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The miracle of Thirukachamkurissi
The deity at Thirukachamkurissi has a regenerative power that mitigates the burning sorrows of those who submit themselves in complete faith to Him. KOLLENGODE P. BHASKARAN writes...
THIRUKACHAMKURISSI, an ancient place of worship, is located at the foot of the Anamalai range of the Western Ghats, at Payyalur, on the fringe of Kollengode, in Kerala. Located mid way between Palakkad (Kerala) and Pollachi (Tamil Nadu), life in this area typifies that of a frontier town, a mixture of two cultures.
The legends of the temple speak of the peace and tranquillity that led Sage Kashyapa to meditate in its hilly surroundings. It is believed that as a result of Kashyapa's penance, Mahavishnu appeared before him. Kashyapa's desire was that the Lord should remain with him always, in that calm and idyllic atmosphere. Sriman Narayana consented to his wish, and it is believed that the sage installed and consecrated the idol of Mahavishnu in the form that he himself had perceived him Chaturbahu Mahavishnu, seated on the coils of Adishesha.
Thus, the little hillock on which the temple is located came to be known as `Kachamkurissi' (as derived from `Kashyapan-Kurissi,' or `the Hill of Kashyapa').
The name `Kachamkurissi' can also be linked to that time in ancient history when, culturally, Kerala was a part of `Tamizhagam'. The famed Sangam literature during the period of the Cheras (upto the 3rd Century A.D.), speak of the `Tinais' or `eco-zones' `kurinji' (kurichi) or hilly tracts being one of them. The place name is thus indicative of the early origins of this temple.
It was to this shrine that Dharma Varman, a prince, from what is now central Kerala, came, in search of a cure for a debilitating ailment. It is said that the dying Dharma Varman bathed in the healing spring waters that then existed in the forests around the temple, and after undergoing many days of ritual penance at this temple, at the feet of Perumal, returned to his kingdom, completely cured. This then, is the true miracle of Thirukachamkurissi a regenerative power, which those who come in faith profess to feel, on submitting to this all-forgiving deity the turbulence of their minds. More often than not, they have returned, renewed and revived, their burning sorrows inexplicably assuaged by some strange balm, cool and comforting as a moonbeam.
Dharma Varman's grandson, Vira Ravi, became the first `utaiyvar' of this region, and it is a popular thought that he named his miniature principality, `Venkatanad' (later `Vengunad') in honour of Mahavishnu Perumal of Thirukachamkurissi. Devotees often approach the Lord of this temple as `Venkatesha'.
Vira Ravi was awarded the sole right to permit the commencement of the ancient ritual, Somayagams. This he did, symbolically, by granting `somalata' (the moon-plant) and `karinjali' (black wood), ingredients essential for the yagam, at the temple of Thirukachamkurissi. Despite the break up of the feudal order, this ritual tradition of granting `somalata' and `karinjali' to signify the start of the yagam, has continued right through the centuries.It was enacted once again, prior to the most recent Somayagam conducted at Thrissur in March this year, giving Thirukachamkurissi temple pan-Kerala prominence, and spiritual significance.
Historically, for many centuries, this temple was under the custodianship of the Vengunad Rajas of Kollengode, along with the orthodox Nambudiri families of Cherampotta Mana and Cherukunnam Mana of Thrissur. During the `golden era' of the temple, its `Utsavams' and `Seevelis' were bright, joyous, and full of pageantry.
The deity of Mahavishnu was taken in procession on some of the most famous elephants of Kerala. But the socio-economic reforms of the 20th Century altered the situation drastically. As a result, this temple, which once overflowed with the bounties of the land, had to depend on adhoc gifts of paddy from occasional devotees, for the daily `naivedhyam'. Its `chuttambalam' decayed and collapsed.
As a result of Ashtamangalya Prashnams conducted by eminent astrologers in 2000, a Jeernodharana Committee, consisting of individuals from the surrounding areas was convened and constituted by the HR & CE Board, under whose administration the temple is now managed.
The restoration and renovation activity has been a slow and difficult process since the collection of funds has been an uphill task. Thirukachamkurissi is a large temple, and the roof of the decayed `Chuttambalam' had to be repaired, using traditional methods. Many parts of the flooring were in a state of complete damage. Room had to be made for a sub-shrine for Siva in the Chuttambalam. The preservation of architectural purity proved to be an expensive process.
The shrine has all the features of the traditional Kerala temple Dwajastambam, Mukhamandapam, Namaskaramandapam, Sreekovil and Chuttambalam.
There is also a `kokarni,' the well for sacred water, and a temple tank. The exquisite frescoes on the ceiling of the Mukhamandapam will be restored by the Government of Kerala's Department of Culture and Tourism, as also the beautiful vegetable-dyed woodcarvings of the Namaskara Mandapam, and the decaying Ramayana murals around the Sreekovil.
It is expected that the work will be executed by, The Mural Painting Research and Training Institute, Thrissur, as a joint project with the Art Conservation wing of INTACH, and the Department of Archaeology, Kerala.
However, the temple is badly in need of funds for the Kumbhabhisekham that will commence on May 25 culminating on June 4 this year, under the direction of Andaladi Mana Sri Narayanan Nambudiripad and Kariyanur Mana Sri Divakaran Nambudiripad. It is also in need of funds for the continuation of its daily pujas.
Those who wish to contribute towards the Kumbhabhishekham and Annadaanams may send in their donations by M.O., cheque or DD to Dr. P. S. Viswanathan, Treasurer, Thirukachamkurissi Jeernodharana Committee, Payyalur, Kollengode - 678 506, Palakkad Dt., Kerala. Enquiries may also be directed to M. Swaminathan, president, Kollengode Social and Cultural Association, Chennai, at 2475 2900.
Send this article to Friends by | <urn:uuid:79436689-6bcc-4b05-8dff-10b04c4a2ddf> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301550800.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900160.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00207-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955001 | 1,617 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The proxy design pattern
In some applications, developers could face the need to provide access control to objects. This could be due to many reasons. Some of them include hiding implementation details, improving interaction with expensive resources, interfacing with remote resources, caching, providing lazy or eager initialization, and so on. The proxy design pattern helps to achieve these.
Its purpose is to provide an interface to something else that then gets served behind the scenes to the user.
The proxy design pattern is another example of a wrapper. It is pretty similar to the decorator design pattern, but feels more basic and limited. The reason for this is that the relationship between the proxy and the wrapped object is established ... | <urn:uuid:693d16e8-0124-4e05-bda1-b26b5ecb892c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/scala-design-patterns/9781785882500/ch07s08.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886706.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704201650-20200704231650-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.939725 | 140 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Elves are ancient, mystical creatures. For the better part of a century a select group of historian has been debating the true origin of elves. The truth is, very little is known about elves. Only recently have we learned the truth about elves. In fact, this is probably one of the first written accounts of true elf characteristics.
Elves are very unique. They are often confused with Hobbits or trolls, but they are very different. Hobbits are stout, scruffy-looking creatures that are typically found in dense woodland areas. Trolls are smelly, broad-chested, lumbering creatures that tend to live underground. Both Hobbits and Trolls are considered solitary, undignified and often lazy beings. Elves, on the other hand, are very social. They live in large groups and are very fond of dancing and singing. They are mostly found in parts of the world with sub-zero climates. Elves love the cold. They are especially fond of snow and all the activities related to it. They are expert skiers, sliders’ and ice sculptures.
You’re probably wondering at this point who I am, and what makes me an elf-expert. Well, to be honest, I’m not. I’ve never actually met an elf. But my friend, Walter, knows all about elves. In fact, he is an honorary elf. He has lived and worked alongside elves for many years. Walter is the person who told me everything I know about elves. I’m just posting the information and to some degree, taking the credit for it.
Fact One: Small Size
In general, elves are considered small, but this term refers mainly to their height, which is typically less than three feet (36 inches). In all other aspects, they are similar to us. Some are fat, some are thin, some are a little taller, or shorter than the others.
Fact two: Energy Level
Elves are extremely energetic. They work (or play) nearly non-stop the entire day. This constant motion is not due to an ambitious will to get things done. Their blood, which is blue, contains ‘liquid energy’ that energizes them continuously. Due to this blood-energy it is nearly impossible for elves to sleep for longer than twenty minutes at a time. Instead of sleeping through the night, they take short power-naps throughout the day.
Fact three: Extreme Cleanliness
Elves are extremely clean. They have an aversion to dirt and wash their hands and face several times a day. It was once thought that elves smell like cinnamon, but that’s not the case. They make their own soap using milk, honey and cinnamon, this soap is the source of the lingering cinnamon scent.
Fact four: Tattered Clothes
Elves make their own clothes. Since they live in large groups with little, to no storage space they seldom own more than one or two sets of clothes at any time. Due their excessive cleanliness they wash their clothes at the end of each day. The amount of use and frequent washes tends to cause their clothes to fray and tear. Elves are adept at mending and maintain fabric. An elf is rarely seen in clothes that has less than four patches and at least one rip.
Fact five: Life Expectancy
Elves live longer than humans, almost twice as long. The average life expectancy of an elf is 190 years old. The oldest living elf is Denona, she is 218 years old.
Fact six: Attention Span
Elves have very short attention spans. They move from one task to another several times a day.
Fact seven: Loyalty
Elves are among the most loyal companions on earth (second only to the dog breed – Golden Retriever). If you are lucky enough to befriend an elf you will, without doubt, have a true friend and confidant for life.
Fact eight: High Voice
Elves have very short, thin vocal cords. Humans have high voices when they are young that deepen with age. Elves, however, have deep voices when they are young. As they grow, the vocal cords stretch causing their voices to get higher. Typically, the larger an elf grows, the higher the voice becomes.
Fact nine: Hair Type
Elves have thick, wire-like head and facial hair. Although, Elves have a wide range of hair colors, the hair itself is very difficult to cut. Elves often weave their hair into long braids and wrap them around their heads to avoid the unpleasant tasks of cutting it.
Fact ten: Ear Size
Elves have extremely large ears that stick straight out from their heads. The size and positioning of their ears tend to amplify sound. Elves often wear large hats to cover their ears and minimize sound levels. | <urn:uuid:9529761a-1bc9-4da0-93d9-a5d4374ecead> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://publishquest2017.com/2017/03/02/ten-facts-about-elves-everyone-should-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824471.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020230225-20171021010225-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.975643 | 989 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Become a living donor
Living donation: information you need to know
Living donor transplants are a viable alternative for patients in need of new organs. Many different types of organs can be supplied by living donors, including:
This is the most frequent type of living organ donation. All living kidney donors experience a decrease in their kidney function, which varies depending on the donor’s age and medical history. Learn how your kidneys work and about kidney disease.
Individuals can donate a segment of the liver, which has the ability to regenerate and regain full function. Learn how your liver works.
Although lung lobes do not regenerate, in rare cases individuals can donate a lobe of one lung. Learn how your lungs work.
Although very rare, it is possible to donate a portion of your intestine. Learn how your intestines work.
In extremely rare circumstances, individuals can donate a portion of the pancreas. Learn how your pancreas works.
A domino transplant makes some heart-lung recipients living heart donors. When a patient receives a heart-lung “bloc” from a deceased donor, his or her healthy heart may be given to an individual waiting for a heart transplant. Extremely rare, this procedure is used when physicians determine that the deceased donor lungs will function best if they are used in conjunction with the deceased donor heart. Learn how your heart works.
A few living donor uterus transplants have been performed as part of clinical trials.
Reference and Publication Information
United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) is committed to providing accurate and reliable information for transplant patients. The content on this page was originally created on February 25, 2005 by UNOS and last modified on April 7, 2009.
This website is intended solely for the purpose of electronically providing the public with general health-related information and convenient access to the data resources. UNOS is not affiliated with any one product nor does UNOS assume responsibility for any error, omissions or other discrepancies.
National Donor Memorial Award for Excellence
UNOS has awarded Jon Lee the 2021 National Donor Memorial Award for Excellence in recognition of his advocacy for living kidney donation.
Learn about who can become a living donor, the risks, and how you can start the process in this brochure. If you are considering living donation, it’s important to know the facts. There are many different types of living donation, and resources to help.
For more information about living donation, speak with your transplant team to see if it is an option for you, and read the brochure, which is an Adobe® Portable Document Format (PDF) file. | <urn:uuid:e085be99-2f50-49b0-9d43-8e6c5bce40c2> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://transplantliving.org/living-donation/being-a-living-donor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057039.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920131052-20210920161052-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.918508 | 540 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Cultural biases in the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III: testing Tamariki in a New Zealand sample.
|Abstract:||The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III) is a test which is currently used in New Zealand both clinically and in research to measure receptive vocabulary skills (Phillips, McNaughton, & MacDonald, 2004; Reese & Read, 2000; Stockman, 2000). This research investigated issues of cultural bias by comparing PPVT-III scores obtained by 46 Maori children from three different age groups (5-11 years) with scores from the standardisation sample. Results revealed that the PPVT-III appeared to be suitable for use with Maori as a receptive vocabulary measure, although a number of suggestions were made as to ways in which the administration and interpretation of PPVT-III test scores could be adjusted when working with Maori in order to minimise the impact of cultural bias. Additional research is required to establish whether changes to potentially culturally biased items may improve the validity of the PPVT-III for use with Maori.|
Vocabulary tests (Evaluation)
Culture conflict (Analysis)
Rucklidge, Julia J.
|Publication:||Name: New Zealand Journal of Psychology Publisher: New Zealand Psychological Society Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Psychology and mental health Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2010 New Zealand Psychological Society ISSN: 0112-109X|
|Issue:||Date: Nov, 2010 Source Volume: 39 Source Issue: 3|
|Topic:||Event Code: 290 Public affairs; 330 Product information|
|Geographic:||Geographic Scope: New Zealand Geographic Code: 8NEWZ New Zealand|
Issues of cultural bias in psychometric assessment have been widely
debated in the research literature, with a range of views arising as to
the ways in which cultural differences might compromise the validity of
psychometric test results (Ogden, 2003; Ogden & McFarlane Nathan,
1997; Shepherd & Leathem, 1999). Despite the continued debate about
the effects of cultural bias, most professionals acknowledge that test
content and administration procedures are invariably culturally bound,
with some tests having a higher cultural loading and potential for bias
than others. Test developers acknowledge the need to consider the impact
of test content, test materials and test conditions on the reliability
and validity of a test in an attempt to minimise the effects of cultural
bias. In an unbiased measure, high or low scores reflect attributes of
the person being assessed and cannot be seen as artefacts arising from
culturally different understandings of the test material (Stockman,
2000). Within a New Zealand context, there is very little research that
has investigated the appropriateness of using psychometric tools with
Maori and more specifically, Maori tamariki.
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) is one psychometric tool that was designed and standardised for use with children in the United States, but is used in New Zealand with Maori children both clinically and in research (Phillips et al., 2004; Reese & Read, 2000). A previous version, the PPVT-R was found to produce different results for White American and African American kindergarten aged children (Rock, 2005). The results showed that African American first grade children tested with the PPVT-R obtained scores which suggested that they had approximately half the vocabulary of White American first grade children. The discrepancy between African American and White American children's scores on the PPVT-R remained close to one standard deviation apart, even after controlling for factors such as socio-economic status (SES), parental education, and low birth weight (Rock, 2005).
The PPVT-III, which according to test developers was standardised on a representative U.S. sample, is purported to be a culturally valid test due to the inclusion of a large representative group of ethnic minority children within the wider norm group (Dunn & Dunn, 1997; Stockman, 2000). In gauging the suitability of the PPVT-III for use with an at-risk sample of African American children, Washington and Craig (1999) found that their scores on the PPVT-III did not significantly differ from the norm group. As a result of this finding, they concluded that the PPVT-III represents a valid and culturally fair test suitable for use with African American children. However, on review of the available literature, it was apparent that limited research has been conducted in order to systematically investigate the use of the PPVT-III with people from diverse cultural backgrounds. Despite this seemingly well-intentioned move to reduce any previously existing cultural bias, some researchers argue that the mere inclusion of an ethnic minority norm group does not render a test unbiased. In order for a test to be considered unbiased, it must also measure culturally appropriate knowledge and utilise methods of testing suitable for people from different cultural backgrounds (Palmer, 2004).
In New Zealand a number of researchers have made use of the PPVT-III as a measure of verbal knowledge and receptive vocabulary development in children (Phillips et al., 2004; Reese & Cox, 1999; Reese & Read, 2000). Although not standardised for use in New Zealand, the PPVT-III was chosen as a research tool because of its widespread usage in similar studies and its position as a well known test of emergent language (Phillips et al., 2004). Reese and Read (2004) measured the reliability of the PPVT-III for use amongst a mixed ethnicity sample of New Zealand children and found that the test-retest reliability of the PPVT-III closely matched that reported by the American norm reference group. This finding led the researchers to conclude that the PPVT-III was a useful instrument for measuring language ability in children from multiple ethnic and economic backgrounds (Reese & Read, 2000).
In another similar study, the PPVT-III was used as a baseline and post-intervention measure of receptive language skills with a sample that included a large proportion of Maori children (Phillips et al., 2004). Again this study assumed that the PPVT-III provided a valid measure of oral vocabulary skills in Maori children, attributing the difference found between pre and post intervention scores on the PPVT-III to the success of the intervention (Phillips et al., 2004). Given the accepted use of the PPVT-III in New Zealand, it seems important to assess whether it is a suitable test to be used with Maori children. Of note, the PPVT-III has now been superseded by a later edition, the PPVT-4, which may have further addressed any issues related to bias. The current paper was produced from research findings obtained during the preparation of a Masters thesis at which time the PPVT-III was the latest available edition.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the appropriateness of using the PPVT-III by administering the test with three age groups of Maori children (5-11 years). The key objectives included: 1) ascertaining the level of comfort and engagement experienced by Maori children when tested with the PPVT-III, 2) identifying which particular PPVT-III test items Maori children found easy or difficult and providing some explanation as to why, and 3) identifying whether Maori children were able to respond correctly to items presented after the final item administered during the standardised delivery on the PPVT-III.
A total of 46 Maori children (24 boys and 22 girls) aged between 5 years 0 months and 10 years 9 months participated in this study. Participants comprised three different age groups, with the youngest group of children aged between 5-6 years 9 months (Mean = 5.98 years, SD = 0.65), the middle group aged between 7-8 years 9 months (Mean = 7.88 years, SD = 0.49), and the oldest group of children aged between 9-10 years 9 months (Mean = 10.11 years, SD = 0.59). Participants lived and attended schools in the Canterbury region. Of the 46 participants who took part in the study, 33 attended mainstream schools (72%), and 13 (28%) attended either Bilingual units within mainstream schools or Kura Kaupapa Maori.
In accordance with Ministry of Health guidelines, suitable participants were those who were identified by their parents/caregivers (using the 2001 census question) as Maori, were aged between 5 and 10 years 9 months, had no uncorrected vision or hearing problems, were described by their parents/caregivers as being competent in the English language, and were meeting key developmental milestones as reported by their parents/caregivers.
Participants were recruited over an eight month period, from 7/03/2006 to 7/11/2006. Given the specific characteristics required of the research sample, two main recruitment strategies were used to identify potential participants for this study. Participants were identified using community networks (through consultation hui and using existing Maori community networks), and snowball recruitment methods where additional participants were identified by current participants.
In order to address the generalisability of the data collected, a quota sampling approach was used, whereby participants were matched to the wider population of Maori children in New Zealand by the strata of gender, school type, and school decile rating (Clay, Ellis, Amodeo, Fassler, & Griffin, 2003). While all strata provided an indication of the similarities between the research sample and the wider population from which the sample was drawn, the school decile rating strata also provided a measure of socio-economic deprivation.
Materials and Apparatus
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--III
Participants were assessed using the third edition of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III) Form IIIA, a psychometric test that was developed and standardised on a representative U.S. sample in 1997. The test was designed to measure receptive vocabulary in the English language, and is commonly used to assess a person's verbal ability, or as part of a wider battery of tests measuring cognitive functioning . A particular strength of the PPVT-III, which utilises pictures and spoken words rather than print, is the wide age-range (2 1/2> to 90+ years) with which it can be applied. In order to complete the test, examinees are asked to choose which one of four pictures best represents a given word that is read to them by the examiner. The PPVT-III is reported to be a reliable and valid measure that shows consistency between forms and administrations of the test, and a strong relationship with associated measures of language. Test-retest reliabilities range from .91 to .94, convergent validity ranges from .80 to .92 when assessing the extent to which PPVT-III scores correlated with other measures of verbal ability, and discriminant validity estimates range from .62 to .85 when comparing PPVT-III scores with measures of different traits.
Kaupapa Maori Research Approach
This study utilised a Kaupapa Maori Research (KMR) approach, which is a methodological framework that has been developed in response to a research history where Maori were researched 'on' rather than 'with'. KMR is not in itself a method, rather it is used to guide the research process in a way that prioritises, values, and protects Maori knowledge and ways of being. KMR dictates critiquing all tools utilised within the study and justifying their ability to validate Maori experiences. It also encourages clear accountability between researcher, participant and community stakeholders. The KMR principles adhered to in this study were in fitting with the approach adopted by the Maori/Indigenous Health Institute (MIHI) in various research projects, and included consultation and input from key Maori stakeholders in the community at each stage of the research process.
This study was reviewed and approved by the Human Ethics Committee at the University of Canterbury. Potential participants identified by community networks and existing participants were provided with an information sheet. The researcher then contacted each potential participant's whanau by phone or face to face to discuss their willingness to take part in the project. At the first meeting, the study information was reviewed and a consent form was signed by willing parents/caregivers. A screening measure was then administered by the researcher to ensure that participants met the inclusion criteria required to take part in the study. Of those participants approached to take part in the research, one child did not meet the inclusion criteria, four were unable to be contacted by the researcher, and one chose not to participate. Due to the wide range of community networks used to distribute information pertaining to the research, it is impossible to establish how many suitable participants chose to passively decline.
Parents/caregivers were then asked to complete a short developmental survey which covered questions about pregnancy, birth and early developmental milestones so as to provide an indicator of possible childhood adversity that might have impacted negatively on developmental outcomes of participants. With the parent/caregiver present, the researcher met with the child, and explained the purpose and process of research participation. Children were provided with an age appropriate information sheet, and after reading/listening to the form, were asked to sign an assent form if they agreed to take part in the research.
Testing was conducted in a quiet place; 41 participants chose to undertake testing in their own homes, while five elected to be tested in a work environment. Most children preferred to carry out testing whilst sitting on the floor with the examiner, often with their parents or a caregiver nearby. Efforts were made to ensure that each child experienced similar test conditions, with emphasis placed on reducing test anxiety while providing a quiet test environment that was largely free from distractions.
Testing was carried out in a standardised manner in accordance with the PPVT-III examiners manual. Following the completion of standardised administration children were given a short break where they were invited to look through the remaining picture items to see if there were any pictures that they were able to recognise. During the break, the examiner took note of all incorrect responses on a blank response sheet, recording the item numbers, and correct picture numbers onto the sheet. The examiner then revisited incorrect items that had been administered, and asked participants to name the word that best described the picture presented to them in an attempt to identify the reasons for participant errors and allow investigation of possible item bias.
The final phase of testing involved asking participants some qualitative questions related to their perceptions of the PPVT-III which was recorded using a dictaphone. At the end of this process, children were thanked and provided with a koha by way of a $10 gift voucher and some stickers.
Administration of PPVT-III with Maori Children
Although a standardised approach to test administration was used as a guide throughout the study, a Maori process was used by the researcher in order to engage Maori children in the research. Prior to testing, time was spent connecting with participants and their whanau through establishing whakapapa and community links, and discussing the process and purpose of the research. The researcher was known to be Maori by all research participants, which in some cases facilitated the use of te reo Maori in response to PPVT-III test items. Of note, after engaging in this process all participants and whanau agreed to take part in the research, and all eligible child participants willingly completed standardised administration of the PPVT-III and other research tasks.
Consultation and Feedback to Key Maori Community Stakeholders
In line with a Kaupapa Maori methodological approach, meetings were arranged with key Maori community contacts and professionals currently working with children in the Canterbury region in order to discuss the ensuing research. The proposed research and methodology was presented to each group for comment as part of the consultation process. Subsequently further meetings were held to present the research findings and interpretations of the data were discussed and feedback was sought.
Results and Analysis
Excel and SPSS version 15 were used to manage and analyze the data. Planned ANOVA comparisons were conducted to compare the standard scores of participants from each of the three age groups, and the standard scores of participants attending different decile schools. T-tests were conducted in order to compare standard scores obtained on the PPVT-III by participants, with the mean score of 100. When comparing the standard scores obtained by children from different school types, participants were sorted into two groups: children attending mainstream classes in mainstream schools were defined as the 'Mainstream' group, and children attending either Kura Kaupapa or Bilingual units within mainstream schools were defined as the 'Maori-medium' group. Post-hoc comparisons were made in cases where significant differences were noted. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated according to Cohen's d where 0.2 indicates a small effect, 0.5 indicates a medium effect and 0.8 is indicative of a large effect size.
Analyses were also conducted to compare the percentage, rate, and number of errors made on individual PPVT-III items. Qualitative data was recorded for each participant on a dictaphone, and later transcribed. Initial analysis involved reading the transcripts, and coding each transcript into general themes.
Information outlining the composition of the sample and sub-samples is included in Table 1. Analysis of the developmental survey and screening measures revealed the diverse backgrounds and experiences of participants and their whanau who completed the research. Responses were obtained from 44 out of 46 participants, with two choosing not to return completed surveys. Participants closely matched the wider population on most developmental measures obtained. Of participants who took part in the research, 36 (78%) provided information regarding their iwi affiliations. A total of 25 iwi groups were represented, with some children identifying with as many as four iwi. Twenty-four participants identified with more than one ethnic group, with some children identifying up to three or four ethnic groups.
Mainstream and Maori-Medium School Sample Characteristics
Twenty-eight percent of the research sample were attending Kura Kaupapa or Bilingual schools at the time of the study. To allow for comparisons between these groups of children, analyses were conducted in order to ensure that mainstream and Maori-medium school participants represented similar groups of children in terms of sample characteristics. While participants were similar in terms of age measures, the distribution of participants by gender and school deciles differed between children of each school type. As research highlights, children attending Maori-medium schools tend to represent a more diverse group than mainstream school children in terms of their level of experience in both te ao Maori and te ao Pakeha. Therefore, any differences observed between children from mainstream and Maori-medium schools should be interpreted with caution as the influence of confounding cultural factors and differing sample characteristics cannot be ruled out.
A t-test was conducted to compare the standard scores obtained by this sample with the standardisation sample mean of 100. Analysis revealed a significant difference between the mean standard score of 96.3 (SD = 12.5) obtained by Maori children and that of the standardisation sample, with Maori children found to score lower on the PPVT-III than the standardisation mean, t(45) = -2.0, p < .05, ES = 0.27 (two-tailed).
Additional analyses revealed that much of the observed differences could be explained by school type. Results showed no significant difference between the mean standard score of participants attending mainstream schools (M = 100.8, SD = 11.1) and the standardisation mean, t(32) = 0.7, p = .76, ES = .06 (two-tailed). However, when comparing the standardisation mean with that obtained by Maori-medium participants (M = 84.8, SD = 7.9), a statistically significant difference was observed, t(12) = -15.1, p < .0001, ES = 1.27 (two-tailed).
Comparison by Age
An ANOVA revealed that there were no significant differences found between the standard scores obtained by children in each of the three age groups sampled, F(2,43) = 1.9, p = .16. The mean standard scores obtained by children in each age group were: 99.6 (SD = 11.2) for the 5-6 year group, 91.5 (SD = 12.8) for the 7-8 year group, and 97.9 (SD = 12.9) for the 9-10 year group.
Comparison by School Decile
An ANOVA comparing the average standard scores of participants from low (1-3), mid (4-7), and high (8-10) decile schools revealed no significant differences between the standard scores of each group, F(2, 43) = 2.0, p = .14.
Error analysis was conducted in order to investigate the suitability of individual PPVT-III test items when used with Maori children by identifying which items resulted in higher than expected error rates, and to further investigate issues of possible cultural bias. Quantitative information was gathered in relation to the percentage, rate, and number of errors made on the PPVT-III by all participants. Qualitative information was also obtained by re-administering incorrect items to participants, and by asking them to describe the picture that depicted the correct response to the stimulus word.
Overall Error Percentage and Rate
Total error percentages were calculated for each participant by subtracting the final item administered from the first item administered, and dividing this figure by the number of errors made on the test to produce a total error percentage. The average total error percentage for participants on the PPVT-III was 35%, and ranged from 22% to 48% errors. Error rates were calculated by considering the number of errors made by participants on a particular PPVT-III item based on the number of participants who actually completed that item. Table 2 outlines which items resulted in the highest number of errors.
Error Percentage and Rate by School Type
Given the differences observed between mainstream and Maori-medium school children on standard score comparisons, additional analyses were conducted in order to compare errors on the PPVT-III. PPVT-III response sheets were reviewed manually so as to identify which particular test items might be contributing to the lower scores obtained on the PPVT-III by participants attending Maori-medium schools. Information was also collected with regards to which of the four pictures available for each item was chosen as the 'correct' response by participants. This provided the basis for identifying patterns of responses to items resulting in the most errors. Qualitative descriptions of target 'correct' pictures were also reviewed. Table 3 presents the results from this analysis. Items resulting in the highest error rate or with the most apparent pattern of errors were considered for participants from both school types. Table 4 provides details of these items, and presents the error rate obtained by mainstream and Maori-medium participants based on the number of children who completed each item.
Participant Responses to Re-administered Correct Stimulus
Qualitative information was obtained by re-administering previously incorrect items, and by asking participants to describe the picture that depicted the correct response to the stimulus word. This information was recorded, and later coded to provide an understanding of the reasons for participant errors. The seven codes developed were: No information given, don't know, NZ term given instead, incorrect response, self correction, concrete response and description of picture given.
Responses to re-administered items were collated for all participants, with information obtained for 1196 previously incorrect responses. Once re-administered items had been coded into each of the seven response codes, totals were collated for each of the response types. This allowed a percentage to be calculated for each response code, by dividing the individual code total with the overall total of 1196 responses.
A similar pattern of responding to re-administered items was observed by children across all of the age groups tested. Based on the frequencies observed, it appeared that the most common type of response was a 'Don't Know' response, with a 'Description of Picture Given' being the second most common.
Qualitative Error Descriptions
In addition to coding participant responses to correct stimuli, qualitative information was collected in an attempt to identify themes among participant descriptions of PPVT-III items. This qualitative information was collated, and is presented in Table 5, along with the item number and target word. Qualitative comments are presented for 42 test items. This analysis and dynamic assessment approach may be useful when administering psychometric tests developed and normed with a non-Maori standardisation sample in order to consider the influence of cultural bias on test scores.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the appropriateness of using the PPVT-III as a measure of oral language by administering the test with three different age groups of Maori children. The results showed that the PPVT-III was largely an appropriate measure to use with Maori children --particularly for children attending mainstream schools. Amongst children attending Maori-medium schools, the results showed that the current form of the PPVT-III may not be appropriate to use when measuring overall language ability, as it provides a measure of English vocabulary development alone without considering levels of te reo Maori. As a measure of English language development alone, the results suggested a number of possible adjustments that could be made when using the PPVT-III with Maori children in order to increase the suitability of the test. Given the diverse language experiences of children attending Maori-medium schools, the PPVT-III may be more appropriate when used as a measure of a child's stage of English language development, rather than an indicator of age equivalence.
While research has suggested that Maori children's reading acquisition and school based test performance may differ according to age (Westerveld & Gillon, 2001), there were no significant differences found across the three age groups on oral language abilities in the current study. Given the relatively small number of children in each age group, and the different characteristics of children in each sample, it is difficult to generalise from these results. In the event that 'true' differences do exist between the oral language skills of Maori children from different age groups, such differences may have been masked by the nature and size of the sample studied and the variable school types across the age groups.
Consideration should also be given to the possible differences between measures of oral language and reading ability. While Maori children may have little difficulty acquiring oral language skills measured by the PPVT-III, reading is a complex task that requires direct instruction and the acquisition of various component skills prior to achieving reading mastery (Phillips et al., 2004). Therefore, although Maori children across developmental age groups may have obtained similar scores on the PPVT-III, differences may still exist between their performances on reading based tests.
The influence of socio-economic factors on the distribution of economic, social, and political resources has been widely researched, with people from lower socio-economic groups found to experience disproportionate rates of deprivation in relation to these resources (Ministry of Health, 1999). However within this study no significant differences between PPVT-III scores were evident when utilising decile ratings as a possible measure of SES. Further research with a larger sample would be required in order to establish whether differences exist.
Comparisons between Maori children who participated in the research, and the standardisation sample showed that, on average, Maori children obtained a score that was below what would be expected from a normally distributed sample. However, further analyses revealed that these differences could be largely attributed to the influence of school type. While mainstream school children achieved an average that was slightly higher than the normative mean, Maori-medium school children obtained an average that was more than one standard deviation lower. What remains unclear; however, are the reasons for the significant differences found between Maori-medium and mainstream school children, with the potential for multiple causal factors to be involved. Causal factors that may have contributed to the discrepancy between standard scores include English language curriculum differences between mainstream and Maori-medium schools, diverse family language backgrounds and experiences, and the influence of socio-economic deprivation. As only 13 Maori-medium school children took part in the study, with none of these children attending high decile schools, possibilities for further comparative analyses were limited.
Kaupapa Maori researchers working in the area of Maori-medium education have made a number of recommendations for practitioners when working with children attending Maori-medium schools. They highlight the need to move from a focus on age based norms to stage based norms when assessing te reo Maori abilities of Maori-medium school students so as to accommodate the more varied experiences and learning needs of students engaged in Maori-medium education. This approach could also be adopted when assessing the stage of English language development of Maori-medium students, by considering children's language backgrounds and levels of exposure to the English language, as well as considering the results of more formal assessment methods. Given the language demands placed on children when attempting all manner of standardised tests, these findings may imply the need for wider consideration of cultural factors when interpreting any psychometric test results for children attending Maori-medium schools.
Administration with Maori Children
An unexpected outcome arising from the qualitative analysis and community consultation hui, was the weight that was placed on the importance of utilising a flexible assessment approach that incorporated Maori processes. It is difficult to estimate the extent to which these results could be replicated if a standard approach to assessment were to be used. However, it is likely that fewer participants would have chosen to take part in the study had a Maori process not been adhered to. A clear strength of the Kaupapa Maori Research approach used throughout this study was the time that was taken when meeting with participants, to establish connections and engage them in the kaupapa of the research. This enabled participants and their whanau to voice any questions or concerns they had at the outset, and to establish a degree of trust.
Given that for some Maori children, the PPVT-III comprised items with which they had little experience, the positioning of this test within a familiar environment assisted with the development of rapport, and facilitated the ease and comfort of participants throughout the assessment process. The use of frequent encouragement by the examiner, as well as correct pronunciation and accurate understanding of Maori words was an additional factor which at times, worked to mediate the impact of participants' lack of familiarity with the test content.
Administration with Maori-Medium Participants
In addition to the administration approach discussed thus far, observations and current literature provide suggestions for ways in which to maximise the performance of bilingual children on standardised assessment measures such as the PPVT-III. Although a number of children reported disliking the error analysis phase of the research, this more dynamic approach to assessment provided valuable information which assisted when interpreting test results. For example, when readministering incorrectly identified items to participants, the reasons for initial errors became clearer. In some cases, particularly with Maori-medium participants, errors were made due to a lack of exposure to more global English words that were depicted by familiar objects (e.g. the word citrus for the picture of an orange), highlighting the bias of some items towards English first language speakers.
Another useful dynamic adjustment to the standardised administration approach was the practice of testing below the first item administered, and beyond the last item administered during the standardised administration period. While for many participants, administering items below the first item administered was unnecessary in terms of scoring the test, this practice enabled participants to increase their sense of efficacy as they became more familiar with testing requirements. Presenting items above the last item administered posed more difficulties; particularly given the large number of incorrect items required before the ceiling point is reached in a set for a participant (eight out of 12 items incorrect). Had all participants completed one or two sets above the last item they had correctly identified, this would have enabled score adjustments to be made in response to problematic items or self-corrections made during re-administration of incorrect items.
As well as utilising more dynamic assessment techniques, Maori-medium students benefited when attention was given to the manner in which PPVT-III words and instructions were delivered. Encouraging and responding to Maori-medium participants' use of te reo helped to facilitate their comfort and engagement with the assessment experience, despite any lack of familiarity with test material. Ensuring participants had an accurate understanding of each word presented was also essential to maximise test validity, with specific techniques employed including word repetition, and clearly modelled word production by facing participants and enunciating the syllables in each word.
Error Analysis and Adjustments to Culturally Biased Items
In considering the suitability of the PPVT-III for use with Maori children, close attention was paid to the difficulty or ease with which individual items were completed. For all participants, regardless of age, gender, or school type, there were a number of words and pictures that proved to be consistently challenging. On closer examination of these items, it was discovered that they tended to characterise concepts or images more frequently encountered in the U.S.A than in New Zealand. According to PPVT-III test developers, individual item analysis and review was conducted as part of the standardisation process, with biased words and pictures being removed and difficult items repositioned to a later point in the test as a result. It is possible that when administering the test with Maori children, some items may have posed difficulties due to the inclusion of culturally biased concepts or images that would not have been apparent when administered with an American sample. With further study, adjustments may be made to improve the familiarity and cultural appropriateness of PPVT-III content for use with Maori children.
Although additional research would be required to investigate the impact of introducing new PPVT-III test items, a number of preliminary adjustments could be made to items that represent culturally biased words and images such as replacing some existing words and pictures from the PPVT-III with equivalent concepts that are more familiar to Maori children. At present, several items depict images of animals that are not commonly seen in New Zealand. For example, item 29 (target word Porcupine) and item 44 (target word Raccoon) could be replaced by pictures and names of animals that are encountered more frequently by Maori children. For instance, while the target word Porcupine could be replaced by a word such as Hedgehog, Raccoon could be replaced by a word such as Possum.
After analysing the qualitative comments offered by participants in response to several incorrectly identified items, a range of alternative New Zealand terms describing the target picture were provided. Item 53 (target word camper) was described as being a Caravan by a number of children, highlighting the need to adjust either the target picture or word. Alternative words that may be more appropriate when presenting the same image to Maori children could include either Caravan or Campervan, with Campervan being the closer representation of the current target picture. Item 63 (target word Luggage) also posed problems for a number of Maori participants, with Baggage providing a closer representation of New Zealand terminology. When describing the target image depicted by item 68 (target word Signal) most tamariki used the term Traffic Lights. Future amendments to the PPVT-III could use the term Lights in place of the word Signal when working with Maori children. Tamariki also provided alternative words for items 82 (target word Camcorder), 84 (target word Wrench), and 93 (target word Pitcher). While the image depicting the target word Camcorder was described by Maori children as a Video camera, Wrench was more commonly associated with the word Spanner, and Pitcher was described as a Jug.
In addition to challenges brought about by the use of unfamiliar terms, some items resulted in high error rates due to their depiction of images not commonly seen in a New Zealand context. For example, item 65 (target word Hydrant) depicted an image of an American steel fire hydrant, while the target picture for item 69 depicted an image of the vegetable squash not often seen in New Zealand grocery stores. When re-administering item 69 (target word Squash) to Maori participants, the image was described as being a Kumara, Zucchini, Avocado, Eggplant, or Pinecone. Future adaptations of the PPVT-III for use with Maori children could trial the use of more familiar alternative terms and images, such as Post-box and Pumpkin, to replace items 65 and 69.
After reviewing the responses provided by Maori-medium participants to PPVT-III items producing high error rates, it became apparent that not all target and decoy pictures were functioning effectively. According to PPVT-III test developers, decoy pictures were intended to act as neutral distracters, with no single decoy designed to be more or less attractive or misleading than others. Items 88 (target word Surprised) and 89 (target word Canoe) may be improved for use with Maori by developing an alternative set of picture plates. Close investigation of participant responses revealed that many children who responded incorrectly to items 88 and 89, had chosen the same decoy images. This suggests that the decoy images did not allow Maori children to discriminate easily between correct and incorrect choices. As well as improving the precision of target and decoy images, future versions of the PPVT-III may also consider updating the picture plates in order to improve their overall relevance and visual appeal.
After reviewing the reasons for participant errors through the re-administration of incorrectly identified items, it appears that most participant errors occurred in response to items that were unknown to them. What is not clear, however, are the reasons that these items were unknown to participants, with further research required in order to gauge whether PPVT-III items are currently ordered in a difficulty hierarchy that matches the experiences of Maori children.
The current paper was produced from results obtained from a Masters thesis, at which time the PPVT-III was the latest available edition. The PPVT-III has now been superseded by the PPVT-4 and the authors acknowledge that this may address some of the issues of cultural bias raised in this research paper.
Detailed analyses of the results revealed the diverse characteristics of the research sample in terms of demographic and developmental backgrounds. High rates of attendance at early childhood services among participants also represented a deviation from what would be expected in the wider population given the lower rates of participation in early childhood education by Maori children overall. Despite these differences, the research sample bore close resemblance to the wider population on all other measures and strata utilised.
Small sample sizes also limited the range of analyses that were possible. In addition to the small number of participants attending Maori-medium schools, there were inadequate numbers of participants overall to allow more comprehensive error analyses to be conducted. For example, Rasch scaling methods employed by PPVT III test developers require at least 100 participants to complete all test items in order to identify points at which an item may be functioning differently in relation to the entire item pool.
While the use of te reo Maori throughout the administration period was always initiated by participants, it is possible that the combination of both English and te reo Maori may have added increased complexity to the cognitive demands involved in the task and may subsequently have impaired test performance. While standardised administration instructions were always presented in English, some participants chose to respond in te reo (e.g. tahi, rua, toru, wha), and for these participants encouragement was often provided in te reo Maori by the test administrator in order to validate and mirror their use of language. Further research investigating the use of te reo Maori in psychometric assessment would be required in order to clarify the impact on test performance.
Given that the focus of this research was to investigate the suitability of using the PPVT-III with Maori children, all of the participants who took part in the study identified as Maori. While it is possible that difficulties may arise when administering the PPVT-III with non-Maori children, further research is required in order to establish what, if any adjustments could be made to the PPVT-III for use with non-Maori New Zealand children.
Although non-parametric sampling methods such as those employed in this study have been criticised in the past for producing research that cannot be generalised, the research sample who took part in this study were found to closely match the wider population of Maori residing in Canterbury and New Zealand on a number of strata. Despite this criticism, researchers have emphasised the utility of such methods when recruiting highly defined and representative minority samples (Clay et al., 2003; Hicks Patrick, Pruchno, & Rose, 1998; Perkins, Devlin, & Hansen, 2004). These findings have implications regarding the appropriateness of using a standard approach to test administration when working with Maori, particularly when using psychometric tests developed outside of New Zealand. Although standardised test administration procedures are provided with the intention of minimising the effects of bias introduced by examiner variation, adherence to procedures that do not prioritise Maori beliefs, values, and experiences may disadvantage Maori. Given that the PPVT-III was thought to be a relatively unbiased test, the continued unadjusted use of psychometric tools with Maori that are based on concepts with a known cultural loading is a questionable practice.
Accurate and unbiased assessment is an essential requirement when identifying difficulties, and providing interventions capable of responding to the needs of Maori. While work continues towards the development of culturally unbiased assessment tools that are based on Maori concepts and experiences, the majority of practitioners and tools currently available to work with Maori clients do not operate from a Maori perspective. Findings revealed that although the PPVT-III was not completely free of bias, it appeared to be largely suitable when used with Maori children. However, due to the diverse language and cultural backgrounds of Maori children, it was discovered that flexible adjustments to the standardised administration approach improved the suitability of the test for many participants.
While Maori children attending mainstream schools produced PPVT-III results which mirrored those of the standardisation sample, children attending Maori-medium schools produced scores that were more indicative of their stage of English language development rather than their overall language ability. In fitting with recommendations made by researchers working in the area of Maori-medium education, the PPVT-III could continue to be used, but in a manner that understands and addresses the needs of Maori-medium students. In doing so, the PPVT-III could be utilised to assist with teaching interventions when introducing English as a subject with Maori-medium students, or to gauge the stage of language development of new students with diverse language backgrounds. This research shows that culture plays an important role in the ways in which people respond to standardised assessment. One cannot assume that a test developed based on concepts and ideals valued by one culture will translate equally to another.
To the key Maori stakeholders, tamariki and their whanau who supported the kaupapa of this research--kia ora. To practitioners who strive to deliver culturally responsive services to indigenous people throughout the world--kia kaha.
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CPPS: Christchurch Psychologists'
PO Box 25 146
Tracy Haitana, Department of Corrections, Christchurch
Suzanne Pitama, University of Otago
Julia J. Rucklidge, University of Canterbury
Table 1. Characteristics of Research Participants 5-6 years 7-9 years 9-10 years Total (N=46) Low decile (1-3) 6 7 7 20 Mid decile (4-7) 8 7 3 18 High decile (8-10) 2 2 4 8 Males 8 8 8 24 Females 8 8 6 22 Mainstream 12 9 12 33 Kura/ Bilingual 4 7 2 13 Population Strata Low decile (1-3) 16.9 (a) Mid decile (4-7) 18.8 High decile (8-10) 10.1 Males 23.1 (b) Females 23.0 Mainstream 32.2 (c) Kura/ Bilingual 13.8 (a) = Quota acquired directly from Ministry of Education July 2006 SAS System figures describing Maori enrolments in the Canterbury Region by School Decile from Years 1-6. (b) = Quota acquired from 2001 census data describing gender distribution of Maori children aged 5-19 years who reside in the Canterbury region (Statistics New Zealand, 2002) (c) = Quota acquired from Ministry of Education figures describing rates of participation in Maori language by primary school students and includes Maori children enrolled in either bilingual or immersion school settings (Te Puni Kokiri, 2000) Table 2. Most Common Errors Made by all Participants on the PPVT- III Item # Word # of Errors Error rate 93 Pitcher 39 91% 84 Wrench 34 79% 99 Bouquet 26 79% 100 Rodent 24 73% 89 Canoe 27 63% Table 3. Error Analysis for Participants Attending Maori-Medium Schools (n = 13) Item # Word Error Rate (%) Response to Items * 1 2 3 4 63 Luggage 9/11 (82%) -- C 4 5 68 Signal 8/11 (73%) C 2 3 3 69 Squash 6/11 (55%) 2 4 -- C 70 Globe 7/11 (64%) 1 C 5 1 75 Vase 6/12 (50%) 2 3 C 1 84 Wrench 11/12 (92%) 6 3 2 C 86 Tambourine 6/11 (55%) 4 1 1 C 87 Palm 7/11 (64%) C 2 -- 5 88 Surprised 7/11 (64%) 2 5 -- C 89 Canoe 7/11 (64%) - 1 C 6 91 Clarinet 6/11 (55%) 2 2 2 C 93 Pitcher 11/11 (100%) 2 -- C 9 94 Reptile 7/11 (64%) 2 C 2 3 95 Polluting 6/11 (55%) 1 3 C 2 96 Vine 7/11 (64%) C 6 1 -- 100 Rodent 6/6 (100%) 1 3 C 2 Item # Examples of Response to Correct Items 63 Bag, Suitcase 68 Traffic Light 69 Kumara 70 Earth, World 75 Pot 84 Tool, Spanner 86 -- 87 Beach, Coconut Tree 88 Hat fell off 89 -- 91 Flute 93 Jug 94 Crocodile 95 Factory 96 -- 100 Rat * = For each word from the PPVT-III there are four picture choices. C relates to the correct picture choice for that particular word Table 4. Analysis of Items with High Error Rates or Patterns Made by Participants who were Presented with the Items Attending Both Mainstream (n=33) and Maori-Medium Schools (n=13) Item # Word Mainstream Group Maori-Medium Group (n=33) (n=13) Error Rate % Error Rate % 63 Luggage 82% 25% 68 Signal 73% 57% 84 Wrench 92% 74% 87 Palm 64% 13% 88 Surprised 64% 44% 89 Canoe 64% 63% 93 Pitcher 100% 85% Table 5. Qualitative Information Provided by Participants when asked to Identify Previously Incorrect Target Items from the PPVT-III Target Word Qualitative Description Provided Cactus Kumara Raccoon Skunk Tearing Ripping, Washing Camper Caravan, Ambulance Dripping Tap Vehicle Car, Van Luggage Bag, Suitcase Hydrant Water tank, For fires/firemen Signal Traffic Lights Squash Kumara, Zucchini, Avocado, Eggplant, Pinecone Globe Earth, World, Planet Nostril Nose Vase Pot, For flowers, Spitoon Horrified Frightened, Surprised, Yelling, Screaming Trunk Tree Selecting Shopping, Food, Lunch orders, Camcorder Camera, Video camera Heart Puku, Tummy, Stomach Wrench Tool, Screwdriver, Spanner Palm Beach, Tree, Coconut Tree Surprised Frightened, Shocked, Scared Canoe Rowboat, Boat, Waka, Kayak Exhausted Tired, Sleeping Pitcher Vase, Jug, Teapot Reptile Crocodile Polluting Chimney, Factory, Smoke Vine Roses, Flowers, Leaves, Garden Dissecting Frog (operating on/cutting) Bouquet Roses, Flowers Rodent Mouse, Rat Valley Farm, Village, Field Demolishing Wrecking, Smashing Hurdling Jumping, High Jump Citrus Lemon, Orange Inflated Balloon Timer Clock, Thermometer Links Chain Garment Dress Fragile Wineglass, Cup Adapter Plug, Electricity Feline Cat Wailing Crying Coast Beach Appliance Iron Hatchet Axe Upholstery Couch, Sofa Exterior Door, Front door Consuming Eating, Pizza Pastry Cake, Pie Colt Calf, Pony, Springbok, Horse, Donkey Ladle Soup Spoon
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ECO 372 Week 5 DQs v2
This work of ECO 372 Week 5 Discussion Questions consists of:
1) Economic forecasts should be dynamic2) The federal government should balance its budget each year.3) The production possibilities curve is seldom a straight line.4) The USA has a larger national debt than any other country.5) Changes in interest rates, inflation, productivity and income all affect foreign exchange rates. 6) We can expect very low rates of inflation in the next 2 years.7) Increasing wealth abroad increases demand for U.S. goods.8) The most recent monetary policy taken by the FOMC was to raise the Fed funds rate to 4%.9) Because the national debt is so high the USA is in danger of going bankrupt. 10) A strong dollar is good for America. | <urn:uuid:4f52b3e8-0924-43fd-a1ce-e12b5c3c20ab> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://studydaddy.com/question/eco-372-week-5-dqs-v2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948608836.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218044514-20171218070514-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.884176 | 168 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Defenestration—it is one of the finest words in the English language and, not coincidentally, one with some of the greatest comedic potential. For anyone unfamiliar with this fabulous word, the dictionary definition of defenestration is the act of throwing someone or something out of a window. It’s most famous historical utilization came in an event known as The (Second) Defenestration of Prague, because there have in fact been multiple historically noteworthy occasions in which somebody was chucked out of a window. This particular defenestration occurred on the cusp of the Thirty Years War, a war that is intriguing not so much for the circumstances it was fought under, but because, unlike The Hundred Years War and The Seven Years War, it actually lasted for the duration it’s name implies. Anyhow, in the interest of sparing you all of the minutiae of 17th century geopolitical relations in Western Europe, let’s just say The Thirty Years War was principally a fight between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire, a place that is has been pointed out, was neither holy, nor roman, nor an empire.1
During the aforementioned defenestration, a group of Protestant officials cornered four Catholic muckety-mucks shortly after a particularly anti-Protestant member of the royal family was named as heir to the throne. The Protestants demanded that the Catholics come clean and tell them if they had recently persuaded the current ruler, King Matthias, to stop construction of Protestant churches on royal land. Somehow, the Protestants deemed that two of the Catholics were kosher, but that the other two were lying sons of bitches who needed to get theirs. So, naturally, they chucked the two papist buggers out the third story window to what would normally have been their death. However, the two men didn’t die, and here’s where the Catholic and Protestant versions of the story deviate. The Catholic side of the story has it that angels from heaven had swooped in and miraculously saved the lives of these two noble, god fearing men. The Protestants say that angels had nothing to do with it and that the two lucky bastards were saved by a propitiously placed pile of horse shit.
