for strategic and tactical purposes. Over the years since the war ended much attention has been placed on the horrific situation caused by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Launching the powerful destructive capability of atomic weapons was a shocking new strategy that ultimately—and quickly—led a most fanatical foe of the free world to surrender.
However, for over three years conventional aerial bombing strikes were carried out in Germany to achieve similar results. As 1945 dragged on, area or "carpet" bombing intensified to bring the war in Europe to a close so that the entire Allied effort could focus on defeating Japan.While the effects of explosive and incendiary devices dropped on Hamburg, Dresden and Berlin did not have the dramatic—and long lasting—effects of Fat Boy and Little Man, the A-bombs that devastated two Japanese cities, they were just as deadly. More than half a million people were killed by the bombings in Germany. The city of Dresden was virtually obliterated. And yet Germany did not surrender solely on the basis of these terror bombings.
So how did things escalate to that point? As writer Donald L. Miller explains, "Wars are uncontrollable and no one knows how and why they get out of control but they do."
When the war started, the film points out, neither Prime Minister Winston Churchill nor President Franklin D. Roosevelt desired bombing of civilian populations. A famous quote from Roosevelt made on the first day of war—"under no circumstances undertake bombardment from the air of civilian populations"—was a warning to warring nations and is typed out on the screen in the film. Though Germany bombed populations on the mainland from the outset, Adolph Hitler initially believed precision military bombing to be the only effective kind. The infamous bombing of London was started by one stray bomber, until Nazi propaganda minister Josef Goebbels saw potential in continuing it, explains Jörg Friedrich in the film.
As the film traces aerial bombing in the European Theater from the beginning, the moral dilemma thrust upon military and political leaders is revealed to be like the classic knockdown of dominos. The British, ineffective in their daylight precision bombing and suffering heavy losses in aircraft and personnel from it, champion the idea of area bombing first. American air chiefs continue to apply precision bombing techniques after initial success at Rouen, France, until losses of unescorted bombers start to add up. Then, slowly, they start to buy into the British concept, though in combined operations the Americans continue to concentrate on military targets in daylight. The advent of the P-51 Mustang as a fighter escort greatly aids this effort.
All of this is illustrated clearly in timeline fashion in the film. On-camera appearances by British and American airmen, and German civilians caught in the hailstorm, give chilling testimony to the program’s still and moving images of air attacks and destruction on the ground. However American Experience programs, in my opinion, often use too many experts on screen. That is certainly the case here. The short sound bites from a variety of historians and writers dilute the thesis by overstatement. Historian Tami Davis Biddle is particularly ineffective as the first up, stating obvious facts. Her soothing voice and humanistic perspective work better later in the film when conclusions are drawn. On the other hand, historian Sir Max Hastings’ firm commentary commands attention, as does the engaging charm of European scholar Jörg Friedrich. Donald L. Miller, author of Masters of the Air, has an easy style that brings life to his comments.
This program makes one think a great deal about the high cost of war. It gets inside the heads of those who had to make the difficult decisions to sacrifice innocent life for victory. But as historian Conrad Crane reasons in the film, "the most unethical act in World War II for the Allies would have been allowing themselves to lose." These concepts offer another example of why historical examinations, and especially the study of this war, set the tone for how mankind handles great crises now and in the future.
For more information about the program, visit the American Experience Website.
To learn more about the Allied bombing of Germany, click on the links below. | <urn:uuid:44333867-37dc-4904-8748-aab867eb2f22> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.historynet.com/the-bombing-of-germany-on-pbs.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398458553.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205418-00065-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957985 | 1,076 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Xanax is the brand name of alprazolam, which is a benzodiazepine prescription medication. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) have been used for decades to treat a variety of conditions. BZDs are one of the most widely prescribed drugs in the US. In 2007, 112 million prescriptions for BZDs were dispensed.
Xanax is typically used to help people with anxiety or panic disorders. It works by interacting with the brain’s receptors to inhibit brain activity related to anxiety and other conditions. Addiction may result when the drug is misused. Treatment can help support recovery from xanax use disorder.
History of Xanax
Alprazolam was formulated in the 1960s by Upjohn Laboratories. It was first marketed as a sleep aid. However, over time, Upjohn saw that it was more effective as a medication to treat anxiety, mood and panic disorders.
Upjohn submitted a new drug application to the DEA for the new brand name “Xanax”. The application claimed that Xanax was a more effective anti-anxiety drug compared to what was on the market at that time. Once the DEA approved the application, Xanax was sold as an anti-anxiety medication. During the early 1990s, alprazolam grew in popularity in the US psychiatric community for the treatment of panic disorder.
For most people, taking the recommended dose of Xanax is safe. According to The Ochsner Journal, the recommended dose to treat anxiety starts with 0.25 to 0.5 mg tablets taken 3 times a day.1 The maximum recommended daily dose should not exceed 4 mg. To treat panic disorders, the same daily dose is recommended with the maximum set at 6 to 10 mg a day.
This medication can be addictive because of a common issue called rebound anxiety. If the drug is stopped, anxiety may return worse than it was before. This results in taking Xanax again for relief from the rebound anxiety. This cycle develops due to the drug’s short half-life.
The half-life of Xanax is 6 to 27 hours. A drug’s half-life describes how long it takes for half the dose to be metabolized and eliminated from the bloodstream. In other words, the half-life of a medication is the time period needed for the drug to be reduced by half in the body.
Repeated doses can carry the risks of tolerance, dependence and withdrawal with long-term use. SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) issued a report stating that about 29% of all emergency room visits in 2011 were benzodiazepine-related. Xanax was the benzodiazepine found in about 10% of these visits.
Currently, according to the DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) that schedules drugs from least to most dangerous, Xanax is a Schedule IV drug. Schedule IV substances are described as having a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence. Other examples of Schedule IV medications are: Ativan, Darvocet, Valium, Tramadol and Ambien.
Despite the DEA determination of a low potential for abuse and dependence, most addiction specialists deem Xanax to be highly addictive. One reoccurring issue is that doctors tend to prescribe Xanax for longer periods of time than recommended.
Alprazolam is the most commonly prescribed BZD. It is also the most commonly prescribed psychiatric drug in the US with more than 48 million prescriptions filled in 2013. The safety of this medication is questioned by specialists in the substance use disorder field. This is supported by research that shows alprazolam:
- Has a high misuse risk
- Results in a more severe withdrawal syndrome than other BDZs
- Can cause more severe withdrawal symptoms even wwhen it is tapered down according to manufacturer guidelines
In addition, 2013 data showed that:
- Alprazolam is the second most common prescription drug involved in medication-related emergency room visits
- Alpazolam is the most common BDZ to be involved in emergency room visits that were related to drug misuse
- BDZs are involved in about one-third of intentional overdoses or suicide attempts
Other Safety Issues Regarding Benzodiazepines
When an individual has a toxic accumulation of benzodiazepines, it can cause a loss of inhibition. This can lead to uncharacteristic behavior due to this impairment. This can appear as having unsafe sex or driving recklessly. One study reported that using BZDs can double the risk of driving accidents. It is important to exercise extreme caution when driving if you are taking or tapering off from any BDZ.
Benzodiazepines have street names. These street names include:
- Nerve Pills
Xanax street names include:
- Totem Poles (after the bar shape of some Xanax doses)
- Blue Footballs
Xanax is used to treat anxiety disorders, such as GAD (generalized anxiety disorder). It is also used as a short-term treatment for symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety or tension that comes with daily life is not typically treated with anti-anxiety medication.
Generalized anxiety disorder is when a person has excessive or unrealistic anxiety and worry about two or more things encountered in everyday life, for 6 months or longer. During this time period, the person has anxiety and worry more days than not.
The symptoms of GAD can include:
- Muscle tension
- Aches or soreness
- Shortness of breath
- Choking sensations
- Rapid heart rate
- Cold clammy hands
- Dry mouth
- Digestion issues
- Frequent urination
- Trouble swallowing
- Feeling on edge
- Concentration problems
- Exaggerated startle response
- Sleep problems
Xanax is also used to treat panic disorder. The symptoms of panic disorder include a sudden, intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within 10 minutes that can come along with:
- Shortness of breath
- Choking sensations
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Abdominal pain
- Feeling like fainting
- Feeling disconnected from reality
- Feeling detached from oneself or “out of body”
- Fears of losing control or dying
- Hot or cold flushing
Xanax works as a depressant to the body’s central nervous system. Therefore, the most common side effects are mostly those that are nervous system-related, such as:
- Speech difficulties
- Memory problems
Long-term use of Xanax is controversial and not recommended by many healthcare professionals. One reason is that tolerance can develop fairly quickly for its hypnotic and sedative effects. Tolerance is when a person needs more and more of a substance to feel the same previous effects.
Physical dependence, which comes along with withdrawal symptoms including severe ones such as seizures, can happen without tolerance developing. On the other hand, tolerance may develop without physical dependence symptoms.
In addition, it could take as long as 6 months for cognitive functions to recover (such as thinking, reasoning or remembering) after a BDZ taper off has taken place. Afterwards, there may be permanent impairments for some people.
Feeling like fainting
Feeling disconnected from reality
Feeling detached from oneself or “out of body”
Fears of losing control or dying
Hot or cold flushing
It is possible for you to overdose on Xanax, especially if it’s taken with other prescription or illicit drugs. Xanax mixed with alcohol can also be deadly.
The amount of Xanax that will result in an overdose depends on different factors, including:
- How the body metabolizes the drug
- Pre-existing medical problems
- If Xanax was combined with alcohol or other drugs
Overdose is possible at any dose higher than the prescribed amount. If you are older than 65, there is a higher risk of overdose. People in this age group are usually prescribed lower Xanax doses, because there is a higher risk for side effects or overdose.
It’s important that you speak with a doctor or treatment center before you attempt coming off of Xanax. It’s dangerous and unhealthy to do so on your own.
A healthcare professional, in combination with a slow taper off of Xanax, may also prescribe a substitute medication that has a longer half-life compared to Xanax. This helps prevent intoxication and withdrawal signs. During this time, it’s crucial to enter a “whole person” or holistic treatment program to work through the mental and emotional issues that led to dependence.
The treatment program may determine if there is a need for drug maintenance therapy. Drug maintenance therapy may be recommended, especially if:
- High doses of Xanax were being taken
- There are signs of drug abuse behaviors
- There is an unstable lifestyle
- There are other mental health issues
- Alcohol dependence is present
Maintenance therapy may continue until there is a period of stability where none or a lower dose may be considered. If you have medical conditions or a seizure history, it may be recommended doing this type of tapering and maintenance therapy within a residential treatment program.
Xanax withdrawal can happen even when taking the drug for as little as a week. That’s because Xanax when compared to other BDZs, involves a more complex taper because of the rebound of anxiety that can happen.
One study reported that people that took Xanax for panic disorder treatment and then tapered off:
had rebound anxiety that was worse than anxiety experienced before treatment
Others in the study who tapered off Xanax over an 8 week period experienced the following withdrawal symptoms:
- Worsening anxiety
- Sleep problems
- Homicidal ideation
- Dissociative reactions
- Suicidal ideation
- Though rare, there have been some cases of delirium and psychosis
Tapering off Xanax in a supervised detox program is only the first step in treating an addiction. The mental and emotional effects must also be addressed.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in helping people struggling with benzodiazepine use. CBT is where a therapist helps reveal how patterns of thought and behavior led to Xanax abuse and addiction. A therapist works closely with the client to create new, healthier and more positive ways of handling the causes behind Xanax abuse. CBT also teaches coping skills and methods for dealing with future cravings for Xanax.
CBT also works well in cases of a co-occurring disorder or what is also known as dual diagnosis. A dual diagnosis is present if the person has both an addiction along with a mental health disorder. Research provides support for using CBT to treat co-occurring disorders.
The first step towards recovery is to safely stop Xanax by undergoing a medical detox. While detox is an important first step, it is not a standalone treatment. After detox, it’s vital to address the psychological and behavioral issues that led to Xanax misuse and addiction.
The main choices for continued treatment are inpatient and outpatient. What will be the best treatment for you will depend on your unique situation and needs.
Inpatient rehab is where you live at the facility while in treatment. This is the best option if you are looking to totally focus on recovery without outside distractions or commitments interfering. Most treatment centers offer 24-hour medical care. A wide range of therapy and medication services are provided.
The stay will vary according to your needs. Some treatment centers offer short stays from 3 to 6 weeks. Others offer stays of 28 days, several months or longer. Most people transition into an outpatient program after completing residential rehab.
An outpatient program (OP) takes place several times a week and you return home afterwards. Just as you will find with inpatient rehab, OPs offer many different levels of therapies and program lengths.
Despite the name, most PHPs do not take place in a hospital. PHPs can be within a clinic setting or treatment facility. PHPs typically require 30 hours of treatment each week. They offer individual and group therapy services.
IOPs are a step-down from PHPs. IOPs provide a mix of individual and group therapies over a 6 to 9 hour week.
Standard outpatient programs offer 45 minutes to one hour sessions of individual, group or family therapy. The frequency of these meetings will depend upon individual needs.
When choosing the best treatment option for you, talk to an addiction treatment specialist to assess the situation. From there, a customized plan will provide the best road to a successful recovery.
Your answers to the following questions can help you decide what the best treatment option is for you:
- How long have I struggled with my Xanax use?
- Is it possible to stay sober without inpatient rehab at first?
- How many times have I tried to stop and then relapsed?
- What is the level of severity of my Xanax addiction?
Rehab programs are personalized to address individual concerns. For example, you could move from an inpatient detox to a residential detox. Then you could enter an outpatient program to keep on the road of recovery. If your Xanax misuse is at a low level, you may consider entering an outpatient detox and rehab program. It is best to talk with an addiction treatment specialist to weigh all your options.
Professional treatment can keep you safe as you progress in the recovery journey. Take the first step today to begin a healthy sober life. | <urn:uuid:f1e13a2f-6ebe-44eb-a8e7-31abb28b9634> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://449recovery.org/treatment/xanax/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.935506 | 3,191 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Spray codling moths during week of June 6
Codling moths are a problem in apples and pears. June 6 is the projected best date to start spraying in the Castle Country. The cool spring this year has delayed codling moth flight and egg hatch by about two weeks.
