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Investigators from the Moffitt Cancer Center have made an important discovery that has the potential to significantly impact the future science of oncogenesis. Their findings, which were published in the Dec. 26 issue of PLoS One, show that that breast and lung cancer patients who have low levels of a tumor suppressing protein called tristetraprolin (TTP) have more aggressive tumors and a poorer prognosis than those with high levels of the protein.
Tumor suppressing proteins are encoded by tumor-suppressor genes, which are normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or shut off cellular functions through a process called apoptosis. When tumor suppressing genes become abnormal, it leads to a dysfunction in cellular growth that consequently results in cancer (oncogenesis).
Previous work done by this group had already shown that TTP functions as a tumor suppressor that impairs the development and disables the maintenance of a certain type of lymphoma. In this study however, they aimed to identify genes that could be associated with TTP tumor suppressor functions in human cancer. To meet their study aims they analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a detailed catalog of genetic changes in cancer developed by the National Institutes of Health, and compared patients who had low levels of TTP to those with high levels of the protein for breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, and colon cancer datasets.
The data analysis showed a signature of 50 genes differentially regulated between high and low TTP-expressing tumors. Patients with low TTP-expressing breast cancer and lung adenocarcinoma where found to have decreased survival rates and more aggressive tumors with increased necrosis, demonstrating that TTP is involved in a variety of mechanisms important for tumor development and growth.
The authors emphasize that reduced levels of TTP could become a potential biomarker for human cancers with poor outcome. Dr. Robert Rounbehler, Ph.D., senior study author and research scientist at Moffitt, stated in a news release, “Identifying this network allows us to set up future research projects focused on understanding how TTP functions as a tumor suppressor with the ultimate goal of developing treatments specific for patients that have low levels of TTP.” | <urn:uuid:0172dcd2-2fa4-4a6f-add7-4959a7f3b243> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://lungcancernewstoday.com/2015/02/09/researchers-find-loss-of-an-important-tumor-suppressor-is-associated-with-poor-prognosis-in-lung-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262029.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527065651-20190527091651-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.94982 | 464 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A collection of 98 breeding Mexican Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) was made in Mexico from six areas between the United States border with Chihuahua and Lake Chapala, Jalisco, in order to study geographic variation. Plumage indices showed a relatively smooth clinal change from north to south; northern populations were most influenced by the Northern Mallard (A. platyrhynchos) phenotype. Measurements of total, wing, and culmen lengths and bill width were usually significantly larger in males at any one site, but showed no regular geographic trends. Hybridization between platyrhynchos and diazi phenotypes may or may not be increasing in the middle Rio Grande and Rio Conchos valleys; available data are insufficient to decide. A spring 1978 aerial census yielded an estimate of 55,500 diazi -like birds in Mexico. Populations of diazi appear to be as large as the available habitat allows; management should be directed towards increasing and stabilizing the nesting habitat; and the stability of the zone of intergradation should be investigated.
Additional Publication Details
Phenotypic variation of the Mexican duck (Anas platyrhynchos diazi) in Mexico | <urn:uuid:0c5c56a1-34dd-41cc-9da4-89c5491ef668> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5223752 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986423.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00169-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924648 | 254 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Gramática: Maria from Barcelona asks us to talk about the difference between present simple and present continuous
1. The present continuous (present progressive) can be used to talk about things that are happening now:
“Craig and Reza are talking into a microphone.” (now).
2. The present continuous can also be used to talk about the future:
“Tomorrow I’m visiting my friend Pedro.” (a planned intention)
“I’m going to see my family this weekend.” – “I’m travelling to Madrid next week.” – “Reza is having soup for his dinner tonight.”
3. “Reza’s mum is always shouting at him for being messy.” ( something that annoys you, and happens often)
Pronunciación: /a/ cat – /u/ cut
hat / hut (cabaño, refugio)
cap / cup
sack (saco, despedir) / suck (chupar)
(¡OJO! There are regional variations in English pronunciation)
Reza’s Hot Tip: Learn words in groups / word families / aprende el vocabulario en grupos
SPORT: competitor – player – half-time – kickoff
FOOD: rice – sandwich – bread – soup
Vocabulario: Expressions with Make and Do
do good / do harm
do well / badly
do (s.o.) a favour
do exercise (at the gym) / do an (English) exercise – Reza does exercise in the mornings.
make a change /changes / make a complaint / make a decision / make progress / make an effort / make an excuse
make love / war / peace
make a mistake / make a noise / make a phone call / make a suggestion / make an offer
Phrasal verb: take on
to take someone on – engañar – The electrician took Reza on. He charged him double.
to take on new staff – emplear – The British Council are taking on new staff.
The music in this podcast is by Pitx. The track is called See You Later – licensed by creative commons under a by-nc license at ccmixter.org.
FULL TRANSCRIPTION (kindly contributed by Angélica Bello from Madrid)
PRESENT SIMPLE/PRESENT CONTINUOUS
R: Hola! y bienvenidos todos a Learn English with Reza and Creig.
C: Aprender Inglés con Reza y Craig. Episode 2!
R: So Craig, here we are again.
C: Here we are!
R: How are you?
C: In Valencia, very well, did you have a good week?
R: I did thanks, I did, very good. And now I’m just relaxing, taking it easy.
C: Good! Pleased to hear it. So, let’s begin this week with our grammar focus, Reza, what have you got for us this week?
R: Wow! If you remember last time, we were talking about the present simple.
C: That’s right!
R: …and its various uses. We had present simple for repeated actions, we had the present simple for things that are always true, they are permanent, they never change, like the sun rises in the East and sets in the West. We had present simple for characteristics like my mom is very houseproud, is a characteristic. We had it for timetables, like my plane leaves tomorrow at 3 pm.
C: My lesson starts at six.
R: Exactly, timetables, horarios. Well now! I was thinking about talking about another present tense today but the present continuous.
C: That’s interesting because we received an e-mail from Maria from Barcelona, who asks us to talk about the difference between the present simple and the present continuous.
R: OK. So, the present continuous, we think about the word continuous …something continuous, that means it’s not over, it’s happening now, so the present continuous is generally used more or less, to talk about things which are happening now. They are in progress. In fact, some people called it the present progressive, for things in progress. They are happening now.
C: We are speaking together, we are sitting down, we are talking into a microphone, we are making a podcast. Preset continuous.
R: Right, we don’t make a podcast everyday, that’s present simple, we don’t do it everyday, but we are doing it right now. Present continuous, we are doing.
C: And are there any other uses of the present continuous? Se puede emplear por otras cosas…hablando del futuro?
R: Yeah, exactly, el futuro, the future, is a very common use of the present continuous. That’s a tricky one, because it doesn’t seem logical. The present isn’t the future. Well, that’s true. However, we do say things like let’s see…tomorrow, I’m visiting my friend Pedro. Tomorrow, that’s the future, but I said I’m visiting, that’s the present continuous, I’m visiting. But it isn’t happening now, no, no, it’s going to happen tomorrow, but you can use the present continuous for that. I guess in Spanish you’d say mañana voy a visitor.
C: So, if something is organized, it’s not when you suddenly decide now you are going to do something, it’s something that is planned for the future.
R: That’s right, is a plan or an intention. It isn’t spontaneous; I know that Pedro is expecting me tomorrow. That’s present continuous.
C: I’m going to see my family at the weekend. I’m writing an e-mail later this afternoon.
R: Exactly, I’m travelling to Madrid next week. I’m having soup for my dinner tonight.
C: Ah! Are you?
R: yes I am actually. All those are future plans. Now, it may not go according to plan, but it’s my plan , it’s my intention.
C: I see.
R: There is one common use of the present continuous…
C: tell us, tell us!
R: or present progressive if you like …oh! patience, patience! Ah, what if I say to you “my mom”…here we go, always talking about my mom, …”my mom’s always shouting at me”.
C: Is she?
R: For being so messy, she’s always shouting at me.
C: You said that last episode.
R: I know I talked about my mom but we were practicing the present simple then. I said that my mom tidies up a lot and things like that.
C: And she is very houseproud.
R: She’s houseproud, yeah! But now I’m using a present continuous, I’m saying: my mom is always shouting at me for being messy. No, my mom, she isn’t shouting at me right now at this moment. Thank goodness she’s in Ireland and I’m in Spain, so that’s not the case, but it’s something that she does a lot, and it’s kind of irritating for me, that is a case when we often use the present continuous in English.
C: Creo que entiendo, entonces si algo te molesta, o te da ira o te…
R: si algo te molesta y suele ocurrir mucho, con frecuencia o se repite, y hay este elemento de irritación, suele ser present continuous. Muy a menudo con un adverbio como always…my mom’s always shouting at me, and it’s really annoying.
PRONUNCIATION SPOT (5:28)
C: Moving on to our pronunciation spot, last episode we spoke about the schwa sound, the sound in English. Today, I’d like to speak about two sounds which can cause problems for Spanish speakers, one sound is /a/, for example “cat”, and the other sound is /u/, for example “cut”. So /kat/, gato, or /kut/, cortar. Now, you’ve studied a little Valenciano, haven’t you Reza?
R: I have, yeah.
C: Is it correct to say that the /a/ sound doesn’t exist in Castellano, but it does exist in Valenciano and Catalán?
R: I think so. I think so. Like Valencià.
C: Yeah, Valencià. So that /a/ is the sound you need for words like cat or hat or cab, /a/. And the difference is with /u/ for cup, the mouth is open wider, and the tongue is forward, la lengua es un poco mas hacia adelante. With the other sound, /a/, la lengua va un poco detrás de la boca y está un poquito más cerrada la boca. Entonces repite /u/ /a/. Cat, cut. Hat and hut. Hat sombrero, and hut, I think is cabaño o refugio (Pizza Hut). And cap and cup for example. And sac, saco, or to sack someone, despedir, and suck, chupar. For example, to suck the head of the prawn, which in Spanish is …
R: “chupar la cabeza de la gamba”?
C: chupar la cabeza de la gamba! Which I hate doing and I hate watching. This is some people eating paella, with a gamba, and they suck the juice out of the brains, out of the prawn. Do you do that? Do you suck the prawn?
R: Nooo, no way man, noo.
C: I know people who do that, I have to turn away, I have to, I can’t, I can’t watch it.
R: You know? Something I just thought of Craig, would you say word in English please, gato? Say it in English.
R: Cat. Say it again?
R: Cat. Do you think you and I say it exactly the same?
C: say it again?
C: Nooo, your pronunciation is somewhere in the middle of my cat and cut.
R: Yeah…I’d said so, and that’s I think original variation because I come from Belfast, and in Belfast we don’t pronounce that c/a/t , that sound, I’m trying to make an effort to say it, well, we don’t normally pronounce it that way in Belfast. We say something like cut, which isn’t quite exactly what the Oxford English Dictionary will tell you, but, that’s original variation.
C: Oh! That’s interesting because the English ID usually is London English from the south of England, and off course you have American English, Canadian English, English from the north of England, from Liverpool, Scotland, Manchester, Ireland, so, yeah, to remember that.
R: And isn’t there some weird pronunciation up in the north of England of words like, can you say the word for me Craig in English baño?
R: and if I came from Manchester mightI say, or Lancashire somewhere, buth?
C: Exactly bath.
R: Slightly different pronunciation isn’t it?
C: I’m having a bath. Very different.
R: I’m having a buth.
C: Having a buth
R: I mean, I’m exaggerating folks, people don’t really speak like that but kind of, kind of.
C: no you are right, but usually there is a, usually the context of what you are saying is clear. If you say to someone I’m going to put a hat on my head, then obviously you realize is hat, and not hut. But I wanted to explain it because it’s a problem sometimes with Spanish speakers, confusing the /a/ and the /u/.
R: So the context gives the meaning. Even if there are little variations, like original variations.
C: yeah. Except if somebody looks at you with a look that you..no! they didn’t understand a word that you said, then you have to seriously work harder on your pronunciation. But usually, this little vowel changes are not a big deal.
HOT TIP FROM REZA (10:18)
C: Moving on Reza to your tip, what’s your hot tip today?
R: Ok, well there is another tip about vocabulary, and it’s difficult to remember vocabulary, and if you write words in a random way, it makes it even harder. So, my tip for this week is learn words and write them down in your notebook in groups.
C: In families.
R: For example families, groups, whatever is an easy way for you. For example, imagine you learn the word competitor, you are talking about sport. Make a page or two in your notebook for sport, so write competitor, write player, write half time, that’s the break between the two parts of the game in the middle, write kick off, cuando empieza el partido… all of these things you can write under sport. You can have another page or two, you can have many pages for food in fact you can have lots of pages. Where you begin, rice, el arroz, la horchata, not quite sure I have to translate into English. May be tigernut drink? ..but you get the idea.
C: yeah! Sandwich, bread, soup….
R: in families. And you’ll find the word more easily when you have to revise it then, because you think, mmm …tomorrow I need to talk with someone about business, for example, so go to your section on business…and hopefully there you find useful words like make a profit, do a deal, etc, under the business section of your notebook. So that’s my tip for this week.
C: ok! very good tip. Learn your words in groups, in families.
COLLOCATE WITH CRAIG (12:12)
C: Collocate with Craig this week, so more expression with make and do. Last episode we spoke about some words which go together with make and do, and here there are some more. You can do good, or you can do harm. You can do somebody good or you can do somebody harm. You can also do well or do badly, you could do well in the exam or you can do badly. And do someone a favor. We do someone a favor you put the object after do. So, could you do me a favor?
R: Sure, what is it?
C: Could you make me a cup of tea?
R: Yeah! I just put the cattle on there.
C: thank you very much. Reza is going to do me a favor.
R: Le hago un favor.
C: And another collocation with do is to do exercise. You can do exercise, thinking about sport, you can go to the gym and do exercise, and you could also do an exercise, you can do an English exercise. But exercise collocates or goes together with do. Have you done any exercise this week?
R: Exercise yes, every morning I do exercise, as soon as I get up.
C: What kind of exercise you do?
R: I exercise my arms, my legs, my knees, my neck, twenty minutes of easy stuff, just to, to limber up a bit. Limber up means get your body moving.
C: Do you do exercise to music?
R: Oh yeah! Always, is boring without music. I just do it at home, I don’t go to a gym, you know?
C: And some collocations with make, you can make a change, hacer un cambio, you can make a change, make changes, and if you are not happy in a restaurant or a hotel, you ask for the manager and you…
R: make a complaint.
C: You make a complaint. And if you decide to do something you have made…
R: made up your mind?
C: You made up your mind or you’ve made a decision.
R: so two expressions,
C: two expressions, make up your mind and make a decision.
R: Craig! Our students are learning a lot of useful vocabulary here, do you think they are making progress?
C: I think they are definitively. I hope they are making progress, especially if they are there writing down these words in word families. So, all the make words together, all the do words together. How do you say in English “hacer un esfuerzo”?
R: To make an effort.
C: Right, make an effort. Try very hard, make an effort to learn these words. Make an excuse if you are late for a meeting may be you make an excuse. Love, war and peace, all of those, you make. Make love, not war. Make peace. And make a mistake, and you can probably hear that the neighbors upstairs are making a noise; the woman is walking, can you hear? She is walking along the floor in high heels, “tacones”, and she is making a noise.
R: But there is nothing we can do about it.
- Yes there is! Because I know her phone number, so I can pick up the phone and I can make a phone call. Now, you’ve made a suggestion before, so that’s another collocation, to make a suggestion, right? And, would you like a cup of tea?
R: Yes, I think the cattle it’s just boiled.
C: So I just made an offer, offered Reza a cup of tea. Make an offer is another collocation.
R: Hey I put the cattle on,
C: That’s right! You made the offer to me! So, if you remember The Godfather, “El Padrino”, they made an offer that you can’t refuse. I’m gonna make you an offer that you can’t refuse.
PHRASAL VERB SPOT (16:21)
C: Reza, your phrasal verb spot. What’s your phrasal verb for this week Reza?
R: Wow! Do you remember last week we talked about take up, like take up a hobby, that means started it, begin it, take up time, take up space, and we also said that the electrician may have to take up my floor boards, that means lift them up. Well, this week’s phrasal verb also uses the verb take but we are using a different preposition, this week is on, take on, not up. Now, by changing the preposition in a phrasal verb you completely change the meaning. Now, I told you about that the electrician who have to come and might have to take up my floor boards. Well, he did come, and you know what?
C: When did he come?
R: He came last week, last Friday.
C: Ok, and did he do the job?
R: He did but you know what? He took me on! He took me on Craig. He charged double what most people should charge for a really terrible job. That’s to take someone on, to fool, engañar, me engañó.
C: Oh man, I’m really sorry, how much did he take you on for?
R: Double, double, he really fooled me.
C: These electricians…That’s the job we should be doing, we should be electricians, no English teachers, then we can take other people on.
R: Yeah, exactly. Now I got some other meanings of take on for you. It’s the start of a new academic year and the British Council in Valencia, where Craig and I work, they are taking on new staff. Taking on new staff.
C: That means to employ. You give work to someone.
R: That’s right, take on new staff. Coger, emplear personal nuevo.
C: Añadir a la plantilla.
R: Exactly, that’s better, more precise meaning. Another very common meaning of take on is to take on work. So I said that the British Council takes on staff, that means they give work, but you can say that the employee takes on work, that means he accepts work.
C: Ah! so if you are doing too much work and then you agree to do more, you take on more work, may be you take on too much work.
R: people often say that Craig, they say: “Oh I’m really tired because I’m taking on too much work”. I’ve been taking on, I’ve accepted. He aceptado demasiado. I’ve taken on too much work.
C: Let me ask you something, do you now think now, be honest, do you think you’ve taken on too much to do this podcast with me?
R: No, not at all. It’s great fun, is a pleasure.
C: that’s good to hear.
R: I’m really enjoying it!
C: Hopefully in the future we will be able to take on one or two sponsors.
R: Ah! I do hope so! And who knows Craig, maybe we’ll become so famous that we can take on our biggest competitors and be the number one. To take on a competitor means to challenge someone. To take on an oponent.
C: Well, I hope that happens. Just by now, I’m going to make the tea.
R: Let’s have some tea. Good Idea!
C: Thank you for listening and we’ll see you in the next episode. | <urn:uuid:56618406-b230-4b31-aba4-c620c62045a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.inglespodcast.com/2014/01/30/aprender-ingles-con-reza-y-craig-2/?replytocom=35090 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100112.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129141108-20231129171108-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.932677 | 4,935 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Collared Kingfisher (Todiramphus chloris) is a medium-sized kingfisher belonging to the family Halcyonidae, the tree kingfishers. It is also known as the White-collared Kingfisher or Mangrove Kingfisher. It has a wide range extending from the Red Sea across southern Asia and Australasia to Polynesia. It is a very variable species with about 50 subspecies.
The Collared Kingfisher is 22 to 29 cm long and weighs 51 to 90 grams. It varies from blue to green above while the underparts can be white or buff. There is a white collar around the neck, giving the birds its name. Some races have a white or buff stripe over the eye while others have a white spot between the eye and bill. There may be a black stripe through the eye. The large bill is black with a pale yellow base to the lower mandible.
Females tend to be greener than the males. Immature birds are duller than the adults with dark scaly markings on the neck and breast.
It has a variety of calls which vary geographically. The most typical call is loud, harsh and metallic and is repeated several times.
Distribution and habitat
SE Queensland, Australia.
It is most commonly found in coastal areas, particularly in mangrove swamps. It also inhabits farmland, open woodland, grassland and gardens. In some parts of its range, especially on islands, it can be seen further inland, ranging into forest or into mountain areas. Birds often perch conspicuously on wires, rocks or bare branches.
The most westerly subspecies is T. c. abyssinica of north-east Africa which is found in patches of mangroves in Eritrea and has also been recorded from Sudan and Somalia. Further east in Arabia is the endangered race T. c. kalbaensis with a population of 55 pairs or less; these are almost entirely restricted to Khor Kalba in the United Arab Emirates but breeding has also occurred recently at Khor Shinass in Oman. Further subspecies occur locally around the coasts of India and Bangladesh and on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In Southeast Asia and Indonesia the species is widespread and common, occurring far inland in some regions. It once more becomes a mainly coastal species in New Guinea and in northern Australia where it occurs from Shark Bay, Western Australia around to north-east New South Wales. On the Pacific islands it is usually common in a variety of coastal and inland habitats with various subspecies present on the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, American Samoa, Palau and the Northern Marianas.
Small crabs are the favoured food in coastal regions but a wide variety of other animals are eaten including insects, worms, snails, shrimps, frogs, lizards and small fish. The bird perches almost motionless for long periods waiting for prey. When it spots something it dives down to catch it and then flies back to the perch where larger items are smashed against the branch to subdue them. Any indigestible remains are regurgitated as pellets.
The nest is a hole, either a natural tree hole or a burrow excavated by the birds themselves in a rotten tree, termite mound or earth bank. They will also occupy old woodpecker holes. Two to seven rounded whitish eggs are laid directly on the floor of the burrow with no nest material used. Both parents take part in incubating the eggs and feeding the chicks. The young birds leave the nest about 44 days after hatching. Two broods are often raised in a year. | <urn:uuid:6700185e-48ef-40c1-b6cf-f6019fcbceea> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://kiwifoto.com/galleries/birds/collared_kingfisher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371806302.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407214925-20200408005425-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.944359 | 761 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Aerial photo of former inlet
Despite its relatively small size, less than 18,000 acres, a surprising array of habitats and natural features can be found on Assateague Island. Assateague stretches for 37 miles along the coasts of Maryland and Virginia, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Sinepuxent and Chincoteague Bays to the west. Differences in elevation (up to 16 meters in some places) and in the proximity to surrounding water bodies give various areas of the island distinctly different plant populations. Along the seaward side, sandy beaches extend the length of the island. Beyond the beach, natural and human-made dunes protect inland habitats from salt spray and ocean waves, allowing shrub thickets and pine forests to thrive. During periods of rain, many freshwater pools form in depressions in these areas. Some are small and temporary, losing their water to the coarse, sandy soil or evaporation during the spring months. Other, larger ponds provide water for wildlife well into the dry summer months.
From beach to bay, Assateague Island holds a wealth of habitats and natural features. Forests, marshes, beaches, shrublands, grasslands, and dunes, can all be found within the Seashore’s boundaries. | <urn:uuid:5c2b5c7c-1bcd-4472-b941-b5568804d4e7> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.nps.gov/asis/naturescience/naturalfeaturesandecosystems.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510264270.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011744-00399-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924906 | 265 | 3.421875 | 3 |
How to Build a Wind Generator at Home: Choosing a Motor
This page focuses on choosing a motor for your DIY wind turbine. If you are looking for how-to-build-a-wind-generator instructions, head over to my How to Make a Wind Turbine at Home page.
If you’ve come across this page while looking for commercially made wind generator plans, check out my Review Wind Generator Plans page.
If you have come here looking for information about how to choose a good motor for your DIY wind turbine, please continue on.
The first thing you need to know when looking for a motor is that wind turbines do not crank out thousands of RPMs like cars do. On average, a basic DIY wind turbine will hum along at about 500 RPMs. This means that many generators, such as the alternator in your car, do not make good wind turbine motors.
When building a wind generator at home, the best motor is one that produces the HIGHEST amount of voltage at the LOWEST RPMs. Let’s take a look at some figuers.
First of all, you’ll want to find a motor that produces at least 1 volt for ever 25 RPMs and can handle 10 or so amps. Why? Well, you’ll most likely being charging 12 Volt batteries, which means you’ll want to be producing about 14 or so volts, plus you’ll need a little extra juice to make up for inefficiencies.
So, if you have a wind generator that spins at roughly 500 RPMs, and you have a motor that produces 1 volt for every 25 RPMs, you’ll have a wind generator that produces, more or less, 20 volts.
How do you see if a motor meets these guidelines? Check it’s rated VDC and it maximum RPMs. Then divide the max RPMs by the VDC.
For example, say you find a motor that is rated at 120 VDC and has a maximum of 5000 RPMs. You would just divide 5000 by 120, which would give you 1 volt for every 41.7 RPMs. Have you found a good motor for your DIY wind generator? No, 1 volt for each 41.7 RPMs is not going to cut it. Keep looking!
Let’s take a look at a couple more examples. By far, the most popular DIY wind generator motors are made by Ametec. Not all models are suitable for wind generators, though. We’ll look at a good one and a bad one.
First, the bad one:
The first motor we’ll look at is the Ametec 37 VDC. This motor is rated at 37 VDC and has a maximum RPM speed of 2100. Using our arithmetic, we can see that this motor produces 1 volt for every 56.8 revolutions. This, as you know, is not going to do the job.
Warning: Just because this motor is totally unsuitable for a DIY wind generator, that doesn’t mean people on eBay won’t be touting it as the “power producing motor that’s going to get you off the grid and on the road to energy independence!” …or some other nonsense. No matter what people say, do your own math and make sure the motor is suitable for your project.
A Good Ametec Motor!
If you are going to make a wind generator at home, you want to find an Ametec 99! This motor is rated at 99 VDC and has a maximum rate of 535 RPMs, meaning it produces 1 volt for every 5.4 revolutions. That’s nice! Unfortunately, you are not the only one who has learned how to build a wind generator at home, and those who have come before you have snapped these motors up! If you find one grab it!
Fortunately for you, though, you have read the above information and are now armed with enough knowledge to go out and find a suitable motor for your wind generator.
Now let’s switch gears a little bit. To generate electricity with your completed project, you’ll obviously need some wind. Before building, be sure that you have a suitable location, one with plenty of unobstructed wind.
To figure this out, get a hold of a wind atlas that describes your area. Or, if you are more serious, for example, if you are planning to go off the grid, then you should invest in a wind meter and measure the wind conditions on your property. Finally, you also have the option of hiring a professional wind assessor.
Next, decide where you will mount your wind generator. Modern generators are very lightweight, and many people simply mount them on their rooftops. This is an acceptable location, but you should keep in mind that the higher up your generator is, the more smooth, reliable wind you’ll get, and the more power you’ll be able to create.
For best results, I recommend you build a tower that holds your generator 30 feet above any nearby structures. Wherever you put your generator, make sure it’s safely inaccessible to any pets or children that may be around.
When it comes to making your generator, you have two good options. If you want a more in-depth DIY project, simply buy a set of plans that explain how to build a wind generator at home. In this case, you’ll be doing all of your own shopping, fabricating, and assembling. If that sounds fun to you, have at it!
If that seems a bit complicated, on the other hand, you have the option of buying a wind generator kit. In this case, you’ll get prefabricated parts that you just have to assemble. A good kit will include a generating unit, a tail assembly, gears for the generator, a set of blades, and the wires and cables needed to hook the unit up to a battery pack.
In regards to wiring, this is one area where I take off my DIY hat and hire a professional. Wiring is serious business, and unless you have significant experience with it, you may also want to contact an electrician. Also, some people with large generators sell electricity back to their power companies. If you plan to do this, you’ll have to meet certain guidelines, which are best met by a professional electrician.