Now, I’m not one to disparage those who believe in the miraculous given the event in question truly has no reasonable explanation or is so improbable that its occurrence beggars belief. For instance, I once worked with a guy who had been exposed to toxic levels of radiation when he was in the military due to his proximity to nuclear tests conducted in the Pacific. Apparently, cancers began to manifest themselves all throughout his body and when he went to see an oncologist, he told him that he likely didn’t have more than a year to live. That was in 1985 and, as far as I know, his radioactive ass is still alive today. He should be dead. All of the other men he tried keeping in touch with after he was discharged have died. But he’s not, and, while I’m sure there is probably some scientific explanation lurking behind his defiance of death, I’m also totally cool with the idea that his mere existence is miraculous. Landing in some horse turds after getting flung out of a 3rd story window ain’t a miracle. It may be proof that the forces governing the universe have a sense of humor, but it’s not a miracle.
This discussion of what should and should not constitute the miraculous is especially pertinent right now after a 2 ½ year old Mississippi child was declared to be “functionally cured” of HIV earlier this month.2 The child, whose mother arrived at the hospital in labor without being seen earlier in her pregnancy and unaware that she was HIV positive, was immediately placed on a three drug cocktail of antiretroviral drugs as soon as it was born. The Pediatrics Department at the University of Mississippi Medical Center soon got the infant’s viral load—the amount of active HIV present in her body—down to undetectable levels and continued administering the treatment to her for around 18 months before the mother abruptly stopped bringing the child in for treatment. After 5 more months, the mother brought the child back in for to resume treatment and, instead of finding that the disease has begun to progress and spread through its body during her absence, the doctors found that the toddler’s viral load was still undetectable. Further testing was able to detect trace amounts of viral genetic material in the child’s blood, but none of it was able to replicate or cause any further damage. Unlike adults who are tested after failing to adhere to their treatment with antiretroviral drugs, none of the virus was found in the “reservoirs” of the child’s body, areas where the virus lies dormant and is unable to be destroyed by current HIV medications.
Before long, the disappearance of HIV from this child’s body was being hailed as a miracle by media outlets and HIV specialists alike. No less of an authority than Dr. Carlos Del Rio, co-director of the Emory Center for AIDS Research, referred to this case as being a miracle3, which is a perfectly understandable reaction for someone who has spent his life fighting an epidemic that kills over 230,000 children under the age of 15 each year.4 But, the truth of the matter is that there is very little of the miraculous involved in this young child’s situation. There’s not much miracle in the inexplicable escape of entirely avoidable catastrophe. If a soldier is riding in a convoy through Khandahar that gets hit by an IED and he’s the only one to survive, that doesn’t constitute a miracle. If a heroin junky happens to have a court date on the same day his dealer gets a bad batch of junk and all of his friends OD while he’s standing before the judge, that’s not a miracle.
If Christ had taken those two fish and five loaves of bread and simply given them to 7 of the families sitting amongst the multitudes before him, then that would not have been a miracle. For the 7 families that received the food it would have been a blessing and for the thousands of others it would have meant famine. The reason why it is a miracle is that it fed all 5,000 of the men5 who stood before him when there was no earthly reason to believe such a thing was possible. It would truly be a miracle if the freak genetic happenstance that led to this young child being functionally cured could be applied to the hundreds of thousands of babies for are born with HIV each year. The miracle lies in the possibility of making sure that no HIV positive pregnant woman in the United States or across the world comes to term with a child before first being put on anti-retroviral therapy.
What this child in Mississippi has done is win a lottery that no one would ever want to be entered into in the first place. He or she is now the sole toddler in recorded history to be functionally cured of HIV, but that is a pyrrhic victory which I would wish upon no one and which should never need to happen in the first place. I do not know whether this child is boy or a girl, but I would bet my house that he/she is black and lives in a household whose annual income is around or below the poverty line. That the child’s mother waited until she was in labor to see a doctor and that she disappeared from treatment for months at a time lets me know that she doesn’t have healthcare and that she is often not adherent to her HIV medication. Even if the child is cured, her mother is not. As her CD4 count plummets and her viral load grows, her immune system becomes a ticking time bomb. This miracle child may soon be forced to grow up without a mother and, given the likelihood that Mississippi’s last abortion clinic will be shut down in the near future, she may herself become a mother before reaching adulthood. The sexual education at her high school will be abstinence based and will likely teach her about as much about safe sex as the show Home Improvement taught audiences about carpentry. And, due to cuts from sequestration, over 7,400 other people living with HIV/AIDS will lose access to life saving medications while a further 424,000 HIV tests will be conducted nationwide to prevent the types of diagnostic mishaps that lead to the miracle child’s HIV positive birth.6
Where’s the miracle in all of that?
1Discuss…and yes I did just quote Mike Myers’ Coffee Talk sketch from SNL.
5Apparently it’s women and children first when it comes to lifeboats, but not to miracle dinners.
Categories: HIV News | <urn:uuid:49895f97-cf93-4719-a85a-6618ce398eb7> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://virallysuppressed.com/2013/03/17/an-hiv-positive-child-the-miracle-that-wasnt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823630.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020025810-20171020045810-00722.warc.gz | en | 0.9773 | 1,826 | 2.5625 | 3 |
of this correspondence. Commencing with the lowest types of life, Mr. Spencer, in successive chapters, traces up this relation of correspondence as extending in space and time, as increasing in specialty, in generality, and in complexity. It is also shown that the correspondence progresses from a more homogeneous to a more heterogeneous form, and that it becomes gradually more integrated—the terms here employed, in respect to the Evolution of mind, being the terms subsequently used in treating of Evolution in general. In the fourth part of the work, under the title of "Special Synthesis," the Evolution is traced out under its concrete form from reflex action up through instinct, memory, reason, feelings, and the will. Mr. Spencer here distinctly avowed his belief that "Life, in its multitudinous and infinitely varied embodiments, has arisen out of the lowest and simplest beginnings, by steps as gradual as those which evolve a homogeneous microscopic germ into a complex organism"—dissent being, at the same time, expressed from that version of the doctrine put forth by the author of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation." It was, moreover, shown by subjective analysis how intelligence may be resolved, step by step, from its most complex into its simplest elements; and it was also proved that there is "unity of composition" throughout, and that thus mental structure, contemplated internally, harmonizes with the doctrine of Evolution.
It was at this time (1854), as I have been informed by Mr. Spencer, when he had been at work upon the "Principles of Psychology" not more than two months, that the general conception of Evolution in its causes and extent, as well as its processes, was arrived at. He had somewhat earlier conceived of it as universally a transformation from the homogeneous into the heterogeneous. This kind of change which Von Baer had shown to take place in every individual organism, as it develops, Mr. Spencer had already traced out as taking place in the progress of social arrangements, in the development of the sciences, and now in the Evolution of mind in general from the lower forms to the higher. And the generalization soon extended itself so as to embrace the transformations undergone by all things inanimate as well as animate. This universal extension of the idea led rapidly to the conception of a universal cause necessitating it. In the autumn of 1854, Mr. Spencer proposed to the editor of the Westminster Review to write an article upon the subject under the title of "The Cause of all Progress," which was objected to as being too assuming. The article was, however, at that time agreed upon, with the understanding that it should be written as soon as the "Principles of Psychology" was finished. The agreement was doomed to be defeated, however, so far as the date was concerned, for, along with the completion of the "Psychology," in July, 1855, there came a nervous break-down, which incapacitated Mr. Spencer for labor during a period of eighteen months—the whole work having been written in less than a year. | <urn:uuid:35126564-4688-4c83-85df-b0f8a789646e> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_6.djvu/40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042991076.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002311-00094-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982372 | 627 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie: 1860-1861 (Civil War Classics)
To commemorate the 150th Anniversary of the end of the Civil War, Diversion Books is publishing seminal works of the era: stories told by the men and women who led, who fought, and who lived in an America that had come apart at the seams.
Most know Abner Doubleday as the man who “invented” baseball. But before he dedicated himself to the national pastime, he was a captain of artillery in the Union Army. He fired the first shot to defend Fort Sumter. This highly readable account of his time at war brings keen observation to the brutal conflict, revealing both a grueling account of war and the often thoughtful, contemplative men embroiled in the conflict. Doubleday’s account of a secret evacuation will put readers on the edge of their seats, but it is his reflective tone that invites attention, and multiple readings. | <urn:uuid:1d72eb35-3bbf-49e9-8aca-d0238bbc426d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.diversionbooks.com/books/reminiscences-of-forts-sumter-and-moultrie-1860-1861-civil-war-classics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155792.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918225124-20180919005124-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.958143 | 204 | 2.546875 | 3 |
10th December 2011 21:01
Link to Post #1
Evidence Of Lost Continent Of Mu Found
Evidence Of Lost Continent Of Mu Found? Sunken Islands Could Cause Tectonic Shift In Gondwana Story
In the remote waters of the Indian Ocean, west of Perth, scientists have just discovered two sunken islands, almost the size of Tasmania, which were once part of the supercontinent Gondwana.
"The data collected on the voyage could significantly change our understanding of the way in which India, Australia and Antarctica broke off from Gondwana," said Dr Joanne Whittaker http://www.geosci.usyd.edu.au/people/st_whittaker.shtml, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Sydney's School of Geosciences.
A sonar image of the underwater land masses
Researchers from the University of Sydney, Macquarie University and the University of Tasmania led an international team of scientists on the voyage to map the seafloor of the Perth Abyssal Plain. The expedition returned to Perth last week after a three-week cruise.
Travelling on the CSIRO vessel Southern Surveyor the scientists discovered the islands through detailed seafloor mapping and by dredging rock samples from the steep slopes of the two islands, now in water depths of over 1.5km
"The sunken islands charted during the expedition have flat tops, which indicates they were once at sea level before being gradually submerged," said Dr Whittaker.
Collecting rocks from the abyss more than 1.5km below the surface was not easy, but the geologists managed to retrieve hundreds of kilograms and unexpectedly found rocks that showed the islands had not always been underwater.
The University of Sydney's Dr Simon Williams, the chief scientist on the expedition said: "We expected to see common oceanic rocks such as basalt in the dredge, but were surprised to see continental rocks such as granite, gneiss and sandstone containing fossils."
In the Cretaceous period when dinosaurs roamed the Earth (more than 130 million years ago), India was adjacent to Western Australia. When India began to break away from Australia, the islands formed part of the last link between the two continents.
Eventually these islands, referred to as 'micro-continents' by scientists, were separated from both landmasses and stranded in the Indian Ocean, thousands of kilometres from the Australian and Indian coasts.
Dr Williams commented: "A detailed analysis of the rocks dredged up during the voyage will tell us about their age and how they fit into the Gondwana jigsaw."
Dr Whittaker - who applied for the successful grant that made the expedition possible, but was unable to take part in the voyage due to the recent birth of her baby - said the discovery is a significant development for her field. "Our preliminary analysis of the magnetic data that we collected could cause us to rethink the whole plate tectonic story for the whole of the eastern Indian Ocean," she said.
The expedition took place aboard the Marine National Facility's Research Vessel Southern Surveyor, which is owned and managed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, with its operations funded by the Australian government and overseen by a government-appointed steering committee.
Lost continent of Mu
The discovery brings to my mind the legends of the Lost Continent of Mu, the Motherland of Man.
Mu, as a lost Pacific Ocean continent, was popularized by James Churchward (1851–1936) in a series of books, beginning with Lost Continent of Mu, the Motherland of Man (1926), re-edited later as The Lost Continent Mu (1931). Other popular books in the series are The Children of Mu (1931), and The Sacred Symbols of Mu (1933). (I was fascinated by these books which I read during high school.)
Purported location of the continent of Mu
Churchward claimed that "more than fifty years ago," while he was a soldier in India, he befriended a high-ranking temple priest who showed him a set of ancient "sunburnt" clay tablets, supposedly in a long lost "Naga-Maya language" which only two other people in India could read. Having mastered the language himself, Churchward found out that they originated from "the place where [man] first appeared—Mu." The 1931 edition states that “all matter of science in this work are based on translations of two sets of ancient tablets:” the clay tables he read in India, and a collection 2,500 stone tablets that had been uncovered by William Niven in Mexico.
Churchward claimed that Mu was the common origin of the great civilizations of Egypt, Greece, Central America, India, Burma and others, including Easter Island, and was in particular the source of ancient megalithic architecture. As evidence for his claims, he pointed to symbols from throughout the world, in which he saw common themes of birds, the relation of the Earth and the sky, and especially the Sun. Churchward claims the king of Mu was Ra and he relates this to the Egyptian god of the sun, Ra, and the Rapanui word for Sun, ra’a, which he incorrectly spells "raa." He claimed to have found symbols of the Sun in “Egypt, Babylonia, Peru and all ancient lands and countries – it was a universal symbol.?
Churchward attributed all megalithic art in Polynesia to the people of Mu. He claimed that symbols of the sun are found “depicted on stones of Polynesian ruins,” such as the stone hats (pukao) on top of the giant moai statues of Easter Island
Citing W.J. Johnson, Churchward describes the cylindrical hats as “spheres” that "seem to show red in the distance”, and asserts that they “represent the Sun as Ra.” He also incorrectly claimed that some of them are made of "red sandstone" which does not occur in the island. The platforms on which the statues rest (ahu) are described by Churchward as being “platform-like accumulations of cut and dressed stone,” which were supposedly left in their current positions “awaiting shipment to some other part of the continent for the building of temples and palaces.
He also cites the pillars “erected by the Māori of New Zealand” as an example of this lost civilization’s handiwork. In Churchward's view, the present-day Polynesians are not descendants of the dominant members of the lost civilization of Mu, responsible for these great works, but survivors of the cataclysm that adopted “the first cannibalism and savagery” in the world.
James Bramwell and William Scott-Elliott claimed that the cataclysmic events on Mu began 800,000 years ago and went on until the last catastrophe, which occurred precisely in 9564 BCE.
In 1930s, Atatürk, founder of the Turkish Republic, was interested in Churchward's work and considered Mu as a possible location of the Turkish original homeland.
Professor Emeritus from the Faculty of Science of the University of the Ryukyus, Masaaki Kimura has suggested that certain underwater features located off the coast of Yonaguni Island, Japan (popularly known as the Yonaguni Monument) are ruins of Mu
The Yonaguni Monument is a massive underwater rock formation off the coast of Yonaguni, the southernmost of the Ryukyu Islands, in Japan. There is a debate about whether the site is completely natural, is a natural site that has been modified, or is a manmade artifact.
The Turtle, part of the Yonaguni Monument
10th December 2011 21:15
Link to Post #2 | <urn:uuid:f0908df2-d784-46d2-97f5-3f01358a77f3> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.projectavalon.net/forum4/showthread.php?36571-Evidence-Of-Lost-Continent-Of-Mu-Found | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00205-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962183 | 1,622 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Chitosan is a deacetylated form of naturally occurring polymer; chitin. On an industrial scale, the deacetylation of chitin to chitosan is performed using harsh chemicals like sodium hydroxide. This not only adds to the environmental pollution but the product is also random in terms of its deacetylation. This shortcoming can be addressed by using enzymes like chitin deacetylase (CDA). The screening of these organisms would require a reliable, fast and sensitive screening method. The deacetylation of chitin into chitosan, releases acetate as the byproduct of the reaction. A receptor which specifically binds to the acetate ion was synthesized chemically. The receptor upon binding with the acetate ion emitted a fluorescence which could be viewed using the gel documentation unit. The receptor was optimized for the screening of CDA producing microbes with the positive fungal control as Penicillium sp. and bacterial control as Bacillus megaterium. A parallel study with the 4-Nitroacetanilide, the reported screening indicator for CDA was performed. The results obtained with the receptor in the present study were concordant with the 4-Nitroacetanilide. Upon standardization, the protocol was extended for the screening of CDA producing microbes from the marine crustacean dumped soil and water samples. The CDA activity of these microbes was further confirmed using spectrophotometric MBTH assay. This is the first report using this receptor for the screening of CDA producers. The method is not only sensitive but also reproducible and can be extended for a high throughput screening of CDA producers.
|Number of pages||5|
|Journal||International Journal of Biological Macromolecules|
|Publication status||Published - 15-06-2019|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Structural Biology
- Molecular Biology | <urn:uuid:9c0b822d-c012-4306-949d-1dfba2ef1994> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://manipal.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/screening-of-chitin-deacetylase-producing-microbes-from-marine-so | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390755.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526081547-20200526111547-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.925285 | 399 | 2.78125 | 3 |
|Highest governing body||Professional Disc Golf Association|
|Registered players||84492, 25127 current|
|Team members||Single competitors, doubles|
|Mixed gender||Yes, but usually in separate leagues/divisions|
Disc golf (also called frisbee golf) is a flying disc sport in which players throw a disc at a target, and is played using rules similar to golf. It is often played on a course of 9 or 18 holes, but other formats are common. Players complete a hole by throwing a disc from a tee area toward a target, throwing again from the landing position of the disc until the target is reached. Players seek to complete a course in the lowest number of total throws.
Disc golf was first invented in the early 1900s. The first game was held in Bladworth, Saskatchewan, Canada in 1926. Ronald Gibson and a group of his Bladworth Elementary School buddies played a game of throwing tin lids into 4 foot wide circles drawn into sandy patches on their school grounds. They called the game Tin Lid Golf and played on a fairly regular basis. However, after they grew older and went their separate ways, the game came to an end. It was not until the 1970s that disc golf would be reintroduced to Canadians at the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships in Toronto.
Modern disc golf started in the early 1960s, but there is debate over who came up with the idea first. The consensus is that multiple groups of people played independently throughout the 1960s. Students at Rice University in Houston, Texas, for example, held tournaments with trees as targets as early as 1964, and in the early 1960s, players in Pendleton King Park in Augusta, Georgia would toss Frisbees into 50-gallon barrel trash cans designated as targets. In 1968 Frisbee Golf was also played in Alameda Park in Santa Barbara, Ca. by teenagers in the Anacapa and Sola street areas. Gazebos, water fountains, lamp posts, and trees were all part of the course. This took place for several years and an Alameda Park collectors edition disc still exists, though rare, as few were made. Clifford Towne from this group went on to hold a National Time Aloft record.
Two early coordinators of the sport are George Sappenfield and Kevin Donnelly, who, through similar backgrounds and the help of Wham-O, were able to individually spread the sport in their California cities. Donnelly began playing a form of Frisbee golf in 1959 called Street Frisbee Golf. In 1961, while a recreation leader and then recreation supervisor for the City of Newport Beach, California, he formulated and then began organizing Frisbee golf tournaments at nine of the city's playgrounds he supervised. This culminated in 1965 with a fully documented, Wham-O sponsored, citywide Frisbee golf tournament. This highly publicized tournament included hula hoops as holes, with published rules, hole lengths, pars, and prizes; an event in which Walter Frederick Morrison, the Frisbee inventor, was in attendance. In 1965, Sappenfield was a recreation counselor during a summer break from college during which, he set up an object course for his children to play on. When he finished college in 1968, Sappenfield became the Parks and Recreation supervisor for Conejo Recreation and Park District in Thousand Oaks, California. Sappenfield planned a disc golf tournament as part of a recreation project and contacted Wham-O Manufacturing to ask them for help with the event. Wham-O supplied Frisbees for throwing, and hula hoops for use as targets. However, it would not be until the early 1970s that courses began to crop up in various places in the Midwest and the East Coast.
"Steady Ed" Headrick and Dave Dunipace are two inventors and players who greatly impacted how disc golf is played. Headrick introduced the first formal disc golf target with chains and a basket, and Dave Dunipace invented the modern golf disc in 1983, with the revolutionary change of adding a beveled rim, giving the disc a greater distance and accuracy. Dave was one of the founders of Innova, a well-known disc manufacturer. In 1976, Headrick formed the DGA, then later the PDGA and the RDGA. Ted Smethers took over the PDGA in 1982 to be run independently and to officiate the standard rules of play for the sport.
"Steady Ed" Headrick began thinking about the sport during his time at Wham-O Toys where he designed and patented the modern day Frisbee. Headrick designed and installed the first standardized target course in what was then known as Oak Grove Park in La Cañada Flintridge, California. (Today the park is known as Hahamongna Watershed Park). Ed worked for the San Gabriel, California-based Wham-O Corporation and is credited for pioneering the modern era of disc sports. Ed Founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Flying Disc Freestyle, and Guts.
Headrick coined and trademarked the term "Disc Golf" when formalizing the sport and patented the Disc Pole Hole, the first disc golf target to incorporate chains and a basket on a pole. He started designing the target because he was tired of arguing over what counted as a scoring disc with his friends. He founded the Professional Disc Golf Association (PDGA) and Recreational Disc Golf Association (RDGA) for competitive and family-oriented play, respectively, and worked on standardizing the rules and the equipment for the growing sport. Headrick abandoned his trademark on the term "Disc Golf," and turned over control and administration of the PDGA to the growing body of disc golf players in order to focus on his passion for building and inventing equipment for the sport.
Disc golf courses usually have nine or 18 holes, and exceptions most often have holes in multiples of three. Holes are designed to require a range of different throws to challenge players with different strengths or particular skills. According to the DGA, an average course hole should range around 200-240 feet (61-73 m) per hole. Course designers use trees, bushes, elevation changes, water hazards, and distance variation, along with out-of-bounds zones and mandatory flight paths, to make each hole challenging and unique. Many courses include multiple tee positions or multiple target positions to cater to players of different ability levels.
Disc golf courses are usually built in more natural and less manicured environments than golf and require much less maintenance. Professional course designers consider safety a critical factor in course design, and are careful to minimize the danger of being hit by a flying disc. Many courses are central organizing points for local disc golf clubs, and some include shops selling disc golf equipment. More than 80% of the courses listed on dgcoursereview.com are listed as public and free to play.
A disc golf tee position is usually a pad of concrete, asphalt, rubber, gravel, or artificial turf. The PDGA recommends that they be no smaller than 1.2 meters wide by 3 meters long. Many courses have only the front of the tee position marked with a board of timber in the ground. Some courses have no tees at all.
Established courses have tee signs near each tee position, showing a simple map of the hole, distance to the hole, par, out-of-bounds areas, mandatory paths, and a unique name for the hole. They are often supplemented with a larger sign near the course entrance which has a course map and other information.
Although early courses were played using trees, fence posts, or park equipment as the target, modern courses typically use tone targets or standard disc golf baskets. Tone targets are designed to make a distinctive sound when hit with a disc. Baskets are now much more common, which are constructed with a central pole holding a basket under an assembly of hanging chains. A disc which hits the chains is often, but not always, deflected into the basket. Discs must land inside the basket or on the chains to count the hole as completed. There are many different styles of baskets. Discatcher, DGA Mach 2, Mach 5, Dynamic discs mini recruit basket.
The sport of disc golf is set up similar to a game of golf. A "round" is played on a disc golf course consisting of a number of "holes", usually 9 or 18. Each hole includes a tee position for starting play and a disc golf target some distance away, often with obstacles such as trees, hills or bodies of water in between. Players begin by throwing a disc from the tee, and navigate the hole by picking up the disc where it lands and throwing again until they reach the target. The object of the game is to get through the course with the lowest number of total throws. Play is usually in groups of five or fewer, with each player taking turn at the tee box, then progressing with the player furthest from the hole throwing first, while the other players stand aside.
Each course is unique, so each course requires a different combination of throws to complete, with the best players aiming to shape the flight of the disc to account for distance, terrain, obstacles and weather. In order to facilitate making different shots, players carry a variety of discs with different flight characteristics, choosing an appropriate disc for each throw. Some players also carry a mini marker disc, used to accurately mark the throwing position before each throw. Use of mini marker discs is particularly prevalent in formal competitive play.
Many courses include out-of-bounds areas, commonly called "OB zones" or just "OB". If the disc lands in these areas, the player is usually required to add a penalty throw onto his or her score and continue play from near where the disc entered the out-of-bounds zone. Some courses include out-of-bounds areas with special rules requiring the player the resume play from a specified area called a drop zone, or requiring the player to restart the hole from the tee. Some courses also include Mandatories (also called "Mandos") which require the path of the disc to be above, below or to one side of a specific line indicated by a sign.
By tradition, players throw from the tee box in the order of their score on the previous hole, with the lowest scorer throwing first. Most players also follow a loose code of courtesy while playing, which includes norms such as standing out of the sight line of the throwing player and avoiding making distracting noises. Because a thrown disc could injure someone, the Professional Disc Golf Association recommends that players "Never throw into a blind area or when spectators, pedestrians or facility users are within range."
The golf discs used today are much smaller and heavier than traditional flying discs, typically 8-9 inches (20-23 cm) in diameter and weighing between 120 and 180 grams. The PDGA prohibits discs heavier than 200 grams. Discs used for disc golf are designed and shaped for control, speed, and accuracy, while general-purpose flying discs, such as those used for playing guts or ultimate, have a more traditional shape, similar to a catch disc. There is a wide variety of discs used in disc golf and they are generally divided into three categories: putters, all-purpose mid-range discs, and drivers.
Putters are similar to the discs used in simple games of catch, such as the Wham-o brand Frisbee. They are designed to fly straight, predictably, and very slowly compared to mid-range discs and drivers. They are typically used for tight, controlled shots that are close to the basket, although some players use them for short drives where trees or other obstacles come into play. Usually a pro carries 1-7 putters depending on their flight characteristics.
Mid-range discs have slightly sharper edges that enable them to cut through the air better. These discs are usually faster, more stable, and have a longer range than a putter. Some players will use mid-ranges as drivers, and there are tournaments that require players to use only mid-range discs. They are good all-around discs and are suitable for a first time player.
Drivers are usually recognized by their sharp, beveled edge and have most of their mass concentrated on the outer rim of the disc rather than distributed equally throughout. They are designed to travel farther distances at greater speeds and are mostly used for tee-off and other long distance throws. Drivers are often divided into different categories. For example, Innova Discs divides their discs into Distance Drivers and Fairway Drivers, with a fairway driver being somewhere between a distance driver and a mid-range disc. Discraft divides their drivers into 3 categories: Long Drivers, Extra Long Drivers, and Maximum Distance Drivers. Because the physics of a disc require "snap" or "flick", which means putting spin on the disc, new players generally find that throwing a distance driver accurately can be somewhat difficult and will require experience with golf disc response. This is why it is better for players to begin with fairway drivers, long drivers, or even mid-ranges, and incorporate maximum distance drivers as their strength and disc control increases. Most players that are starting off will be most likely throwing lighter discs. Another type of driver, used less frequently, is a roller. As the name indicates, it has an edge designed to roll rather than fly.
Stability is the measurement of a disc's tendency to bank laterally during its flight. A disc that is over-stable will tend to track left (for a right handed, backhand throw), whereas a disc that is under-stable will tend to track right (also for a right handed, backhand throw). The stability rating of the discs differs depending on the manufacturer of the disc. Innova Discs rate stability as "turn" and "fade". "Turn" references how the disc will fly at high speed during the beginning and middle of its flight, and is rated on a scale of +1 to -5, where +1 is the most overstable and -5 is the most understable. "Fade" references how the disc will fly at lower speeds towards the end of its flight, and is rated on a scale of 0 to 5, where 0 has the least fade, and 5 has the most fade. For example, a disc with a turn of -5 and fade of +1 will fly to the right for (right handed, backhand throw) the majority of its flight then curl back minimally left at the end. A disc with a turn of -1 and a fade of +3 will turn slightly right during the middle of its flight and turn hard left as it slows down. These ratings can be found on the discs themselves or from the manufacturer's web site. Discraft prints the stability rating on all discs and also provides this information on their web site. The stability ranges from 3 to -2 for Discraft discs; however Discraft's ratings are more of a combination of turn and fade with the predominance being fade.
Spin (rotation) has little influence on lift and drag forces but impacts a disc's stability during flight. Imagine a spinning top. A gentle nudge will knock it off its axis of rotation for a second, but it will not topple over because spin adds gyroscopic stability. In the same way, a flying disc resists rolling (flipping over) because spin adds gyroscopic stability. A flying disc will maintain its spin rate even as it loses velocity. Toward the end of a disc's flight, when the spin and velocity lines cross, a flying disc will predictably begin to fade. The degree to which a disc will fade depends on its pitch angle and design.
There are a variety of different discs, each with a specific plastic made with them. Plastics such as DX, J-Pro, Pro-D, X-Line and R-Pro from Innova discs and Discraft are some of the less durable plastics, but good for beginners due to their lower prices, compared to the higher end plastics. Plastics such as Champion, Titanium, FLX, GStar, and Star plastics, which are the best offered from the same companies, offering the best quality, durability and flight compared to the other types available.
While there are many different grips and styles to throwing the disc, there are two basic throwing techniques: backhand and forehand (or sidearm). These techniques vary in effectiveness under different circumstances. Their understanding and mastery can greatly improve a player's game, and offer diverse options in maneuvering the disc to the basket with greater efficacy. Many players use what is referred to as a run-up during their drive. This is practiced to build more forward disc momentum and distance. Throwing styles vary from player to player, and there is no standard throwing style.
All discs when thrown will naturally fall to a certain direction, this direction is termed Hyzer, the natural fall of the disc, or Anhyzer, making the disc fall against its natural flight pattern. For a right-handed backhand throw (RHBH), the disc will naturally fall to the left. For a right-handed forehand throw (RHFH), the disc will naturally fall to the right. For a left-handed, backhand throw (LHBH), the disc will naturally fall to the right. For a left-handed, forehand throw (LHFH), the disc will naturally fall to the left.
To perform this throw, the disc is rapidly drawn from across the front of the body, and released towards a forward aimpoint. Due to the potential snap available with this technique, one can expect greater distance and accuracy than with a forehand throw. It is important to initiate momentum from the feet and allow it to travel up the body, hips and shoulders, culminating in the transfer of energy to the disc.
The forehand (sidearm) throw is performed by drawing the disc from behind and partially across the front of the body: similar to a sidearm throw in baseball. The term sidearm actually predates the term forehand, which is seemingly in use today as a simpler means to communicate the technique, equating to a tennis forehand.
The following examples of throws may be used to better deliver a disc where the former common two throws would be impeded by obstacles such as bushes, trees, boulders, or artificial structures.
Common alternative styles
Other alternative styles
Stroke Play is the most common scoring method used in the sport but there are many other forms. These include match play, skins, speed golf and captain's choice, which in disc golf is referred to as "doubles" (not to be confused with partner or team play).
Regardless of which form of play the participants choose, the main objectives of disc golf are conceptually the same as traditional golf in the sense that players follow the same scorekeeping technique.
Doubles play is a unique style of play that many local courses offer on a weekly basis. In this format, teams of two golfers are determined. Sometimes this is done by random draw, and other times it is a pro-am format. On the course, it is a "best-disc" scramble, meaning both players throw their tee shot; and then decide which lie they would like to play. Both players then play from the same lie, again choosing which lie is preferable. The World Amateur Doubles Format includes best shot, alternate shot, best score (players play singles and take the best result from the hole) and worst shot (both players must sink the putt).
Tournaments are held nationwide and year long in the United States. Sanctioned Tournament play is communicated through the Professional Disc Golf Association Membership. The PDGA provides international, professional, and amateur disc golf tournaments as well as communicates event results, opinions and other information beneficial to the sport via electronic and printed media. In 1982 the PDGA hosted the first World Championship Tournament. Since then the World Championships have been held in 17 different American states, as well as Toronto, ON
To prove the year-round sustainability of the sport, annual winter tournaments known as Ice Bowls are held at courses around the world. Using the motto "No Wimps, No Whiners", Ice Bowls collectively are designed to create sport awareness, and are considered charity events that typically benefit a food bank local to a given tournament location. The official Web site reports that the 2010 Ice Bowls raised over $250,000 and donated over 67,000 pounds of food in the 222 tournaments for the year.
Disc golf is a rapidly growing sport worldwide, and is the 4th fastest growing sport in United States, behind MMA, Roller Derby, and Parkour. DGCourseReview.com, which tracks courses worldwide along with opening dates, shows a rapid increase in installed permanent courses with an average of more than 400 new courses added each year between 2007 and 2017. The site lists 6800 courses worldwide (in May 2017).
Although most players play on a casual, amateur level, the professional disc golf scene is also growing rapidly, with the top professionals playing full-time and earning their livings through tournament winnings and sponsorship from equipment manufacturers. Online viewership of major tournaments and events has increased rapidly, with coverage of several tournaments in 2016 achieving more than 75,000 views on YouTube. and a clip focused on a single throw by professional Philo Braithwaite achieving more than 1.1 million views.
While there are more male than female players, the Women's Disc Golf Association exists to encourage female players and arrange women's tournaments. A PDGA survey states that out of its 35,662 active members in 2016, 7.6% are female, or about 2,728. In PDGA competition, women have the option to play in some but not all divisions.
Several companies have started programs and websites to help attract women to the sport. The PDGA Women's Committee is "Dedicated to Attract, Encourage, and Retain Female Participation in Organized Disc Golf Events". The PDGA Women's Committee set historical records on 12 May 2012 by running the Inaugural Women's Global Event that attracted 636 female players in 24 states and 4 countries. The Women's Global Event was expected to take place every two years from 2014, with hopes of increasing the number of participants.
There are also Disc golf companies such as Disc-Diva, that have started up with a primary, though not exclusive, focus on women in the sport, promoting accessories geared towards women and using catch phrases like "you wish you threw like a girl". Sassy Pants is another group that focuses on getting more involvement from women in the sport, advocating for sponsorship of women to enter tournaments.
Women's disc golf teams are involved in the National Collegiate Disc Golf Championship, and the Mississippi State Women's Team were the inaugural champions. | <urn:uuid:3f6c2b76-e245-4408-b694-ce8a3920b034> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.like2do.com/learn?s=Disc_golf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824894.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021190701-20171021210701-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.962582 | 4,719 | 2.734375 | 3 |
29 Jun Pinhole Camera to Venus
On June 5, Venus passed between the Earth the sun causing a rare celestial event. This event caught some of us at Key Tech by surprise, and at the same time we felt the need to see this event that will not happen again until 2125. As such, we spent part of our afternoon trying to devise ways to stare at the sun without hurting our eyes, and the best option we found was to build ourselves a pinhole camera.
The basic theory behind a pinhole camera is well document (See Wikipedia here). With a very small hole, you can let in a very small amount of light, thus offsetting aiming the camera directly at the sun. But for the images you capture to be clear, the hole must be very, very small. For Key Tech, this is a perfect engineering challenge. What do we have lying around that can make an extremely small hole that is still round? Soon a competition was in order, who could find the best solution to this challenge.
The simple answer is to find the smallest drill bit possible, which around our office is 18mils. But this hole proved too large for clear images. A better option was to use copper tape which is fully opaque, and poke a very small hole through the center. Keith and Frank got into a bit of a competition finding the smallest objects to poke holes, and in the end they both did a good job at creating holes in the range of 5-7mils. The picture below shows the very small holes on the camera lens covers.
We put our pinhole camera to the test, and found that it worked better than expected. Images came out a bit blurry, but the concept was definition working. The image below shows Keith Frank and I with our makeshift camera. Unfortunately, when we aimed it at the sun we found that without magnification it was impossible to see the small black dot that was Venus in the middle of a bright sun. But the pinhole camera was a success none the less.
As for the transit of Venus, as it turns out the local Maryland Science Center was giving out special viewing glasses that allowed direct viewing of the event. Those, combined with a zoom lens on one of our cameras produced the images below, which captures the transit pretty well. In the end we ended up with two successful projects, both capturing the transit on camera, and also overcoming the challenges of building a pinhole camera with nothing but the basic tools we had lying around. Check out the images below to see our success on both accounts! | <urn:uuid:1a45dcd2-19eb-4075-a52c-aad891c93469> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.keytechinc.com/2012/06/pinhole-camera-to-venus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607963.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525025250-20170525045250-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.96637 | 518 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Two subspecies usually are recognized. , P. n. nacunda and P. n. minor. P. n. minor is described as smaller, shorter-winged and paler than the nominate race, with much smaller black markings on the crown and scapulars.
Podager nacunda minor: Occurs in northern Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and northern Brazil in Roraima and northern Pará (Peters 1940, Cleere 1998). Possibly is migratory, as suggested by sightings of flocks during September-late November and July-late October (Cleere 1998); but if so, then the destinations of these migrations are not known.
Compared to nominate nacunda, is smaller (see Measurements). Also "shorter-winged and paler than the nominate [subspecies], with much smaller black markings on the crown and scapulars" (Cleere 1998).
Podager nacunda nacunda: Occurs from eastern Peru and Brazil south of the Amazon, east to Piauí and Bahia, and south to eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (south to Córdoba and Buenos Aires); casual visitor south to Patagonia (Peters 1940, Cleere 1998). See Detailed Description. | <urn:uuid:d7af780a-91c8-4555-b76e-4bdeb0d1fc9d> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/nacnig1/systematics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479885.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216045013-20190216071013-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.899973 | 278 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Hubble's Advanced Camera unveils a panoramic new view of the Universe
Jubilant astronomers today unveiled humankind's most spectacular views of the Universe as captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope's new Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). They also reported that Hubble is operating superbly since the March servicing mission and are looking forward to more pictures from the newly revived NICMOS camera.
"The ACS is opening a wide new window onto the Universe. These are among the best images of the distant Universe humans have ever seen," says Johns Hopkins University astronomer Holland Ford, the lead scientist in the ACS' seven-year development. "The ACS will let us obtain the deepest image of the Universe for the foreseeable future," added astronomer Garth Illingworth, the deputy leader for the ACS.
The camera's tenfold increase in efficiency will open up much anticipated new 'discovery space' for Hubble. "ACS will allow us to push back the frontier of the early Universe. We will be able to enter the 'twilight zone' period when galaxies were just beginning to form out of the blackness following the cooling of the Universe from the Big Bang," says Ford.
Among the suite of four 'suitable for framing' ACS science demonstration pictures released today is a stunning view of a colliding galaxy, dubbed the 'Tadpole', located 420 million light-years away. Unlike textbook images of stately galaxies, the 'Tadpole' with a long tidal tail of stars, looks like a runaway pinwheel firework. It captures the essence of our dynamic, restless and violent Universe.
But what came as an unexpected bonus is the enormous number of galaxies behind the Tadpole galaxy, - as many as 6000, twice the number in the legendary Hubble Deep Field (HDF) in 1995. Amazingly, the ACS picture was taken in one-twelfth the time it took for the original HDF, and in blue light it shows even fainter objects than the HDF. Like the HDF, the galaxies stretch back to nearly the beginning of time and contain myriad shapes that are snapshots of galaxies throughout the Universe's 13 billion-year evolution.
The ACS images are so sharp astronomers can identify 'building blocks' of galaxies, colliding galaxies, an exquisite 'Whitman's Sampler' of galaxies, and extremely distant galaxies in the field. The ACS image of the Tadpole illustrates the dramatic gains over the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 that were expected from doubling the area and resolution, and five times improvement in sensitivity.
The other pictures include a stunning collision between two spiral galaxies – dubbed 'the Mice' – that presage what may happen to our own Milky Way several billion years in the future when it collides with the neighbouring galaxy in the constellation Andromeda. Computer simulations made by J. Barnes and J. Hibbard show that we are seeing the collision of the Mice approximately 160 million years after their closest encounter. Running the simulations forward in time shows that the two galaxies will eventually merge, forming an elliptical-like galaxy. A similar fate may await the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy.
Looking closer to home, ACS imaged the Cone Nebula, a craggy-looking mountaintop of cold gas and dust that is a cousin to Hubble's iconic 'pillars of creation' in the Eagle Nebula, photographed in 1995.
Peering into a celestial maternity ward called the Swan Nebula (M17), the ACS revealed a watercolour fantasy-world tapestry of vivid colours and glowing ridges of gas. Embedded in this crucible of star creation are embryonic planetary systems.
Mounted aboard the world's premier optical-ultraviolet telescope, the ACS is a camera of superlatives. It is expected to go beyond the sensitivity of the largest ground-based telescope to eventually see the very faintest objects ever. Its camera delivers a panoramic crispness comparable to that of a wide-screen IMAX movie, a staggering 16 million picture elements (megapixels) per snapshot (typical consumer cameras are 2 to 4 megapixels).
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.
Lars Lindberg Christensen
Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre, Garching, Germany
Phone: +49-89-3200-6306 (089 in Germany)
Cellular (24 hr): +49-173-38-72-621 (0173 in Germany) | <urn:uuid:5984d7ff-e782-4a34-b4e5-13ef50a13005> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Space_sensations/Hubble_s_Advanced_Camera_unveils_a_panoramic_new_view_of_the_Universe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699186520/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101306-00019-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906413 | 914 | 2.53125 | 3 |
P37? 53 P5? 20 Islamic Finance: An Alternative to the Conventional Financial System? ? Md. Shafi Alam* Abstract The purpose of this research is to analyze the problems within the Conventional Financial System and to determine the primary causes of the ongoing financial crisis, which originated from the sub-prime mortgage crisis of the United States. It also highlights that one of the major causes of these crises was the lack of adequate market discipline within the financial system. This led to excessive lending, high leverage and ultimately the crisis.
Risk-sharing, along with the availability of credit for primarily the purchase of real goods and services, and restrictions on the sale of debt, short sales, excessive uncertainty (gharar), and gambling, which Islamic finance stands for, can help inject greater discipline into the system and, thereby, substantially reduce financial instability. Islamic finance has observed unprecedented growth in the last five years, but it also offers many challenges and opportunities. The fundamental issue of faith and many other reasons restrict Islamic finance from being fully implemented in non-Muslim countries.
But the consistent oil-money supply from the Gulf region makes Islamic finance attractive even to non-Muslim countries. Keywords: Islamic Finance, Islamic Banking, Interest Free Banking, Shari’ah Compliant Fund (SCF), Sukuk, Takaful, Riba I. Introduction The current financial crisis has affected virtually the whole world, and the effects are gradually filtering into the real sector, causing economic recession. The financial system has decidedly played an active role in the accelerated development of the world economy, particularly after the Second World War.
An unending stream of financial innovations, including the revolution in information and communications technology, has played a crucial role in this development. The system is, however, now plagued by persistent crises. * Student, Master of Arts in International Commerce, Graduate School of International Studies, Korea University. 38 • Korea Review of International Studies According to one estimate, there have been more than 100 crises over the last four decades. 1 Not a single geographical area or major country has been spared the effects of these crises.
Even some of the countries that have generally followed sound fiscal and monetary policies have become engulfed in these crises. The prevailing financial crisis, which started in the summer of 2007, is more severe than any other in the past, and shows no significant sign of abating, despite a coordinated bail out of three to four trillion dollars by the US, the UK, Europe and a number of other countries. It has seized-up money markets and led to a precipitous decline in property and stock values, bank failures, and a nervous anxiety about the fate of the global economy and the financial system.
This has created an uneasy feeling that there is something basically wrong with the system. There is, hence, a call for a new architecture. A new architecture would demand an innovation that could help prevent the outbreak and spread of future crises or, at least, minimize their frequency and severity. Since a number of the crises generally experienced around the world are of a serious nature and have been recurring persistently, cosmetic changes in the existing system may not be sufficient.
It is necessary to have an innovation that would be really effective. In view of the financial crises which have been affecting the whole world, a solution in the name of Islamic finance could be introduced. As the global economic slowdown becomes more severe and protracted, many countries will be seeking alternatives, and Islamic finance can seize these new opportunities by offering standardized Islamic finance products with prudent regulations and supervisory arrangements.
The beauty of the Islamic finance lies in its balanced and integrated approach towards a development policy that is urgently called for in the current crisis, caused by the awesome importance attached to the promotion of the financial sector alone. A distinctive feature of Islamic finance is that it does not allow the creation of debt through the direct lending and borrowing of money or other financial assets. The debts can only be created through the sale or lease of real assets through lease-based financing schemes (such as murabaha, ijara, nd sukuk). The assets which are leased or sold must be real (building, property, or any other physical infrastructure), and the transactions must be genuine (approved by government regulators, as well as religious experts comprising the Shariah board) with the full intention of giving and taking charge, and the associated debt (risk) cannot be sold or transferred to someone else. According to McKinsey, Islamic financial assets are expected to surpass $1 trillion in 2010, which compares with $750 billion estimated for 2006. The issuance of “sukuk” or Islamic bonds grew five-fold over the past four years to reach $120 billion in 2008, and the mutual fund market is estimated to reach more than $11 billion. 3 In some countries such as Iran and Pakistan, Islamic banks are the only mainstream financial institutions while in many other countries (such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, 1 2 3 Stiglitz, Joseph. “Dealing with Debt: How to Reform the Global Financial System,” Harvard International Review Spring, 2003: 54. Islamic Banking Competitiveness report, McKinsey and Co, 2007.
Available from http://www. mckinsey. com/mgi/. Islamic Banking Competitiveness report, McKinsey and Co, 2007. Available from http://www. mckinsey. com/mgi/. Islamic Finance • 39 and the United Kingdom) Sharia-Compliant Financing (SCF) exists alongside conventional banking. II. Problems of the Conventional Financial System The current financial crisis has made such an impact, that phrases such as ‘turbulent times,’ ‘sub-prime crises,’ ‘extremely volatile’ and so on have been used to describe today’s financial markets.
In order to understand the problems of the Conventional Global Financial System, it is necessary to understand the causes of the crisis and to contribute to solutions to globally avoid a similar situation. There are numerous causes of financial crises. The generally recognized, most important cause is excessive and imprudent lending by banks, which leads to an unsustainable boom in asset prices, followed by an artificial rise in consumption and speculative investment. The higher the leverage, the more difficult it is to unwind it in a downturn.
Unwinding gives rise to a vicious cycle of selling that feeds on itself and leads to a steep decline in asset prices followed by a serious financial crisis. The main reasons for the current global financial crisis include the US sub-prime mortgage crisis arising from the securitization of financing through Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs), inadequate market discipline within the financial system, and the excessive growth of various financial derivatives, including credit default swaps. 4 The question that now arises is, whether or not market discipline is adequate within the financial system?
The market can impose discipline primarily through incentives and deterrents. If incentives and deterrents do not exist or become weak, market discipline will also become weak. The incentives and deterrents come through the prospects of making profits or sustaining losses. The major source of profit in the conventional system is interest that banks earn through their lending operations. The losses come through the inability to recover these loans with interest. There would be a check over excessive lending, if bank were afraid of suffering losses that would reduce their net profit.