Codling moths start to fly and mate when the weather gets warm enough. We use traps to see when the male moths are flying and then keep track of the local temperatures to determine when the eggs will hatch. Spraying too early is a waste of chemical. Spraying later will result in some worms in the fruit. One hundred percent control is not realistic so gardeners need to decide how much fruit damage they are willing to tolerate.
There are two management practices that will help reduce codling moth populations, sanitation and trunk banding.
Any unharvested or culled apples should be removed from the orchard and destroyed or properly composted. This includes apples that drop early (late June through July) as they may already be infested. Cleanup and properly compost leaf piles (away from the orchard), brush, fruit bins, wood piles and other debris. This will help reduce the pupation sites for future generations.
Trunk banding is a practice that will help reduce subsequent generations of codling moths. Wrap cardboard bands (2-3 inches wide) around the tree trunks with the flutes parallel to the trunk. As the larvae travel down the trunk they crawl into the cardboard to pupate. Place the bands mid-May to late-June for the first generation of larvae and again mid-August through late-October for the second generation. Replace and destroy the bands every 2-3 weeks. The method is most effective for smooth-barked trees.
Chemical controls fall into two categories, soft insecticides and synthetic insecticides. Whenever possible, the soft insecticides are more desirable than synthetic insecticides. Insecticides should be selected and applied in such a way as to reduce the harmful effects to beneficial insects such as pollinating bees and predatory insects and mites. Use of the harsher chemicals tends to promote spider mite populations later in the season, as the beneficial insects have also been killed by the spray.
Soft insecticides are usually not as effective but in conjunction with sanitation and trunk banding described above provide control satisfactory for most home orchards. Bacillus thuringiensis has not proven very effective even when applied weekly. Horticultural oils have been successful to some degree by suffocating eggs before they hatch. Excessive use of horticultural oils may affect the appearance of the fruit, but that is usually more desirable than a worm hole. After the application of horticultural oil a bag can be tied around individual apples to keep any additional infestations off the apple. Plastic bags may be used.
Synthetic insecticides tend to be more harmful to beneficial insects and mites. These products tend to be pulled from the market from time to time so what was an approved product last year may not be this year. Malathion and spinosad would be my first choice as they are less harmful to beneficial creatures. Sevin (carbaryl) may also be used but has a tendency to reduce beneficial populations and we end up with spider mites later in the season. Pyrethroids (permethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, & etc.) are another broad spectrum class of chemicals that may be used but have a tendency to reduce beneficial insect populations.
Timing is critical. The general rule of thumb, in the absence of more specific information, is to begin your spraying program 10 days after full petal drop. Subsequent applications should follow the label of the product being used. If sprays are being applied 10 days apart three applications should be applied for the first generation of codling moth. A 21 day spray interval would require only two applications for the first generation.
For more information on codling moth control please stop by the Extension Office and pick up the Utah State University fact sheet on codling moth.
Home apple growers who wish to be on the codling moth hot line may call the Extension Office. Your name and number will be placed on a list to call when the time has arrived for applying your first cover spray. May you have a fruitful season.
This article is not an endorsement of, or a guarantee of, the effectiveness of any chemical product. Be aware that using a pesticide, except as registered by the manufacturer, is a violation of the law. Always read and follow the pesticide label.
Ron Patterson is the Utah State University Extension Agriculture Agent for Carbon County. He can be reached at 435-636-3235. Utah State University is an affirmative action/equal opportunity institution. | <urn:uuid:48de6d9e-fcb4-4a2c-b3e5-8212a8a38bce> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.sunadvocate.com/index.php?tier=1&article_id=13274 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021227262/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305120707-00044-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945574 | 977 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Simon: Killing deer is no solution
Preventing Lyme disease is a vital goal, but killing deer isn't a solution ("The solution to Lyme Disease," Aug. 29).
Studies show there is little impact from deer hunting on adult tick numbers even after as many as 70 to 83 percent of the deer were removed.
It turns out that ticks thwart deer reduction efforts by switching to other hosts or concentrating at higher numbers on the remaining deer. Even when deer numbers are drastically lowered, ticks have no trouble finding other hosts and reproducing merrily.
Another significant problem is that the Lyme disease-causing tick (Ixodes scapularis) is carried by most bird species and mammals. Mice and chipmunks are important hosts for the immature stages of the tick, and popular songbirds bring ticks to new areas. It is impossible to stop a multi-host disease by killing just one host.
National health authorities, such as the Centers for Disease Control and World Health Authority, as well as Connecticut State Health Department, are not calling for increased hunting because it will not effectively reduce human disease risk.
Ironically, researchers warn that hunting increases public safety risks temporarily because ticks will begin "questing" for a large host in the spring, and are more likely to end up on humans if deer numbers are reduced.
There is no doubt that Lyme disease has devastating consequences for people, but we must face the fact that hunting deer will not reduce the risk of Lyme disease for humans.
The good news is that products are available which dramatically reduce tick numbers. For example, the 4-Poster is an ingenious device that uses the deer to kill ticks.
4-Posters contain a corn bait to attract deer. When they eat the corn, a chemical (10 percent permethrin) is applied to their neck and shoulders which kills 95 to 98 percent of the adult ticks on their body. A study conducted at the Goddard Flight Center found that by using the 4-Poster system, adult ticks were eliminated by the second year of the study. By the third year, all stages were reduced by 91 to 100 percent.
Another product which can dramatically reduce tick numbers are Damminix tubes. These tubes can be placed on properties and attract mice to nesting material, which is treated with a tick-killing chemical.
Both of these devices present a direct, innovative solution to a severe public health problem by targeting ticks and, unlike hunting, are highly effective in reducing Lyme disease-causing ticks.
Other effective precautions can be taken, such as making a habit of doing nightly body checks to find and remove ticks before they have time (more than 24 hours) to fully engorge and possibly infect a person.
The Humane Society of the United States believes the discussion in Fairfield County needs to move from strategies that focus on killing deer to a focus on controlling ticks if public health and safety are truly the pivotal concerns.
Laura Simon is a wildlife ecologist for the Connecticut Field Office of the Humane Society of the United States. | <urn:uuid:310c6f4b-74b0-4edb-99dd-0a4b53dfaa77> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/opinion/article/Simon-Killing-deer-is-no-solution-4821911.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584519382.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124055924-20190124081924-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.958933 | 616 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Producing the Goods 7
Growing things : Casebooks
Plants grown and used locally can add to the distinctiveness of places, providing good habitats for wild life when managed in a sympathetic way over long periods of time. We will be looking at reed, sedge, rushes, willows, their use and availability for thatching, basket making and so on, and assessing their potential for increased use. We are importing about one and a half million bundles of water reed from Turkey, Hungary and the Danube delta each year for thatching (and often for areas which have traditionally used longstraw wheat). At one time we were self-sufficient in reeds, and should be again.
Coppicing and pollarding actually lengthens the life of a tree, enables a form of harvesting that does not involve felling but a form of woodland management that benefits many wild animals and plants. Coppice products, wood that is cut from trees every 8 or so years, are increasingly being explored beyond their use for charcoal and building.
New crops such as hemp and nettle, biomass crops, biofuels may soon take their place on farmland and create their own distinctive landscapes.
A new use for an old ‘crop’ - wool from Cumbrian highland sheep is being used to insulate lofts. The floors at National Trust’s new headquarters in Swindon have carpets made from the wool of Herdwick sheep.
Second Nature and Thermafleece | <urn:uuid:e5cc9f4d-89ef-4e5d-bcdf-c2f2717b3b0b> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://englandinparticular.info/goods/g-case7.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426951.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727022134-20170727042134-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.953033 | 308 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Fungi are the second largest kingdom of organisms, with about 100,000 known species and an estimated diversity of more than 1.5 million species. Next to insects, Fungi are the most diverse group on earth and include many economically important species. Much of our daily food is somehow related to fungi, such as bread, cheese, beverages, and many important drugs including penicillin are made from fungi. The mycology division at The Field Museum is one of the largest in the country and covers a wide range of aspects of fungal research, including lichens, from taxonomy and systematics to phylogeny and evolution, to ecology and biogeography, to chemistry, environmental health, and conservation. Field Museum mycologists have research projects all over the globe, from tropical latitudes to the icy Antarctic and from the Americas to Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Oceania.
The Field Museum’s team of mycologists includes one Associate Curator, Dr. Thorsten Lumbsch, one Assistant Curator, Dr. Sabine Huhndorf, and two Adjunct Curators, Dr. Patrick Leacock, and Dr. Robert Lücking, the latter also being responsible for the museum’s over 200,000 collections of fungi and lichens as Collections Manager. In addition, Postdoctoral Research Scientist Dr. Steven Leavitt, Research Assistants Dr. Carrie Andrew and Susan Hamnik, volunteers Wyatt Gaswick, Immanuel Stern, and Alice Piller, and graduate student Matthew Nelsen, complete the mycology team.
- Thorsten Lumbsch
- focuses his research on the systematics, taxonomy and evolution of fungi that form mutualistic symbioses with algae or cyanobacteria, commonly known as lichens. The symbiotic organisms usually look very different from the single bionts and form a special lichen morphology. Lichens are the most successful form of symbiosis found in nature in terms of evolutionary diversity and morphological complexity. They can be found in almost all terrestrial ecosystems and some species are aquatic and marine.
- Steven Leavitt
- collaborates with Thorsten in elucidating the phylogeny of the lichen family Parmeliaceae, with emphasis on species diversity and the genus Xanthoparmelia.
- Eimy Rivas Plata
- recently defended her PhD thesis with Thorsten on the lichen family Graphidaceae. Thorsten and Sabine Huhndorf also manage and edit the Myconet website.
- Sabine Huhndorf
- focuses her research on the systematics, biogeography, and floristics of Ascomycetes, especially Pyrenomycetes and Loculoascomycetes. Her primary current research is a multifaceted study of the Lasiosphaeriaceae, a common group of wood inhabiting Ascomycetes. This project is funded through a NSF Partnership for Enhanced Expertise in Taxonomy (PEET) grant. Sabine also is investigating factors influencing the diversity of tropical wood inhabiting Ascomycetes. Matthew Greif collaborates with Sabine in various portions of these projects.
- Electronic Image Management
- NSF-PEET Lasiosphaeriaceae
- Robert Lücking
- studies lichenized fungi, with special emphasis on tropical lichens, crustose microlichens, and leaf-inhabiting lichens. His approaches include alpha-taxonomy and systematics (molecular and phenotype phylogeny), biogeography, ecology, and applications. His focus groups include the largely tropical lichen families Graphidaceae, Trypetheliaceae, Gomphillaceae, and Pilocarpaceae. Current projects include a lichen workshop program in the Neotropics and a global monograph of the lichen family Graphidaceae, in addition to collections improvement and digitizing initiatives. As Collections Manager, Robert manages the fungal collections and the fungal and lichen portion of the departments KE EMu database system. Wyatt Gaswick, Susan Hamnik, Alice Piller, and Immanuel Stern assist Robert in aspects of the curation of fungal and lichen specimens. Matthew Nelsen works with Robert in his PhD thesis project on the lichen family Trypetheliaceae and the evolution of trentepohlioid lichen photobionts, assisted in the lab by Carrie Andrews.
- TICOLICHEN - The Costa Rican Lichen Biodiversity Inventory
- Thelotremataceae Website
- Foliicolous Lichen Homepage
- KE Emu Search Page
- Costa Rican Fungi and Lichens Search Page
- Patrick Leacock
- focuses his research on the ecology and conservation of Basidiomycetes and the systematics of the mushroom genus Lactarius. Patrick coordinates the Museum's mycology programs assessing local diversity and the effect of human disturbance on the distribution and diversity of fungi. Wyatt Gaswick and Alice Piller assist Patrick in diverse local fungal inventory programs.
- NAMA Voucher Collection Project | <urn:uuid:329f41c9-a9cd-44ed-8dbe-57ce4439f029> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.fieldmuseum.org/science/research/area/fungi-and-lichens/fungi-and-lichens-research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00500-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87689 | 1,056 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Last week, Florida Congressman Tom Rooney offered what he calls “a conservative case for sugar tariffs.” Whether it’s called conservative or liberal, Congressman Rooney’s argument is at odds with basic economics. Sugar tariffs are a sweet deal for special interests, but they’re a sour deal for the rest of us.
Congressman Rooney refers to sugar tariffs as a “no-cost policy,” but one of the first lessons of economics is that there’s no free lunch. There are easy-to-identify benefits for special interests (sugar producers, in this case), but there are harder-to-see but no-less-real costs to sugar consumers. These losses exceed the gains to producers.
Tariffs pick consumers’ pockets in three ways. First, they transfer resources from consumers to domestic producers. The additional earnings for sugar producers come out of the pockets of sugar consumers. Second, they transfer resources from consumers to the government, which collects revenue from tariffs. Third, they transfer resources from consumers to … no one: tariffs waste resources, and ultimately the losses to consumers are greater than the gains to producers.
Sugar protectionism is (literally) a textbook example of a policy that wastes resources. My macroeconomics students understand this. The same day Congressman Rooney’s article was published, my students submitted short essays explaining whether the government should or should not do more to restrict international trade.
They showed that they know what Congressman Rooney apparently doesn’t. “The benefits of international trade greatly outweigh the benefits of domestic production. … The United States could get … sugar from Brazil, [which] has a comparative advantage in sugar, and use the resources it is using to make sugar to make other products.” “When a country places trade restrictions on certain industries, it also takes away time, resources, and labor that could be used in another industry.” “Trade simultaneously creates and conserves wealth by producing more output with given resources, thus requiring fewer resources to produce a given output.”
Congressman Rooney argues that Florida producers have some of the lowest costs in the world, but if sugar prices on the world market are lower than the costs of production in Florida, then producing sugar in Florida is inefficient. While he is making this argument, he also claims that Florida producers cannot compete with the cost of labor in Brazil, which suggests that Florida’s production costs aren’t as competitive as they might seem at first.