Windmills have been around for hundreds of years. You’ve probably seen the beautifully designed structures built in places like Denmark and Holland. While modern-day generators are not quite so picturesque, they are far more functional and practical as electricity producing devices.
They are also regaining their mainstream popularity, as people today are looking for ways to produce electricity with renewable sources that don’t pollute the environment. If this sounds good to you, learn how to build a wind generator at home and enjoy your new home improvement project. | <urn:uuid:060723fc-ad76-4d07-8639-159c02de8ce2> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.makeenergynow.com/how-to-build-a-wind-generator-at-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125654.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00043-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941235 | 1,440 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Swimmin' the river : (The swim)
Summary: In Swimmin' the River (1987-1997), Billy Curmano swims the length of the Mississippi River as a political gesture to advocate for the freedom from toxicity. Spanning from the headwaters to the Gulf of Mexico, Curmano uses the river as an artistic medium and political landscape to discuss environmental issues. He wades in the Mississippi as the sunlight glistens and the wind shapes the tide. Each stroke Curmano takes is an attempt to reclaim the river under the banner of art and work toward an agenda for climate justice. The ecology of Curmano’s swim can largely be seen as an extended metaphor of pollution—one in which our existence has become contaminated by the effects of eco-capitalism.
Summary: Billy X. Curmano’s art practice examines issues of consequence with absurdist flair. Formally trained as a painter and sculptor, Curmano fuses the performative with traditional objects. He became the first person to swim the Mississippi River spanning from the source at Lake Itasca, through the center of the continental United States, to the Gulf of Mexico. This performance resulted in the Hampton Award Winning documentary Swimming the River (1987-1997), which brought the artist critical acclaim. Curmano extended the swim by performing excerpts of it in the traveling exhibition Objects Collected and Created in the Course of a Swim (1995-1997). His work has been exhibited and collected extensively from Austria’s III Vienna Graphikbiennale to New York’s Museum of Modern Art Library. Mark Pezinger Verlag published Billy X. Curmano Futurism’s Bastard Son (2012), an artist book that features a compilation of Curmano’s performance art. Amused journalists have dubbed Curmano as “The Court Jester of Southeastern Minnesota” with comparisons to P.T. Barnum, Andy Warhol, Marcel Duchamp and even... a happy otter.
Credits: Billy Curmano, The New X Art Ensemble, Amazing Tess Toss Tertones, and Nuclear Percussion Ensemble, musical score.
Credits: Billy Curmano, performer. | <urn:uuid:3478a2f2-13f7-474e-bea0-ced8e6554c18> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://sites.dlib.nyu.edu/hidvl/47d7wqs6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949644.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331144941-20230331174941-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.923736 | 461 | 2.640625 | 3 |
From technical, social, and economic perspectives, Bitcoin is a very interesting phenomenon. Invented in 2008, it is the world’s first peer-to-peer cash transfer system. Payments are sent directly from one party to another and there is no central authority; it is fully decentralized.
From a user’s perspective, Bitcoin is simple. Electronic currency is stored in a wallet application and can be sent to any Bitcoin address. To receive money, the wallet creates a Bitcoin address to send to the recipient. Bitcoin addresses are a series of modified hex digits (easily confused characters are not used) and can be sent via email, posted on a web site, printed on paper, or encoded in a QR Code for easy mobile transactions.
At the time of writing, coindesk.com values one bitcoin at approximately CDN $257. A bitcoin can be divided down to 8 decimal places, enabling a wide range of payment values; from millions of dollars to fractions of pennies. Significant caution should be exercised as Bitcoin is not backed or regulated by any government or financial institution; volatility or sudden collapse of the currency remains a very real possibility.
A number of factors make Bitcoin attractive. The absence of bank and government involvement and the peer-to-peer nature of the system allows anyone with Internet access to participate. There are no credit checks or accounts to open as one simply downloads a wallet application and joins the peer-to-peer network.
While not totally anonymous, the use of Bitcoin addresses makes it more difficult to identify individuals, especially if they supply a different address to each person sending them funds. As a result, Bitcoin has become a currency of choice for underground transactions as well as some legitimate businesses.
While the number of vendors accepting Bitcoin appears to be on the rise, there are obvious risks, especially to retailers of physical products. It takes time to confirm a Bitcoin transaction, making it unsuitable for anything other than small purchases at the cash register.
Online merchants may be able to reduce fraud by delaying shipping by 24 to 48 hours at which time the transaction should be confirmed by the distributed Bitcoin network and any double-spend attempts should be visible. However, unless the merchant can rapidly exchange Bitcoin for their primary currency they will be left to manage exchange rate risks.
Bitcoin uses elliptic curve cryptography to prove ownership of units of currency. In a simple transaction, one user transfers value to another (i.e. spends Bitcoin) by digitally signing a transaction that assigns the value to the new user’s Bitcoin address. Transactions can also handle more complex use cases such as multiple signature requirements.
In summary, transactions are validated and relayed throughout the distributed system. A “mining”process adds new transactions to data blocks that form a public ledger of all Bitcoin transactions. Each block added to the ledger serves as evidence that previous blocks have been accepted by consensus. To help secure the system, miners perform a large number of cryptographic operations in competition with each other and receive bitcoin as a reward should their computer generate a new block that meets stringent requirements.
Bitcoin has a well-developed security model and open source reference software is readily available. Businesses must ensure that they fully understand the model and several significant areas of risk prior to participation.
Nobody really knows who designed Bitcoin. The original paper and reference client were published under the name Satoshi Nakamoto. Many theories have emerged, several cryptographers have been suggested as suspects, and it is possible that a group or government agency was really behind the design. A large sum of early bitcoin —currently valued at over US $1 billion—has never been spent, fuelling speculation that Satoshi may be not want to be found.
Bitcoin relies on a NIST elliptic curve standard (secp256k1) and a NIST cryptographic hash standard (SHA256). Given the current cloud of uncertainty over NIST cryptographic standards it is possible that a backdoor may exist and that Bitcoin could be subject to covert manipulation.
Since Bitcoin wallets are collections of private cryptographic keys, if they are lost or stolen the associated value cannot be recovered. Bitcoin wallets are therefore a high value target for hackers and malware creators.
The Bitcoin mining process has a pre-defined schedule that limits the total number of bitcoins so that they gradually approach a total of 21 million. Since the overall system does not have a way to account for lost wallets, once the 21 million is reached the total number of bitcoins actually available will begin to decrease. It is therefore difficult to predict the long-term viability and stability of the currency.
Although Bitcoin may be suitable for micropayments and the purchase of low value products and services, the risks involved make it unsuitable for most Canadian business purposes. Major retailers currently do not accept Bitcoin, but it is possible to purchase gift cards through third-party services such as Gyft, which boasts enabling purchases at over 200 retailers including Amazon, Best Buy, Starbucks, and Home Depot. Retailers are wise to insulate themselves through the use of third parties.
SAMSUNG GALAXY S8 PLUS
The Samsung Galaxy S8 Plus is a beautifully crafted smartphone with nearly no bezel, curvaceous in design and reflects a…
How to: Connect to Exchange Online Using Multi-Factor Authentication
Using PowerShell to manage your Microsoft cloud services like Exchange Online and using multi-factor authentication (MFA) separately is awesome. Using… | <urn:uuid:dad0b38c-22f1-43a2-997d-7dc2f3b691d6> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://itincanadaonline.ca/index.php/risky-business/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038085599.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415125840-20210415155840-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.932946 | 1,099 | 3 | 3 |
Do you love writing stories? Have you ever thought that maybe one day you'd like to be an author?
Or do you just enjoy making up stories for others to read.
If you'd like to have a book published there are more opportunities for you now than ever before and this course will give you the skills and techniques you need to write awesome stories, perhaps even a novel.
Who is it for?
This course is for middle-grade and older teenage students who are enthusiastic about writing.
What is it about?
Write Like an Author will teach you the skills you need to construct well-crafted, imaginative stories.
Through coursebooks, workshops and writing camps you will be taken on a guided journey at the end of which is a story you have created from scratch.
Can Schools get involved?
Absolutely. Schools can purchase an annual licence to teach the Write Like An Author course as part of their curriculum. Full support and training is provided.
Click here for further information.
The Write Like an Author course book combines four workbooks into one convenient volume.
Each workbook takes your young writer on a different part of the writing journey.
The course book is available to purchase when you register for a writing camp, or can be purchased during the camp.
While not a requirement, it is highly recommended that each student purchase their own copy of the course book.
Click on the thumbnails for more details on each workbook | <urn:uuid:86797cfb-0a4e-480c-ba81-e0fe04f3005b> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://writelikeanauthor.com/Program.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524503.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716055158-20190716081158-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.963067 | 296 | 2.59375 | 3 |
- About Us
Virus or bacteria: How to tell the difference | Dr. Petter
It is officially the cold and flu season. Nobody likes to see a doctor when they are sick, simply to be diagnosed with a viral illness, sent home with instructions to drink more fluids and take Tylenol.
This scenario is common and often frustrating for consumers. Leaving a doctor’s office “empty handed,” without a prescription for an antibiotic, may seem like you have wasted your time. Some people may feel the simplicity of advice was not worth the co-pay, and certainly not the future bill to follow.
Knowing the difference between a viral and bacterial illness may save you time and money. Here are four tips to help you determine when an illness could be viral or bacterial, and perhaps when to see a doctor.
Location. A viral illness typically causes wide-spread symptoms. A bacteria usually causes site-specific symptoms, such as those involving the sinuses, throat, or chest.
Phlegm color. A virus may produce clear or cloudy mucous, if any. A bacterial illness typically causes colored phlegm (green, yellow, bloody or brown-tinged).
Duration of illness. Most viral illnesses last 2 to 10 days. A bacterial illness commonly will last longer than 10 days.
Fever. A viral infection may or may not cause a fever. A bacterial illness notoriously causes a fever (normal body temperature is 98.6, a fever is considered greater than 100 degrees Fahrenheit).
Never expect a doctor to phone-in a prescription for an antibiotic without seeing you first. Why? To ensure your illness is in fact a bacterial infection, as viruses do not respond to antibiotics. In addition, the specific location of the infection helps determine the appropriate selection and type of antibiotic prescribed.
If you are diagnosed with a bacterial illness, typical antibiotic treatment is 10 to 14 days. Once you start the antibiotic, you should begin to feel better in about 24 to 48 hours. Be sure to take the antibiotic as prescribed by your doctor, and to completion, to ensure appropriate recovery.
If you take birth control pills, be sure to use an additional form of contraception, as birth control pills may not be as effective when you are taking an antibiotic.
A person is no longer considered contagious once on an antibiotic for 24 hours and any fever has been resolved for 24 hours. Doctors assume you are cured if they do not hear back from you after the treatment course is completed. If your symptoms do not resolve, or if at any time you develop a severe headache or neck pain, persistent nausea / vomiting or a fever, be sure to see a doctor promptly.
Dr. Linda Petter, of Auburn, is a weekly feature on the ABC affiliate KOMO TV/News Radio in Seattle (1000 AM & 97.7 FM) every Sunday live 7:45 a.m., and a weekly columnist for the Auburn Reporter newspaper. She trained at the Mayo Clinic and the University of Illinois, Carle Hospital. Dr. Petter is Chief of the Department of Family Practice at St. Francis Hospital in Federal Way, WA. Her second book, Healthcare On a budget, is available on Amazon.com. | <urn:uuid:4fd6c146-e44f-48c1-a348-f2d93421de60> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.auburn-reporter.com/lifestyle/105719383.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526252.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00071-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936596 | 659 | 3 | 3 |
Every year, Community Living Ontario invites elementary students and classes (k-8) from across Ontario to share why school is better when everyone is learning together. The goal is to promote inclusive education and encourage all students to embrace the diversity of their classroom. Winning prizes include gift cards to Best Buy to purchase classroom resources.
There are two ways to participate:
Class videos: Create a class video (5 mins or less)
Individual entries: Write a story or poem (250 words or less)
Each entry should answer how your class includes students with disabilities and why it is better when everyone is learning together! To learn more about the contest, find out how to submit your entries and view the winning entries from last year, visit the Community Living Ontario website: https://communitylivingontario.ca/en/initiatives/together-were-better-contest/ Don’t forget to share your entries with CLKD as well!
We would love to share your videos and stories about inclusive education on our social media channels and in our newsletter. | <urn:uuid:44bfcc8c-e83c-4ac3-8379-27edec5975d5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.clkd.ca/post/together-we-re-better-contest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203125921-20231203155921-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.945129 | 216 | 2.765625 | 3 |
India’s economy has experienced a huge boost. Industrialization, population growth and its increased integration into the global economy have all been factors of its growth into the sixth-largest economy in the world. It’s also brought unprecedented challenges.
Over the last 25 years, India has registered an increase of nearly 50 percent in premature deaths caused by air pollution, deaths attributed to a cause otherwise known as “particulate matter.” This matter increases in the air because of industrialization and enters the bloodstream through the lungs, increasing the risk of stroke, cardiac arrest, heart failure and severe respiratory issues like asthma and pneumonia.
The role of public policy in preventing deaths caused by worsening pollution can’t be understated. The New York Times reports that efforts to reduce emissions from industrialization caused a 20 percent decrease in the rate of deaths caused by air pollution between 1990 to 2015. Yet in India, Bhargav Krishna, manager for environmental health at the Public Health Foundation of India in New Delhi, said “the idea that policy making should be led by government is lacking.” In China however, which faced similar pollution issues, the trajectory of deaths has stabilized due to the country’s leadership in stabilizing efforts to reduce pollution.
Even when regulations do pass through courts in India, usually after relentless petitioning from local advocates, enforcing them remains a challenge. India’s environmental court, the National Green Tribunal, ordered farmers to stop burning their crops in the region around New Delhi because it contributes to one quarter of the levels of air pollution but the practice still continued last year. | <urn:uuid:6ec790f7-8c47-499f-9807-75b59a2433d9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.relevantmagazine.com/current/indias-air-pollution-surpasses-chinas-deadliness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039490226.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420183658-20210420213658-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.949764 | 327 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Wordly Wise is a vocabulary reinforcemnt program. Each lesson presents a list of words with their part of speech and definition(s). Students complete 5 components for each lesson which gives them an opportunity to learn the words in a variety of contexts. My favorite component of each lesson is where all the words are used in a story and then the students have to answer questions about the story. This week’s story in Lesson 2 of Book 2 was about bats. Very interesting!
There’s a free Wordly Wise app for the iPad. You can download it here or by clicking the link below.
If you have a chance to download the app, let us know what you think by leaving a comment! | <urn:uuid:c2c868ad-a3b5-4fa6-bcfb-7f135522e579> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://ey.westside66.org/wordly-wise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499541.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128090359-20230128120359-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.933925 | 180 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Commissioned by King Augustus the Strong (1670-1733), Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, for his Japanese Palace in Dresden, The Meissen Lion was one of hundreds of porcelain mammals and birds planned for creation by the famous Royal Porcelain Manufactory in Meissen. Though the project was not completed — “By January 1736, 412 birds and 160 quadrupeds had been delivered” — five other lions, including a lioness, still exist from the original collection.
In the porcelain production process, a plaster mould was created from a large model, usually made from clay, but with the large porcelain animals this led to problems. The model had to be made bigger than the size intended for the finished figure as, once fired, the porcelain would shrink by up to a sixth of its original size.
Once the plaster mould had been created, a special porcelain paste would be pressed into each of two separate halves. The porcelain paste was then removed from the mould and joined together to create a complete figure. Once the figures had been assembled and given their finishing touches, they were left out in the air to dry out completely and then given a low firing and glazed. The large animal figures were too big to be dipped into glaze so they were basted.
Additional problems sometimes occurred when the glaze was fired, causing discolouration and cracking. The large animals also had to be hollow, as solid ones would not have survived the firing. In order to make the figures stable, experiments were carried out using various designs and support constructs. The whole production process could take weeks to complete.
Watch this next: Kintsugi & kintsukuroi – The art of pottery mending with gold. | <urn:uuid:dabdc18b-337b-4127-bac5-139defe1a154> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://thekidshouldseethis.com/post/repairing-a-meissen-lion-king-augustus-the-strongs-menagerie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107916776.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031062721-20201031092721-00660.warc.gz | en | 0.981858 | 371 | 3.40625 | 3 |
According to the 2000 Census, Erie County, New York has a population of 950,265 people. Of those, 780,942 (82%) are White, 123,529 (13%) are Black, and 31,054 (3%) are Latino. However, 6,272 (or 1% of the 950,265 people) are not residents by choice but are people in prison.
Even though prisoners cannot participate in the local community, the Census Bureau nevertheless counts them as residents of the county where they are incarcerated.
A more accurate description would not include the prisoners. This would give Erie County a population of 943,993 with a demographic that is 82% White, 13% Black, and 3% Latino.
The numbers for Whites, Blacks and Latinos may not add up to the total number because we have not included racial groups other than Whites and Blacks and because the Census Bureau considers "Latino" to be an ethnicity, not a race. Most of the people reported as being Latino are also counted as being White or Black. | <urn:uuid:bf351e01-33bb-41c2-8cda-dba11b9bfbc6> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.prisonersofthecensus.org/toobig/countydetail/05000US36029/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647406.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320111412-20180320131412-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.937044 | 213 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Think back into history ... recorded history ... evolutionary history ... what if ... you could go back in time and change something?
Speculate about the future ... scenarios ... what could be done now to bring about positive scenarios ... avert negative ones?
If we succeed in securing sustainable evolution on planet Earth, ..., develop scenarios, ..., describe what that could mean, ..., what might life be like?
What philosophical questions do the game scenarios raise?
Learning objectives for this game (its construction and ultimately playing it) could include:
- Game design
- Understand historical events and trends which have brought us to this place in history.
- ... speculate on alternative scenarios that could have unfolded ... that might unfold ...
- Understand and describe the current situation ...
- Designing the future
- Sustainable design
- Understanding concepts of evolution ...
It might be fun to invent some time travelling companions (characters or participants ...) ... develop scenarios ... towards a playable game which continually evolves ... a "blockbuster"?
Links to Game Scenarios
Sources of inspiration for this game concept:
- Any science fiction story/movie with time travel
- various documentaries on evolution, life, ...
- Other games, such as
- If such a game were to develop on WikiEducator or Wikiversity, each page/essay etc. would need to be rated as (e.g.) "factual", "plausible", "speculative", "implausible", "wildly farfetched", etc.
- Make templates to attach to the relevant pages indicating this. | <urn:uuid:0468bb22-e198-4ec7-931f-17975d7d9932> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wikieducator.org/Sustainable_evolution/game | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.861767 | 354 | 2.828125 | 3 |
When will Antarctica’s ice cliffs come crashing down?
Researchers challenge their own assumptions to improve sea-level rise predictions
Estimated reading time: 4 minutes
As increased warming in Antarctica causes glaciers to retreat and shed their increasingly-unstable shelves, towering walls of ice are left looming high above the sea. But how tall these rugged cliffs actually grow before they come crashing down has been a question for glacial scientists—and one that has important implications for sea-level rise.
“There’s a theory out there that says ice is only so strong, so it can only ever reach a certain height before it breaks apart,” says WHOI assistant scientist Catherine Walker, who studies the dynamics of ice on Earth and in space. “In the case of ice cliffs, the general assumption has been that a cliff can only grow to roughly one-hundred meters—just slightly higher than the Statue of Liberty—before it collapses under its own weight and falls into the ocean.”
The theory, it turns out, stems from research that University of Michigan professor Jeremy Bassis and Walker conducted a decade ago. They had come up with some relatively straightforward calculations and combined those with estimated heights of ice cliffs that had been observed in existing ice shelves to settle on the 100-meter figure.
Surprisingly, no one has ever actually surveyed the height of ice cliffs around the continent, according to Walker. Yet, sea-level rise models, and predictions for how high seas will rise, are largely based on this 100-meter threshold figure.
“In reality, we don’t actually know when an ice cliff will collapse,” says Walker. “It’s currently one of the biggest sources of uncertainty in sea-level predictions."
In Antarctica, these magnificent cliffs collar the edges of the ice sheet. Paired with floating ice shelves, they hold in all the ice sitting in the middle of the continent like a cork that keeps it from flowing into the ocean. If, in the near future, ice cliffs begin to collapse rapidly, the interior of the ice sheet will start to get eaten away faster and faster (called runaway collapse), which could contribute as much as six feet of sea-level rise by 2100, according to some models.
“This is where a lot of the scary news reports come from that talk about what could happen if all of West Antarctica suddenly disintegrated,” says Walker.
Fortunately, the height of these ice cliffs can be measured with help from a NASA satellite designed specifically for the topographical profiling of ice. The so-called Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), launched in 2018 as part of NASA's Earth Observing System, measures ice sheet elevation and sea ice thickness by shooting ribbon-like lasers down at the Earth roughly every three months.
“There happens to be pretty good satellite coverage in Antarctica,” says Walker, who recently received funding from NASA to begin processing the ICESat-2 cliff height measurements. “The data should help us find if and where [cliffs] are threatening to collapse imminently, which in turn will tell us more about how quickly sea levels will rise,” she says. “If we find, for example, that most or all of the cliffs are less than 100 meters high, they will still contribute to sea-level rise, but likely at a slower rate than expected.”
Bassis, who is collaborating with Walker on this project, says he’s excited that the 100-meter ice cliff theory is being revisited. It will allow for the input of more “empirical constraints” into models to make better predictions as to when the cliffs are likely to collapse—and how quickly, he says.
“What Catherine is doing here is really important as it gives us a chance to revisit the work we did ten years ago with a whole bunch more data and a much more sophisticated modeling approach,” says Bassis. “It’s always interesting when you can go back and test your own hypotheses—particularly when you’re not sure the current theories are right.”
Beyond their analysis of cliff height measurements, Walker and Bassis plan to use ICESat-2 data to map crevasses (i.e., cracks) within the glaciers. “The strength of the ice may depend on how big these crevasses are, so this will give us a much more quantitative way to figure that out,” says Bassis.
Satellite measurements aren’t perfect, however, and there are gaps between the laser measurements that ICESat-2 traces over the ice. “You have something way up there measuring stuff way down here,” Walker puts simply.
To increase the spatial coverage in the future—and ground truth the satellite measurements—Walker hopes to someday soon have aerial drones that shoot lasers down from right above the cliffs. But for now, ICESat-2 is shining an unprecedented light on Antarctica’s coastline.
“The results of this study could help rewrite the story of not only what the height threshold should be for ice cliffs, but what their actual contribution to sea-level rise might look like in the future,” says Walker.
Funding for this research is being provided by NASA’s Cryosphere Program, grant 80NSSC22K0380. | <urn:uuid:16588071-7f48-4be4-ab30-799b0cf051e0> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/when-will-antarcticas-ice-cliffs-come-crashing-down/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943750.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322051607-20230322081607-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.943678 | 1,121 | 4.0625 | 4 |
A text in two parts (two books in Aristotle’s version), comprising (1) a general introduction to astrology, and (2) a collection of iudicia consisting mainly of interrogations based on various celestial configurations, in particular the position of the ruler of the ascendant and other planets in the houses. This text exists in two versions, one attributed to Ptolemy and the other to Aristotle, both of which seem to derive from a common, lost source which was probably translated or adapted from Arabic (both versions include Arabic words). No Arabic counterpart is known, but a Hebrew version of the second part has been recently identified as Kelal ha-Sheʾelot le-divrei Talmai (‘All the Questions According to Ptolemy’) by Shlomo Sela, who showed that this Hebrew version was translated from the Arabic. Ptolemy’s Iudicia was used by Raymond of Marseilles in his Liber iudiciorum (1141) and gave rise to an anonymous commentary which can be dated to c. 1138 (C.4.6). The text – or the common source – may be as old as the tenth century for it shares characteristics in style and content, including several identical chapters, with the Alchandreana. The text is said to have been addressed by Ptolemy to his son ‘Ariston’ or ‘Eriston’ (cf. ‘fili mi Eriston’ in the fifth chapter, MS London, BL, Harley 5402, f. 1r; the name ‘Ariston’ is given in the title of several manuscripts). By contrast, Aristotle’s version is said to have been addressed to king ‘Alco(n)’. The manuscripts listed below are those of Ptolemy’s version only. Aristotle’s version is extant in some 15 manuscripts, five of which bear attribution not to Aristotle, but to Ptolemy: Catania, BU, 87, s. XV, f. 89ra-101va (‘Incipit Ptholomei liber’); Madrid, BN, 10009, s. XIII, f. 109ra-117vb (‘Incipit Ptholomei liber… Explicit hic liber qui dicitur Tholomei’); Venice, BNM, lat. VIII.44 (3715), s. XV, f. 31r-45v (‘Istam doctrinam dedit Ptholomeus filio suo…’); Vienna, ÖNB, 2311, s. XIII, f. 97ra-104rb (‘Incipit Ptolomey liber’); Wolfenbüttel, HAB, 51.9 Aug. 4° (3549), s. XIII, f. 69r-91r (‘Hunc tractatum edidit Ptolomeus unus de regibus Egipti, nec est idem Ptolomeus qui edidit Almagestum vel Quadripartitum sed diversus’, added note f. 69r). Likewise, two manuscripts of Ptolemy’s version ascribe the text to Aristotle: Erfurt, UFB, Amplon. Q. 374 (‘Sequitur liber Aristotelis’); London, BL, Cott. App. VI (‘Liber iste est Aristotelis in scientia ipsius astronomie… Hic terminatur astronomia Aristotelis cum expositione eius’).
Two manuscripts (Bernkastel-Kues, CSB, 209 and Budapest, MTAK, K 440) have a reworking of the text, which is possibly the work of Bartholomew of Parma (fl. 1286-1297). On this reworking, see C. Burnett, ‘Partim de suo et partim de alieno: Bartholomew of Parma, the Astrological Texts in MS Bernkastel-Kues, Hospitalsbibliothek 209, and Michael Scot’, in Seventh Centenary of the Teaching of Astronomy in Bologna, 1297-1997, eds P. Battistini, et al., Bologna, 2001, 37-76: 51-57.
‘(London, BL, Harley 5402) Incipit… [title faded]. Signorum alia sunt masculini generis, alia feminini, feminini ut Taurus, Cancer, Virgo — scias te ipsam numquam habiturum. Explicit.’