This does not happen in a system where “profit and loss sharing” (PLS) does not exist, and the repayment of loans with interest is generally guaranteed. There are two factors that enable banks to assume that they will not suffer losses. The first of these is collateral, which is indispensable and unavoidable in any financial system for managing the risk of default. The collateral can, of course, do this only if it is of good quality. Collateral is, however, exposed to a valuation risk. Its value can be impaired by the same factors that diminish the borrower’s ability to repay.
The collateral cannot, therefore, be a substitute for a more careful evaluation of the project financed. However, if there is no risk-sharing, banks may not always undertake a careful evaluation of the collateral, and may extend financing for any purpose, including pure speculation. This may be compounded, if it is possible for banks to transfer the risk of default by selling the debt to someone else. The second factor that provides protection to the banks is the “too big to fail” concept, which assures them that the central bank will bail them 4 Khan, Habibullah. “Islamic Finance: Is it an Answer to Global Crisis? ” The U21 Global Newsletter 1st Quarter 2009. 40 • Korea Review of International Studies out. 5 Banks which are provided with such a safety net have incentives to take greater risks than what they otherwise would. Given that banks lend excessively to maximize their profit, why is it that the depositors do not impose a discipline on the banks? They can actually do so in several different ways: by demanding better management, greater transparency, and more efficient risk management. If this does not work, they can always punish the banks by withdrawing their deposits.
They do not, however, do so in the conventional financial system, because they are assured the repayment of their deposits with interest. 6 This makes them complacent and they do not take as much interest in the affairs of their financial institutions as they would if they expected to suffer losses. The false sense of immunity from losses provided to bankers as well as depositors impairs the ability of the market to impose the required discipline. This leads to an unhealthy expansion in the overall volume of credit, to excessive leverage, to even subprime debt, and to living beyond one’s means.
This tendency of the system gets further reinforced by the bias of the tax system in favour of debt financing-dividends are subject to taxation while interest payments are allowed to be treated as a tax-deductible expense. This shows that the absence of risk/reward sharing reduces market discipline and, thereby, introduces a fault line in the financial system. It is this fault line that makes it possible for the financier to lend excessively and also to move funds rapidly from place to place at the slightest change in the economic environment. A high degree of volatility thus gets injected into interest rates and asset prices.
This generates uncertainty in the investment market, which in turn discourages capital formation, and leads to the misallocation of resources. It also drives the borrowers and lenders alike away from the long end of the debt market toward the shorter end. Consequently, there is a steep rise in highly leveraged short-term debt, which has accentuated economic and financial instability. The IMF acknowledged this fact in its May 1998 World Economic Outlook by stating that countries with high levels of short-term debt are “likely to be particularly vulnerable to internal and external shocks, and thus susceptible to financial crises. 7 III. The Islamic Financial System Financial services that meet the requirements of the Shariah, or Islamic law are called Islamic finance. While designed to meet the specific religious requirements of Muslim customers, Islamic banking is not restricted to Muslims: both the financial services provider and the customer can be non-Muslim, as well as Muslim. Shariah- 5 6 7 Miskhin, Frederic. “The Causes and Propagation of Financial Instability: Lessons for Policymakers,” Maintaining Financial Stability in a Global Economy August. 1997: 61. Miskhin, Frederic. The Causes and Propagation of Financial Instability: Lessons for Policymakers,” Maintaining Financial Stability in a Global Economy August. 1997: 61. Chapra, M. Umer. The Global Financial Crisis: Can Islamic Finance help minimize the severity and frequency of such a crisis in future? , A paper presented at the forum on Global Financial Crisis held at Islamic Development Bank on 25th October, 2008: 4. Islamic Finance • 41 compliant financing (SCF) constitutes financial practices that conform to Islamic law. 8 Major principles of shariah law that are applicable to finance and that differ from conventional finance are: ?
Ban on Interest (riba): In conventional forms of finance, a distinction is made between acceptable interest and usurious interest (i. e. , excessive rates of interest). In contrast, under Islamic law, any level of interest is considered to be usurious and is prohibited. Some question how lenders can profit from financial transactions under Islamic law. Take for instance, in a real estate setting, SCF takes the form of leasing, as opposed to loans. Instead of borrowing money, the bank obtains the property and leases it to the shariah-compliant investor, who pays rent instead of interest. Ban on Uncertainty: Uncertainty in contractual terms and conditions is not allowed, unless all of the terms and conditions of the risks are clearly understood by all parties of a financial transaction. This condition may help eliminate most of the speculative transactions which involve gharar (excessive uncertainty). ? Risk-sharing and Profit-sharing: Parties involved in a financial transaction must share both the associated risks and profits. Earnings from profits or returns from assets are permitted, so long as the business risks are shared by the lender and the borrower.
This will help ensure that the seller (or lessor) also shares a part of the risks in order to be able to get a share of the returns. Once the seller (financier) acquires ownership and possession of the goods for sale or lease, he/she bears the risks. ? Ethical Investments That Enhance Society: Investment in industries that are prohibited by the Qur’an, such as alcohol, pornography, gambling, and pork based products, are discouraged. ? Asset-backing: Each financial transaction must be tied to a “tangible, identifiable underlying asset. 9 The debt cannot be sold, and thus the risk associated with it cannot be transferred to someone else; it must be borne by the creditor himself. According to this condition a transaction must be a genuine trade transaction, and the fact that the creditor cannot transfer the risk to someone else by selling off the debt, will also help eliminate speculative and derivative transactions, as well as prevent the debt from rising far above the size of the real economy. IV. Islamic Finance as an Alternative System Islamic finance can act as an alternative to the conventional financial system.
The major features of Islamic finance, like asset-backing, the bans on uncertainty (Gharar) and interest or usury (Riba), and risk and profit sharing seem to provide a more resilient financial system. Under Islamic banking, lending and borrowing are fully asset-backed and there is no scope for debt transfer (swaps) or speculative transactions beyond the real value. 8 9 Ilias, Shayerah. Islamic Finance: Overview and Policy Concerns, Congressional Research Service, February 9, 2009. Ilias, Shayerah. Islamic Finance: Overview and Policy Concerns, Congressional Research Service, February 9, 2009. 2 • Korea Review of International Studies The reason why Islamic banks have not felt the full brunt of the global credit crisis is that it is difficult to get loans from Islamic banks unless the loans are deemed prudent, growth promoting and beneficial to society. As a result of a strict discipline from religious as well as regulatory points of view introduced into the process of debt creation, the growth of SCF products can rise only in line with the growth of the real economy. The system thus provides a selfprotective device and curbs speculative transactions leading to excessive credit expansions.
If economic growth fails to achieve the target or enters into a phase of contraction, Islamic financial institutions will suffer, but they are unlikely to go bankrupt as borrowers are treated as joint owners and are liable to incur losses (or profits at times of high growth). From an individual investor’s perspective, Islamic finance is usually considered a “low risk low gain” system which should satisfy the needs of those who subscribe to the basic principles of shariah law (which generally discourages greed and excessive wealth accumulation).
The innocent and those who are not fully aware of the benefits (as well as of the associated risks) of financial investments are protected against any kind of fraudulent activities that may arise out of pure speculation. Internationally, Islamic banks appear to be more resilient against the global economic turndown and international financial crisis than conventional banks have been. As mentioned above, they tend to avoid speculative investments, such as derivatives, that many analysts believe led to the financial crisis affecting conventional banks.
For many observers, Islamic finance serves as a vehicle for recovering from the international financial crisis. The Islamic banking industry may be able to strengthen its position in the international market as investors and companies seek alternate sources of financing. V. Current State of Islamic Finance Currently, Islamic finance represents a small but growing segment of the global finance industry. In some countries, such as Iran and Pakistan, Islamic banks are the only mainstream financial institutions.
In others, SCF exists alongside conventional banking. As recent as five years ago, the development of Islamic finance was regarded as an infant industry striving to prove its viability and competitiveness. At that time, the growth of Islamic finance was organic and largely concentrated in countries where the Muslim population was significant. In the past five years, Islamic finance has recorded dramatic growth and has a presence in more than 75 countries, in both Muslim and nonMuslim dominated communities. 0 A growing number of the international financial centers, including London, Singapore, and Hong Kong, are beginning to offer Islamic financial products and services. The number of Islamic banking institutions worldwide, including conventional banks that offer Islamic banking services, has doubled to more than three hundred. Total Islamic financial assets under the management of these institutions are now estimated to exceed $1 trillion, about fivefold their magnitude five 10 Islamic Banking Competitiveness report, McKinsey and Co, 2007.
Available from http://www. mckinsey. com/mgi/. Islamic Finance • 43 years ago. 11 Islamic finance is now among the fastest growing financial segments in the international financial system, with a growing diversity both in the range of products and services being offered, and in the markets that have been developed therein. The sukuk market (i. e. , the Islamic bond market denominated in international currencies) has registered remarkable growth, having doubled in size, amounting to $28 billion, as compared to a year ago.
Including Sukuks denominated in domestic currencies, the size of the market is now at about $82 billion. 12 Estimates vary on the total size of assets held internationally under Islamic finance, generally ranging from $800 billion to $1 trillion. According to McKinsey, Islamic financial assets are expected to surpass $1 trillion in 2010, which compares with $750 billion estimated for 2006. The issuance of “sukuk,” or Islamic bonds, grew fivefold over the past four years to reach $120 billion in 2008, and the mutual fund market is estimated to reach more than $11 billion. 3 Table 1: Breakdown of Shari’a Compliant Assets (USD, Million) Region GCC Non-GCC MENA Sub-Saharan Africa Asia Australia/Europe/America Total Source: The Banker Magazine, 2007. 2007 178,130 176,822 4,708 119,346 21,479 500,482 The GCC, the UAE and Southeast Asia (Malaysia and Indonesia) historically have been, and continue to be the major centers for SCF. For oil producers in the Gulf region, Islamic finance could offer investment opportunities for their growing revenues from oil exports. There also has been a growing awareness of and demand for Islamicbased financial products by Muslim consumers.
Figure 1 gives the overall presence of Islamic finance in the world. Support for Islamic finance varies in the Middle East. In some countries, such as Libya and Morocco, Islamic banks are considered by some to be tied to Islamic political parties and consequently have been refused licenses. Other countries, including Jordan, Tunisia, and the Sudan, have been receptive to Islamic finance, viewing Islamic financial products as an opportunity for creating capital and fostering economic development. 11 12 13 Ilias, Shayerah.
Islamic Finance: Overview and Policy Concerns Congressional Research Service, February 9, 2009. David Oakley, Shannon Bond, Cynthia O’Murchu, and Celve Jones. “Islamic Finance Explained,” Financial Times May 30, 2008. Islamic Banking Competitiveness report, McKinsey and Co, 2007. Available from http://www. mckinsey. com/mgi/. 44 • Korea Review of International Studies Figure 1: Global Coverage of Islamic Finance Islamic Finance has a strong footprint in the Middle East and South-east Asia Source: Grail Research, 2007.
In recent years, SCF has expanded into other parts of the world. Islamic finance is growing in Europe and North America, areas in which Muslims are in the minority. In August 2004, the United Kingdom’s Financial Services Authority (FSA) approved a banking license for the Islamic Bank of Britain (IBB), the country’s first Islamic bank. The IBB would serve the consumer market with shariah-compliant products. In March 2006, the FSA licensed the European Islamic Investment Bank as the United Kingdom’s first independent bank for shariah-compliant investments.
In 1999, the Dow Jones presented its first Islamic market index, which follows shariah-compliant stocks internationally. The Dow Jones maintains more than 70 indices in its Islamic series and is advised by an independent Shariah Supervisory Board counsel. VI. State of Major Islamic Financial Products There has also been significant innovation in Islamic financial products. This has been especially evident in Sukuk products. Following the Malaysian government’s issuance of the world’s first global sovereign Sukuk in 2002, other countries have issued several other sovereign Sukuk.
This development has also encouraged the issuance of international corporate Sukuk by multinational and domestic corporations. One innovation is the landmark issuance in 2006 of the exchangeable Sukuk by Khazanah Nasional, the Malaysian sovereign wealth management entity. In this arrangement the sukuk can be exchanged for other shares held by Khazanah Nasional. In the same year a convertible sukuk, with which a sukuk can be converted into its issuer’s own shares upon initial public offering, was issued by a Middle
Eastern-based corporation. A derivative market has also been developed with the introduction of Islamic currency swaps and profit-rate Islamic Finance • 45 swaps. There has been significant growth in Islamic asset and wealth management following the development of diverse and innovative structures of Islamic investment funds, including Islamic hedge funds. There are now more than 250 mutual funds, managing an estimated $300 billion in assets, that are compliant with sharia (Islamic law).
Other developments include the creation of benchmark indices such as the Dow Jones Islamic Market Indexes, covering more than $10 trillion of market capitalization in over 40 countries, the Financial Times Stock Exchange Global Islamic Index Series, and the listing of Islamic financial instruments on international exchanges. These developments have enhanced the attractiveness of Islamic financial markets as an asset class for investment. VII. Challenges and Opportunities 1. Challenges
As Islamic banks operate within a global financial system, they have not been completely insulated from the recent economic and financial shocks. For instance, on the one hand, the Islamic financial industry is considered by many to be less risky because financial transactions are backed by physical assets. On the other hand, however, Islamic banks may be more vulnerable to fluctuations in the mortgage market, given their high activity in the real estate sector compared to conventional banks. The recent slowdown in real estate activity in the Gulf economies raises concerns about some Islamic banks’ financial positions.
The main challenges to be addressed by Islamic financial institutions are the following: ? The Fundamental Issue of Faith: Islamic finance comes with certain limitations which come from Islamic religious beliefs. Islamic finance, with features, like bans on Riba, Gharar and the investment in industries that are prohibited by the Qur’an, such as alcohol, pornography, gambling, and pork based products; make it less attractive to non-Muslim countries. The above restrictions may not be according to the belief systems of non-Muslim societies.
Hence, implementing a full-fledged Islamic finance looks practically impossible. ? Awareness: Though Islamic finance has been in existence for many decades, the awareness about its features, products or services and benefits are largely unknown by most of the population. Even a majority of the Muslim population is unaware of Islamic finance. ? Taxation and Legal Issues: Various products under Shariah-Murabaha, Ijara, Tawarruq, etc. attract government taxes at multiple levels. This is because, in a single transaction the property/commodity is bought and sold more than once.
The issue has been addressed in many countries like the UK and Bahrain, but still poses problems in most Western countries ? Risk Management: Since Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) are prohibited from investing in debt markets, ‘impure’ sectors and hedging instruments like derivatives, 46 • Korea Review of International Studies etc. the element of risk is higher, as compared to other conventional banks. Also, an inability to charge default interest for late payments and the imposition of preconditions on levying penalties result in higher business risks for IFIs. Excess Liquidity: Due to prohibitions on investing in debt markets, ‘impure’ sectors and hedging instruments, the secondary and inter-bank market is very thin and underdeveloped. This causes a major threat to excess funds with banks remaining unutilized and failing to earn adequate returns. ? Fragmentation: The industry is fragmented with small players who are unable to compete with international players for large-scale project finance deals 2. Opportunities Islamic finance, or financial services that conform to the tenets of Islam, offers a potential market of 1. billion Muslims that should continue to offer opportunities for foreign and domestic banks. In the last five years, Islamic finance has grown by 15 to 20 percent annually, with an estimated $270 billion in assets, controlled by approximately 300 Islamic banks in more than 25 countries. 14 Considering both a country’s Muslim population and per capita income, the largest markets for Islamic finance include Turkey, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, the United States, and France. The fastest growing markets are Malaysia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Indonesia and Pakistan.
Figure 2: Muslim Population (Millions) Source: International Data Base-U. S. Census Bureau, 2008. 14 David Oakley, Shannon Bond, Cynthia O’Murchu, and Celve Jones. “Islamic Finance Explained,” Financial Times, May 30, 2008. Islamic Finance • 47 The potential for continuous growth in the Islamic financial sector is significant, with some estimates suggesting that within eight to ten years as much as half the savings of the world’s 1. 5 billion Muslims will be in Islamic banks. This could represent $905 billion in total assets in Middle Eastern countries alone. 5 Muslims living outside the Middle East (Figure 2), represent an even larger population, including countries such as India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, but also within developed countries including the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States. The market for Shari’ah compliant financial services will continue to grow, driven by both demand and supply factors. On the demand side, the desire to conduct all financial transactions in accordance with Shari’ah law is expected to further increasenot only among retail customers, but also increasingly among corporations.
There is evidence of pressure on corporations and sovereigns by the public and shareholders in the Middle East and South East Asia on to apply Shari’ah compliant solutions. This includes, for example, the adoption of Islamic bonds (Sukuk) or Shari’ah compliant syndicated lending based on Murabahah or Ijarah contracts. Interestingly, non-Muslim sovereigns such as in the UK, Japan and China have recognized this shift and are preparing Shari’ah compliant debt issues to target the liquidity-rich Middle East. The changing demographics of Muslim countries will also drive the demand for Shari’ah compliant financial services.
Many Muslim countries have population growth rates of more than 3% per annum. In addition, many of these countries are characterized by young populations, with more than 50% of the population yet to reach adulthood. 16 At the same time, there is evidence of an increasing sophistication among youthful consumers regarding their financial services and purchases. These twin effects of population growth and increasing sophistication are likely to result in a large number of savvy retail consumers in the near future.
Figure 3: Global Average Crude Oil Price and Total Nominal GDP in GCC Source: Ernst and Young analysis, 2008. 15 16 David Oakley, Shannon Bond, Cynthia O’Murchu, and Celve Jones. “Islamic Finance Explained,” Financial Times, May 30, 2008. Vayanos, Peter and Wackerbeck. How do Islamic Banks Compete in an increasingly Competitive Environment Pearson Education Limited, 12th Ed, 2009. 48 • Korea Review of International Studies Finally, from the demand side, the overall macroeconomic growth within Muslim countries will drive the growth of Shari’ah compliant financial services.
This is particularly relevant in the oil-rich countries of the Gulf, where state-owned enterprises which tend to strictly adhere to Shari’ah law are the immediate beneficiaries of the booming hydrocarbon prices. Though the sudden fall in the price of oil has slowed down growth in the region (Figure 3), in the long run it is expected to contribute to the GDP growth. On the supply side, the main driver is the increasing number of financial service institutions offering Shari’ah compliant solutions.
In addition to the new Islamic banks being formed, there is an emerging trend of existing conventional banks converting their operations to be Shari’ah compliant. For example, National Bank of Sharjah recently converted its entire operations and National Commercial Bank-Saudi Arabia’s largest bank-converted its retail operations to be Shari’ah compliant. The increase in supply has two effects. Firstly, with a greater number of players in the market, the level of awareness of Shari’ah compliant products and services is heightened.
This is important, since in many countries, including Muslim countries, the level of awareness and understanding of Shari’ah compliant products is remarkably low. Secondly, a larger number of providers lead to increased competition in the marketplace with improved product innovation and pricing. This in turn is increasing the attractiveness of Shari’ah compliant solutions to both Muslims and non-Muslims alike. VIII. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide an overview of Islamic finance, its features and its growing importance in today’s financially integrated and interdependent world economy.
The situation of the present world economy which is going through a financial crisis has compelled economists and thinkers all over the world to question the existing financial system. Here comes the role of Islamic finance, which can act as an alternative to the conventional financial system. The major features of Islamic finance, like asset-backing, bans on uncertainty (Gharar) and interest or usury (Riba), and risk and profit sharing seem to provide a more resilient financial system.
The concept of asset-backing acts as a self-protecting device and curbs speculative transactions leading to excessive credit expansions. Under the Sharia principle, each financial transaction must be tied to a “tangible, identifiable underlying asset. ” If economic growth fails to achieve the target or enters into a phase of contraction, Islamic financial institutions will suffer, but they are unlikely to go bankrupt, as borrowers are treated as joint owners and are liable to incur losses, thus making the economy as a whole more resilient and sustainable.
Going forward, the speed and degree of success with which Islamic banking will emerge within conventional systems will largely depend on whether potential depositors and investors are well informed about the opportunities and risks at hand, and on whether Islamic banking is perceived as a transparent and well-regulated activity. The sustainability of Islamic finance will rest on how the international community Islamic Finance • 49 builds on the momentum achieved thus far. Meeting this challenge will require: ? Deepening efforts to enhance the legal and regulatory framework of Islamic finance, consistent with international practices ?
Continuing efforts to conform and align structures and products with Sharia principles in order to motivate Muslim populations to turn to this alternative financing mechanism, while also attracting others to product and risk management, mitigation innovation, and additional options being offered ? Recognizing that Islamic finance has perpetuated and changed the dynamics of cross-border private capital flows, and that this industry has great potential to augment the process of globalization and financial integration, but that this goal requires more cooperation and vigilance on the part of home and host regulators ?
Launching aggressive efforts to implement evolving Islamic financial regulatory and supervisory standards, and to capture the different types of risks associated with Islamic finance while launching consumer-protection frameworks ? Promoting more financial diversification by encouraging financial innovation and Islamic capital market development Measures such as these will both encourage and strengthen the future development of the Islamic finance industry. Islamic finance has huge potential in Muslim populated countries largely due to religious beliefs.
The countries which have significant populations are expected to observe high growth in the Islamic financial industry. Many Islamic countries could move to 100% Islamic Banking and Financial System and replace their original conventional systems. However, countries with insignificant populations of Muslims might tend to adopt only a few products from Islamic finance, such as Sukuk. The Muslim Money (i. e. money largely flowing out from the Gulf region, is mostly generated from oil income) seems to be consistent with the growing demand for crude oil in the long term.
This consistent supply of oil money provides enough incentives for non-Muslim countries such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, etc. to attract Islamic finance, which can make their financial markets more diversified and sustainable. To attract this money, which might not flow in non-Muslim countries in the absence of Islamic finance, they will have to make certain regulatory adjustments and policy changes to accommodate Islamic finance. In a long term perspective, Islamic finance may replace the conventional system in many Islamic countries, but within the global financial system it will rather simply complement the conventional system.
References Aggarwal, Rajesh K. , and Tarik Yousef. “Islamic Banks and Investment Financing,” Journal of Money, Banking, and Credit 32(1), 2000: 93-120. Ahmed, S. Muhammad. Towards Interest-Free Banking New Delhi: Adam Publishers and Distributors, 2007: 53-106. Akhtar, Shamshad. “Islamic Finance: Sustainability and Challenges,” NBR Analysis 50 • Korea Review of International Studies 18: 15-24 Aziz, Zeti Akhtar. “Enhancing Interlinkages and Opportunities: The Role of Islamic Finance,” NBR Analysis 18: 5-14 Chapra, M. Umer. The Global Financial Crisis: Can Islamic Finance help minimize the severity and frequency of such a crisis in future?
A paper presented at the forum on Global Financial Crisis held at Islamic Development Bank on 25th October 2008. David Oakley, Shannon Bond, Cynthia O’Murchu, and Celve Jones. “Islamic Finance Explained,” Financial Times May 30, 2008. El-Gamal, M. Amin. “Overview of Islamic Finance,” Office of International Affairs Occasional Paper 4, 2006. Global Insight. Qwest Investment Management, Ernst and Young analysis Available from www. ey. com, 2008. Ilias, Shayerah. Islamic Finance: Overview and Policy Concerns Congressional Research Service, February 9, 2009. Islamic Banking Competitiveness report, McKinsey and Co, Available from http:// www. ckinsey. com/mgi/, 2007. Islamic Finance Outlook 2008, Standard and Poor’s, Available from www. stan dardandpoors. com/, 2008. Islamic Funds Investment Report, Ernst and Yang, Available from www. ey. com, 2008. Khan, Habibullah. “Islamic Finance: Is it an Answer to Global Crisis? ,” The U21 Global Newsletter 1st Quarter, 2009. Khan, Iqbal. Islamic Finance: Relevance and Growth in the Modern Financial Age A paper presented at LSE and Harvard Law School public lecture on 1 February 2007. Khan, W. Masood. Transition to a Riba Free Economy New Delhi: Adam Publishers and Distributors, 2006: 1-20.
Manzoor, Nayyer. Islamic Economic-A Welfare Approach New Delhi: Adam Publishers and Distributors, 2006: 67-94. Miskhin, Frederic. “The Causes and Propagation of Financial Instability: Lessons for Policymakers,” Maintaining Financial Stability in a Global Economy August 1997: 28-30; 55-96. Muhammad Taqi Usmani. An Introduction to Islamic Finance Netherlands: Kluwar Law International, 1998. Muslehuddin Dr. M. Insurance and Islamic Law New Delhi: Adam Publishers and Distributors, 2007: 3-35. Overview of Islamic Finance, Grail Research, Available from www. grailresearch. om/PDF/ContenPodsPdf/Islamic_Finance_Overview. pdf, 2007. Salman, Syed Ali. Islamic Modes of Finance and Associated Liquidity Risks Paper prepared for Conference on Monetary Sector in Iran: Strtucture, Performance and Challenging Issues, Tehran, 2004. Stiglitz, Joseph. “Dealing with Debt: How to Reform the Global Financial System,” Harvard International Review Spring, 2003: 54-9. Suleman, M. Nasser. “Corporate Governance in Islamic Banks,” Society and Economy Islamic Finance • 51 in Central and Eastern Europe, Quarterly Journal of Budapest University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration XXII(3), 2001.
Top 500 Islamic Financial Institutions, The Banker Magazine, Available from www. thebanker. com/, November 2007. Vayanos, Peter and Wackerbeck. How do Islamic banks compete in an increasingly competitive environment Pearson Education Limited, 12th Ed, 2009. Websites References http://www. isdb. org. http://www. financeinislam. com. http://www. islamic-banking. com/. http://www. ifsb. org/. http://www. hsbcamanah. com. http://www. mckinsey. com/. http://www. dowjones. com/. www. ey. com. http://www. pwc. com/. http://www. crisil. com. www. standardandpoors. com. www. bankalfalah. com. ttp://www. aaoifi. com/. www. crs. gov. www. census. gov. Glossary ? Amanah: Trust, with associated meanings of trustworthiness, faithfulness and honesty. As an important secondary meaning, the term also identifies a transaction where one party keeps another’s funds or property in trust. This is in fact the most widely understood and used application of the term, and has a long history of use in Islamic commercial law. By extension, the term can also be used to describe different financial or commercial activities such as deposit taking, custody or goods on consignment. ? Arbun: Earnest oney/Down payment; a non-refundable deposit paid by the client (buyer) to the seller upon concluding a contract of sale, with the provision that the contract will be completed during the prescribed period. ? Gharar: Uncertainty. One of three fundamental prohibitions in Islamic finance (the other two being riba and maysir). Gharar is a sophisticated concept that covers certain types of uncertainty or contingency in a contract. The prohibition on gharar is often used as the grounds for criticism of conventional financial practices such as short selling, speculation and derivatives. Ijara: An Islamic lease agreement. Instead of lending money and earning interest, Ijarah allows the bank to earn profits by charging rentals on the asset leased to the 52 • Korea Review of International Studies customer. Ijarah wa iqtinah extends the concept of ijarah to a hire and purchase agreement. ? Maysir: Gambling. One of three fundamental prohibitions in Islamic finance (the other two being riba and gharar). The prohibition on maysir is often used as the grounds for criticism of conventional financial practices such as speculation, conventional insurance and derivatives. Mudaraba: A Mudarabah is an Investment partnership, whereby the investor (the Rab ul Mal) provides capital to another party/entrepreneur (the Mudarib) in order to undertake a business/investment activity. While profits are shared on a pre-agreed ratio, loss of investment is born by the investor only. The mudarib loses its share of the expected income. ? Mudarib: The mudarib is the entrepreneur or investment manager in a mudarabah who invests the investor’s funds in a project or portfolio in exchange for a share of the profits.
For example, a mudarabah is essentially similar to a diversified pool of assets held in a Discretionary Asset Management Portfolio. ? Murabaha: Purchase and resale. Instead of lending out money, the capital provider purchases the desired commodity (for which the loan would have been taken out) from a third party and resells it at a predetermined higher price to the capital user. By paying this higher price over instalments, the capital user has effectively obtained credit without paying interest. ? Musharaka: Profit and loss sharing.
It is a partnership where profits are shared as per an agreed ratio whereas the losses are shared in proportion to the capital/investment of each partner. In a Musharakah, all partners to a business undertaking contribute funds and have the right, but not the obligation, to exercise executive powers in that project, which is similar to a conventional partnership structure and the holding of voting stock in a limited company. This equity financing arrangement is widely regarded as the purest form of Islamic financing. ? Riba: Interest.
The legal notion extends beyond just interest, but in simple terms riba covers any return of money on money-whether the interest is fixed or floating, simple or compounded, and at whatever the rate. Riba is strictly prohibited in the Islamic tradition. ? Shariah: Islamic law as revealed in the Quran and through the example of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). A Shariah compliant product meets the requirements of Islamic law. A Shariah board is the committee of Islamic scholars available to an Islamic financial institution for guidance and supervision in the development of Shariah compliant products. Shariah Advisor: An independent professional, usually a classically trained Islamic legal scholar that advises an Islamic bank on the compliance of its products and services with the Shariah, or Islamic law. While some Islamic banks consult individual Shariah advisors, most establish a committee of Shariah advisors (often know as a Shariah board or Shariah committee). ? Shariah Compliant: An act or activity that complies with the requirements of the Shariah, or Islamic law. The term is often used in the Islamic banking industry as a synonym for “Islamic”-for example, Shariah compliant financing or Shariah compliant investment.
Islamic Finance • 53 ? Sukuk: Sukuk is the Arabic name for a financial certificate but can be seen as an Islamic equivalent of bond. However, fixed income, interest bearing bonds are not permissible in Islam, hence Sukuk are securities that comply with the Islamic law and its investment principles, which prohibits the charging, or paying of interest. Sukuk is a certificate of equal value representing undivided shares in ownership of tangible assets, usufruct and services or (in the ownership of) the assets of particular projects or investment activity. Takaful: Islamic insurance. Structured as charitable collective pool of funds based on the idea of mutual assistance, takaful schemes are designed to avoid the elements of conventional insurance (i. e. , interest and gambling) that are problematic for Muslims. ? Tawarruq: Reverse murabahah. As used in personal financing, a customer with a genuine need buys something on credit from the bank on a deferred payment basis and then immediately resells it for cash to a third party. In this way, the customer can obtain cash without taking an interest-based loan. | <urn:uuid:e0112dfb-f990-4862-a760-df047559338a> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://freebooksummary.com/caxcacaazxc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529406.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723130306-20190723152306-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.934447 | 9,174 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The symbol that united the nation after the War of Independence came back in the mid nineteenth century as a symbol representing the division between Confederate and Union. This quilt pattern is definitely a quilt that would have been made in the North.
Cut your blue square to 20 or more inches. You will trim it later to fit with the flag stripe blocks.
Open the Eagle Template PDF for the applique pattern. Be sure you have set Page Scaling to "none" before you print so that the templates will be the right size.
You can applique the eagle using either hand stitching methods or modern fusible methods.
Below are cutting instructions for the red and white flag stripes background which is made up of a series of 6" blocks that surround the central eagle.
make 12 blocks make 4 blocks
When sewing together the top and bottom blocks note that you alternate with a red/white/red block on each end. Sew them together then sew the three vertical blocks of ed/white/red. Measure them carefully as you will trim your eagle center to that size.
I find it's easiest to cut out 6 1/2 inch squares then applique a star in the center of each square. Go to the Star PDF Template for the applique pattern. You will need 24 of these. Sew them together and apply them to the quilt as the border.
If you are a Confederate Civil War reenactor might wonder what the South's counterpart was. The symbol I found was that of the pelican though it was not so widely used by the South as the eagle was in the North. The pelican has been a symbol for Louisiana since the early 1800s so when Louisiana seceded from the Union a blue Pelican Flag was raised. There are references in history to everything from the Pelican Battery, a volunteer artillery unit, to pelican buttons worn on Confederate soldier's uniforms.
You can find a pattern for a Southern Secession quilt with a pelican downing an eagle at Terry Clothier Thompson - Civil War Quilts. Another possibility would be to draw a simplified pelican that could be done in applique. It could be put on a blue background much like I've done with the eagle.
© 2008 Judy Anne Breneman (For your personal use only. Please write to me for permission before you copy this for others.)
Questions? Contact Judy Anneprint a printer friendly version of this page
* p20 "Hearts and Hands: The Influence of Women & Quilts on American Society", by Ferreo, Hedges and Silber | <urn:uuid:5cc580a2-0cfa-4e26-adb5-a23302aeb4b3> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.patternsfromhistory.com/civil_war/eagle_quilt.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982925602.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200845-00233-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933985 | 530 | 3.09375 | 3 |
How does osmolarity affect blood pressure?
A loss of water volume in the body increases blood osmolarity and decreases blood pressure. When your body senses either an increase in osmolarity, a decrease in blood pressure, or both, it reacts with different homeostatic mechanisms to try to increase water volume back to normal levels, restore blood pressure, and ensure adequate circulation.
Blood pressure is a measure of how strongly blood pushes against the walls of arteries, which (among other things) is related to how much blood volume you have, which is related to how much water volume you have.
If the blood pressure gets too low because of inadequate volume - i.e. you bled a lot or you're dehydrated - there's not enough blood to adequately flow throughout the body and vital nutrients won't get delivered where it needs to go (and waste won't be taken away).
Since adequate blood circulation and maintaining blood pressure is so important to living, your body has multiple ways of detecting if there’s something wrong and reacting quickly to compensate:
1) by monitoring blood pressure and blood flow:
The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (“JGA”) in your kidney has baroreceptors that monitor blood pressure and flow. If decreased, the JGA produces & releases a hormone called Renin which activates the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) which ultimately results in vasoconstriction (blood vessels getting smaller in diameter in order to increase blood pressure) and increased sodium (Na+) and water resorption in the kidneys to restore water volume.
2) by monitoring blood osmolarity:
Osmolarity is a measure of how many osmotically active solute particles there are in an unit volume of water. In the case of blood, we're talking primarily about sodium, Na+.
Higher blood osmolarity = more Na+ in 1 unit volume of water.
Lower blood osmolarity = less Na+ in 1 unit volume of water.
Or if the amount of Na+ in blood is constant:
Higher osmolarity = same Na+ in less volume of water.
Lower osmolarity = same Na+ in more volume of water.
If the blood osmolarity is higher than normal, your body’s osmoreceptors (monitors of change in osmotic pressure) think that there’s been a loss of volume.
Your body reacts to replace this water loss by releasing a hormone ( Vasopressin aka Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) ) via the hypothalamus to activate a chain of events that leads to increased water resorption by your kidneys. Your brain also induces feelings of thirst so that you will want to drink more water.
Figure (a) is a great summary of the Hypothalamus-Vasopressin/ADH-Kidneys loop while Figure (b) shows the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS):
Detected drop in blood pressure and/or increase in blood osmolarity
= Body assumes there’s been a loss of water volume
--> Body compensates by activating multiple pathways to replace water volume and boost blood pressure. | <urn:uuid:239b9804-d435-4c2e-9d10-abe5490a64e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://socratic.org/questions/how-does-osmolarity-affect-blood-pressure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.894719 | 688 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The Starchild Skull's eye sockets (orbits) are only about 0.7 inches at the deepest point, compared to normal human eye sockets which average about 2 inches. This may have caused the eyes to bulge out of the sockets, which is a common feature of many deformities including hydrocephaly. In these cases the bulging is caused by internal pressure forcing the eye sockets outward. This is not the case in the Starchild, where such pressure was ruled out by a study led by Dr. Robinson, however the feature continues to cause confusion among skeptics.
The eyes are positioned lower on the face than normal human eyes, and are lacking a brow ridge.
- The Starchild Skull (right) compared to a normal human skull (left)
- The eye socket, also called an "orbit" of the Starchild Skull (right) compared to a normal human (left).
- The shape of the Starchild's orbit (left) is significantly different to that of a normal human (right).
- The "Optic Foramens" are the holes and slits inside the orbits that allow the optic nerve and blood vessels etc. to reach the eye ball. In the Starchild Skull (right) these are a different shape and in a different position than in a normal human (left).
- The unusual eye sockets (orbits) of the Starchild would have been reflected in unusual facial features. Here an artistic recreation of the Starchild's face by artist RobRoy Menzies is compared to an "average" human face created by the University of Regensburg. Notice the location of the eyes and the Starchild's small lower face. | <urn:uuid:6074f205-bb8f-4b8c-bd2c-80e878796482> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.starchildproject.com/eyes.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464396.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00068-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952769 | 351 | 3.625 | 4 |
Why Stem Age Matters
Flowering shrubs vary in where and when they develop buds that eventually become flowers. Some bloom in late summer or fall on new stems grown during the current year, but others bloom earlier from buds that developed late in the previous growing season.
"Nikko Blue" hydrangea blooms lightly on new stems, but the bulk of this classic hydrangea's flowers come from buds set during the previous year. Unless those buds -- and the old stems that hold them -- survive winter and your pruning efforts, the plant loses its heaviest flush of flowers.
How Goals Affect Pruning
Set a specific goal before you prune. Your purpose determines when, what and how you proceed. "Nikko Blue" flourishes with minimal intervention; overzealous pruning reduces flowering and growth. If enhanced flowering is your primary objective with an otherwise healthy "Nikko Blue," keep pruners in their holster; less is better.
Limiting shrub size, shaping and thinning the plant or rejuvenating a neglected "Nikko Blue" warrant more rigorous approaches. Whatever your goal, remember that flowers hang in the balance. Each stem you remove potentially removes the year's flowers too.
When to Prune Your "Nikko Blue"
Because "Nikko Blue" blooms heaviest on old wood, prune immediately after its early-summer flowering ends. This removes stems before next year's flower buds form. Wait too late, and you remove new buds; they're present long before you see them. In addition, late pruning stimulates growth, which delays dormancy and reduces cold hardiness.
Remove dead or damaged wood, especially stem tips killed over winter, in early spring. This redirects energy to surviving buds.
Rejuvenate "Nikko Blue" by cutting one-third of the branches back to the ground during late-winter dormancy; repeat the process the next two years. Dormant pruning sacrifices the year's flowers, except for light flushes on new wood, but flowers return the following season.
How to Prune Properly
Successful pruning depends on the right tools and technique. Sharp bypass pruners deliver clean, crisp cuts on "Nikko Blue" branches 1/2 inch in diameter or smaller. Angle your cut approximately 1/4 inch above a healthy set of leaves or buds. For larger stems, long-handled bypass loppers provide extra leverage. Use a sharp pruning saw for anything over 1 inch in diameter.
Disinfect your pruning implements with household disinfectant before and after you prune your hydrangea. If you suspect disease or insect pests, disinfect the blades after each pruning cut. This inhibits the spread to other parts of your "Nikko Blue" and to other garden plants. | <urn:uuid:4ea25cd4-aa1c-4e91-9173-5a79cdda4f70> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.gardenguides.com/how_5558523_prune-nikko-blue-hydrangeas.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824325.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020192317-20171020212317-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.919889 | 576 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Arc ion plating technology on composite surface
Composite structure function integration parts with light weight, high specific strength, than high modulus, good corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance performance is good, is of strong design and a series of unique advantages and is more and more become the important parts in the field of aviation, aerospace and other defense, to achieve certain function, need to deal with composite material surface, which is widely used is a means of processing surface metallization. There are many ways to metallize the surface of composite materials, including chemical plating, electroplating, thermal spraying, vacuum coating, etc. Vacuum coating can be subdivided into evaporation coating, magnetron sputtering, arc ion coating, etc.
As the dimension of structural and functional integrative composite material components may be large and the curved surface may be complex, this brings two outstanding problems for the realization of surface metallization of composite materials by the vacuum coating method. Arc ion plating technology is a better choice. Its advantages include high energy distance of deposition particles, good diffraction range, high metal film binding force and fast deposition speed, etc.
1. Brief introduction of arc ion plating technology
Arc Ion Plating, (AIP) is the technology used in the vacuum coating, Arc at the cathode material under vacuum and vacuum chamber formed between anode Arc discharge, use of Arc discharge evaporation of target material, and deposit to the surface coating process. Arc ion plating technology got great development in the 20th century, especially in the late 1970 s, scientists in the former Soviet union and the United States for industrial application has carried out extensive research to its, and realized the arc ion plating technology in the 1980 s in the field of hard film, decorative film industrialization, at present, the application in these two areas has considerable scale. In the last 20 years, arc ion plating technology has begun to develop in optical, electrical thin films and other applications.
Arc discharge will form arc spots that move randomly on the surface of cathode target. The current density of arc spots is as high as 1012A/m2 and the energy density is as high as 1013W/m2. The high energy density directly leads to the transformation of target material from solid phase to metal vapor plasma at arc spot.
(1) it can be plated with a variety of metals, especially refractory metals (such as tungsten and tantalum), which is difficult to achieve by other physical vapor deposition (PVD) technologies;
(2) unlike the sediments of other PVD technologies, which are mainly neutral particles, cathode arc spots can generate a large number of charged (single charge or multiple charge) particles, and ions can be accelerated, restrained and move in a specific direction, and they are deposited on the surface of the parts.
(3) the initial energy ions generated by the cathode arc spots between 20 and 200 ev, in the process of thin film deposition, bombarding effect happens, enhances the sedimentary particle diffusion ability and the nucleation density, and stripped off the thin film surface loose particles, partly eliminate the internal stress of columnar crystal and films, reason has increased membrane surface activity, such as thin film densification effect;
(4) when the cathode arc spot produces charged particles to form plasma, it also generates a large number of droplets and fragments, while other PVD technologies generate few large particles.
Therefore, arc ion plating technology has the advantages of compact film and high binding force. In addition, it can realize thin film deposition on complex surface. The biggest disadvantage of arc ion plating technology is that larger droplets will also be deposited on the surface of the film, resulting in rough surface of the film and affecting the film performance. But with the continuous development of magnetic filter technology, already is a good way to control a larger drop, avoid the deposition to the membrane surface, the arc ion plating technology deposition of thin film surface quality is close to other PVD technology, the electric arc ion plating technology applied to film in optics, electricity and other fields.
2. Two problems of vacuum coating on composite surface
Compared with metal or semiconductor materials, composite materials with integrated structure and function cannot withstand high temperature, and some functional parts require high precision of profile. Therefore, high temperature is not allowed in vacuum coating of composite materials, so as to avoid material damage and profile accuracy reduction. However, high deposition temperature is very favorable for obtaining solid and dense metal films. From the perspective of obtaining high quality films, high temperature is desired. A feasible way to resolve this contradiction is to use ionic source cleaning and other technical means to conduct in-situ activation treatment on the surface of the composite before the film deposition, so as to increase the surface activity to increase the binding force between the metal film and the substrate.
Composite materials for large size parts, in the process of vacuum coating material outgassing is a key problem, the outgassing rate of higher material may cause series of problems such as the oxidation of metal film, which can influence the apparent quality and electrical properties of the metal film, so you need to pre vent and other technical means to deal with composite materials.
3. Examples of applications of arc ion coating on composite surface
The arc ion plating technology has been successfully used to deposit Al film on the surface of large composite materials. The resulting film has uniform color and luster, uniform thickness, close electrical conductivity to the block aluminum, and solid bond with the base.
The test procedure for depositing Al film on the surface of composite materials using arc ion plating technology is as follows:
(1) clean the surface of the composite material, wipe it with a dust-free cloth dipped in ethanol for 3-5 times, and dry it naturally;
(2) the composite parts are connected and fixed on the coating tooling of the vacuum chamber;
(3) pump the background vacuum to better than 5 x 10-3pa;
(4) the surface of composite material is cleaned by ion source;
(5) arc ion plating film;
(6) vacuum chamber is opened to the atmosphere, and composite materials are taken out.
The technological parameters of arc ion coating are as follows:
(1) the gas pressure is 1.1~1.5 x 10-1pa;
(2) the discharge arc pressure is 45~50V;
(3) discharge arc current is 50~55A;
(4) the distance between the composite surface and the arc source is 0.3-1m.
The local appearance of the Al coating on the composite surface after arc ion plating is shown in figure 1. As can be seen from figure 1, the Al membrane is uniform and compact with almost no droplet, and the surface topography of the film is the mapping of the surface morphology of the composite matrix. The surface morphology of Al film was observed by using Wyko NT9300 optical profiler, as shown in figure 2. The surface of the film was flat and uniform in thickness. and its surface roughness Ra is 0.145 μm.
The thickness of Al film on the surface of composite material was tested by using a stepmeter. Samples were taken from slides pasted at different parts of the part. The test results are shown in table 1.
The strength of the binding force between the film and the substrate is an important index to evaluate the quality of the film. There are many methods to test the binding force, including tension method, strip method, scratch method, friction method, ultrasonic method and centrifugal force method. Considering that the Al film coated on the surface of composite material is a typical soft film, and the force applied in the practical application of this film is mainly shear force, we use the pull band method to evaluate the binding force between Al film and the base of composite material. taking method of the concrete implementation method for the peel strength adhesive tape for 7 n/cm, dense and uniform in the thin film surface and away from the edge of not less than 3 mm, with the hand pull tape one end and the adhesive tape and film surface into 90 °, uniform will slowly (about 5 mm/s) tape pull away from the membrane surface, watch film with and without peeling or damaged. When the film is intact without shedding, it shall be deemed that the film is well combined with the composite material and meets the requirements for use. When the film falls off, it is deemed that the binding force does not meet the requirements. The adhesion test was carried out at different positions on the surface of composite materials by the method of tension.
A multimeter was used to test at any two points on the surface of the composites, and the results were all conductive. Four point probe method is used to test the paste in the composite parts with different parts of the sample on the surface of the Al film resistivity, the results are shown in table 2, and Al block material resistivity of 2. 66 x 10-8 Ω m. for the same order of magnitude.
Arc ion plating technology can realize the surface metallization of complex composite material components with high quality, uniform density, firm binding and controllable thickness, which has a broad application prospect. However, this technology also has limitations such as large equipment, high cost and long cycle.
IKS PVD customized the suitable vacuum PVD coating machine for you,contact with us now, | <urn:uuid:81f16b3d-26d3-4433-bd4c-967ee36e287c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://m.ikspvd.com/news/arc-ion-plating-technology-on-composite-surfac-19036535.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371624083.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406102322-20200406132822-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.919046 | 1,964 | 2.75 | 3 |
Crushed Stone or angular rock is one of the most accessible natural resources. It is produced by mining limestone or dolomite; then the rock is broken down by placing it in crushers, sorted by filtering through different size mesh to form the desired size of crushed stone.
Quarry process stone—also known as crusher run—is another good option for the top level of a driveway or walkway. Composed of a blend of smaller crushed stone and stone dust, crusher run ...
Limestone Driveway vs. Gravel Driveway: Prices, Sizes & Uses ... for example, might opt to go with a crushed limestone as in a 610 limestone (3/4 of an inch with crushed limestone), 57 limestone (uniform 1/2 inch limestone) ... Here is where a limestone material like quarry process or dense grade aggregate would fit the bill perfectly.
Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock that is often composed of the skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, foraminifera, and molluscs.Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3).A closely related rock is dolomite, which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite, CaMg(CO 3) 2.
Jan 30, 2017· Limestone deposits are found throughout the world. They are "mined" in a process known as "quarrying." This process varies depending on the use of the product. If it is to be made into cement, it is needed in small pieces so that it can be ground ...
Crushed Limestone Uses. Making Concrete – Concrete is a combination of cement, water, sand and crushed aggregate. In some cases, contractors will choose to utilize crushed limestone as the aggregate material in order to create an attractive, durable concrete product.
Oct 10, 2018· More Details : hard rock quarry crushers jaw crusher for hard rock stone,crusher for quarry. jaw crushers process medium to ...
limestone crusher process sand making stone quarry. Limestone Quarrying And Crushing Process Limestone Quarrying And Crushing Process. . for a given limestone quarry is an impact crusher with . Get Price And Support Online; small rock crushers, crushing process of mining limestone. PE …
A unique combination of resources has allowed Texas Crushed Stone to be a world leader in the aggregate industry and successfully serve customers in Texas and
Mixture of crushed stone and fine screened aggregate. Used mainly for driveways, backfill and first base layer under pavers and flagstone. Road Stone (Quarry Process)
The pictures below show that quarry, and beach rip rap, which is one use of the limestone. Most of the limestone is transported from this quarry by truck, but some is still moved by rail. In addition to limestone, Michigan also produces pure lime as well. Lime is purified limestone, and is often of more value to industry than is limestone.
Limestone is a source of calcium carbonate and is heated to convert the calcium carbonate into calcium oxide. This process is generally carried out in large rotary kilns or vertical shaft kilns where high temperature is required. Quicklime is produced in the calcination process, which can be crushed depending on it's use.
Ridge Limestone, Inc., owned by Neiswonger Construction, Inc. is located in Saltsburg, PA is a aggregate company that specializes in producing a variety of sized limestone for roads, driveways and contractors throughout Western Pennsylvania.. We have been involved in the mining industry for over 40 years. We are the closest limestone quarry to Pittsburgh PA, and are within 40 miles to the ...
Stone quarrying is the multistage process by which rock is extracted from the ground and crushed to produce aggregate, which is then screened into the sizes required for immediate use, or for further processing, such as coating with bitumen to make bituminous macadam (bitmac) or asphalt.