I haven’t yet mentioned another source of waste from sugar tariffs: the resources consumed by lobbying for tariffs and special privileges. Lobbyists for sugar interests are investing considerable time, talent, and treasure in efforts to pick the pockets of consumers. This is time, talent, and treasure that could be going toward the production of valuable goods and services but that is instead wasted in zero-sum or negative-sum political battles. Someone who robs convenience stores makes society worse off. Someone who lobbies for sugar tariffs does, too. Once again, my students understand this: consumers have no “motivation to lobby against protectionism and instead, the producers who are profiting spend countless hours expending energy lobbying for the continuance of a tariff, which [are resources] that could be spent elsewhere.”
Congressman Rooney also cloaks his case in the rhetoric of “security,” but sugar is produced in a globally competitive market. There are also a lot of substitutes, like corn syrup and artificial sweeteners. If the Brazilian government is subsidizing its own sugar producers, they’re effectively taxing their own people and buying stuff for us. In effect, the Brazilian government is taking money out of its own taxpayers’ pockets and putting it into the pockets of American consumers.
Congressman Rooney would do well to heed the wisdom of 19th-century economist Frederic Bastiat. In the words of one of my students, “Restricting trade is using force with the intent to increase production, but it is costly. In What is Seen and What is Not Seen, the economist Frederic Bastiat writes, ‘To use force is not to produce, but to destroy.’ Destruction takes away opportunities for innovation and growth, and it leads to a static society.”
Tariffs benefit special interests, but the losses to consumers are larger than the gains to domestic producers and the government. As a country, we would be better off without sugar tariffs.
Art Carden is Assistant Professor of Economics at Samford University’s Brock School of Business, a Senior Research Fellow with the Institute for Faith, Work, and Economics, a Research Fellow with the Independent Institute, a Senior Fellow with the Beacon Center of Tennessee, and a regular contributor to Forbes.com and the Washington Examiner. Abby Colella, Alex Gerrish, Lauren Hunt, Hunter Longley, and Rebecca Vander Veer contributed to this article. | <urn:uuid:a112ede0-8f4b-455d-910d-7795057b7425> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dailycaller.com/2012/12/03/sugar-tariffs-sweet-for-special-interests-sour-for-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280319.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00186-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949651 | 1,013 | 2.625 | 3 |
ERIC Identifier: ED399487
Publication Date: 1995-00-00
Author: Poonwassie, Anne
Source: ERIC Clearinghouse on
Counseling and Student Services Greensboro NC., Canadian Guidance and
Counselling Foundation Ottawa (Ontario).
Career Counseling for Aboriginal Youth: A Community-Based
Program Development Approach: ERIC Digest.
Education philosophies originate within specific socio-cultural contexts,
which are characterized by unique problems and issues (Elias & Merriam,
1980). Historically, Canadian Aboriginal peoples have been denied the
opportunity to develop need-based, culturally relevant programs. Instead,
government has used education systems to undermine Canadian Aboriginals' tribal
organization, their forms of leadership, their spiritual beliefs, their health
system, and their economic system. The result is a legacy of poverty and
In hoping for a brighter future of self-government and self-determination,
Aboriginal communities have placed great hopes and expectations on their youth:
"From our children will come those braves, who will carry the torches to the
places where our ancestors rest...This is how the void will be filled between
the old and the new ways" (Chief Dan George, 1974, p. 55). This vision is
becoming a reality. In search of their identity, many Aboriginal youths are
reclaiming their culture - not as an attempt to return to the past, but as a
resolve to participate in society as equals, and on their own terms (Berger,
The complexity and uniqueness of career-related issues pose a formidable
challenge in the development of career-counseling programs for Aboriginal youth.
Program planners must recognize that most of the answers and solutions for a
successful program rest within Aboriginal communities. In keeping with this
community-based view, "Career Counselling for Aboriginal Youth: The Journey
Inward; The Journey Outward" was developed.
THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Planning should involve all program
stakeholders and should also acknowledge that many unknown cross-cultural
variables need to be incorporated into the planning process. Thus, program
development should be participatory and open to change as the various planning
components evolve (Nadler, 1983). The aim of the planning model should be to
facilitate self-determination and social change by espousing mutual respect and
sharing as key components of the planning process. Planning and decision-making
responsibilities should be shared and control should be negotiated on an
on-going basis by program development team members (Freire, 1973).
THE PLANNING COMPONENTS
To meet the needs of Aboriginal
youth, as well as the aspirations of their home communities, the following key
components should be considered by program planners:
program development team should include representation from the agency or
community requesting the program, the institution which will offer the program,
and resource people with career counseling expertise. In order to focus on the
program's outcome vision, invite an Aboriginal Elder to guide the program
the terms of reference for team member participation and/or leadership in all
planning activities--possibly two or more subgroups working on various planning
components simultaneously, based on their areas of expertise and/or interest.
The planning team should utilize consensus decision making on an on-going basis
as the various planning components are integrated and finalized.
a community advisory team to be involved in all planning activities.
a comprehensive literature review of all topics relevant to career counseling
and Aboriginal youth. Include a review of previous and existing programs which
successfully integrated cultural imperatives.
the agencies, communities and/or groups for data collection and identify the
specific members to be surveyed, e.g., youths, parents, teachers, leaders,
Elders, counselors. Note that each Aboriginal community is quite distinct in
terms of size, geographical location, proximity to a large center (versus
isolation), accessibility (by road versus aircraft), history, cultural practices
(versus adaptation of mainstream society's practices), and so forth. Ensure that
the sample is representative of the youth who will participate in the program.
develop, and field test research instruments. In some cases, focus groups,
community meetings, or one-on-one interviews may be more appropriate and useful
than surveys and/or questionnaires.
field test data. Ensure that researchers are familiar with the language and
protocol of each community and solicit the support of local leadership before
beginning the research. Ideally, the researcher should be a member of the
planning team and should spend 5-7 days in each community. A journal of relevant
experiences and/or observations is a useful supplement to formal survey
the findings and consider how they relate to the literature review. Present a
summary to the community advisory team and discuss the implications of the
findings on the design of the career-counseling program.
on the research summary and the input from the community advisory team, develop
manuals for the program facilitators and participants.
and evaluate a pilot program and make appropriate revisions.
The above process was utilized to develop "Career Counselling for Aboriginal Youth: The Journey Inward; The Journey
Outward" to prepare counselors to work with Aboriginal youth. The key program
content came from surveys and focus groups conducted with the youth themselves.
They shared fear of failure in the mainstream educational system, unresolved
hurts from family violence and/or family break-up, inability to survive the
prejudice and discrimination in the "outside world," and, most of all, confusion
about their culture and identity.
In order to address these issues, the program is based on the traditional
concept of a vision quest, and focuses on (a) enhancing self-esteem, (b) healing
past hurts, and (c) modeling Aboriginal values by integrating Aboriginal
imperatives and rituals into the program content and delivery process. The
training consists of two 1-week modules: In Week One, "The Journey Inward,"
counselors enhance their understanding of Aboriginal adolescent difficulties and
barriers by exploring their own adolescent experiences and assessing how these
factors affect their clients' career development. In Week Two, "The Journey
Outward," the counselors integrate the knowledge gained in Week One into a
holistic counseling model which (a) incorporates appropriate cultural
imperatives and practices, (b) utilizes community-based resources, and (c)
reflects the socio-economic realities and aspirations of the First Nations'
communities. The "Facilitator's Manual" provides a step-by-step guide, detailing
the background information, the philosophy of the program, and daily activities.
The "Participant's Manual" provides the program outline and relevant resource
The participatory program-planning approach
resulted in several important outcomes: (a) the participatory process, evolved
in the planning stages, continued into program implementation, (b) planning team
members from Aboriginal communities became strong program advocates, (c) the
communities demonstrated ownership of the program and encouraged community
members to participate in program offerings, and (d) new inter-community and
inter-agency networks, established by the participatory planning process,
resulted in other partnership initiatives. Most importantly, the participatory
process resulted in a program which integrated appropriate knowledge and
cultural components in a career-counseling program which met the needs of
Berger, T. R. (1985). "Village Journey: The
Report of Alaska Native Review Commission." New York: Hill & Wang.
Charter, G. A., Persaud, D., Poonwassie, A., Williams, S., & Zinger, D.
(In Press). "Career Counselling for Aboriginal Youth: The Journey Inward; The
Journey Outward." Toronto: Guidance Centre.
Chief Dan George. (1974). "My Heart Soars." Surrey, BC: Hancock House.
Elias, J., & Merriam, S. (1980). "Philosophical Foundations of Adult
Education." Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger.
Freire, P. (1973). "Education for Critical Consciousness." New York:
Nadler, L. (1983). "Designing Training Programs: Critical Events Model."
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. | <urn:uuid:745510d1-60e0-49b2-8972-6747ebe9a1f3> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.ericdigests.org/1997-2/approach.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155634.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918170042-20180918190042-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.903568 | 1,779 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The eggplant or aubergine (Solanum melongena) is a plant of the family Solanaceae and genus Solanum. As a nightshade, it is closely related to the tomato and potato.
It is a delicate perennial often cultivated as an annual. It grows 40-150cm (16-57in) tall, with large coarsely lobed leaves that are 10-20cm (4–8in) long and 5-10cm (2–4in) broad. The fruit is fleshy, has a meaty texture, less than 3cm (1.2in) in diameter on wild plants, but much larger in cultivated forms.
The fruit is botanically classified as a berry, and contains numerous small, soft seeds, which are edible, but are bitter because they contain nicotinoid alkaloids, unsurprising as it is a close relative of tobacco. | <urn:uuid:1be4ac23-09b3-4a59-8745-a6900013e20b> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://gardener.fandom.com/wiki/Eggplant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306181.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220129122405-20220129152405-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.958939 | 189 | 2.71875 | 3 |
According to a new report, only about 18% of children are fully immunised against the diseases that affect them. More research is needed to better understand why the rate is so low and why not all the children are fully immunised. The research also found that children in low-income families are less fully immunised than their counterparts in higher income families.
I don’t have any data on this, but I suspect it has something to do with a lack of access to basic immunizations in India, where many children live in poverty.
It is a problem in all parts of the world with childhood diseases, from the United States to Sub-Saharan Africa. Children are more susceptible to malaria and dengue fever when they are malnourished, due to lack of food, lack of water, or just lack of attention. It is also because of a lack of access to basic immunizations.
I’m also not sure if these numbers are the best way to measure the effectiveness of vaccines. It’s true that the vaccines themselves are very effective and that they don’t cause any adverse effects. The problem is that the way that they are administered isn’t. They are injected in very small doses and they just don’t cause any side effects.
Yes, vaccines are extremely effective, but even if they were used at the high doses that are injected, they are still very safe to use. The way that they are administered isnt the problem, it’s the fact that they are extremely effective, but just not enough for us. Even the small doses of vaccines are not harmful to humans. They are very beneficial to the immune system, but they are not harmful to people.
Well, the CDC said that vaccine side effects are rare. So, what they said was true. So, what they mean is that there is only one vaccine that is known to cause an adverse reaction. However, this is only true for the ones that have never had any adverse reactions. If you have had adverse reactions, then they are usually temporary.
However, this is only true for those who have had adverse reactions. The rest of the world does not have this vaccine. So, what we mean is that there is a huge difference between side effects and adverse reactions. That means that even if a vaccine does not cause a side effect, people do not get vaccinated for it.
The problem is that the vaccine is not always effective. Some diseases are actually more easily preventable. This is because the vaccine needs to be taken over a period of time. Therefore, the vaccine takes some time to work. If the vaccine is not taken over a period of time, then the disease will likely progress to cause more significant damage.
Most vaccines work, and most side effects are easily prevented. The problem is that many people do not get vaccinated, and it makes it more difficult to stop the disease from progressing. For example, about one in 10 people in India gets a measles vaccine, but it remains in most states. This could have a serious effect on the health of the people in those states, and this in turn affects the economy of the country.
The measles virus is the cause of so many deaths, and it’s not just one in a thousand. The measles virus causes the deaths of around one in 15,000 people. It’s important to remember that most of the people in India who get the measles vaccine are children, and that every child is infected when they are a baby. Most people get the vaccine and many of them then become sick. | <urn:uuid:6809f44d-a670-479f-bd31-2d88c3640755> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://thelittlemoonresidence.com/vaccination-rate-in-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949387.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330194843-20230330224843-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.980275 | 734 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Objective: Chapter 1 | Chapter 2 Chapter 1 and 2 introduces the main character as a boy with a normal beginning until he is three years old when his parents are killed in a car crash. Then some strange events happen with his aunt and uncle and he ends up running away. From there, the boy's life becomes a myth; because of this, the novel involves magical realism. The objective of this lesson is to explore the element of the magical realism genre in Maniac Magee.
1. Group Discussion - Magical realism is a genre whose work contains magical events or illogical scenarios in an otherwise realistic situation. What are the realistic events that take place? What are the non-realistic events that take place? The text states that Jeffrey was born into a normal household; does this make the novel's genre realistic? What about the strangeness of the relationship between the aunt and...
This section contains 7,059 words
(approx. 24 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:6aa06669-c8e1-4e8b-bade-220c53db4a35> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/maniac-magee/lessons.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122220909.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175700-00177-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962297 | 200 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Girder removal a bonus for workers
Replacement adds months to project
Dave Battagello, The Windsor StarPublished: Tuesday, November 05, 2013
Concrete girders are used as support beams for a variety purposes on road projects. They largely serve as supports or road decks for bridges and overpasses. They are constructed by first assembling a steel support core often referred to as cages which provide the bones of the girder. The interior also includes several stands of steel which are pulled tight like elastics to enhance durability.
Once assembled the steel is then surrounded by a concrete pour commonly referred to as the cover.
Cracks in the concrete can expose the steel inside to the elements of weather such as rain, ice and salt which over time can corrode the steel and cause the beam to fail.
ONLINE windsorstar.com Watch a video of MPP Percy Hatfield in question period. | <urn:uuid:bba1ccf0-6730-4329-92d2-41e1925d18d8> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=5b1edfdc-8ea6-4d14-83b1-34403dbac130&p=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135549.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00307-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954359 | 187 | 2.875 | 3 |
Parents, we received some useful information from the Dental Health Foundation advising of the appropriate actions to take should a permanent tooth be knocked out. See below for further information:
I am pleased to advise you of the free resource, Save That Tooth. This poster aims to provide advice to the public in an easy to follow step-by-step process on 1) the appropriate actions to take should a permanent tooth be knocked out and 2) the importance of seeking immediate professional advice from a dentist if a tooth is accidently damaged.