F. J. Carmody, Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences in Latin Translation. A Critical Bibliography, Berkeley-Los Angeles, 1956, 17 (no. 7a-b) and 20 (no. 31); C. Burnett, ‘What is the Experimentarius of Bernardus Silvestris? A Preliminary Survey of the Material’, Archives d’Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Age 44 (1977), 79-125: 81-84 (reprinted in C. Burnett, Magic and Divination in the Middle Ages. Texts and Techniques in the Islamic and Christian Worlds, Aldershot, 1996, XVII); C. B. Schmitt, D. Knox, Pseudo-Aristoteles Latinus. A Guide to Latin Works Falsely Attributed to Aristotle Before 1500, London, 1985, 35-37 (nos. 49-51); D. Juste, Les Alchandreana primitifs. Étude sur les plus anciens traités astrologiques latins d’origine arabe (Xe siècle), Leiden-Boston, 2007, 273-275; C. Burnett, ‘Aristotle as an Authority on Judicial Astrology’, in Florilegium Mediaevale. Études offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l’occasion de son éméritat, eds J. Meirinhos, O. Weijers, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2009, 41-62; D. Juste, ‘Les textes astrologiques latins attribués à Aristote’, Micrologus 21 (2013), 145-164: 150-153; S. Sela, ‘What is Tractatus particulares, a Four-Part Work Assigned to Abraham Ibn Ezra? A Study of Its Sources and General Features’, Archives d’Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Âge 86 (2019), 141-195: 155-160; S. Sela, Abraham Ibn Ezra Latinus on Elections and Interrogations. A Parallel Latin-English Critical Edition of Liber Electionum, Liber Interrogationum, and Tractatus Particulares, Leiden-Boston, 2020, 64-66 and 505-509.
One chapter (on the querant’s secret thoughts) has been edited in its Hebrew and Latin versions, together with English translations, by Sela, Abraham Ibn Ezra, 505-509. | <urn:uuid:605bcbad-0193-4f00-a80c-1b241260baee> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://jordanus.badw.de/work/63 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585460.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022052742-20211022082742-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.705822 | 1,539 | 2.5625 | 3 |
These 3d-printed zoetrope sculptures were designed by John Edmark, and they only animate when filmed under a strobe light or with the help of a camera with an extremely short shutter speed. He shares about the project:
These are 3-D printed sculptures designed to animate when spun under a strobe light. The placement of the appendages is determined by the same method nature uses in pinecones and sunflowers. The rotation speed is synchronized to the strobe so that one flash occurs every time the sculpture turns 137.5º—the golden angle. If you count the number of spirals on any of these sculptures you will find that they are always Fibonacci numbers.
For this video, rather than using a strobe, the camera was set to a very short shutter speed (1/4000 sec) in order to freeze the spinning sculpture. | <urn:uuid:6f091d64-e8d9-4e10-ae6c-b565eb6cbe5c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://usaartnews.com/exhibitions/fascinating-3d-printed-fibonacci-zoetrope-sculptures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202572.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321213516-20190321235516-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.949156 | 179 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Viruses and microbial organisms including bacteria, fungi, and parasites have a profound impact on human and environmental health. These nanometer- to micron-sized entities influence the evolution and diversity of all plants and animals on our planet, and drive geochemical transformations that shape terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Recent breakthroughs in genomics, imaging, and analytical methods are revolutionizing the study of microbes, and The Committee on Microbiology is providing its students with specialized research training in multiple areas of microbial science. Our Microbiology graduate program unites 27 faculty from 10 departments, and offers an interdisciplinary course of study leading to the PhD.
Our research in microbiology extends from the molecular to the microbiome/community scale, and is yielding new understanding of processes ranging from the pathophysiology of microbial infection to the evolutionary ecology of plant-microbe interactions.
Preparing students to conduct research: Our core curriculum focuses on multiple aspects of Microbial Science, including:
- Host-Microbe Interactions
- Microbial Pathogenesis
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution
- Molecular and Cellular Microbiology
- Microbiome Studies | <urn:uuid:f836a0f3-4473-4add-9b68-5aad99a0a67c> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://biosciences.uchicago.edu/programs/microbiology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305277.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127163150-20220127193150-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.882522 | 231 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Founded probably in early 8th century BC from the Phoenicians, the city of Cagliari has always been the gateway to Sardinia and all the people who came to the island established the center of its power here: from the Punic to the Romans, from the Vandals to the Byzantines, and then Pisans, Aragonese and Piedmontese.
It is the capital of the region and it developed around the Castello hill (one of the four historic districts, together with Marina, Villanova and Stampace).
In the Byzantine age, the urban center moved to a more internal position on the banks of the Santa Gilla pond and took the name of Santa Igia.
Only from the thirteenth century the urbanization of the area moved to where the city stands today resume, first of all on the hill known as the Castle and then in the other three districts located on its slopes.
In addition to the artistic riches that dot the four historic districts, Cagliari, rich in archaeological sites of considerable importance, hosts the largest Punic necropolis in the Mediterranean, after Carthage: the Tuvixeddu necropolis, repeatedly threatened by building expansion, seems today destined to be recovered and enhanced for collective use.
The most important evidence of Ancient Rome in Cagliari is the amphitheater (1st-2nd century AD), entirely excavated in the rock on the slopes of the Buoncammino hill, in the locality known as Palabanda. Adjacent to it there are the botanical garden, founded in 1865, which collects over 500 species of tropical plants and the most characteristic Mediterranean plants, and the Villa di Tigellio, an interesting complex of three urban domus of the imperial age. Along the viale Sant’Avendrace, the initial part of the main road artery of the island, which connects Cagliari to Porto Torres, there is the burial of the first century. A.D. known as Grotta della Vipera, from the animal with salvific values that appears on the pediment carved in the rock. During a visit to the city, you cannot forget to visit the famous eighteenth-century basilica of Bonaria, located in front of a scenic staircase, among the most famous images of the city.
Around Cagliari there is a network of ponds and marshes that host a rich fauna, allowing birdwatching every month of the year: among the most important there are the ponds of Santa Gilla and Molentargius, with the conspicuous colonies of flamingos. There are also several green spaces in the city such as the Monte Urpinu park, an ideal destination for families and sportsmen where you can admire ducks, peacocks and turtles splashing around in the ponds and at the top of which there is the Belvedere, the panoramic point. Noteworthy are also the public gardens, testimony of the nineteenth-century park, the park of music, surely more modern and the park of Monte Claro where during the summer cultural and artistic events are often held; they are highly appreciated by locals and tourists.
About beaches, the most popular is certainly the Poetto beach, which stretches for about 12 kilometers to the municipal area of Quartu Sant’Elena. Suitable for both families with children and water sports enthusiasts, the beach is equipped with many services and during the summer evenings the promenade becomes the nerve center of Cagliari’s nightlife. Do not miss a trek to the Devil’s Saddle, a promontory that separates the Poetto from the wonderful Calamosca beach, from whose top you have a breathtaking view of the territory of Marina Piccola.
Among the most characteristic festivals of the island there is the Festival of Sant’Efisio, which for more than 350 years, every 1st May color the streets of the city with the costumes, songs and dances of every town in Sardinia in a very heartfelt festival by the Cagliari’s inhabitants. During this festivity, the wooden statue of the saint in procession is accompanied to the church of Nora, where according to tradition the martyrdom would have occurred.Cagliari is also known for its cuisine, which welcomes suggestions and flavours from all the cultures with it came into contact. Among the fish dishes, two delicacies: the burrida, made with sweet and sour sea catfish, the fregula with clams, that is a typical semolina pasta with clams and the spaghittus cun arrizzonis, that is spaghetti with sea urchins; this last dish to be enjoyed slowly to taste every nuance of flavour and aroma. | <urn:uuid:3c1e9895-69e6-4797-8648-e3de7ee952be> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sardiniatouristguide.it/en/the-city-of-cagliari/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571153.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810100712-20220810130712-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.954086 | 981 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The sacraments are efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us. the visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the graces proper to each sacrament. They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions (Catechism of the Catholic Church 1131).
If you are considering becoming Catholic or getting baptized, here are some things to do that will help you along your spiritual journey:
- Watch a short video about the Catholic Church
- Read the Bible readings from today's Mass
- Pray common Catholic prayers
- If you've already been baptized but are not Catholic, click here and check out this website.
- Learn more about Catholic teachings in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
Since Madonna della Strada Chapel is not a parish church, we cannot offer the Sacrament of Baptism to children (Code of Canon Law 857 para. 2).
For students who have never been baptized, Loyola University offers the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults, which refers to the Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, and First Eucharist as well as to other rituals that prepare adults to receive these Sacraments and to become fully initiated members of the Catholic Church.
New classes will begin September 9, 2018.
The Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA) refers to the Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, and First Eucharist as well as to other rituals that prepare adults who have never been baptized, or who have been baptized in a non-Catholic church, to receive these Sacraments and become fully initiated members of the Catholic Church.
The rites are liturgical celebrations that mark several important steps along one’s spiritual journey:
- The Rite of Acceptance into the Catechumenate – In late November, the worshiping community officially welcomes those who make a formal response to Christ’s call to conversion.
- The Enrollment of Names – At the beginning of Lent, the bishop makes an official list of the names of those who desire to be baptized on Easter.
- Celebration of the Sacraments of Initiation – During the Great Vigil of Easter, those who have been prepared are Baptized and/or Confirmed and receive their first Holy Communion.
In between these important liturgical celebrations, there are several periods of time that give people opportunities to grow in their understanding of the Catholic Faith and in their relationship to Christ and the local worshiping community.
- Inquiry – There will be several informal meetings where people can receive information about Christian Initiation and becoming Catholic.
- Catechumenate – For several months, catechumens (literally, “learners") meet weekly to pray and reflect on the Catholic Faith and their response to it.
- Purification and Enlightenment – During Lent, those who will be baptized focus on conversion, and the worshiping community offers special prayers for them.
- Mystagogy – Those who received the Sacraments on Easter, continue to grow in their faith during the Easter season.
The RCIA is designed for any of the following Loyola University students:
- Those baptized in a Protestant Church (e.g., Methodist, Baptist, Lutheran, non-denominational, etc.)
- Baptized Catholics who have not received First Holy Communion or religious instruction
- Anyone interested in learning more about the Catholic Church
- Sunday evenings when classes are in session: September through April.
- New classes will begin in September 9, 2018.
- If you have any questions or would like to enroll for 2018-2019, please contact Dr. John Paul Salay.
Confirmation Classes are offered only during the Fall Semester.
The sacrament of Confirmation is celebrated by an auxiliary bishop or the archbishop of Chicago during a Sunday Mass at Madonna della Strada Chapel.
In preparation for receiving this sacrament, students must attend a ten week free course, which includes a review of the important teachings of the Catholic Church, prayer and spiritual formation, and a personal analysis of one's own spiritual gifts. The classes meet for ninety minutes from 7:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. for ten weeks during the fall semester.
Loyola students who meet all of the following requirements are eligible for Confirmation at Madonna della Strada Chapel:
- Baptized Catholic -- a copy of the baptismal certificate must be provided
- Attended Catholic religious education classes (e.g., CCD or religion class in a Catholic grade school)
- Received First Holy Communion
If you do not meet all of the above requirements or if you are not Catholic please see the .
- Our next classes will begin in September 2018. For more information or if you would like to enroll, please contact Dr. John Paul Salay.
The Eucharist is the heart and the summit of the Church's life, for in it Christ associates his Church and all her members with his sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving offered once for all on the cross to his Father; by this sacrifice he pours out the graces of salvation on his Body which is the Church (Catechism of the Catholic Church 1407).
At Loyola Univeristy Chicago, we have weekly and daily opportunities to celebrate the Eucharist. Please see our Liturgy Schedule for a Mass at one of our campuses.
The Sacrament of Reconciliation ("Confession") is celebrated in Madonna della Strada Chapel's reconciliation room, which is located at the north-west corner of the building.
Confessions are heard on Sunday and Monday evenings from 7:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. when classes are in session. On Sunday evenings, confessions conclude before Mass begins.
- If you cannot participate on Sunday evenings, you may schedule a time to make confession by calling the Jesuit Residence at 773.508.8800.
- The Sacrament of Reconciliation is also available at the following nearby parishes: Saint Gertrude, Saint Ignatius and Holy Name Cathedral.
- More about the Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation, click here.
- How to make a good confession, click here.
Catholics believe that marriage comes as a gift from the hand of God. The Catholic vision of marriage is rooted in Sacred Scripture and is expressed in the teachings and practices of the Church. It has these main elements:
- Marriage unites a couple in faithful and mutual love.
- Marriage opens a couple to giving life.
- Marriage is a way to respond to God’s call to holiness.
- Marriage calls the couple to be a sign of Christ’s love in the world.
From the website http://www.foryourmarriage.org/
Loyola University Chicago is happy to offer Madonna della Strada Chapel as a place to celebrate weddings within the Roman Catholic liturgy. Here is helpful information for those contemplating a wedding in Madonna della Strada Chapel:
- Reservations are being taken for the calendar year 2018 and 2019. You can inquire about a date by calling 773-508-8045. You can also email Cathy O'Sullivan at email@example.com.
- Reservations for 2020 will be taken beginning January 14, 2019.
- At least one of the parties, bride or groom, must be Catholic. We cannot offer wedding ceremonies of other denominations or faiths. The chapel is not available for rent.
For those who have begun the process of getting married in Madonna della Strada Chapel, please visit www.luc.edu/mdsweddings to complete your arrangements. | <urn:uuid:6c435907-3c38-49eb-8ff5-f4b106bf855a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.luc.edu/campusministry/sacramental_life/sacraments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946077.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423144933-20180423164933-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.951273 | 1,606 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Massachusetts Governor’s Commission on School Readiness concluded that the three most essential indicators of readiness to enter kindergarten were: Self-Esteem, the ability to Self-Regulate, and sense of Social Empathy.
The child who has developed self-esteem and confidence is prepared to confront his social, emotional and physical worlds with the curiosity and courage necessary to interact with them.
In the Rainbowdance group, children move through simple, repetitive and harmonious group ritual, movement activities and song. Because the activities are easy to master, children feel self-esteem and competency through participation. The repetition creates a dependability that allows them to anticipate the sequence of the activities. As children and participating adults sing and move together in a circle, which is symbolic of equality, all develop a simultaneous sense of self-esteem and collective esteem. This dual process is a healthy model for creating community. | <urn:uuid:44d35d3c-0c9d-4510-bb30-d55bbdf6de4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.bostoncf.org/programs/rainbowdance/self-esteem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822668.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018013719-20171018033719-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.945197 | 183 | 3.875 | 4 |
a Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968. August Meier, Elliot
Rudnick, 1973, Oxford.
( a.k.a. the bible)
CORE. Rights & Reviews, v.1-4. 1964-68.
of Racial Equality. CORE-lator. Self published. 1961-65
of Racial Equality. CORE. v.1, no.9,v.1, no.15-v. 2, no 4, v.3. Self
published. 1970-73. .
5) Genocide, USA (1967 speech by Floyd Mckissick).
6) Michaels, Sheila. List of Oral Histories http://www.crmvet.org/nars/orallist.htm
movement grows in Brooklyn : the Brooklyn chapter of the Congress
of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Northern civil rights movement during
the early 1960s . Brian Purnell ; Thesis (Ph.D.)--New York University,
Graduate School of Arts and Science, 2006.
National Black Political Agenda. The National Black Political Convention,
1972, self published
Bare the Heart. Farmer, James. New York: Arbor House, 1985.
Victor. 'An Independent Board of education for Harlem'. Urban Affairs
Review, Vol. 4, No. 1, 39-43 (1968)
11) Rachell, LEJ. LEJ Rachell collection. New York,
Hansen Studios. Austin Hansen collection. Schomberg Research Library.
New York, NY.
Red Squad [videorecording] , directed by Howard Blatt, Steven Fischler,
Francis Freedland and Joel Sucher. Cinema Guild, 1972.
Diana. Diana Davies Photograph Collection. Center for Folklife and
Cultural Heritage, Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections,
15) Bradley, Stefan. Harlem vs. Columbia University.
Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 2009
Trap A Thief. Time. June 25, 1965.
2) “Rhetoric into Relevance.”
3) Photo of Velma Hill. http://www.nysut.org/cps/rde/xchg/nysut/hs.xsl/honors_7317.htm
Jeanie. 'Home Alone.' New York Magazine, Feb. 4th, 1991
5) Reeves, Richard. “Uncommon
Gossip”. New York Magazine. Nov. 15. 1971.
Oral History Interviews (all 2008)
Fifteen interviews have been done between 2008-2009
with former members of Harlem CORE and CORE, including James Robinson,
Susan Brownmiller and Waverly Howard. The other names will be released | <urn:uuid:8c032228-2944-42e0-a58b-65c3e0e5825e> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://harlemcore.com/biblio.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701806508/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105646-00071-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.690302 | 589 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The heart of the community
In Jewish culture, cemeteries lie at the very heart of the community and they are known as the House of the Living due to the belief that the soul of a person is bound to their grave. Due to these beliefs, graves (and the ground above them) should not be disturbed after burial and the maintenance of cemeteries is considered to be the responsibility of all Jewish communities.
Therefore, when Jewish cemeteries are vandalised and destroyed, Jews believe this disturbs the souls of the people buried there. Damage inflicted onto matzevot (tombstones) also serves to defile the dead and often erases their names and memorials.
The Importance of a Jewish CemeteryPlay Video
Even if visiting was/is possible, if matzevot have been removed from their original location it means that visitors to cemeteries will be unaware of where their loved ones’ bodies are buried.
Likewise, these acts of desecration often prohibit further burials from taking place within the cemetery grounds, thus preventing individuals from receiving traditional burial rites.
An act of defilement
During the Holocaust, all of these acts were carried out in an attempt to erase Jewish culture. To further humiliate and defile Jewish communities, the Nazis also often made Jews take part in the breaking up and reuse of matzevot – including making them undertake forced labour repairing roads, pavements and structures, for example, the tombstones as construction materials. Under the Soviet regime, Jewish cemeteries were also vandalised and put to alternative uses.
In some cases, Jewish cemeteries were used as killing and burial sites by the Nazis. These sites became suitable body disposal sites because:
(1) Jewish cemeteries were often on the outskirts of towns and villages and so they were clandestine areas in which mass violence and burials could go undetected
(2) Access to the cemeteries had been prohibited as part of anti-Jewish measures
(3) The desecration of the cemetery that proceeded the killings usually involved the clearing of large areas of land
Most often it was Jewish victims who were buried in these graves but, in some cases, non-Jews were buried there as well. These acts were also another way to defile the Jewish community and they show the evolution of cultural genocide into mass violence and physical genocide.
Most of these mass graves remain unmarked in Jewish cemeteries across Europe.
Jewish cemeteries continue to be neglected and vandalised all over the world. This situation serves to further deepen the effects of the cultural genocide perpetrated in the past and reflects ongoing anti-Semitism in the present.
Recognising the importance of Jewish cemeteries in Jewish culture, and suggesting that the destruction of cultural sites such as these can allow us to understand the causes and consequences of racial hatred in the past, present and future, the “Recording Cultural Genocide and Killing Sites in Jewish Cemeteries” project has sought to use a novel interdisciplinary approach to researching, documenting and restoring these sites. We also try to tackle racism, xenophobia and anti-Semitism in the present through our education programmes. | <urn:uuid:887f6c18-04e0-4c88-a4e8-7c9eca2dc24c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.recordingculturalgenocide.com/stories/jewish-cemeteries-desecration-and-cultural-genocide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510097.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516073101-20220516103101-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.967797 | 664 | 3.5 | 4 |
Last week, U.S. military officials accused Iran of arming Iraqi insurgents with bombs, missiles, and rockets for attacks on American troops. Apparently, serial numbers and markings on seized munitions indicate they came from Iran. (Click here for a PDF of the U.S. military intelligence report.) Why do bombs need serial numbers?
For inventory and quality control. When a bullet, explosive, or any kind of ammunition is manufactured, it may be marked with a unique serial number and the date of manufacture. (A bomb may also include information indicating which factory produced it.) This information simplifies the process of tracking missing or damaged munitions. For example, if a bullet misfires, the military can use its markings to identify and scrap the entire lot it came from. The date of manufacture is important because the components in ammunition begin to degrade and become unreliable after about 15 years.
Military intelligence analysts have to learn to identify the manufacturer markings and serial numbers of each country's munitions, since there are no international guidelines for labeling. The exact markings on grenades, bombs, and bullets will vary depending on the country and sometimes on the specific company that does the manufacturing.
Why does the Iranian TNT have markings in Farsi, while the other rounds seem to be labeled in English? Since Iran sells munitions on the international market, it makes more sense to use a language that is spoken far and wide. (You don't have to use English, though; China and Russia sell arms marked with Chinese and Cyrillic characters.) In recent years, U.S. manufacturers have begun to augment their markings with bar codes that can be tracked by computer.
Surveying the serial numbers on bullets and projectiles can be an effective way to measure the flow of arms into conflict zones. Last year, Oxfam reported that bullets manufactured in the United States, Greece, Russia, and China had ended up in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in spite of a U.N. arms embargo. Last summer, Israel examined the serial numbers on rockets fired by Hezbollah and concluded they came from Russia by way of Syria. * Serial numbers are also used by national and international police to track down illegal sales of ammunition. Meanwhile, the United Nations is now attempting to create an international standard for the tracing and marking of ammunition.
Got a question about today's news? Ask the Explainer.
Explainer thanks: Guy Ben-Ari of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Philip Coyle of the Center for Defense Information, Pablo Dreyfus of Viva Rio, Colby Goodman of Amnesty International USA, and John Pike of GlobalSecurity.org. | <urn:uuid:fa47b84c-578e-4974-b37f-8ec4ae51b9de> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://primary.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2007/02/markings_for_munitions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701146196.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193906-00207-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926156 | 531 | 2.625 | 3 |
- the nest of a bird of prey, as an eagle or a hawk.
- a lofty nest of any large bird.
- a house, fortress, or the like, located high on a hill or mountain.
- an apartment or office on a high floor in a high-rise building: a penthouse aerie with a spectacular view.
- Obsolete. the brood in a nest, especially of a bird of prey.
Origin of aerie
Examples from the Web for aerie
The great panorama of the Gulf lay unfolded beneath their aerie.Terry
Charles Goff Thomson
Dr. Jones and Will now returned from their aerie, the observatory.Doctor Jones' Picnic
S. E. Chapman
Slowly he climbed the steep and crooked trail to their aerie at the peak.Foes in Ambush
A single pair for many years had their aerie in the top of a huge dead sycamore tree, near the head of Burnt Ship Bay.The Falls of Niagara and Other Famous Cataracts
George W. Holley
He was in a very eagle's aerie; the upper rim of Khinian's gorge seemed not more than a quarter of a mile above him.King--of the Khyber Rifles
- a variant spelling (esp US) of eyrie
Word Origin and History for aerie
"eagle's nest," 1580s (attested in Anglo-Latin from early 13c.), from Old French aire "nest," Medieval Latin area "nest of a bird of prey" (12c.), perhaps from Latin area "level ground, garden bed" [Littré], though some doubt this [Klein]. Another theory connects it to atrium. Formerly misspelled eyrie (1660s) on the mistaken assumption that it derived from Middle English ey "egg." | <urn:uuid:4e7d7c02-3179-4280-b6b5-aab7e985c9ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/aerie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860089.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618051104-20180618071104-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.910119 | 386 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Defensive fights on the borders of the Empire marked the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Maurice (582-602). The emperor was mostly successful. Yet his campaigns against Persians, Slavs, Avars, and Lombards drained the imperial treasury. To plug the hole, Maurice had to raise the taxes, which in turn did not please his subjects. In the 20st year of his reign dissatisfaction had grown to such an extent that his troops revolted. The mutinous soldiers rallied behind Phocas, one of their junior officers. Maurice fled, was captured and executed together with his sons. With the death of Maurice in the year 602, the era of Classical Antiquity came to an end. The next four decades were marked by turmoil that shattered the Empire and permanently and thoroughly changed society and politics. The Middle Ages began. | <urn:uuid:894f1857-972b-42da-ba9f-08242de2e958> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.moneymuseum.com/en/coins?id=2378 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882051.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703122347-20200703152347-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.986451 | 167 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The Importance of Stretching
Stretching is often seen as something only people with sporting commitments and physical athletes practice. We usually don’t realise that stretching is not just limited to pre-exercise activity.
What most people don’t understand is that stretching should be practised by everyone regardless of how active you are. Stretching helps your muscles stay flexible, healthy and strong.
It also helps to loosen up joints as well as keeping them flexible. It provides plenty of health benefits, ranging from physical to psychological. Stretching doesn’t only improve your health, but can also enhance your performance in sport or any other physical task you encounter throughout your day.
Stretching consistently on a regular basis not only improves your physical condition but will also prevent you from injuring yourself when doing physical tasks, by helping your body feel better immediately after its practice.
However, your physical health will benefit in the long term as a result of diligent stretching. In an interview with NBA Star Lebron James, states that stretching on a regular basis is one of the main reasons he was able to prolong his playing career as well as being able to perform at the highest level so consistently.
Why You Need to Stretch
Stretching should not be seen as something you can do, instead it’s something you must do. Below is a list of reasons why you need to incorporate stretching into your day:
Stretching can improve your posture. Many people have poor posture due to lifestyle conditions and habits. Often we find ourselves sitting more than we should.
Sometimes we don’t have the time to exercise or incorporate enough physical activity into our day. Stretching can be done anytime, anywhere. Posture can be easily improved and corrected by stretching.
Stretching strengthens joints and muscles and assists your body to hold the correct shape and reduce its need to slouch.
By stretching on a regular basis, your body becomes more flexible. By building a strong core and creating flexible joints and muscles, your physical abilities and motor skills can significantly improve.
Prevents Cramping and Injury
Stretching helps your body build strength and balance. By increasing power in your body, you aren’t only improving your physical motor ability but also decreasing the chance of getting injured.
This is why most athletes stretch their body before and after their performance.
Relieves Tension and Stress
A healthy body builds a healthy mind. When stretching at the right times of the day, you’ll notice that it can boost your mood. When your body is feeling nimble and fresh, you’ll feel less tension in your body during the day.
Helping your body feel energised and healthy as opposed to groggy and tense, is one less stress in your busy day.
When is the Best Time to Stretch
A great time to stretch is usually in the morning before you have anything to drink or sleep. As your body doesn’t get much movement during sleep, muscles and joints will tighten.
By stretching in the morning, you’re activating your body parts, releasing any tensions you may have from the night before, leaving you prepared and ready to tackle the day.
The Night Before
One of the last things you can do before hitting the pillows should be stretching. By stretching every night, your body will be relieving any tensions or soreness it may have built up during the day.
By releasing these tensions, your body will be more relaxed and soothed for a better night’s sleep. This will also prevent your body from feeling sore or cramped from the day before.
Before and After Physical Activity
The most critical time you should be stretching is before and after physical activity. When performing an exercise or an activity that is physically demanding, you need to make sure that stretching is part of the warming up process.
By stretching muscles and joints, your body will be ready to handle the pressures and physical demands of your activity. This also decreases the chances of getting injured. By stretching after physical activities, this will help relieve any built up tension and allow your muscles and joints to ease up and recover quicker.
After Long Periods of Idle Activity
When your body doesn’t move for a long period, muscles and joints may build up tension and become fatigued.
You can keep them feeling flexible and energised by stretching them out. This can help you feel refreshed, invigorated and you won’t feel tired. This will also help to improve posture in the long term.