Apr 20, 2017· Our quarry process is NJ DOT and NY DOT approved. Quarry process is an aggregate size that has been crushed, reduced in size and screened through a 1" square screen. Quarry process can be known by a few different names, including QP, Dense Grade Aggregate (DGA), Shoulder Stone, Item #4, Crusher Run and DGABC.
Sep 29, 2012· How is Limestone Mined | Ask Kids: NZMIA resources for schools industrial minerals limestone case:
Quarry Process Stone is a mixture of crushed stone about 3/4″ in diameter that has been reduced in size and mixed with stone dust. QP can be composited of different types of natural stone: granite, gneiss, trap rock and others. It is used primarily as a sub-base or as a base material.
Limestone is a material of national importance, and resource sterilization can result in a longer haul at a higher cost from quarry to customer. Limestone Production Patterns. Most of the limestone that is mined is crushed for aggregate. The majority of U.S. crushed stone production has come from limestone for at least the last 40 years.
Extraction Limestone mining is done out in the open. Once studies show the existence of stone at the site, the extraction is made by separating the rock in quarry benches and dividing it into blocks. Before beginning the quarrying process, a resource analysis is made.
Crushed stone is one of the most accessible natural resources, and is a major basic raw material used by construction, agriculture, and other industries. Despite the low value of its basic products, the crushed stone industry is a major contributor to and an indicator of the economic well-being of a nation.
Quarry Process: Bulk Delivery & Pickup in NJ & NY. Braen Supply is the largest supplier of quarry process in northern NJ. We have quarry process, also commonly referred to as QP and Dense Graded Aggregate (DGA), for your construction and design needs at wholesale prices.
Quarrying is the process of removing rock, sand, gravel or other minerals from the ground in order to use them to produce materials for construction or other uses. So, a quarry is any such working on the surface of the earth where minerals are extracted.
©Copyright © 2019.Company TAA All rights reserved.sitemap | <urn:uuid:9ebc53a5-b9cc-4ee2-b386-08c3fd6871ba> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.hoek32.nl/2019-12-28-39572-quarry-process-crushed-limestone.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505730.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401100029-20200401130029-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.94856 | 1,322 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Constructal Law in Nature and Society.- Constructal Models in Social Processes.- Tree Flow Networks in Urban Design.- Natural Flow Patterns and Structured People Dynamics - A Constructal View.- Constructal Patterns Formation in Nature, Pedestrian Motion, and Epidemics Propagation.- The Constructal Nature of the Air Traffic System.- Sociological Theory, Constructal Theory, and Globalization.- Is Animal Learning Optimal?.- Conflict and Conciliation Dynamics.- Human Aging and Mortality.- Statistical Mechanical Models for Social Systems.- Family Models for Ethnic Residential Segregation.- Corporate Interlock.- Constructal Approach to Company Sustainability.- The Inequality Process Is an Evolutionary Process.- Constructal Theory of Written Language.- Life and Cognition.
Constructal Theory of Social Dynamics brings together for the first time social scientists and engineers who present predictive theory of social organization, as a conglomerate of mating flows that morph in time to flow more easily. The book offers a new way to look at social phenomena as part of natural phenomena, and examines a new domain of application of engineering such as thermodynamic optimization, thermoeconomics and "design as science".
Combines for the first time theories of general physics and applies them to social sciences
Offers a new way to look at social phenomena as part of natural phenomena
A new domain of application of engineering such as thermodynamic optimization, thermoeconomics and "design as science"
Discusses how the "flow architectures" of natural sciences are also found in social situations
Both classes are covered by the same principle (the constructal law)
First work to show that the concept of "efficiency" of engineering has a home in physics and social sciences
The constructal law theory puts a scientific principle behind the major challenges of today and the future: sustainable development, energy sufficiency, equilibria between human settlements and environmental ecosystems, optimal allocation, optimal distribution of finite resources, etc. | <urn:uuid:29ad3326-4876-4e79-9d21-696c15704728> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.moluna.de/buch/4174646-constructal+theory+of+social+dynamics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121644.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00645-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862665 | 390 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Heart transplant is the operation to remove and replace a failing, diseased heart with a healthier donor heart. This procedure is reserved for people with heart conditions who have not had much luck with medications or other surgeries.
People who need Heart Transplants
- Sudden cardiac death from failure of the electrical conduction system of the heart
- End-stage heart disease
- Heart failure arising from:
∙ Myocardial Infarction
∙ Pulmonary Hypertension
∙ Heart Valve Disease
∙ Viral infection of the Myocardium
∙ Congenital heart defects; the major cause in children
∙ Ventricular Arrhythmias
∙ Alcoholism/ Drug Abuse
∙ Chronic Lung Diseases, such as Emphysema or COPD ( Chronic Obstructive
∙ Pulmonary Disease)
∙ Cardiomyopathy (enlargement of Heart Muscle)
∙ Coronary Artery Disease
Contraindications of Heart transplant
∙ Advanced Age
∙ Pre Existing condition, such as kidney failure, a serious liver or lung disease
∙ Active infection
∙ Medical history of Cancer
∙ Unwilling or unable to make lifestyle changes
Heart Transplant Process
- Psychological & Social Evaluation
Upon recommendation by your doctor, you shall be referred to a heart transplant center and evaluated for eligibility.
The criteria for eligibility are:
- Heart conditions that benefit from transplantation
- Have run out of other treatment options
- Your health can bear surgery and post-transplant treatments
- Are ready to cut down on smoking or drinking habits
- Are able to wait for a donor heart; emotionally stable
- Blood & Diagnostic Tests
To find a donor match and assess health; tests like CT scan, Pulmonary Function Tests, X-rays.
- Waiting for a donor organ
This can be a very long and grueling process. Ventricular assist devices might be implanted in you, meanwhile.
A match is determined by:
∙ The recipient’s medical emergency
∙ Blood type (A, B, O or AB)
∙ Donor organ size
∙ Time spent on the waiting list
- Pre Transplant- Heart transplants need to occur within 4 hours of organ removal. You are notified by the center to ask whether you accept the donation. Thereupon, you must rush to the transplant hospital; often, airlifts are provided by centers.
Upon arrival, a final evaluation precedes the surgery. It is a 3 step process:
First step – The donor must be declared brain-dead for their heart to be “harvested,” transported on ice to keep it alive and viable, and taken to the nearest transplant center.
Second step – The recipient’s damaged heart is removed.
Third step – The transplantation, with the help of 5 lines of stitches called “anastomoses.” The large blood vessels of the recipient are connected to the donor’s heart.
Complications of Heart Transplant
Every surgery holds some inherent risks, and heart transplants are no different in this regard. Let’s take a look at some of the biggest risks of having a heart transplant surgery:
- Bleeding out during or after the surgery
- Widespread Infection; some infections may be recurrent and hard to treat or cure. Immunosuppressants are known to decrease your body’s ability to fight infection. It is very common to have to get hospitalized within the first year of the transplant owing to infection.
- Blood clots which cause future heart attacks or strokes or lung problems
- Breathing problems
- Kidney Failure
- Failure of the donor’s heart
Primary graft failure is the most dreaded complication. It is possible for your body to reject the new donor heart, and the immune system wreaks havoc on it, treating it the way it would any harmful foreign body. Either an active rejection or a chronic rejection will follow, resulting in a scar tissue that blocks the blood vessels.
Specialized drugs known as “Immunosuppressive medications” are needed to help your body to not view the new heart as a threat and to allow it to survive. The medicines trick the body into accepting the transplant and keeps it from attacking it.
- Coronary Allograft Vasculopathy (CAV) – The vessels that carry blood to the heart muscles become thick and hard. This, in turn, causes serious heart muscle damage.
- Metastatic Cancer
Immunosuppressive medicines might, in turn, may make you susceptible to cancers, like Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, skin and lip tumors, etc. The spread of preexisting cancer to other parts of the body is not uncommon.
Results of Heart Transplants
You can expect to enjoy a good quality of life after your transplant. It depends on your healing and recovery, to determine how much of your daily activities you are able to resume.
Putting major complications aside, the results of heart transplantation are remarkably good.
The one-year mortality rate in patients with severe forms of heart failure is 80%.
5-year survival rate amongst patients with any type of heart failure is less than 50%.
Yet, after the survival averages about 50 – 60%
And one-year survival averages about 85 – 90%
For adults, the global overall survival rate is more than 85% after one a year and about 69% after five years | <urn:uuid:99991d10-4a41-48ce-9684-0be1e008336f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.socialsneaker.com/heart-transplant-surgery-what-is-the-outlook/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146665.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227063824-20200227093824-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.893842 | 1,150 | 2.765625 | 3 |
UCLA scientists show how to amplify or stifle signals for immune responses
T cells, the managers of our immune systems, spend their days shaking hands with another type of cell that presents small pieces of protein from pathogens or cancerous cells to the T cell. But each T cell is programmed to recognize just a few protein pieces, known as antigens, meaning years can go by without the T cell, or its descendants, recognizing an antigen.
When the T cell does recognize an antigen, it gives the cell presenting the antigen a “hug,” so to speak, instead of a handshake. This initial interaction causes the T cell to search nearby to find other cells that are presenting the same antigen to give them “hugs” as well.
In a study published today in Science Signaling, UCLA researchers have discovered that after the initial hug, T cells become more gregarious, giving something more like a bear hug to any cell presenting its antigen. These larger hugs help to activate the T cell, equipping it to go out into the body and coordinate multi-cellular attacks to fight infections or cancers. The UCLA team learned that how stiff or soft T cells are controls their response — the cells react slowly when they are stiff and trigger easily when they are soft.
“T cells are like the shy person at the office holiday party who acts stiff until they loosen up a bit and then are all over the dance floor,” said Dr. Manish Butte, associate professor of pediatrics and microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the study’s senior author.
Butte and his colleagues pioneered an approach using an instrument called an atomic-force microscope to make real-time observations about what excites T cells at the nanoscale. Once they learned that T cells soften after activation, the UCLA team identified the biochemical pathway that controls the cell’s stiffness. They then identified drugs that can help the T cells either elicit or subdue a response. The finding provides scientists with a new capability to manipulate the immune system, Butte said.
Diseases arise in people and animals when T cells attack the body’s other cells, or when they fail to signal attacks against cancer cells or infectious pathogens.
“Until now, we had a limited understanding of what controls T cell activation,” said Butte, who is chief of pediatric allergy and immunology at UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital and a member of the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute. “We wanted to identify how to both encourage and speed up T cell activation for fighting infections and cancers and to disrupt it in order to prevent immune disease. Now that we understand the precise steps taking place, our findings suggest that altering T cell stiffness with drugs could one day help us thwart diseases where T cells are too active or not active enough.”
Butte and colleagues are beginning to apply these findings — in a study funded by the National Institutes of Health — to diminish the role T cells play in triggering Type 1 diabetes.
“We can’t talk about precision medicine and still use a sledgehammer to treat disease,” Butte said. “By exploiting the mechanism we discovered to soften T cells, we could accelerate vaccine responses so a patient won’t need multiple boosters and months of waiting to get full immunity. Or we could stiffen up T cells to prevent the body from rejecting transplanted organs.”
Grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, the Stanford Child Health Research Institute, the Morgridge Family Foundation and the National Science Foundation supported the research. | <urn:uuid:fc60a5ab-c1bc-4be8-817c-e09e1340cc22> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.uclahealth.org/news/ucla-scientists-show-how-to-amplify-or-stifle-signals-for-immune-responses | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662573053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524142617-20220524172617-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.932983 | 771 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Freedom of speech is worth fighting for, worth dying for. Our once-great nation was founded on it, and it’s the hill we must die on.
Freedom of speech is the foundation of a free society. Without it, a tyrant can wreak havoc unopposed, while his opponents are silenced.
Putting up with being offended is essential in a pluralistic society in which people differ on basic truths. If a group will not bear being offended without resorting to violence, that group will rule unopposed while everyone else lives in fear, while other groups curtail their activities to appease the violent group. This results in the violent group being able to tyrannize the others.
By: Candace Hathaway, Blaze, September 25, 2023
A recent poll from RealClear Opinion Research found that one-third of registered Democratic respondents feel Americans have “too much freedom to speak freely.”
The poll, released in September, surveyed 1,000 individuals. Of those interviewed, 377 identified as Democrats, 369 as Republicans, and 255 as independent or “other.”
By Carl M. Cannon – RCP Staff September 22, 2023
The concept of free speech dates to the 5th century B.C. in ancient Greece and was codified in America’s founding documents on Dec. 15, 1791, with the ratification of the Bill of Rights. The 45-word First Amendment prohibited Congress from “abridging freedom of speech, or of the press,” and has been long understood to include any branch of government.
James Madison, the drafter of the first 10 constitutional amendments, originally drafted a more fiery version of the First Amendment, one that included its underlying rationale: “The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak, to write, or to publish their sentiments; and the freedom of the press, as one of the great bulwarks of liberty, shall be inviolable.”
“Inviolable” is a powerful word, notwithstanding the fact that the right to speak and write freely has always come with various limitations. They range from libel and slander laws to national security secrets, obscenity statutes, and the notorious analogy popularized by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. of “falsely shouting ‘fire!’ in a theater and causing panic.”
Most citizens accept some of these caveats; others do not. But by overwhelming majorities, Americans generally still cherish their rights to free expression — at least in theory. A new poll on censorship by RealClear Opinion Research shows that 90% of voters in the United States express support for the Founders’ curbs on government power.
Topline findings: The full polling breakdown
“Overall, 9 in 10 voters in the U.S. think First Amendment protections for freedom of speech is a good thing, while only 9% think it is a bad thing,” said pollster Spencer Kimball, who directed the RCP survey. “This is agreed upon across the demographics, like party affiliation, age, and race.”
For those who oppose censorship and put a premium on the free flow of ideas, that’s the good news. But there is bad news, too. Inevitably in our nation’s current hyper-partisan political environment, when one bores down on this subject, deeply divergent perspectives emerge — partisan differences.
Painting with a broad brush, Democrats grant significantly more deference to government than do Republicans when it comes to regulating free speech. This wasn’t the only fault line revealed by the RCP survey.
Some of what is dividing these differences is generational, as Millennials and Gen-Z have come of age in a digital age environment in which reasonable expectations of privacy seem a relic of the past. “Those under 30 are most open to censorship by the government,” Kimball noted, adding that 42% of this cohort deem it “more important” to them that the government protect national security than guard the right to free expression. Among those over 65 years old, the corresponding percentage was 26%.
Also, a gender gap reveals itself, one that dovetails with the discrepancy in party registration between men and women — but which is more pronounced. Asked whether they support free speech even if it’s “deeply offensive,” 78% of men answered affirmatively, compared to 66% of women.
But the most glaring gap is between conservatives and liberals, i.e., between Republicans and Democrats. On the issue of free expression, at least, Republicans are not the authoritarian party. That distinction belongs to the Democrats, the party launched by Thomas Jefferson — the Founding Father who famously said that if he were forced to choose between “a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.”
This is a relatively new development. Traditionally, opposing censorship — whether imposed by government or corporations — was a bedrock principle of liberalism in this country. The American Civil Liberties Union was founded in 1920 to promote and defend free expression. And this ideal was at the heart of liberal thought, liberal lawmaking, and liberal jurisprudence during most of the 20th century.
EDITORS NOTE: This Geller Report is republished with permission. ©All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:75c0051b-38e8-4c15-a31e-a1c1dcfde8b3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://drrichswier.com/2023/09/27/poll-33-of-democrats-say-americans-have-too-much-freedom-to-speak-freely/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100705.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207221604-20231208011604-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.95763 | 1,109 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Longleaf pine ecosystems are among the most threatened in the U.S., and managers across the southeast are prioritizing longleaf restoration. The conventional approach calls for removing hardwood trees such as oak.
“Hardwood reduction techniques are commonly deemed necessary for ecological restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems,” says U.S. Forest Service research ecologist Louise Loudermilk. “Hardwoods are presumed competitors with longleaf pine seedlings.”
Loudermilk recently led a study questioning this conventional wisdom. “We found that oaks can help longleaf pine seedlings survive,” says Loudermilk. “On dry sites, the presence of oak facilitates longleaf seedling survival, especially when the seedlings are less than 2 years old.” Loudermilk and her colleagues published their findings in the journal Ecosphere.
The scientists analyzed long-term data on young longleaf pine seedlings at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. The base is home to large tracts of longleaf pine that escaped the widespread and intensive logging that occurred in the early 1900s. Longleaf pine trees dominate the canopy, and the midstory and understory is mostly made up of native oak trees.
The scientists studied longleaf pine seedling establishment and survival after 2 periods of prolific seed production, known as mast events. In longleaf pine, mast events occur every few years in complex and irregular cycles which are influenced by climate and other factors.
During a mast year, vast numbers of longleaf pine seeds are produced, and after a mast year, the number of seedlings skyrockets. However, many of those seedlings die. Loudermilk and her colleagues analyzed seedling establishment and survival for a 2 year period immediately after mast years that occurred in 1996 and 2011.
“The number of oaks in the midstory had a significant effect on longleaf pine seedlings,” says Loudermilk. “Longleaf seedlings growing in the presence of midstory oak trees had a much higher survival rate.” The protective effect was noticeable when there were as few as 17 oaks per acre, and when there were more midstory oaks – up to 560 per acre – they did not impede longleaf seedling establishment.
In order to determine how the oaks helped longleaf seedlings survive, Loudermilk and her colleagues measured moisture stress and environmental conditions. The military base is considered a dry sandhill habitat, and the scientists concluded that one of the ways oaks helped longleaf pine seedlings was by reducing moisture stress in hot and dry conditions.
“It’s true that longleaf pine needs plenty of sunlight to grow,” says Loudermilk. “However, we suspect that for seedlings on dry sites, the benefit of some shade – which reduces moisture stress – outweighs the demand for sunlight.” Newly established longleaf pine seedlings are susceptible to drought, although once established, they thrive in dry habitats.
“This phenomenon may explain how longleaf pine recovers in canopy openings,” says Loudermilk. Hardwoods grow quickly into the midstory in these openings, and without a mechanism such as facilitation, longleaf pines could not successfully re-establish in these areas. In essence, the oak midstory may provide the path back for longleaf pine establishment after large canopy disturbances.
The study is particularly relevant as the climate is expected to become warmer and drier. “We hope managers will consider oak facilitation in their management strategies,” says Loudermilk. “Oak facilitation on dry sites appears to be a missing and critical component to our understanding of longleaf pine restoration.”
For more information, email Louise Loudermilk at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:0fb87d80-0de8-4222-ac4e-575d4fbc0793> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/compass/2017/02/23/oaks-an-unrecognized-ally-in-longleaf-pine-restoration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724001211-20210724031211-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.966335 | 795 | 3.890625 | 4 |
The purpose of the Sexual Risk Avoidance Education (SRAE) Program is to fund projects to implement sexual risk avoidance education that teaches participants how to voluntarily refrain from non-marital sexual activity. SRAE Programs also teach the benefits associated with:
Grantees use an evidenced based approach and/or effective strategies to educate youth on how to avoid risks that could lead to non-marital sexual activity. SRAE projects are implemented using a Positive Youth Development (PYD) framework as part of risk avoidance strategies, to help participants build healthy life skills, develop individual protective factors that reduce risks, empower youth to make healthy decisions, and provide tools and resources to prevent, pregnancy and STI. Linking program participants to services provided by local community partners that support the safety and well-being of youth is also a key component to the program. | <urn:uuid:ed09f101-606a-4eb4-a1ba-d4f8163282de> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.acf.hhs.gov/fysb/programs/adolescent-pregnancy-prevention/sexual-risk-avoidance-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739134.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814011517-20200814041517-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.924007 | 172 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Little Pocket Mouse
The Little Pocket Mouse is a golden-brown heteromyid that occurs sporadically on the Etiwanda Fan. This is the smallest heteromyid species that occurs there. The Little Pocket Mouse is found in a variety of arid and semi-arid habitats in southern California. There are 16 races of Little Pocket Mouse. Our local race is the Los Angeles Pocket Mouse (P. l. brevinasis), which is found in sandy areas of coastal sage scrub, grasslands, and washes.
Status: P. l. brevinasis is a California Species of Special Concern; P. l. pacificus (Pacific Pocket Mouse) is Federally Endangered
Habitat: Sandy areas of chaparral, coastal sage scrub, alluvial fan sage scrub, desert scrub, and washes
Diet: Seeds and some insects
Mean* adult body length: 56.7 mm
Mean* adult tail length: 70.2 mm
Mean* adult hind foot length: 16.2 mm
Mean* adult ear length: 6.3 mm
*mean measurement of individuals captured in the San Bernardino Valley by Museum researchers
The graph below shows the activity periods of adults from 1999 through 2001.
Back to Mammals of the Etiwanda Fan | <urn:uuid:30084f33-9114-48b6-95c2-252bf09bcb47> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://sbcounty.gov/museum/exhibits/etiwandafan/pocket_mouse_little.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948608836.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218044514-20171218070514-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.804801 | 269 | 2.921875 | 3 |
There is a growing scarcity of human organs for transplantation. The demand for organs and the insufficient supply pose a serious problem for the patients who must undergo an organ transplant in order to live. According to the report by UNOS, about 89,000 Americans are currently in anticipation of organs for life-saving transplants. In 2004, 24,812 transplants were done with the help of 12,940 donors. The United States is presently ranked fourth in per capita rate on organs donation (Gross 147). Considering the above statistics and the ongoing organ shortage, it is probable that merely twenty-five percent of potential recipients will benefit from a donor organ. The despairing deficiency of organs requires an urgent re-examination of the method of procuring organs as well as revising of policies to increase the organ donation. The current system is characterized by various obstacles, including the difficulties of obtaining consent by the physicians due to their reluctance. These difficulties can be avoided by implementing a different structure of organ procurement. This paper will examine the idea of autonomy and focus on the role that it plays in ethical contemplation as it relates to the donation of organs. It will also, argue that both the presumed consent and the presumed refusal do not preserve the autonomy and that the authorized choice is a more ethically sustainable answer to the growing problem of organ procurement.
The necessity for viable organs for transplant is increasing at a remarkable rate. In the past, there was always a wide gap between the number of organs required and donated. Moreover, it required a lot of drive to persuade people to become organ donors. The advancements in technology have helped save more lives through organ transplants than ever before. Nevertheless, these enhancements will mean nothing if there are no organs for transplantation. Physicians always find themselves asking the question how more organs can be procured for transplantation. Consequently, it raises ethical and moral considerations that should be tackled so as to arrive at a convincing answer. Autonomy should be preserved in any statute regarding organ donation, although the way it is seen will change the discrepancies of the presumed and refused consent, as well as obligatory choice (Grandtham 78). Therefore, the essay will prove the standpoint that the mandated choice is the best substitute to guarantee the appropriate handling of one’s autonomy while procuring viable organs to reduce the increasing gap between the supply and demand for organs.
Autonomy is said to be the self-governance or self-determination. People believe that individuals act autonomously when they, and nobody else, make a decision that affects their life and act according to the decisions. To make such a decision, one needs to have all the relevant facts; and as it is unattainable for a person to have all the facts, it can be argued that no person can make a strictly autonomous decision. Moreover, the decision-making process requires individuals to have an intention, understanding, and freedom from both external and internal restraints.
The mandated choice policy entails that people should document their consent related to organ donor status during their life. This important decision should be entered into an integrated database system that the medical professionals can access when the need arises. It is similar to the presumed consent. According to Sirico, individuals retain the right to determine how their organs should be used after their death. The law also enables the next of kin to give final directions if the deceased did not express the intentions during the lifetime. The latest amendment of this law provides that medial attendants should document each patient’s wish to donate an organ on admission. Furthermore, the health care provider staff should request the family of the brain-dead patients to contemplate organ donation. This amounts to an obligatory bid, which adds an unusual load to a heavy situation of both the family and the physicians. With statutes like the mandated choice, the necessity to get the family consent may be evaded, and the stressful argument on organ donation at a time of grief would be avoided (Sirico 8).
The mandated choice is also preferred by the majority because it improves public awareness concerning the necessity for donor organs and dictates that persons should indulge in serious consideration as well as debate over organ transplantation. An additional advantage is that the policy would eliminate the delay or the waiting time that physicians have to deal with when trying to get consent to procure organs. Delays in the procurement of organs lead mostly to deterioration of the organ, thus affecting the ultimate outcomes of the transplant. Also, the mandated choice policy upholds the right of a person to exercise autonomy while preserving the altruistic as well as voluntary nature of organ donation since donors do so freely, apparently minding the well-being of other people. Healy is in favor of the structure founded on the basis of the mandated choice. He states that “the mandated choice will uphold altruism and voluntarism, which are philosophical pillars of the present structure of obtaining organs.”
The exclusion of the family or the next of kin in the process of the mandated choice has been a big problem for those opposing it. Consequently, it is more considerate to family members than in the current structure since it eradicates the need for distressed family members to face the emotional subject of organ donation at moments of grief. The worry that most family members would not stand being excluded from the process of the final consent has not been properly justified. The family members would not be fully removed from the process of decision-making. Each person still maintains the possibility to discuss organ donation before registering those desires. The mandated choice will ensure that the person’s desires will be executed; moreover, it avoids the sorrow of making a decision during a difficult time (Chen 90).
It must not be forgotten that organ donation can be an encouraging involvement for a family, even in the grieving moments that follow a demise of a family member. During most instances of organ donation, the organs are obtained from younger individuals who have perished from tragic road accidents. In these cases, there is a likelihood to provide meaning and recoup the good from an otherwise baffling tragedy. McDaniel argues that the decision of a family to allow donation, particularly in case of an accident, brain death, or death by accident, can be humanity in its utmost and unalloyed form. He also observes that the belief that the mandated choice policy may deny the family members a chance to act humanly as well as neglect the request of the next of kin by medical staff does not essentially contravene the human nature of the act. Regrettably, the mandated choice may also portray organ donation negatively when a refusal by the family is overturned by the after death wishes of a person. Although it is paramount to include family members in the process of decision-making regarding organ procurement, the above considerations should not be used as criteria for rejecting the whole policy. Alternatively, family members should be encouraged to actively discuss the issue of organ donation and familiarize with each other’s preferences and views.
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With the rising scarcity of organs, the effort of transplantation should not be portrayed in a negative light. The framework should be just and respectful of person’s wishes. Individuals agree to be donors on the assumption that they donate to an infrastructure function fairly. The issue also raises concerns regarding the handling of information of the mandated choice records. Many states keep databases of donation wishes of their citizens. Normally, the organ procurement organization (OPO) might utilize these records to sway family decisions on donation. By presenting that the deceased person had been listed as a donor, the OPO can convince family members to donate the organs. This also raises a concern about what may happen if the deceased was not registered as a donor, but the family members want to donate the organs. Ideally, it is unethical to hide the information and permit the family to donate the organs, regardless of the wishes of the demised person; however, this could see the structure lose the possibly viable organs, and the scarcity problem would not be addressed (Weimer 33).
There is a growing scarcity of human organs for transplantation, which poses a serious problem to a large percentage of the population that are in need of organs for transplant in order to save their lives. The concern of the organ scarcity can be addressed by adopting a different organ procurement structure. The mandated choice system seems to be the best alternative for changing the current system. Under this structure, persons will be required to state their wishes regarding the donation, thus respecting the autonomy of individuals. This system would be more autonomous. Moreover, it will increase the number of eager donors, thus reducing the gap between the need and obtainability of organs. For that reason, the mandated choice is the most suitable alternative to the problem of organ procurement because it esteems the person’s autonomy, saves the family members from difficult decisions as well as increases the availability of viable organs for transplantation. | <urn:uuid:4e59f898-8738-4dad-bbe3-bc6516c93f88> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://essays-king.com/essays/argumentative-essays/donating-and-procuring-organs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621273.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615114909-20210615144909-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.955184 | 1,794 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The coordinated terrorist attacks on September 11 exposed several vulnerabilities in U.S. national security. The devastating loss of life and destruction of billions of dollars in critical infrastructure highlighted the need for homeland defense laws, regulations, and policies to meet advancing security threats.
Please discuss how public opinion of security changed post September 11. Indicate significant legislation and executive orders that were stood up to address vulnerabilities. Additionally, please pick one (1) critical infrastructure sector and explain its mission. Elaborate on the role the private sector plays in protecting your chosen critical infrastructure sector. Provide at least two (2) examples.
Keep in mind:
- 7-10 pages with 12 font, Arial or Calibri with 1” margins
- 10 citations from 5 scholarly sources. Appropriate format (EG: APA, MLA). Wikipedia, Answers.com, or similar sources are unacceptable.
- All submitted work must be original work. Papers will be submitted via Safe Assign.
- Include a title page with name, assignment, date, course, and instructor. Include a works cited. The cover page and reference pages do not count as part of the required pages.
- Proper spelling, grammar, syntax, and word choice is expected. | <urn:uuid:ff6713a3-2a0a-48d3-8607-b12d43b9deae> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://theacademicessays.com/the-coordinated-terrorist-attacks-on-september-11-exposed-several-vulnerabilities-in-u-s-national-security-the-devastating-loss-of-life-and-destruction-of-billions-of-dollars-in-cr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347401004.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528232803-20200529022803-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.901763 | 252 | 2.96875 | 3 |
the rest consotiated shall assist each other to the utmost of their power in all extremities . . . . whatever by casualties by sea, or force of enemy, or if in any case any of the said companies of the said ships shall be taken, by any enemy the other consotiated shall indeavor to ye utmost of yr power to redeem ym, and furthermore whatsoever negars, or goods gold, or silver, or other quallity or vallers, shalbe equally divided tunn for tunn, and man for man, in each severall ship, in ye country of Ginny." For the better performance of these articles of agreement they bound themselves "ioyntly and severally each to other, in the sums of two thousand pounds starling English monye to performe, and give a iust accompt each to other of all goods, or marchandize so taken." The risks attending such enterprises during this early period are hinted at in the clause providing that "what troubles shall accrue by taking neagers, or by or commissons, or any suites of Lawe about ym each severall parties here bound shall give account of what was taking, and be ready to assist each other herein to all seuts of Lawe whatsover or disbursements." This document is signed by Robert Shopton, Miles Causon, and James Smith, "each his seale against his name," and by three witnesses.
In 1646 occurred an episode which is often quoted to prove the existence of an antislavery sentiment in Massachusetts at that early date, but which on closer inspection will hardly bear that interpretation. The General Court ordered that two Negroes brought to Boston by one Captain James Smith should be sent back to Guinea. This action was not, however, a protest against the slave trade but against the manner in which the negroes in question had been procured, for they had been taken by deceit and force, not bought after the approved method. Governor Winthrop tells the story:1 "Mr. James Smith (who was a member of the church of Boston) with his mate Keyser were bound for Guinea to trade for negroes. But when they arrived there, they met with some Londoners, with whom they consorted, and the Londoners having been formerly injured by the natives (or at least pretending the same), they invited them aboard one of their ships on the Lord's day, and such as came they kept prisoners, then they landed men, and a murderer, and assaulted one of their towns and killed many of the people." The public conscience made a nice discrimination between man-buying and man-stealing, and wished the natives of Guinea to understand the horror excited by this act. The decision of the General Court (November 4, 1646) reads as follows:2 "The Genrall Corte, conceiving themselves bound by ye first opportunity to bear witness against ye haynos & crying sinn of man stealing, as also to prescribe such timely redresse for what is past, & such a law for ye future as may sufficiently deterr all othrs belonging to us to have to do in such vile & most odious courses, iustly abhored of all good & iust men, do order, yt ye negro interpreter, wrth othrs unlawfully taken, be, by ye first oportunity, (at ye charge of ye country for present,) sent to his native country of Ginny, & a letter wth him of ye indignation of ye Corte thereabouts, & iustice hereof, desireing or honored Govrnr would please to put this order in execution."
Edward Randolph, who was sent over from England to inquire into the condition of his Majesty's plantations, reported in regard to Boston in 1676, among other things, that there were "some ships lately sent to Guinea, Madagascar and those coasts."3 In the same year the Royal African Company complained that interloping slave ships from the colonies sold their cargoes in the West Indies.4 Governor Bradstreet defended Massachu-
1 Winthrop, History of New England, II, 243, 244.
2 Mass. Bay Records, II. 167.
3 Hutcliinson, Papers, p. 495.
4 Mass. Stat. Assoc., I.
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"The use of the day-night band by the National Weather Service is growing," said Mitch Goldberg, program scientist for NOAA's Joint Polar Satellite System. For example, the NOAA Weather Service's forecast office in Monterey, Calif., is now using VIIRS day-night band images to improve monitoring and forecasting of fog and low clouds for high air traffic coastal airports like San Francisco. According to Goldberg, VIIRS images were used on Nov. 26, the Monday after Thanksgiving, to map the dense fog in the San Francisco Bay area that resulted in flight delays and cancellations.
Unlike a camera that captures a picture in one exposure, the day-night band produces an image by repeatedly scanning a scene and resolving it as millions of individual pixels. Then, the day-night band reviews the amount of light in each pixel. If it is very bright, a low-gain mode prevents the pixel from oversaturating. If the pixel is very dark, the signal is amplified.
"It's like having three simultaneous low-light cameras operating at once and we pick the best of various cameras, depending on where we're looking in the scene," Miller said. The instrument can capture images on nights with or without moonlight, producing crisp views of Earth's atmosphere, land and ocean surfaces.
"The night is nowhere as dark as we might think," Miller said. And with the VIIRS day-night band helping scientists to tease out information from human and natural sources of nighttime light, "we don't have to be in the dark anymore, either."
"The remarkable day-night band images from Suomi NPP have impressed the scientific community and exceeded our pre-launch expectations," said James Gleason, Suomi NPP project scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. | <urn:uuid:f43ae9f9-bbb9-45fd-9452-cb68870f11c5> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.sciencecodex.com/nasanoaa_satellite_reveals_new_views_of_earth_at_night-103332 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438044160065.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728004240-00019-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932372 | 365 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Importance of Sunglasses for Children
Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) protection for the skin and the eye is among the most important aspects of preventive medicine in this century. This is because of the increasing hazard of UVR exposure due to the on-going depletion of the protective ozone layer. However, while we are all aware of the impact of UV light on our children’s sensitive skin and the need to wear skin creams to prevent skin cancer, little thought is given to its effect on their eyes.
Why are children's eyes more sensitive?
Children’s eyes are much more sensitive to light than those of adults. Their pupils are wider and their ocular tissues such as the cornea, lens and fluids contain less pigment and as such are clearer and allow more light to enter the retina. In fact, the clear lens of the young child transmits about 7.5 times the amount of potentially harmful UVR as the yellowing lens in the adult. According to the Eyecare Trust, a Charity which dedicates itself to raising awareness of eye health across the UK, up to 70% more UV light reaches the retina of children than an adult eye. And 80% of a lifetime UV is absorbed before a child hits his/ her 18th birthday. Damage caused by exposure to UVR is cumulative and therefore protection needs to begin as early as possible. If a child exceed its threshold, it is more likely that it will suffer eye problems in later life. It is worth noting that children with light coloured eyes are even more sensitive. They particularly need good protection.
What are the dangers of Solar Radiation?
Like skin, eyes have a limited tolerance of sun. Any unprotected exposure to solar radiation uses up the eye's sun tolerance and can cause irreversible lesions of the ocular tissues. The most fragile tissues are the crystalline lens and the retina.
UVA are the most harmful rays for the eyes. UVA radiation increases the risk of cataract (early ageing of the lens), skin cancer of the eyelids and macular degeneration (loss of central vision from the retina). Lesions caused by UVA are late developing.
Infrared radiation to the eyes. In the short term, infrared radiation causes sunburn of the eyelids and the eyes (conjunctiva, cornea or retina) and stinging. In the long term it causes slow degeneration of the ocular tissues, thereby accelerating the risk of cataract.
How do I protect my child’s eyes?
Consider the following:
- UVR protection. Make sure the sunglasses they are wearing absorb 100% UVA and UVB radiation and that they are made for children.
- Wrap-around frame design. Solar radiation reflects from all surfaces and in all weathers including cloudy days, at sea or in the mountains therefore the frames must cover and surround a child’s eye and block out as much solar radiation as possible.
- Shock resistant plastic frames. Between the ages of 3 and 10, children are extremely active and they need sunglasses that can take a lot of knocks while still looking cool and providing great eye protection.
- Select sunglasses that meet their needs. As for 10- to 15-year-olds, their activities are more specialized and their tastes are becoming grown-up. Eyekit.co collection of sunglasses for teens respects their personality and activities, while being designed for the size and shape of a young teenager’s head.
Note that it is dangerous to let a child wear glasses without proper lenses. Darkened sunglasses don’t do the job alone. Darkened lenses without a UV filter not only do not protect the eyes but can also result in the pupils becoming larger (dilating). The eye therefore absorbs far too much harmful radiation. Do not let them wear novelty sunglasses if they does not have the European Standard CE mark or the British Standard BSEN 1836:2005.
At eyekit.co, every model of kids sunglasses is designed to improve protection, hold firm on the face in all conditions, and ensure absolute comfort and total functionality.
What should I look for in the best sunglasses for babies and toddlers?
Babies have no natural UV protection and up until the age of 3, small children look up to see the world. Consider the following when buying sunglasses to protect your baby or youngsters.
- Substantial coverage around the eyes
- Flexible frames and strong lenses that can take a lot of activity
- Sunglasses that are centered for upside or downside use
- Dark lenses such as category 4 lenses for minimal visible light transmission
- They provide 100% protection against UVA, B and C rays
- They are shock resistant | <urn:uuid:817ea48b-9670-46db-be3d-440524a70b08> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.eyekit.co.uk/importance-of-sunglasses-for-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371821680.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408170717-20200408201217-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.941477 | 961 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In a substantial improvement over present alkaline systems, an advanced hybrid bipolar plate for a unitized fuel cell/ electrolyzer has been developed. This design, which operates on pure feed streams (H2/O2 and water, respectively) consists of a porous metallic foil filled with a polymer that has very high water transport properties. Combined with a second metallic plate, the pore-filled metallic plates form a bipolar plate with an empty cavity in the center.
In electrolyzer mode, this cavity fills with water, which cools the stack, and provides the water for the electrolysis. The water passes through the polymer-filled pores under an RH gradient and feeds the electrolysis reaction. Under fuel-cell mode, the water is vacuumed out of the chamber with vacuum being continuously applied to remove water from the fuel-cell reaction. This evaporative cooling also provides heat removal from the stack.
At 80 °C, electrolyzer performance was superior to that of flowing water in the hydrogen chamber up to 400 mA/cm2. Above this current density, the membrane begins to dry out as water cannot be carried to the oxygen electrode fast enough. Similar behavior was seen when operating under fuel-cell mode. The current invention outperformed the traditional flow-through fuel cell up to 300 mA/cm2. Above this current density, the oxygen chamber begins to flood.
When operating in electrolyzer mode, the hybrid plate generates H2 and O2 at much lower water contents than traditional electrolysis cells. This greatly simplifies drying of the product gases. Because the water is the only product from the reaction, the feed gases can be operated under “dead-ended” conditions; thus, eliminating the need for saturation, recirculation, and water/gas separation systems for fuel-cell operation. In both fuel-cell and electrolyzer mode, this advanced, unitized cell shows equal or superior performance to discreet systems. This design also allows for simple high-pressure operation with a high differential pressure.
Keeping all feed reactants and products in the vapor phase leads to a system simplification. This eliminates the biggest challenge to unitized systems (water management), allowing the weight savings of a second stack. A study has been carried out and has successfully demonstrated proof-of-concept. More design work has to be done to translate this concept into a full system.
This work was done by Cortney K. Mittelsteadt and William Braff of Giner Electrochemical Systems, LLC for Glenn Research Center.
Inquiries concerning rights for the commercial use of this invention should be addressed to NASA Glenn Research Center, Innovative Partnerships Office, Attn: Steve Fedor, Mail Stop 4–8, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44135. Refer to LEW-18269-1. | <urn:uuid:669d418b-db10-458c-ba2a-b914a544d12a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/techbriefs/physical-sciences/5055 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317688.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822235908-20190823021908-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.929443 | 575 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Karl Marx’s Grundrisse
1. Production, Consumption, Distribution, Exchange (Circulation)
The more deeply we go back into history, the more does the individual, and hence also the producing individual, appear as dependent, as belonging to a greater whole: in a still quite natural way in the family and in the family expanded into the clan; then later in the various forms of communal society arising out of the antitheses and fusions of the clan. Only in the eighteenth century, in ‘civil society’, do the various forms of social connectedness confront the individual as a mere means towards his private purposes, as external necessity. But the epoch which produces this standpoint, that of the isolated individual, is also precisely that of the hitherto most developed social (from this standpoint, general) relations. The human being is in the most literal sense a Ξωον πολιτιξον not merely a gregarious animal, but an animal which can individuate itself only in the midst of society. Production by an isolated individual outside society – a rare exception which may well occur when a civilized person in whom the social forces are already dynamically present is cast by accident into the wilderness – is as much of an absurdity as is the development of language without individuals living *together* and talking to each other. There is no point in dwelling on this any longer. The point could go entirely unmentioned if this twaddle, which had sense and reason for the eighteenth-century characters, had not been earnestly pulled back into the centre of the most modern economics by Bastiat, Carey, Proudhon etc. Of course it is a convenience for Proudhon et al. to be able to give a historico-philosophic account of the source of an economic relation, of whose historic origins he is ignorant, by inventing the myth that Adam or Prometheus stumbled on the idea ready-made, and then it was adopted, etc. Nothing is more dry and boring than the fantasies of a *locus communis*.
1. zoon politikon—political animal.
2. Fredric Bastiat (1801-50), French economist, and ‘modern bagman of Free Trade’ (Marx). A believer in laissez-faire and the natural harmony of interests between labour and capital; a fierce opponent of socialism in theory and in practice (as deputy in the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies of 1848 to 1851).
3. Henry Charles Carey (1793-1879), American economist, opponent of Ricardian pessimism (‘Carey, who does not understand Ricardo’—Marx), believed in state intervention to establish harmony between the interests of labour and of capital, and in the tendency of real wages to rise.
4. Of a commonplace (mind). Marx refers here to Bastiat’s Harmonies Economiques, Paris, 1851, pp. 16-19, and Carey’s Principles of Political Economy, Pt I, Philadelphia, 1837, pp. 7-8.
Karl Marx’s Grundrisse | <urn:uuid:401acfc0-8a57-4096-b013-3c1163366dc4> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://fidaner.wordpress.com/2014/01/18/producing-individual/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864391.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622104200-20180622124200-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.925749 | 651 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The recent rash of Internet worms has produced an army of hundreds of thousands of compromised machines that could ultimately be used to launch a massive distributed-denial-of-service attack at any time, according to security officials.
Officials at the CERT Coordination Center said the organization is monitoring at least five large networks of compromised machines installed with so-called bots. The bots connect compromised PCs or servers to Internet Relay Chat servers, which attackers commonly use to execute commands on the remote systems. At least one of these networks has more than 140,000 machines, officials said.
"We have seen indications that these networks are being used [for attacks]," said Marty Lindner, team leader for incident handling at the CERT center at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. "The potential is there for them to cause serious long-term damage."
Unfortunately, CERT officials said, there is little they can do about a potential attack, other than sound the warning and hope users identify and patch infected machines. Officials of the FBIs National Infrastructure Protection Center, in Washington, did not respond to calls seeking comment.
CERTs dire warning is underscored by last weeks emergence of the Deloder and Code Red.F worms. While neither worm does any immediate damage to infected machines, both install back doors that enable attackers to use compromised machines for future, much more damaging operations, such as DDoS attacks.
At the heart of this new trend, according to security experts, are poor security practices. But more important is the mistaken belief by corporate IT that once crises such as those caused by Code Red or SQL Slammer die down, the troubles over. In fact, after an initial flurry of advisories, warnings and patches, there are often months or years of sustained infections and residual DDoS attacks, Lindner said.
For example, Code Red reached its peak in July 2001 when more than 450,000 servers were infected and scanning for new targets. Since then, there are some 60,000 Code Red-infected machines scanning the Internet at any given time. Even a novice cracker would need only a tiny fraction of those machines to launch a devastating DDoS attack.
"This not only shows you that these systems havent been patched but that theyre not running anything even remotely close to a current anti-virus product," Lindner said.
Many older worms are still among the most active threats on the Internet, studies indicate. SQL Spida, Opaserv and Nimda are among the top five most active worms thus far for this month, according to statistics compiled by the WormCatcher network, a distributed group of machines that monitors worm activity and is run by Roger Thompson, technical director of malicious code research at TruSecure Corp., in Herndon, Va. Each of these worms is at least 6 months old, with Nimda first appearing in September 2001.
In addition to making it easier for attackers to plan and execute their attacks, these worms have made it much more difficult for investigators and administrators to trace attacks to their sources, experts say.
Contributing to the problem is the poor overall security posture of many corporations. Lovgate, which appeared several weeks ago, and Deloder both try to spread by exploiting weak or null passwords used to protect shared network drives and folders. Networks exhibiting this lack of security are just ripe for the taking, security experts say.
"Traditionally, weve been looking at viruses and worms exploiting the application layer. But the biggest crevice you can crack is a weak user," said Mark Boroditsky, president and CEO of Passlogix Inc., a security software maker based in New York. "Behavior is a lot harder to patch than software."
Also problematic are the many affected machines belonging to home users, few of whom do any logging of the activity on their PCs. As a result, attackers can easily hide their tracks by using these anonymous computers, according to the experts.
Most Recent Security Stories: | <urn:uuid:03747e92-4e42-488f-86fe-84df5d542480> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.eweek.com/security/more-net-attacks-loom-cert-says | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827963.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216165437-20181216191437-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.956702 | 808 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What is Engineering Physics?
Engineering Physics is a course that might be suitable for you if you are interested in newly developing areas of physics, instrumentation and communications, have an avid interest in technology and a passion for physics. Skills like problem-solving, observation skills, numerical aptitude, practical thinking and reasoning are important for this field. Technical know-how is beneficial and professionals in this field should be able to communicate their ideas to others with clarity, precision and imagination in a way that captures the interest of others. Engineering physics stresses the application of fundamental scientific principles to the design of equipment.
Eligibility for the Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) in Engineering Physics is generally a minimum of 55 percent in the 12th standard with physics, chemistry and mathematics in the curriculum. Some colleges have entrance exams that you must clear for admission to this course. This is a course that is beneficial for careers in applied science and applied physics in industries and also in research labs, universities and for higher studies. It can be a flexible course that might lead to careers in telecommunications, microelectronics, micro-devices, lasers, nanotechnology, opto-electronics or quantum information systems. Graduates of engineering physics can work in teams to develop materials, simulate complex systems, and research innovative technologies. Graduates can find work in private industries, state industries and in federal government industries in areas that involve pure and applied research, design, construction, production and manufacturing. Opportunities in sales and management are possible as well.
Topics covered in Engineering Physics
- The first semester of the usually four-year B.Tech. Engineering Physics consists of subjects like mathematics, chemistry, physics, electrical and engineering drawing.
- The second semester may cover subjects like mathematics, engineering mechanics, introduction to computing, physics and modern biology.
- In the third semester, subjects like object-oriented programming and data structures, signals and systems, classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, mathematics and an elective may be taught.
- Heat and thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, analog and digital electronics and electives are generally covered in the fourth semester.
- In the fifth semester, subjects like biophysics, electro-magnetics, microprocessor architecture and programming, atomic and nuclear physics, group theory and spectroscopy might be covered.
- Measurement techniques, numerical methods and computational physics, statistical mechanics, engineering optics, materials science and an elective could be taken in the sixth semester.
- The seventh semester, besides electives, could include subjects such as solid state physics, semiconductor devices, and lasers and photonics.
- The final semester usually has options for electives and a project. Nano-electronics and nano-photonics tend to be taught as well.
Read: Aerospace Engineering
Colleges offering Engineering Physics Courses
A few colleges that offer the B.Tech. in Engineering Physics in India are given below.
|1||Delhi Technological University|
|2||Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay|
|3||Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi|
|4||Indian Institute of Technology - Guwahati|
|5||Indian Institute of Technology - Madras|
|6||National Institute of Technology - Calicut|
Programs are subject to change, it is advisable to check directly with a school for current program availability. | <urn:uuid:9e9ef86c-6764-4f0b-a5de-919661b7766d> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.indiaeducation.net/engineering/engineering-branch/list/engineering-physics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.914214 | 688 | 3.171875 | 3 |
History of Minnesota
The history of the U.S. state of Minnesota is shaped by its original Native American residents, European exploration and settlement, and the emergence of industries made possible by the state's natural resources. Minnesota achieved prominence through fur trading, logging, and farming, and later through railroads, and iron mining. While those industries remain important, the state's economy is now driven by banking, computers, and health care.
The earliest known settlers followed herds of large game to the region during the last glacial period. They preceded the Anishinaabe, the Dakota, and other Native American inhabitants. Fur traders from France arrived during the 17th century. Europeans, moving west during the 19th century, drove out most of the Native Americans. Fort Snelling, built to protect United States territorial interests, brought early settlers to the area. Early settlers used Saint Anthony Falls for powering sawmills in the area that became Minneapolis, while others settled downriver in the area that became Saint Paul.