Approximately one in 11 children in Ireland will have broken one or more of their permanent teeth before they reach the age of 15 years. Damage can range from a small chip off the enamel to a fracture. Occasionally the tooth can be displaced or, more rarely, knocked out completely. Traumatic injuries to teeth can be complicated to treat and can cause long term financial, aesthetic and functional problems.
Accidents can happen to the teeth during normal everyday school activities, at playtime during PE or sports day. It is recommended that mouthguards or helmets with face shields are worn during organised contact sports to reduce the likelihood of fracturing a tooth.
Save That Tooth is available in English agus as Gaeilge and can be downloaded in
an A4 format, from the Dental Health Foundation website;
If you would like an A2 version of the poster please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org or on (01) 672 8870.
For more free publications and resources please visit the Dental Health Foundation website, www.dentalhealth.ie and link with us on Facebook for regular updates.
Patricia Gilsenan O’Neill | <urn:uuid:1e6bec8b-260f-4f4f-8621-71c47636c361> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.powerstownet.com/information-from-dental-health-foundation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538226.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123160717-20210123190717-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.926363 | 346 | 3.09375 | 3 |
USS Oklahoma Memorial at Pearl Harbor
The U.S.S. Oklahoma Memorial was dedicated on Ford Island at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 2007, sixty-six years after the ship was sunk by enemy attack. The USS Oklahoma Memorial is constructed of 429 pieces of three-dimensional white marble columns, engraved with the names of each crew member that perished during the attack. The white marble columns are arranged in a “V” shape, designed to resemble sailors manning the rails. Surrounding the columns are black marble slabs etched with notable quotes from Oklahoma survivors.
At 7:55 a.m. on December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched an air attack on Pearl Harbor. The USS Oklahoma suffered the second largest loss of life out of all the ships that were attacked – 429 Sailors and Marines were killed.
Many survivors and family members of those who lost their lives on the U.S.S. Oklahoma were on hand at the dedication of the Memorial in Hawaii.
Images are copyright of The Oklahoma State Senate Historical Preservation Fund, Inc. and the artist. Please contact Matt Duehning at 405-524-0126 or Matt.Duehning@oksenate.gov for further copyright information. | <urn:uuid:54a6c65e-ac2c-4e32-979e-a7f121ebfca0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://oksenate.gov/education/senate-artwork/uss-oklahoma-memorial-pearl-harbor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474412.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223121413-20240223151413-00801.warc.gz | en | 0.963055 | 250 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In continuation of our Twelve resolutions today we will share Resolution No. 8.
8. Daily I will have nuts like peanuts, Cashew, almonds etc., about handful.
Across the board, nuts helped stave off heart disease. In the study, the risk of cardiovascular disease dropped by 29 per cent and the risk of cancer dropped by 11 per cent among people who ate nuts seven or more times per week compared to people who never ate them.
Nuts are nature’s way of showing us that good things come in small packages. Nuts have been seen as heart protectors, but a recent study has even suggested that people who eat nuts daily have better health and longer lives than their counterparts who never eat nuts. All nuts are good for our health.
There are lots and lots of nutritious values in nuts. Nuts are also a good source of dietary fibre and provide a wide range of essential nutrients, including several B group vitamins (including folate), vitamin E, minerals such as calcium, iron, Omega3, Unsaturated fatty acids, zinc, potassium and magnesium, antioxidant minerals (selenium, manganese and copper), plus other phytochemicals such as antioxidant compounds (flavonoids and resveratrol) and plant sterols.
Compared to non-nut eaters, people who ate at least 10 grams a day had a 23% lower chance of death from any cause. They were 17% less likely to die from heart disease, 21% less likely to die from cancer, 30% less likely to die from diabetes, and 47% less likely to die from neurodegenerative diseases, according to the study.
Eating nuts seemed to offer protection from various major causes of death. Both men and women who ate at least 10 grams of nuts per day were less likely to die from cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.
How much nuts should I have?
A healthy daily intake of nuts is 30 gms (a small handful) or approximately:
- 20 almonds
- 15 cashews
- 20 hazelnuts
- 15 macadamias
- 15 pecans
- 2 tablespoons of pine nuts
- 30 pistachio kernels
- 9 walnut kernels
- a small handful of mixed nuts or about two of each of the ten nut varieties (except chestnut which isn’t eaten raw)
About an ounce or 30 grams of nuts per day. That’s about as much as what fits in the palm of your hand. And they can be a mixture of nuts or a handful of one kind, like almonds. But an additional 10g of nuts a day can be used in place of other healthy fat foods as well.
They’re high in calories. They should be used to swap out unhealthy snacks. An ounce of nuts could clock in at about 120 to 200 calories, depending on what kinds are in your hand. Try to combine mixture of nuts to gain more nutritious.
Best Time To Eat Nuts
- If you want maximum benefit take nuts in the morning especially almond will do lot of magic in your daily life.
- Take nuts in evening like pista, cashew, pine nuts. it will boost up your immunity, stamina after a hard heavy work.
- Take walnut in night time.
- Try to avoid high, rich, delicious nuts in night which will disturb your sleep.
- Avoid nuts roasted in oil and coated in chocolate.
|Based on a 28.35 gms ( 1 OZ )||ALMOND||BRAZIL||CASHEW||HAZELNUT||MACADAMIA||PECAN||PISTACHIO||WALNUT|
|Total Fat (g)||14||18.8||12.4||17.2||21.5||20.4||12.9||18.5|
|Saturated Fat (g)||1.1||4.3||2.2||1.3||3.4||1.8||1.6||1.7|
|Polyunsaturated Fat (g)||3.4||5.8||2.2||2.2||0.4||6.1||3.9||13.4|
|Monounsaturated Fat (g)||8.8||7||6.7||12.9||16.7||11.6||6.8||2.5|
|Dietary Fiber (g)||3.5||2.1||0.9||2.7||2.4||2.7||2.9||1.9|
|Vitamin B6 (mg)||0||0||0.1||0.2||0.1||0.1||0.5||0.2|
Each nut variety contains its own unique combination of nutrients and is generally rich in a few nutrients such as:
Almonds: They’re high in Protein, Calcium, vitamin E, magnesium, and they help with heart health and skin healing. They also contain mono- and polyunsaturated fats, which help reduce “bad” cholesterol in our bodies. The lowest-calorie nuts at 160 per ounce are almonds – 23 nuts; 6 grams protein, 14 grams fat. Relatively low in calories, almonds have more calcium than any other nut, making them a great food for overall health. If possible, eat almonds with their skins on.
Plus, they are rich in fiber and vitamin E, an antioxidant that helps fight dangerous inflammation and possibly health conditions such as lung cancer and age-related cognitive decline. people who ate almonds instead of other complex carbs lost weight and reduced their waist sizes. Almonds can also reduce insulin secretion, which can protect against cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Brazil nuts: Creamy Brazil nuts are packed with selenium, a mineral that may protect against prostate cancer and other diseases. Brazils are a good source of the mineral selenium, which we need to produce the active thyroid hormone. Selenium also supports immunity and helps wounds to heal. Just one nut contains more than a day’s worth, so eat these sparingly: Recent research has hinted that too much selenium may be linked to type 2 diabetes risk. One ounce of Brazil nuts (6 nuts) contains about 190 calories, 19 grams fat, and 4 grams protein.
Chestnuts : By far the nut with the lowest fat and calories, chestnuts are rich in starchy carbs and fiber, and in their raw form are a good source of vitamin C. They’re lower in protein than other nuts but make a useful contribution of B vitamins including B6. In addition, they are a good source of vitamin C as well as vitamins B1, B2, and B6 and folic acid. The health benefits of chestnuts center on their nutritional content. However, unlike other nuts, chestnuts are a low-fat variety and do not provide the benefits of a high level of monounsaturated fat.
Cashew : Improves vitality and keeps heart healthy. It is good for Blood, Eye, Weight loss because it contains Vitamins, iron, non haem ( plant based ), Minerals and Anti-Oxidants and low Gl rating. Cashews – 16 to 18 nuts; 5 grams protein, 13 grams fat. They’re rich in the mineral magnesium, which is thought to improve recall and delay, age-related memory loss.
Hazelnuts: If you’re concerned about high levels of homocysteine, an amino acid which has been associated with heart problems as well as conditions like Parkinsons. Hazelnuts are a good source of folate, which plays a key role in keeping homocysteine within normal levels. Hazelnuts boost good HDL cholesterol and lower levels of LDL cholesterol. They also have high levels of vitamin E, which is good for your skin and eyes.
Macadamias: These are usually seen roasted, smothered in salt or covered in chocolate. In this case, they’re a rare source of omega-7 fatty acids, and highest in monounsaturated fats which boosts their ability to lower LDL cholesterol., Thaimin and Manganese which help with heart health and insulin sensitivity. But keep in mind, these nuts have about 202 calories per ounce, which is on the higher end. macadamia nuts -10 to 12 nuts; 2 grams protein, 21 grams fat have the most calories — along with the lowest amounts of protein and the highest amounts of fats.
Peanuts : Technically legumes but generally referred to as nuts, peanuts are high in folate—a mineral essential for brain development that may protect against cognitive decline. Like most other nuts, peanuts are also full of brain-boosting healthy fats and vitamin E, as well.
Peanuts rapidly lose both flavor and antioxidant power with storage time, so it’s best to eat them soon after buying them. Relatively rich in mono and polyunsaturated fats, protein, fiber, several B-vitamins and antioxidants, One ounce of peanuts (about 28 unshelled nuts) contains about 170 calories, 7 grams protein, and 14 grams fat.
Pecans : Pecans are also good for men’s health: They’re loaded with beta-sitosterol, a plant steroid that may help relieve symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or enlarged prostate. As a good source of vitamin B3 pecans are the perfect option if you’re fighting fatigue because this vitamin helps us access the energy in our food.
Pecans are also a fine source of protein, good fats, and zinc. One ounce of pecans (18 to 20 halves) contains about 200 calories, 21 grams fat, and 3 grams protein.
Pine Nuts : Pine tress are used for health all around the world providing food, shelter, medicine and fuel. Pine nuts are also a good source of vitamin C, magnesium, and zinc.
Pine resin is a natural antiseptic and disinfectant. It also has antimicrobial and antifungal properties. It can be directly applied to wounds or sores and helps keep germs out. Pine resin can also be used to staunch the flow of blood.
Pistachios : Being especially rich in vitamin B6, which is important for keeping hormones balanced and healthy, pistachios are a good option for those with problem periods. They’re the only nut to contain reasonable levels of lutein and zeaxanthin, two antioxidants that play an important role in protecting the eyes. Pistachios also contain potassium and fiber. It will increase Hemoglobin level and boost immunity. Prevents aging and skin becomes beautiful. pistachios – 49 nuts; 6 grams protein, 13 grams fat.
Pistachios are also a great source of gamma-tocopherol, a particular form of vitamin E, and may therefore help prevent certain types of cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s. Pistachios also contain high levels of antioxidants, which help keep cells safe from dangerous free radicals.
Walnuts: These nuts are packed with antioxidants, phytosterols, proteins, Fatty Acids and other compounds that help keep breast cancer away. They’re also full of healthy omega-3s, alpha linoleic acid, antioxidant, which can help with brain health and blood pressure. walnuts were as effective as olive oil at reducing inflammation and oxidation in the arteries after eating a fatty meal.
Walnuts also contain melatonin, a powerful hormone that helps regulate sleep cycles. Melatonin may also play a role in preventing cancer, quieting sundown syndrome in people with Alzheimer’s, and treating other conditions, like migraines and irritable bowel syndrome.
Good for Heart Health : Studies suggest that consuming about 30g (a handful) of nuts per day may reduce the risk of developing heart disease by 30-50% and reduce the risk of death from heart disease by around 20%. It seems a number of heart-healthy nutrients in nuts work together to achieve this heart protective effect. These include –
- Health-promoting monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats that help regulate blood cholesterol.
- Fiber and plant sterols that help reduce cholesterol re-absorption from the gut.
- Arginine (an amino acid which is converted to nitric oxide in the body) which helps keep blood vessels elastic, thereby reducing the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
- Antioxidant vitamins and minerals, e.g. vitamin E, copper, manganese, selenium and zinc, and other antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and resveratrol that reduce oxidation and inflammation.
- Naturally low sodium and high potassium levels which assist in maintaining healthy blood pressure.
Click here for Nuts Nutrients and its Details :
Incredible benefits and properties of nuts :-
- They are anti-inflammatory : Thanks to the zinc and omega-3 fatty acids found in nuts, they are naturally anti-inflammatory, in addition to also boosting your body’s defenses. Nuts all have similar properties, which makes them a great choice for relieving the symptoms of inflammation.
- They prevent Cardiovascular disease : For those who have suffered from a heart attack or who are at risk for cardiovascular disease, eating nuts can be beneficial. Amino acid in nuts can prevent a heart attack and clogging of arteries. Eating nuts is a natural way to care for your heart health.
- Promote improved circulation: Nuts are useful for improving your circulation. This is thanks to the concentration of vitamin B3 they contain. This vitamin boosts the flow of blood through your body . As a result you are less likely to suffer from heart disease.
- They reduce body fat : Nuts helps you eliminate stubborn fat around your midsection. Eating nuts reduces your appetite so crave fewer carbs. In addition, fiber in nuts stimulates your digestive system and helps you avoid constipation.
- Improves your nervous System : The vitamins and omega-3 and 6 fatty acids found in nuts stimulate your nervous system function and improve the health of your neurons and overall brain activity. Nuts also help improve ypur memory and increase your learning capacity, which is essential for children and teenagers
- They boost your immune system : The vitamin E and antioxidants found in nuts stimulate the production of antibodies, which are responsible for eliminating bacteria, parasites and viruses that can cause disease.
- They treat liver problems : It’s important to learn which foods can cleanse and protect this organ to keep it from being damaged. Nuts will protect and cleanse it thanks to their antioxidants and essential fatty acids.
- They prevent osteoporosis : Osteoporosis is a condition that decreases bone mass, causing your bones to become thin, weak, and fragile. You have a greater chance of developingosteoporosis if you are deficient in copper. Copper increases the density of minerals in your bones. When you don’t get enough copper in your diet your bones could lose some of their strength. One of the minerals found in nuts happens to be copper, which makes eating nuts essential for the care of your bones.