Head over to the Okadoc app to immediately book an appointment with your health practitioner.
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancer in the UAE and also the world. Let’s find out more about it here and how to prevent yourself from getting it!
Chia seeds are one of the best superfoods to boost your dietary requirements. Let’s find out about health benefits of chia seeds here!
Plant-based diet has become a hot topics nowadays. What you should know about this type of diet? Find it out here! | <urn:uuid:476a59ce-b689-4245-9825-9f13161dcbe9> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.okadoc.com/blog/healthy-lifestyle/stretching-important-routine-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670729.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121023525-20191121051525-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.955711 | 1,055 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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For decades, South Africans have often referred to Nelson Mandela as "father of the nation." However, since being released from his 27-year prison sentence in 1990, the man born Nelson Rohihlahia Mandela exemplified an importance that outdistanced his country and his own era. In his long walk to freedom, the man referred to by many as Madiba saw his story become history.
Born on July 18, 1918 into the Xhosa-speaking Thembu family in the small village of Mvezo, located in Transkei, South Africa, he was born Rolihlahla Dalibhunga. Commonly referred to as his clan name "Madiba," he studied as a lawyer before getting involved in the political and societal rumblings that concerned his country. Defiant in the face of injustice, fueled by his conviction that blacks should liberate themselves from white minority rule in South Africa, Mandela fought for years to stop the racial discrimination that divided his nation. He led a series of peaceful protests and nonviolent acts of defiance against South Africa's apartheid government — including 1952's Defiance Campaign and 1955's Congress of the People.
In 1960, tension grew against the apartheid regime and a year later, after orchestrating a three-day national workers' strike, he was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison. In 1963, he and 10 of his ANC colleagues were sentenced to life imprisonment for treason, sabotage and attempting to overthrow the government.
Eighteen of his 27 years spent behind bars were served on Robben Island in Cape Town. In his 1994 autobiography "Long Walk to Freedom," Mandela described how hope helped him through the ordeal. "Some mornings I walked out into the courtyard and every living thing there, the seagulls and the wagtails, the small trees, and even the stray blades of grass, seemed to smile and shine in the sun," he wrote. "It was at such times when I perceived the beauty of even this small, closed-in corner of the world, that I knew that someday my people and I would be free." Equipped with a lion's heart, even while imprisoned, Mandela continued the big fight for a democratic and free society. He was released on February 2, 1990, to much global praise.
In the decade after his release, the question that surrounded him was how, after whites had systematically pillaged and tortured his country, and sent him to prison for nearly three decades, he could be free of rancor. The answer that was "ubuntu."
"Ubuntu," a Nguni Bantu concept that symbolizes humanity and open-heartedness, was the light to the spark of Mandela. "As I walked out the door toward my freedom I knew that if I did not leave all the anger, hatred and bitterness behind I would still be in prison," he said after his 1990 release. In the spirit of ubuntu, if you're met with conflict, forgiveness is the path toward freedom. For Mandela, forgiveness wasn't optional — it was necessary. In him lived the spirt of "ubuntu."
Elected president of South Africa in 1994, he spent more than five years in office before stepping down in 1999. In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In his quest for freedom, Mandela presented the world with the ultimate example of courage, peace, reconciliation and resilience.
As we celebrate 100 years of his life, we look back at some of Madiba's clear and essential words.
"The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall..."
"Honesty, sincerity, simplicity, humility, pure generosity, absence of vanity, readiness to serve others – qualities which are within easy reach of every soul – are the foundation of one's spiritual life..."
"There is no passion to be found in playing small – settling for a life that is less than the one you are capable of living..."
"Courageous people do not fear forgiving for the sake of peace..."
"Man's goodness is a flame that can be hidden but never extinguished..."
"Our human compassion binds us to one another – not in pity or patronizingly, but as human beings who have learnt how to turn our common suffering into hope for the future..."
"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite..." | <urn:uuid:4d173859-f993-4df4-90f6-0fe40c3294e1> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://revolt.tv/stories/2018/07/18/remembering-nelson-mandela-power-ubuntu-essential-quotes-07000a30b7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742963.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115223739-20181116005739-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.985324 | 939 | 3.640625 | 4 |
For programming the ENIAC computer and helping adapt it to use software programs stored in memory.
Jean Bartik was born in Gentry County, Missouri, in 1924. She attended Northwest Missouri State Teachers College, receiving a B.S. in mathematics (1945), a GED (master's) in English from the University of Pennsylvania (1967), and an honorary D. Sc. from Northwest Missouri State University (2002).
Upon graduating in 1945, she was hired to compute ballistic (gun) firing tables for the U.S. Army. She was one of hundreds of human "computers," usually women, who calculated these tables by hand using mechanical desktop calculators. That same year, a novel electronic device to compute firing tables automatically was completed at the University of Pennsylvania.
Bartik was one of six human computers chosen to work on the new machine, called ENIAC. She and the team taught themselves ENIAC's operation and became its (and, arguably, the world's) first programmers.
In 1947, Bartik became part of a group that converted ENIAC into a stored-program computer, a major milestone that improved its efficiency and usefulness. She also made contributions to the early BINAC and UNIVAC 1 computers.
Bartik, who was recognized late in life, became a strong advocate for increased participation by women in science and technology. She passed away in 2011. | <urn:uuid:b181085e-9c29-4fd5-b639-20e1c23491d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/jean-bartik/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806317.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121055145-20171121075145-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.968842 | 289 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Section: A collection of standard strin (3stap)
Updated: June 2015
Return to Main Contents
function::isdigit - Checks for a digit
string to check
Checks for a digit (0 through 9) as the first character of a string. Returns non-zero if true, and a zero if false.
- SEE ALSO
This document was created by
using the manual pages.
Time: 14:12:07 GMT, June 19, 2015 | <urn:uuid:f4beffec-2474-407d-b5e8-06b04c4ebef9> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.sourceware.org/systemtap/man/function::isdigit.3stap.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00242-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.704485 | 100 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Crop rotation is a common practice in the home garden, giving vegetable family-specific diseases time to die out before reintroducing families back into the same area of the garden years later. Gardeners with limited space may simply divide up their garden plot into three or four sections and rotate plant families around the garden, while others have separate plots they use for vegetable family crop rotation.
It can be hard to know which vegetables belong to the different vegetable families just from looking at them, but understanding the major vegetable plant families will make the task a little less daunting. Most home vegetable gardeners grow several plant families in any given year – using a handy vegetable families list will help keep rotations straight.
Family Names of Vegetables
The following vegetable families list will help get you started with appropriate vegetable family crop rotation:
Solanaceae – The nightshade family is perhaps the most commonly represented group in most home gardens. Members of this family include tomatoes, peppers (sweet and hot), eggplants, tomatillos and potatoes (but not sweet potatoes). Verticillium and fusarium wilt are common fungi that build in the soil when nightshades are planted in the same spot year after year.
Cucurbitaceae – The vining plants of the gourd family, or cucurbits, may not seem similar enough to be so closely related at first glance, but each and every member produces their fruits on a long vine with seeds running through the center and most are protected by a hard rind. Cucumbers, zucchini, summer and winter squash, pumpkins, melons and gourds are members of this very large family.
Fabaceae – The legumes are a large family, important to many gardeners as nitrogen fixers. Peas, beans, peanuts and cowpeas are common vegetables in the legume family. Gardeners who use clover or alfalfa as cover crops in winter will need to rotate them along with other members of this family, since they are also legumes and susceptible to the same diseases.
Brassicacae – Also known as the cole crops, members of the mustard family tend to be cool season plants and are used by many gardeners to extend their growing season. Some gardeners say that the flavor of thick-leafed members of this family are improved by a little frost. Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, kale, Brussels sprouts, radishes, turnips and collard greens are mustards grown in many medium-sized gardens.
Liliaceae – Not every gardener has space for onions, garlic, chives, shallots or asparagus, but if you do, these members of the onion family require rotation just like other families. Although asparagus must be left in place for several years, when selecting a new site for asparagus beds, make sure that no other family members have been grown nearby for several years.
Lamiaceae – Not technically vegetables, many gardens may contain members of the mint family, which benefit from crop rotation due to several persistent and aggressive soil-borne fungal pathogens. Members such as mints, basil, rosemary, thyme, oregano, sage and lavender are sometimes inter-planted with vegetables to deter pests. | <urn:uuid:07c39304-c674-489d-ad33-660d39ff13ce> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/vgen/different-vegetable-families.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645322940.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031522-00199-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95187 | 672 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Please reflect idealistically, in exactly 100 words, on the important role of a schoolteacher in 21st century Australia.
I recently asked pre-service teachers to reflect about the role of a schoolteacher in Australia. I wondered what they’d say. Here are just a few responses and excerpts from the next generation of teachers:
…By supporting students in their pursuit of knowledge, teachers play an integral role in shaping the future. A successful teacher will do this in partnership and collaboration with engaged and willing students. EMILY
This week the media carried images of violent protest in Sydney, and while commentary on the event has reopened the barely-healed wounds of race and prejudice, my thoughts turned towards education. After all, most of the images featured young men. I wondered what kind of education those young men had been exposed. Had they been educated in an environment that encouraged them to develop and know their own voices? Had their education showed them the possibility of a world where they could raise these voices in critical engagement with issues they were passionate about, rather than lashing out in mad violence? Perhaps it is an idealistic hope, but I believe this is the kind of education an effective schoolteacher can deliver. MEG
…the first role of an effective teacher will be as an enthusiastic and dedicated learner. The teacher must then create effective ways to transmit new and established ideas both to transform the lives of students and build skills and resilience. Teachers’ qualities will include openness, imagination, innovation, and creativity as well as the ability to inculcate a lifelong love of learning. LYNDALL
Students are the most impressionable during high school. They need guidance in order to mentor them, in preparation for the world beyond school. A teacher should become a role model, emanating good attitudes and positive behaviour, poise, and a broad and ever-expanding knowledge of the world. I say this because the people that I have learnt the most from have been the people who I admire and aspire to be like. This is the type of teacher I want to be; not just teaching subject content in creative and interesting ways, but inspiring students to become successful members of society. GABRIELLE
The role of a school teacher is as important in the now as it has always been. Teachers are stalwarts in a comprehensive and progressive society. Teachers bear the vital responsibility of teaching and apart from parents are the main source of knowledge and values for children. The strengths and characters of a society represent the accumulation of those from its participating members; thus teachers are fundamental in educating and fuelling young minds to develop an acute and critical awareness of how and why the world is the way it is and how students have the capacity to change it. CAITLIN
…Teachers must ensure the use of appropriate pedagogies, adopting an approach that is thoughtful, intelligent and engaging for optimal student learning and success. Teachers must support notions of inclusivity, recognising and supporting students as individuals with differing personalities, abilities and talents….We are role models, carers and facilitators… STEPH
The school teacher has the power to shape the values and qualities of the next generation of 21st century citizens. One way the 21st century teacher can do this is by facilitating discussions on academic, social and political issues. By doing this not only are the students becoming educated on important topics but they are becoming informed, competent communicators. To encourage this learning it is essential that the teacher models the desired behaviour. To be a lifelong learner and teach the students as such, is a characteristic these students will imitate and take with them out into the wider community. MELODY
The role of teachers in Australian schools is more important than ever simply because there is so much more to learn. In this exciting, changing world we need to make sure that we not only learn from our past, but also look to the future. Teachers need to be more creative, knowledgeable and adaptable than ever before so that the next generation of students can reach their full potential. Whilst this immense responsibility would weigh on most people, it is the challenge that teachers revel in every day and if they are lucky, they are able to make the difference. MEL
What would you say? | <urn:uuid:09ffb870-d501-45c2-a954-defd7eaaa612> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.darcymoore.net/2012/09/27/the-role-of-a-teacher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769321.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00005-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970612 | 866 | 2.546875 | 3 |
When a new alcohol supermarket opens up in your neighbourhood you might think it’s a great place to get a cheap bottle of wine. But what if one is set to open in a disadvantaged area with a high number of existing outlets, high rates of alcohol-related crime and domestic violence?
Bottleshops aren’t like other shops. There’s growing evidence their location and density influences the health and well-being of the people in surrounding areas, particularly in disadvantaged areas.
Yet, our research reveals when liquor licences and development applications for new bottleshops are considered in court, their public health impact is seldom taken into account.
What if there are lots of other bottleshops nearby?
The 20% of Australians who live in the poorest areas are 1.6 times as likely as the richest 20% to have two or more chronic health conditions like heart disease and diabetes. Yet bottleshops are disproportionately located in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage, potentially adding to the disease burden of an already disadvantaged area.
Local communities with higher densities of alcohol outlets tend to have poorer health, with much higher rates of hospitalisations and premature deaths, particularly due to cirrhosis (long-term liver damage). The link is stronger in poorer communities.from www.shutterstock.com
The clustering of outlets can also encourage outlets to compete on price and promotions for cheaper and greater quantities of alcohol. Such promotions can lead to anti-social behaviour such as alcohol-related injury and violence. Researchers see this in both rich and poor areas.
Increasing the density of alcohol outlets exacerbates domestic violence in the postcode area, which we see across all areas, but with higher rates in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage.
And there’s a stronger association between outlet density and violence in general in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas compared to other areas.
There are also different effects depending on how the alcohol is sold. For example, a high density of alcohol outlets (which includes large and small bottleshops, clubs and pubs) is strongly related to alcohol-related chronic disease. Meanwhile increases in the number of licenses for bottleshops are associated with increases in rates of domestic violence. We see this across the board, not just in poorer areas.
How about Indigenous communities?
The health consequences of alcohol availability is an issue that cuts across Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations.
Indigenous people are more likely to abstain from drinking than non-Indigenous people (28% versus 22%). Yet Indigenous people disproportionately experience alcohol abuse and alcohol-related harms. Alcohol use is associated with 7% of all deaths and 6% of the total burden of disease experienced by Indigenous Australians compared with 5% of the burden of disease in the general population.
Our research has shown restricting alcohol in Indigenous communities, where community-led, is generally effective in improving health and social outcomes including disease, injury and crime.
How do new bottleshops get approval?
Despite the growing evidence of the detrimental effects of increasing alcohol outlet density, particularly in disadvantaged areas, bottleshops continue to be built in communities already struggling with the harms of drinking.
Our research shows when development applications for new alcohol outlets are rejected, groups with vested interests, such as the alcohol industry, take local governments to court and win – even in cases where there have been hundreds of community submissions opposing the developments.
In 77% of cases we looked at from 2010 to June 2015, the alcohol industry was successful in having local planning decisions overturned in court, and the proposals went ahead.Nils Versemann/www.shutterstock.com
This was the situation for the community of East Nowra in New South Wales. The local government, Shoalhaven City Council, community members, family support services and local police joined together to oppose the development of a 1,400 square metre Dan Murphy’s (owned by Woolworths) liquor store over fears the community’s health and social problems would be made worse by making cheap alcohol more accessible. Yet, the local government’s decision to reject the proposal was overturned in court and the outlet went ahead.
This type of situation is possible because existing policies and legislation that control approvals for liquor licences and bottleshop development applications seldom consider the public health impacts. Rather, they focus on economic imperatives, zoning, planning requirements and amenity (how attractive or pleasant a development is likely to be).
What we’d like to see
To reduce the public health impacts of alcohol outlets in local communities, planning law and policy in all jurisdictions need to consider health and social impacts, as is already the case in the Australian Capital Territory, South Australia and Queensland.
Our results suggest this approach has resulted in fewer cases where the alcohol industry has local government decisions overturned in court.
These provisions would empower the courts to make decisions good for the public health of their communities. They could also help protect the authority and autonomy of local governments to reject industry proposals that do not promote the health and well-being of their constituents.
Janani Muhunthan receives PhD Scholarship funding from The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre.
Andrew Wilson is Director of the the Australian Prevention Partnership Centre which is funded by the NHMRC, the Australian Department of Health, the HCF Health and Medical Research Foundation and the NSW and ACT Ministries of Health. He is a member of the Public Health Association of Australia.
Stephen Jan does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond the academic appointment above.
Authors: Janani Muhunthan, PhD candidate, George Institute for Global Health | <urn:uuid:3851c681-4700-4292-ac95-7c2d971bd662> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.viw.com.au/index.php/lifestyle/health/8472-bottleshops-affect-people-s-health-so-our-laws-need-to-reflect-that | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201812.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318232014-20190319014014-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.953199 | 1,152 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Two words which are sometimes used interchangeably are leadership and management. That's unfortunate, because there are many leaders that are not managers, and many managers that are certainly not leaders.
This article continues to focus on the leadership aspects of career development, so in this article we're going to take a closer look at the differences between leadership and management.
The term management is loosely defined as the act of managing, supervising, or controlling. The word "controlling" is really an important component of that definition. An employee can manage a process, and another employee. But the real question is whether or not this manager is thought to possess leadership qualities.
Now some people may argue that there really isn't any difference between leadership and management, and they can cite some pretty compelling examples; one of which might go something like this:
Anyone in management is automatically a leader because they are in control of another employee. They can give orders, and the employees reporting to them are expected to carry out those orders or suffer the consequences. The manager holds position power over those they supervise, and because of that reporting relationship they have become leaders.
This is actually a good argument, and one that is hard to refute. However, articles on leadership styles also talk about the coercive leader. Some of these more aggressive styles work pretty effectively when a turnaround is needed; but lower morale over time. If the manager is using their position power over followers, they're exhibiting the coercive style.
The true test of a leader's skill is the ability to adapt to different work environments. Going back to the example, if the manager used this style under the appropriate conditions, they might have been very effective. In the long term, none of these more aggressive styles are effective, and soon the followers may decide they've had enough, and they may look for employment elsewhere.
The term leadership on the other hand, is used to describe the process, or style, the manager uses to complete tasks or achieve objectives. This article started off by stating that not all managers were leaders. Certainly there are some very ineffective managers that do not exhibit any of the true leadership styles.
These individuals are put in a role of responsibility and decide not to communicate with their employees or support them in their efforts. Thankfully, the incompetence of these managers is usually recognized quickly and they are reassigned, or asked to quietly leave the company.
At the next level of managers, are individuals capable of exhibiting the more aggressive leadership styles discussed earlier. While success might be theirs in the short term, eventually the organization evolves and they realize their formula for success in the past no longer applies to the current situation.
Finally, there are individuals skilled in the art of Situational Leadership™. They have been trained or have learned through life's lessons to identify the leadership style that is most effective under varying circumstances. They have the ability to flex their style, and can be effective in almost any role, and under a variety of conditions.
This article is going to end the same way it started by stating that all managers are not leaders. There are some that show various degrees of leadership skills, but just because someone has granted them the title of "manager," or given them the opportunity to supervise another person does not make them a leader.
Possessing leadership qualities transcends a mere title that someone happens to hold. Employees that are saddled with a manager that is not a leader need to have patience. Eventually, this manager's incompetence will be recognized, and they will get what they deserve.
About the Author - Leadership and Management | <urn:uuid:f35556c8-38a4-4498-884f-85958507d425> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.money-zine.com/career-development/leadership-skill/leadership-and-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203462.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324145706-20190324171706-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.9734 | 726 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Stroke (sudden stroke) is the main reason why we are afraid of heart disease and high blood pressure (the main risk factor of stroke). Unusually, there are two types of stroke: heart and cerebral. Physicians once called the term " crowd ." From the point of view of systematic pathology, it is not right, but practically (in terms of prevention and reconvolution) both strokes are somewhat similar.
Heart Stroke - Myocardial infarction
Infarction is a local necrosis of the tissue ( necrosis ) due to disruption of the vascular supply, mostly due to artery blockage ( embolism ). Clogging of the coronary artery and subsequent heart attack ( myocardium ) causes stroke. Breast pain, angina pectoris , is a symptom of heart stroke, but it often occurs on its own - physiologically during exertion or ischemic heart disease , mostly due to coronary atherosclerosis. Although atherosclerosis progresses in all the arteries of the body, the heart suffers most because it has no functional reserve - and clogging of the small coronary artery results in a myocardial infarction. Clogging of vessels is at first gradual, caused by gradual growth of atheromas. The actual stroke then occurs abruptly, mostly due to thrombosis (formation of a blood clot)on the surface of a larger atheroma. Larger atheromas perceive our body as local damage to the blood vessel, and the blood clot is trying to "repair" the affected person. This, of course, is not possible, the thrombus breaks and is driven downstream of the local bloodstream until it gets stuck at some narrow point, blocking the artery completely. The result is a heart attack - myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction, which supplies the blocked artery. Small heart attacks often overwhelm the patient asymptomatically, or only with less pain in the heart, which is of no particular significance. These small heart attacks are healed by the scar. The pathologist often discovers such a scar at the heartbeat of cardiac patients. In about half of the cardioids, atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries progresses completely asymptomatically and its first symptom is a severe heart attack. That's why the doctors are paying so much attentionprevention of atherosclerosis .
Even in stroke, the most common cause is heart attack - local necrosis due to obstruction of the cerebral artery. Neurons are very sensitive to oxygen deficiency and die soon after ischemia. Symptoms of cerebral infarction depend on the function of the dead part and can be different - from a slight worsening of memory, through paralysis to a rapid death when afflicted by vital centers. Another type of stroke is brain haemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke), where bruising is impaired. The brain (not affected by Alzheimer's disease ) has soft jelly consistency, so blood blooms both stretch and tear the brain tissue, compresses the drainage veins leading from the cranial cavity, and the mechanism of non-dissimilar erection of the poresincreases pressure throughout the cranial cavity. There is a fatally dangerous condition known as brain edema (brain edema).
Differences and similarities of heart and stroke
Both the heart and the brain are organs that are similar to one another by being constantly functioning and being highly functionally optimized. While other organs (muscles, liver, skin ...) have blood supply reserves, energy supplies, dual inertia, energy supplies and other redundant equipment, the heart and brain are optimized for performance, perhaps as a sports car without reserve reservoir and reserve of spare parts . In the heart, because of performance optimization, arterial junctions are missing, so clogging of any coronary artery necessarily causes ischemia of a larger or smaller part of the heart muscle. Similarly, there is a brain. There are few arterial jumpers. The brain can tolerate the failure of only very small arteries and, in addition, has high oxygen consumption. A significant difference between the heart and the brain is, however, in the sensitivity of the cells: While brain cells die first in anoxia (brain death)muscle fibers last at long last (their death culminates in so-called "total death of the organism). Heart fibers do not deny their muscular origin, and they can not survive for a long time without oxygen. If a heart stroke does not lead to immediate death by a heart attack, for up to 2 hours, recovery of the blood supply in the infarcted area (eg by surgical intervention) can achieve full recovery without consequences. Otherwise, the affected part of the heart will die. The rule is that if a patient with a heart attack survives the first few tens of hours, he has a great chance of survival and recovery. Infarction is healed with scar, and the remaining cardiac muscle loss, as far as possible, compensates for hypertrophy.
Protective effect of adaptogens in stroke
Sudden vascular stroke (stroke) comes not just from nothing. It is a consequence of civilization diseases ( atherosclerosis , high blood pressure , diabetes ...) whose progress can be slowed by a more natural lifestyle and the use of natural medicines - adapters. In addition to prevention, some adaptogens are widely used in the treatment of acute strokes. The neuroprotective effects of adaptogens are used in cerebral stroke, and in their recovery, their regenerative effects on the vessels and the healing and convalescence effects themselves .
Prevention and convalescence
In stroke prevention and convalescence, adaptogens can not be ignored ( Liu2011cat , Bu2010neh ). The two major types of stroke are infarction (artery blockage) and haemorrhagic stroke (cracked artery bleeding) . Since heart attacks are most often caused by thrombotic atherosclerosis, prevention of heart attacks is mainly in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Prevention of hemorrhagic events is associated with the prevention of elevated blood pressure . The ability to slow the progression of atherosclerosis was found in ginseng ( He2007peg , Xu2011egr , Li2011gpc , etc.), notoginsengu (Liu2010pns , Joo2010isp , Liu2009tpn etc.), Rhodiola ( Zhang2006msc , Zhang2012sda ) and sedoulku Japanese ( Zhang2011mdi ). You can read more about the prevention of atherosclerosis here . In short, dietary cholesterol is no longer a scourge, so butter and eggs are healthy again ( Fernandez2012rdc , Trapani2012rdc ), vitamins and antioxidants are slightly losing their gloss , exaggerated workouts can hurt ( Meeusen2013pdt), the usual recommendations are coming. Thickness (mainly abdominal fat) and smoking are clearly harmful. Abdominal fat in excessive amounts increases the overall susceptibility of the organism to inflammation ( Mangge2013afs , Bertin2010off , Winer2014loa ) and hence atherosclerosis. Smoking and nicotine damage vessels, increases the risk of high blood pressure and atherosclerosis, although nicotine itself is slightly nootropic ( Meguro1994nic , Hiramatsu1994nen ). Alcohol today, according to science, is less harmful than 20 years ago, and in small doses it can be beneficial ( Okeefe2014ach ). This is related to the prevention of stress that exacerbates hypertension and hypertensionimmune health . Even their effects against mental stress can adaptogens to contribute to stroke prevention.
Adaptogens with a stroke protective effect
Genuine Genesis: The ginseng saponins - panaxosides - are the ginseng- protective effect of ginseng as well as ginseng's notoginseng in cerebral and heart strokes . Ginseng protects against stroke in two main ways:
- Improving blood supply.
- Protect cells from dying.
The immediate protective effect of ginseng from the stroke is well explored today ( Karmazyn2011tpg , Zhou2014grp , Ye2013gra , Gao1992eps , Ning2012pnp , etc.). It is not clear, however, whether vascular expansion ( Yi2010tgi , Kim2006seg , Lim2013gai ) or anticoagulant effect ( Jin2007aaa , Yu2006aaa , Yun2001ekr ) , or protection of the affected cells from cell death ( Radad2011gtc , Varjas2009cep , Ye2013gra ,Sakanaka2007iid ), or perhaps harmful effect of local inflammation ( Chamorro2012ias ), which may at the stroke wreak more damage than the actual lack kyslíku.Ženšenové panaxosidy this inflammation absorbs and protects surviving cells from unnecessary further damage ( Zhu2009grp , Zhu2012sli , Han2013eai , Park2004grr , Park2012amc , Chu1990app and others). For cases of acute stroke, doctors of ginseng are available in the form of injections with standardized panaxoside content - for example, shen-mai injection ( Lu2014aos ), shin -fu injection ( Zhu2013esietc.). However, these injections are little known in the Western Hemisphere, our medicine for acute heart stroke is high recommended by aspirin acting on similar biochemical pathways as panaxosides.
Overall, it is best to use long-term low-to-moderate doses of ginseng or possibly other effective adapters for stroke patients . This will not only help in prevention and convalescence, but will also protect to a certain extent if the stroke still occurs. The specific prescription and dosage must choose a doctor or a TCM doctor. In the convalescence after the stroke, the healing and regenerative effects of ginseng ( Ahn2011rge ) and its effect on fibrosis (exaggerated scarring) of the heart muscle after the heart attack ( Zhang2013grp ) will be applied. Ginseng is harmless and safe .