Minnesota gained legal existence as the Minnesota Territory in 1849, and became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858. After the upheaval of the American Civil War and the Dakota War of 1862, the state's economy started to develop when natural resources were tapped for logging and farming. Railroads attracted immigrants, established the farm economy, and brought goods to market. The power provided by St. Anthony Falls spurred the growth of Minneapolis, and the innovative milling methods gave it the title of the "milling capital of the world".
New industry came from iron ore, discovered in the north, mined relatively easily from open pits, and shipped to Great Lakes steel mills from the ports at Duluth and Two Harbors. Economic development and social changes led to an expanded role for state government and a population shift from rural areas to cities. The Great Depression brought layoffs in mining and tension in labor relations but New Deal programs helped the state. After World War II, Minnesota became known for technology, fueled by early computer companies Sperry Rand, Control Data and Cray. The Twin Cities also became a regional center for the arts with cultural institutions such as the Guthrie Theater, Minnesota Orchestra, and the Walker Art Center.
- 1 Native American inhabitation
- 2 European exploration
- 3 Territorial foundation and settlement
- 4 Civil War era and Dakota War of 1862
- 5 Economic and social development
- 6 Modern Minnesota
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
- 10 External links
Native American inhabitation
The oldest known human remains in Minnesota, dating back about 9000 years ago, were discovered near Browns Valley in 1933. "Browns Valley Man" was found with tools of the Clovis and Folsom types. Some of the earliest evidence of a sustained presence in the area comes from a site known as Bradbury Brook near Mille Lacs Lake which was used around 7500 BC. Subsequently, extensive trading networks developed in the region. The body of an early resident known as "Minnesota Woman" was discovered in 1931 in Otter Tail County. Radiocarbon dating places the age of the bones approximately 8,000 years ago, approximately 7890 ±70 BP or near the end of the Eastern Archaic period. She had a conch shell from a snail species known as Busycon perversa, which had previously only been known to exist in Florida.
Several hundred years later, the climate of Minnesota warmed significantly. As large animals such as mammoths became extinct, native people changed their diet. They gathered nuts, berries, and vegetables, and they hunted smaller animals such as deer, bison, and birds. The stone tools found from this era became smaller and more specialized to use these new food sources. They also devised new techniques for catching fish, such as fish hooks, nets, and harpoons. Around 5000 BC, people on the shores of Lake Superior (in Minnesota and portions of what is now Michigan, Wisconsin, and Canada) were the first on the continent to begin making metal tools. Pieces of ore with high concentrations of copper were initially pounded into a rough shape, heated to reduce brittleness, pounded again to refine the shape, and reheated. Edges could be made sharp enough to be useful as knives or spear points.
Archaeological evidence of Native American settlements dates back as far as 3000 BC; the Jeffers Petroglyphs site in southwest Minnesota contains carvings thought to date to the Late Archaic Period (3000 BC to 1000 BC). Around 700 BC, burial mounds were first created, and the practice continued until the arrival of Europeans, when 10,000 such mounds dotted the state.
By AD 800, wild rice became a staple crop in the region, and corn farther to the south. Within a few hundred years, the Mississippian culture reached into the southeast portion of the state, and large villages were formed. The Dakota Native American culture may have descended from some of the peoples of the Mississippian culture.
When Europeans first started exploring Minnesota, the region was inhabited primarily by tribes of Dakota, with the Ojibwa (sometimes called Chippewa, or Anishinaabe) beginning to migrate westward into the state around 1700. The economy of these tribes was chiefly based on hunter-gatherer activities. There was also a small group of Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) Native Americans near Long Prairie, who later moved to a reservation in Blue Earth County in 1855.
Though highly controversial, an inscribed stone known as the Kensington Runestone suggests that a group of Norse explorers may have ventured as far inland as Minnesota as early as 1362. Many consider it a hoax.
It was a few more centuries before contact between Europeans and Native Americans of Minnesota could be confirmed. In the late 1650s, Pierre Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers were probably the first to meet Dakota Native Americans while following the southern shore of Lake Superior (which would become northern Wisconsin). The north shore was explored in the 1660s. Among the first to do this was Claude Allouez, a missionary on Madeline Island. He made an early map of the area in 1671.
Around this time, the Ojibwa Native Americans reached Minnesota as part of a westward migration. Having come from a region around Maine, they were experienced at dealing with European traders. They dealt in furs and possessed guns. Tensions rose between the Ojibwa and Dakota in the ensuing years.
In 1671, France signed a treaty with a number of tribes to allow trade. Shortly thereafter, French trader Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut arrived in the area and began trading with the local tribes. Du Lhut explored the western area of Lake Superior, near his namesake, the city of Duluth, and areas south of there. He helped to arrange a peace agreement between the Dakota and Ojibwa tribes in 1679.
Father Louis Hennepin with companions Michel Aco and Antoine Auguelle (aka Picard Du Gay) headed north from the area of Illinois after coming into that area with an exploration party headed by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. They were captured by a Dakota tribe in 1680. While with the tribe, they came across and named the Falls of Saint Anthony. Soon, Du Lhut negotiated to have Hennepin's party released from captivity. Hennepin returned to Europe and wrote a book, Description of Louisiana, published in 1683, about his travels where many portions (including the part about Saint Anthony Falls) were strongly embellished. As an example, he described the falls as being a drop of fifty or sixty feet, when they were really only about sixteen feet. Pierre-Charles Le Sueur explored the Minnesota River to the Blue Earth area around 1700. He thought the blue earth was a source of copper, and he told stories about the possibility of mineral wealth, but there actually was no copper to be found.
Explorers searching for the fabled Northwest Passage and large inland seas in North America continued to pass through the state. In 1721, the French built Fort Beauharnois on Lake Pepin. In 1731, the Grand Portage trail was first traversed by a European, Pierre La Vérendrye. He used a map written down on a piece of birch bark by Ochagach, an Assiniboine guide. The North West Company, which traded in fur and competed with the Hudson's Bay Company, was established along the Grand Portage in 1783–1784.
Jonathan Carver, a shoemaker from Massachusetts, visited the area in 1767 as part of another expedition. He and the rest of the exploration party were only able to stay for a relatively short period, due to supply shortages. They headed back east to Fort Michilimackinac, where Carver wrote journals about the trip, though others would later claim the stories were largely plagiarized from others. The stories were published in 1778, but Carver died before the book earned him much money. Carver County and Carver's Cave are named for him.
Until 1818 the Red River Valley was considered British and was subject to several colonization schemes, such as the Red River Colony. The boundary where the Red River crossed the 49th parallel was not marked until 1823, when Stephen H. Long conducted a survey expedition. When several hundred settlers abandoned the Red River Colony in the 1820s, they entered the United States by way of the Red River Valley, instead of moving to eastern Canada or returning to Europe. The region had been occupied by Métis people, the children of voyageurs and Native Americans, since the middle 17th century.
Several efforts were made to determine the source of the Mississippi River. The true source was found in 1832, when Henry Schoolcraft was guided by a group of Ojibwa headed by Ozaawindib ("Yellow Head") to a lake in northern Minnesota. Schoolcraft named it Lake Itasca, combining the Latin words veritas ("truth") and caput ("head"). The native name for the lake was Omashkooz, meaning elk. Other explorers of the area include Zebulon Pike in 1806, Major Stephen Long in 1817, and George William Featherstonhaugh in 1835. Featherstonhaugh conducted a geological survey of the Minnesota River valley and wrote an account entitled A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor.
Joseph Nicollet scouted the area in the late 1830s, exploring and mapping the Upper Mississippi River basin, the St. Croix River, and the land between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. He and John C. Frémont left their mark in the southwest of the state, carving their names in the pipestone quarries near Winnewissa Falls (an area now part of Pipestone National Monument in Pipestone County).
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow never explored the state, but he did help to make it popular. He published The Song of Hiawatha in 1855, which contains references to many regions in Minnesota. The story was based on Ojibwa legends carried back east by other explorers and traders (particularly those collected by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft).
Territorial foundation and settlement
All of the land east of the Mississippi River was granted to the United States by the Second Treaty of Paris at the end of the American Revolution in 1783. This included what would become modern day Saint Paul but only part of Minneapolis, including the northeast, north-central and east-central portions of the state. The wording of the treaty in the Minnesota area depended on landmarks reported by fur traders, who erroneously reported an "Isle Phelipeaux" in Lake Superior, a "Long Lake" west of the island, and the belief that the Mississippi River ran well into modern Canada. Most of the state was purchased in 1803 from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Parts of northern Minnesota were considered to be in Rupert's Land. The exact definition of the boundary between Minnesota and British North America was not addressed until the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which set the U.S.–Canada border at the 49th parallel west of the Lake of the Woods (except for a small chunk of land now dubbed the Northwest Angle). Border disputes east of the Lake of the Woods continued until the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842.
Throughout the first half of the 19th century, the northeastern portion of the state was a part of the Northwest Territory, then the Illinois Territory, then the Michigan Territory, and finally the Wisconsin Territory. The western and southern areas of the state, although theoretically part of the Wisconsin Territory from its creation in 1836, were not formally organized until 1838, when they became part of the Iowa Territory.
Fort Snelling and the establishment of Minneapolis and Saint Paul
Fort Snelling was the first major U.S. military presence in the state. The land for the fort, at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers, was acquired in 1805 by Zebulon Pike. When concerns mounted about the fur trade in the area, construction of the fort began in 1819. Construction was completed in 1825, and Colonel Josiah Snelling and his officers and soldiers left their imprint on the area. One of the missions of the fort was to mediate disputes between the Ojibwe and the Dakota tribes. Lawrence Taliaferro was an agent of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. He spent 20 years at the site, finally resigning in 1839.
In the 1850s, Fort Snelling played a key role in the infamous Dred Scott court case. Slaves Dred Scott and his wife were taken to the fort by their master, John Emerson. They lived at the fort and elsewhere in territories where slavery was prohibited. After Emerson's death, the Scotts argued that since they had lived in free territory, they were no longer slaves. Ultimately, the U.S. Supreme Court sided against the Scotts. Dred Scott Field, located just a short distance away in Bloomington, is named in the memory of Fort Snelling's significance in one of the most important legal precedents in U.S. History.
By 1851, treaties between Native American tribes and the U.S. government had opened much of Minnesota to settlement, so Fort Snelling no longer was a frontier outpost. It served as a training center for soldiers during the American Civil War and later as the headquarters for the Department of Dakota. A portion has been designated as Fort Snelling National Cemetery where over 160,000 are interred. During World War II, the fort served as a training center for nearly 300,000 inductees. After World War II, the fort was threatened with demolition due to the building of freeways Highway 5 and Highway 55, but citizens rallied to save it. Fort Snelling is now a historic site operated by the Minnesota Historical Society.
Fort Snelling was largely responsible for the establishment of the city of Minneapolis. In an effort to be self-sufficient, the soldiers of the fort built roads, planted crops, and built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls. Later, Franklin Steele came to Fort Snelling as the post sutler (the operator of the general store), and established interests in lumbering and other activities. When the Ojibwe signed a treaty ceding lands in 1837, Steele staked a claim to land on the east side of the Mississippi River adjacent to Saint Anthony Falls. In 1848, he built a sawmill at the falls, and the community of Saint Anthony sprung up around the east side of the falls. Steele told one of his employees, John H. Stevens, that land on the west side of the falls would make a good site for future mills. Since the land on the west side was still part of the military reservation, Stevens made a deal with Fort Snelling's commander. Stevens would provide free ferry service across the river in exchange for a tract of 160 acres (0.65 km2) at the head of the falls. Stevens received the claim and built a house, the first house in Minneapolis, in 1850. In 1854, Stevens platted the city of Minneapolis on the west bank. Later, in 1872, Minneapolis absorbed the city of Saint Anthony.
The city of Saint Paul, Minnesota owes its existence to Fort Snelling. A group of squatters, mostly from the ill-fated Red River Colony in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba, established a camp near the fort. The commandant of Fort Snelling, Major Joseph Plympton, found their presence problematic because they were using timber and allowing their cattle and horses to graze around the fort. Plympton banned lumbering and the construction of any new buildings on the military reservation land. As a result, the squatters moved four miles downstream on the Mississippi River. They settled at a site known as Fountain Cave. This site was not quite far enough for the officers at the fort, so the squatters were forced out again. Pierre "Pig's Eye" Parrant, a popular moonshiner among the group, moved downriver and established a saloon, becoming the first European resident in the area that later became Saint Paul. The squatters named their settlement "Pig's Eye" after Parrant. The name was later changed to Lambert's Landing and then finally Saint Paul. However, the earliest name for the area comes from a Native American colony Im-in-i-ja Ska, meaning "White Rock" and referring to the limestone bluffs nearby.
Minneapolis and Saint Paul are collectively known as the "Twin Cities". The cities enjoyed a rivalry during their early years, with Saint Paul being the capital city and Minneapolis becoming prominent through industry. The term "Twin Cities" was coined around 1872, after a newspaper editorial suggested that Minneapolis could absorb Saint Paul. Residents decided that the cities needed a separate identity, so people coined the phrase "Dual Cities", which later evolved into "Twin Cities". Today, Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota, with a population of 382,618 in the 2000 census. Saint Paul is the second largest city, with a population of 287,151. Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor a metropolitan area with a population of 2,968,806 as of 2000, with a total state population of 4,919,479.
Early European settlement and development
Henry Hastings Sibley built the first stone house in the Minnesota Territory in Mendota in 1838, along with other limestone buildings used by the American Fur Company, which bought animal pelts at that location from 1825 to 1853. Another area of early economic development in Minnesota was the logging industry. Loggers found the white pine especially valuable, and it was plentiful in the northeastern section of the state and in the St. Croix River valley. Before railroads, lumbermen relied mostly on river transportation to bring logs to market, which made Minnesota's timber resources attractive. Towns like Marine on St. Croix and Stillwater became important lumber centers fed by the St. Croix River, while Winona was supplied lumber by areas in southern Minnesota and along the Minnesota River. The unregulated logging practices of the time and a severe drought took their toll in 1894, when the Great Hinckley Fire ravaged 480 square miles (1,200 km2) in the Hinckley and Sandstone areas of Pine County, killing over 400 residents. The combination of logging and drought struck again in the Baudette Fire of 1910 and the Cloquet Fire of 1918.
Saint Anthony, on the east bank of the Mississippi River later became part of Minneapolis, and was an important lumber milling center supplied by the Rum River. In 1848, businessman Franklin Steele built the first private sawmill on the Saint Anthony Falls, and more sawmills quickly followed. The oldest home still standing in Saint Anthony is the Ard Godfrey house, built in 1848, and lived in by Ard and Harriet Godfrey. The house of John H. Stevens, the first house on the west bank in Minneapolis, was moved several times, finally to Minnehaha Park in south Minneapolis in 1896.
Stephen A. Douglas (D), the chair of the Senate Committee on Territories, drafted the bill authorizing Minnesota Territory. He had envisioned a future for the upper Mississippi valley, so he was motivated to keep the area from being carved up by neighboring territories. In 1846, he prevented Iowa from including Fort Snelling and Saint Anthony Falls within its northern border. In 1847, he kept the organizers of Wisconsin from including Saint Paul and Saint Anthony Falls. The Minnesota Territory was established from the lands remaining from Iowa Territory and Wisconsin Territory on March 3, 1849. The Minnesota Territory extended far into what is now North Dakota and South Dakota, to the Missouri River. There was a dispute over the shape of the state to be carved out of Minnesota Territory. An alternate proposal that was only narrowly defeated would have made the 46th parallel the state's northern border and the Missouri River its western border, thus giving up the whole northern half of the state in exchange for the eastern half of what later became South Dakota.
With Alexander Ramsey (W) as the first governor of Minnesota Territory and Henry Hastings Sibley (D) as the territorial delegate to the United States Congress, the populations of Saint Paul and Saint Anthony swelled. Henry M. Rice (D), who replaced Sibley as the territorial delegate in 1853, worked in Congress to promote Minnesota interests. He lobbied for the construction of a railroad connecting Saint Paul and Lake Superior, with a link from Saint Paul to the Illinois Central.
In December 1856, Rice brought forward two bills in Congress: an enabling act that would allow Minnesota to form a state constitution, and a railroad land grant bill. Rice's enabling act defined a state containing both prairie and forest lands. The state was bounded on the south by Iowa, on the east by Wisconsin, on the north by Canada, and on the west by the Red River of the North and the Bois de Sioux River, Lake Traverse, Big Stone Lake, and then a line extending due south to the Iowa border. Rice made this motion based on Minnesota's population growth.
At the time, tensions between the northern and the southern United States were growing, in a series of conflicts that eventually resulted in the American Civil War. There was little debate in the United States House of Representatives, but when Stephen A. Douglas introduced the bill in the United States Senate, it caused a firestorm of debate. Northerners saw their chance to add two senators to the side of the free states, while Southerners were sure that they would lose power. Many senators offered polite arguments that the population was too sparse and that statehood was premature. Senator John Burton Thompson of Kentucky, in particular, argued that new states would cost the government too much for roads, canals, forts, and lighthouses. Although Thompson and 21 other senators voted against statehood, the enabling act was passed on February 26, 1857.
After the enabling act was passed, territorial legislators had a difficult time writing a state constitution. A constitutional convention was assembled in July 1857, but Republicans and Democrats were deeply divided. In fact, they formed two separate constitutional conventions and drafted two separate constitutions. Eventually, the two groups formed a conference committee and worked out a common constitution. The divisions continued, though, because Republicans refused to sign a document that had Democratic signatures on it, and vice versa. One copy of the constitution was written on white paper and signed only by Republicans, while the other copy was written on blue-tinged paper and signed by Democrats. These copies were signed on August 29, 1857. An election was called on October 13, 1857, where Minnesota residents would vote to approve or disapprove the constitution. The constitution was approved by 30,055 voters, while 571 rejected it.
The state constitution was sent to the United States Congress for ratification in December 1857. The approval process was drawn out for several months while Congress debated over issues that had stemmed from the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Southerners had been arguing that the next state should be pro-slavery, so when Kansas submitted the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution, the Minnesota statehood bill was delayed. After that, Northerners feared that Minnesota's Democratic delegation would support slavery in Kansas. Finally, after the Kansas question was settled and after Congress decided how many representatives Minnesota would get in the House of Representatives, the bill passed. The eastern half of the Minnesota Territory, under the boundaries defined by Henry Mower Rice, became the country's 32nd state on May 11, 1858. The western part remained unorganized until its incorporation into the Dakota Territory on March 2, 1861.
Civil War era and Dakota War of 1862
Minnesota strongly supported the Union war effort, with about 22,000 Minnesotans serving. The 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry was particularly important to the Battle of Gettysburg. Governor Alexander Ramsey happened to be in Washington D.C. when Ft. Sumter was fired upon. He went immediately to the White House and made his state the first to offer help in putting down the rebellion.
At the same time, the state faced another crisis as the Dakota War of 1862 broke out. The Dakota had signed the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and Treaty of Mendota in 1851 because they were concerned that without money from the United States government, they would starve, due to the loss of habitat of huntable game. They were initially given a strip of land of ten miles (16 km) north and south of the Minnesota River, but they were later forced to sell the northern half of the land. In 1862, crop failures left the Dakota with food shortages, and government money was delayed. After four young Dakota men, searching for food, shot a family of white settlers near Acton, the Dakota leadership decided to continue the attacks in an effort to drive out the settlers. Over a period of several days, Dakota attacks at the Lower Sioux Agency, New Ulm and Hutchinson, as well as in the surrounding farmlands, resulted in the deaths of at least 300 to 400 white settlers and government employees, causing panic in the settlements and provoking counterattacks by state militia and federal forces which spread throughout the Minnesota River Valley and as far away as the Red River Valley. The ensuing battles at Fort Ridgely, Birch Coulee, Fort Abercrombie, and Wood Lake punctuated a six-week war, which ended with the trial of 425 Native Americans for their participation in the war. Of this number, 303 men were convicted and sentenced to death.
Episcopal Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple pleaded to President Abraham Lincoln for clemency, and the death sentences of all but 39 men were reduced to prison terms. On December 26, 1862, 38 men were hanged by the U.S. Army at Mankato—the largest mass execution in the United States. Many of the remaining Dakota Native Americans, including non-combatants, were confined in a prison camp at Pike Island over the winter of 1862–1863, where more than 300 died of disease. Survivors were later exiled to the Crow Creek Reservation, then later to a reservation near Niobrara, Nebraska.
A small number of Dakota Native Americans managed to return to Minnesota in the 1880s and establish communities near Granite Falls, Morton, Prior Lake, and Red Wing. However, after this time Dakota people were no longer allowed to reside in Minnesota with the exception of the meritorious Sioux called the Loyal Mdewakanton. This separate class of Dakota did not participate in the Dakota War of 1862, since they were assimilated Christians and instead decided to help some of the missionaries escape the Sioux warriors who chose to fight.
Farming and railroad development
After the Civil War, Minnesota became an attractive region for European immigration and settlement as farmland. Minnesota's population in 1870 was 439,000; this number tripled during the two subsequent decades. The Homestead Act in 1862 facilitated land claims by settlers, who regarded the land as being cheap and fertile. The railroad industry, led by the Northern Pacific Railway and Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad, advertised the many opportunities in the state and worked to get immigrants to settle in Minnesota. James J. Hill, in particular, was instrumental in reorganizing the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad and extending lines from the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area into the Red River Valley and to Winnipeg. Hill was also responsible for building a new passenger depot in Minneapolis, served by the landmark Stone Arch Bridge which was completed in 1883. During the 1880s, Hill continued building tracks through North Dakota and Montana. In 1890, the railroad, now known as the Great Northern Railway, started building tracks through the mountains west to Seattle. Other railroads, such as the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad and the Milwaukee Road, also played an important role in the early days of Minnesota's statehood. Later railways, such as the Soo Line and Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway facilitated the sale of Minneapolis flour and other products, although they were not as involved in attracting settlers.
Oliver Hudson Kelley played an important role in farming as one of the founders of the National Grange, along with several other clerks in the United States Department of Agriculture. The movement grew out of his interest in cooperative farm associations following the end of the Civil War, and he established local Grange chapters in Elk River and Saint Paul. The organization worked to provide education on new farming methods, as well as to influence government and public opinion on matters important to farmers. One of these areas of concern was the freight rates charged by the railroads and by the grain elevators. Since there was little or no competition between railroads serving Minnesota farm communities, railroads could charge as much as the traffic would bear. By 1871, the situation was so heated that both the Republican and Democratic candidates in state elections promised to regulate railroad rates. The state established an office of railroad commissioner and imposed maximum charges for shipping. Populist Ignatius L. Donnelly also served the Grange as an organizer.
Saint Anthony Falls, the only waterfall of its height on the Mississippi, played an important part in the development of Minneapolis. The power of the waterfall first fueled sawmills, but later it was tapped to serve flour mills. In 1870, only a small number of flour mills were in the Minneapolis area, but by 1900 Minnesota mills were grinding 14.1% of the nation's grain. Advances in transportation, milling technology, and water power combined to give Minneapolis a dominance in the milling industry. Spring wheat could be sown in the spring and harvested in late summer, but it posed special problems for milling. To get around these problems, Minneapolis millers made use of new technology. They invented the middlings purifier, a device that used jets of air to remove the husks from the flour early in the milling process. They also started using roller mills, as opposed to grindstones. A series of rollers gradually broke down the kernels and integrated the gluten with the starch. These improvements led to the production of "patent" flour, which commanded almost double the price of "bakers" or "clear" flour, which it replaced. Pillsbury and the Washburn-Crosby Company (a forerunner of General Mills) became the leaders in the Minneapolis milling industry. This leadership in milling later declined as milling was no longer dependent on water power, but the dominance of the mills contributed greatly to the economy of Minneapolis and Minnesota, attracting people and money to the region.
At the end of the 19th century, several forms of industrial development shaped Minnesota. In 1882, a hydroelectric power plant was built at Saint Anthony Falls, marking one of the first developments of hydroelectric power in the United States. Iron mining began in northern Minnesota with the opening of the Soudan Mine in 1884. The Vermilion Range was surveyed and mapped by a party financed by Charlemagne Tower. Another mining town, Ely began with the foundation of the Chandler Mine in 1888. Soon after, the Mesabi Range was established when ore was found just under the surface of the ground in Mountain Iron. The Mesabi Range ultimately had much more ore than the Vermilion Range, and it was easy to extract because the ore was closer to the surface. As a result, open-pit mines became well-established on the Mesabi Range, with 111 mines operating by 1904. To ship the iron ore to refineries, railroads such as the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway were built from the iron ranges to Two Harbors and Duluth on Lake Superior. Large ore docks were used at these cities to load the iron ore onto ships for transport east on the Great Lakes. The mining industry helped to propel Duluth from a small town to a large, thriving city. In 1904, iron was discovered in the Cuyuna Range in Crow Wing County. Between 1904 and 1984, when mining ceased, more than 106 million tons of ore were mined. Iron from the Cuyuna Range also contained significant proportions of manganese, increasing its value.
Dr. William Worrall Mayo, the founder of the Mayo Clinic, emigrated from Salford, United Kingdom to the United States in 1846 and became a medical doctor in 1850. In 1863, Mayo moved to Rochester, followed by his family the next year. In the summer of 1883, an F5 tornado struck, dubbed the 1883 Rochester tornado, causing a substantial number of deaths and injuries. Dr. W. W. Mayo worked with nuns from the Sisters of St. Francis to treat the survivors. After the disaster, Mother Alfred Moes and Dr. Mayo recognized the need for a hospital and joined together to build the 27-bed Saint Marys Hospital which opened in 1889. The hospital, with over 1100 beds, is now part of the Mayo Clinic, which grew out of the practice of William Worrall Mayo and his sons, William James Mayo (1861–1939) and Charles Horace Mayo. Dr. Henry Stanley Plummer joined the Mayo Brothers' practice in 1901. Plummer developed many of the systems of group practice which are universal around the world today in medicine and other fields, such as a single medical record and an interconnecting telephone system.
Urbanization and government
As a result of industrialization, the population became more concentrated into urban areas. By 1900, the Twin Cities were becoming a center of commerce, led by the Minneapolis Grain Exchange and the foundation of the Federal Reserve Bank with its ninth district in Minneapolis. Many of the businessmen who had made money in the railroad, flour milling, and logging industries lived in the Twin Cities and personified the gilded age. They started to donate money for cultural institutions such as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra (now the Minnesota Orchestra). The parks of Minneapolis, under the direction of Theodore Wirth became famous, and the new Minnesota State Capitol building and the Cathedral of Saint Paul attracted attention to Saint Paul.
The role of government also grew during the early 20th century. In the rural areas, most people obtained food and manufactured goods from neighbors and other people they knew personally. As industry and commerce grew, goods such as food, materials, and medicines were no longer made by neighbors, but by large companies. In response, citizens called on their government for consumer protection, inspection of goods, and regulation of public utilities. The growth of the automobile spurred calls to develop roads and to enforce traffic laws. The state officially started its trunk highway system in 1920, with the passage of the Babcock Amendment that established 70 Constitutional Routes around the state. New regulation was necessary for banking and insurance. The safety of industrial workers and miners became an increasing concern, and brought about the workers' compensation system. Since government was getting more complex, citizens demanded more of a role in their government, and became more politically active.
Wilbur Foshay, an owner of several utility companies, built the Foshay Tower in 1929, just before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The building was the tallest building in Minnesota at the time. It remained the tallest building in Minneapolis until 1973, when the IDS Tower surpassed it. The tower was a symbol of the wealth of the times, but when the stock market crashed, Foshay lost his fortune in the crash.
The Great Depression had several effects on Minnesota, with layoffs on the Iron Range and a drought in the Great Plains from 1931 through 1936. While the Depression had several causes, one most relevant to Minnesota was that United States businesses in the 1920s had improved their efficiency through standardizing production methods and eliminating waste. Business owners were reaping the benefits of this increase in productivity, but they were not sharing it with their employees because of the weakness of organized labor, nor were they sharing it with the public in the form of lowered prices. Instead, the windfall went to stockholders. The eventual result was that consumers could no longer afford the goods that factories were producing.
Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party was elected as the governor in the 1930 election. In his first term, he signed a bonding bill that authorized $15 million ($210 million as of 2016) for highway construction, in an effort to provide work for the unemployed. He also signed an executive order that provided for a minimum wage of 45 cents per hour for up to 48 hours weekly. This effort predated the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 that established a nationwide minimum wage. By 1932, with the Depression worsening, the Farmer-Labor Party platform was proposing a state income tax, a graduated tax on nationwide chain stores (such as J.C. Penney and Sears, Roebuck and Company), low-interest farm loans, and a state unemployment insurance program. The progressive 1933 legislative session saw a comprehensive response to the depression including a moratorium on mortgage foreclosures, a reduction in property taxes for farmers and homeowners, the state income tax, and chain store taxes, tavern reform, ratification of a child labor amendment, a state old-age pension system, and steps toward preserving the area that later became the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.
Meanwhile, formerly quiet labor unions began asserting themselves rather forcefully. The Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 turned ugly, with the union demanding the right to speak for all trucking employees. As a result of this strike and many others across the nation, Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act in 1935. Government programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration brought much-needed work projects to the state. Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934, giving Minnesota's Ojibwa and Dakota tribes more autonomy over their own affairs.
Arts and culture
The Minnesota Orchestra dates back to 1903 when it was founded as the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. It was renamed the Minnesota Orchestra in 1968 and moved into its own building, Orchestra Hall, in downtown Minneapolis in 1974. The building has a modern look with a brick, glass, and steel exterior, in contrast to the old-world look of traditional concert halls. The interior of the building features more than 100 large cubes that deflect sound and provide excellent acoustics. Later the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra became the second full-time professional orchestral ensemble in the cities.
The Walker Art Center was established in 1927 as the first public art gallery in the Upper Midwest. In the 1940s, the museum shifted its focus toward modern art, after a gift from Mrs. Gilbert Walker made it possible to acquire works by Pablo Picasso, Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti, and others. The museum continued its focus on modern art with traveling shows in the 1960s.
The Guthrie Theater, opened in 1963, was the brainchild of Sir Tyrone Guthrie, who wanted to found a regional theater without the commercial constraints of Broadway. The high cost of staging Broadway productions meant that shows had to be immediately successful and return a high amount of revenue. This discouraged innovation and experimentation, and made it difficult to stage important works of literature. These ideas were first disseminated in a 1959 article in the drama section of the New York Times, and citizens in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area were eager to support the idea. The theater served as a prototype for other resident non-profit theaters.
Minnesota in World War II
Like other U.S. States, Minnesota made its contributions to the effort of World War II in wartime manufacturing and other areas. The United States Navy contracted with Cargill to build ships after seeing their success in building ships and barges used to haul grain. Cargill built facilities in Savage, Minnesota on the south bank of the Minnesota River and turned out 18 refueling ships and four towboats in four years. After the war, the Cargill facilities became a major grain shipping terminal. Honeywell built airplane control systems and periscope sights for submarines, and also developed a proximity fuse for anti-aircraft shells. The United States government built the Twin Cities Ordnance Plant to produce munitions. The plant employed 8,500 workers in 1941, and since there was a shortage of male workers during the war, more than half of the workers at the munitions plant were women. The plant also employed nearly 1000 African American workers, as President Roosevelt had issued an executive order forbidding racial discrimination in defense industries. Native American workers also found opportunities due to workforce shortages in wartime.
During the wartime years, Savage was also the home of Camp Savage, a school designed to improve the foreign language skills of Japanese-American soldiers and to train them in military intelligence gathering. The school was originally established in San Francisco, but moved to Minnesota after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Eventually, the school outgrew its facilities in Savage and was moved to Fort Snelling. Fort Snelling itself served a major role as a reception center for newly drafted recruits after the Selective Service Act was passed in 1940. New recruits were given a physical exam and the Army General Qualification Test to determine their fitness for service in a particular branch. The most intelligent recruits, about 37% of Minnesotans going through Fort Snelling, were assigned to the Army Air Corps. Recruits were also issued uniforms and sent from the fort to other training centers. Over 300,000 recruits were processed through Fort Snelling during the World War II years.
Agriculture evolved from an individual occupation into a major industry after World War II. Technological developments increased productivity on farms, such as automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting also became more specialized with hybridization of corn and wheat, fertilization, and mechanical equipment such as tractors and combines became the norm. University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to this knowledge as part of the Green Revolution. Large canneries such as the Minnesota Valley Canning Company fed the country from Minnesota's productive farmland.
The Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) was founded in 1902 in Two Harbors, Minnesota, and was later moved to Duluth, Saint Paul, and then Maplewood. The founders of 3M got their start by manufacturing sandpaper. Under the leadership of William L. McKnight, the company established product lines such as abrasives for wet sanding, masking tape and other adhesives, roofing granules, resins, and films.
Suburban development intensified after the war, fueled by the demand for new housing. In 1957, the Legislature created a planning commission for the Twin Cities metropolitan area. This became the Metropolitan Council in 1967.
Northwest Airlines, the dominant airline at Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, was founded in 1926 carrying mail from the Twin Cities to Chicago. The airline, long headquartered in Eagan, merged with Delta Air Lines in October 2008. The company will keep the Delta name and will be headquartered in Atlanta.
The digital state
More than any other Midwestern state, Minnesota attracted engineers, especially in the computer industry, and became a center of technology after the war. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the intelligence community. It soon merged with Remington Rand, and later became Sperry Rand. William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC). Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker Medtronic also was founded in the Twin Cities in 1949. Honeywell was a national player as well, until 1999 when it was bought out and its headquarters moved to New Jersey. National firms, such as International Business Machines, operated large branch offices. IBM also operated a substantial manufacturing and development site in Rochester starting in 1956. State government and powerful politicians such as Hubert Humphrey maintained a favorable climate. The University of Minnesota trained many computer specialists who decided to stay in the Minnesota rather than move to sunny California. By the 1960s Minnesota thus became a successful precursor to Route 128 around Boston and Silicon Valley.
Historian Annette Atkins has explored the changing long-term pattern of Minnesota politics. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the heavily rural state was hostile to business and railroads, with the Republicans dominant in the small towns, and the Democrats on the farms. Numerous left-wing groups and third-parties emerged, such as the Anti-Monopolist party in the 1870s, the Populists in the 1890s, the Non-Partisan League in the 1910s, and the Farmer-Labor party in the 1930s. Isolationism was strong, Atkins argues, because of the fear that Eastern bankers and industrialists forced the United States into World War I to enlarge their profits. Business fought unions, and the unions fought back, and with the governor on their side unions won some violent battles in the 1930s. In recent decades, however, the liberal coalition has weakened. Labor unions are a shadow of their old strength. Most farmers have left for the towns and especially the Twin Cities, where half the people live. The state high income tax is troublesome, and complaints are often heard about to generous welfare benefits. The New Right has mobilized social conservatives, especially those from traditional religious backgrounds, with abortion a furiously contested issue. State government has become much more friendly toward growth and the needs of business entrepreneurship. Environmentalism has split left and right, with the industrial workers in the Up North and Iron Range districts demanding that their jobs be protected from environmentalists. Atkins finds that:
- What makes the North country valuable to conservationists is the seclusion, beauty, isolation, quiet, clear water, and absence of development. The preservationists have tried to limit or prohibit roads, hydroelectric generators, sawmills and lumbering, resorts, power boats, airplanes, and snowmobiles…. The tensions between development and preservation, restraint and grows, beauty and jobs runs deep and strong.
Hubert Humphrey was a Minnesotan who became a nationally prominent politician. He first ran for mayor of Minneapolis in 1943, but lost the election to the Republican candidate by just a few thousand votes. As a Democrat, Humphrey recognized that his best chance for political success was to obtain the support of the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party. Other members of the Farmer-Labor Party had been considering the idea, as encouraged by Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the merger only became reality after Humphrey traveled to Washington, D.C. to discuss the issue. Rather than simply absorbing the Farmer-Labor party, with its constituency of 200,000 voters, Humphrey suggested calling the party the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. He was elected mayor of Minneapolis in 1945, and one of his first actions was to propose an ordinance making racial discrimination by employers subject to a fine. This ordinance was adopted in 1947, and although few fines were issued, the city's banks and department stores realized that public relations would improve by hiring blacks in increasing numbers. Humphrey delivered an impassioned speech at the 1948 Democratic National Convention encouraging the party to adopt a civil rights plank in their platform. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1948 and was re-elected in 1954 and 1960.
In the early 1960s, the topic of civil rights was coming to national prominence with sit-ins and marches organized by Martin Luther King Jr. and other black leaders. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy sent a comprehensive civil rights bill to Congress, based largely on the ideas that Humphrey had been placing before the Senate for the previous fifteen years. The bill passed the House in early 1964, but passage through the Senate was more difficult, due to southern segregationists who filibustered for 75 days. Finally, in June 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law. Humphrey called this his greatest achievement. Lyndon B. Johnson recruited Humphrey for his running mate in the 1964 presidential election, and Humphrey became Vice President of the United States. Governor Karl Rolvaag (DFL) appointed Walter Mondale to fill Humphrey's Senate seat. Humphrey voiced doubts about the 1965 bombings of North Vietnam, which alienated him from Johnson. He later defended Johnson's conduct of the Vietnam War, alienating himself from liberals, who were beginning to oppose the war around 1967. In the 1968 presidential election, Humphrey ran against Richard Nixon and Independent candidate George Wallace and lost the popular vote by only 0.7%. Humphrey later returned to the Senate in 1971 after Eugene McCarthy left office.
Eugene McCarthy (DFL) served in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 through 1959 and in the United States Senate from 1959 through 1971. He gained a reputation as an intellectual with strong convictions and integrity. In 1967, he challenged Lyndon B. Johnson for the presidential nomination, running on an anti-war platform in contrast to Johnson's policies. His strong support in the New Hampshire primary convinced Johnson to leave the race.
Democrat Walter Mondale also achieved national prominence as Vice President under Jimmy Carter. He served in the Senate from his appointment in 1964 until becoming Vice President in 1977. In 1984, he ran for President of the United States, choosing Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate. The election proved to be a landslide victory for popular incumbent Ronald Reagan. In 2002, just 11 days before election day, when incumbent Senator Paul Wellstone was killed in a plane crash, Mondale stepped into the race as the Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate. He lost the bid by two percentage points to the Republican, Norm Coleman.
In 1970, Wendell Anderson (DFL) was elected as governor of Minnesota. He spent two years working with a split Minnesota Legislature to enact a tax and school finance reform package that shifted the source of public education funding from local property taxes to state sales taxes, as well as adding excise taxes to liquor and cigarettes. This achievement, dubbed the "Minnesota Miracle", was immensely popular. In the next few years, the Legislature enacted other facets of their "new liberalism", including ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, strong environmental laws, increases in workers' compensation and unemployment benefits, and elimination of income taxes for the working poor. Time Magazine featured Wendell Anderson and the state in an article entitled, "Minnesota: A State That Works". In 1976 when Mondale resigned his Senate seat to become Jimmy Carter's running mate, Anderson resigned the governor's seat and turned it over to Lieutenant Governor Rudy Perpich (DFL), who promptly appointed Anderson to fill Mondale's vacant Senate seat. Voters turned Perpich and Anderson out of office in 1978, in an election dubbed the "Minnesota Massacre". Perpich was again elected as governor in 1983 and served until 1991.
Paul Wellstone (DFL) was elected to the United States Senate in 1990, defeating incumbent Rudy Boschwitz (R) in one of the biggest election upsets of the decade. In 1996, he defeated Boschwitz again in a rematch of the 1990 election. Wellstone was known for being a liberal activist, as evidenced by his books How the Rural Poor Got Power: Narrative of a Grassroots Organizer, describing his work with the group Organization for a Better Rice County, and The Conscience of a Liberal: Reclaiming the Compassionate Agenda. He explored a possible presidential bid in 1998, telling people he represented the "Democratic wing of the Democratic Party". On October 25, 2002, he was killed in a plane crash near Eveleth, Minnesota, along with his wife, his daughter, three campaign staffers, and the two pilots.
Jesse Ventura, elected governor in 1998, had a colorful past as a Navy SEAL, a professional wrestler, an actor, mayor of Brooklyn Park, and a radio and TV broadcaster. He left office after one term. His election brought international attention to the Independence Party.
- Demographics of Minnesota
- Geology of Minnesota
- Glacial history of Minnesota
- Music of Minnesota
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Ramsey County, Minnesota
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Dakota County, Minnesota
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- Lass p. 81
- Mary Lethert Wingerd, North Country: The Making of Minnesota (University of Minnesota Press; 2010) 449 pages;
- Gilman pp. 81–2
- Gilman pp. 82–4
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- Gilman p. 110
- Risjord pp. 78–9
- Risjord pp. 70–1
- Risjord p. 73
- Lass p. 99
- Lareau, Paul J. "Pig's Eye's Notepad". Archived from the original on October 6, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
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- "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- "Table 4. Rankings for Metropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005 (CBSA-EST2005–04)". Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. August 21, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
- "Sibley House Historic Site". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2006-09-19.
- "Minnesota Historical Society Library, History Topics, Hinckley Fire of 1894". Minnesota Historical Society. 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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- "TimePieces: Falls Power Industry". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- "Ard Godfrey House". The Women's Club of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on October 5, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-19.
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- Risjord p. 62
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- Risjord p. 75
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- Lass pp. 122–4
- "Minnesota Secretary of State – History/Old Stuff". Minnesota Secretary of State. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- Lass pp. 125–6
- "Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, 35th Congress, 1st Session, Tuesday, May 11, 1858, p. 436.".
- Lass p. 127
- Carley, Kenneth. The Dakota War of 1862, Minnesota Historical Society (2001), second edition. ISBN 0-87351-392-4
- Monjeau-Marz, Corinne L. (October 10, 2005). Dakota Indian Internment at Fort Snelling, 1862–1864. Prairie Smoke Press. ISBN 0-9772718-1-1.
- Lass pp. 133–4
- Lass p. 136
- Lass pp. 140–1
- Hofsommer, Don L. (2005). Minneapolis and the Age of Railways. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4501-9.
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- Risjord pp. 145–8
- Hazen, Theodore R. "New Process Milling of 1850–70". Pond Lily Mill Restorations. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
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- Anfison, John O. (1995). "The Secret History of the Mississippi's Earliest Locks and Dams" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
- Lass pp. 184–95
- "The Cuyuna Iron Range – Geology and Mineralogy". Minnesota Geological Survey. University of Minnesota. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
- "Dr. W.W. Mayo's Trip to Rochester". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- "Tornado Strikes Rochester – Saint Marys Hospital Opens". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- "Dr. Plummer and other Mayo Clinic Colleagues". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
- Gilman p. 167
- Gilman pp. 173–4
- Riner, Steve (2003). "Minnesota's Constitutional Routes". Retrieved 2006-07-21.
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- "National Register of Historic Places – Foshay Tower". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
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- Risjord pp. 190–4
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- "About the Museum". Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Retrieved 2006-09-25.
- "About the MOA". Minnesota Orchestra. Archived from the original on 2006-08-23. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
- "More about the Hall". Minnesota Orchestra. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
- "Walker Art Center – History". Retrieved 2006-09-25.
- "Theater History". Guthrie Theater. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
- "Savage in World War II". City of Savage. Archived from the original on September 24, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- Risjord pp. 209–10
- "Minnesota's Greatest Generation – Investigate Further – Fort Snelling's Last War". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2006-12-30.
- Gilman pp. 196-8
- Lass pp. 266–7
- Gilman p. 199
- "Northwest Airlines – Up Close, History, Timeline, Past and Present". Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- "Delta and Northwest Merge, Creating Premier Global Airline". Delta Air Lines. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- "Engineering Research Associates Records 1946–1959". Hagley Museum and Library. Retrieved 2006-07-21.
- "IBM Archives: Harvest in the heartland: IBM Rochester". 03.ibm.com. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
- Thomas J. Misa, Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry (2013)
- Annette Atkins, "Minnesota", in James H. Madison, ed., Heartland: Comparative Histories of the Midwestern States (1988) pp 12-24, quote on 24
- Risjord pp. 211–4
- "History Topics: Hubert H. Humphrey". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
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- Risjord pp. 221–2
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- "Minnesota: A State That Works". Time Magazine. August 13, 1973. Retrieved 2007-01-31. (see cover)
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- "Former Vermont Gov. Howard Dean". National Public Radio. 2003-07-02. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
- "Sen. Paul Wellstone". StarTribune.com. October 29, 2002. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
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- Abler, Ronald, John S. Adams, and John Robert Borchert. The twin cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis (Ballinger Publishing Company, 1976)
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- Gilman, Rhoda R. (1991). The Story of Minnesota's Past. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 0-87351-267-7.
- Gilman, Rhoda R. "Territorial Imperative: How Minnesota Became the 32nd State". Minnesota History (1998): 154-171. in JSTOR
- Gilman, Rhoda R. "The history and peopling of Minnesota: Its culture". Daedalus (2000): 1-29.
- Lass, William E. Minnesota: a history (WW Norton & Company, 2000) Short introduction
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- Misa, Thomas J. Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry (2013)
- Lass, William E. (1998) . Minnesota: A History (2nd ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04628-1.
- Olsenius, Richard. Minnesota travel companion: a guide to the history along Minnesota's highways (Bluestem Productions, 1982)
- Radzilowski, John. Minnesota (Interlink Books, 2006), story of ethnic groups
- Risjord, Norman K. (2005). A Popular History of Minnesota. Saint Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87351-532-3.
- Shapiro, Aaron. The Lure of the North Woods: Cultivating Tourism in the Upper Midwest (University of Minnesota Press, 2015).
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Minnesota.| | <urn:uuid:a39f67de-ca73-4aeb-a3dd-ce3ba51ea6d2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_in_the_American_Civil_War | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00159-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953208 | 13,987 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Christmas Trees and Christmas… history.
There are Christmas trees almost everywhere.
People try to come up with something new, so that the tree won’t look like last year’s one.
When searching for the historical beginning of the first Christmas tree, one must go very deep into the past. Just like Santa Claus one finds that the first Christmas tree was combination of many different facts, legends and customs.
Christmas is celebrated the world over, by almost everyone in it and in many different ways. Most cultures have similar themes and many Christmas traditions form part of the fun of the season for people who celebrate it.
Many children leave Santa Claus a small treat before going to bed on Christmas Eve…
…which can be anything from cookies and milk, popular with US, Canada and a lesser extent the UK – who in the main tend to stick to sherry and a mince pie; Swedish children leave him rice pudding and Irish children leave him Guinness and Christmas pud.
What is left for Santa to put present in differs from culture to culture and sometimes family to family too.
In the UK a stocking is traditionally hung on the fireplace or at the foot of a bedstead. In the US these are also popular, but are sometimes present bags.
In Germany sacks are left out and in Italy and Portugal shoes are left out for presents, sometimes on windowsills and sometimes by the fireplace.
However, in Venezuela, children leave out straw, which they wake to find replaced with presents. Some countries just place presents under the tree.
The first decorated tree was at Riga in Latvia, in 1510. In the early 16th century, Martin Luther is said to have decorated a small Christmas Tree with candles, to show his children how the stars twinkled through the dark night.
The exact origin of the Christmas tree is obscured by uncertainties of oral histories of the people in early European cultures.
Discussions and arguments over which of the Baltic towns was first to decorate the Christmas tree must go deep into the history of the region, and of course may be all but impossible to reconcile.
As it is obvious that we may never know the exact origin of decorating and celebrating about the Christmas tree.
It also seems obvious that at the junction of pagan ritualistic celebration and religious reformation – such wonderful traditions emerge. This is as it should be, all things having their answers in between fact and legend.
Today Christmas trees come in many forms…natural and artificial, undecorated, decorated with candles, lights, ornaments, and treats…colored, fiber optic, and even upside down Christmas trees!
The Christmas tree is not without controversy. It has been condemned as a pagan symbol, renamed a “holiday tree” and removed from public spaces due to political correctness, and blasted by environmentalists!
The Poles are walking around the Christmas Trees …
The decorated Christmas Trees in Riga…. | <urn:uuid:42b4ffba-9aaf-4752-ba49-1b2762eb500c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://en.kllproject.lv/christmas-trees-in-worldwide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945459.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421223015-20180422003015-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.961515 | 599 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- This article is about the military strategist Sun Tzu. For the mathematician of the same name, see Sun Tzu (mathematician).
Sun Tzu (544 BC – 496 BC) (孫子 pinyin: Sūn Zǐ) was a Chinese writer. He wrote The Art of War, a very famous book on military strategy (how to fight wars). He is also one of the earliest realists in international relations theory.
The name Sun Tzu is a title of honour given to Sun Wu (孫武, Sūn Wǔ), the author's name. The word Wu, meaning "martial" or "military", is same as the word in "wu shu" or "martial art". Sun Wu also has a courtesy name, Chang Qing (長卿, Cháng Qīng)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sun Tzu| | <urn:uuid:bff07c65-8636-4c11-882d-5b7e0a0cc73d> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095184.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00197-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945656 | 195 | 3.015625 | 3 |
"Causing others to stumble" means to cause a fellow Christian to do something he/she considers wrong. It does not mean to do something someone else thinks (or is convinced) is wrong.
What is 'causing others to stumble'?