- They improve your Mood : Stress, fatigue, and disappointment can sometimes be related to a lack of certain nutrients. During stressful times eating nuts can be very effective. The natural sugar, vitamins, and antioxidants found in nuts can improve your mood, so eating a serving a day is great for reducing stress.
- They are great for your skin : You need vitamin E to maintain healthy, soft, and young-looking skin, and you can find it in nuts. Masks and oils made from nuts will provide your skin with complete care. You’ll avoid the signs of premature aging and your skin will appear healthier and smoother.
Click here for Bad things that can happen if you eat too many nuts :
You gain weight quickly : There’s a ton of research showing that nuts can help you lose weight. But there’s a big caveat to all the studies on nuts and weight loss: The results apply if and only if you eat a moderate amount. Eat more than the recommended daily handful, and you’ll quickly accomplish the exact opposite effect by gaining weight—and much more rapidly than you might by overeating other foods. That’s because nuts are extra calorie-dense, meaning they have more energy per ounce than most other foods. For example, one ounce of almonds has 163 calories, while the same weight in cooked pasta has a mere 37 calories.
You have digestive issues : If you ever felt gassy or bloated after eating nuts, you’re not alone. It’s a common side effect, thanks to compounds in nuts called phytates and tannins, which make them difficult to digest. Eating too much fat—found abundantly in nuts—at one time can lead to diarrhea.
Your hair falls out, your nails get brittle, your breath stinks, and your muscles and joints might begin to ache : These are all symptoms of selenium poisoning, which is a rare but serious condition that you can get from eating too many Brazil nuts (all other nuts are safe). One serving of these nuts, or 8 whole pieces, has 10 times the recommended daily amount of selenium (55 micrograms). They’re so rich in this nutrient, that researchers recommend eating not more than 4 a day—and even then, not every day.
More Problems : More than a handfuls can ruin your appetite altogether. And although nuts are a healthy choice by themselves, they’ll quickly become detrimental to any diet when paired with sugary or salty toppings or mixes.
Risks of eating too many : If you eat too much it can trigger the development of kidney stones, due to high amount of oxalic acid. You also don’t want to consume too many calories. So as with any other type of food, you should always consume nuts in moderation.
Avoid Packaged Nuts : Avoid nuts packaged or roasted in oil; instead, eat them raw or dry roasted, Roasted nuts may have been heated in hydrogenated or omega-6 unhealthy fats, or to high temperatures that can destroy their nutrients.
Best Nut for salt craving : If you don’t have high blood pressure or haven’t been warned away from salt by your doctor for any reasons, a handful or two of salted nuts a day won’t hurt you. Nuts are, of course, available unsalted. But to satisfy a salty craving without going overboard, look for in-between varieties like Planters Lightly Salted peanuts, almonds, and cashews (45-55 mg sodium), or Wonderful Pistachios Lightly Salted (80 mg). Check ingredient labels, too.
Myths about eating Nuts :-
Myth #1 – Nuts are unhealthy Food : Nuts have gotten a bad rap in certain nutrition circles. While it is true that nuts are relatively energy dense, meaning that they contain a relatively high number of calories per unit weight (Mayo Clinic, 2014), nuts are actually an important part of a healthy diet. They contain high amounts of protein and monounsaturated fats that are good for heart health. Eating raw or dry roasted nuts tends to be healthier than eating nuts packaged in oil, which can contain more unhealthy fat.
Myth #2 – Aren’t nuts fattening they’re high in fat? : Yes nuts are rich in healthy monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats nut no they are not fattening. Research has shown that up to a 100 gms of nuts a day can be eaten and not cause weight gain. If eaten in a kilojoule controlled diet regular nut consumption may even cause weight loss. There are several ways nuts can help with weight management. So if you’re watching your waist nuts are definitely back on the menu. Say goodbye low fat diets.
Myth #3 – Are raw nuts better than roasted nuts : No they are both just as good. The only nutrients that are reduced in dry or oil roasted nuts are those that are not heat stable such as B group vitamins. Oil roasted nuts are often sold salted so the sodium content will be higher but the sodium is only on the outside of the nut. Raw nuts are naturally low in sodium less than 10mg per 100g.
The fat contents are not significantly different between raw and oil roasted nuts because nuts are so dense they are unable to absorb any more than 2-5% of fat unlike a potato chip which is porous.
Myth #4 – Is one nut better than the rest : No each type of nut contains a range of different nutrients in different amounts. Research shows nut eaters have a better diet quality score than non nut eaters. Just as we need a variety of fruits and vegetables in our day, we need to eat a variety of nuts as well. Use nuts as a snack or as ingredients in meals to add interesting textures and tastes and get better nutrition.
Myth #5 – Nuts make you fat : the reality is quite the opposite – nut eaters are more likely to weigh less. Healthy fats are now considered a pillar of any balanced diet, with nuts paving the way into this new era. Encouraged as part of a healthy diet, these fats have been linked to healthy cholesterol regulation as well as other health benefits.
Myth #6 – Peanuts contain some anti-aging compounds : Peanuts, especially the skin-on variety, contain resveratrol, the same compounds found in red wine that may slow cellular aging and promote heart health. Boiled peanuts have the highest levels, but roasted peanuts also deliver a healthy dose.
Myth #7 – Nuts will warm you up – Many folks belief that eating nuts produces heat and that, therefore, you should eat them to warm up during cold winter months. Nuts have no special trait in this regard.
Myth #8 – If you have diverticular disease, you should avoid eating nuts : This most persistent myth actually contradicts advice doctors give for preventing the condition in the first place. A healthy, high-fiber diet is actually the best medicine against diverticulitis, and seeds and nuts certainly fit the bill.
Myth #9 – Pre soaked Almonds should be peeled before eating : This is a wrong impression that you need to peel almonds before consuming. The skin of almonds contains anti-oxidants. The fact is that the skin of the almonds contributes to a significant part of the fiber content, a nutrient important for regular bowel movement.
Myth #10 – Almonds cause body heat and can be consumed only in winters : Almonds can be consumed throughout the year. The common belief that almonds cause body heat has not been verified scientifically. But in peak summers, you can also consume almonds in the form of Coolers or add into sweets and dishes. | <urn:uuid:0a6faabc-429d-44c3-bcf2-b941d116b848> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.healthhelp.in/resolution-no-8/?doing_wp_cron=1680434994.6501140594482421875000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402105054-20230402135054-00742.warc.gz | en | 0.923718 | 5,196 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Alternative medicine is used to describe medical treatments that are used instead of traditional (mainstream) therapies. Some people also refer to it as “integrative,” or “complementary” medicine.
According to a 2010 study, 22% of Blacks who used alternative medicine in the past year were treating a specific condition. Alternative medical systems, manipulative and body-based therapies, as well as folk medicine, prayer, biofeedback, and energy/Reiki were used most often.
Another study in 2011, found the use of alternative medicine to be highly prevalent among Blacks with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Among patients who had RA for more than two years, 96% had engaged in alternative medicine activities, 99% had undergone alternative treatments, and 51% had gone to alternative medicine providers.
This is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that uses needles to stimulate specific points around the body. The person who performs this therapy (an acupuncturist) sticks thin, sterile needles into your skin. Acupuncture is designed to help your body’s natural healing process kick in. Studies show that acupuncture can be effective in treating a number of conditions, like neck and back pain, nausea, anxiety, depression, insomnia, infertility, and more.
This practice focuses on the body’s structure, specifically the spine, and how it functions. A trained chiropractor will use different techniques to adjust your spine or other parts of your body so that they’re in proper form or alignment.
The goal of chiropractic medicine is to ease pain, improve body function, and help your body heal itself naturally.
Chiropractic medicine can be helpful in treating the lower back, headaches, neck pain, joint problems in your upper and lower body, and disorders caused by whiplash.
These focus on the energy fields many people believe exist in and around the body. Included in this category are:
- Magnetic Field Therapy. This uses magnetic or electrical fields to treat a number of musculoskeletal problems. Studies show that it may work for osteoarthritis and other pain conditions. Studies have also shown that it may help fractures heal faster. Magnetic field therapy may not be safe if you’re pregnant, have an implanted cardiac device, use an insulin pump, or take a drug given by patch.
- Reiki. Those who practice this alternative treatment believe that it can tap into their body’s natural energy and speed the healing process. The practitioner typically hovers their hands over your body or places them lightly on your skin with the goal of channeling energy through their hands to your body to promote healing. However, there is very little research to prove it works.
- Therapeutic (“Healing”) Touch. Through this method, a therapist uses their healing energy to identify and repair imbalances in a person’s energy field. Unlike Reiki, the therapist doesn’t touch you. They simply move their hands back and forth over your body. Research shows healing touch can reduce anxiety in people who have cancers. It can also increase their sense of well-being. However, it’s unclear if it works for other issues, as well.
This alternative therapy uses parts of a plant (its roots, leaves, berries, or flowers ) in order to heal the body.
According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 80% of people around the world use herbal medicine. Studies show certain herbs are effective in treating a number of health issues, like allergies, premenstrual syndrome, chronic fatigue, and more.
Unfortunately, herbal supplements can be sold without being proven to be safe or effective. Talk to your doctor if you’re thinking about using them.
Ayurveda is one of the world’s oldest medical systems. It started in India more than 3,000 years ago and is still widely used today.
Those who use it rely on herbs, special diets, and unique practices to treat illnesses. But Ayurvedic products can also be dangerous. Researchers have found toxic minerals or metals, like lead, in some of the products. Additionally, there hasn’t been enough research or clinical trials to support that Ayurveda works | <urn:uuid:1549326a-8ef9-431c-b596-1f049a73b1d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://blackdoctor.org/alternative-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036363.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626010644-20220626040644-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.936358 | 905 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Rose achieved sainthood in only 18 years of life. Even as a child Rose had a great desire to pray and to aid the poor. While still very young, she began a life of penance in her parents’ house. She was as generous to the poor as she was strict with herself. At the age of 10 she became a Secular Franciscan and soon began preaching in the streets about sin and the sufferings of Jesus.
Viterbo, her native city, was then in revolt against the pope. When Rose took the pope’s side against the emperor, she and her family were exiled from the city. When the pope’s side won in Viterbo, Rose was allowed to return. Her attempt at age 15 to found a religious community failed, and she returned to a life of prayer and penance in her father’s home, where she died in 1251. Rose was canonized in 1457. | <urn:uuid:93f2b7cd-faea-4c53-8546-b419f75c3edb> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.americancatholic.org/features/saints/saint.aspx?id=1128 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999639602/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060719-00015-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.994881 | 196 | 3.125 | 3 |
COURSE AUTHOR –
Temotec Learning Academy
1. Using Real World PostgreSQL Database Airlines Database.
2. Learn coding in Python by examples.
3. How to Use Python & SQL to Analyze and visualize Data.
4. Use Python to visualize Postgres Data Output and get your Conclusion about Data.
5. Use Python bs4 & Pandas to Scrape a webpage, Analyze and visualize The Scraped Data.
6. Use SQL to perform advanced techniques to retrieve data from databases.
7. Use Python with SQL Postgres database.
8. Use Python to load Postgres Data Output file.
9. Learn Python & SQL by doing through Python Projects.
If Coupon is Expired/Invalid !!!
But Don’t worry , if you missed it, join our groups to receive all coupon instantly whenever it is posted. | <urn:uuid:327a4230-a1b9-4a29-a4d5-b2e833e17b5d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://geeksgod.com/udemy-free-course/data-analyst-boot-camp-2022-get-ready-to-be-a-data-analyst/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654012.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607175304-20230607205304-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.698704 | 201 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Good visibility and perfect conditions, while diving on the German High Seas Fleet Scrap Sites (Scapa Flow Orkney), enabled the team to video amazing wreckage left behind following the salvage operations of the inter-war years.
The video clip above shows remains of the German Battlecruiser Von der Tann including one of the derricks, used for lifting the ship’s pinnace, and superstructure that became detached as the ship was raised and moved across Scapa Flow, Orkney.
Marine archaeologist, Sandra Henry from Orkney Research Centre for Archaeology (ORCA), the University of the Highlands and Islands Archaeology Institute and Kevin Heath from SULA Diving completed a dive on the German High Seas Fleet scrap sites in early spring.
Concentrating on sites located through side scan sonar survey completed in phase one, the archaeologists recorded and documented extensive remains of the First World War fleet that still lie on the seabed. The conditions underwater were perfect and visibility was good, allowing the divers to take some excellent photographs and video footage while recording and surveying the wreckage left behind following the inter-war salvage efforts on the scuttled German High Seas Fleet.
The salvaging of the German High Seas Fleet in the 1920s-40s raised battleships, battlecruisers and destroyers from the seabed for scrapping at dockyard sites further south such as Rosyth. Today the remains of these ships and their associated salvage lie on the seabed, continuing to tell the story of the High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow, and providing an exciting and interesting heritage resource.
Sandra Henry added, “The story of the scuttling of the High Seas Fleets and the later salvage operation have come to life through the recording and documentation of the ship remains present on the seabed in Scapa Flow. This project, funded by Historic Environment Scotland, will gather data which will be used to protect and monitor these sites for public engagement and enjoyment.”
The project is designed to showcase the significant wreckage of the scrap sites of the German High Seas Fleet and was conducted on behalf of Historic Environment Scotland.
To catch up on full details of the project click our posts German High Seas Fleet Scrap Site Survey in Scapa Flow & Diving on the German High Seas Fleet Scrap Sites.
All images copyright UHI Archaeology Institute. | <urn:uuid:af2bbc68-416c-4746-95d5-272cc8f50668> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://archaeologyorkney.com/2017/05/05/video-images-of-the-german-high-seas-fleet-scrap-sites/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662541747.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521205757-20220521235757-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.946159 | 490 | 2.90625 | 3 |
History of Program Reviews at CASEL
CASEL shared its first program review in 2003 with the publication of Safe and Sound: An Educational Leader’s Guide to Evidence-Based Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Programs (CASEL, 2003). In addition to demonstrating how SEL programs contribute to the main mission of our nation’s schools, this publication summarized the current status of outcome research on SEL programs. It provided educators with practical information on the features of different programs that could help them select a program most relevant and suited for their particular needs. The guide presented information on 80 different programs and was, at the time, the most comprehensive research and practical survey of SEL programs available.