- The pink rosette has an effect against arrhythmia and can thus save life (cardiac stroke ) ( Maslov2009aap ). The majority glycoside salidroside from the stomach in the stroke protects the neurons ( Shi2012nes ).
- Red-eyed sage protects against stroke ( Lin2012pdc , Lee2013net ) and is traditionally used in combination with ginseng ( Gong2013spe ) in this indication .
- Proponents of herbal medicine recommend Baikal Shihak to prevent and treat the stroke . Like ginseng , the shingles have significant neuroprotective effects demonstrated in brain ischemia models ( Gaire2014sbs ). His protective effect has been documented on hippocampal memory center neurons ( Lim2016asb ). It protects the myocardium in the heart stroke ( Lai2016brl , Chen2014bac , Zhao2016ceb ) and the oxidative load ( Cui2015cba ), which is the heart exposed, for example, during exercise. Its flavonoid bajcalin protects the myocardium by inducing NO synthase ( Shen2014bpc ).
- Other combinations of herbs to protect vessels eg. Safflower ( Han2013eai ) puerarie Thunbergova alias kudzu ( Woo2013cpe ), Schisandra Chinese ( Chen2013bes ) milkvetch membranous ( Liu2016etc ) and others.
We should also not forget ordinary, non-exotic plants underestimated as mere vegetables and spices. There are valuable medicinal plants among them, which became so frequent in use until we began to think that the mandatory "eating of vegetables" could be done with cabbage and ice salad. Today we are returning to the wild and forgotten vegetables - the exotic adaptogens that have disappeared from our tradition. Parsnips , rutabaga , turnips , snake Mord , extinct species česnků ( Garlic , garlic chives , wild garlic , Allium Stipitatum ...) and bulbs ( onion , leek garden ...)coriander , excellent purslane , nettles , plants of the mint family miraculous, mint ( peppermint and Chinese ), sage ( white , červenokořenná , divinorum , Hispanic , shrub , medical , malolistá ...), Marrubium , catmint , Černohlávek , basil true and sacred basil (Indian adaptogen tulles) , alfalfa , soybean , lentilsand other peppercorns, cress , neutering pups (related to the classic Bieberstein puppy adaptogen ), artichokes , asparagus , dandelion , chicory , root and young shoots of burdock all contribute to vascular health important for stroke prevention.
Finally, a bead: a medical leech . Its use must be managed by a doctor because it can only be used for heart stroke. (when bleeding in the brain, we will get a good leech.) In the case of malignant myocardial infarction, which is manifested by severe heart or chest pain (angina pectoris) and which does not cost surgery for doctors, the sputum enzymes can dissolve blood clots while diluting the blood vessels more thoroughly , than some heparin. If we were in the 19th century, I would recommend leech in these cases to all ten. But in the 21st century I would recommend the leech only for those who are interested in the prevention of atherosclerosis, and in the case of myocardial infarction, I would prefer straight-cleaned hirudin and other leech enzymes that are wondrous in the hands of the doctor. | <urn:uuid:ba0eac64-c487-46d9-b81c-b20a889cf5e5> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://adaptogens.com/c-711.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056120.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918002951-20210918032951-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.881556 | 2,822 | 3 | 3 |
Natural menopause occurs when you have had no menstrual periods for at least one year without being pregnant. Menopause occurring after surgical removal of the ovaries, or damage to the ovaries by medical treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation, is called induced menopause. The perimenopause is the transitional period lasting up to ten years from having normal menstrual periods to no periods at all. During this transition, you may experience no symptoms at all or some combination of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and menopausal symptoms. Because most women experience menopause between the ages of 45 and 55, at an average age of 51, perimenopausal symptoms typically begin occurring throughout the 40's. You can expect to experience menopause at about the same time as your mother or older sisters unless you have certain chronic conditions or health habits that promote early menopause. These conditions include taking corticosteroid medications, smoking, or having an autoimmune or motor neuron disease.
What are Some Common Perimenopausal Changes?
The most common changes occurring during the perimenopause are:
- Reduced fertility
- Hot flashes
- Urinary and genital changes
- Infections, particularly bladder, vaginal, and skin
- Changes in sexual function
- Changes in menstrual periods
- Mood swings
Women's fertility begins to decrease at about age 37, mainly due to aging eggs. The risk of spontaneous miscarriage increases to about 50 percent by age 45. The risk of chromosomal abnormality in the fetus increases with each year to 1 in 40 by age 45. Women in their 40s tend to have more pregnancy complications such as premature labor, stillbirth, and delivery by caesarean section. The risk of such pregnancy complications is already higher in many women with disabilities. If you do not wish to get pregnant during the perimenopause, please be sure to continue using contraception, as pregnancy is still possible until complete menopause is reached.
Hot Flashes and Night Sweats
About two-thirds of all women have hot flashes, the most common symptom during the perimenopause. A hot flash or flush consists of a sudden hot feeling in the face, neck, and chest, blushing, faster pulse, and sometimes perspiration, often followed by a chill, lasting from three to six minutes. The most common duration of hot flashes is three to five years. Hot flashes that occur with heavy perspiration during sleep are called night sweats. Night sweats and hot flashes may interfere with sleep, as can falling estrogen levels alone. Inadequate sleep in turn triggers irritability and fatigue. Environmental conditions that may trigger hot flashes include:
- Hot drinks
- Hot or spicy foods
- Warm environment
Avoiding these conditions as much as possible will help reduce the number and severity of hot flashes.
Hot flashes may be worse for women with neurological disabilities such as SCI and MS due to preexisting vasomotor instability, also in women with joint and connective tissue diseases who take corticosteroid medications. However, all flushing is not necessarily menopausal in women with disabilities; it may be neurological in origin. The presence of other perimenopausal symptoms may help distinguish hot flashes from neurological flushing that will not respond to estrogen replacement therapy.
Urinary and Genital Changes
As a result of natural decreases in estrogen, the tissues of the vulva (outer genital area) and the lining of the vagina become thin, dry, and more alkaline, making them more prone to injury. Atrophic vaginitis, which is vaginal inflammation, not an infection, may result. You may notice redness, itching, irritation, and discharge. These symptoms should be examined by a physician to rule out other causes such as infection. Regular sexual activity will help prevent vaginal atrophy. Without treatment, this condition can cause painful vaginal ulcers that make sexual intercourse impossible. Vaginal lubricants may help mild cases, but prescription estrogen is the most effective for restoring the thickness and elasticity of vaginal tissues. A daily diet rich in soy foods may help reduce vaginal discomfort in a few weeks.
Urinary problems may occur when the lining of the urethra also becomes thin and the surrounding pelvic muscles weaken. More frequent urination, urgency when the bladder is not full, frequent nighttime urination, incontinence, and painful urination may result. If you already have some of these problems due to having a neurogenic bladder, they may become more severe with menopause. Smoking, drinking alcohol or caffeine, bladder infections, weakening of the pelvic muscles and ligaments due to previous childbirth or natural aging, and taking diuretics and some tranquilizers may also increase incontinence. As many as 40 percent of women aged 45-64 have urinary incontinence. Bladder studies by a urologist may be needed to determine the exact cause. Estrogen pills, patches, and vaginal preparations improve incontinence for 40-70 percent of women. Surgery may be needed to correct anatomical defects.
Women with mobility impairments, particularly due to MS and SCI, already have a high frequency of bladder infections. Taking antibiotics often in turn causes more vaginal yeast infections. Menopause increases the risk of infections by increasing the vaginal pH so that it is less acidic.
Changes in Sexual Function
Most women surveyed report that they experienced no changes or improvements in their sexual relationships with menopause. Many women remain sexually active even when very old. However, low hormone levels in midlife may lead to reduced sexual desire, or painful intercourse due to vaginal thinning, dryness, narrowing, and shortening. These conditions are often worse in women with disabilities. Women's sexual activity and interest during midlife may also be influenced by:
- Not enjoying sex while younger
- Body image
- Urinary incontinence
- Irritability due to sleep disturbance
- Medications for high blood pressure or depression that reduce sexual desire
Women with disabilities who accept changes in physical appearance such as sagging breasts and abdomen, wrinkles, and grey hair in addition to disability-related changes will feel more comfortable being with a partner. After surgery to remove a breast or the uterus, women may avoid sexual activity because they feel unattractive.
Women with reduced sex drive may benefit from testosterone replacement, which greatly diminishes at menopause. Before menopause, testosterone is produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands; only adrenal production continues after menopause. Androgens such as testosterone are important for maintaining sex drive and bone density. If you have rheumatoid arthritis, testosterone may decrease your disease activity. Testosterone ESTRATEST may be prescribed, which combines estrogen and testosterone. Taking too much testosterone without estrogen may deepen the voice, cause baldness or facial hair, or increase muscle mass.
Changes in Menstrual Periods
During the perimenopause, the frequency of ovulation (egg release) decreases and hormone secretion by the ovaries becomes erratic. As a result, most women experience irregularities in their menstrual periods. It's a good idea to keep a record of the dates your periods start and stop, the amount of flow, blood clots, and pain. This record will help your health care provider distinguish what's normal from what's abnormal for you. Remember that every woman's cycle is different. Changes may include:
- Heavier bleeding
- Lighter bleeding
- Bleeding lasting fewer days than usual
- Skipped periods
- Cycle shorter than 28 days
- Cycle longer than 28 days
When Should You Be Concerned That Perimenopausal Bleeding May Not Be Normal?
Any trend toward increased bleeding should be checked by your health care provider. In particular, any of the following changes may signify abnormal bleeding:
- Very heavy bleeding that gushes, often with a lot of blood clots; needing to change menstrual products every hour; needing 8-10 super napkins or tampons daily
- Bleeding after intercourse
- Spotting between periods
- Continuous bleeding lasting more than two weeks
- Less than two weeks between periods of bleeding
Following are possible causes of these abnormal menstrual changes.
Fibroids, noncancerous growths in or around the uterus, can produce more bleeding or more frequent periods, as well as menstrual cramps, back pain, difficulty with bowel movements or urination, or pain during intercourse. Abnormal bleeding may be the only sign of possible fibroids for women with impaired sensation.
Hyperplasia (excess growth) of the uterine lining or noncancerous polyps on the lining can increase bleeding.
Cancer of the uterus, vagina, or cervix can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding. These serious diseases can be screened out by regular pelvic exams and Pap smears.
Severe hormone imbalance between estrogen and progesterone secretion, usually too much estrogen with little progesterone, can cause heavy bleeding as often as daily.
Hypothyroidism may produce very heavy menstrual bleeding. This condition often accompanies fibromyalgia or other autoimmune disease.
Contraceptive devices such as an IUD, the Pill, the Norplant implant, or Depo-Provera shots sometimes cause breakthrough bleeding between periods. However, birth control pills are often prescribed to stop irregular bleeding by reestablishing a regular, predictable, menstrual cycle.
If your health care provider decides that your perimenopausal bleeding is abnormal, there are several procedures that can determine the cause. These include endometrial biopsy, D&C, hysteroscopy, or transvaginal ultrasound. If your health care provider orders one of these procedures, you can find out more about it in the Menopause Guidebook by the North American Menopause Society.
Other causes of abnormal menstrual bleeding may be related to your disability. Women on long-term corticosteroid therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, lung disorders, or other chronic conditions often have hormone imbalances with irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding. After spinal cord injury, menstruation may cease from a few months to more than a year, sometimes permanently if the woman is near menopause.
What Are the Treatment Options for Abnormal Perimenopausal Bleeding?
The perimenopausal period is the most vulnerable time for hysterectomy, the surgical removal of the uterus. However, hysterectomy should seldom be the first treatment choice for abnormal bleeding. Depending on the cause of abnormal uterine bleeding, treatment options include:
Nutritional supplements. If you have more bleeding than usual, take an iron supplement to prevent anemia. If you are feeling more tired than usual or having more frequent headaches, anemia may be the cause. Although dietary sources of iron alone will not be sufficient, increasing your intake of iron-rich foods such as beef, beans, and nuts will help. Taking grape seed capsules, 1,000 - 2,000 mg daily, may help decrease the amount of menstrual flow if capillary fragility is a cause.
Hormonal medication. Your health care provider may prescribe a low-dose birth control pill or progestin to regulate heavy, long menstrual periods. Some perimenopausal women have benefitted from applying a natural progesterone cream to their skin during the two weeks before menstruation but some gynecologists disapprove of this option because the amount of progesterone actually absorbed is unknown. Other prescription hormonal drugs may be used for short-term treatment.
Surgery. There are several different kinds of surgical procedures that can be used to remove fibroids or to destroy the uterine lining. The decision to remove fibroids surgically, and the surgical technique selected, depends on their location, number, and size, as well as whether the woman wishes to have more children. In the past, a D&C was often done to diagnose and treat abnormal bleeding. However, D&C was seldom effective. Today, this procedure is considered obsolete. If your health care provider suggests doing a D&C, or suggests hysterectomy before trying other options, get a second opinion. If a hysterectomy is necessary, a woman usually will not go through menopause unless the ovaries as well as the uterus are removed. However, removing the uterus alone may trigger menopause in older women. Young women may experience hot flashes and night sweats temporarily until the ovaries resume normal functioning. These women will still eventually go through the perimenopause, but without irregular periods to warn them of its approach. Menopause is immediate if the ovaries are also removed. To find out more about surgical techniques, see Surgical or Induced Menopause on the website of the North American Menopause Society.
The folklore surrounding menopause dictates that menopausal women are moody and irritable. Many experts believe now that menopausal moodiness may be due more to sleeplessness and poor sleep caused by hot flashes and night sweats than to estrogen deficits per se. However, many women have reported an increased feeling of well-being after replacing estrogen. Estrogen can have an antidepressant effect due to its effect on brain neurotransmitters. Midlife stress may coincide with menopause and lead to depression and anxiety.
In addition, women with mobility impairments may have increased problems during the perimenopause with:
- Skin breakdown
- Bladder spasms
- Urinary dysfunction
- Autonomic nervous system dysfunction, including autonomic dysreflexia
- Intolerance to heat
- Poor circulation
- Decreased physical functioning
- Accelerated progress of chronic disease | <urn:uuid:cd3c8815-c81a-4b04-98db-99b16f90516b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.bcm.edu/research/centers/research-on-women-with-disabilities/topics/sexuality-and-reproductive-health/menopause | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589892.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717183929-20180717203929-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.928435 | 2,781 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Welcome to the Sustainable School Design Topic Hub™, a guide to basic information with links to additional on-line resources.
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This section contains information on the nature of the problem and reasons for focusing on sustainable school design and its contributions to preventing pollution.
This section addresses the big issues of construction and retrofitting, siting and commissioning, and actual design of new and remodeled schools.
This section identifies stewardship strategies that reduce pollution for both new and established schools.
This section details best sustainable design components for schools that includes lighting, acoustics, air quality and requirements for students and school staff to create a healthy and safe learning environment.
This section will identify schools and school districts that are setting examples in sustainable school design as well as retrofitting older buildings.
Glossary of Terms
Terms commonly used in both sustainability and pollution prevention are defined.
This section focuses on teacher training, curricula, college and graduate level programs, community outreach, student-led community projects and admistrator education.
This section lists key individuals and organizations able to assist with questions related to pollution prevention and sustainable school design. Additional contacts are available in the GLRPPR Contacts Database.
This section acknowledges contributions of pollution prevention experts to this topic hub.
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Lists all resources cataloged in this hub. If you know of resources relating to this topic, please let us know. We will review all suggestions and include them in the hub if they provide non-biased information not currently covered.
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A robust heart in the middle age may help extend your lifespan by a maximum of 14 years, than peers who have two or more cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, says a study.
"We found that many people develop cardiovascular disease as they live into old age, but those with optimal risk factor levels live disease-free longer," said John T. Wilkins, study co-author and assistant professor of medicine and cardiology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
Researchers extracted data from five different cohorts included in the Cardiovascular Lifetime Risk Pooling Project and looked at the participants' risk of all forms of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease from ages 45, 55 and 65 through 95 years of age, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) reported.
All participants were free of CVD at entry into the study and data on the following risk factors was collected: blood pressure, total cholesterol, diabetes and smoking status, according to a Northwestern statement.
The primary outcome measure for the study was any CVD event (including fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease, all forms of stroke, congestive heart failure, and other CVD deaths). | <urn:uuid:db53d372-d435-4edf-baa0-00ff522f2b47> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.prokerala.com/news/archive/articles/a341532.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997888216.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025808-00154-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949543 | 241 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Subject: Water - drinking cold water instead of hot to aid in weight loss.
Date: Tue Feb 20 09:23:43 2001
Posted by Brenda
Grade level: 7-9
School: Sunderland Public School
City: Sunderland State/Province: Ontario
Area of science: Biochemistry
I am a 12 year old female. I am attending TOPS (eating sensibly to held loose
weight). I was told that drinking 4 cups of COLD water 1/2 hour before
breakfast and lunch and 4 cups COLD water 1 hour before dinner better aided in
weight loss RATHER THAN drinking HOT water. Why does cold water aid in loosing
weight rather than hot water?
Re: Water - drinking cold water instead of hot to aid in weight loss.
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Borderlands is a brave collection of various writings by Gloria Anzaldua which symbolize the hardships she has endured in her life, particularly in the area of Texas along the Rio Grande where she was raised. Throughout this book, Anzaldua condemns many aspects of her culture, including the sexism among the Chicano/as, as well as rape and violence among other aspects. She criticizes the acceptance of this darkness, in the form of silence, by the women in her culture, and emphasizes the point that she valiantly did not conform to her culture, and that she
"want(ed) the freedom to carve and chisel (my) own face." (p. 44)
Despite all that she condemns, Gloria Anzaldua strives to preserve her culture and her roots, including their various languages and the knowledge of their ancestry, including "Indians," by which she is referring to Native Americans in today's language. It almost appears hypocritical considering the poems and writings describing the pain and violence, sexism and racism and homophobia in the region between Mexico and the US. The ties that Gloria Anzaldua feels to her culture and her interest in preserving and educating about her culture are self-justified. Anzaldua writes, "I feel perfectly free to rebel and to rail against my culture. I fear no betrayal on my part, because, unlike Chicanas and other women of color who grew up white or who have only recently returned to their native cultural roots, I was totally immersed in mine." (p.43)
This is likely a familiar feeling to many- we can say something negative about ourselves like, "Wow, I sure have gotten plump after having some kids," but if an old friend from high school said the same, it would be received as rude or hurtful. Gloria Anzaldua feels so strongly tied to her culture, and clearly knows it so well as illustrated in her writing, that she is her culture and she can speak freely about herself.
Part of the freedom that she expresses in her writing is the style she uses. Jumping from Spanish to English is unique and not limited by borders such as chapters or specific poems. She intermingles tongues freely throughout the text and I wouldn't hesitate to assume it goes deeper than the two languages noted above. Though I am not familiar enough with the various dialects that Anzaldua associates herself with, (Standard English, working class and slang English, Standard Spanish, Standard Mexican Spanish, North Mexican Spanish dialect, Chicano Spanish, Tex-Mex, and Pachuco,) (p. 77)I would assume that they are all interspersed in her writing, as she is writing as she pleases, sans limitation. Anzaldua is writing honestly and openly about herself and her culture, and in that altering the cultural map while freeing herself.
An important theme which rises again and again throughout her writing is the abuse and the alteration of her cultural and geographic maps at the hand of Anglos/whites. She refers a few times to the unfounded cruelty inflicted on her and her classmates at the hand of white school teachers, and it is further evidence that the difficulties in her life extended far beyond the borders of the ranches where she lived, even into a school setting where teachers should be protecting and helping the children. Instead, the Chicanos/as are punished for being themselves, but clearly have not suppressed Anzaldua from growing into a woman who "survive(d) the borderlands" and "live(d) sin fronteras." (p.217) The reader is invited into the past, as well as the present, to see how Anzaldua has been harmed and how these serpents continue to re-visit her throughout her life; they are her. Nevertheless, she is going to draw attention to this culture in hopes of preserving it, but allow someone who is non conforming to it, such as herself, to be a part of it.
Recently, on the Baltimore news, there was a rally to stop the frequent murders in the city. Often young black men are the targets for the ruthless and mindless loss of life. Instead of drawing thousands, as was hoped, the rally drew dozens, hopefully not symbolizing that our local culture is not ready to join together to stop these horrid occurances.
Marvin "Doc" Cheatham has nearly quit being the leader of Baltimore's NAACP chapter. When one views the disappointment of such low attendance at a rally of such high importance on the local news, it is easy to see why the leader may be discouraged. However, he has not given up for his race, and he carries on with his mission. This reminded me of Anzaldua and how she carried on to preserve her culture, though there were many devastating aspects of it. She became a teacher to young Chicano/as, just as Cheatham tries to educate Baltimoreans. | <urn:uuid:676a4624-e95d-4099-a13f-4d7153ede126> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://signifytrue.blogspot.com/2009/02/kimberlys-literary-analysis-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189474.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00228-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980503 | 1,023 | 2.734375 | 3 |
PROVO, Utah (ABC4) – The science team at Brigham Young University (BYU) is finally where no Cougar has gone before, with a camera.
“Spacecraft Selfie Cam” is the nickname of BYU’s tiny cube satellites, “CubeSats” for short.
The school’s science team has made history with the tiny 6-inch space probes. For the first time, satellites designed in Provo have been successfully deployed in space.
David G. Long, Professor, Electrical and Computer in the engineering department and the Director for BYU’s Center for Remote Sensing, lead the team of scientists and students.
He is also the person given credit for “Spacecraft Selfie Cam.” The CubeSats look like a tiny square with cameras on each side.
BYU is part of a NASA project where the directive is, “The PICs mission will demonstrate low-risk, low-cost, spacecraft inspection by a passive, fly-away probe.”
What does it mean? The satellites are designed to take pictures of other satellites, and that’s how they got the name “Spacecraft Selfie Cam” If you watch science fiction movies, you have seen the probes portrayed hundreds of times in many ways. Essentially the probes fly out into space from the spacecraft and inspect for damage. Only BYU’s little probes are real.
ABC4 reported preparation for the mission, which took 60 students over five years to get ready
On January 17, 2021, Virgin Orbit deployed a rocket successfully into space, and the Cougars tiny CubeSats were on the flight.
Virgin Orbit’s launch sequence is different than others. Their rocket is hauled into the sky from the Mojave Space Port and flown out over the ocean by a 747 nickname “Cosmic Girl.”
This launch, they flew to fifty miles south of the California Channel Islands, then at 35,000 feet (6.6 miles), the rocket is dropped off the airplane’s wing, ignites, and streaks into outer space.
The mission was also the first time Virgin Orbit has launched successfully, they deployed 10 satellites, and 2 of them were from BYU.
Patrick Walton, a BYU graduate student, said in the school’s video release, “They are only the third company to successfully put a rocket into orbit, and we were on that flight, so we’re feeling really good about that.”
Getting to space is just part of the action. Once in space, the CubeSats have to be deployed. This time separation into space went exactly as planned.
The CubeSats were deployed by what can only be described as a giant spring loaded Pez-dispenser. It opens, and they are popped out into space like little space darts.
Then they had to wake up, and started to work.
Walton exclaimed, “They said we’re now in space, and I was just ecstatic. It’s been years that I wanted to work on Space technology, and now I finally have something in space!”
Dr. Long said, “Have you ever seen Star Wars? The pod race? When they (Virgin Orbit) told us they had seen the camera flashes, I felt like Anakin Skywalker when the pods finally fired up and aligned so he could race.”
You can see the camera flash in space in this video
It didn’t go completely perfect; the Cougar scientists faced unexpected adversity. After all that work, the CubeSats were not in an orbit where they could not talk to the BYU team on the ground at the school.
The team tried to reroute the conduits; they realized the satellites would be flying over the Salt Flats. The team raced out there in the middle of the night to communicate with the spacecraft and couldn’t do it with a laptop and a car.
But not all is lost.
The slightly rogue probes will come into alignment in the coming weeks and the BYU team will be ready to download the pictures, so stand by, the pictures are coming.
“Cougars in Space” will continue… | <urn:uuid:d60301d0-d790-48ce-aaa1-2adb5159486d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.abc4.com/news/wasatch-front/byus-spacecraft-selfie-cams-reach-space-history-making-cube-satellites-deployed/?ipid=promo-link-block2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104209449.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703013155-20220703043155-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.966544 | 881 | 2.828125 | 3 |
There are a few patches of Western European broadleaf forest ecosystems on the western fringes of the areas occupied by the Early Medieval Slavic-speaking communities, in Austria, Czech Republic (Bohemian Massif), western Germany (Central German Uplands, Bavarian Plateau) and adjacent areas. It is essentially composed of lowland and alti-montane beech and mixed beech forests It also includes small areas of sub-Mediterranean and meso-supra-Mediterranean downy oak forests and mixed oak hornbeam forests. This ecoregion hosts a good variety of animal species, birds in particular, and formerly a range of larger mammals.
|Beech forest, Vtáčnik, Slovakia (Wikipedia)|
|Broadleaf forest (naturepl.com)|
|Map of distribution of W. European Broadleaf Forest (Encyclopedia of the Earth)|
Globalspecies.org Google map of the western European Broadleaf forests | <urn:uuid:4b67aa4d-60f0-49be-aee4-b9b7ceccec98> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://slaviclandscape.blogspot.com/2012/12/western-european-broadleaf-forests-6.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612013.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529034049-20170529054049-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.893043 | 199 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Few places on Earth inspire the mind and spirit like South Asia. This region, which contains countries such as Afghanistan, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka, is one of the most travelled regions in the world, due largely to the lavish cultural and religious heritage these countries have. Tourism in the area experienced a golden age during the 1960s when the region (especially India) became an extremely popular destination for poorer backpackers. Due to the advent of aeroplanes, travel was becoming possible for younger travellers, and South Asia was one of the most visited destinations by these early backpackers. Even today, the region enjoys popularity amongst those travellers looking for adventures. Fortunately, conditions have improved, so even if you’re looking for a more comfortable stay, South Asia has something to offer.
For the historically minded, South Asia is a wonderland, home to the ancestors of humans for at least 500,000 years. Although these early settlers left few traces, ruins dating back to the golden years of the Bronze Age are common in these areas. The region would also play a major role in the Age of Exploration. The British East India Company effectively owned much of South Asia during the 1800s, centring their operations in India and Pakistan. Although the region is now independent of British control, the European influence can still be felt in much of South Asia. However, the region’s traditional heritage still stands strong, and South Asia’s culture remains fixated on its Hindu, Islamic, and Buddhist roots. Today, South Asia and particularly India is one of the most populated regions in the world. The constant mixture of travellers, residents, and cultures lends the region a vibe like no other. If you have the means, South Asia is definitely worth investigating.