Paul addresses the issue of causing others to stumble in 1 Corinthians 8. The particular issue then was eating food that had been offered to idols. Some of the Corinthian believers realized that idols were in fact nothing and that food offered to idols was no more contaminated than any other food. Therefore, they had no problem eating food that had been offered to idols. However, other believers who had been saved out of idol worship considered eating food offered to idols as an act of worship of the idols. To them, eating food that had been offered to idols was wrong because it was worship of someone other than Christ. Therefore, if they ate food that had been offered to idols, their consciences condemned them. So Paul commanded those who could eat food offered to idols not to cause those whose consciences did not allow them to eat food offered to idols to eat that food and thus be condemned in their own minds.
In the western world, we generally do not have the problem of food offered to idols. So to use a different example, let's look at drinking alcoholic beverages. There are many Christians who are convinced that it is wrong for them to drink alcoholic beverages. However, Scripture does not speak against drinking alcoholic beverages; it speaks against drunkenness (Ephesians 5:18). So if a Christian looks at the Scripture, realizes that drinking alcoholic beverages is allowed, and therefore enjoys a beer or a glass of wine occasionally, he/she is all right with God to do so. However, suppose that Christian, who is free to drink alcoholic beverages in moderation, invites another Christian who is not free to enjoy alcoholic beverages for dinner. If the first Christian, knowing of his/her invitee's lack of freedom, then has a beer with dinner and gives one to his/her guest, he/she is encouraging the invitee to do something he/she considers to be wrong. If the invitee takes and drinks the beer, he/she has then gone against his/her conscience, and the host has caused the invitee to stumble. A much better approach for the host would be to forego the pleasure of the beer and have no alcoholic drinks available at dinner. For the host to cause the invitee to do what he/she considers sin is for the host to sin.
Jesus commanded us to love each other (John 13:34), and a showing of that love will be a desire not to cause another Christian to do what he/she considers sin, even if we are convinced the particular action is not sin. Love will cause us to want to build each other up, not pull each other down.
What does the Bible say about edification? Why is it so important for Christians?
What is Christian fellowship and why is fellowship so important?
Legalism––What does the Bible say? How can a Christian avoid legalism?
Freedom in Christ - What is it? How can I experience true freedom in Christ?
Do not judge - Is that biblical? What does the Bible mean when it says we are not to judge others?
Truth about the Christian Life | <urn:uuid:9fdc1651-d57e-48bb-991d-952119da5073> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.compellingtruth.org/cause-to-stumble.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946564.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424041828-20180424061828-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.977132 | 678 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Surface Currents Essay, Research Paper
In the world?s oceans, the surface currents move the oceans? surface water. This occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. From a diagram of these surface currents, a number of conclusions can be made about the general patterns of the surface currents. One of these conclusions includes that they go clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The Northern Pacific circulation goes around in a clockwise rotation. The same thing happens in the North Atlantic. From this data you can conclude that in the Northern Hemisphere the surface currents move in a clockwise circulation and the Southern Hemisphere has a counterclockwise circulation. In the South Pacific, the same thing as in the Northern Hemisphere happens except that it goes counterclockwise rather then clockwise. It also happens in the South Indian and South Atlantic Ocean.
Another conclusion is the easternmost current is always cool, wide and slows and the westernmost current is warm, narrow and fast. In the North Pacific and North Atlantic, the westernmost current is moving north/northeast and is warm and narrow and in the Southern Hemisphere, the western most current is moving south and is warm and narrow. The easternmost current is cold and wide. For example, in the South Pacific, the eastern most current is moving north and it is cold and wide. Also, the northernmost currents in the Northern Hemisphere are cooling and are thick. The northernmost currents in the Southern Hemisphere are warming and are wide. In the South Indian, the northernmost current is moving west and is wide and warming.
The warm water from the Gulf Stream is pushed towards Europe and evaporates in between North America and Europe, therefore they get a lot more rain. Also, cold water replaces the warmer water that has evaporated (as we illustrate below).
The satellite plays a big role in finding ocean currents and the temperature. A space ship gets a satellite into orbit. It has to travel 25,000 mile per hour to break gravity, friction and drag- or INERTIA. Once it is through the atmosphere, the space ship releases the satellite. The satellite doesn?t float into outer space because it is held in orbit by the Earth?s gravitational pull and by INERTIA. The satellite has inferred sensors that absorb the Earth?s heat. The data collected can be made into what see on the television on the news and on the weather channel. | <urn:uuid:5eac4a38-1234-46d7-87fa-5e2a82ad296c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://mirznanii.com/a/73769/surface-currents-essay-research-paper-in-the | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542851.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00046-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944165 | 497 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Part 4 of a 4-Part Series
Now comes the last post in my series on the Narratives of the Fugitive Slaves in Canada where I try to fit in all the other things I had wanted to talk about. If I had more time and more space, I could perhaps examine more of the historical and social themes as they relate to Drew’s publication, but then again, I will encourage readers to pick up the work for themselves and read through it with these topics, themes, and issues in mind.
I will share some final thoughts, and some more narratives from the publication to close out the series but just because I’m wrapping up the series doesn’t mean we must stop talking about Drew’s publication, the experience of fugitive slaves in St. Catharines, and Black History. I’ve made it clear over the lifetime of this series that February as Black History Month is just a designated time to focus and promote the year-long discussions of Black History in our community.
Now, it’s up to all of us, as a community to continue the conversation and share all the stories – and these narratives – with those around. Readers don’t need to be a trained historian to participate in history, nor the sharing of community stories.
Importance of Biblical Metaphor in the Abolitionist Cause
If I had better planned out this series I might have spent a little more time in the first post discussing some of the motivations for the Abolitionist movement. Without getting too deep into the history of the international movement, it was quite religious and Biblical in nature. British Victorian abolitionists like William Wilberforce were really at the centre of the movement to abolish slavery across the British Empire in 1833 and they used a Biblical and social-justice arguments to make their case. For the abolitionists, it really came down to the fact that a religious argument is likely the strongest, and so they argued that enslavement of anyone is against the natural laws of God; that slavery was an unnatural condition.
American abolitionists also greatly adopted these religious arguments and it shows in the language that appears in their publications, including Drew’s. Religious metaphor, and use of Biblical stories of slavery abound in abolitionist speak, in a way that many of us might recognize in the publications of the temperance movement at the turn of the 20th century.
Drew is no exception. He first declares that the constitution of God is greater than the constitution of man that enslaves fellow men. He also employs the famous Good Samaritan parable of the man travelling from Jericho to Jerusalem to demonstrate the Christian nature of the Underground Railroad and the implicit ‘love thy neighbour’ message of the abolitionist movement. Drew is explicit:
“This [the Good Samaritan parable] is in illustration of the LAW, “Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself” – a LAW rather ‘HIGHER’ than the Blue Ridge, or the Black Code: and considering the source from which it emanated, possibly somewhat higher than any form of Constitution in any human government whatever; nay, than that embodiment of American civilization, that flower of human wisdom, that rarest union of exact justice and gentle mercy, the unconstitutional Fugitive Slave Law.” – Benjamin Drew (pp 37).
To Drew, slavery is an affront to the law of God and is un-American.
Religiosity in the Narratives of the Fugitive Slaves
“My idea of slavery is that it is one of the blackest, the wickedest things that ever were in the world. When you tell them the truth, they whip you to make you lie. I have taken more lashes for this than for any other thing, because I would not lie…Slaveholders ought to be prayed for. I find it harder to get work here than I did in Massachusetts. It is a sin on the slaveholders that I had to leave and come here. It has brought me lower to the ground. I think the slaveholders don’t read the Scriptures the right way – they don’t know their danger.” – Mrs. Nancy Howard (pp 69).
These religious metaphors and Biblical references also make their way into the text of the narratives of the fugitive slaves. That slaves actively practiced Christianity or had access to a Bible (or could even read) while enslaved was not guaranteed. The religious nature of the language of the fugitive slaves likely comes from their interactions with abolitionists. Understanding the nature of their own anti-slavery education is, I think, important to understanding their narratives in Drew’s publication.
“I think slavery is the worst and meanest thing to be thought of. It appears to me that God cannot receive into the kingdom of heaven, those who deal in slaves. God made all men – He is no respecter of persons – and it is impossible that he should, on account of my colour, intend that I should be the slave of a man because he is of brighter skin than I am.” – Henry Atkinson, (pp 94).
Additional Snapshots of St. Catharines in the Narratives of the Fugitive Slaves
“I have found good friends in Canada, but have been able to do no work on account of my frozen feet – I lost two toes from my right foot. My determination is to go to work soon as I am able. I have been about among the coloured people in St. Catharines considerably, and have found them industrious and frugal. No person has offered my any liquor since I have been here: I have seen no coloured person use it. I have been trying to learn to read since I came here, and I know a great many fugitives who are trying to learn.” – William Johnson, (pp 51).
At the top of the series, I had set out to look for our images of our city amongst the anti-slavery rhetoric and through the series, I did warn readers that I love the rosy-picture of St. Catharines “The Refuge” as Drew refers to it on page 41. I think it’s important to present a full picture of our history and so I don’t want to ignore racism that did exist in St. Catharines, and the few events in which it manifested itself into the historical record.
“I am now in Canada and doing well at my trade, and I expect to do yet better. My only trouble is about my wife and family. I never should have come away but for being forced away.” – David West, (pp 99).
“Here’s something I want to say to the coloured people in the United States: You think you are free there, but you are very much mistaken: if you wish to be free men, I hope you will all come to Canada as soon as possible. There is plenty of land here, and schools to educate your children. I have no education myself, but I don’t intend to let my children come up as I did. I have but two, and instead of making servants out of them, I’ll give them a good education, which I could not do in the southern portion of the United States. True, they were not slaves there, but I could not have given them any education.” – William Grose, (pp 98).
Historians have taken the fugitive slaves at their word but Canada was not racism-free. There are plenty of examples of violence towards fugitive slaves and other African Canadians throughout 19th century Upper Canada/Canada West/Ontario. One example that provides great contrast is a race riot that took place in Coloured Town (Welland Ave at Geneva Street) when, in 1852, a white militia unit on parade, attacked Blacks and burned down property. Though the men were convicted after trial, racism persisted. In 1854, waiters at the Welland House Hotel (corner of Ontario St. and King St.) threatened job action when the hotel banned Black passengers from using their stage coach service. The hotel reversed its decision.
These are only two examples contradicting the rosy historical accounts we’re presented with and evidence that not everything in St. Catharines, nay, our history is perfect. As I noted when we opened the series, so often we get wrapped up in the good and the happy history found around us. History is messy and if history is to be a valuable source of identity for us as a community and as a country, then we must acknowledge all sides of our story, in our past, and here in our present.
Thank you very much for reading along with the series. If you have any questions, please feel free to reach out via the comments below or on our social media platforms.
In closing, I really do encourage you to continue the discussion and to share and participate in history with your friends, family, and community.
“Refuge and Rest! These are the first ideas which arise in my mind in connection with the town of St. Catharines.
I might mention here its pleasant situation, its commercial advantages, the Welland Canal, its telegraphic wires, its railroads, its famous mineral springs, and other matters interesting to the tourist; but we will step aside from these, and look at St. Catharines as the peaceful home of hundreds of the coloured race.
Of the population of about six thousand, it is estimated that eight hundred are of African descent. Nearly all the adult coloured people have at some time been slaves.” – Benjamin Drew, (pp 41).
For more information about Black History in St. Catharines, please visit our Follow the North Star exhibit at the St. Catharines Museum and Welland Canals Centre.
Benjamin Drew (1812-1903) was an American abolitionist from Boston whose work was made possible thanks to the support of the Canadian Anti-Slavery Society and John P. Jewett, a renowned anti-slavery sympathizer from Boston who had unexpectedly reaped a fortune from publishing Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852.
Adrian Petry is a public historian and the Visitor Services Coodinator at the St. Catharines Museum and Welland Canals Centre.
Benjamin Drew. The Refugee : Narratives of Fugitive Slavesin Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2008. | <urn:uuid:9261458f-e1f0-41b9-816c-81b4a9e88a83> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://stcatharinesmuseumblog.com/2017/02/26/narratives-of-fugitive-slaves-part-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038060927.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411030031-20210411060031-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.965329 | 2,170 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Some memory technologies, especially core, were destructive read. Externally there were separate memory read and write operations while internally there were separate read and write half-cycles called ‘cycles’ in this note, but there was not the obvious connection between external operations and internal cycles. A read cycle would leave zeros in the medium even as it captured the previous data from the medium. A write cycle was thus required to restore the information in memory for conventional RAM semantics but the write cycle, by the nature of the magnetic core logic, was actually an or-to-memory. This was suitable for at that point the memory word had been set to all zeros. This is called the regeneration cycle and meanwhile the information resides in the memory register or ‘regen register’. A write operation would require a read cycle, to put necessary zeros in the cores, and then the regen cycle to put the ones there. Here we describe some aspects of these mechanisms more closely for the common 3D core.
Here are some situations where one can profitably exploit the more primitive cycles for unconventional RAM semantics:
Modern DRAMs (and F-RAMs) do much the same. Reading a row of the DRAM bank is highly analogous to the read cycle for core, or Williams tubes, for that matter. The bits are ruined in their home location for their charge is used to drive a signal down the bit lines to the sense amps and thence to a register to keep the only copy of the data until the end of the read operation. The other half of the cycle is called ‘precharge’ for rumored reasons which I can’t explain. ‘Recharge’ would describe this action well as it puts back the charge in the capacitor which is the home location of the memory bits.
The same tricks would work for DRAM but the modern cache generally gets in the way. Perhaps split cycle tricks work in the cache proper, for some cache designs. ECC ruins tricks 1 & 2.
Here is an idea that I have not seen attempted. If the RAM has a cache in front of it then do only the read cycle upon loading the cache and perform only the write cycle when the cache line is retired. Writes to memory thus require one half of the RAM cycles. This might require some engineering of the RAM cells in addition to the RAM control in order to ensure that the state between a read cycle and write cycle is suitably stable over longer periods of time.
I recount here how the CDC Star 100 used split cycle in its memory map.
The CDC 6600 “Exchange Jump” operation was a split-cycle core operation which stored old user program state while loading new user program state at the same locations. | <urn:uuid:64bd9f53-7931-4688-b82b-053110db47ed> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://cap-lore.com/Hardware/memory/split.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887414.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118131245-20180118151245-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.962184 | 562 | 3.28125 | 3 |
2 January 2024 Cariad Marketing
Heating controls help keep your home at the desired temperature so it stays comfortably warm. But it’s important that your heating system works well for you and doesn’t overheat or waste energy. The key, quite literally, is to choose the right heating controls. By installing and using your controls effectively, you could save money, lower your carbon emissions and enjoy a cosy home all winter long.
Central heating controls, also known as boiler controls, refer to any system that helps manage heating across a property or each individual room. They typically include:
Underfloor heating systems use a network of pipes to circulate hot water or antifreeze underneath the floor. This provides a gentle, even heat that can be comfortable and energy-efficient.
Traditional central heating controls are not always compatible with underfloor heating systems because underfloor heating needs to be controlled differently. Specialised underfloor heating controls can provide a number of benefits, including:
Room thermostats measure the temperature in a single room and signals to the boiler to turn on or off when the temperature reaches the set point. Programmable room thermostats let you set optimal temperatures for different times of the day.
Programmable TRVs are a more advanced type of TRV that can be set to adjust the temperature in each room throughout the day. This can help you to save energy and money on your heating bills.
By using TRVs and programmable thermostats, you can create a comfortable and energy-efficient home.
Smart heating controls are the latest evolution of central heating controls. They use sensors and WiFi to create a personalised and energy-efficient heating experience. Smart heating controls can be used to operate a variety of heating systems, including traditional radiators, underfloor heating, and heat pumps. And they offer a number of features for improved comfort and energy saving.
Selecting the appropriate heating controls for your home is crucial for ensuring optimal comfort, energy efficiency, and cost-effectiveness.
The type of heating system you have will significantly influence the type of controls you need. For traditional radiator systems, programmable thermostats and TRVs are essential components. Underfloor heating systems, on the other hand, require specialised controls designed to regulate the temperature evenly across the floor.
Energy efficiency and cost-savings should be top priorities when choosing heating controls. Smart heating controllers, with their ability to adapt to occupancy patterns and weather conditions, can significantly reduce energy consumption and lower your heating bills. Additionally, programmable thermostats and TRVs can help you avoid overheating unoccupied rooms and unnecessary energy usage.
Ensure that the heating controls you choose are compatible with your existing boiler, radiators, or underfloor heating system. Compatibility ensures seamless integration and optimal functionality.
Winter has well and truly set in and if you’re still feeling the chill, then it may be time to update your heating system. In order to have optimal heating, you need to make the right decision for your heating controls.
At The Trench Grille Centre, we have a wide range of high-quality grilles that have been carefully designed to add a sense of warmth and style to your space..
Our Linear Stainless Steel grille adds a touch of modern elegance, while the Linear Snap Profile in natural aluminium combines contemporary style with durability. For a timeless, classic look, explore our Natural Wood Roll-Up options in Ash, Beech, Oak, and Sapeli.
If you prefer a sleek and clean finish, our Roll-up Closed Profile grilles in natural aluminium and satin stainless steel are perfect choices. For a touch of opulence, consider our Roll-up Double T-Bar options in black, gold, natural aluminium, and satin stainless steel.
Elevate your space’s ambiance and comfort with our trench heating grilles, each meticulously designed to provide not only exceptional heating performance but also a touch of sophistication. Upgrade your interiors with The Trench Grille Centre and experience warmth and style like never before.Shop Now | <urn:uuid:9cadfaf7-e3cd-483e-a506-54925351f7ec> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thetrenchgrillecentre.com/news/choosing-the-right-heating-controls-for-your-home | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.910894 | 831 | 2.609375 | 3 |
IQ tests aren’t used for measuring how much you know. Rather, they’re used for measuring your learning capacity and learning speed. In that sense, you can use IQ tests to know more about yourself and how you fare among other people. Of course, others also use IQ tests as credentials for when they want to measure up in the academic ladder. If you have already taken an IQ test before, then you’re probably familiar with the traditional way of taking an IQ test, which is in a classroom setting. These days though, IQ tests are not anymore limited to papers and pencils. Now, IQ testing can be done online at the comfort of your own home. There are many reliable and accredited platforms that provide credible IQ testing with IQ Test Now at the top of the helm.
Take IQ Test?
Now, there are a lot of people who are not comfortable with taking IQ tests because it will make them feel bad when they get a low score. Besides, intelligence can’t be measured by grades alone, right? While that is correct, IQ tests do not measure the overall intelligence though. What IQ measures is the learning capacity. That being said, there are a lot of benefits from knowing your own IQ. Here are a few of them:
· It Measures How Fast You Can Solve Complex Problems
IQ tests will be able to show how fast you are able to tackle math problems, word problems, and so on. This is a practical way for you to know if you can analyze hard problems easily or if you need time to digest. It’s very important to note that not everyone solves problems the same way. If you know what your analytical skills are capable of, you will know what solving style is more suited for you.
· It Determines Which Students Have Special Needs
There are some students who have special needs when it comes to instructing. The thing about these students is that they sometimes don’t even know it. For instance, students who have slight ADHD won’t be able to learn the same way as regular students because they won’t be able to concentrate at the same rate as their peers. The IQ test may actually determine which of these students need help. The general rule when it comes to determining students who need help is if they have an IQ score of lower than 70.
· It Determines How Students Will Climb the Academic Ladder
Surely you’ve heard of some students who have skipped a grade because of being exceptional. An IQ test can determine which student can skip a grade. Most institutions believe that children with a higher level of learning capacity will be bored with the lessons that are below their level of learning. That’s why there are IQ tests to determine children who are above the levels of the peers of their age.
· It Determines Which Area The Student Excels At
An IQ test is usually made up of various sections. There are the logical reasoning, math, spatial and linguistics section. While there are a few exceptional children who can score high at all sections, most students would excel at 1 or 2 of the sections. There are children who can score very high in linguistics but score poorly at math. There are also others who can score high in spatial but score poorly in logical reasoning. What this shows is which aspect the student is more inclined to excel in. With the test results, a student will actually be able to tell which field of work he or she can do well in when he or she grows up. For example, if he or she scores high in spatial activities, then maybe he or she can become an interior designer or architect. If the student scores high in language, then maybe he or she can become a writer. The results can help you know which path is best for you. | <urn:uuid:c3bb119f-121f-4e91-9802-f97ad1755778> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://myiqtesting.com/learn-more | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989812.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515035645-20210515065645-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.970012 | 783 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The world of printing has finally caught up with the real world – and if the displays at the PDAC convention in Toronto this year were anything to go by, 3D printing is finding its way in the mineral exploration industry. 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, has been around since the 1980s and is essentially the creation of a three dimensional object by laying down successive layers of material under the control of a computer. These materials are commonly plastic but can be metal, clay, sugar and even living cells.
The uses of 3D printing seem limited only by the human imagination. Already, high-tech engineering firms are using 3D printing for the rapid creation of prototype parts – many auto racing teams such as those in the technological bleeding-edge Formula One series now employ 3D printers rather than model makers to create parts for wind tunnel testing. The additive manufacturing process has also opened the possibility of creating components whose geometries are simply too complex for traditional machining or fabrication techniques. Although significant application to human medicine may be a few years off, enterprising and innovative animal rescue workers have already employed 3D printing to craft prosthetic legs for injured ducks. One project that has dominated headlines is the infamous Liberator, the world’s first operational 3D-printed gun.
International geoscience company CGG has already recognized the potential of 3D printing as a rapid and costeffective way to produce detailed 3D Earth models. These printed 3D Earth models offer a novel way of integrating all the geophysical and geological data available with respect to a target area for hydrocarbon or mineral exploration to highlight the distribution of prospective lithologies. As Reece van Buren, chief geophysicist with CGG Airborne, explains, “The advent of 3D print technology has really opened up new possibilities for us to literally ‘show’ our clients the power of geophysics for imaging what cannot be seen in the Earth’s subsurface.
We call it ‘your basin/target in a box,’ now available across our range of geophysical solutions. It’s a fantastic medium that’s accessible to all and offers a whole new visual and tactile experience.”
Van Buren adds, “Not only do we display these printed 3D Earth models on our booths at tradeshows to attract attention, we’re also distributing them to clients when they might assist their exploration discussions or negotiations. It really is a ‘wow’ moment when a geologist picks up their target, literally in the palm of their hand. Clients have commented on how natural it feels to be able to inspect their data in this fashion.”
Of course, the communication power of three-dimensional, physical models has long been recognized within the resource sector, and many such have been created over the years to showcase ore deposit geometries, pit outline and infrastructure layouts, as well as mill and processing circuit operations. However, these models are extremely timeconsuming and costly to manufacture, requiring highly specialized skills and facilities, and may be extremely fragile.
In the fast-moving world of commercial resource extraction it is also a very real possibility that the model will become obsolete before it is even completed. Rapidly produced, easily updated and endlessly replicable 3D printed models may overcome all of these limitations.
Elizabeth Miller, manager of environmental affairs for Seabridge Gold, says her company has been using 3D models for more than two years. “We initially developed one model for important meetings with government regulators. Based on the response . . . a second model was also created.
The two KSM project models have been used at numerous government regulator meetings, community meetings, open houses and trade shows. We’ve received positive feedback on the models from many Treaty and First Nations members, community members and government officials and regulators who tell us that the KSM project is much easier to imagine when its replica is presented in 3D format.”
Although current high-profile applications of 3D printing are dominated by its potential for presentation and communication, applications of a more scientific ilk are looming on the horizon. Coupling the intuitive manipulation and tactile benefits of 3D printing technology with the non-destructive analytical powers of CT scanning may allow novel investigation of complex, three-dimensional problems such as pore network analysis for oil and gas production, or fine-scale mineral relationships within mineral and metallurgical processing.
It is doubtless that more interesting and innovative applications will appear in due course, and with up-front and running costs of 3D printers tumbling every year, it may very well be that future generations come to regard the 3D printer as every bit as ubiquitous as the office photocopier is today. | <urn:uuid:985b8230-d5a7-477f-8106-55c0e92e59f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://amebc.ca/exploring-in-3d-3d-printing-technology-is-putting-exploration-targets-in-the-palm-of-your-hand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103324665.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627012807-20220627042807-00708.warc.gz | en | 0.955193 | 969 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A SINGLE gene filched from another organism helped transform a minor stomach bug into plague, researchers in the US and Sweden have confirmed.
Bubonic plague, which is transmitted by flea bites, killed off about a third of Europe's population in the 14th century (
Now a team led by Joseph Hinnebusch of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories in Hamilton, Montana, has shown that a key step in the transformation from a mild, food and water-borne disease to a lethal, flea-borne one was the acquisition of a single gene that allowed the bacterium to survive in the midgut of a flea.
The gene in question codes for an enzyme known as plasmid-encoded phospholipase D (PLD). Earlier work showed ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:b55f7359-6997-4098-98e5-9ecf5d13ba15> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17423410.700-from-minor-to-major.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122071449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175431-00194-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949465 | 187 | 3.515625 | 4 |
These leaves have been enjoyed for their sweetness and used as an herbal medicine to treat high blood sugar for hundreds of years ( 1 ).The extract is usually sold as a highly concentrated liquid or in single-serve packets, both of which are only needed in very small amounts to sweeten food or drinks.Keep in mind that many stevia products contain additional ingredients, such as fillers, sugar alcohols, other sweeteners, and natural flavors.They also reported similar fullness levels, meaning the stevia group had an overall lower calorie intake while feeling the same satisfaction ( 6 ).In animal studies, stevia has been shown to improve sensitivity to insulin, the hormone that lowers blood sugar by allowing it into cells to be used for energy ( 9 , 10 ).What’s more, some animal research has linked stevia consumption to decreased triglycerides and increased HDL (good) cholesterol levels, both of which are associated with reduced heart disease risk ( 11 , 12 , 13 ).Stevia blends often contain added fillers like maltodextrin, which has been linked to dysregulation of healthy gut bacteria ( 14 ).In a test-tube study, rebaudioside A, one of the most common steviol glycosides in stevia sweeteners, inhibited the growth of a beneficial strain of gut bacteria by 83% ( 2 , 15 ).Additionally, many observational studies have found no link between the consumption of zero-calorie sweeteners and improvements in body weight, calorie intake, or risk of type 2 diabetes ( 16 , 18 ).Furthermore, stevia and other zero-calorie sweeteners may still cause an insulin response, simply due to their sweet taste, even if they don’t increase blood sugar levels ( 19 , 20 ).Summary Stevia may help manage your weight and blood sugar levels, and animal studies show that it may improve heart disease risk factors.In fact, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans stipulate that added sugars should account for no more than 10% of your daily calories ( 26 ).Food scientists are working on developing new methods of stevia extraction and processing to help remedy this ( 28 , 29 ).Using more concentrated forms, such as liquid extract, will require you to alter the amounts of other ingredients to account for losses in bulk.Summary Stevia sometimes has a bitter aftertaste and doesn’t possess all of the physical properties of sugar during cooking. .
Stevia: Health Benefits and Risks
In South America and Asia, people have been using stevia leaves to sweeten drinks like tea for many years.Major U.S. soda companies now sell diet cola soft drinks sweetened with stevia.The FDA says it doesn’t have enough information about their potential impact on your health, including kidney and cardiovascular problems.
Is Stevia Safe?
I recently ripped open a package of Smart Sweets gummy candies—fruit bears, berry-flavored fish, sour kids—and taste-tested one piece from each, skeptically.Research found that high doses of whole-leaf stevia and crude extracts fed to rats reduced sperm production and rapid cell growth in their testicles, which could cause infertility or other problems, a report from CSPI says.A diet high in added sugar—sugar that is not naturally found in a food such as milk’s lactose or fruit’s fructose—is linked to negative health effects, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, tooth decay, and metabolic syndrome, Lefferts says.“In a perfect world, it would be better studied, especially since some short-term tests raised some red flags, but it still earned the CSPI ‘safe’ rating,” says Lefferts.Lefferts agrees that eating whole fruit, despite its natural sugar content, is more nutritious and may even help you satisfy your sweet tooth.She also adds that sugar substitutes can be a good way to cut back, but suggests choosing options that are considered safe, including stevia leaf extract and erythritol.[Build a killer midsection in the kitchen for effortless miles on the road with Eat for Abs. ].Runners who log long and hard miles generally have a little more wiggle room when it comes to eating simple sugars (think: white breads, pasta, or candy) because they need to restock their muscle’s glycogen stores, Rizzo says.Runners rely on the sugars added to training essentials such as sports drinks, gummies, and gels.And Rizzo points out that if you choose stevia, “it’s not going to give you the necessary sugar that your muscles need to power through these types of workouts.”.There are a handful of zero-calorie sweeteners, like stevia and monk fruit (which still needs more research, Lefferts says), that are considered safe based on the scientific evidence available.If you’re in doubt, work with a professional, doctor, or nutritionist to analyze your current diet and find places to make healthier changes for your personal lifestyle.This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. .
Stevia conversion calculator
Or, use our interactive Stevia and Monk Fruit Conversion Calculator, which can convert sugar to an alternative sweetener automatically. .
Sugar Vs. Stevia
In fact, the American Heart Association recommends no more than 100 calories a day from added sugar for women and 150 for men.This may sound modest, but sugar is very easy to overeat and its overconsumption has been linked to serious conditions, including heart disease.For a study published in the journal Nutrients in 2017, participants consumed a biscuit containing stevia and coffee fiber or sugar.The researchers found that the stevia-containing biscuits inhibited a diabetes-related digestive enzyme and improved the release of a hormone that promotes a sense of satisfaction after eating.Sugary fare, on the other hand, is more likely to offset your blood sugar levels, leading to less satiation. .
Monk fruit vs. stevia: Which is the best natural sweetener?
Monk fruit is native to regions of Southeast Asia, including some parts of Thailand and China.According to the International Food Information Council Foundation, monk fruit is around 150–200 times sweeter than sugar.Monk fruit extract contains no calories, which is helpful for people on diets that restrict a person’s caloric intake.Monk fruit extract contains no calories, which is helpful for people on diets that restrict a person’s caloric intake.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers monk fruit sweeteners to be generally regarded as safe.Some studies in animals suggest that mogrosides extracted from monk fruit may have potent antioxidant properties.Some in animals suggest that mogrosides extracted from monk fruit may have potent antioxidant properties.Research in animals also suggests that mogrosides play a role in controlling blood sugar levels.Monk fruit is difficult to grow and costly to export, which means that it is not as widely available as other sweeteners, and it can be expensive.Monk fruit is difficult to grow and costly to export, which means that it is not as widely available as other sweeteners, and it can be expensive.Some manufacturers balance the taste of monk fruit by mixing it with other sugars, such as maltodextrin or dextrose.The leaves contain substances knowns as steviol glycosides, which are 200–400 times sweeter than table sugar.However, the FDA do consider high-purity extracts of steviol glycosides to be generally regarded as safe.This means that, in the U.S., stevia sweeteners usually consist of highly purified extracts of the steviol glycosides rebaudioside A or stevioside.Stevia can cause gastrointestinal side effects in some people, including gas, nausea, and bloating.Stevia can cause gastrointestinal side effects in some people, including gas, nausea, and bloating.Stevia is part of the Asteraceae plant family, which includes daisies, sunflowers, and chrysanthemums.Stevia is part of the Asteraceae plant family, which includes daisies, sunflowers, and chrysanthemums.Like monk fruit, stevia is generally more expensive and less widely available than sugar and some other sweeteners.Like monk fruit, stevia is generally more expensive and less widely available than sugar and some other sweeteners.This can change the nutritional profile of the product and make it unsafe or undesirable for some people.This can change the nutritional profile of the product and make it unsafe or undesirable for some people.Monk fruit and stevia are both low-glycemic sweeteners and should have little or no effect on a person’s blood sugar levels.side effects People with allergies to other plants in the Asteraceae family should avoid stevia.Anyone who experiences gastrointestinal side effects from stevia may prefer monk fruit sweeteners.Alternatives to monk fruit and stevia Share on Pinterest Aspartame is one of six high-intensity sweeteners that the FDA have approved.For people interested in sweeteners that contain some sugar and calories, natural choices include: fruit juice concentrate.maltitol However, sugar alcohols can cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea. .
Everything You Need to Know About Stevia Sweeteners – Food Insight
Stevia sweeteners can be used by food and beverage manufacturers as an ingredient in beverages (such as diet sodas, light or low-sugar juices and flavored waters), canned fruits, condiments, dairy products (such as ice cream, flavored milk and yogurt) and other foods (such as baked goods, cereals, chocolate and other confections) and syrups.The stevia plant has been used for food and medicinal purposes for hundreds of years, and its leaves and crude extracts have been sold as a dietary supplement.Steviol glycosides are not absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract and therefore do not contribute to any calories or impact blood glucose levels.High-purity steviol glycosides are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS), a regulatory review process category used by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).The FDA refers to the ADI established by the JECFA for certain high-purity steviol glycosides purified from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni).The ADI represents an amount 100 times less than the quantity of stevia sweeteners found to achieve a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) in toxicology studies.Stevia sweeteners can add sweetness to a child’s foods and beverages without contributing to calories consumed or added sugars intake.While observational research among children and adults has shown an increase in the percentage of people reporting daily consumption of products containing low-calorie sweeteners,12 current intake of low-calorie sweeteners is considered to be well within acceptable levels.8,70 One modeling study estimated intakes of stevia sweeteners in children with type 1 diabetes, who may be at a higher risk of exceeding the ADI due to a need to reduce consumption of added sugars.13 The researchers concluded that there is little chance for children with type 1 diabetes to exceed the ADI for stevia sweeteners.The 2020—2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) do not recommend the consumption of low-calorie sweeteners or added sugars by children younger than two years of age.16 This DGA recommendation is not related to body weight, diabetes or the safety of added sugars or low-calorie sweeteners, but is instead intended to avoid infants and toddlers developing a preference for overly sweet foods during this formative phase.While no published research has examined possible effects of purified steviol glycosides on pregnant and lactating women, several landmark studies in animals have demonstrated no adverse reproductive or developmental effects on mothers or their offspring, even when animals were exposed to levels more than 100 times the ADI, every day, over long periods of time.17,18 After reviewing the safety evidence, regulatory agencies like the EFSA, FDA and JECFA have determined that stevia sweeteners are safe for the general population, including pregnant and breastfeeding women, when consumed within the limits of the ADI.Conclusions from observational research studying the impact of low-calorie sweeteners on body weight often conflict with data from randomized controlled trials.Instead, observational studies examine the association between an exposure (such as reported stevia sweetener intake) and an outcome (such as body weight or a health condition).This behavior is called the “licensing effect” or “self-licensing,” in which an individual justifies giving in to indulgences by finding reasons to make a behavior that is inconsistent with their goals more acceptable.42 Although it may occur in some instances, there is little evidence from scientific studies that people consistently and consciously overconsume calories as a result of consuming low-calorie sweeteners or foods and beverages that contain them.43.It has also been suggested that people who already have overweight or obesity may begin to choose low-calorie-sweetened foods and beverages as one method for losing weight.44–47 This makes it difficult to assume that the use of low-calorie sweeteners can be the cause of weight gain, since reverse causality may be a factor.A 2020 systematic review and meta-analyses of intervention studies concluded that low-calorie sweetener consumption can help reduce body weight by decreasing overall caloric intake.51 Researchers examined 88 sustained intervention studies that included objective measurements of body weight and BMI and the use of relevant comparators.The Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) included a systematic review of 37 studies (six of which were randomized controlled trials) published between January 2000 and June 2019 on the role of low- and no-calorie-sweetened beverages on adiposity.Lifestyle and behavioral practices like eating healthfully, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, and maintaining social support networks are all important factors in achieving weight loss and weight-maintenance goals.This positive association has been hypothesized to enhance appetite, and, if left unchecked, the resulting increase in food intake may contribute to overweight and obesity.55 Low-calorie sweeteners can also lead to a stimulation of reward pathways by activating sweet taste receptors, but they are not a source of calories.Some animal studies have demonstrated changes in food intake and appetite-related hormones after consuming low-calorie sweeteners.34,48 And yet, similar effects have not been seen in humans.Although research on the gut microbiome is still in its infancy, the microbes living in our intestinal tract have become recognized as potentially significant contributors to our health.All types of foods and beverages, including those made with stevia sweeteners, can have a place in a variety of healthy eating patterns.In contrast, randomized controlled trials consistently support that low-calorie sweeteners can be useful in nutritional strategies to assist with weight loss and/or weight-maintenance goals.Stevia sweeteners do not negatively impact blood glucose or insulin levels in randomized controlled trials.
How Sugar Substitutes Stack Up
sugar, the subject of the cover story in this month's issue of National Geographic magazine) and its even more vilified twin, high-fructose corn syrup.For the rest of us, they're high-calorie, zero-nutrition temptations that can lead to obesity and a host of related conditions—diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease.There's agave from the eponymous plant, honey (actually sweeter than sugar, so you don't need as much), molasses, and the syrup family (barley, malt, brown rice, cane, corn, golden, maple).Over the years I've performed enough tests to know that while there are taste and textural differences, most of these more distinctive sweeteners are fine stand-ins for sugar.These synthetically produced food additives offer sweetness without calories—but having no calories means they give your body no energy.Almost all artificial sweeteners have a distinct aftertaste, but regular users find them to be good sugar substitutes in drinks and tend to be passionate about their favorite.You could solve the volume problem by increasing the batter, but that means more flour and butter (carbs and calories).Brand names: Sunett, Sweet One (very limited retail distribution, available only in small packets).Aspartame is also about 200 times sweeter than sugar and is completely broken down by the body into its two component amino acids—aspartic acid and phenylalanine (and a small amount of methanol or wood alcohol).Those with PKU cannot process the amino acid phenylalanine, and too much of it in the body's system can lead to mental retardation, low IQ, and behavioral problems.Saccharin (or benzoic sulfimide), the oldest of the artificial sweeteners, was accidentally discovered by a chemist working on coal tar derivatives more than 100 years ago.Although the cake I baked was dense and lumpy, it was surprisingly tender and very sweet, with that unmistakable metallic Sweet'N Low aftertaste.Used for baking: Splenda is popular because it can retain its natural sweetness when heated to high temperatures.As a result, pure stevia is categorized as a dietary supplement not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.In 2008, however, the makers of Truvia and PureVia petitioned the FDA, which ultimately granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status to the highly purified extract of stevia called rebaudioside A (also known reb A or Rebiana).Brand names: Truvia, PureVia, SweetLeaf, Rebiana, Sun Crystals (a stevia-sugar blend).The cake made with Truvia was acceptable, but there was a mild vanilla aftertaste that is apparently added to disguise the more obvious licorice finish.Stirred into a drink, the Nectresse brand blend most closely approximates sugar and was one of my favorite no-calorie sweeteners.Brand name: Nectresse (actually a blend of monk fruit, erythritol, sugar, and molasses).It's easy to identify sugar alcohols on packaging labels because most of them end in "ol"—glucitol, sorbitol, maltitol, mannitol, glycerol, lactitol.Many of them have a cool, fresh finish associated with mints, gum, and cough syrups, so it's no surprise that these are the sugars used to sweeten those products.Consuming excessive amounts of sugar alcohol can cause gas and/or diarrhea, which I have confirmed with regular users.Despite the apparent logic, research and repeated studies point to artificial and no- and low-calorie sweeteners actually causing weight gain.It appears that once we get a hit of sweet taste without the calories, it increases our food cravings, and we eat more.As for those who habitually use artificial sweeteners to lose weight—yet without success—the path to actual weight loss may be the counterintuitive one: making peace with sugar.
What Is Stevia? Facts & Health Effects
Moises Santiago Bertoni, an Italian botanist, is often credited with the discovery of stevia in the late 1800s, even though the native Guarani people had used it for centuries.In traditional medicine in these regions, stevia served as a treatment for burns, colic, stomach problems and sometimes as a contraceptive.According to a 2017 article in the Journal of Medicinal Food, stevia has potential for treating endocrine diseases, such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension, but that more research is needed.Ulbricht said Natural Standard gave stevia a "grade B for efficacy" in lowering blood pressure.But a few studies show that replacing sugar with artificial or low-calorie sweeteners may not ultimately lead to weight loss in real life.A 2004 study in rats found low-calorie sweeteners led the animals to overeat, possibly because of a mismatch between the perceived sweetness and the expected calories from sugar, according to the paper in the International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders.The author of that study later argued that people who use artificial sweeteners may suffer health problems associated with excess sugar, including metabolic syndrome, which can be a precursor to diabetes."A number of studies suggest people who regularly consume ASB [artificially sweetened beverages] are at increased risk compared with those that do not consume ASB," Dr. Susan E. Swithers said in a 2013 opinion letter in the journal Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism."The energy 'saved' from replacing sugar with non-nutritive sweetener was fully compensated for at subsequent meals in the current study," Siew Ling Tey, who was a study researcher and is at the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) in Singapore, said in a statement.Studies on stevia in those forms raise concerns about the control of blood sugar and effects on the reproductive, cardiovascular, and renal systems, the FDA warns.However, the FDA has allowed companies to use Rebaudioside A, an isolated chemical from stevia, as a food additive in their sweetener products.People taking insulin or drugs for diabetes by mouth should be monitored closely by a qualified health care professional, including a pharmacist," Ulbricht said. .
Is Stevia Sweetener Better Than Sugar?
If you are a health-conscious consumer, you may have considered using a stevia-based product to sweeten your coffee, tea, or baked goods.Tribes in Paraguay, Brazil, and Bolivia have used stevia leaves to sweeten teas and traditional medicines.Stevia leaves are the raw material used to distill the chemical referred to as reb-A (steviol glycoside rebaudioside A).You can purchase many of these products in sugar-sized packets, liquid drops, and blends that also include real raw cane sugar.There are also dessert products that use stevia instead of sugar such as ice cream, jams, and jellies.Keep in mind that while stevia is said to be natural, additional ingredients are added in the processing of many manufactured products such as erythritol, a sugar alcohol, and other flavoring agents, as well.There was a study in the late 1980s that led the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to issue a stevia ban unless the product was labeled as a supplement because the research indicated a possible cancer risk.In December of 2009, the FDA issued a letter stating that reb-A and other products made from a specific part of the stevia plant and meeting purity standards of 97 percent or higher would be "non-objectionable" as food additives.There is some concern that using artificially sweetened beverages and other products may cause consumers to crave sugary foods and eat more as a result..Because of the FDA's stance on Truvia and other stevia products, it is likely as safe as any of the sugar substitutes out there.Various scientists have evaluated the safety of steviol glycosides, and have concluded that they're safe for both adults and children.One study of steviol glycosides fed to rats in huge amounts (far more than you'd use in your coffee) showed that the substance reduced sperm counts and caused other changes in their reproductive systems, which could impact their fertility. However, these studies have not been replicated in humans.Stevia hasn't been extensively tested as to whether it ends up in breast milk and so the LactMed database supported by the National Library of Medicine says, "Although risk to the breastfed infant appears to be low, an alternate artificial sweetener with more data available may be preferred, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.".Large amounts of sugar alcohols are known to cause digestive issues such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea..If you buy the sweetener in the baking aisle of the grocery store, the brand that you choose may have instructions on the package to guide you.Using stevia in baked goods can be a challenge at times, again, depending on the specific product that you choose.When in doubt, consult the package instructions or visit the manufacturer's website when cooking with stevia-based products. | <urn:uuid:43a55a56-8f55-4e3e-aef3-9919a60e901d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.growkitchenherbs.com/herb/stevia/how-does-stevia-compared-to-sugar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662594414.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525213545-20220526003545-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.942875 | 5,102 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Pohl Omniskop X-ray apparatus, Kiel, Germany, 1925-1935
Related Themes and Topics
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Techniques and Technologies:
Glossary: x-ray machine
An X-ray machine is a device used by radiographers to acquire an x-ray image. They are used in various fields, notably medicine and security.
A wave of electromagnetic radiation that has high energy and short wavelength. It is able to pass through many materials, except those of high density such as metals or bones. Discovered in 1895 by William Roentgen. | <urn:uuid:12123981-fd29-427b-b43a-fcd4ee538dc0> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=92744&image=29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122886.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00252-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911081 | 128 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Character Analysis Teacher Resources
Find Character Analysis educational lesson plans and worksheets
Showing 73 - 96 of 849 resources
Rural Life During the Great Depression: A Year Down Yonder
“Anyone who thinks small towns are friendlier than big cities lives in a big city.” Mary Alice, the fifteen-year-old narrator of A Year Down Yonder, is forced to leave Chicago and spend a year with her Grandma Dowdel in a small rural...
7th - 8th CCSS: Adaptable
Develop Ideas About a Character by Analyzing What He Does, Says and Thinks
Do actions really speak louder than words? This video demonstrates that when analyzing characters in literature, one should utilize as many different aspects of a character as possible! Have your students pick out examples of from the...
4 mins 5th - 7th CCSS: Designed
Character's Motive: Sammy Keyes and the Hollywood Mummy
Sixth graders explore language arts by completing a reading comprehension worksheet. In this character study lesson plan, 6th graders read a crime story and investigate which character they belive committed the crime. Students complete a...
6th CCSS: Designed
Sorting Characters in More Than One Way
Introduce your class to characterization. Familiar story characters are sorted into "good" and "bad" categories based on the characters' personalites and actions in the story. The class discusses and describes characters they have read...
2nd - 4th CCSS: Designed
The Greatest Story Ever Told Literature Study Guide
Designed for independent reading or for homeschool learning, the templates included in this resource can be used with any narrative and would make a fine addition to your curriculum file. Templates include an assignments summary page,...
11th - 12th | <urn:uuid:99ba30db-fb8b-4e48-80ac-935dc9479be5> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/lesson-plans/character-analysis/4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189214.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00046-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927381 | 371 | 3.890625 | 4 |
This study examined the influence of landscape heterogeneity on genetic differentiation between migratory bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) populations in Glacier National Park, Montana. An information-theoretic approach was used to compare different conceptual models of dispersal associated with barriers, different models of isolation by distance, and the combined effects of barriers, waterway distance, patch size, and intra- and inter-drainage distribution of populations on genetic differentiation between bull trout populations. The effect of distance between populations on genetic differentiation was best explained by partitioning the effects of mainstem and tributary stream sections. Models that categorized barriers as having a one-way effect (i.e. allowed downstream dispersal) or a two-way effect were best supported. Additionally, patch size and the distribution of populations among drainages influenced genetic differentiation. Genetic differentiation between bull trout populations in Glacier National Park is linked to landscape features that restrict dispersal. However, this analysis illustrates that modelling variability within landscape features, such as dispersal corridors, will benefit landscape genetic analyses. Additionally, the framework used for evaluating the effects of barriers must consider not just barrier presence, but also potential asymmetries in barrier effects with respect to the organism under investigation.
Additional Publication Details
Landscape influences on genetic differentiation among bull trout populations in a stream-lake network | <urn:uuid:1c71c5f9-8c95-4cd8-8683-e895ac63d49b> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70037478 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115926735.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161206-00037-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925715 | 268 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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Printed circuit boards (also known as PCBs) support and integrate electronic parts or electrical components. They utilize conductive tracks and other various features etched from at least one sheet layer of copper overlaid onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive layer. Parts are soldered onto the PCB to both connect electronics and to ...read more | <urn:uuid:a38b77b5-4c76-4187-9457-22c90a71d1cb> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://maker.pro/pcb/projects | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216051.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820082010-20180820102010-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.940968 | 97 | 2.609375 | 3 |
“Do you hear that sound? Be still.”
The children immediately calmed their bodies and nodded their heads in excitement.
Listening activities are by far the most popular activities in a child's learning environment whether indoors or outdoors. I encourage you to give a listening activity a go. You won't regret it
I learned about listening activities during my Montessori music and sensorial training. I had a day of learning the Montessori music curriculum. I was completely blown away. What I adore about this content is how the Montessori community honors music as a means to learning by moving, listening and singing. Children learn self-regulation, gross motor, pre-math, grace & courtesy, and focus. I was especially taken aback by the listening activities.
In today's world with so much visually flying around all of us, not just our kids, none of us actually listen very much anymore. Remaining present is something I struggle with on a daily basis. Stopping to listen helps ground me. For our kids, listening will certainly have the same benefits and then some not the least of which is a positive impact on brain development.
Easy & Fun Listening Activities for Kids
So here is a list of easy and doable listening activities about which I learned recently. We can all do these in our classrooms and in our homes.
A classic Montessori activity that I knew of prior to this class. However our instructor taught us differently. He positioned it as “Let's sit here for a minute and listen to the sounds”. Let me tell you that works a heck of a lot better for my 3 year old than “Let's Be Silent!”
Exploring with Ears
The instructor played a series of sound effects and asked us “What do you hear?” The sounds ranged from a pencil breaking and falling to the fall to a roller coaster. Each with a specific end and beginning to it. We listened to a cd but the BBC has an AMAZING sound library equipped with learning activities FREE for you to use. Here is another sound library that you might find useful. Also many libraries offer sound effect cds. Ask your child what he hears.
The instructor played two recordings of The Listening Walk by Paul Showers. The first recording was a reading of the book with sounds. The second recording was a reading of the book with only the sounds. Ask your child what he heard in each version. I highly recommend owning the book but your local library should also have a copy. It is a lovely book.
This idea came from a new friend in my Montessori program. She explained how her class listens from various sitting spots around the school and at various times of the day to notice the different sounds. So simple.