During the decade since the dissemination of Safe and Sound, several major advances have occurred in SEL research, practice, and policy that warranted updating the review. Many more research studies, including program evaluations, have become more rigorous, which increases the confidence one can place in their findings. New approaches to fostering academic, social, and emotional learning have been developed, some of which emphasize traditional explicit instruction, while others focus on pedagogy or deeper integration of SEL within academic curricula. There is also better information about the outcomes one might expect from programs offered at different grade levels. The 2013 Guide incorporates these new developments.
Because of the major accomplishments of SEL research over the past few years, the 2013 CASEL Guide is different from the 2003 guide in several ways. To begin, the current Guide is more selective and the criteria for inclusion are more rigorous than they were in Safe and Sound. Other important distinctions include:
- In Safe and Sound we identified 80 social and emotional learning programs that met our design criteria. These programs were included whether or not they had been evaluated. Of these 80 programs, we identified 22 “SELect” SEL programs that met a higher standard for evidence of effectiveness. In this review, our criteria for inclusion as “evidence-based” are more stringent. In the 2003 review SELect programs were not required to include a comparison group. However, the evidence base for SEL programs has grown dramatically and become increasingly rigorous in the last decade (e.g., Durlak et al., 2011). In the 2013 Guide, the evaluations of CASEL SELect programs had to include a control group in addition to pretest and posttest measurement of behavior.
- We have broadened the types of programs included in the current Guide. The primary focus of Safe and Sound was lesson-based programs that provided explicit skill instruction in SEL. In this Guide, CASEL SELect programs include those that address teacher instructional practices and pedagogy and programs that fully integrate social and emotional learning with academic content in specific core content areas.
- We expanded our coverage to include preschool approaches because, as noted in the introduction, the importance of preschool education to support child development and school readiness is increasingly recognized. There is also now a stronger evidence base for SEL programming at the preschool level (Denham & Burton, 2003; Camilli et al., 2011).
- In the previous review we included programs for kindergarten through twelfth grade without distinguishing among programs for students from different age groups. Our new reviews are more developmentally focused, which is why we are separating the reviews of programs for preschool, elementary, middle, and high school. The 2013 Guide focuses on preschool and elementary programs. The review of secondary school programming was released in 2015.
Table of Contents
- About the Guide
- Overview of SEL
- Review Process
- Inclusion Criteria
- Rating Framework
- Rating Tables (PreK Programs)
- Rating Tables (Elem. Programs)
- Program Descriptions
- Guidelines for Selecting Programs
For this Guide, the review process began by establishing our inclusion and exclusion criteria. We then used several methods to identify potentially relevant classroom-based programs designed for use with a universal population of students.
2009: Initial call for nominations and identified potentially relevant programs
2011/2012: Additional outreach efforts to program developers and researchers.
2011/2012: Examined CASEL’s original program review, Safe and Sound, and other major literature reviews, national reports, key publications, and searched national database.
2012: All programs identified for possible inclusion were examined in several different ways by teams of trained coders. If the program was classroom-based and designed for use with a universal population of students, we requested copies of all available published and unpublished outcome evaluations that would meet our criteria from providers.
- We checked these reports against those we found through our own literature search procedures. Coders examined every outcome evaluation submitted by each program.
- We conducted an e-mail survey completed by program developers or their designated staff about the training they offered for program implementation. We supplemented these surveys through phone contact, if necessary, to clarify answers to certain questions. Our final sample consisted of 25 SELect programs.
- Graduate-level coders with extensive education and experience in social and emotional learning reviewed all program materials. The coders received more than 40 hours of training in the coding system from senior SEL researchers involved in the Guide development process
The review: For each review, coders scanned the complete set of program materials provided by the developers in order to familiarize themselves with the overall organization and content of the program.
The review cycle for the CASEL Program Guide has closed. We will be announcing the next review cycle in the coming months. Check back for updates on specific dates. Questions about the review should be directed to The Program Guide Review Team.
- Coders completed an intensive content analysis of sample years of each program. In most cases this involved review of the preschool materials, first-grade materials, and fourth-grade materials, depending on whether those were found to be representative of the program as a whole. Additional grades were reviewed as necessary.
- Before the coders worked independently, they had to be at least 85% in agreement on all rating elements for a subset (20%) of the programs. Reliability was monitored throughout the process to maintain the same level of agreement (85%) on the remaining programs. Any disagreements in coding were eventually resolved through discussion among the raters and supervising staff.To avoid conflicts of interest, no one having any financial relationship to any program was involved in reviewing the programs or in discussions about programs. | <urn:uuid:9477ead5-42d7-4cfb-9826-3bc7a44e6551> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://casel.org/guide/review/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400221980.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925021647-20200925051647-00727.warc.gz | en | 0.952984 | 1,309 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The second step in the Wyoming Dinosaur Center discovery process is digging and unearthing dinosaurs. The techniques used today have not changed since the late 1800s. Technologic advances have made mapping and record keeping at the site much easier, but the shovel and pickaxe can’t be beaten.
Shovels are used to remove the soft overburden and pickaxes are good for breaking through the hard sandstone layers. When the first bone is spotted, further work becomes much more tedious. Small hand tools like oyster knives, dental picks, and paint brushes to remove matrix from around the bone. With everything that we do, we are constantly watching for new bone fragments, using glue to make sure nothing is moved out of place prematurely. Once a bone is exposed enough to be removed, it is covered with a thick layer of plaster-soaked burlap strips. This creates what is known as a field jacket which allows the bone to be removed without fear of it falling apart while being removed from the site. After it is removed the bone is taken to the museum where it will be cataloged and placed in storage.
Each field season we regularly excavate at 5 or 6 dig sites, removing more than 100 bones every summer. WDC quarries have produced Allosaurus, Camarasaurus, Diplodocus, and Apatosaurus bones. In addition to our dinosaur sites, the Warm Springs Ranch, also possess marine deposits full of Belemnites, Oysters, Clams, and even the occasional marine reptile. Staff have even found what could possibly be a coprolite site. That’s right, fossilized dinosaur poop! | <urn:uuid:d1cb9765-db2a-4641-820f-893ec0f012f0> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://wyomingdinosaurcenter.org/author/melissa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738746.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811090050-20200811120050-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.94417 | 339 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Brazil's success in slowing rain forest destruction has resulted in enormous reductions in carbon emissions and shows that it's possible to zealously promote sustainability while still growing the economy, suggests a new study out Thursday.
A second study out this week also underscores Brazil's success and shows that deforestation has also slowed in several other tropical countries.
Since 2004, farmers and ranchers in Brazil have saved over 33,000 square miles (86,000 square kilometers) of rain forest from clear-cutting, the rough equivalent of 14.3 million soccer fields, a team of scientists and economists from the U.S. and South America report in Science. At the same time, production of beef and soy from Brazil's Amazon region rose.
The country has reduced deforestation by 70 percent and kept 3.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, because forests use carbon as they grow and release it when they are removed, often through burning. That makes Brazil's the biggest reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of any country in the world; the cut is more than three times bigger than the effect of taking all the cars in the U.S. off the road for a year.
"Brazil is known as a leading favorite to win the World Cup, but they also lead the world in mitigating climate change," the Science study's lead author, Daniel Nepstad of the Earth Innovation Institute in San Francisco, said in a statement.
Brazil's success in saving about 80 percent of the original Amazon serves as a model for other countries around the world and represents a "completely different trajectory for forest areas over the last few centuries," says Toby McGrath, a senior scientist at the institute and another of the study's co-authors. (See "Photos: The Last of the Amazon.")
"For the first time in history, we are stopping the process of forest loss on a frontier before it gets seriously depleted, while continuing to develop economies that still have substantial forest cover," says McGrath.
Globally, deforestation is responsible for about 10 percent of all climate emissions, says a study released Wednesday by the Union of Concerned Scientists. That's down from 17 percent of emissions in the 1990s, thanks to falling rates of deforestation.
"Brazil is most notably lauded for their deforestation reductions, but the report found numerous example of successfully saving forests in unexpected locations," study author Doug Boucher, director of the Union of Concerned Scientists' Tropical Forest and Climate Initiative, said in a statement. Mexico, El Salvador, and six countries in Central Africa, in particular, have shown decreased rates of deforestation.
Measure of Success
For the Science study, scientists and economists analyzed how Brazil was able to reverse decades of high rates of deforestation in the Amazon, starting in 2005, when then-president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva announced the ambitious goal of slashing the rate by 80 percent over the previous year. After that, things turned around due to a number of factors coming together, says McGrath.
One important element was the advancement of remote sensing technology. Although Brazil first passed a forest code requiring landowners in the Amazon to protect at least 50 percent of native forest in 1965, enforcement was spotty. "Officials didn't have good information on where deforestation was occurring and who was on the ground," says McGrath.
Over the past few years, satellites have given officials a more precise picture of the forest, often in real time.
Another boost to deforestation efforts: The forest code was updated in 2012 and now requires landowners to preserve 80 percent of the Amazon's virgin forest, as well as protect watersheds. Those that have violated the rules have increasingly received fines and even jail time in extreme cases.
Nonprofit groups, meanwhile, have helped publicize data on rule breakers and have built support for enforcing the law. Campaigns by Greenpeace, Conservation International, and others put pressure on companies that buy products from the Amazon, especially beef and soy, shaming those that have been found to contribute to deforestation. Market agreements signed by companies took that a step further, prohibiting practices that lead to deforestation.
"In Brazil, there was rising awareness of the value of nature and how essential it is to our society," says Fabio Rubio Scarano, the vice president of Conservation International's Americas Division, who is based in Rio de Janeiro.
In a tough regulatory approach called "critical counties," the Brazilian government also prohibits government loans to all agricultural producers in a county if there's a lot of deforestation going on there. There has been rising opposition to this program, but it has been effective, says McGrath. "It increases internal pressure to make everybody fall in line."
The Brazilian government has also created new protected reserves of forest in the Amazon, especially along frontier areas where deforestation had started. Managing these new areas has effectively stopped its tree loss, says McGrath.
Keeping Production Up
Although landowners in the Amazon face restrictions on how much land they can clear, overall production of beef and soy has risen over the past decade, the scientists and economists note.
McGrath says producers have been focused on increasing their efficiency and productivity, in part because they often don't have the option of clearing more land. As a result, many have successfully adopted better management practices.
That process can go further, says Scarano. If land that is currently not very productive could be managed better, then Brazil "could double food production without cutting a single tree," he says.
But farmers could use more support from the government, with a policy that encourages efficiency, he says.
Emerging Threats and Next Steps
Scarano and McGrath both note that 2013 saw a slight uptick in the rate of deforestation in Brazil's section of the Amazon, although the rate remains much lower than it was decades ago.
The cause of the recent changes is unclear, but it could be related to weather patterns, which can encourage more land clearing, as well as rising global demand for food. It also highlights the need for further improvements, both men agree.
A new government program that requires landowners to register their usage plans should help, says Scarano.
McGrath adds that another step should be to strengthen the system for incentives for landowners who follow good management practices. They could receive payments from emerging carbon markets for the amount of greenhouse gases they prevent, or for other "ecosystem services" like protecting water quality.
A few pilot projects have been under way, some funded by a one-billion-dollar grant from Norway and others, tying in to California's growing carbon market.
In a suggestion that some environmentalists might find counterintuitive, McGrath also says international food companies that are committed to preventing deforestation should consider working in additional areas in the Amazon.
"If they don't move into those areas because they are afraid of getting accused of deforestation, then other groups that don't care will move in and will exploit the resources," says McGrath. "Because it is going to get developed somehow."
Brazil’s agricultural lobby had battled with environmentalists over the most recent updates to the Forest Code. But now that the law is in place, the next step has been trying to figure out implementation, says Gustavo Diniz Junqueira, the president of the influential Brazilian Rural Society, which represents agricultural producers in the country.
Junqueira says large producers in the Amazon have effectively ceased deforestation, although some smaller producers are still removing trees. To help reduce that, small-scale producers need more access to technology. They also need insurance coverage, he says.
The Brazilian agribusiness industry is trying to shake its reputation as being “an enemy of the environment,” says Junqueira. “Instead of expansion in new areas, we are looking at how to produce more in the same areas,” he notes. In that way, over the past few years, soy production has been rising six percent a year.
Scarano adds that despite Brazil's success on deforestation, many other environmental problems remain. The country faces big challenges in "reconciling nature conservation with the needs of human well-being," he says.
Planned development of large-scale hydroelectric plants in the Amazon and elsewhere in the country could erase some of the gains that have been made in protecting forests, he warns. The country also hopes to build additional infrastructure as the economy grows.
Some environmentalists, such as celebrity Bianca Jagger, have criticized Brazil for not doing enough to protect indigenous rights and for poor living conditions in vast urban favelas, including water quality issues. As the world looks to Brazil for the World Cup and Olympics, those issues may come into sharper focus.
"Planning must take into account many factors, including nature," says Scarano. And when it comes to stopping deforestation, "there's no one right way," said Boucher of the Union of Concerned Scientists. "But rather a smorgasbord of options." | <urn:uuid:cc7e3eb0-b6bd-40fb-b909-aa09d1fd0285> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/06/140605-brazil-deforestation-carbon-emissions-environment/?utm_source=NatGeocom&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=pom_20140615&utm_campaign=Content | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824931.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022003552-20171022023552-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.970408 | 1,817 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The right to own and inherit property, assets and land is something many people take for granted. But it is far from a reality for millions of women. Granting women these rights is a vital part of lifting women and girls out of poverty in the developing world.
Land and Property Rights
It is notoriously difficult to obtain accurate land rights data. Global studies are incomplete, and women can often be left out of agricultural surveys. What we do know is that in all countries, men are more likely to own land than women. A study of 10 African countries, for example, has found that 39 percent of women own land individually, compared to 48 percent of men, while individually 12 percent of women own land jointly, compared to 31 percent of men.
In some contexts, when customary law conflicts with national law, customs can win out. So while women are entitled to own land in most sub-Saharan African countries, in 15 of those countries, customary tenure is exempt from national land ownership laws.