South Asia Highlights
Mountaineering and Hiking
If you’re the type of traveller that seeks beautiful vistas and unspoiled land, you’re in luck. The mountainous ranges in the northern parts of South Asia are some of the most beautiful in existence. One of the most famous peaks in the region is Noshaq, which stands on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The daunting peak is not for the faint of heart, and to date only one winter summit has ever occurred. Even if you’re not up for Noshaq, there are a number of easier mountains in the Hindu Kush Range that offered a glimpse into one of the most unique landscapes on planet Earth. Furthermore, the entire northern region of South Asia sits in the Himalayan Mountain Range, the tallest in the world.
Indian Backpack Trail
Maybe nature just isn’t your thing. That’s perfectly acceptable, as South Asia also boasts some of the most lively cities around. In particular, the major cities in India such as New Dheli and Mumbai are just bustling with life, seemingly bursting at the seems with art and music and great cuisine. It’s quite an experience. If you’re looking for something a bit less busy, check out Goa. The city is famous for being the destination of the hippies and backpackers of the 60’s and 70’s, and the high degree of mixture of Eastern and Western cultures makes this city very unique.
Southern Asian Food
The cuisine of South Asia is quite flavourful, with most dishes seasoned by the wide variety of locally grown spices. Many of the foods that originated in this reason enjoy global popularity, such as curry. Many of the coastal regions of South Asia are dependent on the sea for the food, and fish is a staple food of the region. Throughout the region, rice is eaten quite commonly, and travelers are virtually guaranteed to taste some delicious twists on this grain.
Wildlife of Southern Asia
As previously mentioned, the mountain ranges of South Asia are a hotbed for natural and wildlife activity. However, it’s also worth mentioning the Sundarbans, the mangrove forests in southern Bangladesh. While this area has recently come under threat due to the restructuring of the Bangladeshi energy grid, it still stands as one of the most unique ecosystems known to man. If you find yourself in northern India or Bangladesh, the Sundarbans are without a doubt one of the most exhilarating natural wonders around. There are also many other areas with an abundance of wildlife, from the biggest cats in the world to incredible deers, birds and marine life. Interestingly, the wildlife of South Asia includes their very own version of Africa’s Big 5, including Snow Leopards, Wild Water Buffalo and Asiatic Lions; If you’re a wildlife enthusiast, South Asia must be on your bucket list. | <urn:uuid:6619f038-ad68-412f-8c28-6bdc0274ea4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.textbooktravel.com/asia/south-asia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710900.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202082526-20221202112526-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.952182 | 960 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Kick Butts Day
Kick Butts Day is a day of activism that empowers youth to stand out, speak up, and take back control from Big Tobacco. To find out more about Kick Butts Day, visit: www.kickbuttsday.org. If you want to take on a Kick Butts Day activity, let us know at HS@gallatin.mt.gov.
Kick Butts Day, 2017
There is no activism like SNO-activism!
As part of Kick Butts Day, the Leadership students at Monforton School (Bozeman) hosted an All Rural School dance. This year, students used the dance to raise awareness of tobacco issues and garner support for Tobacco Free Parks.
To get the buzz started, they created a “Snow Activism” message before the dance. It was a perfect awareness activity, getting students in the school talking about it and asking, “Why does it say that?” What a great way to get students interested!
During the dance, students were asked to complete the statement, “I am not a replacement, I am____,” featuring their personal interests and aspirations.
Students also signed a pledge to keep Bozeman breathing easy by raising awareness about the harmful effects tobacco has on both health and the environment.
Find out more about Montana’s teen-led movement against Big Tobacco at www.reactmt.com. #reACT #NotAReplacement
Kick Butts Day, 2016
Check out a past example of Kick Butts Day activities where 7th graders from Monforton School spent part of an afternoon picking up cigarette butts from Kirk Park in Bozeman. Click here to learn more…
Want to join the fun?
Red Ribbon Week Door Decorating Contest
YOLO. Be Drug Free
“You Only Live Once. Be Drug Free.” was the theme of this year’s Red Ribbon Week, October 23-31, 2016. Red Ribbon Week encourages communities to educate youth and participate in drug prevention activities. Students at Monforton School took the challenge and held a door decorating contest outside of their classrooms.
First place winners were Miss Martin’s class:
7th grade participants came in second:
Third place went to 6th graders in Mrs. Schreuder’s class:
Red Ribbon Campaign™ is sponsored by the National Family Partnership, a national leader in drug prevention and education advocacy. For more information, go to http://redribbon.org/.
Each year in October, Gallatin County youth are invited to compete in a door decorating contest for Red Ribbon Week. Please see contest details here.
Check out past examples of winning entries.
Local Teens Advocate for Tobacco-Free Parks
Monforton Middle School’s Leadership Class understands the environmental, social, and health complications caused by tobacco use, and want to create a healthier community by advocating for a tobacco-free parks policy. Not only would tobacco-free parks protect the environment, they would encourage healthy choices among youth, and support those who have made the difficult decision to quit.
“We will change the parks so our friends aren’t influenced to start” says Marley Davis, a 7th grader at Monforton School. In Montana, over 1,600 residents (the population of Three Forks) die each year due to their own smoking. If tobacco use continues at the current rate, over 19,000 Montana kids, who are now under age 18, will ultimately die prematurely from smoking.
Please support their initiative by completing their short survey and signing the petition for tobacco-free parks.
Check out their presentation they shared with Bozeman Parks and Recreation Staff
Celebration on the Hill
Celebration on the Hill is an opportunity for Montana teens to educate legislators in the state of Montana about the deadly consequences of tobacco use and Corporate Tobacco’s practices targeting youth. Teens travel to the Montana Legislature in Helena, MT to learn more about the problems related to tobacco in our state, and the legislative process for tackling these issues. Students learn how to speak with legislators, and then later have the opportunity to sit down with their local legislators and educate/influence their decision making. This is a fantastic opportunity for students interested in leadership development, or youth with a passion for making significant change in the health of their community.
#reACT is Montana’s teen-led movement to protect our generation’s health and freedom from tobacco.
“Students are tremendously loyal. If you catch them, they’ll stick with you like glue.” -Memo from Phillip Morris Tobacco
Corporate tobacco spends millions of $$$ in Montana to target teens. They advertise where teens shop most; convenience stores. Below are images of industry advertising in Gallatin County retail stores. To learn more about Corporate Tobacco’s advertising strategies and solutions check out the Montana Tobacco Retail Mapper.(http://dphhs.mt.gov/Portals/85/Documents/MTUPPapp/index.html).
Don’t vape, wear a cape!
Students at Sacajawea Middle School created a campaign to raise awareness of the dangers of vaping.
Belgrade High School Students Speak Out Against Tobacco Use | <urn:uuid:891362e5-eecc-4b8f-b878-93a8f07a2240> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://healthygallatin.org/diseases-conditions/tobacco-use-and-prevention-2/activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.933319 | 1,101 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Indian activists are gearing up to fight a planned oil pipeline that would cross the Leech Lake Reservation in northern Minnesota.
The 6-inch diameter pipeline, to be built by Enbridge Energy, would run almost 1,000 miles from Alberta, Canada, to Superior, Wis. Dubbed the Alberta Clipper, the pipeline would cut diagonally across northern Minnesota. The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission has approved the route for the pipeline project.
The Leech Lake Tribal Council has agreed to allow it to cross their reservation, in exchange for a $10 million payment from Enbridge Energy.
But some tribal members are collecting signatures hoping to put the
matter to a vote in attempt to block the deal, saying they are worried
about the potential for oil leaks. They say some of the pipes that have
been in the ground for 50 years or more and are getting rusty.
Enbridge Energy spokeswoman Denise Hamsher says any rust spots on the surface don’t threaten the integrity of the pipes.
In addition to the Indian activists’opposition, several environmental
groups have taken the project to court. They say taking oil from the
tar sands in Canada is too environmentally destructive. They say the
large pipeline would contribute significantly to global warming – not
so much from the oil itself, but for how the oil is extracted in
Canada. The oil comes from tar sands, which are considered a process
that is damaging to the enviroment on mutiple levels.
According to activists, one barrel of tar sands oil requires between 2
and 4 barrels of water and two tons of tar sands scraped from below
the surface, creating two barrels of toxic waste for one barrel of oil.
Tar sands producers also burns 600 million cubic feet of natural gas to
produce tar sands oil, enough natural gas to heat 3 million homes.
Opponents say that comunities are also at risk to exposure to oil
spills. Between 1992 and January 2008, the project has experienced a
number of spilled oil accidents. In 2003, the Enbridge pipeline
spilled 100,000 gallons of oil into a tributary of Lake Superior. In
2007, 235 barrels of oil were spilled near Clearbrook, Minn., resulting
in a fire and explosion and the deaths of two repair crewmembers. And
another spill in 2002 released 48,000 gallons of crude oil at the Cass
Lake pumping station. | <urn:uuid:2fbf018f-458e-45eb-8e59-3346b4d56771> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://thecirclenews.org/reservation-news/opponents-gear-up-to-fight-alberta-clipper-pipeline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203548.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325031213-20190325053213-00258.warc.gz | en | 0.957544 | 498 | 2.890625 | 3 |
noun, plural kazoos.
a musical toy consisting of a tube that is open at both ends and has a hole in the side covered with parchment or membrane, which produces a buzzing sound when the performer hums into one end.
Also called mirliton.
noun (pl) -zoos
a cigar-shaped musical instrument of metal or plastic with a membranous diaphragm of thin paper that vibrates with a nasal sound when the player hums into it
1884, American English, probably altered from earlier bazoo “trumpet” (1877); probably ultimately imitative (cf. bazooka). In England, formerly called a Timmy Talker, in France, a mirliton.
Kazoos, the great musical wonder, … anyone can play it; imitates fowls, animals, bagpipes, etc. [1895 Montgomery Ward catalogue, p.245]
[1970s+; origin unknown; perhaps fr Louisiana French zoozoo, ”buttocks, ass”; perhaps kazoo, known in its standard sense fr the 1880s, suggested the anus in being tubular and emitting sounds]
[kaz-veen] /kæzˈvin/ noun 1. . [kaz-veen] /kæzˈvin/ noun 1. a city in NW Iran, NW of Teheran: capital of Persia in the 16th century.
1. kilobar; kilobars. Computers. 1. kilobit; kilobits. 1. Chess. king’s bishop. 2. Computers. kilobyte; kilobytes. 1. King’s Bench. 2. Knight Bachelor. abbreviation 1. kilobar abbreviation 1. (computing) kilobit abbreviation 1. (in Britain) King’s Bench 2. (in Britain) Knight Bachelor 3. (computing) kilobyte symbol 4. (chess) king’s bishop Kb Abbreviation of kilobit KB Abbreviation of kilobyte […]
1. King’s Bench. 2. Knight Bachelor. King’s Bench
1. Knight Commander of the British Empire. abbreviation 1. Knight (Commander of the Order) of the British Empire Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire | <urn:uuid:56f03107-67aa-4ff3-a2d1-b2fed43003f0> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/kazoo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.834755 | 497 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Given by the Trustees of the Crystal Palace in 1938
Tomb of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza
Andrea Sansovino (about 1467/70-1529)
On the left wall of the choir in the church of S. Maria del Popolo, Rome, Italy
Signed ANDREAS SANSOVINVS FACIEBAT. Pope Julius II (1503-13) erected this tomb to the memory of his erstwhile adversary Ascanio Sforza (d. 28 May 1505), the son of Francesca Sforza and brother of Ludovico il Moro, the Duke of Milan (1452-1508). In the corresponding position on the right wall of the choir, the Pope commissioned from Andrea Sansovino a closely similar tomb for his nephew, Cardinal Girolamo Basso della Rovere (d. 1507). The project for the tomb of Ascanio Sforza was first mentioned in a papal brief of 12 June, 1505, less than three weeks after his death. Both the Sforza and Basso monuments must have been completed by 3 June, 1509, when they were praised by Francesco Albertini. Because of their close resemblance, it has been suggested that Julius II projected the two monuments together from before the death of his nephew in 1507, as part of the re-modelling of the choir of S. Maria del Popolo undertaken by Bramante (1443/4-1514) at this time. | <urn:uuid:d12ea204-ea93-459f-9a97-5b839dfa244d> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.vam.ac.uk/users/node/15386 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461266.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00274-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933079 | 313 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Question of the Week
Answer: The establishment of a pecan orchard by planting trees in rows is how most new growers enter the pecan industry. Trees can be purchased with the cultivar already budded to the top, or planted as a seedling and grafted in the field. (To be "true to name," a cultivar must be propagated asexually, i.e., by budding or grafting rather than propagation by seed.)
The spacing of pecan trees depends on geographical location. In their native and eastern ranges, pecan trees are commonly spaced on a 40-foot x 40-foot grid pattern, which is the equivalent of 27 trees per acre. After about 16 years, trees are thinned by half on a diagonal, leaving 14 trees per acre. At about 25 years old, the third and final thinning will leave a spacing of 80 feet x 80 feet with seven trees per acre.
For a long time, the pecan industry was based on a 35-foot x 35-foot tree spacing. However, recent economic analysis showed an initial 40-foot x 40-foot planting pattern is more profitable because the wider spacing allows the temporary trees more time to produce nuts before they are removed.
In the western range, where sunlight is more intense, trees are planted at 30 feet x 30 feet, which is the equivalent of 48 trees per acre. Ultra-high-density western pecan orchards, spaced at 15 feet x 30 feet, are typically managed by mechanical hedging.
Establishing a Pecan Orchard, a fact sheet from OSU Extension, provides illustrations and details for pecan orchard layout and thinning operations. It is available on the Web at www.okstate.edu/OSU_Ag/agedcm4h/pearl/hort/frtnuts/f6247.htm
For more information on growing pecans, see ATTRA publication Sustainable Pecan Production, available at https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/summary.php?pub=65. This publication briefly introduces essential knowledge on the basics of pecan culture, such as geography, native versus plantation systems, and economics. This is followed by notes on pecan farming techniques that emphasize sustainable and organic production methods: non-chemical weed control; orchard floor vegetation management using legumes; pecan nutrition with emphasis on organic fertilizer options; and recommendations for organic and least-toxic control of pecan insects and diseases. A selection of pecan literature and Web resources are identified.
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No Comments for this post yet... | <urn:uuid:c32a81fb-d56e-47bc-bc31-2657d72db208> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | https://attra.ncat.org/calendar/question.php/how-should-i-space-trees-in-a-new-pecan-orchard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927824.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00073-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917641 | 577 | 3.1875 | 3 |
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (October 2011)
A benefit shortfall results from the actual benefits of a venture being lower than the projected, or estimated, benefits of that venture. If, for instance, a company is launching a new product or service and projected sales are 40 million dollars per year, whereas actual annual sales turn out to be only 30 million dollars, then the benefit shortfall is said to be 25 percent. Sometimes the terms "demand shortfall" or "revenue shortfall" are used instead of benefit shortfall.
The discipline of benefits realisation management seeks to identify any benefits shortfall as early as possible in a project or programmes delivery in order to allow corrective action to be taken, costs to be controlled and benefits realised.
- Cost overrun
- Cost-benefit analysis
- Optimism bias
- Reference class forecasting
- Underconsumption – macroeconomic form
- Cost Management: Book: Measuring, Monitoring & Motivating Performance By K. P. Gupta
|This economic problem related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:5ed0a90a-cf2e-422e-948e-021c3b8401dc> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_shortfall | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157503.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921190509-20180921210909-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.871187 | 221 | 3.375 | 3 |
the two Parks of Veneto and Emilia Romagna
This river-shaped protected area represents one of the most important wetland zones of the Mediterranean and Europe for its landscape, outstanding flora and fauna habitats and extraordinary biodiversity. Even if this zone can be considered a single territorial unit, it is ruled by two different Regional Administrations: Veneto and Emilia-Romagna with theirs two different Parks. Italy has a National law boosting Veneto and Emilia-Romagna Regions at the creation of one Interregional National Park of Delta Po area (art. 35 L 394/91). Both Regions are involved in the processes stated by the national law and they are going to select the options for the definition of the protected territory and the relative organizations (LR Veneto n. 36/97 e LR Emilia Romagna n. 27/88)
Project partner active in the area: Veneto Region – Arpa – Veneto Park – Emilia Romagna Park
Status: NATURA 2000
Location and size: Delta Po Area is located in Italy. It covers 70.500 hectares Veneto and Emilia-Romagna regions. It is shaped by the joint action of the branching river channels that flow into the Adriatic Sea and by the sea intrusion towards the land.
Issues / challenges:
- The protected area is located in a border territorial context where agricultural landscape prevails and most of the population lives in towns. Industry and manufacturing are underdeveloped; the declining of the Ravenna’s chemical industry and the changeover of the thermo-electrical plant in Porto Tolle to a coal-burning power plant are economic and social problems. Beach tourism plays a relevant role in the economy of coastal settlements, mainly in the Emilia-Romagna; on the other side the construction of hotels, holyday’s houses and beach facilities occupied and destroyed most of the coastal dunes. Furthermore, hunting and fishing represents a strong income factor and plays a crucial role in the preservation NATURA 2000 networks. In this territory, specific restrictions caused by the proximity of sensitive protected areas are often perceived by residents as an obstacle to development rather than growth opportunities: thus, the main challenge is to contribute at improve awareness of people and policymakers over the large benefits for the whole territory due to the existence of protected areas.
Envisaged Results in NATREG Project:
- The final objective of Veneto Region and ARPA Emilia-Romagna is to scale down the guidance contained in the Transnational strategy within the local policy framework, in order to develop a common Management Plan for the two Po Delta Parks shared by two regional administration of Veneto and Emilia-Romagna: this is an ambitious objective, that is configured within a proactive policy to create an Interregional Po Delta Park, a long-standing purpose supported by cultural, scientific and naturalistic associations.
Video: DELTA PO TOWARDS AN INTERREGIONAL GOVERNANCE
The Delta is the most outstanding part of the Po, the longest Italian river that crosses Padana flatland and stretches until Adriatic sea. The richness of water landscapes (lagoons, valleys and delta streams) is wide, while water shapes and transforms continuously the Delta. Its richness - in terms of beautiful landscapes, natural heritage, architectures and urban settlements, represents an opportunity for the two Italian regions that share this territory: a permanent interregional coordination of the Delta Po is a demanding tasks for Veneto and Emilia-Romagna regions, the two Italian player of NATREG project. The educational DVD on the interregional strategy for the Delta Po parks tells the story of this extraordinary area and the challenge towards an unique management of Delta Po river park.
See also videlo clip in Italian language: PROGETTO NATREG
For more information please see those links: | <urn:uuid:2036b81c-66c9-4dd2-a4ee-8b0fe5bb7d87> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.natreg.eu/parters-and-pilot-areas/delta-po-river-park | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936460577.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074100-00253-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896849 | 784 | 2.734375 | 3 |
What are transition services?
Planning for the future is part of any student's education. For students with disabilities,
this includes transition services.
Transition services help a student move from school to adult life. The services depend
on the student's needs and interests. They help students with everything from work to
school to fun. A student can get help to go to college or other school after high school.
Transition services also help students get jobs, find a place to live, and be a part of the
Who decides what services a student receives?
The Individual Education Program [Plan] (IEP) team decides on the services. When the team talks about transition services, the student should be there. The team should also invite a representative from any agency the student might use. For example, if the student wants to move into an apartment, someone who will be providing supported living services should attend.
The IEP team has to think about what the student needs and wants. The best way to do this is to ask the student. The student should attend IEP meetings and help choose transition services. If the student does not attend, the IEP team has to figure out what the student needs and wants.
When does transition planning begin?
The IEP team has to begin planning when the student turns 14-years-old or starts the
ninth grade. They can start earlier, but never later. They need to look at what classes
the student is taking. The student's classes should align with what s/he wants to do
after graduation. If the student wants to go on in school, s/he needs classes to prepare
for college. If the student wants to learn a skill or trade, s/he might need a vocational
The IEP team needs to figure out what help the student might need for these
programs. This information goes into the transition section of the IEP document. By
age 16, the IEP should list all services the student will need to move from school to
How does the team decide which services a student needs?
The first step in transition planning is an evaluation. The student gets an evaluation to
figure out what s/he needs after high school. The evaluation must look at five different
areas of the student's life:
- Recreation and leisure
- Home living
- Community participation
- Opportunities to learn new things after high school
The results of the evaluation are written in a report. The IEP team uses the report to
figure out what the student needs now and what will be needed later.
The IEP has annual goals and short-term instructional objectives for each part of
the student''s education. The team has to write goals and objectives for transition.
They need to figure out what services the student will need to reach the goals. The
student's transition plan must be updated every year.
Many students need transition services for more than school or work. The school has
to teach students to live independently. A student might need help in learning to use
the bus system or go to the doctor. Some students need help in learning how to handle
money, join a gym, or make friends. Transition services should help with all of this and
What happens when a student turns 18?
At age 18, a student is in charge of his/her own special education services. The school
must send all notices to both the student and the parents. The parents don't sign the
IEP anymore. Unless the student is under guardianship or conservatorship, s/he signs
Can a student in special education get a regular high school diploma?
Yes. If a student meets all of the goals on the IEP, s/he will get a regular high school
diploma. It will be exactly like the one that students without disabilities receive.
All students have to meet graduation standards in order to graduate. In most schools,
if a student takes all of the credits required by the school, then they will meet the
graduation standards. In addition, students have to pass a number of state tests.
The IEP team looks at the tests and required credits in relation to the student's
disability. If the student needs help to take the classes or tests, the IEP team decides
what kind of help s/he needs. Beginning at grade nine or age 14, the IEP must say
exactly what the student needs to do each year in order to get a diploma. The IEP lays
out the student's personal requirements for graduation.
Once a student leaves school, can s/he get services?
Yes, but not from the school district. In Minnesota, Rehabilitation Services gives help to
adults who have physical and/or mental disabilities. State Services for the Blind (SSB)
helps people who are blind or have trouble with their vision. If a student needs services
after high school, SSB or Rehabilitation Services should get involved in the planning
by age 16.
How do we get Rehabilitation Services or SSB involved in the transition planning?
The first step is to invite a counselor from Rehab Services or SSB to an IEP meeting.
When the school starts transition planning, they should ask a rehabilitation counselor
to join the IEP team. If the school doesn't do it, you can call yourself and ask a
counselor to come.
You have to apply for SSB or Rehab Services. If you qualify, then the agency will get
more involved. A counselor should come to every IEP meeting where the team talks
about transition services.
Does SSB or Rehabilitation Services have to help if the student isn't 18-years-old yet?
Yes. If you call and invite Rehabilitation Services or IEP to meetings, they should
attend. All vocational planning has to be done before the student leaves high school.
The state agencies are required to help with that. If they tell you no, call and explain
that you need help with transition planning. If they say no, ask to talk to a supervisor. If
the supervisor says no, you can appeal. Please visit the Minnesota Disability Law
Center (MDLC) website to learn more about your rights to appeal under the
Rehabilitation Act, or access the website by using the link provided below:
What other agencies should help with transition planning?
Any agency or organization that gives or pays for transition services should help. A
representative might just come to one IEP meeting.
All agencies who will help with transition should be named in the IEP. The IEP should
describe exactly how each agency will help. If an agency does not do what the IEP
states, then the school has to find someone else who can provide that service.
The following are examples of agencies and what they do:
Post-secondary education and training providers - Provide information about
courses or programs at colleges or trade schools
Centers for Independent Living (CILs) - Provide resources to help people with
disabilities live in the community. They may help with housing, living skills, and job
Disability Specific Organizations - Can provide case management services,
residential services, or other kinds of help. Examples include, Arc, United Cerebral
Palsy (UCP), or the Mental Health Association.
Benefits Planning Assistance and Outreach (BPA&O) Services - Provide
information to help students understand their Social Security benefits (SSI and
SSDI). Earning wages can change benefits, and some new work incentives can
help students to become more financially independent. BPA&O Services can
advise students about wages and benefits. One example is the Minnesota Work
County Social Service Agencies - Provide case management services, which
can, in turn, help the student find other services and benefits.
Social Security Administration - Provides financial help or work incentives for
people with disabilities. Students can make a Plan to Achieve Self-Support
(PASS) to set aside income for education or work goals.
What if I don't agree with the transition services in the IEP?
If you begin to have disagreements with the school, be sure to keep all of your paperwork together. Keep all notices that the school sends. Keep copies of anything you mail to the school. Start a log of telephone conversations. Write down the time, the date, and the name, title, and phone number of the person you talked to. Write down what the conversation was about.
Call the Minnesota Disability Law Center. We may be able to help you get an advocate. Even if we can't get you an advocate, we may be able to give you advice. And, with or without an advocate, it is very important to keep careful records.
If you don't agree with the IEP, don't sign it. Work with the school and ask them to help you. If you can't get what you need, don't give up.
Ask for a facilitated IEP meeting, a conciliation conference, or a mediation. For more information about these options, please use the link provided below:
If you still have trouble, you can ask for a due process hearing, or you can file a complaint with the Minnesota Department of Education. For more information, use the link provided below: | <urn:uuid:20783fae-3ab6-41a9-94d4-8db6ebefc386> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://accessnorth.net/lifeTransitions/specialEdTransitionPlanning.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479967.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216065107-20190216091107-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.944789 | 1,935 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Teaching about angels is something that I weave throughout the catechetical year. There are so many ways that angels pop up in different contexts. My overall learning goals in teaching about angels are for the children to know: (1) Angels are unique and special beings created by God; (2) angels serve as God’s messengers and servants; and (3) everyone has a guardian angel.
I want my students to recognize angels as special beings created by God. Angels are pure spirits that sometimes take on form to complete a mission for God.
Angels appear many times in Scripture, and usually their first words are, “Do not be afraid.” I encourage children to use their imaginations and think about how amazing and awesome angels must be to have this effect on people. I ask the children to share ideas of what angels might have looked like to make them so awesome. Do you think angels are very large? Are they bright like lightning? Do they have wings?
In one of my first lessons each year, I focus on the Hail Mary. We begin by reading the Annunciation (Luke 1:26–38). This is a wonderful Biblical scene for children to imagine themselves taking a part in. We talk about what Gabriel’s message means and how Mary responded. Another messenger angel came to Joseph in a dream to tell him Mary’s baby was from God and to name the baby Jesus (Matthew 1:18–21).
In Advent I revisit the Annunciation and Gabriel’s message. Much to my delight, the last two years I have had a student named Gabriel in my class, and the Gabriels are always proud to respond when I ask the name of the angel in the story. Of course, angels have major supporting roles in the Nativity: the angel who announces the “good news of great joy” followed by the choir of herald angels filling the sky to sing “Glory to God.” My students’ connection with angels is strengthened when they sing “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” in the Christmas pageant. Right after Christmas we celebrate the Epiphany with angels who bring messages of warning both to the Magi and to Joseph to take the Holy Family to Egypt. Continuing through the year, I explain how angels ministered to Jesus in the desert (Matthew 4:11) and at his agony in the garden (Luke 22:43). Angels witnessed Jesus’ Resurrection (John 20:12–13).