Record a Walk
Create your own Listening Walk. Record it on your phone or however you'd like to record the walk. Then play it back with your child. What do you both hear?
Match Sounds with Images
Prep images, lay them out on the floor in front of your child. As he listens and hears a sound, ask him to identify it on the cards.
Create a visual walk. Take the sounds heard from your walk or The Listening Walk book and ask your child to lay the cards out as he hears the sounds.
Scavenger Hunt with Your Ears
Create a grid of images and as your child meanders and walks throughout his neighborhood or home, he can mark off those sounds that he hears and identifies. Deborah at Teach Preschool inspired me with this post.
Play a short “sound scene” and ask your child to identify a few sounds within that scene.
Thank you to my music instructor Joseph Weisnewski for guidance, direction, and inspiration. I think that is enough to get you started on this musical journey! | <urn:uuid:5b9a7e80-c131-4bea-9e96-503d0b2f5aa1> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://carrotsareorange.com/listening-activities-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808254.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124142303-20171124162303-00618.warc.gz | en | 0.967126 | 793 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The extensive use of antibiotics is a leading cause for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among dogs. However, the impact of using antibiotics to treat viral infections on AMR remains unknown. In this study, we compared the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (ESCR-E) between dogs with a suspected infection of canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper (CDV) before and after treatment with third-generation cephalosporins. We found a higher prevalence of ESCR-E faecal carriage in dogs suspected of CPV (37%) and CDV (15%) compared to dogs with noninfectious pathologies (9%) even prior to the start of their treatment. A 7-day course of ceftriaxone or ceftiofur administrated to CPV and CDV-suspected dogs substantially increased their ESCR-E faecal carriage during treatment (85% for CPV and 57% for CDV), and 4 weeks after the treatment ended (89% for CPV and 60% for CDV) when dogs were back in their households. Most of the observed resistance was carried by ESCR-E. coli carrying blaCTX-M genes. Our results suggest the need to optimize prophylactic antibiotic therapy in dogs treated for a suspected viral infection to prevent ESCR-E emergence and spread in the community.
Áreas temáticas de ASJC Scopus
- Farmacología, toxicología y ciencias farmacéuticas (todo)
- Microbiología (médica)
- Enfermedades infecciosas
- Farmacología (médica) | <urn:uuid:bb979372-1787-4594-8db4-cc63e997f4c9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://researchers.unab.cl/es/publications/higher-prevalence-of-extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant-en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038089289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416191341-20210416221341-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.886808 | 377 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Last time we talked about behavioral finance. This relatively new field has been attracting the attention of mainstream investors over the last twenty years. Behavioral finance is the area of economics that studies how the financial decisions we make are influenced by factors beyond a purely logical analysis of the situations we face. Specifically, it studies how our biases and emotions affect the manner and quality of our decision-making.
Left and right brain
Much of the research conducted on how the brain operates suggests that the left and right sides of our brain perform different and specific functions and determine much of our personality traits and problem-solving styles. In general, the left hemisphere of our brain is primarily responsible for fact gathering, logical thinking and analysis. The right side, on the other hand, is more visual and creative and determines how we act on our feelings and emotions.
Most experts agree that while both sides of the brain are involved in almost every human activity, most of us seem to have a dominant or preferred side that we tend to rely on almost automatically. In other words, while many people are adept at using both styles of thinking to make decisions, most prefer one style over the other.
The implications for our finances
What does this have to do with how we make important financial decisions like saving for retirement, managing our investments and paying for our kids’ education? More than you may think. The evidence suggests that there is often a significant gap, especially when we are under stress, between how we should behave to get the results we want vs. how we actually behave. Rather than applying both sides of our brain when confronting an important challenge, we often abandon our rational thinking and let our emotions take over. Unfortunately, the consequences of this behavior gap can be hundreds of thousands of dollars of lost wealth over our lifetimes and more importantly, the regret of not achieving some of our most important goals. Other studies, however, indicate that logic and reason alone are not enough. It is a combination of intuition, emotions and reason that yield the best decisions.
Although behavioral finance is still primarily an academic field dominated by scientific research, it is important to see how we might be able to apply the theory to the real-world situations we encounter. Identifying and understanding those aspects of behavioral finance relevant to our financial lives can help us make more sensible decisions and achieve better results for our families and ourselves.
This article is for general information purposes only and is not intended to provide specific advice on individual financial, tax, or legal matters. Please consult the appropriate professional concerning your specific situation before making any decisions.
John Spoto is the founder of Sentry Financial Planning in Andover and Danvers. For more information, call 978-475-2533 or visit www.sentryfinancialplanning.com | <urn:uuid:35c694b8-4061-4215-9a78-d7316803b771> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.lowellsun.com/2019/08/18/john-spoto/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986679439.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018081630-20191018105130-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.934477 | 559 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The report - 'Global Honey Bee Colony Disorders and Other Threats to Insect Pollinators' - finds that multiple factors are responsible for declines in bee populations. These include habitat deterioration, air pollution, crop spraying and the widespread use of insecticides in plant cultivation.
The report finds that tens of thousands of plant species could be lost in coming years unless conservation efforts are stepped up.
The decline of bee populations has serious consequences for food security. Pollination is critical for flower and seed production and vital to the health of ecosystems. As many crops depend solely on pollinators for survival, the well-being of pollinating insects such as bees is critical for ensuring the availability of food for a growing global population. | <urn:uuid:f1f597bf-5da9-44f9-b0c9-bdfaf1c67614> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://sustainable.onbeon.com/2011/03/bees-under-bombardment-new-report-shows.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662556725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523071517-20220523101517-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.927587 | 151 | 3.484375 | 3 |
For a spherical mirror, an object at the mirror's center has an image that is also at the center. Its magnification is $-1$. For a video showing this, see here.
If you stand slightly behind the center of a large spherical mirror and hold out your right hand, as if to shake, you will see a reflection of yourself, upside down, holding out its left hand. You can "touch" palm-to-palm with the reflection, or pass through it, but your hands won't be the in the "shaking" position. Instead, the thumbs point opposite directions.
Is it possible, using any combination of mirrors and lenses in the geometric optics limit, to create an image at the same location as the source object, with magnification $+1$, so that you could appear to be shaking your own hand? As you hold out your right hand, your image would need to appear right-side-up and also hold out its right hand.
Here is a faked picture of what I'm thinking of. To make it , I photographed my own hand, then used a computer to copy my hand, rotate it 180 degrees, line it up with the original, and "ghost" it out a bit.
There is no requirement that the image hand track yours if you move around - a static handshake is enough. I don't necessarily have to be able to view the image directly from where my head is, but it should be a real image so that if I make the air dusty, someone watching my hand from any angle would see the image. | <urn:uuid:67cb16ec-b3b7-4658-b1fa-2bbcc30d250b> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3125/can-you-shake-your-reflections-hand | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663754.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00365-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941542 | 321 | 2.59375 | 3 |
BOSTON--The Northeast Sustainable Energy Association every year puts on the Building Energy conference here, where there are green building products on display. One of the few new products at this year's event last week were these LED bulbs for the home. On the far left is a 60-watt equivalent from Philips and on the far right is a downlight from Cree. LED bulbs are far more efficient than incandescent bulbs and more efficient than compact florescents. They are also supposed to last 15 to 25 years. The problem? Cost. The Philips bulb costs almost $40. Costs are coming down, though, and there are some rebates available.
This is a solar collector from Solyndra, one of the many solar companies started in the U.S. to take advantage of relatively cheap thin-film solar cells. The solar cells (in black) are wrapped around glass tubes and can collect light from the top and, when reflected off the white membrane, from the bottom. Installation of the solar collectors, which are designed for flat roofs, is quick since the collectors are self ballasting and don't need to be screwed into rooftops.
Pellet stoves for households have become more popular in the past few years as people seek out alternatives to oil and gas heating. Pellets are considered a low-carbon renewable fuel since they come from wood product residue. This is a pellet boiler made in Austria from Okofen. It's designed for commercial customers, a market that is more developed in Europe. Oil distributor Sandri has now begun making deliveries of locally-made pellets to some businesses in western Massachusetts.
Geothermal systems--more correctly called ground source heat pumps--are one of the most efficient ways for heating and cooling buildings. They work by pumping water from wells, which can be hundreds of feet underground, into a heat pump to cool or heat air. This photo shows the inside of a well that would be placed underground.
Here is a look at General Electric's GeoSpring hybrid hot water heater, which the company says is more efficient than tankless hot water heaters. Similar to a ground-source heat pump, it uses a compressor and an evaporator to get heat from the outside air as well as traditional condenser coils.
This is also the first in the line of GE's "smart appliances" which will be able to communicate with smart meters to save consumers money by cutting down on peak time power use. If you look carefully, you can see a white Ethernet port, which will have a controller that will talk with a home network gateway to communicate with a utility.
When it comes to solar energy, most people seem to think of solar photovoltaics, or electricity-producing panels. But solar hot water systems are cheaper upfront and typically pay for themselves faster. On the other hand, electricity is a more versatile carrier of energy, compared to hot water.
Sunnovations is a company that showed off a solar hot water circulation system that does away with pumps. Instead, the heat from the panels creates a "geyser pump" that pushes the heated fluid and powers the circulation system. In addition to saving money on pumps, the system will work with cheaper tubing because it doesn't operate at high pressure, according to company representatives.
Here's a cutaway of a traditional solar hot water storage tank and pump system. Solar collectors heat up a fluid, usually an antifreeze, and pumps send that hot fluid into a tank. The hot fluid circulates through copper pipes in a storage tank like this one to transfer heat to water in the tank. The preheated hot water is fed into a normal hot water heater, saving energy.
Solar hot water collectors use copper to collect heat and transfer it to water. They can be flat panels or evacuated tubes as is this one from German manufacturer Viessmann. This photo shows how copper fins, painted a dark color, act as a solar collector. Fluid flows through small pipes within each tube to a heat exchanger.
Building professionals have a few tools to determine how energy efficient a building is, including infrared cameras that pick up heat. They can take a photo of a door or drop-down attic staircase, for example, to see how much heat is being lost to air leakage or lack of insulation. Another important tool to determine air leakage is a blower door. | <urn:uuid:e43cd0a9-5794-4fa2-bec9-1a00e6952759> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.cnet.com/pictures/tools-of-the-green-building-trade-photos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249406966.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222220601-20190223002601-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.958445 | 890 | 2.546875 | 3 |
When I was a child growing up in Tennessee I often searched for fossils. One of the most common in that area was a brown disk-shaped object of varying size that usually had a hole in the middle. Sometimes, they would be stuck together in stacks.
In our childish un-PC consciousness, my friends and I referred to them by the name "Indian money." Where this name came from I'm not sure, but it's easy enough to guess given the facts. Clearly, whenever English speakers started to find these things (which could have been any time after about 1700, I suppose), they needed something to call them, since the fossils were so common. Since the only stone artifacts anyone ever finds here (you can find Civil War rifle balls and whatnot if you're determined) were left by Indians and since the fossils so strongly resembled coins, they must be Indian money. So that's what they were called.
In fact, Indian money is a Paleozoic echinoderm fossil known as a crinoid. From my admittedly limited understanding, the living animal would have vaguely resembled a flower in that it consisted of a sort of flowery-thing which I think (although I'm not sure; /msg if I'm wrong) is called a calyx. The fossils that are most common today are usually segments of the stem, although other parts of the animal are more rarely found. These animals are sometimes known as sea lillies, too. The coin-like appearance of the fossil is due to the segmented nature of the animal. Each segment was remarkably durable individually, which explains the way it managed to remain intact since the Lower Ordovician period. That's 510 million years, placing these well before any Indians, or indeed India.
Oh, and just so you know I didn't make it up for postcount++, here are some other web pages about it:
http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/Publications/ancient/f21_crin.html (an excellent resource on crinoids in general), | <urn:uuid:eafa2f64-5eca-4c30-b1c1-3c13c8f9bd09> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://everything2.com/title/Indian+Money | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718034.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00207-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970151 | 422 | 2.75 | 3 |
Screenings for certain types of cancer are essential to maintaining good health. Breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colorectal cancers are all highly treatable when detected early. A study conducted by the American Cancer Society showed that overall, most Americans are getting screened for these diseases showing that 84% of female workers are screened for cervical cancer, 69% for breast cancer and 57% for colon cancer. While those numbers are acceptable, there are some gaps in specific industries.
The ACS report found that in companies with fewer than 25 employees, the likelihood of employees being screened for these forms of cancer is much lower. Specifically, food service workers, construction workers, and sales workers at smaller companies were up to 30% less likely to have these screenings. In most cases, it was because of lower incomes and a lack of insurance. Other factors like transportation and the availability of care in some communities also could be reasons for the lower rates of health screenings. The ACS advised that more education is needed as well as more resources for patients who might fall through the cracks. | <urn:uuid:cce86c03-4109-4e21-b16d-d975fdd25099> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.labroots.com/videos/3410/some-workers-less-likely-to-get-cancer-screenings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887832.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119065719-20180119085719-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.982606 | 212 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The shadow as stated in Jungian psychology is the dark side of our unconscious minds. It’s a part of the unconscious mind where undesirable or unwanted traits and desires are relegated to. The shadow is part of the (Id) primitive, instinctual unconscious and also one of the archetypes (Shadow Archetype).
In Jungian psychology everybody is believed to have a shadow, otherwise known as the dark side of our personalities or psyches. Some people are consciously aware of their shadow and others are not, some may deny or suppress their shadow, and they are perhaps completely unaware of its existence.
The Shadow includes the following elements or desires, power, envy, lust, anger, greed and all that is deemed undesirable.
Not all undesirable traits are negative, so some positive but unwanted traits can also be relegated to the shadow. However most of these desires and traits tend to be negative.
In some people there is a conflict between their conscious mind, the ego and elements of the shadow. If certain elements or desires of themselves don’t fit in with their self image, or conflict with their moral, personal or socially acceptable views (The Persona), then those elements are relegated to the shadow and become suppressed.
Car Jung believed that if the shadow traits are suppressed or denied, they will find their way out by the way of, dreams, visions and psychological projection. Those who believe they are only good, that have no negative traits, will see those traits in others. The more the shadow is denied, the more they will project their negative or dark side onto others. In Freudian psychology projection was considered a defense mechanism.
This projecting of the shadow can lead to scapegoating of individuals and groups of people that are different than us in some way. This is a way of passing on the blame to others in order to avoid personal responsibility and accountability.
This type of projection has in part led to wars and the eradication or attempted eradication of certain groups of people. An inability to understand ourselves and the projection of our shadow self is perhaps the most powerful and dangerous weapon of all.
Controlling the Shadow
Carl Jung believed that in order to prevent this dangerous form of projection, a person must become aware of their shadow, and to accept it. The shadow lingers in the depths of the unconscious mind, it must be allowed to enter our conscious thoughts (the ego). It must be acknowledged, accepted and integrated into our conscious minds, then it can be more understood and controlled.
Being a good person is not the absence of a dark side or shadow, it’s about accepting and controlling the evil or monster within, and choosing to do what is right and moral regardless.
Modern Example (Projecting the Shadow)
There have been many examples throughout history of this type of projection, the shadow and scapegoating. However as of now in the western world we see this happening in the extreme or radical left of politics. We have those claiming to be morally superior, with only good or pure intentions, denying the existence of their own dark side or shadow, then projecting that onto those with differing views.
Some politicians and most main stream media outlets are playing group and identity politics for a supposed moral or pure purpose. However it’s nothing more than scapegoating others for the purpose of political power and financial gain, not morality.
Then we have those who’s true motivations are suppressed and then projected out, this causes them to see negativity or oppression where there is none. | <urn:uuid:9a125055-f289-43c2-b830-8ddb24939e92> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://mindpotentialpower.com/the-shadow-accept-your-dark-side/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201826.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921143722-20200921173722-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.951631 | 711 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is well established as the most efficacious therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), improving daytime sleepiness and quality of life,1,2 as well reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.3 However, CPAP effectiveness is limited by adherence to the therapy. Nearly one in five patients refuse to initiate CPAP.4 Of those who do try, half do not use it enough to gain the symptom and cardiovascular benefits.5 Studies have demonstrated that usage patterns are established early, within the first week of therapy.6,7 By one year, half no longer use CPAP at all.8
The challenge to our field is to ensure that this potentially life-saving therapy is actually used by patients. Diagnosis of OSA and prescription of CPAP is easy; ensuring adherence to CPAP is the challenge. Early intervention in patients likely to fail arguably may have the highest potential for increasing success by removing barriers before they give up. Given the early establishment of usage pattern, identification of those at risk prior to or soon after initiation of home CPAP therapy is needed.
Despite extensive study, predicting which patients are at high risk for poor CPAP adherence remains challenging. Demographic factors such as race/ethnicity, marital status, socioeconomic status have been associated with adherence in some studies9–12 but not uniformly. These factors may be markers of underlying neighborhood deprivation, social support, health literacy, cultural practices, and environmental challenges.13 Further research is needed to identify the mechanisms responsible for these associations and to tailor effective solutions.
New investigations using psychological constructs to understand health behaviors demonstrate promise in identifying modifiable factors. Self-efficacy (the patients' belief in their power to cause an effect or their perception of ability to use CPAP to treat their OSA), readiness to change, and decisional balance have all been shown to predict short and longer-term adherence when assessed in the first week after CPAP exposure14,15 as well as in experienced users.16 Health values and attitudes are also associated with CPAP use17 as well as perceived risk of OSA and expected outcome of CPAP prior to exposure.18 These cognitive behavioral factors are potentially modifiable targets for interventions to improve CPAP use. However, evaluating these factors currently requires detailed questionnaires using complex scoring which are not practical in a busy sleep clinic.
In this issue of the Journal of Sleep Medicine, the pilot study of Balachandran et al.19 evaluates a simple questionnaire assessing CPAP perception as a predictor of adherence behavior. This retrospective study examined 1-month adherence data for consecutive OSA patients with their first exposure to CPAP in the sleep laboratory. Eligible subjects underwent either a CPAP titration study or split-night study at the authors' sleep center, completed a 6-item questionnaire the morning after their study, and had adherence data. The questionnaire assessed the patients' initial experience with and impressions of CPAP. Questions addressed difficulty tolerating CPAP, much like Lewis who found that subjects reporting problems the first night wearing CPAP had lower CPAP use long-term.20 Other questions utilized principles of self-efficacy and decisional balance, evaluating the likelihood of using CPAP and perceived benefit of CPAP. In their cohort of 403 patients, the authors found an association of the CPAP perception score, using 4 of the 6 questionnaire items, with 1-month adherence. Of those with a poor perception of CPAP (scores > 16), less than 40% used CPAP for 4 hours or more per night vs. 55% in the group with scores < 16. Those with a negative initial perception of CPAP from the sleep lab are likely to be less enthusiastic about using the device at home and perhaps have less motivation to troubleshoot and address problems. These patients would be ideal targets for early intervention to reform their first impression and improve adherence.
Though promising, the study has important limitations. The questionnaire has not yet undergone construct or content validation, reliability testing and may not have the same performance when prospectively applied in other groups. It is unclear whether all 4 items contributing to the score equally determine CPAP outcomes and whether a subset of the items would suffice. The study only includes patients from a single center, of which many were excluded due to lack of objective adherence data, raising the possibility of sampling bias. It is also unclear if the perception score would predict CPAP use in those who do not undergo in-lab CPAP titration. Further study is needed to determine if this instrument has adequate sensitivity and specificity to identify non-adherence.
If the instrument developed by Balachandran can function as a screening tool for non-adherence risk, this is an important initial step. Identification and implementation of interventions which improve adherence in high-risk patients is the essential follow-up. The most obvious intervention is to remedy physical factors that may have led to poor tolerance such as mask discomfort, oral leak, and pressure intolerance, although these have not been shown to substantially improve adherence.21 Other interventions focusing on psychological, social, and educational strategies have been trialed. Intensive educational programs and close follow-up have had limited success.22 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions have shown potential, improving CPAP adherence by 1.5 to 3 hours in 3 studies23–25—a substantial clinical impact. CBT attempts to change expectations surrounding CPAP and the decisional balance toward favoring CPAP. CBT is promising but may be too expensive to administer to all comers. The instrument developed by Balachandran may facilitate targeting these interventions to those at highest risk of failure with the initial “wrong” and possibly modifiable impression of CPAP.
Sleep medicine is fortunate to have a highly efficacious treatment for OSA; we must focus research and energy into efforts to increase CPAP adherence to transform it into a highly effective therapy. A short simple questionnaire administered after initial exposure to CPAP that can predict long-term adherence would be an extremely useful tool in improving effectiveness. Such a tool would allow for targeted interventions during the critical period to improve patient experience and perceptions and ideally change use behavior. Though prospective validation studies in diverse clinic populations are needed, the current study presents a tool that has potential.
This was not an industry supported study. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
Billings ME; Kapur VK. First impressions matter: transforming CPAP from efficacious to effective therapy for OSA. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(3):207-208.
Engleman HM, Martin SE, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ, authors. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on daytime function in sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Lancet. 1994;343:572–5. [PubMed]
Giles TL, Lasserson TJ, Smith BJ, White J, Wright J, Cates CJ, authors. Continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;CD001106
Martinez-Garcia MA, Soler-Cataluna JJ, Ejarque-Martinez L, et al., authors. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment reduces mortality in patients with ischemic stroke and obstructive sleep apnea: a 5-year follow-up study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:36–41. [PubMed]
Weaver TE, Grunstein RR, authors. Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy: the challenge to effective treatment. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:173–8. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
McArdle N, Douglas NJ, authors. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on sleep architecture in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1459–63. [PubMed]
Aloia MS, Arnedt JT, Stanchina M, Millman RP, authors. How early in treatment is PAP adherence established? Revisiting night-to-night variability. Behav Sleep Med. 2007;5:229–40. [PubMed]
Weaver TE, Kribbs NB, Pack AI, et al., authors. Night-to-night variability in CPAP use over the first three months of treatment. Sleep. 1997;20:278–83. [PubMed]
Loube DI, author. Technologic advances in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest. 1999;116:1426–33. [PubMed]
Platt AB, Field SH, Asch DA, et al., authors. Neighborhood of residence is associated with daily adherence to CPAP therapy. Sleep. 2009;32:799–806. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Bakker JP, O'Keeffe KM, Neill AM, Campbell AJ, authors. Ethnic disparities in CPAP adherence in New Zealand: effects of socioeconomic status, health literacy and self-efficacy. Sleep. 2011;34:1595–603. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Billings ME, Auckley D, Benca R, et al., authors. Race and residential socioeconomics as predictors of CPAP adherence. Sleep. 2011;34:1653–8. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Glazer Baron K, Gunn HE, Czajkowski LA, Smith TW, Jones CR, authors. Spousal involvement in CPAP: does pressure help? J Clin Sleep Med. 2012;8:147–53. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Platt AB, Patel NP, authors. Toward a multi-level approach to CPAP adherence. Sleep. 2011;34:1459–60. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Stepnowsky CJ Jr.; Bardwell WA, Moore PJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE, authors. Psychologic correlates of compliance with continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep. 2002;25:758–62. [PubMed]
Aloia MS, Arnedt JT, Stepnowsky C, Hecht J, Borrelli B, authors. Predicting treatment adherence in obstructive sleep apnea using principles of behavior change. J Clin Sleep Med. 2005;1:346–53. [PubMed]
Stepnowsky CJ, Marler MR, Palau J, Annette Brooks J, authors. Social-cognitive correlates of CPAP adherence in experienced users. Sleep Med. 2006;7:350–6. [PubMed]
Wild MR, Engleman HM, Douglas NJ, Espie CA, authors. Can psychological factors help us to determine adherence to CPAP? A prospective study. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:461–5. [PubMed]
Olsen S, Smith S, Oei T, Douglas J, authors. Health belief model predicts adherence to CPAP before experience with CPAP. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:710–7. [PubMed]
Balachandran JS, Yu X, Wroblewski K, Mokhlesi B, authors. A brief survey of patients first impression after CPAP titration predicts future CPAP adherence: a pilot study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9:199–205
Lewis KE, Seale L, Bartle IE, Watkins AJ, Ebden P, authors. Early predictors of CPAP use for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2004;27:134–8. [PubMed]
Sawyer AM, Gooneratne NS, Marcus CL, Ofer D, Richards KC, Weaver TE, authors. A systematic review of CPAP adherence across age groups: clinical and empiric insights for developing CPAP adherence interventions. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15:343–56. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Smith I, Nadig V, Lasserson TJ, authors. Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines for adults with obstructive sleep apnoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;CD007736[PubMed]
Olsen S, Smith SS, Oei TP, Douglas J, authors. Motivational interviewing (MINT) improves continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) acceptance and adherence: a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80:151–63. [PubMed]
Richards D, Bartlett DJ, Wong K, Malouff J, Grunstein RR, authors. Increased adherence to CPAP with a group cognitive behavioral treatment intervention: a randomized trial. Sleep. 2007;30:635–40. [PubMed]
Aloia MS, Di Dio L, Ilniczky N, Perlis ML, Greenblatt DW, Giles DE, authors. Improving compliance with nasal CPAP and vigilance in older adults with OAHS. Sleep Breath. 2001;5:13–21. [PubMed] | <urn:uuid:713a0db4-8369-45e5-bca1-244e19d1b912> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://aasmnet.org/jcsm/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=28854 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163729.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00342-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884513 | 2,719 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Regional Snowfall Index
In a collaborative effort, scientists from NCDC and Rutgers University have created an index to improve understanding of the regional impacts associated with snowstorms in the United States. Described in “The Regional Snowfall Index,” published as an Early Online Release in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the Regional Snowfall Index (RSI) builds upon the success and lessons learned from the popular Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale.
RSI produces separate indices for six regions in the eastern two-thirds of the nation, ranking snowstorm impacts on a scale from 1 to 5, similar to the Enhanced Fujita scale for tornadoes or the Saffir–Simpson scale for hurricanes. These ranks are based on snowfall amount within the region’s borders, spatial extent of the storm, and the relationship of these elements to the area’s population, which allows them to account for both regional variations in snowfall patterns and how the amount of snow disrupts regions of the country differently.
The scientists have calculated RSI values for almost 600 snowstorms that occurred between 1900 and 2013, which provides a historical perspective of the magnitude and frequency of snowstorms. By adding a regional component to reporting on snowfall impacts, the RSI not only helps local officials understand the impacts of each major snowstorm but also allows them to better prepare for future snowstorms.
Review the full paper, The Regional Snowfall Index, from the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
Access NCDC’s operational Regional Snowfall Index. | <urn:uuid:f7aeff8a-ac18-4d60-a3dc-7b4bd071e46c> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/regional-snowfall-index | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375091587.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031811-00291-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909743 | 316 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Creating a Museum
As of 2014, the seventh and eight grade students at the Petar Pop Arsov primary school in Skopje, Macedonia have created and curated an exhibition they have made using Centropa resources and their own research. They worked on this exhibition for few months and created 9 panels about the history, religion and tradition of the Sephardic Jews in Macedonia. This project was part of a community event – the commemoration of the deportation of the Jews from Macedonia, on 11 March 1943. This event was organized by the students and teachers from this school for students, teachers, parents, school directors from their local community and other educators and guests. The visitors viewed this exhibition during which the students were docents and also watched their student film made in the Centropa’s style multimedia films in a separate room. | <urn:uuid:d74f284b-798e-4123-a134-a808186ad9cb> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.centropa.org/de/border-jumping/school/petar-pop-arsov-primary-school/creating-museum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738351.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808194923-20200808224923-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.98729 | 168 | 2.84375 | 3 |
High-resolution coastal observations
Coastal areas are complex zones, with large variations in water levels and major economical and ecological issues. However, classical altimetry can only get at the very least (Saral) to 5-10 km from the coasts. With Swot, a real continuity "from the open ocean to the beach" will be possible and this in 250-m resolution. Even higher resolution will be provided by the land-processed data 3 km from the coasts.
Estuaries serve as a meeting point between land and sea. Estuarine hydrodynamics are very complex because there are interactions between different water bodies: the sea with the same phenomena as the coast ocean (tides, waves, surges, sea level rise) but also the river, its tributaries, and groundwater. Numerical models have been increasingly used to predict river and estuarine flow, water quality and sediment and contaminant transport processes. However, to better define these models, and also to assimilate data into those models, one needs data, but only a few estuaries in the world have enough in situ gauges to allow this. The interest of using satellite height data for estuaries is to provide information on the hydrodynamic spatial variability. Until now, within estuaries, the contribution of satellites has mainly focused on the monitoring of water color and its relation to suspended sediment and chlorophyll. However, e.g. turbidity distribution varies considerably with tidal and river flow conditions, fluctuating on a variety of timescales, and are heavily influenced by bottom topography. In order to validate these models, we need the high resolution, 2D satellite altimetry data which Swot will bring.
The nearshore regions are subject to large variability at different time and spatial scales due to interactions between tides, waves, storms and currents. These physical processes, responsible for the coastal morphological evolution, should be examined in detail for coastal prevention from flooding and shoreline retreat.
In situ data are sparse here. In the case of French coasts, the national network of tidal gauges has 63 tidal gauges for 3427 km of coastline. Moreover, tide gauges are located in sheltered areas (such as harbours). To overcome the lack of measurements, the use of nearshore models is important in this case, but they are difficult to validate. Thus there is a pressing need for sea level observations with short space and time scales, required to validate and calibrate these numerical models. The limited coastal gauges can be coupled to satellite altimeter measurements to improve the coverage in these environments.
The assimilation of offshore classical altimetry data, as frequently used in models nowadays, is problematic since it leaves an unconstrained nearshore band of 10-25 km, and the principal errors on the shelf may lie in the wind forced currents. Models with assimilation that combine all available data are being developed, but the absence of spatially coherent sea level observations in the nearshore zone remains a problem. Input parameters to supply the morphological models which should be coupled to the hydrodynamic ones in order to determine the evolution of the coastal features are also needed.
The 2D high resolution Swot measurements will provide these much-needed SSH data with regular snapshots at very high-resolution right up to the shore. Moreover, the Swot orbit has been chosen to observe the principal 8 tidal constituents, and to help observe the more complex non-linear tidal constituents in the coastal zones. The global Swot coverage will allow nearshore studies in many key sectors of economic and/or ecological interest and/or potential hazards of flooding, sea level rise and shoreline retreat.
The contiental shelf is the coastal region lying within several tens to hundreds of kilometers from shore. The societal importance of the shelf regions is derived from their many uses: navigation, fisheries, mineral extraction, recreational use... These activities make world's shelf regions major focal points for operational oceanography, requiring not only observation, but prediction.
In these regions, bathymetric gradients as well as the shoreline directly influence the ocean circulation, hydrology and biogeochemistry. Exchanges between the deep ocean, the shelves, near-shore regions and estuaries also occur. The dynamics over the shelf can become complicated, and the interacting processes and features can create energetic and rapidly changing circulation structures, with strong vertical velocities.
The primary attribute of Swot data is the ability to produce high-resolution, nearly instantaneous "snapshots" of sea surface height (SSH), the primary variable, along with information about winds and waves with similar resolution. The basic spatial resolution over most of the shelf will be the same as in the open ocean, 250 m gridded data points with uncertainties of several cm. The advent of Swot sampling represents a major innovation and addition to the sources of information needed for nowcasts and forecasts of ocean conditions for this wide assortment of activities.
This high-resolution "snapshots" will allow a better characterization of the spatial structure of the ocean circulation, including the strongly anisotropic (non-circular) structures close to coasts or bathymetric canyons, which create strong currents across the fronts, squirts and jets that form in the coastal ocean. The challenge lies in the combination of this high spatial resolution with lower temporal resolution. At mid-latitudes there will be several observations during each 21-day exact repeat period, producing observations every 5-10 days (more often at higher latitudes). Thus, it will not be possible to observe the temporal development of the small-scale features that will be seen in the instantaneous SSH fields. Several ways to overcome this issues are envisioned, via a combination with tide gauges and other in-situ or satellite data, and assimilation into coastal models. | <urn:uuid:1f835755-60a3-4f88-a8ee-b1e64b45cec7> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/applications/coastal-applications/high-resolution-coastal-observations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187144.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00475-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928679 | 1,191 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Worldwide scientific consensus has shown that human activities are disrupting the climate system. We are now undergoing a period of rapid change: warming temperatures, rising seas, catastrophic wildfires, and water shortages will increasingly threaten functioning ecosystems as well as human communities over the coming century. These changes are likely to exacerbate existing stresses like habitat fragmentation, putting additional pressure on our nation’s fish, wildlife, and plants.
What is Climate Change Adaptation?
Climate change adaptation is the emerging discipline based on helping people and natural systems prepare for and cope with the effects of a changing climate.
Adaptation is critical because reducing the causes of climate change is not enough: we are committed to a certain amount of warming even with emission reductions. Adaptation planning is intended to reduce the negative effects of climate change on people and natural systems while helping communities, managers, and the public understand and prepare for coming changes.
Here in the United States, climate adaptation planning is well underway at many levels of government, from local projects to restore coastal wetlands and build resilience, to state-level adaptation plans, to federal efforts to coordinate adaptation strategies across agencies and departments.
Visit the links at left to learn more about how climate change is affecting species and natural resources in the United States, explore ongoing adaptation planning efforts at the federal, state, and local level, and to check out additional links, resources, and publications. | <urn:uuid:32d9a04f-d11c-428e-9c8a-2a53ccff3a13> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.wildlifeadaptationstrategy.gov/learnmore.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298015.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00252-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933171 | 279 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Predator-prey interactions are ubiquitous, govern the flow of energy up trophic levels, and strongly influence the structure of ecological systems. They are typically quantified using the functional response – the relationship between a predator's foraging rate and the availability of food. As such, the functional response is central to how all ecological communities function – since all communities contain foragers – and a principal driver of the abundance, diversity, and dynamics of ecological communities.
The functional response also reflects all the behaviours, traits, and strategies that predators use to hunt prey and that prey use to evade predation. It is thus both a clear reflection of past evolution, including predator-prey arms races, and a major force driving the future evolution of both predator and prey. Despite their importance, there have been remarkably few attempts to synthesize or even briefly review functional responses. This novel and accessible book fills this gap, clearly demonstrating their crucial role as the link between individuals, evolution, and community properties, representing a highly-integrated and measurable aspect of ecological function. It provides a clear entry point for students, a refresher for more advanced researchers, and a motivator for future research.
Predator Ecology is an advanced textbook suitable for graduate students and researchers in ecology and evolutionary biology seeking a broad, up-to-date, and authoritative coverage of the field. It will also be of relevance and use to mathematical ecologists, wildlife biologists, and anyone interested in predator-prey interactions.
2. The Basics and Origin of Functional Responses Models
3. What Causes Variation in Functional Response Parameters
4. Population Dynamics and the Functional Response
5. Multi-Species Functional Responses
6. Selection on Functional Response Parameters
7. Optimal Foraging
8. Detecting Prey Preferences and Prey Switching
9. Origin of the Type III Functional Response
10. Statistical Issues in the Fitting of Functional Responses
11. Challenges for theFuture of Functional Response Research
John P. DeLong is Associate Professor of Biology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the Director of Cedar Point Biological Station. He got his start in predator biology working with migratory raptors in New Mexico, going on to spend 14 years in migration research. Eventually, he began studying predatory protists, copepods, mammalian carnivores, and spiders as well. The author has taught a course on Predator Ecology annually since 2013, using the functional response as the core concept of the course. The course provides valuable opportunities for students to estimate functional responses and conduct, in many cases, their first real research. He has published nearly 100 peer-reviewed articles, many involving predators of some kind. | <urn:uuid:e78460d0-1688-4786-8745-eddca87ac939> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.nhbs.com/predator-ecology-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335444.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930051717-20220930081717-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.921852 | 558 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC
Heavy rains inundated northern California in mid-December 2002 and gave rise to extensive flooding. The above true color image (right) was acquired on December 18, 2002, by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Aqua satellite. The image shows some of the worst of the flooding around the lakes and tributaries surrounding the Sacramento and Feather rivers north of San Francisco Bay. Normally only small sections of these rivers would be visible in the MODIS image (left, acquired December 2, 2002).
The heavy rains were caused by a series of North Pacific storms called extratropical lows. In many areas, rain totals exceeded 16 inches. The series of storms may be related to a moderate El Nino currently active across the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Note: Often times, due to the size, browsers have a difficult time opening and displaying images. If you experiece an error when clicking on an image link, please try directly downloading the image (using a right click, save as method) to view it locally. | <urn:uuid:d83d987f-1147-4755-90c4-1e9c2155941e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=63578 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718034.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00049-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933952 | 229 | 3.046875 | 3 |
What is Shoulder Impingement?
Shoulder impingement occurs when one of the Rotator Cuff tendons becomes pinched, or “impinged”, within the space between the ball and socket of the shoulder. It is most commonly seen in people who engage in repetitive overhead activity, such as swimmers, body builders, scaffolders, throwing athletes and racquet sportsmen.
Shoulder Impingement is not a normal part of shoulder movement, however if it continues to occur, the rotator cuff tendon may “tear” or can become inflamed, a condition known as Rotator Cuff Tendonitis.
Signs & Symptoms
- dull ache “inside” the shoulder, but can also be felt in the upper arm
- the shoulder pain will become more constant as your condition worsens
- painful with lying on the sore shoulder
- weakness in shoulder muscles
- pain with reaching overhead, out to the side or behind your back
- pain with driving or when putting on your seat belt
What Causes Shoulder Impingement?
Shoulder Impingement may occur from either structural or postural/movement causes.
Structural narrowing from bone spurs or arthritis reduces the space available for the Rotator Cuff tendons to move within the shoulder, therefore increasing the likelihood of impingement. This type of impingement largely occurs in the older population.
Shoulder Impingement resulting from postural and movement causes occur at any age and are much more common as multiple factors may exist at the same time. Risk factors include:
- poor posture
- upper back and shoulder stiffness
- rotator cuff weakness
- muscle tightness, especially in the chest muscles
- poor shoulder blade stability
- previous injury to the shoulder joint
- training errors, including improper technique
How can we help?
- Soft Tissue Massage to decrease muscle spasm and compression on the trapped nerve. A gentle home-based Neural Mobility Program will be provided to assist treatment.
- Acupuncture / Dry Needling for pain relief and to deactivate painful trigger points. This can be used with Electrotherapy if indicated.
- Mobilisations / Manipulations (Adjustments) of the spine to decrease joint stiffness and take pressure off the nerve by allowing more space for it to pass through.
- Strengthening Exercises for weak muscles to prevent the injury from returning.
- Education & Advice about posture and its relationship to developing trapped nerves.
- Corticosteroid Injections can be organised by referring to a Medical Specialist (if necessary).
Is your shoulder pain stopping you from working or training like you use to? Are you worried you will soon have to give it up altogether?
See an expert at Spine & Sports Physiotherapy now to fix your shoulder and get back to doing the things you want to do!!! | <urn:uuid:6c68a139-e6f6-4be5-8ad7-ed38ce10a0b7> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://spineandsportsphysio.com.au/common-injuries/shoulder-impingement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370518767.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403220847-20200404010847-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.917038 | 599 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A Stanford research team uses glowing nanopillars to give biologists, neurologists and other researchers a deeper, more precise look into living cells.As words go, evanescent doesnt see enough use. It is an artful term whose beauty belies its true meaning: fleeting or dying out quickly. James Dean was evanescent. The last rays of a sunset are evanescent. All that evanesces, however, is not lost, as a team of Stanford researchers demonstrated in a recent article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In fact, in the right hands, evanescence can have a lasting effect.
The Stanford team – have created a cellular research platform that uses nanopillars that glow in such a way as to allow biologists, neurologists and other researchers a deeper, more precise look into living cells.”This novel system of illumination is very precise,” said Bianxiao Cui, the studys senior author and assistant professor of chemistry at Stanford. “The nanopillar structures themselves offer many advantages that make this development particularly promising for the study of human cells”
Read a lot more here Nanopillars yield more precise molecular photography. | <urn:uuid:956fd981-fed3-46b9-b1e6-49eacf2a3104> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://deskarati.com/2011/04/07/nanopillars-yield-more-precise-molecular-photography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806760.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123070158-20171123090158-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.945095 | 244 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What is Search Engine Positioning?
In order to obtain better performance in search engines with particular keywords, search engine positioning is the old tradition of optimizing websites.
Search Engine Positioning is a branch of optimization of search engines that focuses on obtaining higher rankings for individual sites.
What is Search Engine Ranking?
To decide where a given piece of content may appear on a SERP, search engine ranking is used. Visibility in search refers to how strongly an item in content is reflected in the pages of search engines.
Highly visible content may appear right at the top of the organic search results or even in a snippet feature, while less visible content may not appear until page two and beyond is clicked by searchers.
What is SERP?
Search engine results pages (SERP) are web pages that are accessed by people while they use a search engine, such as Google, to scan for anything online. The user enters their search query where a SERP is shown to them by the search engine.
Every SERP is unique, except for search queries conducted using the same keywords or search queries on the same search engine.
This is because nearly all search engines tailor their users ‘ experience by displaying results based on a wide variety of variables, such as the geographic position of the user, browsing background, and social settings, beyond their search words.
Two SERPs can look similar and show several of the same effects, but slight variations may also be present.
11 Best Search Engine Positioning Techniques.
1. Write Longer Content.
One of the reasons why the content of long-form ranks higher is clearly why reading takes longer. More on-page time leads to higher rankings.
If only one search engine placement technique from this article is applied, make it this one! Aim for 2000 or more words and you will be on the right side of the details.
2. Write Blog Posts with High Topical Authority.
Google assessed the authority and importance of a site before the Hummingbird algorithm by the number and form of external links pointing to the site.
The main factor in how Google assessed the importance and authority of a website was incoming links with unique keywords as anchor text.
3. Make Your Page Easy to Read.
Use short paragraphs, headings and sub-headings, photos, and broad font sizes (16 px and over) to make your page easy to read by breaking up text walls.
As UX Planet describes in the ‘Do’s and Don’ts of Web Design,’ you can also render your pages even more scannable by using good visual hierarchy.
When they first come to a web page, people read: they immediately want to see what the page has that is important to them.
4. Target Long Tail Keywords.
This is always the essence of the placement of search engines!
The biggest mistake bloggers make before writing blog posts is not doing keyword analysis. And when bloggers target head keywords instead of long-tail keywords.
The second biggest mistake is.
A keyword that includes just one or two words is a head keyword. ‘WordPress editor’ would be an instance.
Usually, head keywords have a monthly search volume in the thousands. Yet they have huge rivalry as well.
You absolutely have no chance of ranking for a head keyword on Page # 1 of Google as a beginning blogger.
What’s the answer, then?
Go for long tail keywords.
These are keywords containing three words or more. In the hundreds, they usually have a monthly search amount. The competition to rank for these terms is also much lower because their search frequency is much lower.
5. Use a Featured Image.
The image that’s connected to your WordPress blog post is a featured image. Typically , it includes a graphic plus the blog post’s title.
In the right column of the blog post editing panel, you can find the option to associate a featured image with your blog post.
Here are some of the advantages of using your blog post with a featured image:
- It gets the attention of your visitors.
- It tells your audience what your content is about without asking them to read something.
- Featured images boost SEO indirectly.
- A featured image will give the eyes of your readers a break from the text.
- Strengthens the branding of websites.
6. Use Shorter URLs.
Shorter URLs rank faster and higher in google.
So shorter your URLs this is a easy technique for search engine positioning.
7. Link Out To Authority Sites.
Linking out to authority sites will improve your search engine positioning.
Here are some of the reasons why external links are positive for SEO:
- It makes the resource more valuable and thus more likely to be shared with your readers.
- This offers an opportunity to develop relationships with other bloggers.
- This offers an opportunity for other sites to connect to you (reciprocity in human actions is a guiding principle)
- According to Moz, in their algorithms, linking to specific authority websites is possibly rewarded by the search engines.
8. Speed Up Your Website.
Page speed is a ranking factor itself.
And so is the bounce rate, too.
People click the back button and go back to the search results if your page takes too long to load.
And that drives the bounce rate upwards.
The first thing to do is test the speed of your site.
Two of the best places to check your site’s speed are here:
That is considered a decent site speed if your page loads in 1.5-2 seconds.
There are two sides to the speeding up of the website:
- The way your web host has set up its servers.
- The material on your web pages you put on.
How to Improve Site Pace
The key areas where your website can be accelerated are:
- Reduce image size.
- Content Delivery Network (CDN).
- Reduce the number of HTTP requests.
- Reduce the number of plugins.
- Enable HTTP/2.
9. Optimize for Mobile Search.
In order to reflect the fact that much of the world’s Internet surfing is now taking place on mobile devices, Google launched Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP).
In order to load content easily and with just the bare necessities, AMP sites use a stripped-down version of HTML.
A main search engine placement technique is to set up your WordPress platform for Accelerated Mobile Pages.
10. Optimize for Voice Search.
For voice search, here are some of the ways you can optimise:
- In your prose, use more conversational phrases.
- Includes a FAQ page with simple responses that can be easily extracted from.
- To give voice search devices brief clues as to what your content is about, use Structured Data Markup to.
- Using much longer tail keywords-there are typically far more words in voice search than text search.
11. Use Images.
It has been proved over and over again that more shares result from including images in your blog posts.
Images attract move audience then just simple text. Including relevant image helps people under the topic must faster.
For more such content visit “SEO“.
To get the latest post update do subscribe our website. | <urn:uuid:d6858c99-534e-4456-a664-4045635c3178> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://theinformativo.com/search-engine-positioning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337906.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007014029-20221007044029-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.904277 | 1,531 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Tuesday, September 6, 2011 - Almanac Vol. 58, No. 2
Top 10's on Security and Privacy
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the risks you hear about when it comes to safe and secure computing? You're not alone. For every risk, there seems to be an endless stream of advice. So let's keep it simple:
On Facebook: Visit the Privacy website to find a Top 10 list and video on how to protect yourself when using Facebook. Did you know that you can create separate lists of friends on Facebook to control who can see what? And that you can limit who can tag you in photos or "check you in" to places? Facebook's greatest feature - the ability to connect you with many people in an instant - is also the source of its greatest peril. Make sure to check this list often, as Facebook terms and services are known to change regularly!
Safe Computing: You know that computer breaches happen every day. But did you know that most can be prevented by following the most basic precautions? Our Top 10 Tips for Faculty and Top 10 Tips for Staff will get you quickly through the most critical topics: firewalls, passwords, wireless, phishing, attachments and more. Read them all here: www.upenn.edu/computing/security/checklists/Top10 | <urn:uuid:c1c50910-0382-4751-a749-369c4efd0808> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.upenn.edu/computing/security/footprints/display_tip.php?footprint_id=185 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463637.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00213-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946636 | 268 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Statistics of the Genocide
The Rwandan Genocide of 1994 was a truly traumatic and horrifying event. It was one of the most brutal acts of murder ever committed.
- Over the course of 100 days from April 6 to July 16 1994, an estimated 800,000 to 1 million Tutsis and some moderate Hutus were slaughtered in the Rwandan genocide. The official Government of Rwanda number of those killed in the genocide is 1,074,017, of whom 93.7 percent were Tutsi. 1 A 2008 report estimated the number to be close to 2 million.2
- During this period of terrible slaughter, more than 6 men, women and children were murdered every minute of every hour of every day. This brutally efficient killing was maintained for more than 3 months. 3
- There are between 300,000 to 400,000 survivors of the genocide.4
- Between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped during the 100 days of genocide.5 Up to 20,000 children were born to women as a result of rape.6
- More than 67% of women who were raped in 1994 during the genocide were infected with HIV and AIDS.7 In many cases, this resulted from a systematic and planned use of rape by HIV+ men as a weapon of genocide.8
- There are 10 times as many widows than widowers – almost 50,000 widows of the genocide.9
- As of 2013, there were still 21,039 exceptionally vulnerable survivors receiving hardship allowance from FARG.10
- 75,000 of survivors were orphaned as a result of the genocide.11
- Of those that survived the genocide over half the children stopped their schooling, because of poverty.12
- As of 2007, 40,000 survivors were without shelter, many whose homes were destroyed in the genocide.13
- Of AVEGA’s 20,000 members, nearly one-third (8,000) of widows have still not had gacaca judgments enforced as of 2013.14
- Between its establishment in 1994 and its closure in 2005, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda indicted just 93 people, and sentenced only 61 of them, at an estimated cost of $2 billion .15
- In ten years, 12,000 local tribunals manned by a quarter million lay judges tried 1,003,227 individual Hutu in 1,958,634 cases of genocide. Of those, approximately 840,824 Hutu were convicted (86% of all those who were tried) 16
- In a 2016 study of genocide survivors living in the diaspora (in Finland), 73% of survivors reported still being traumatised by their experience in the genocide, and 38% extremely traumatised, despite it being over 20 years ago. 17
1 The UN estimate the number killed as 800,000. The Rwandan Government estimate is 1,074,017. RWANDA: No consensus on genocide death toll, Agence France-Presse, Apr 6, 2004 (quoted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide)
2 A 2008 AERG Report estimates the number killed to be 1,952,078 people (http://allafrica.com/stories/200810040044.html)
3 A statistical average on the basis of the estimate of 800,000 to 1 million people killed in 100 days. (6 people x 60 minutes x 24 hours x 100 days = 864,000 people)
4 Rwandan Ministry of Social Affairs, 2007 census estimates the number to be 309,368 (http://www.hirondellenews.org/ictr-rwanda/412-rwanda-political-and-social-issues/22237-en-en-280808-rwandagenocide-census-rwanda-genocide-survivors-estimated-to-be-3000001128811288). IBUKA (the umbrella body of survivors’ organisations in Rwanda) estimates the number to be nearer to 400,000.