As with many barriers to women’s economic advancement, a lack of documentary identification can also prevent women from exercising their land rights. Unequal access to marriage certificates, birth certificates, title deeds and national identity cards are all impediments for women who wish to prove they are entitled to land.
Globally, women constitute less than 20 percent of agricultural landholders, but they do a large amount of the agricultural work in rural economies: a global rate of 43 percent.
For those women who do run farms, productivity can be 20–30 percent lower than in male-owned farms. The World Bank notes that this is not because women are worse farmers than men, but because women are more likely to run smaller plots, and less likely to have access to high-quality agricultural inputs, such as improved seed varieties, irrigation and machinery. When access to land is taken into account, the productivity gap disappears.
Women’s insecure land tenure also makes it harder to adapt to the effects of climate change, or invest in necessary upgrades such as terracing and better fertilizer. Indeed, some women fear that investing in their farms will make it more likely that their land will be seized.
Inheritance and Divorce
The lack of inheritance provision for widows and daughters is one of the main factors driving poverty among women in many developing countries. The most common way for land to transfer hands, for example, is via inheritance. If a woman is not legally able to inherit the land on which she lives and works, or the property she owns jointly with her husband, his death will mean she is thrust into poverty.
Widows are prevented by law from inheriting land in 35 countries, while daughters are unable to inherit in 34. The Global Fund for Widows estimates that more than 115 million women whose husbands have died live in poverty, partly because of poor inheritance rights. Unequal divorce laws can also lead to women losing out on property rights when a marriage ends.
Providing women with inheritance rights has been shown to have significant generational effects in ending poverty. Women who benefited from property inheritance reform in India have been shown to be more likely to have a bank account, more likely to have proper latrine facilities at home and more likely to have educated daughters. | <urn:uuid:84756547-21cb-4d74-8bed-f8ba37aa8523> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.newsdeeply.com/womensadvancement/background/assets-and-property-rights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204790.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326034712-20190326060712-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.965769 | 663 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes (cognitive process) leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion of choice.
Human performance in decision making terms has been the subject of active research from several perspectives. From a psychological perspective, it is essential to test one's decisions in the context of a set of needs, preferences an individual has and values they seek. From a cognitive perspective, the decision making process must be regarded as a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the environment. From a normative perspective, the analysis of individual decisions is concerned with the logic of decision making and rationality and the invariant choice it leads to.
Yet, at a different level, it might be regarded as a problem solving activity which is terminated when a satisfactory solution has found. Thus, decision making is a reasoning or emotional process which can be rational or irrational, can be based on explicit assumptions or tacit assumptions.
Logical decision making is a vital part of all science-based professions, where specialists apply their knowledge in a given area to making informed decisions. For instance, medical decision making often involves making a diagnosis and selecting an appropriate medicine. Some research using naturalistic methods shows, however, that in situations with higher time pressure, higher stakes, or maximised ambiguities experts use intuitive decision making rather than structured approaches, following a recognition primed decision approach to fit a set of indicators into the expert's experience and immediately reach at a satisfactory course of action without weighing alternatives.
Recent robust decision efforts have formally integrated uncertainty into the decision making process. However, Decision Analysis, recognized and included suspicions with a structured and rationally justifiable method of decision making since its conception in 1964.
Problem Analysis vs. Decision Making
We have to analyse the problem before making a decision. It is necessary to differentiate between the two problem analysis and decision making. The concepts are completely different from each other. Problem analysis must be done prior to the information gathered in that process may be used towards decision making.
- Analyze performance, what the results should be against what actually they are?
- Problems are merely distractions from performance standards.
- Problem must be precisely identified and described.
- Problems are caused by some change from a distinctive feature.
- Something can always be used to distinguish between what has and hasn't been effected by a cause.
- Causes to problems can be reduced from relevant changes found in analyzing the problem.
- Most likely cause to a problem is the one that exactly illustrates all the facts.
- Objective must first be established.
- Objectives must be classified and placed in order of importance.
- Alternative actions must be developed.
- The alternative must be evaluated against all the objectives.
- The alternative that is able to achieve all the objectives is the tentative decision.
- The tentative decision is evaluated for more possible consequences.
- The decisive actions are taken, and additional actions are taken to prevent any adverse consequences from becoming problems and starting both systems (problem analysis and decision making) all over again.
Cognitive and personal biases
Biases can creep into our decision making processes. Many different people have made a decision about the same question and then craft potential cognitive interventions aimed at improving decision making outcomes.
Below is a list of some of the more commonly debated cognitive biases:
- Selective search for evidence (a.k.a. Confirmation bias in psychology) (Scott Plous, 1993) - We tend to be willing to gather facts that support certain conclusions but disregard other facts that support different conclusions. Individuals who are highly defensive in this manner show significantly greater left prefrontal cortex activity as measured by EEG than do less defensive individuals.
- Premature termination of search for evidence - We tend to accept the first alternative that looks like it might work.
- Inertia - Unwillingness to change thought patterns that we have used in the past in the face of new circumstances.
- Selective perception - We actively screen-out information that we do not think is important. In one demonstration of this effect, discounting of arguments with which one disagrees (by judging them as untrue or irrelevant) was decreased by selective activation of right prefrontal cortex.
- Wishful thinking or optimism bias - We tend to want to see things in a positive light and this can distort our perception and thinking.
- Choice - supportive bias occurs when we distort our memories of chosen and rejected options to make the chosen options seem more attractive.
- Recency - We tend to place more attention on more recent information and either ignore or forget more distant information. The opposite effect in the first set of data or other information is termed Primacy effect (Plous, 1993).
- Repetition bias - A willingness to believe what we have been told most often and by the greatest number of different of sources.
- Anchoring and adjustment - Decisions are unduly influenced by initial information that shapes our view of subsequent information.
- Group think - Peer pressure to conform to the opinions held by the group.
- Source credibility bias - We reject something if we have a bias against the person, organization, or group to which the person belongs: We are inclined to accept a statement by someone we like.
- Incremental decision making and escalating commitment - We look at a decision as a small step in a process and this tends to perpetuate a series of similar decisions. This can be contrasted with zero-based decision making.
- Attribution asymmetry - We tend to attribute our success to our abilities and talents, but we attribute our failures to bad luck and external factors. We attribute other's success to good luck, and their failures to their mistakes.
- Role fulfillment (Self Fulfilling Prophecy) - We conform to the decision making expectations that others have of someone in our position.
- Underestimating uncertainty and the illusion of control - We tend to underestimate future uncertainty because we tend to believe we have more control over events than we really do. We believe we have control to minimize potential problems in our decisions.
Influence of Briggs Myers type :
According to behavioralist Isabel Briggs Myers, an individuals's decision making process depends to a particular degree on their cognitive style. Myers developed a set of four bi-polar dimensions, called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The terminal points on these dimensions are: thinking and feeling; extroversion and introversion; judgment and perception; and sensing and intuition. She claimed that a person's decision making style correlates well with how they score on these four dimensions. For example, someone who scored near the thinking, extroversion, sensing, and judgment ends of the dimensions would tend to have a logical, analytical, objective, critical, and empirical decision making style.
Other studies suggest that these national or cross-cultural differences exist across entire societies. For instance, Maris Martinsons had found that American, Japanese and Chinese business leaders each exhibit a distinctive national style of decision making.
Optimizing vs. Satisficing:
Herbert Simon coined the phrase "bounded rationality" to express the idea that human decision-making is limited by available information, available time period, and the information-processing ability of the mind. Simon also defined two cognitive styles: maximizers try to make an optimal decision, whereas satisficers simply try to find a solution that is "good enough". Maximizers tend to take longer making decisions due to the need to maximize performance across all variables and make tradeoffs carefully; they also tend to more often regret their decisions.
Combinatoral vs. Positional:
Styles and methods of decision making were elaborated by the founder of Predispositioning Theory, Aron Katsenelinboigen. In his analysis on styles and methods Katsenelinboigen referred to the game of chess, saying that "chess does disclose various methods of operation, notably the creation of predispositionmethods which may be applicable to other, more complex systems."
In his book Katsenelinboigen states that apart from the methods (reactive and selective) and sub-methods (randomization, predispositioning, programming), there are two major styles - positional and combinational. Both styles are utilized in the game of chess. According to Katsenelinboigen, the two styles reflect two basic approaches to the uncertainty: deterministic (combinational style) and indeterministic (positional style). Katsenelinboigen's definition of the two styles are the following.
The lists in this article may contain items that are not notable, encyclopedic, or helpful. Please help out by removing such elements and incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article.
The combinational style is characterized by:
- a very narrow, clearly defined, primarily material goal, and
- a program that links the initial position with the final outcome.
In defining the combinational style in chess, Katsenelinboigen writes:
The combinational style features a clearly formulated limited objective, namely the capture of material (the main constituent element of a chess position). The objective is implemented via a well defined and in some cases in a unique sequence of moves aimed at reaching the set goal. As a rule, this sequence leaves no options for the opponent. Finding a combinational objective allows the player to focus all his energies on efficient execution, that is, the player's analysis may be limited to the pieces directly partaking in the combination. This approach is the crux of the combination and the combinational style of play.
The positional style is distinguished by:
- a positional goal and
- a formation of semi-complete linkages between the initial step and final outcome.
Strengths and Weaknesses Checklist
The chart below will help you identify your strengths and weaknesses and will give you a better idea of whether you're ready to become a small business owner.
Examine each of the skills areas listed in the chart. Ask yourself whether you possess some or all of the skills listed in the parentheses. Then rate your skills in each area by circling the appropriate number, using a scale of 1-5, with 1 as low, 2 as between low and medium, 3 as medium, 4 as between medium and high, and 5 as high.
After you've rated yourself in each area, total up the numbers. Then apply the following rating scale:
- if your total is less than 20 points, you should reconsider whether owning a business is the right step for you
- if your total is between 20 and 25, you're on the verge of being ready, but you may be wise to spend some time strengthening some of your weaker areas
- if your total is above 25, you're ready to start a new business now
Introduction to reflective practice
Reflection guides us to critically question practices that we have previously taken for granted. It helps us to become self-aware of the views and assumptions that may be limiting our lives.
Reflective practice can be seen as 'consciously thinking about and analysing what one has done (or is doing)'. It is a process of looking back over our experiences, reflecting upon them and making sense of them. Reflective practice helps us to make future changes (Mezirow, 1991; Rolfe, Freshwater & Jasper 2001).
In this module activities have been organised to assist you to continue to reflect on your own learning as you engage with learning tasks and materials. You will have the opportunity to look at several examples of reflective writing where you can practice identifying some of the characteristics of different types of reflection.
Perception in Communication
In living our lives and communicating with each other our perception of reality is less important than reality itself. Some would argue that there IS no ultimate reality, only the illusion of our perceptions.
Our perceptions are influenced by:
- physical elements - what information your eye or ear can actually take in, how your brain processes it.
- environmental elements - what information is out there to receive, its context.
- learned elements - culture, personality, habit: what filters we use to select what we take in and how we react to it.
For instance, color blind people will not perceive "red" the way as other people do. Those with normal vision may physically see "red" similarly, but will interpret it culturally:
- red meaning "stop" or "anger" or "excitement" or "in debt" (US)
- red meaning "good fortune" (China)
- red meaning your school's colors
The world deluges us with sensory information every second. Our mind produces interpretations and models and perceptions a mile a minute. To survive, we have to select what information we attend to and what we remember.
Information that attracts our attention
- Sends out strong physical stimulus: contrast, blinking, loudness, etc.
- Elicits emotion - TV dramas, memory aid: when taking notes on an article, write your emotional response to it
- Is unexpected? (This may draw your attention or conversely, you may miss it entirely with your mind filling in the missing pieces you expected to receive.)
- Fits a pattern
- Previous knowledge that gives it context
- Interests you
- Connects to basic needs
- Is useful.
Note how important your cultural filters will be in determining the answers to these questions-what hooks your emotions? What is "normal" and what is "unexpected", etc.
Understanding Perception in Management
Once a manager allows perception to enter his.her mind, the actual truth becomes distorted. Some managers will meet an applicant or new employee and develop a stereotype based solely on what they perceive. Unfortunately, several employees have experienced situation, where a manager has made a decision based on their perception of the truth. But, perception should not be relied on when making a decision.
What is Perception?
"Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment". "The brain seeks information, mainly by directing an individual to look, listen and sniff." But, perception can cause disagreements among people, because each person sees things differently. So, it isn't unusual, for two people to see something and perceive it differently. There are many situations that arise that a manager must decide between truth and perception. Basically, a person "knows the object is familiar and whether it is desirable or dangerous".
Functions in Perceptions
Many factors will aid in influencing the way a manager can view someone or something. Some factors influencing a mangers perception are the person's attitude and motive/ motive, interest, experience, and expectation. The manager will have to delete their own perceptions of what they are seeing and decide on the facts only. Basically, "perception are created by habit" (Howard, Unknown) and they can become a major pitfall. Some "situations" may factor in a person's perception: like "time", "work settings", and "social settings" (Robbins, 2005).
Human behavior is the population of behaviors exhibited by human beings and influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and/or genetics.
The behavior of people (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. In sociology, behavior is considered as having no meaning, being not directed at other people and thus is the most basic human action. Behavior should not be mistaken with social behavior, which is more advanced action, as social behavior is behavior specifically directed at other people. The acceptability of behavior is evaluated relative to social norms and regulated by various means of social control.
The behavior of people is studied by the academic disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, social work, sociology, economics, and anthropology.
In 1970, a book was published called "The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder" written by the anthropologist Robert Ardrey. The book and study investigated animal behavior (Ethology) and then compared human behavior as a similar phenomenon.
Human behavior is an important factor in human society. According to Humanism, each human has a different behavior.
Factors affecting human behavior
- Genetics - (see also evolutionary psychology)
- Attitude - the degree to which the person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question.
- Social Norms - the influence of social pressure that is perceived by the individual (normative beliefs) to perform or not perform a certain behavior.
- Perceived Behavioral Control - the individual's belief concerning how easy or difficult performing the behavior will be.