In teaching about the Mass, I again point out the presence of angels. The Gloria is based on the angels’ song of praise in Luke 2:14, while the “Holy, Holy, Holy” is based on the seraphs’ song in Isaiah 6:2–3. Also, I explain that when we are at Mass we are surrounded by the saints and the angels, though we can’t see them.
Finally, I teach children the Prayer to One’s Guardian Angel. The Feast of the Guardian Angels on October 2 is a great time to introduce this prayer, and it can be practiced throughout the year. Having a personal guardian angel is a beautiful sign of God’s love that gives me comfort that I share with my students.
These are some of the ways I teach about angels. How do you include angels in your lessons?
Read Do the Angels Watch Close By? with the children in your group as we approach the Solemnity of the Annunciation of the Lord. | <urn:uuid:45a510ff-ecde-4caa-a43e-199e2e6e6328> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://catechistsjourney.loyolapress.com/2019/03/teaching-children-about-angels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300624.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117212242-20220118002242-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.950101 | 725 | 3.6875 | 4 |
As we approached the 150th anniversary of the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862, a flurry of books about the topic were published. I’ve written about many of them — so many that perhaps it’s time to take a break from the topic for a while. But first, one more. Scott W. Berg’s “38 Nooses: Lincoln, Little Crow, and the Beginning of the Frontier’s End” is a outstanding look at the tragic events that occurred on the western prairie, in part because he takes a step back, away from Minnesota, to view the war from the perspective of the larger narrative of American history.
“This was an incredibly important, defining moment in history, not just for Minnesotans,” said Berg in an interview. “Our history is part of the great sweep of American history, from the very first encounters white explorers had with Native Americans to today, and this was a pivotal moment in that story.”
Berg says he has long been fascinated with the Dakota War. He grew up in Roseville, and earned an architecture degree from the University of Minnesota before heading to the East Coast, where he studied writing and ultimately landed a job teaching nonfiction writing at George Mason University. He is also a regular contributor to The Washington Post, and his first book, “Grand Avenues: The Story of Pierre Charles L’Enfant, the French Visionary Who Designed Washington D.C,” allowed him to explore his interest in architecture. From a distance, he continued to read about Minnesota history, though, and he realized the book he really wanted to read hadn’t been written yet. So he wrote it.
Overshadowed by Civil War
“For me, it came down to the fact that this was a national story and I never read anything that fit what was happening in Washington, in Lincoln’s cabinet meetings, in the South, with what was happening on the western prairie. The reason for that is timing. The Civil War was under way. If [the Dakota War] had not happened at the darkest period of history for the union, it would be recognized today as the huge event that it was. It would take its place alongside the great national stories of Native American history, like Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, the Battle of Little Big Horn. Instead, the Civil War blocked out this event.”
Berg begins “38 Nooses” with a story from Kentucky, 1786. Abraham Lincoln’s grandfather is killed by Indians and his young son Thomas nearly kidnapped; Thomas is saved by a brother, and goes on to become the father of the 16th president of the United States. Like all of history, things could have so easily been otherwise. Instead, Lincoln is in the White House at the moment the country divides down the middle, and he’s there to decide the fate of 303 Dakota prisoners accused of murder and atrocities. He does not listen to popular opinion and quickly condemn them all; instead, he studies conviction records on each man, and decides just 38 meet the legal requirements for execution. Meanwhile, thousands of Dakota people are interned in camps for months, then driven out of Minnesota in a dramatic moment that signaled to white settlers that the west had been won.
“The War of 1862 marks in a really clear and powerful way the end of the era of native, or First People’s, hold on this land. After this event, the Dakota people are gone, and Western expansion plays out very rapidly,” Berg says. “They knew it, even then. Within 10 years, shows and reenactments of the Dakota War and Indian history become very popular. People knew it was already history, that they had witnessed the end of something that would never be again.”
Key players’ stories
The stories of key players, including Lincoln, Little Crow, and Mary Wakefield, a settler who was captured by Dakota and wrote a “captivity narrative” about her experiences, provide a framework for Berg’s wide angle look at history. But as he researched the book, reading through archives and visiting key sites in Minnesota and Washington, he was ever conscious of all the unnamed lives that were part of the story.
“You think about what it must have been like to be in those Dakota camps, what it must have been like being a white settler seeing the prairie for the first time. There are thousands of characters moving through this story that didn’t leave a record, but their experiences were just as intense. It was an incredible moment in history and they lived through it.”
Reading tonight, Jan. 16, 7 p.m. The Bookcase of Wayzata. | <urn:uuid:c2a6d8bc-71e3-4430-b1fb-9adb69e37f91> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.minnpost.com/books/2013/01/38-nooses-looks-us-dakota-war-national-perspective/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742906.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115182450-20181115204450-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.976636 | 997 | 2.625 | 3 |
Balancing the tripod and camera on my shoulder, I carefully climbed along Lake Michigan’s steep and rugged shoreline searching for a rock ledge flat and wide enough to set up for a sunrise over the great lake. A continual onslaught of powerful waves violently crashed against the vertical expanse of rock several feet below me. Frequently, the water impact resulted in a tall fountain of spray that kept the rock surface wet where I knelt behind the tripod. As soon as I set up to shoot, kinetic energy released from a rogue wave brought a torrential splash over the ledge. My reflexes worked well to move the camera back fast enough to avoid drenching the electronics. This was the lake I wanted to photograph more than anything and it was not making it easy.
The day before, we drove over 300 miles from the northwest corner of Illinois to Baileys Grove Campground in Baileys Harbor, Door County. Door County comprises the upper region of Green Bay Peninsula that is surrounded by Green Bay on the west side and Lake Michigan on the east side. One year prior, we stayed in Michigan where I photographed from its eastern shoreline. This time on the Wisconsin side, if I could throw a rock far enough across the lake, it would have landed in almost the same spot where I photographed a year ago from a sandy beach.
Much of Lake Michigan’s eastern shoreline within the state of Michigan is characterized by miles of gentle sand dunes that are created by the prevailing westerly winds. In stark contrast, Wisconsin’s western shoreline is characterized by tall rocky bluffs and rugged cliffs. It is the western portion of the Niagara Escarpment which is most prominent in Green Bay Peninsula. The escarpment rises from the shores of Lake Michigan and drops sharply into Green Bay. On a ledge, the peninsula benefits from the constant air movement from the surrounding waters which helps maintain moderate temperatures in the summer. Indeed, during our week-long stay in August, we enjoyed temperatures that never fell out of the 60 to 75 degree range. The warmer air also provides a longer growing season, perfect for the vineyards and vegetable farms, which we also enjoyed.
The challenging Lake Michigan shoreline cannot be described without mentioning how Door County got its name. Directly above the top of Door County lays Washington Island. Separating the island from the peninsula is a mere 7 miles of important navigational passage that connects Lake Michigan to Green Bay. Appropriately referred to as “Death’s Door”, it is littered with shipwrecks. In 1881, the dangers of this formidable, yet important shipping route led to the construction of a by-pass canal that cuts through the peninsula about 40 miles south of the point.
Door County has a rich Native American and European/French Canadian settlers’ history, but what caught our attention (thanks to the Ephraim Historical Foundation) was the charming bayside community of Ephraim. A few weeks earlier, we were introduced to the intriguing history of Moravian immigrants that settled in Winston-Salem, NC. While the southern community originated from Germany, Ephraim was founded in 1853 by a group of Norwegian Moravians led by the Reverend Andreas Iverson. On the shores of Green Bay, Ephraim soon became a busy shipping point as well as a tourist attraction. By the end of the 1800s, Ephraim’s main source of income was through tourism as hotels and businesses as well as the sale of summer homes attracted summer vacationers.
The Ephraim Historical Foundation has a wonderful walking tour of museums that can be visited within a day. It includes The Iverson House (the oldest framed house in Door County) and the Goodletson cabin which has an interesting history. The Goodletson home was built on Eagle (Now Horseshoe) Island in 1855 but in 1860, the family decided to move to Ephraim. Life was much more difficult back then compared to now, and consequently, people must have put a fair amount of time and energy into figuring out how to make life easier and affordable. Which got me asking the question, if you were living on an island and wanted to move to the mainland several miles away, which would be the most viable solution – wait until winter and drag the cabin across the ice or sail over to the mainland during summer and build a new cabin? Be it for the cost or the work involved in cabin building, the Goodletson family figured out that dragging their home across ice was the best solution. After setting it up in Ephraim, it remained in place for over a hundred years. Now, the original cabin can be visited on Moravia Street, next to the Pioneer Schoolhouse Museum.
When visiting a new place, some things must be experienced and quite often that experience involves food. Vivian and I tend to reserve our measly restaurant budget for exceptional places that represent a location’s unique culture. This time, it was the infamous Fish Boil which is much more than a meal – it is a show. Locals warned us to plan ahead and make our reservations several days in advance, so we reserved a spot at the White Gull Inn five days prior.
We can thank the Scandinavian immigrants for fish boil. Back in the day, it was an economical way to feed large groups of fishermen and lumberjack. Today, the fish boil is more than just a meal, it’s a spectacle. You are asked to arrive 30 minutes prior to being served so that you can experience the show of cooking the meal. It goes something like this. You and about 30 others stand around a large black kettle hanging over a fire behind the restaurant waiting for the water to boil. As soon as the water begins to boil, the fish boiler lowers wire baskets filled with potatoes into the water. Shortly after that, small cuts of whitefish are added. The only seasoning is salt and for every 3 gallons of water, there is a pound of salt in the boiling water. After about 10 minutes, the oils boil to the top. At that moment, the short-lived spectacle begins as the fish boiler pours kerosene onto the fire. With huge flames engulfing the kettle, water quickly boils over leaving behind the salted and cooked potatoes and fish. The fish chunks remain firm and believe it or not, they are tasty. It’s an all-you-can-eat meal topped with homemade cherry pie. Classic Door County cuisine.
Aside from the fish boil, small town charm, farmers markets and history museums, Door County has a variety of wilderness areas to explore – coastal wetlands, forests, meadows and rock ridges. Consequently, we filled our time with hiking and kayaking. Although the temperatures were ideal for outdoor activities, unusual northeasterly winds made the original idea of kayaking along the cliffs of Lake Michigan less appealing. Instead, we opted to take our inflatable kayak up to the Mink River, protected waters off Rowley Bay. A calm and casual day of paddling through a marshy area made us feel like we were back in Florida. Only a few hours earlier, I was standing on a precarious rock ledge trying to protect myself from the cold wet spray of great lake water. Tomorrow, we would hike through maple and birch forests in search of wild turkeys and a lone white pine. Door County packs it all in during the summer months.
As with the driftless area of Iowa, we did not want to leave Door County. As time goes on, we look back on the places we have visited and a few of them, like Door County have left deep impressions on us. I will always remember Door County for the peacefulness we experienced through its charming coastal towns, small farms, lack of noise (no trains!), lack of traffic (driving miles on a back road without seeing another vehicle), and near perfect weather conditions. In our short time, Door County was on its best behavior.
On the final morning of our visit, I walked back to the Cave Point parking lot after two hours of negotiating water spray and rocky ledges to photograph Door County’s “most iconic natural landscape” one last time. For the past week, it was only during my photo shoots at Cave Point that I felt the discomforts of cold wetness that reminded me of the harsh winters that come soon after the fair-weather tourists leave. I wondered if we would ever see this place in the winter. On second thought, I prefer my current impression of Door County to last a very long time.
RV Traveling Issues and Tips
Specific to Wisconsin, prepare to pay for a yearly state park pass. We made reservations at Harrington Beach State Park near Milwaukee and paid for it online. Upon arrival, we learned that out-of-state visitors must pay a daily park fee of $11 ($44 for our 4-day camping stay). So, we opted to buy the yearly pass with the intention of staying at another state park. The take-home message here is, research each state and budget accordingly, and not only for camping at state parks but for day visits as well. | <urn:uuid:00a1f35b-91f7-47a4-a15e-09a2e10826d1> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://changing-views.com/2020/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375274.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306162308-20210306192308-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.966255 | 1,886 | 2.625 | 3 |
Core Knowledge Curriculum
To educate students in a way that fosters cultural literacy and an understanding of the world around them, Aspen Academy implements the Core Knowledge curriculum. Core Knowledge is:
- Based on work by E.D. Hirsch, Jr. and the series “What your 1st / 2nd /etc. Grader Should Know”
- Helps develop culturally-literate students through its many cross-curricular connections
- The content-based approach provides a strong academic foundation
- The coherent, sequential plan avoids curricular duplication and gaps
The Core Knowledge Sequence allows students to go beyond a basic awareness of people, places, and events in their community and into the global culture that surrounds them. The topics covered in the curriculum at each grade level promote a better understanding of the significance of these people and events, creating a larger, shared knowledge of a broad range of topics important to create a culturally literate individual.
Some of the topics covered in the Core Knowledge curriculum include:
- Phonics, Reading, Standards-Based writing curriculum using Writer’s Workshop, Spelling, Grammar, and Latin
- US and World History and Geography
- The Physical and Natural Sciences
- The Singapore Math curriculum
- Physical Education, Music, Art, and Spanish
Scope And Sequence Of The Curriculum
The following links list an overview of the topics taught in each subject at each grade level. Please keep in mind that the scope and sequence is subject to change depending on the needs of the students, teacher sharing of available materials, etc. | <urn:uuid:8d22c52c-8343-449e-9c1c-c9423c7a6ceb> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://aspenacademymn.org/future-families/curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499710.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129080341-20230129110341-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.913362 | 332 | 3.6875 | 4 |
The Mariana Trench is the deepest known trench. Nobody knows how deep it is, but it is close to 35,760 - 36,089 feet (10,900 -11,000 miles), more accurate 35,798.6 feet. If you put Mt.Everest in it you would have a mile of water left.
Some animals are the Dumbo octopus, Deepsea dragonfish, Barreleye fish, Seadevil anglerfish, Goblin shark, Deepsea hatchet fish, frilled shark, Telescope octopuse, Zombie worm, Pricklefish, Crossota jelly fish.
In 1960 Jacques Piccard and Donald Wash reached the bottom. Also in 2012 James Camron went to the bottom.
B F P Z
Barreleye fish Frilled shark Pacific Ocean Zombie worm
p. 4 p.4 p.2 p.2
C G p.4
China Goblin shark S
p.2 p.4, 8
Crossota Jellyfish Guam Seadevil anglerfsh
p.4 p.2 p.2
D J T
Deepsea dragonfish Japan Telescope octopus
p.4, 8 p.2 p.2
Deepsea hatchtfish Trench
p.4 M p.3
p.4 Mt. Everest
Challenger Deep Trench
Deepest known pointe in the Mariana Trench A long narrow ditchin the ocean | <urn:uuid:03937fae-ba03-4820-9292-b0da08cdfe5b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://simplebooklet.com/publish.php?wpKey=xWYIZVu8xbZdaCzYx1zV3K | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861641.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619002120-20180619022120-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.698354 | 298 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Travel to Hana used to be a little problematic. Once, the only way to get to the historic community was by sea or by driving the beautiful and famously twisting Road to Hana from Paia. Today, Hana Hawaii is accessible by air from the Big Island, Oahu, and from Maui’s main airport in Kahului.
Because of its sheltered bay, safe anchorage, and excellent fishing Hana travel was popular with Polynesian and other Pacific mariners for centuries before Europeans arrived on the island. Until the gravel road from Kahului was completed in 1927, ocean access was the only way to reach the isolated area. This is where Captain James Cook’s ships anchored in 1778. These strange visitors riding the waves on what the Hawaiians thought were heiau, or temples, of the god Lono, were greeted by the Maui Chief Kalaniopuu and the young man who would later become King Kamehameha I and unite the Hawaiian islands. The future king’s future wife, the beloved Kaahumanu, was born in one of the caves along the Hana coast. These caves and lava tubes are Hana attractions today, and there are several outfitters in town who offer tours.
As queen, Kaahumanu converted to Christianity and was instrumental in allowing missionaries to settle and set up churches throughout the islands—a move that changed the course of Hawaii’s history. Hana travel by missionaries began in the early 1820s, when they first arrived from Massachusetts and other New England states.
The sons of two prominent missionaries, Samuel Alexander and Henry Baldwin, founded the island’s first sugar cane plantation and mill in Paia. Sugar cane had been planted by the native Hawaiians in Hana, and another plantation was set up in 1849 at what is now the Hotel Hana-Maui. This was the first sugar plantation in Hawaii and is what saved the island from obscurity when the capital of the islands was moved from Lahaina to Honolulu. For nearly 75 years, sugar reigned supreme on the island, contributing to the downfall of the venerable Hawaiian monarchy and the establishment of the islands as a territory of the United States and ruled by Sanford Dole (of today’s worldwide Dole fruit empire) and his fellow plantation owners.
It was American Paul Fagan who first thought a Hana vacation was desirable. He purchased the original sugar plantation in 1944 and transformed it into a huge cattle ranch. He then founded the Kauiki Inn, forerunner of the current hotel. Hana travel quickly became popular among wealthy mainlanders, and the inn became one of the first beach resorts in Hawaii. Today one of the attractions of a Hana vacation is the breathtaking view from the 545-foot summit of Puu o Kahaula, known as Lyon’s Hill and where a large lava cross, called Fagan’s Cross, was built as a memorial to him after his death in 1960. The road is often closed to vehicle traffic, but the view is worth the long, steep climb. It was Fagan’s genius for marketing that gave Hana the name that still sticks—Heavenly Hana.
Today there are numerous attractions and things to do in Hana Hawaii, including visiting the Haleakala Crater at the 10,000-foot summit of the House of the Sun volcano. Don’t bring home a souvenir piece of lava from the sleeping giant. Legend has it that the volcano goddess Pele will bring bad luck to anyone who takes a piece away. While this may be debatable, it is a fact that National Park headquarters regularly receives lumps of lava mailed back from all corners of the world, as the tourists found bad luck dogging their footsteps after removing them. The huge park includes miles of wilderness hiking trails, and the coastal region of the park is filled with lush forests and waterfalls.
As the sugar industry declined, the plantation owners were instrumental in turning the cane refuse area outside of Lahaina into the prime resort area of Kaanapali. And Alexander and Baldwin turned the arid part of their holdings into the resort of Wailea Beach. Both of these transformations occurred in the 1970s. Within 30 years, more than 2 million visitors a year came to Maui, and a Hana vacation became among the most popular of all Maui destinations. Today, you can visit Hana Hawaii and join other notable visitors such as Charles Lindbergh, George Harrison, and Woody Harrelson. Another of the popular Hana attractions is the Kahanu Garden of the National Tropical Botanical Garden, which also has two gardens and a nature preserve on the island of Kauai. | <urn:uuid:4c94fc40-c085-46f8-9dca-489df026f263> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/hawaii/maui/hana | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00714.warc.gz | en | 0.973199 | 971 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Estrela Mountain Dog also known as Cao da Serra da Estrela is a molosser breed of guarding dog that has found a home in the Estrela Mountain range of Portugal. A rustic dog with a free and easy movement is most commonly seen with flocks of sheep at the foot and at the higher elevation of the Estrela Mountain. The Estrela Mountain Dog, with the scimitar shaped tail over the back would be patrolling the pasture, always alert and ready to protect the sheep from wolves and from other predators. Shepherds have depended on these dogs to protect the sheep from thieves as well.
The precise origin of the Estrela Mountain Dog is unknown. This breed that was speculated to have developed from the molosser dogs brought by the Visigoths during the Iberian Peninsula invasion was utilized by the nomadic shepherds to protect the sheep. For centuries the breed has existed in relative isolation. The breed development that spanned hundreds of years has created a dog highly valued for being an excellent flock guard. Dog castration has become the practice of shepherds to prevent the dogs from wandering to mate. The dogs were selectively bred thus the purity of the breed was maintained. The Cao da Serra da Estrella are very strong and powerful dogs that have the adapted well to the harsh mountain environment. These dogs that survive on very little nourishment are very protective not only of the flock but also of the human family. The Serra da Estrela Mountain Dog is considered to be one of the best guard dogs in the world. This vigilant and protective dog is also noted to have an affectionate and loyal temperament. Today the Estrela Mountain Dog is still performing the task it was specifically developed for. These dogs are still guarding the flocks in its country of origin but a lot of dogs have found other jobs. Because of its guardian ancestry, these dogs were trained and used by the Portuguese Marines as patrol dogs. This affectionate, devoted and obedient breed also makes a wonderful addition to the family.
|Breed||Estrela Mountain Dog|
|Alternative names||Cao da Serra da Estrela Portuguese Shepherd Serra da Estrela Mountain Dog|
|Height (male/female)||25.5-28.5 inches (65-72 cm) / 24.5-27 inches (62-68 cm)|
|Weight (male/female)||88-110 (40-50 kg) / 66-88 pounds (30-40 kg)|
|Life expectancy||9-13 years|
The Estrela Mountain Dog is a well proportioned compact mastiff type dog. The dog has a long powerful head with a slightly rounded broad skull. Both the skull and the cheeks are covered with smooth skin. The long slightly convex muzzle tapers to the slightly aquiline large black nose with well opened nostrils. Large clean cut lips have black pigmentation. This breed has very strong jaws and well inserted strong white teeth. Medium sized oval shaped eyes are well opened. Preferably amber or darker colored eyes with black tight eyelids have a calm and intelligent expression. Thin triangular ears that have rounded tips are moderately high set. Edges of the rose ears are carried close to the skull. The short thick neck that is well set onto the shoulders has a short tuft of thick hair under the throat. The Estrela Mountain Dog is a hard working breed with a strong and compact well proportioned body. The dog has short though wide and well muscled loins, a rounded and well let down chest and a gently rising underline. Long tail reaches the hock. Scimitar shaped tail is thick and well furnished with hair in the long coated variety. The tail hangs down between the thighs when the dog is at rest and raised above the back with a curve when the dog is on the move.
A Estrela Mountain Dog has two types of coat that both resemble a goat hair in texture. The short coated variety has a thick slightly coarse outer coat and a shorter dense undercoat. The long coated variety has a thick, coarse flat or slightly wavy hair that lies close to the body. Very dense undercoat is lighter in color than the outer coat. Long coated dogs have a ruff on the neck, breeches on the rear side of the legs and on the buttocks as well as feathering on the tail. Coat colors can be wolf grey, fawn and yellow.
The Estrela Mountain Dog is an independent breed. The dog never needed the commands of the shepherd as it would act on its own to protect the animals under its care. Its distrustful and watchful temperament is what makes this breed an excellent guard dog. However, the dog forms a strong attachment with its family. This is one of the breeds that would not easily adapt to a new home. This dog is friendly with the children especially if raised with them from puppyhood. Because of its protective instinct the dog would need to be socialized so that it would tolerate other dogs and smaller pets. These dogs are accustomed to running in open areas. It would never do to coop the dog within the confines of four walls. The high exercise requirement that is not met will turn the dog into a destructive on. The dog would be happy to live outdoors as they are well protected by their weatherproof coats.
The Estrela Mountain Dog has two coat varieties. There are short coated and long coated Estrela Mountain Dogs. The short coated dogs would naturally be easy to care for. Owners of short coated dogs can get away with weekly brushing to maintain the good condition of the coat. A long coated dog however, would need a more extensive grooming routine. More frequent brushing would be needed to prevent the formation of tangles. Both varieties have weatherproof coats that allow the dog to endure wet and extremely cold temperatures. Frequent bathing must be avoided for this breed so as not to remove the natural protective oils that weatherproofs the coat.
The Estrela Mountain Dog is a rustic powerful dog found in the Estrela Mountain regions of Portugal. Like any other ancient breeds, the exact history of these powerful dogs is as well lost in the mist of time. It was speculated that this breed was developed from the mastiffs that were brought by the Romans when the Iberian Peninsula was colonized. Some historians believe that ancestors of this breed were the molosser breeds brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the invading Visigoths. As there were no records about the early existence of this breed the origin of the Estrela Mountain Dog is still unknown up to this time. What was ascertained is the fact that this breed has descended from mastiffs and that this is one of the oldest breeds of dogs in Portugal. How the dogs evolved is also unknown but it was speculated that the sheep owners in the Estrela Mountains made use of the massive dogs to protect the sheep from wolves and other predators and also from thieves.
The early guardian dogs though are different from the Estrela Mountain Dog that we know today. Present day guardian dogs are the result of the development that spanned hundreds of years. The sheep farmers in the mountain regions have developed a breed of dog that is noted for extraordinary strength, agility and immense endurance. The dog has managed to survive in the harsh mountain environment even with very little sustenance. The dog breed that was developed is the Estrela Mountain Dog, a deep chested and strong legged dog with a jog-like gait. For hundreds of years the bred has remained pure mainly because of the isolation of the region. However, because of the isolation the breed has remained unknown outside its place of origin until the early part of the 20th century when aristocrats noticed and were impressed by the breed. Some specimens were taken home and utilized as guard dogs for their estates. A Estrela Mountain Dog has elegant impressive looks thus the dogs became attractive additions to the family. More and more dogs became home companions especially when the flocks in the mountain region started to decrease. Because these dogs were favored by the aristocracy, the Portuguese people that admired foreign breeds have started to notice the guarding dogs from the Estrela Mountains. The dogs that were once ignored in dog shows started to be recognized as royal dogs. From 1908 to 1919, special dog shows known as concursos were held to promote the breed. By 1930s, the Estrela Mountain Dog’s status in the dog world was established. In 1933, the first standard that established the Estrela Mountain Dog was established. | <urn:uuid:48d0456b-e34a-4f54-9858-3ffd66bf16b2> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.sarahsdogs.com/breeds/estrela-mountain-dog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705926946/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120526-00065-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972739 | 1,753 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Deserted People (12:35)
Since the Moroccans invaded Western Sahara in 1975, five refugee camps along the Algerian border house up to 160,000 Sahrawi people. Jalihenna Mohamed explains that nobody knows about the conflict and the harsh conditions in the camps.
Moroccan Occupation (03:06)
In 1975, Mauritania and Morocco colonized Western Sahara. After the U.N. and the International Court of Justice declared the occupation illegal, Mauritania left, but Morocco remained. South African Ambassador Dennis Thokozani Dlomo and Western Sahara Prime Ministe Abdelkader Taleb Omar hope the Sahrawis will gain full independence.
Against the Wall (05:03)
Peadar King visits the liberated zone of Western Sahara, where the Moroccans have constructed a 2,000-kilometer wall and laid 7 million land mines. Mustapha Mohamed fought against Morocco. Shepherd Mohamed Salem Hamma Halla and his wife are willing to fight.
Responses to Exile (03:04)
King returns to a camp where refugees grow vegetables. He then goes to Algiers, where a refugee tells him about how difficult it is to be a stateless person.
Tales of Torture (05:23)
King visits El-Aaiún where he secretly meets with human rights activists who tell him stories of arrest and torture. He later goes into the desert where Moroccan flags line the road in preparation for the Moroccan king’s visit.