6 Foundation Rwanda, 2008: http://foundationrwanda.org
9 Rwandan Ministry of Social Affairs, 2007:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Survivors
13 Rwandan Ministry of Social Affairs, 2007: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Survivors
For further information on Rwanda and statistics on its Geography, People, Economy then please refer to the CIA World Factbook on Rwanda. | <urn:uuid:6a92abc3-7895-480c-8dfb-aadddfba741b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://survivors-fund.org.uk/learn/statistics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153515.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727233849-20210728023849-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.944163 | 940 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Computer program recognizes if you draw bad
Researchers at the University of Art Brown, in the U.S., have developer software capable of recognizing patterns in the style of the board game Pictionary, but with the additional capability to analyze and conclude whether you have a future in the art world or you’re a complete failure.
In the style of the chess computer Deep Blue, this software also possess capabilities to compete in games of that style or Draw Something.
This type of technology and relatedness of lines drawn objects already exist in other areas such as 3D printers, but based on patterns and sketches much more accurate than a simple doodle done a Friday night last half cups.
To teach the software to recognize these representations, the developers used a massive database of drawings and sketches worldwide. Thus, the program learned patterns based on the shape of the ear of a rabbit, and other details.
The challenge, according to the researchers detail, will make the algorithm reconocozca any doodle by itself, without having read something similar.
Without doubt, the perfect friend for any forever alone proud of his condition, can spend hours of fun.Artificial Intelligence, draw something, drawings, pictionary, Sketch, Software Development | <urn:uuid:ea354e83-3d58-4af1-9dfa-aac1450b4d0c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://technewspedia.com/computer-program-recognizes-if-you-draw-bad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542938.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00465-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917281 | 252 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In second grade one of the units we study is about bartering. What students don’t realize is they do this all the time! At lunch, recess and all during the day students are always negotiating with each other for things they want.
This lesson begins with a Powerpoint. The PPT gives a brief overview of bartering. Within the PPT, there are 2 activities for the class to do and then a discussion activity. There is also a link to a Schoolhouse Rock short film about bartering. The unit will end with a bartering marketplace.
Day 1- Introduction and Powerpoint- vocabulary
Day 2- Something from Home- Trading and Goods/ Services
Day 3- Jack and the Beanstalk- Good bartering
Day 4- Barter Bags- Wants and Needs
Day 5- Bartering Marketplace- Bartering Goods / Services | <urn:uuid:d20edae7-e2e2-4d03-bc6f-e55d6c9ea1bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/This-One-for-That-One-A-Bartering-Unit-1309194 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320386.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625013851-20170625033851-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.896515 | 179 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Of all the vaccines designated as “core” by the American Association of Equine Practitioners, vaccination against tetanus is considered the most basic for all horses, whether they are athletic competitors, companions, retired, young or old. Why is this?
What is Tetanus?
Tetanus is caused by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. The bacterium lives in the gut of horses and many other animals, and is passed in the manure so the organism is abundant and ubiquitous in soil. Spores of C. tetani can live in the environment for many years. The disease is not transmitted from animal to animal, rather the bacterium can enter the body through cuts (especially of the foot or muscle), punctures, surgical incisions, or the umbilical cord of a newborn foal. Once inside the body, C. tetani very rapidly produces a potent toxin that attacks the nervous system, causing muscle spasms and ultimately paralysis. These muscle spasms are what gives the disease the common name of “lockjaw.” The progression of the disease is usually very quick, and it is very painful, and as many as 50% of all affected horses die. Once the toxin is bound to the nervous system, it cannot be dislodged. Therefore prevention and very early detection is key.
In this video, the horse with tetanus demonstrates the muscle rigidity and tremors, as well as the distress typical of the disease. If you look closely, you can see the abnormal movement of the third eyelid. The horse is choking because the muscles that allow him to swallow are also affected.
Horses are very sensitive to tetanus, among the most sensitive of all animals. Although tetanus is often believed to be more common in deep wounds and punctures, even superficial wounds have resulted in clinical cases of tetanus in horses. Therefore, the severity of the wound does NOT predict the risk for development of tetanus.
WARNING: The following video is of a severely affected horse. Some people may find it difficult to watch. Again, muscle tremors and rigidity characterize the disease.
Although the vaccine is not perfect (there have been rare cases of tetanus reported in vaccinated horses), it is a very good vaccine and survival of horses with tetanus is strongly associated with proper vaccination.
Why is tetanus vaccination yearly in horses, whereas in humans it is every 5-10 years?
Horses seem to be very susceptible to tetanus, much more so than humans. There have been reported cases of tetanus in horses vaccinated even 6 months previously, so diligent vaccination against the disease seems prudent. We recommend yearly vaccination against tetanus, however if a horse sustains a wound that puts him or her at additional risk and they not been vaccinated in the past six months, we will often booster the vaccination at that time. | <urn:uuid:3f2a6333-cb12-445c-ade5-cebd6bf66431> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.burwashequine.ca/blog/2015/4/2/tetanus-in-horses | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217901.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820234831-20180821014831-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.957095 | 589 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, also known as BPH, describes an enlarged prostate gland in men. It is a condition many men will eventually experience, and it progresses as a man ages. Let’s discover the dangers of leaving BPH untreated.
Basic Facts About BPH
The prostate gland is a small gland about the size of a walnut located below the bladder and near the urethra. It is an important gland since it produces semen.
It does not cause prostate cancer and is not a risk factor for cancer.
About one out of four men will have uncomfortable symptoms of an enlarged prostate by age 55. By age 80 about half will have symptoms that require treatment.
Some of the most common risk factors besides age include family history, obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. There is other information that there may be factors resulting from rising testosterone and changes in the cellular level in the testes.
The Effects Of BPH
When the prostate gland enlarges, it restricts urine flow due to its proximity to the urethra.
The prostate continues to enlarge until it begins to constrict the ability for a man to urinate.
As men begin to have symptoms of BPH, they may experience the following effects:
- A weak stream
- Difficulty starting and stopping urination
- Frequent feeling of needing to urinate
- Sense that the bladder is not empty
- Getting up several times at night to urinate
- Painful urination and ejaculation
Why BPH Should Be Treated
Some men will have minimal symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia at first. When the prostate begins to grow, there is a reduced ability for the bladder to hold urine. In addition, as the prostate grows larger, there can be some serious consequences if a man doesn’t have treatment.
This can lead to a complete blockage of the urethra, kidney damage, the development of both kidney and bladder stones and infections, urinary tract infections, and back up of pressure that damages the kidneys, plus other conditions that can require medical intervention.
Luckily, today there are minimally invasive treatments to open the urethra, drugs to shrink the prostate, and others to relax the muscles. There is no one treatment that is best for all men. There are surgical options as well.
The decision to treat BPH is between the patient and Dr. Daniel Kaplon. This is usually based on a man’s age, his general health and the severity of the symptoms.
Schedule Your BPH Diagnosis and Treatment in Sarasota
If you are experiencing symptoms of BPH, contact Dr. Daniel Kaplon to discuss the diagnosis of BPH and the treatment options available. To schedule a consultation at our urology clinic in Sarasota, please call (941) 917-5400 for a thorough evaluation and treatment. | <urn:uuid:7f741741-922f-440f-b120-f3471dbd50bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://sarasotaroboticurology.com/news-events/bph/the-dangers-of-leaving-bph-untreated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946584.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326235016-20230327025016-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.932118 | 596 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The archaeological site of Olympia consists of the ruins of several ancient Greek temples and of the remains of all the sports structures erected for the Olympic games. The first games were held at the site in 776 BC and subsequently every four years for over 1000 years. Olympia is also known as the site of the giant ivory and gold statue of Zeus, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Nowadays not many structures are left in ancient Olympia. It mostly consists of ruins spread around the archaeological site.
Page viewed 23277 times since 21.08.2008
©Copyright Alfred Molon | <urn:uuid:64408f52-c219-4ac3-be95-dbc78b3e9fcc> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://molon.de/galleries/Greece/Peloponnese/Olympia/Site/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304471.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124023407-20220124053407-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.975705 | 118 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Education disruptor, Khan Academy, has released an iOS mobile application for the iPhone and iPod Touch, giving users complete access to its collection of over 3,500 videos. Now, students will be able to continue their education on the go, whether they’re traveling on vacation, commuting, or sitting around with nothing else to do.
The app covers a wide variety of topics, including topics within the K-12 space, such as math, science topics like chemistry, biology, physics, etc., and there’s even a focus on the humanities.
While it’s created for all iOS devices, students will find that there are some differences between which device they’re using. With the iPhone app, they can only view the videos. With the iPad app, which was released earlier this year, they can download them to watch offline, have subtitles to follow along, and even track their progress and catalog their achievements.
That totally makes sense, when you think about it. With the iPhone, it’s not something that’s conducive to learning off of beyond simply viewing videos or posting notes, but when you have a larger surface like the iPad, then it basically functions like a laptop where you can download videos, engage with the service, and continue learning. According to an infographic compiled by MDG Advertising, in 2012, in the United States, 1.5 million iPads were used by students with over 20,000 learning apps available. Furthermore, within the first 45 days of iPad sales, 47,000 were sold to schools in the country. Students and teachers are definitely using these devices to learn.
Founded by Salman Khan in 2006, Khan Academy has been set on producing online content in the form of micro lectures in order to make education more accessible to the masses. Recently, it teamed up with Google to find a way to bring education to YouTube through a new effort called the Next EDU Gurus and Khan himself has hosted a Google+ Hangout to discuss his philosophy and his new book The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined.
People who sign up for Khan Academy will find out that it incorporates game mechanics in order to help foster learning instead of the traditional lectures that students have been accustomed to. When a new skill level is achieved, the student receives a badge.
Khan has over 440,000 subscribers to his YouTube channel, with over 210 million views. 7,000 of the videos are also available in different languages, including Spanish, Urdu, Bengali, and Farsi, making it much more accessible to non-English speakers.
It has raised $5 million in funding.
The application is free for all users, doesn’t matter if you’re a student or a teacher.
Photo credit: JOSEP LAGO/AFP/Getty Images
Disclosure: This article contains an affiliate link. While we only ever write about products we think deserve to be on the pages of our site, The Next Web may earn a small commission if you click through and buy the product in question. For more information, please see our Terms of Service. | <urn:uuid:c01fa727-e2ff-4059-8fa2-28a50aba6782> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://thenextweb.com/apps/2012/11/24/khan-academy-releases-ios-mobile-app/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525004.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717001433-20190717023433-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.960762 | 639 | 2.546875 | 3 |
1. foot - noun
· the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint; "his bare feet projected from his trousers"; "armored from head to foot"
2. foot - noun
· a linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard; "he is six feet tall"
3. foot - noun
· the lower part of anything; "curled up on the foot of the bed"; "the foot of the page"; "the foot of the list"; "the foot of the mountain"
4. foot - noun
· the pedal extremity of vertebrates other than human beings
5. foot - noun
· lowest support of a structure; "it was built on a base of solid rock"; "he stood at the foot of the tower"
6. foot - noun
· any of various organs of locomotion or attachment in invertebrates
7. foot - noun
· travel by walking; "he followed on foot"; "the swiftest of foot"
8. foot - noun
· a member of a surveillance team who works on foot or rides as a passenger
9. foot - noun
· an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot; "there came ten thousand horsemen and as many fully-armed foot"
10. foot - noun
· (prosody) a group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm
11. foot - noun
· a support resembling a pedal extremity; "one foot of the chair was on the carpet"
Enter the letters to get anagrams for the word
Definitions, synonyms, antonyms and related words
Enter the word below with '?' to indicate missing letters
Enter the word to find the rhymes
Enter the letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word. | <urn:uuid:a2e74d42-82ea-40c7-94f2-e132f327a5a4> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://www.unscramble.net/modules.php?name=Dictionary&word=feet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462232.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00284-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883399 | 389 | 3.46875 | 3 |
9 October 2011 by Pigmalijonas
Lithuanian has quite a complex stressing (accentuation) system, which for this reason is going to be taught later.
Lithuanian does not have a permanent stress like French (all words stressed in the last syllable) or Latvian (all words stressed in the first syllable). The stress can be anywhere in a word, in any syllable, like in English.
You have learned about syllables in previous lessons. Sometimes a word may change its meaning if you stress another syllable. For example, yra, if stressed on y, means "it decays", but if stressed on ra, means "it is". Gėrimas, if stressed on gė, means "a drink", but if stressed on ri, means "the action of drinking". | <urn:uuid:f3ba2ce4-01f2-4877-91b2-11d8613f0216> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www.debeselis.net/lessons/lesson/temp/15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330800.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825194252-20190825220252-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.923267 | 177 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Discover free tools and resources supported by CDC, NIH, USDA, and RWJF to help you with your coursework and research.
Check out the NCCOR tools
A suite of four tools: the Measures Registry, User Guides, Learning Modules, and Decision Tree, that help users understand key measurement concepts and find appropriate measures for research and evaluation projects.
A guide that helps users understand the most common and appropriate adiposity assessment methods.
An easy to navigate, one-stop access to over 100 publicly available datasets relevant to childhood obesity research.
A list of 196 common activities in which youth participate and the estimated energy cost associate with each activity.
A dataset, including 198 manuscripts evaluating childhood obesity interventions, that can be used for independent analysis.
Watch the webinars
NCCOR has a Connect & Explore webinar series that connects you with leading experts in the field on a variety of public health topics.
Sign up for the Student Hub
Our quarterly student e-newsletter connects you to free tools and resources that can support your schoolwork and research. Each newsletter will feature a case study of a student using one of the tools and will also share other childhood obesity events and resources.
Be sure to select STUDENT when signing up! | <urn:uuid:2c892ba1-fff1-488f-9ca9-19e89eb66842> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.nccor.org/student-hub/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202232251-20230203022251-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.904054 | 257 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Protein synthesis is the nature biological process with two big steps, transcription and translation the transcription is from dna to mrna and the translation is. All steps of protein synthesis easily explained, from rna to peptide chains accelerate your learning using questions and answers written by biology teachers. In this topic at a level, students need to understand the structure, role and function of dna and rna they must appreciate how the sequence of bases in the dna. Steps in protein synthesis: step 1: the first step in protein synthesis is the transcription of mrna from a dna gene in the nucleus. The dna of the cell contains the blueprints for all the proteins in the body these blueprints become proteins with the help of rna and ribosomes. Protein synthesis the following factors must be present for dna replication [replication: production of an identical copy] and transcription.
Protein synthesis how dna uses rna and ribosomes to make proteins rna with the help of rosalind franklin's x-ray crystallography images unraveled the – a. The other major requirement for protein synthesis is the translator nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between dna and protein. Power point and lesson resources for a recap lesson on dna, and giving teaching protein synthesis used for high ability students studying aqa b2 includes a treasure. Protein synthesis is the process used by the body to make proteins the first step of protein synthesis is called transcription protein 2 dna.
Dna and protein synthesis - “life is a three letter word” - chapter notes raycroft notes - dna & protein synthesis - student 2000 page 1. Daintrey-2009 with help from raycroft 2000 dna replication and protein synthesis b5-b8 dna is deoxyribonucleic acid it holds all of our genetic information which is.
Learn about the steps of protein synthesis in this video i'll break down transcription, translation and the key players in the process of making protein. Genes encoded in dna are first transcribed into pre the rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids. Dna, rna, dna replication, protein synthesis and mutations review game.
Rna and protein synthesis exam skills questions on this topic often require you to demonstrate an ability to deal with the complementary base pairings [base pairing. Rna are the “workers” for protein synthesis dna provides the workers with the instructions for making the proteins and the workers build the proteins amino acid. Introduction dna is the molecule which controls the synthesis of proteins proteins are used for growth and repair and also as enzymes, in which form they catalyse.
What is protein synthesis and what are some examples what is the role of dna in protein synthesis when does protein synthesis occur. This 3d animation shows how proteins are made in the cell from the information in the dna code to download the subtitles (srt) for this site, please use. During the 1950s and 1960s, it became apparent that dna is essential in the synthesis of proteins among many functions, proteins can serve as enzymes and as st. Control of protein synthesis most of the time when a cell is not dividing, it is performing a series of activities under the control of the dna in its nucleus. Protein synthesis: so how does protein synthesis make hair if you've looked at the activity (or even the text version of the activity), you know how a section of dna. Transcription and translation the process of protein synthesis includes 2 succeeding occasions: transcription, which happens in the nucleus, and translation, which. Translation is the second phase of protein synthesis it follows transcription, in which the information in dna is rewritten into mrna during translation, the mrna. | <urn:uuid:2e86f21f-dc4b-4981-a48a-78cedfc02470> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://fipaperpjxs.voteforthegirls.us/protein-in-dna-sythesis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867277.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526014543-20180526034543-00570.warc.gz | en | 0.943689 | 789 | 4.0625 | 4 |
The main purpose of lifting weights is to increase strength and build muscles. As strength increases, it also improves your overall health.
The human body has many different systems that work together to produce the desired effects of weightlifting. Weights provide a great stimulus for these body systems.
However, when engaging in training, there are often positive and negative side effects on the body.
First, your central nervous system and muscles will be jolted by the increased stress you’re putting on them, which will be unpleasant.
As your body adapts, you will notice improved strength and flexibility, as well as health benefits, such as a reduced risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
- 1 What Happens When You Start Weight Lifting
- 2 What Happens To Muscles When You Lift Weights
- 3 Weight Lifting [Physical Changes You Will Begin to Notice]
- 4 Weight Lifting [Mental Changes You Will Begin to Notice]
- 5 How Long Does It Take To See Results From Weight Lifting?
- 6 What Happens If You Lift Weights Everyday?
What Happens When You Start Weight Lifting
When you initially start lifting weights, you may discover that some motions and routines are difficult to do owing to weakness in very particular regions.
A deadlift, for example, will not be executed properly owing to a shaky grip or an inability to maintain the back straight. A dumbbell press, on the other hand, may be difficult since your forearm strength is insufficient to stabilize the weight.
All of your shortcomings and muscular imbalances are being pushed to the surface here.
All of these imbalances and deficiencies will gradually go away as you lift weights more regularly, and your posture and flexibility will improve.
If you are a first-time weight lifter, you may experience delayed onset muscle soreness, which is a common and generally harmless side effect.
Resistance exercise destroys muscle fibers at the microscopic level. This is a positive development, as the muscle fibers adapt to the stimuli as they recover, becoming stronger and larger.
Muscles continue to go through the damage/recovery cycle as the difficulty of the exercise increases.
Weight lifting and strength training will almost certainly leave you with ravenous hunger.
Muscle tissue calls out for nourishment while it heals, allowing you to recover strength. The more muscle you have, the more hungry you get.
To keep the monsters away, keep your fridge stocked with nutritious protein-rich meals.
It’s natural to feel exhausted after a long or strenuous exercise. This happens when your muscles run out of energy in general.
In addition, your central nervous system lacks the capacity to keep your muscles working. This results in muscular exhaustion, which makes you weary.
What Happens To Muscles When You Lift Weights
Your muscles work together when you lift weights, and concentric and eccentric muscle contractions occur at the same time.
Lactic acid accumulation in your muscles will cause them to hurt and burn when you lift weights. This new stress will shock the central nervous system, which will react properly.
Your limbs may tremble wildly when lifting heavy weights, and you will most likely sweat excessively and feel nauseous (depending on how hard you push yourself).
During a tough exercise, a muscle will sustain tiny muscle rips before it can become stronger.
The recovery period may take up to a week and may overlap with the following exercise.
Weight Lifting [Physical Changes You Will Begin to Notice]
Weight lifting is a good activity for people who do not have the necessary body fat. It is also a great exercise for weight loss.
1- Strength and Conditioning
Heavyweights, particularly for women, improve muscular power and strength without adding substantial bulk or size.
This implies that daily physical activities get simpler, and regular training increases your lifting capacity. You’ll also seem to be stronger.
This is self-evident, but how quickly it will be implemented in everyday life is less certain.
2- Lower risk of injury
Weightlifting increases hip and core strength, which protects joints and smaller muscles in the extremities from damage.
This improves balance and reactivity to slips, falls, and sports contact, making you less susceptible to injury.
Weight lifting is the most effective method for both men and women to get a slim, toned, and fit physique.
You may do all the cardio you want, but without weight training to test the muscles, you won’t acquire those toned muscles in all the correct areas.
4- Flexibility and posture
According to the American Institute of Physiotherapists, weight lifting may improve your posture and decrease or avoid chronic back pain.
Lifting weights helps to develop your back, shoulder, and core muscles, which are all important for maintaining good posture and avoiding lower back discomfort.
Weight Lifting [Mental Changes You Will Begin to Notice]
Something about strength training makes you feel good, and that sense of inner strength, your muscles expanding, gaining definition, and your metabolism improving all act as strong confidence boosters.
Lifting weights may boost your confidence by making you feel more energized and ready to take on the world.
2- Discipline and willpower
3- Stress and anxiety
Weight lifting may help decrease anxiety and stress, perhaps as efficiently as medicine or psychotherapy.
Weight lifting is well recognized for increasing muscular strength, but a recent study indicates that it may also help decrease anxiety and stressful thoughts and feelings.
How Long Does It Take To See Results From Weight Lifting?
Weight training outcomes are practically immediate, but you may not notice them as fast as they occur. It may take up to four weeks to see an increase in muscle growth.
If you’re wanting to reduce weight, you should aim for two to three pounds lost every week.
What Happens If You Lift Weights Everyday?
What happens if I lift weights every day? You’ll exhaust yourself. Overtraining just does not provide your body adequate time to recuperate.
The body can only completely recuperate during rest, when sleeping, and when we eat and drink enough.
I’ve always been passionate about health and fitness, whether it’s working out at the gym, going for a run before work, or even competing in a half-ironman triathlon. PineappleFit was born out of a desire to share our experience and passion for fitness with others. | <urn:uuid:8ec00ad5-4795-4771-afdc-f0071b8b2767> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://pineapplefit.com/what-happens-to-your-body-when-you-start-lifting-weights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103669266.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630062154-20220630092154-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.93967 | 1,361 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The issues of globalisation and hence immigration are ever-increasing topics in Europe. Only recently it was stated that every second student is supposed to have sufficient knowledge of at least one foreign language at the age of 15. An action plan formulated by the European Commission for the years 2004-2006 shows the importance of languages as means for integration and cultural awareness. “It is a priority for Member States to ensure that language learning in kindergarten and primary school is effective, for it is here that key attitudes towards other languages and cultures are formed, and the foundations for later language learning are laid.” (Commission of the European Communities 2003: 7)
With reference to the educational system it is demanded that two other languages should be learned in schools under the heading of the ‘life-long language learning’ programme. Although today’s countries are already coined by bilingualism and multilingualism the development and maintenance of different languages is still emotionally debated within politics and societies (cf. Meisel 2004:1). This is especially the case in child language acquisition because it is assumed that different language input could negatively influence the cognitive mechanisms and that the children could be trapped between two or more unsteady developed languages. Referring to the situation of children with a migrant background the arguments on the one hand claim that the maintenance of the family language is threatened and on the other hand that the proficiency of the majority language is insufficient to interact within the environment and to proceed academically (cf. ibid.). Recalling the European Commission it is stated that because of the globalisation the knowledge of more than one language is seen as a basic skill and the competence to communicate in languages apart from English takes on an important role. Since children with a migrant background are usually raised with various language, for instance, the family language (minority language), the language of the host country and further languages at school, they bring along apposite characteristics to become multilingual and to fulfill the goal set by the European Commission. However, these different language contacts in various settings also provide difficulties. The input from the close environment like relatives and neighbourhood shapes their language progress. As a result the children with migrant backgrounds happen to enter primary school with serious disadvantages (cf. Driessen, van der Slik & de Bot, 2002: 176). Thus Stanat et al. (2010) reported in their presentation of the PISA tests and the compared results
from 2000 – 2009 that within Europe children with a migrant background still have considerable lacks in majority language competences compared to their monolingual peers. Because these results are often seen as consequences of insufficient language proficiency, this paper scrutinizes the bilingual development of children with a migrant background with the goal to find out how maintenance of the minority language and acquisition of the majority language are best achieved. The question is whether children with a migrant background develop language deficits in their first or second language and if so, why this happens. Thus factors which influence language development are examined whereas age as a main factor is particularly focused next to home language and formal educational impacts. Finally, it should be considered if there is something like linguistically balanced bilingualism and if it could be compared to monolingual language proficiency. The examination paper at hand looks at cases of bilingual children who are exposed to a minority language at home and a majority language in society by birth or in early or late childhood. Furthermore the children’s linguistic development is scrutinised throughout various analyses to show if probable language... | <urn:uuid:03e89a95-3d69-4b54-9362-1263513dafd3> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Do-Children-With-a-Migrant-Background-1470042.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541876.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00179-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94666 | 699 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Everyone knows not to be a litter bug in theory, but it doesn't always make it into practice. A recent discovery in the Great Lakes is the latest example of previously unobserved trash in our ecosystem.
According to new research coming out of the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, floating plastic debris, similar to the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" has been found in the Great Lakes.
The pacific garbage patch is an area of trash in the Pacific Ocean that's estimated to be twice the size of Texas. The spot acts as a vortex of plastic particles and other pollutants that the currents have pushed together. The actual dimension varies because the garbage itself is often hard to see from satellites. The Pacific is not alone, there's also a garbage patch in the Southern Atlantic Ocean, and now the Great Lakes.
"The massive production of plastic and inadequate disposal has made plastic debris an important and constant pollutant on beaches and in oceans around the world, and the Great Lakes is not an exception," Lorena M. Rios-Mendoza Ph.D., assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Wisconsin, said in a statement.
Similar to the Atlantic and Pacific garbage patches, much of the plastic pollution that Rios' team found in the Great Lakes area is impossible to seen by the naked eye because it is so small. In fact, from the samples her team collected from Lake Erie, a whopping 85 percent of the particles were smaller than two-tenths of an inch, and most of them were actually microscopic. According to the statement, Rios' team collected between 1,500 and 1.7 million of these plastic particles per square mile.
A major concern for this problem is the impact it has on the wildlife in the area. Fish and birds are often harmed from accidentally eating these particles, and confusing the trash with sources of food. They also bring in the substances that dissolve into the water from the plastic particles. The researchers were able to do this by sampling the contents of the fishes' stomachs.
"The main problem with these plastic sizes is its accessibility to freshwater organisms that can be easily confused as natural food and the total surface area for adsorption of toxins and pseudo-estrogens increases significantly," Rios said.
Rios' team has just started to research the impact these substances could have on the people who eat the fish, and it is unclear on what happens when these elements enter the larger food chain. | <urn:uuid:350c0b62-f254-4eaa-84c0-2758fa3feff9> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-great-garbage-lakes-pollution-plagues-the-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542712.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00415-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964732 | 499 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Sibling Bullying Isn’t Healthy
Anyone who has an older sibling is well aware of the type of sibling bullying and taunting that occurs within the household. The vast majority of parents consider it normal, but CBS News says that it may not be so harmless.
A new study claims that taunting or aggression by brothers and sisters is connected to significantly worse mental health in children when compared to children who hadn’t been bullied by their siblings. The researchers, lead by Corinna Jenkins Tucker, associate professor of family studies at the University of New Hampshire, said the affect is equatable to peer bullying, which has been shown to increase the risk for psychological problems as an adult.
“Even kids who reported just one instance had more mental health distress,” lead author Corinna Jenkins Tucker, associate professor of family studies at UNH and lead author of the research, said in a press release. “Our study shows that sibling aggression is not benign for children and adolescents, regardless of how severe or frequent.”
The study analyzed data from the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV), a national survey of 3,600 children ranging from one month to 17 years old. Thirty-two percent of the children reported sibling bullying.
The researchers then looked for signs of mental health distress such as anxiety of depression symptoms, and they found the overall rates of mental health problems brought on by sibling aggression was the same across all ages, and roughly equal to the signs reported by those who endured peer bullying.
“If siblings hit each other, there’s a much different reaction than if that happened between peers,” Tucker explained. “It’s often dismissed, seen as something that’s normal or harmless. Some parents even think it’s beneficial, as good training for dealing with conflict and aggression in other relationships.” | <urn:uuid:1cc3a250-5e4d-4d0b-b993-1f2f385c42c4> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://renewalchristiancare.com/2013/06/20/sibling-bullying-isnt-healthy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529080.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122020254-20210122050254-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.964083 | 392 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This week we have begun working in our maths groups. The children in both groups have worked hard and continued to develop and extend their understanding of place value in 4-digit numbers. The children have been completing place value subtractions and have also compared, ordered and placed 4-digit numbers onto marked or unmarked number lines.
In Literacy, we have continued to explore Roman myths. We have focussed on the story of Aeneas’ long and eventful journey from the destroyed city of Troy in his quest to find Italy. We have talked about the different ordeals and perils that Aeneas faced throughout the story. We then took part in some drama activities using our vivid imaginations to role play different ordeals that a hero or heroine may face in a story. The children have also had great fun creating and describing their own mythical creatures or beasts or monsters!
With Mr Fidler in our Art sessions, the children have begun to use levers and pivots to create a simple moving mechanism. The children then used this type of lever when designing and making their own Roman Legionary, complete with moving arm!
During our Year group assembly this week, we have begun to talk about our RE topic for this term; ‘What makes a person inspiring to believers?’ This week’s session focussed on thinking of heroes or heroines from films, television and books and what they have in common and why people like them. We then moved onto the idea of being inspired by someone and together we thought about ‘real life’ heroes.
Maths – The children have an activity to complete involving place value. Please see your children’s homework folder.
RE – The children need to draw a picture of someone that inspires them, someone in ‘real life’. They need to annotate their picture giving reasons why this person is inspiring to them. Please see the note in your child’s journal. Paper will be sent home with your child’s homework folder.
Thank you for your continued support. Have a great weekend! Mrs Pond-Barrett and Mrs Scannell | <urn:uuid:9d19e048-261e-4a6a-9671-0f61dc968d7d> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.bielefeldschool.com/2014/09/year-4-week-38-2014.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647584.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321063114-20180321083114-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.96487 | 435 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Start by getting familiar with the basic parts and structure of the text:
- What kind of text are you reading? An essay? A web site?
- Every author has a purpose; find it.
- Who is the audience and how does the author try to appeal to them?
- What argument is the author making/question does the text try to answer?
- What evidence does the author provide?
- Are there any key terms the author defines?
As you’re reading, make note of anything that especially catches your attention:
- Is there a fact or point that challenged your assumptions?
- Any surprises?
- Did the author make a point or argument that you disagree with?
- Are there any inconsistencies in the text?
- Does the text contain anything (words, phrases, ideas) that you don’t understand?
After you’ve finished reading, read it again:
- Are there things you didn’t notice the first time reading the text?
- Does the text leave some questions open-ended?
- Imagine the author is sitting across from you: what would you ask them about the text? Why?
If the text is visual in nature, try these extra tips:
- What first strikes you about the image?
- Who/what is the main subject of the visual?
- What colors/textures dominate the visual?
- What objects/people are in the background/foreground?
- Do words or numbers play any role in the visual?
- When was the visual created? | <urn:uuid:64b84deb-bc17-4fd3-8461-e8b634f9f584> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/aboutwriting/chapter/active-reading/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247490107.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219122312-20190219144312-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.920749 | 327 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Due to todays modern urbanized lifestyles, excessive pollution and rapid industrialization the number of patients suffering from Asthma is fast increasing. Reports suggest that at least 15% of Indian population and 10% of U.S. population suffer from Bronchial Asthma every year. These days more and more of such patients are turning towards Ayurveda remedies, due to the holistic approach followed by Ayurveda wherein apart from treating the disease without any side effects, measures are taken to find the root cause of the disease and prevent it.
Asthma is referred to as Swas Roga in Ayurveda. From an Ayurvedic perspective, the kapha dosha combines with ˜pranavayu leading to obstruction in the respiratory passage (called ˜pranavaha srotasa in Ayurveda) causing a condition called as ˜Swas Roga or Asthma.
There are various non-allergic and allergic factors that cause Asthma like diet, excessive exposure to smoke and dust, working in excessive cold or hot temperatures, over-exercising, emotional tensions, other disorders in lungs or throat or hereditary factors.
A few Ayurvedic remedies and home preventive tips are mentioned here:
- A few common medicines as suggested in Ayurveda are Sitopaladi choorna, Vasavleha, Swaskuthar ras etc. During Asthma attacks, Rasayana Chikitsa is given to the patient. It is also advised that Asthmatic patients can go in for a Panchakarma, especially vaman chikitsa before the onset of monsoon.
- Honey is one of the most effective remedies used for treatment of Asthma. During bouts of Astma, just holding a jug of honey beneath the nose and inhaling the air in contact with honey helps in easier breathing and provides temporary relief from Asthma. When consumed internally with equal parts of dates, black resins and pippali, it acts as a good lung tonic by thinning out the accumulated mucus and eliminating it from the respiratory system.
- When five grams of Indian gooseberry or Amla is mixed with one table spoon of honey and consumed, it acts as an expectorant, and is an effective medicine for Asthma.
- During Asthmatic attacks, massaging mustard oil with camphor over the chest will loosen the mucus and help easy breathing. Simultaneously, inhaling steam with a few caraway seeds added to boiling water will help in dilation of bronchial passage. | <urn:uuid:d093f0b7-38aa-4eb2-8a45-ffd43befd53b> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.ayurvedictalk.com/asthma-treatment-in-ayurveda/81/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158481.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00076-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923367 | 532 | 2.609375 | 3 |
“At the end of the day, we can endure much more than we think we can” – Frida Kahlo
The most striking theme of the historic Mexico exhibit at the Dallas Museum of Art is its focus on strong — even revolutionary — Mexican women.
The show, “Mexico 1900-1950: Diego Rivera, Frida Kahlo, Jose Clemente Orozco, and the Avant-Garde,” is at the DMA through Sunday, July 16, 2017. Impressively, the exhibition’s only other stop was at the Grand Palais in Paris.
DMA Director Agustín Arteaga, formerly from the Museo Nacional de Arte (MUNAL) in Mexico City, brought the exhibit to Dallas along with the Latino Center for Leadership Development, and worked hard to attract and welcome the Latino and Mexican community in Dallas to the DMA.
Although Frida Kahlo grabbed headlines about the show for good reason, she is by no means the only Mexican woman artist whose work is displayed or even whose image is depicted.
The exhibit depicts women engrossed in an array of activities: selling calla lilies or produce at a market, marching off to war, artists depicted in evocative self portraits, or interacting with their families.
To walk through the exhibit was to see women depicted of all complexions and backgrounds – indigenous, Hispanic, Spanish, black, and mixed background (mestiza/o).The paintings depict a tremendous diversity of women, as seen below.
Many of the diverse portraits of women were self portraits by women artists other than Frida Kahlo. The self-portrait from 1947 below of the woman in a green blouse is by Olga Costa. Costa was born in Germany to Jewish parents, and immigrated to Mexico at a young age.
Rosa Rolanda also painted the self-portrait below, in 1952. Rolando was an American-born artist, dancer and photographer who immigrated to Mexico with her Mexican artist husband Miguel Covarrubias. She was very interested in Mexican folk art.
The painting below by Mexican painter María Izquierdo is another self-portrait, from 1946. She was raised in a small Mexican rural village, but moved to Mexico City as a young adult. Her bold style is reminiscent of Frida Kahlo’s work.
“I paint myself because I am so often alone and because I am the subject I know best.” – Frida Kahlo
Frida herself had a German father and a Mexican indigenous mother. The painting shows the two versions of herself grasping hands, the key difference being one figure is dressed in indigenous Tehuana dress and the other in a white European Victorian-era dress. Beyond that, the broken and exposed hearts depicted are believed to be references to how she felt about artist Diego Rivera, around the time of their divorce.
Frida acknowledged and even celebrated her imperfections. Her image at left below was titled “Self Portrait Very Ugly” (Muy Fea, 1933). And at right below, Frida expressed her tortured bond to Diego by juxtaposing half of her face with his in a heart-like chamber.
“Diego was my everything; my child my lover, my universe.” – Frida Kahlo
My favorite Frida piece in the exhibit is the whimsical self-portrait that she painted her pet dog into, Itzcuintli Dog with Me (Perro Itzcuintli conmigo, 1938) The tiny black dog stands with confidence against the folds of her skirt. As the owner of a tiny five-pound chihuahua, this image melted my heart a bit. Frida never had children, but she loved her pets.
As a powerful way to champion women’s expression the museum also hosted a night to break the Guiness World Record of the largest gathering of people dressed at Frida Kahlo. More than 1,000 people showed up (women, children, babies and men) in a stunning array of colorful self-expression and as a tribute to the famous female artist.
The exhibit was not only about Frida, though. There were powerful paintings of women at work, in celebration, interacting with their families — and even going to war. Male Mexican painters also powerfully depicted women.
There were women depicted enduring the struggles of the Mexican Revolution. The 1926 painting below by famed artist Jose Clemente Orozco was appropriately titled “The Women Soldiers” (Las soldaderas). As the exhibit noted, Orozco depicted the revolution and the participation of the Mexican people as that in which “power and melancholy merged to create a vision of the future of Mexico and of humanity, an approach that was nevertheless critical.”
The exhibit includes also includes one of Diego Rivera’s iconic depictions of a woman selling white calla lilies.
Another of the most attention-grabbing paintings depicts a woman at a produce market selling fruit. The 1951 oil painting by Olga Costa is titled appropriately, “The Fruit Seller” (La vendedora de frutas).
Another market scene is “Indian Women on Market Day” (1922), by Francisco Diaz de Leon.
Female figures are depicted less frequently at ease, in celebration or sunbathing.
They are depicted in the home, as central to the family unit.
The painting below by Angel Zárraga is “The Northern Border of Mexico” (1927), and appears to depict a woman with arms outstretched as she looks toward the United States. This painting could be seen as some as the embodiment of the beacon of hope offered by the American Dream, as light seems to be shining on the girl from the north.
Perhaps appropriately, the exhibit ends with a powerful depiction of the union between a woman and man. An indigenous man and woman are depicted as the Mexican Adam and Eve, painted by Alfredo Ramos Martínez in 1933.
- “Mexico 1900-1950: Diego Rivera, Frida Kahlo, Jose Clemente Orozco, and the Avant-Garde,” Dallas Museum of Art (DMA)
- “Exhibit of Frida Kahlo, Other Mexican Greats is Cultural Touchstone for Dallas Latinos,” NBC News
- “Kahlo, The Two Fridas (Las dos Fridas),” Khan Academy
- “Here are 1,000 Frida Kahlo Look-Alikes Attempting to Break a World Record,” The Huffington Post
- “Nuanced and thoughtful, Dallas Museum of Art’s ‘Mexico 1900-1950’ exhibit is worth the wait,” The Dallas Morning News | <urn:uuid:83235a05-da8d-4ba4-8e67-b63c3a28b6ae> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://wanderlusterful.com/2017/07/15/dallas-dma-mexican-art-exhibit-spotlights-strong-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155634.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918170042-20180918190042-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.967031 | 1,407 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Round Island Lighthouse is an important Great Lakes Lighthouse since the waters around the Straits are full of dangerous reefs, unpredictable seas due to the quickly changing weather patterns of northern Michigan and the strong churning currents with Lake Huron and Lake Michigan converging to form the Straits of Mackinac.
It's a beautiful landmark that visitors and residents enjoy viewing from all parts of the Island. It reminds people how its guiding beacon has been a welcoming sight to countless sailors and visitors since 1896.
Due to the increasing need to have the Straits of Mackinac safe for commercial boating vessels the U.S. Congress in 1894 appropriated $15,000 for the construction of a lighthouse to be located on a shoal off Round Island.
The Round Island Lighthouse was constructed on a forty-foot square
concrete pier with a three-story red brick building. The first Round
Island Lighthouse Keeper was William Marshall who exhibited the first
beacon of light on May 15, 1896.
There were seven Lighthouse Keepers in total. The last Keeper was Bert Proctor who lived and worked on the lighthouse from 1938 to 1947.
When the Coast Guard took over the responsibility of all the Nation's lighthouses in 1939, the automated Passage Light was built at the harbor breakwater on Mackinac Island, Michigan.
The Lighthouse was abandoned and the care of the building stopped all together.
On October 20, 1972 a violent storm caused severe damage with one lower corner of the lighthouse being stripped away. The once proud lighthouse was subjected to vandals and even more disrepair.
Mackinac Island residents feared that the building might actually collapse and they began the Mackinac Island Society. They raised funds and received a grant from the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation in 1977 for its restoration.
Thanks to the hard work of this dedicated group of people the exterior of this important Mackinac Island landmark is in good condition. It still serves as an active guide for all sizes of boats and freighters passing through the Straits of Mackinac.
"There is a stillness, so serene, a calmness that moves my spirit. Impressed upon my soul is a lighthouse." Valerie M. Boggess
Don't forget there are so many other Mackinac Island Attractions to see!
Fun Things To Do!
Terrific Mackinac Gifts
Great Places to Stay
Your Dream Wedding | <urn:uuid:cdf3c0b4-3cac-447c-a433-3015882fa78c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.mackinac-island-insider-tips.com/Round-Island-Lighthouse.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517245.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517095022-20220517125022-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.959198 | 505 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Sex education is a broad term used to describe education about human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, and other aspects of human sexual behavior. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers, school programs, and public health campaigns. Education about reproduction typically describes the creation and development of a new human being, from conception and the development of the embryo and fetus, through to childbirth. It often includes topics such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and how to avoid them, as well as birth control methods.
Although some form of sex education is part of the curriculum at many schools, it remains a controversial issue in several countries, particularly with regard to the age at which children should start receiving such education, the amount of detail that is revealed, and topics dealing with human sexuality and behavior (eg. safe sex practices, masturbation and sexual ethics). The state of sex education programs in Asia is at various stages of development. Malaysia have assessed adolescent reproductive health needs with a view to developing adolescent-specific training, messages and materials. These are included as subjects in the curriculum and generally involves open and frank interaction with the teachers. In Malaysia, there is a huge debate on the curriculum of sex education and when should it be increased.
Sex education in school, not sex act in school
Sex education in school is not about perform sex in school but to educate youth about human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, and other aspects of human sexual behavior. Most parent fear if sex education in school will lead their child become more ‘expert’ about sex and tend to do sex with their schoolmate or sex in school.
Malaysian youth generally lives in conservative surrounding. They do not know how to react when the subject of sex is brought up, more so when a woman is talking about it openly. In the west, sex education starts at the age of 13 for young people. But is that applicable to be implemented in
Note: Sex act in Malaysian school (with censored part) is only small cases (kes terpencil) and cannot be portrait as all students had experience sex act in school.
Download Link (Exta Photo Included): | <urn:uuid:082d06f9-1f3f-4dca-b2b4-0154045a2e09> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://mybikerz.blogspot.com/2007/11/sex-in-malaysian-school.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266894.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00327-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959064 | 437 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Bedtime Nursery Rhyme and Worksheet
This nursery rhyme set includes the Mother Goose rhyme Bedtime and a worksheet about time. Students will ask classmates what their bedtime is and draw the hands on a clock. No answer key provided.
Grade recommendation: prek-1 • Common Core State Standards Alignment: 1.MD.3, SL.K.1, RL.1.10
Skills: nursery rhyme | showing time on a clock | survey | math
Item 3483 | 2 pages | Publisher: T. Smith Publishing ©2008, 2012 | by Tracey Smith
TLS Tips: Provide a table with different times on it so students can make a tally sheet and log the bedtimes of their classmates. What time is the earliest? What time is the latest? At which time do most students go to bed?
Printing Tip: If a worksheet page does not appear properly, reload or refresh the .pdf file.
Click the worksheet preview for the full printable version of
Bedtime Nursery Rhyme and Worksheet.
Here are some of the ways our visitors are using this worksheet. Be the first to share your thoughts about this worksheet! | <urn:uuid:b21df403-5a1f-4d7f-806a-a275317b22d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tlsbooks.com/mothergoosebedtime.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281084.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00506-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872825 | 252 | 3.75 | 4 |
Comparative jaw muscle anatomy in kangaroos, wallabies, and rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea)
Warburton, N.M. (2009) Comparative jaw muscle anatomy in kangaroos, wallabies, and rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea). Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 292 (6). pp. 875-884.
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The jaw muscles were studied in seven genera of macropodoid marsupials with diets ranging from mainly fungi in Potorous to grass in Macropus. Relative size, attachments, and lamination within the jaw adductor muscles varied between macropodoid species. Among macropodine species, the jaw adductor muscle proportions vary with feeding type. The relative mass of the masseter is roughly consistent, but grazers and mixed-feeders (Macropus and Lagostrophus) had relatively larger medial pterygoids and smaller temporalis muscles than the browsers (Dendrolagus, Dorcopsulus, and Setonix). Grazing macropods show similar jaw muscle proportions to "ungulate-grinding" type placental mammals. The internal architecture of the jaw muscles also varies between grazing and browsing macropods, most significantly, the anatomy of the medial pterygoid muscle. Potoroines have distinctly different jaw muscle proportions to macropodines. The masseter muscle group, in particular, the superficial masseter is enlarged, while the temporalis group is relatively reduced. Lagostrophus fasciatus is anatomically distinct from other macropods with respect to its masticatory muscle anatomy, including enlarged superficial medial pterygoid and deep temporalis muscles, an anteriorly inflected masseteric process, and the shape of the mandibular condyle. The enlarged triangular pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, in particular, is distinctive of Lagsotrophus.
|Publication Type:||Journal Article|
|Murdoch Affiliation:||School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences|
|Publisher:||John Wiley & Sons Inc.|
|Copyright:||© 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.|
|Item Control Page| | <urn:uuid:2dc6df75-4743-4d33-94a5-9e67a73f6965> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/7515/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00515-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.818089 | 492 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Understanding Your Child’s Hearing Aids
“Everyday use of properly working hearing aids will help your child hear speech better.”
This brochure is ideal to give to parents or caregivers whose child has just been fitted with hearing aids. It explains the importance of hearing on speech development and how hearing aids work. It gives advice on looking after hearing aids at home, and ways to help the child get used to wearing them and keeping them on.
Space to personalize with your contact information.
Format: Fold-out brochure
Trim Size: 9 inches x 4 inches
Pages: 8 panels | <urn:uuid:1513d897-3b90-436d-8bbb-f9351584c5b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.asha.org/eWeb/OLSDynamicPage.aspx?Webcode=olsdetails&title=Understanding+Your+Child%E2%80%99s+Hearing+Aids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982298977.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195818-00289-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909754 | 127 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Up to 60 per cent of babies are born with jaundice, a result of the liver struggling to process waste products as it adjusts to life outside the womb. But if the jaundice hasn't disappeared within two weeks of birth, that yellow hue could be a sign of a form of potentially fatal liver disease called biliary atresia, one of 100 forms that can affect newborns.
It's a sign that bile isn't being secreted into the intestine, which means the liver isn't working properly and if a baby doesn't have surgery in time, they are likely to end up needing a liver transplant. And the clues lie in a baby's nappy.
As well as having yellow skin, a baby with liver disease is likely also to have distinctively coloured stools and urine. Urine should not be persistently yellow or strong smelling, it should be clear. Stools should actually be green or, in bottle-fed babies, English mustard-yellow and, in breast-fed babies, daffodil yellow. They should not be pale. If you notice those signs in your baby's nappy, you must see your doctor immediately | <urn:uuid:188d6a25-096f-4861-9d8e-fbf38e17469e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://us.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/mother-and-baby/20080513129/nappy/awareness/babies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117911.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823074634-20170823094634-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.964123 | 237 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Freedom of the Press is a lauded value in the West. The Constitution enshrined its freedom in the First Amendment and it is ever-present in the lives of Americans. Arthur Schopenhauer was a 19th century German philosopher who had an interesting perspective on freedom of the press. It shouldn't be surprising that his views, issuing from a different time and space, vary from an American perspective.
August Glen-James, editor
Freedom of the press must be regarded as a permit to sell poison: poison of the mind and poison of the heart.
Freedom of the press is to the machinery of the state what the safety-valve is to the steam engine: every discontent is by means of it immediately relieved in words--indeed, unless this discontent is very considerable, it exhausts itself in this way. If, however, it is very considerable, it is as well to know of it in time, so as to redress it. --On the other hand, however, freedom of the press must be regarded as a permit to sell poison: poison of the mind and poison of the heart. For what cannot be put into the heads of the ignorant and credulous masses?--especially if you hold before them the prospect of gain and advantages. And of what misdeeds is man not capable once something has been put into his head? I very much fear, therefore, that the dangers of press freedom outweigh its usefulness, especially where there are legal remedies available for all grievances. In any event, however, freedom of the press should be conditional upon the strictest prohibition of any kind of anonymity. | <urn:uuid:ad3ac9f7-f4e7-4699-b278-cf069fd953f8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://rawhistory.com/arthur-schopenhauer-on-freedom-of-the-press/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100286.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201084429-20231201114429-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.961728 | 325 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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