Theories about human behavior
There are three major theories about human behavior and physical environment: stimulation theory, control theory, and behavior setting theory. Traditional sensory stimulation theory is based upon the statement that learning becomes successful when all senses are stimulated. This theory confirms that when multi-senses are stimulated, greater learning takes place. According to Elizabeth D. Hutchison stimulating theories alarm us to consider the quality and intensions of sensory stimulation theory in the environment where a human lives and works.
Control theory is based upon the issue of how much we try to control our physical environment, and what attempts do we make to gain this control. In control theory there are four main concepts: personal space, territoriality, crowding, and privacy. Personal space and territoriality are the main mechanisms we use to gain control over our physical environment. ("Dimensions of Human Behavior"). We use them to define the bounds of interpersonal relationships, which can verify, depending on age, gender, or culture. On the one hand, the person tries to control his physical environment, but on the other hand the environment can suppress the person.
The third major theory about relationships between human and his physical environment is behavior setting theory. According to this theory stable, constant patterns of behavior happen in definite places, or behavior settings. This theory is mostly related to the social environment than psychological. All behavioral programs occur from the social point of view, and they are developed by people in interaction, but it isn't determined by the physical environment. Behavior setting theory has implications for social works value and interference. This theory has such main aspects: programs (aspects of behavior) and level of staffing.
"Interpersonal skills" refers to mental and communicative algorithms applied during social communications and interaction to reach certain effects or results. The term "interpersonal skills" is used often in business contexts to refer to the measure of a person's ability to operate within business organizations through social communication and interactions. Interpersonal skills are how people relate to one another.
As an illustration, it is generally understood that communicating respect for other people or professionals within will enable one to reduce conflict and increase participation or assistance in obtaining information or completing tasks. For instance, to interrupt someone who is currently preoccupied with the task of obtaining information needed immediately, it is recommended that a professional use a deferential approach with language such as, "Excuse me, Are you busy? I have an urgent matter to discuss with you if you have the time at the moment." This allows the receiving professional to make their own judgement regarding the importance of their current task versus entering into a discussion with their colleague. While it is generally understood that interrupting someone with an "urgent" request will often take priority, allowing the receiver of the message to judge independently the request and agree to further interaction will likely result in a higher quality interaction. Following these kinds of heuristics to achieve better professional results generally results in a professional being ranked as one with 'good interpersonal skills.' Often these ratings occur in formal and informal settings.
Having, positive interpersonal skills increases the productivity in the organization since the number of conflicts is reduced. In informal situations, it allows communication to be easy and comfortable. People with good interpersonal skills can generally control the feelings that emerge in difficult situations and respond appropriately, instead of being overwhelmed by emotion.
- Interpersonal skills: Human communication; Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from May ,.. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_skills
- 28 Jul 2009 ... There are three major theories about and physical environment: stimulation theory, control theory, and behavior setting ... http://www.essay-911.com/blog/2009/07/28/theories-about-human-behavior/
- Checklist for Assessing Personal Strengths & Weaknesses. Provided by Business Owner's Toolkit, Content Partner for the SME Toolkit ... http://www.smetoolkit.org/smetoolkit/en/content/en/1094/Checklist-for-Assessing-Personal-Strengths-Weaknesses
- 9 Nov 2007 ... You might be interested in: http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/250624/how_to_promote_yourself_while_promoting.html ... http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/462043/understanding_perception_in_management.html
- This online module is designed as an introduction to reflective practice for ... in reflective practice also supports lifelong learning, one of UniSA's ... | <urn:uuid:049c59dc-8320-4296-919d-af592a7d6ee8> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/management/performance-in-decision-making.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544679.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00479-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935235 | 4,378 | 3.875 | 4 |
Emperor Francis Joseph: Life, death and the fall of the Habsburg Empire
Click here to see the rest of this review
John Van der Kiste
Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Glos. (UK), 2005
Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ascended the throne in December 1848 at the age of 18. He was a natural autocrat, but tempered absolutism with reform. During his reign of almost 68 years, the longest in modern European history, he presided over the introduction of general suffrage and an often fractious Reichsrat, the forerunner to a constitutional parliament.
Politically, his reign was a disaster. Austrian defeats in war led to the loss of states in Italy, and to her expulsion from the German Confederation by her smaller but more powerful rival Prussia. The decline of empire was mirrored by the horrific events in his own family. His brother Maximilian, chosen as Emperor of Mexico in 1864, reigned over a country torn apart by civil war and was executed by firing squad three years later. Francis Joseph's wayward wife Elizabeth was assassinated in Geneva in 1898. Two of his heirs met violent deaths - his only son Rudolf killed his mistress Marie Vetsera and then committed suicide at his hunting lodge at Mayerling in 1889, while his nephew Francis Ferdinand was assassinated with his wife at Sarajevo in 1914, a killing which precipitated the Great War.
This biography examines the personal relationships of the Emperor with his family, against the turbulent background of 19th-century Europe. It looks at the life and times of the man who, despite the disasters of his reign, was the last major Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian empire.
The review of this Book prepared by John Van der Kiste | <urn:uuid:14a6e262-82a8-4cda-8c56-d5696cd1af50> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://allreaders.com/book-review-summary/emperor-francis-joseph-30958 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703495936.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115164417-20210115194417-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.979596 | 367 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Shah Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Shah Name Meaning
Muslim: from the Persian royal title Shah ‘king’, ‘emperor’. This was the title adopted by the kings of the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–79). Shah is found in combination with other words, e.g. Shah Jahan (name of a Mughal emperor, ruled 1628–57) and Shah ?Alam ‘king of the world’ (name of a Mughal emperor, ruled 1707–12). This name is widespread in Iran and the subcontinent. Indian (Gujarat, Rajasthan): Hindu (Bania, Vania) and Jain name, from Gujarati sah ‘merchant’ (from Sanskrit sadhu ‘honest’, ‘good’). This name was originally Sah; it appears to have been altered under the influence of the Persian word for ‘king’ (see 1).
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Shan, Sham, Shaw, Shao, Sha, Saha, Sarah, Chad, Shad, Sas | <urn:uuid:ec7ddb59-ab15-45b1-bfc6-9b47b080c700> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=shah | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313987.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818165510-20190818191510-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.889871 | 249 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Library & Computer Lab
As-Sabeel Academy has a school library and computer lab where students have access to thousands of books and digital resources. Students visit the library to check out books about every three weeks. Teachers also maintain classroom libraries where students can check out books to read at school and at home. Elementary students visit the computer lab for weekly technology lessons, to engage in research for class assignments and projects, and to play academic games with their class.
Our middle school building houses an additional library specially catering to the needs and tastes of middle school students. Class computers for every student are available in our middle school classrooms, and technology is frequently used to support instructional goals.
Want to Learn More?
Use the button below to learn more about the technology we use at As-Sabeel: | <urn:uuid:ee94399b-7bd4-4fc1-bdd8-58f2d93066ca> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.sabeelacademy.com/academics/library-computer-lab/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038492417.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418133614-20210418163614-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.956788 | 162 | 2.59375 | 3 |
DNR officials say Bowstring Lake in northern Itasca County is the latest Minnesota lake discovered to be invaded by faucet snails.
The snails carry a wormlike parasite that can kill waterfowl, especially Scaup and Coots, said Christine Herwig, DNR invasive species specialist.
"There's concern that they're competing with other snails, which are food resources for waterfowl and fish," Herwig said.
Faucet snails are blamed for an extensive die-off of Scaup in one of north central Minnesota's larger lakes in 2007. They were first discovered in Minnesota in 2002 in the Mississippi River in the southern part of the state.
"They also can clog water intakes and out-compete native snails that provide a food resource for fish and other waterfowl and other species," Herwig said.
The faucet snail is a native of Europe and came here through the Great Lakes. People can eat fish from lakes infested with faucet snails. However they should avoid ducks or other birds that appear sick.
The DNR wants boaters to thoroughly clean their boats before departing lakes and rivers. | <urn:uuid:1237ce39-25a8-4715-8908-fcad71a84ce3> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/11/16/environment/invasive-faucet-snail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007832.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00138-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973034 | 243 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Researchers from St Petersburg University and the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences have found that genealogically distant butterfly species Melitaea didyma and M. acentria sometimes interbreed. These species separated at least five million years ago (almost the same period separates humans and chimpanzees). For small-numbered M. acentria this sporadic introgressive hybridisation results in higher genetic diversity, increasing their survival chances. The research that makes us take a fresh look at the evolution of living organisms is supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation. The research findings are published in the journal Molecular Ecology.
the Melitaea acentria butterfly, found on the slopes of the Mount Hermon ski resort in northern Israel. It is distinguished from Melitaea didyma by its characteristic orange spots on the wing that look like lunules and are bordered in black. Photo by Elena Pazhenkova
The formation of hybrids – organisms obtained after crossing genetically different forms – is more widespread in nature previously thought. Usually, only closely related species can hybridize. For example, hybrids occur in some populations of Daphnia – crustaceans from plankton. They significantly complicate the definition of the boundaries between different species. However, some cases are known when hybridisation occurred between very distant relatives: for example, between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, whose common ancestor lived about 800,000 years ago.
the Melitaea acentria butterfly, found on the slopes of the Mount Hermon ski resort in northern Israel. Photo by Vladimir Lukhtanov
The researchers from St Petersburg University and the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences have managed to detect the hybridisation of even more distant species: fritillary butterflies M. didyma and M. acentria, living on the slopes of the popular Mount Hermon ski resort in northern Israel. Their common ancestor existed at least five million years ago – modern humans and chimpanzees are about as far apart on the phylogenetic tree (six million years). To obtain this result the scientists performed whole genome sequencing and analysed 27 genomes of three species of fritillary butterflies.
the Melitaea didyma butterfly, found in northern Israel. It is distinguished from Melitaea acentria by its characteristic spots on the wing that look like rectangles and are not bordered in black. Photo by Vladimir Lukhtanov
It turned out that some specimens of small-numbered M. acentria sporadically interbreed with more common M. didyma, resulting in gene flow from M. didyma to M. acentria. In general, one of the reasons for the species extinction is precisely the loss of genetic diversity. The fact that acentria butterflies are ‘fed’ with genetic material through hybridisation with a distant congener could therefore be a factor of survival and further evolution for the acentria. Moreover, as the researchers note, introgressive hybridisation is not total in this case. Only some specimens interbreed with another species. However, this is sufficient for the emergence of a stable gene flow. The researchers even managed to catch one butterfly that turned out to be an interspecific hybrid.
‘When we examined the morphology of M. acentria, we noticed that it resembled M. didyma. This was unexpected for us, because these two species are distant relatives. Such “coincidences” are mostly the result of adaptation to similar environmental conditions. However, sometimes they occur as a result of introgressive hybridisation. We have analysed whole genomes, which showed an unidirectional gene flow from didyma to acentria,’ said Elena Pazhenkova, the first author of the article, a doctoral student at St Petersburg University.
Elena Pazhenkova, a doctoral student at St Petersburg University (left) and Vladimir Lukhtanov, Principal Researcher at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Professor at St Petersburg University (right), during their expedition to Mongolia in 2019. Photo by Vladimir Lukhtanov
Vladimir Lukhtanov is Principal Researcher at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Professor at St Petersburg University. He says that hybridization usually leads to the fusion of two species or to the appearance of infertile offspring, that is, to the dead end of evolution. That is, the dead end of evolution. Until recently, it was therefore believed that such a scenario of ‘enrichment’ of a species with new genetic material was in principle impossible. However, in recent years, more and more works have appeared that encourage scientists to take a different view on the processes of evolution of living beings.
‘It seems that we are at the stage of changing the scientific paradigm. Biologists have long been convinced that the evolution of living beings can be represented as a branching tree. This metaphor (Tree of Life) might not be entirely correct and might soon be discarded,’ said Vladimir Lukhtanov. ‘Introgressive hybridisation suggests that it might be more correct to represent evolution as Web of Life, in which the emerging new branches are horizontally linked to each other due to the gene exchange. Additionally, the fact that we have identified an understudied natural mechanism that makes it possible to maintain genetic diversity may be important for the development of a general strategy for the conservation of a wide variety of living organisms.’
The research is supported by the grant from the Russian Science Foundation to the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (project No 19-14-00202).
the Melitaea didyma butterfly, found on Menara Cliff, northern Israel. Video by Vladimir Lukhtanov | <urn:uuid:4697346e-f34d-459b-92c1-14fa49da7119> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://english.spbu.ru/news/4605-fritillary-butterflies-preserve-genetic-diversity-and-survive-sporadically-interbreeding-with-their-very-distant-relatives | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057091.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920191528-20210920221528-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.931022 | 1,186 | 3.28125 | 3 |
How to write an essay introduction the introduction to your essay is the first thing people will read, so you want to make. Introduction the introduction is the broad beginning of the paper that answers three important questions: the four elements of a good paragraph (tteb. It’s usually a good idea to write the introduction last) body paragraph #1 have your own compare and contrast essay to write. How to write an introduction paragraph what to write for a good introductory paragraph writing an intro with whitesmoke's online tool is easy and free try it. A good introduction makes writing an essay easy and reading it fun how to write an effective essay: how to write an introductory paragraph.
The introduction to an essay, admittance or any other paper may only be one paragraph, but it carries a lot of weight an introduction is meant to draw the reader in. 24 introduction and conclusion every essay or paper designed to be persuasive needs a paragraph at the very outset how to write an introduction. How to write an introduction paragraph when writing an introduction paragraph, you should always include a hook to capture the reader's attention, supporting. Many writers find it useful to write a warm-up paragraph (or two, even) to get them it is an introduction, not the paper but good professional writers.
― péter zilahy and you have to find perfect hooks for an essay even when you don’t know what to write write a good hook for your essay write a good hook. Useful tips, guidelines, and recommendations on how to write a good introductory paragraph for an essay or some other project.
Structuring an introduction, a paragraph and a conclusion how to write in an academic style how to summarise, paraphrase and use direct quotations. So while students might understand how to write an introduction paragraph for an essay in general how to write a good introduction for an essay in three easy. A classic format for compositions is the five-paragraph essay it is not the only format for writing an essay, of course introduction: introductory paragraph.View | <urn:uuid:ea9d3104-4652-4cf8-b61d-49d3edeb99a6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://qwcourseworkbykp.health-consult.us/how-to-write-a-good-introduction-paragraph.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812959.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220125836-20180220145836-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.905728 | 414 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.