Hope of Return (02:58)
King returns to the refugee camp where a husband and wife tell him that they are willing to go to war against Morocco. There is a debate among the Sahrawi people whether to continue with U.N. plans or take up arms; the desire to return to their homeland is unshakable.
For additional digital leasing and purchase options contact a media consultant at 800-257-5126
(press option 3) or firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:593cb705-6da9-4de9-98f9-e486c4811d45> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.films.com/ecTitleDetail.aspx?TitleID=141657&r=S | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806225.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120203833-20171120223833-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.895185 | 419 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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A holding cell, sometimes referred to as a prison cell or lockup, is generally a small room designed for holding inmates of a prison, jail, or other type of correctional facility. Traditionally built of brick and mortar, newer holding cells are often made primarily of metal and are designed to allow minimal physical manipulation by those within the cell. Some modern cell designs are even prefabricated or modular, to allow easier construction of holding cell units and to make the design and construction of a prison or jail easier and potentially less costly.
Holding cells have changed in design, construction materials, and level of security, but they have almost always shared certain traits. Typically built to keep a person inside from getting out, holding cells are often designed with a single door as well as one or more windows to allow natural light to enter the cell, though these windows are typically covered by metal bars or mesh to prevent tampering or escape. A holding cell can also be a windowless room that is lit only through unnatural light and affords little comfort to a prisoner.
Most holding cells are designed to allow a minimum of prisoner manipulation. A holding cell with a toilet in it, for example, will usually be constructed with a stainless steel toilet that is securely anchored into the ground or walls. This prevents graffiti as well as the use of the toilet or parts of it in creating weapons. A holding cell is usually designed for imprisonment and functionality, not comfort or aesthetic appeal.
Modern holding cell design typically resembles the basic form of holding cells from the past century, but with some improvements and added convenience. Often made from steel bars or woven steel rods, newer cells can be prefabricated and brought to a larger prison or jail building for installation, or consist of modular designs that allow individual pieces to be constructed and then pieced together at a building sight. In both types, exposed bolts and sharp edges are kept to a minimum to help ensure prisoners cannot use the holding cell itself to create weapons.
A prefabricated holding cell is usually made with steel bars or woven steel rods and comes with a heavy security door. These doors are typically designed with an automatic locking mechanism for easier security and can be built with a number of different lock types or outfitted with a specific lock provided by a customer. Modular holding cells allow a correctional facility to order individual pre-made panels that are then brought to the facility and installed on-site. These can be built and fit to order, with options covering ceiling type, door lock preference, and other features such as anchored metal benches with handcuff rails built into them.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:c119b361-48f7-45ee-9c9a-97faf85d3c5b> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-holding-cell.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701160582.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193920-00299-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958405 | 585 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In reliably identifying and binding to a target under a wide range of operating conditions, novel probe could be valuable tool in basic research and potentially in clinical diagnostics
Researchers at the Wyss Institute have developed a highly accurate molecular probe for identifying specific DNA and RNA sequences. This method could potentially improve the reliability of a variety of biotechnological and biomedical devices, such as microarray analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and disease marker detection, which would provide powerful tools for basic research and for clinical diagnostics. The novel method is accurate enough to distinguish DNA sequences differing by as little as a single base, but also simple and robust enough for use across a broad range of temperatures, salinities, and concentrations.
The research was led by, David Zhang, Ph.D, a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Wyss Institute and in the Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, and Peng Yin, Ph.D., a core faculty member at the Wyss and an Assistant Professor in the Department of Systems Biology. Their findings appear in the online edition of Nature Chemistry. Zhang and Yin’s discovery is significant both as a scientific breakthrough and for its potential biotechnological and biomedical applications.
Many biotechnological and biomedical technologies and techniques depend on the specific binding between a target DNA (or RNA) sequence and a probe with a so-called “complementary sequence,” which is designed to optimally favor such binding. However, current probes often bind to incorrect sequences that are similar to–but not exactly the same as–the true target. It’s like baiting for salmon and catching trout instead–if there are many more trout in the river than salmon, you may catch a trout, even if you bait with the salmon’s favorite food. In the biotechnological and biomedical world, this type of unintended interaction can lead to a false positive, wherein benign DNA molecules could be mistaken for pathogen DNA. Zhang and Yin’s discovery greatly reduces the chance of incorrect binding. Their probe can reliably and specifically identify the true target: on average, it binds to a true target 26-fold more favorably than to an incorrect sequence that differs from the true target by just a single base. Importantly, once constructed, their probe can work in a wide range of experimental conditions. Such robustness can be critically important for real technological applications where the operational environment for the probe is difficult to predict or control.
The robust single-base specificity of the method will likely be a boon for a variety of applications: DNA of different pathogens, for example, can differ from each other by only a few bases. As another application, microRNAs are powerful regulatory molecules within the body, the over- or under-expression of which has been strongly linked to cancer and heart disease. MicroRNAs are also closely related in sequence, and distinguishing different microRNAs has important biomedical implications.
“This is a tremendously exciting step forward in basic scientific and engineering research, and we’re hopeful it will be developed into powerful technologies with significant applications.” said Wyss Institute Founding Director, Donald Ingber, M.D., Ph.D. Ingber is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and Children’s Hospital Boston, and Professor of Bioengineering at Harvard’s School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
The research was funded by the Wyss Institute and by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. | <urn:uuid:1c70fbcc-a4ff-4214-bb2a-4d9c082a9565> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://wyss.harvard.edu/news/new-molecular-probe-can-distinguish-dna-and-rna-sequences-with-unprecedented-accuracy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653216.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014101303-20191014124303-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.945004 | 724 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Bi-V Pacemaker Implant
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a biventricular pacemaker?
A biventricular pacemaker (BVP) is a type of permanent pacemaker placed in your chest. It improves the function of the heart. The heart has four compartments, or chambers. The upper chambers are called atria, and the lower chambers are called ventricles. For biventricular pacing (BVP), one wire goes from the pacemaker to the right ventricle. Another wire goes from the pacemaker to the left ventricle. BVP helps the heart work more efficiently by helping the two pumping chambers of the heart work together properly. This procedure is also called cardiac resynchronization therapy.
BVP is different from pacemakers that treat slow heart rates. Pacemakers that treat slow heart rates have a wire that leads only to the lower right side of the heart (right ventricle). These pacemakers also sometimes have a wire that leads to the right atrium (upper chamber on the right side of the heart) as well.
When is it used?
BVP is used to treat people with heart failure. It may help if you still have shortness of breath even though you are taking medicine for the problem and if your heart’s electrical signal is slower than it should be. This is detected with an electrocardiogram, or ECG.
How do I prepare for the procedure?
Plan for your care and recovery after the operation, especially if you are to have general anesthesia. Allow for time to rest and try to find people to help you with your day-to-day duties.
If you need a minor pain reliever in the week before surgery, choose acetaminophen rather than aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. This helps avoid extra bleeding during surgery. If you are taking daily aspirin for a medical condition, ask your provider if you need to stop taking it before your surgery.
Follow any instructions your healthcare provider gives you. If you are to have general anesthesia, eat a light meal, such as soup or salad the night before the procedure. Do not eat or drink anything after midnight and the morning before the procedure. Do not even drink coffee, tea, or water.
Follow your provider’s instructions about not smoking before and after the procedure. Smokers heal more slowly after surgery. They are also more likely to have breathing problems during surgery. For this reason, if you are a smoker, you should quit at least 2 weeks before the procedure. It is best to quit 6 to 8 weeks before surgery. Also, your wounds will heal much better if you do not smoke after the surgery.
No special preparation is needed for local anesthesia.
What happens during the procedure?
The nurse will wash your upper chest and sometimes shave the area. You will be given medicines to relax your muscles and keep you from feeling pain during the operation. If you feel discomfort during the procedure, tell your healthcare provider immediately.
The healthcare provider will make a cut in the skin over the upper chest and separate the tissues to make a place for the pacemaker. The artificial pacemaker system consists of one or two electrodes and a battery unit.
The electrodes – wires that are insulated nearly to their tips – are inserted into a vein located under your collarbone. With the help of X-rays, your healthcare provider places wires in your left and right ventricles. The tips of the electrodes make contact with your heart muscle and transmit the electrical impulse that stimulates the heartbeat. The other ends of the electrodes are connected to the pacemaker unit, which contains batteries and electronic circuits. The healthcare provider places this unit under the skin of your upper chest and sews the pocket closed.
What happens after the procedure?
You may stay in the hospital for 1 to 3 days, depending on your condition. You will remain in bed and your heart will be monitored. The day after the procedure you will be encouraged to walk in preparation for leaving the hospital.
Before you leave the hospital, your healthcare provider will check your pacemaker using a small table-top computer, called a programmer, and a wand. The wand is about the same size as a remote control. Your provider puts the wand on your body, about where the pacemaker is located. This allows your healthcare provider to get information from the pacemaker about what the heart is doing and how well it is working. An echocardiogram may also be done as part of the check of your pacemaker. If needed, your healthcare provider can adjust the pacemaker using the programmer and the wand. It is not painful, and it usually takes just a few minutes.
You may learn how to check the function of the pacemaker using the telephone. The function of the pacemaker can also be checked at follow-up visits with your healthcare provider.
Your healthcare provider may explain how having a pacemaker might affect your lifestyle and when the battery in the pacemaker may need to be replaced. Ask your healthcare provider what other steps you should take and when you should come back for a checkup.
What are the benefits?
You will probably have less shortness of breath than you did before the procedure. Your heart may beat in a healthy rhythm, and you may resume a more normal lifestyle. The benefits may be greater several months after the pacemaker is placed in your chest.
What are the risks?
There are some risks when you have general anesthesia. Discuss these risks with your healthcare provider.
- A local anesthesia may not numb the area quite enough and you may feel some minor discomfort. Also, in rare cases, you may have an allergic reaction to the drug used in this type of anesthesia. Local anesthesia is considered safer than general anesthesia.
- The wire could puncture one of the lungs, the vein, or the heart cavity.
- Like any electrical/mechanical device, the pacemaker may need a replacement if it stops working properly.
- The pacemaker wire may become dislodged or break.
- There is a risk of infection or bleeding.
The risks associated with BVP are slightly higher than with some other pacemakers because it is more difficult to place the wires properly on both sides of the heart. Ask your healthcare provider how these risks apply to you. | <urn:uuid:f55cf464-2b54-498c-8587-7b3d471772a3> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.cardiacsolutions.net/bi-v-pacemaker-implant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607010703-20230607040703-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.929013 | 1,300 | 2.59375 | 3 |
When to Cull Laying Hens
It can be difficult to decide when to cull your older laying hens. Some people like to keep their hens for a few years before culling them from the flock. Other people choose to cull at the onset of the hen’s first molt.
When laying hens are around 18 months old, they begin their first molt. This is the process where chickens lose a lot of their feathers, then grow new ones. Molting requires the consumption of extra calories and protein and may take 3 1/2 months or more. During this period, the hen will slow down production and then stop laying eggs. Many chicken keepers order replacement pullets 6 months or so ahead of time and cull the older hens when they start their first molt.
Second Molt Or Later
You may choose to feed your hens through the first molt in anticipation of the larger eggs they will produce in their second year. Keep in mind that although the older hen will lay larger eggs, those eggs will be fewer and farther between with each molt. They will continue to molt approximately once a year for the rest of their lives. Eventually your ‘senior hen’ will cease to produce any eggs. At that point they are pets, pest control, and fertilizer producers. If you wish to keep them for those reasons, be aware that they may live 8 or 10 years when well cared for.
The Economics of Culling
Raising your own eggs may only be less expensive than buying them if you can raise your own grain. You can reduce the overall cost of keeping chickens in a number of ways. Free ranging or pasturing will allow them to rustle up some of their own grub, as long as predators aren’t a problem. You can feed them table scraps and the leftovers from butchering. It also helps a great deal if you cull your hens at the start of their first molt.
The meat from each hen is enough for a meal or two. Smaller breeds like the White Leghorn make a nice pot of soup. Some of the dual purpose heritage breeds (such as Plymouth Rocks, Buff Orpingtons, and Rhode Island Reds) should weigh in at 4 pounds or more when dressed. The carcass can be stewed, the meat picked from the bones for a casserole or enchiladas, and then a pot of soup can be made from the broth and small bits of meat. The bones and other bits can be put back in a stock pot with fresh water to make another pot of stock to can or freeze for later.
How to Tell if Your Hen is Laying Eggs
Perhaps you have a mixed flock of laying hens of different ages. It can be tricky to tell who is laying and who isn’t. Of course, the best way to tell is to put each hen into a separate coop or cage and watch to see how many eggs she produces for a few days. Being separated will stress her and she will stop laying after 5 or 6 days until she is returned to the flock and has had some time to adjust. You can also watch them all day or set up a special nesting box that allows the hens in, but not out. When you pull them out, you can clip a feather or mark them in some way so you can keep track.
You can also look at several physical signs that a hen is in laying condition. The signs include: hens with bright red combs and wattles; a yellow color to their skin and legs; a large, moist, pinkish vent; and a wider space between her hips (looking from the back end and feeling for the hip bones, check to see if they are approximately 3 fingers wide). A hen that shows these signs should be laying eggs.
Even after all of these methods are employed, it is quite possible that you’ll butcher a hen and find plenty of eggs of various sizes in her abdomen. I always feel bad when this happens, but sometimes you just have to get over it.
Do you butcher your old laying hens? Do you have a ‘foolproof’ method of telling which hens are laying? | <urn:uuid:15fe3690-9c60-4c43-9337-585f8cfc283f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theselfsufficienthomeacre.com/2013/11/how-to-cull-your-old-laying-hens.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958012 | 867 | 2.625 | 3 |
Social protection renews optimism for sustainable development
The media often supplements talks of the Global South with illustrations of humanitarian tragedies and persistent development bottlenecks. However, this traditional news coverage overlooks a very positive and impactful transformation taking place in Africa and the Global South: the impressive growth in social protection systems, the establishment of new foundations for advancing sustainable development and for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Social protection programmes are among the most successful development experiences the world has seen in recent years. They have proven to be key in developing countries' efforts to fight poverty and hunger, as demonstrated by the substantial progress made in poverty reduction through the adoption and expansion of social protection schemes in countries such as Brazil, Ethiopia and Senegal.
Making the transformation towards sustainable development by 2030 will require substantial changes in development practices. The steady increase in the number and quality of social protection systems throughout the Global South brings renewed hope and one of the most positive changes the world has witnessed in recent decades. In Africa, 48 countries have established flagship programmes, with more than 120 different initiatives being implemented.
Seizing this positive change as a catalytic force to advance sustainable development is a must. As an effort to support policy implementation and to bring an up-to-date analysis of creative policies blossoming across the African continent, the UNDP World Centre for Sustainable Development (RIO+ Centre) and the UNDP Regional Service Centre for Africa are launching the first RIO+ global report in Gaborone, Botswana.
The report focuses on social protection as a key to achieving sustainable development by building on the experiences of Africa and Brazil to capture lessons that inspire citizens and provide policymakers with information on existing programmes. While Brazil’s contribution to development cooperation multiplied fivefold between 2005 and 2010, the country has partnered with several African countries to promote its successful experiences on poverty and malnutrition reduction.
Calling for the expansion of social protection agenda as a vital tool to transforming development towards sustainability, the global report emphasizes that, despite the significant expansion of programmes throughout Africa, only 20 percent of the continent’s poorest people have access to social protection mechanisms to help them cope when shocks or provide opportunities to emerge out of poverty.
This new report is the result of promising collaboration between the two sides of the Atlantic. It is co-led by the UNDP global policy centre in Rio de Janeiro, a legacy of the historic Rio+ 20 Conference, and the UNDP Regional Service Centre for Africa, with decisive support from the African Union (AU) and the Governments of Brazil and Senegal.
The new global report builds on the recommendations from a global UNDP-AU social protection event held in Dakar, Senegal in April 2015, which identified the mounting demand for an updated analysis of the current state-of-the-art of social protection and for more dialogue between Africa, Brazil and the Global South.
In a global scenario so-often punctuated by stereotyped images of persistent poverty and despair, it is our role to point out to solutions and inspiring examples of action. Strengthening social protection for sustainable development (or SP4SD, as proposed in the report) is a positive new paradigm emerging in the Global South that will be decisive in the realization of the 2030 Agenda. | <urn:uuid:5dbe484f-033a-4548-a536-7316ed6cd1a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2016/6/21/Growth-in-social-protection-renews-optimism-towards-sustainable-development-/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613780.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530031818-20170530051818-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.91802 | 657 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Phenomena of Wells and Springs in Drift Material
Drift material, loose material left on the surface by a retiring glacier, plays a part in wells and springs. (a) Beds of clay variously disiposed in a mass of sandy materials. (b) Wells sunk in different situations, and finding a supply of water only when a bed of clay is reached. A well on top of a hill may be shallower than one at the foot. (c) The surface of the earth. (d) Outcrop bed of clay, causing a spring. If the porous materials contain fragments of limestones, these spring waters are hard, and d. A well carried below its supplying-bed may lose its water again. | <urn:uuid:d4e632a3-1fae-4c45-9827-47556c040f6a> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/69300/69319/69319_material_dri.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646008.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00222-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912082 | 150 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Do Dreams Matter?
Consider that your dreams may provide fascinating insights into hidden parts of you.
Dreams are weird—don’t even get me started on nightmares. They may feel bizarre and as though they make no sense. Many of us don’t even remember our dreams.
So, why bother thinking about our dreams or even talking about your dreams with your therapist?
Many cultures see dreams as hugely important in our lives. For example, Native Americans believed that dreams were portals to the spirit world and a path to prophecy and quests, while the Aborigines called stories of the world’s very beginning their “dreamings.”
In our culture, dreams are more commonly considered as a window into the unconscious mind, a theory popularized by Austrian founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s. In a similar vein, poet Rumi prophetically observed in his writings, “Though we seem to be sleeping, there is an inner wakefulness that directs the dreams. And that will eventually startle us back to the truth of who we are.” Dreams are incredibly personal and can be layered with significance and substance of your unconscious inner self. While there is still much we do not fully understand about dreams, some believe that unfogging the unconscious might help to reveal emotional conflicts occurring just beneath the surface.
Talking about your dreams with a therapist can help make sense of this. Having an open space to freely describe your dream in detail can be helpful in order to access some connections and possible reoccurring themes in your life. Often, images with seemingly little significance for you may become central in your therapy, creating an opportunity to resolve conflicts in your life.
If you would like to further explore your dreams, but have trouble remembering them, here are 4 tips that may help:
Go to sleep with the intention to remember. Make a conscious decision to remember your dreams. You have a better chance of remembering your dreams if you want to remember them. Try thinking about what you would like to dream about as a kind of prep for your dream action.
Keep a dream journal. Keep a journal by your bed or a recording device to note your dream as soon as you wake up. Record whatever you remember in that moment, without attempting to make sense of it at that point. Additionally, if possible—it might help to wake up more slowly vs. waking up with an alarm clock.
Don’t eat, drink alcohol or take medication right before bed. Substances can get in the way of getting enough REM sleep, the deep sleep stage in which dreaming occurs.
Practice again the next night. Like everything else, remembering your dreams takes effort and practice. The more you become conscious of and intentional regarding your dreams, the more likely you are to remember them.
Dreams could be a window into content that is unconscious to you and yet affect you, and meeting with a psychotherapist can facilitate the space to uncover this.
Till then, sweet dreams! | <urn:uuid:b0a741aa-cff1-4abd-86b5-1f4829785f58> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.drjenkashani.com/post/do-dreams-matter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703499999.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116014637-20210116044637-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.95435 | 617 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Toxicological effect and behavioral response of a predatory Stinging Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to three indigenous plant seed extracts
Keywords:Toxicological effect, Heteropneustes fossilis, plant extracts, mortality, lethal concentrations.
For the removal of undesired fish species from aquaculture ponds, an alternative to synthetic toxins is the use of botanical toxicants which are biodegradable and environmentally safer. Toxicological effects of distilled water, 50% ethyl alcohol, methanol and acetone extracts of three indigenous plant seeds, Jatropha carcus (Linn.), Hydnocarpus wightianus (Blume) and Aleurites moluccana (Linn. Willd) were studied on the predatory fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) under normal laboratory conditions. Depending upon the type of plants, extracts and concentrations, percentage mortality varied. Behavioral activities increased with increasing concentrations. During exposure, fish exhibited discolouration, gulping for air, erratic swimming, loss of reflex, slow movement and ultimately became motionless before death . The extent of toxicity of extracts for J. carcus, H. wightianus and A. moluccana on H. fossilis could be ranked in the order: Acetone > methanol > 50% ethyl alcohol > distilled water. On the basis of LC50 values the most toxic was acetone extract of J. carcus seeds and least toxic was distilled water extract of A. moluccana seeds. It is suggested that these plant seed extracts would be helpful in aquaculture to remove unwanted fish species from culture ponds.
Bangladesh J. Zool. 48(2): 379-391, 2020 | <urn:uuid:a60eced2-4143-4dc3-a386-a455aaed6425> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://banglajol.info/index.php/BJZ/article/view/52377 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587659.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025092203-20211025122203-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.888062 | 364 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Wind Warriors share the common quest seeking information about wind power. Information sources are often not available, incomplete or obscure.
The Independent Electricity System Operator is a starting point to understand the components of Ontario’s energy grid. Experts are aware of IESO’s short comings and limitations but for citizen researchers the information presented marks a good place to begin the quest for knowledge and data about how power is generated.
ELECTRICITY GENERATION SITES: http://www.ieso.ca/ontarioenergymap/index.html
SUPPLY OVERVIEW: http://www.ieso.ca/Pages/Power-Data/Supply.aspx#list | <urn:uuid:10ac5b77-983b-4b03-8178-cd4a3e6b8b23> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://mothersagainstturbines.com/2016/12/02/information-is-power/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323711.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628153051-20170628173051-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.779888 | 142 | 2.890625 | 3 |
VCAL Foundation Numeracy
- Make sense of mathematics in your daily personal life
- Focus on numbers, data, financial literacy, time and location
- Read and design timetables, play sports to record statistics and more
Subject Code: V3VNU
Year Level: 11
What will I learn?
Numeracy in Foundation is designed to develop your confidence and skills to perform simple and familiar numeracy tasks, and to be able to make sense of mathematics in your daily personal life. The mathematics involved includes numbers and data, financial literacy, time and location, measurement and design, and the use of software tools and devices.
What will I do?
- As much as possible the skills you learn will be directly linked to ‘real world’ examples or practical experiences.
- Read and design timetables, follow recipes, play sports to record statistics, design houses and plan dream holidays. | <urn:uuid:680987af-d467-4825-a2f7-80c32a2c72af> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://subjectselection.ccw.vic.edu.au/subjectselection/VCALSubjects?domain=Numeracy&yearlevel=11&Level=Foundation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515501.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517031843-20220517061843-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.89891 | 192 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Light obscuration (LO)
Light obscuration (LO) is the compendial technique for the analysis of subvisible particles in parenteral and ophthalmic products.
LO is listed in the pharmacopoeias Ph. Eur. 2.9.19, USP <788>, USP <787> and USP<789>. During measurement, the sample is drawn into the system through a needle and particles passing a laser beam block a certain amount of light and produce a “shadow” on a light-sensitive detector. The area of this shadow is then converted to an equivalent circular diameter of the particle, based on a calibration curve generated with polystyrene standard beads.
LO allows counting and sizing of subvisible particles in the size range from about 1 to 200 µm. The upper particle concentration limit is system dependent and usually about 10^5 and 10^6 particles/mL. The pharmacopoeias give specifications for particles >10 µm (less than 6,000 particles per container for low-volume parenterals of 100 mL or less) and particles >25 µm (less than 600 particles per container for low-volume parenterals of 100 mL or less). However, the quantification of smaller subvisible particles (>1 µm) is nowadays also expected by the regulatory authorities. At Coriolis, we have already many years of experience in using low volume methods for LO analysis of numerous different biopharmaceutical products (see our publication “Pharmaceutical feasibility of sub-visible particle analysis in parenterals with reduced volume light obscuration methods").
The LO technique is used during all stages of development, from early research to batch release testing for the quantification of subvisible particles. At Coriolis, LO can be offered in full GMP compliance.
Main advantages of LO are the high sampling efficiency, as the whole sample volume can be analyzed during the measurement, and the short measurement and data handling times. However, the presence of air bubbles and the formation of Schlieren patterns can result in erroneously high particle levels in LO measurements. But, a well-established sample preparation procedure can avoid these issues. Like all light-based techniques, LO depends on a difference in refractive index between particle and solvent. The validity of LO results should thus be validated by using orthogonal methods.
Need more information? Follow the links below and contact our experts with your questions today.
S. Zölls, R. Tantipolphan, M. Wiggenhorn, G. Winter, W. Jiskoot, W. Friess, A. Hawe, Particles in therapeutic protein formulations, Part 1: overview of analytical methods., J. Pharm. Sci. 101 914–35. doi:10.1002/jps.23001.
Hawe A, Schaubhut F, Geidobler R, Wiggenhorn M, Friess W, Rast M, de Muynck C, Winter G., Pharmaceutical feasibility of sub-visible particle analysis in parenterals with reduced volume light obscuration methods., Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2013 Nov | <urn:uuid:130b7b59-d0bb-41d3-9e45-b5fb3a8cfbed> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.coriolis-pharma.com/light-obscuration-lo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585280.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019171139-20211019201139-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.870373 | 656 | 2.515625 | 3 |
According to this article five species of rare butterflies could soon be extinct. The annual survey of butterfly numbers in the UK has found that overall butterfly numbers are much lower than average. The problem is the wet summers we have experienced in the past few years which make it difficult for the insects to breed. Another wet summer could mean that species such as the Duke of Burgundy, High Brown Fritillary, Wood White, Lulworth Skipper and the Pearl-bordered Fritillary will become extinct. It seems there is not much we can do to save them other than hope for a long dry summer.
Page rendered at Friday, May 29, 2015 11:01:37 AM (GMT Daylight Time, UTC+01:00)
The opinions expressed herein are my own personal opinions and do not represent
my employer's view in anyway. | <urn:uuid:f936682c-6226-452b-b107-e2f91740ae29> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.karennutton.co.uk/CommentView,guid,6106310c-744f-4917-97ec-51b829903c28.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929978.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00077-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959523 | 171 | 2.921875 | 3 |
PALS, which stands for “Peer Assisted Learning Strategies,” is a system of student to student tutoring. When using this program, teachers are to identify which students need help and which students could assist them on various skills. According to the PALS website, the teachers pair the students based on this information, guiding them to work on the necessary skills and switching partners and roles as needed as the students progress. The system, which runs from kindergarten to high school, is intended to complement a class’s existing reading curriculum.
In the PALS reading program, teachers are to pair a dependent, or struggling, reader with one who is reading independently at that level; however, to decrease discouragement, the difference should not be extreme. The teacher gives them both a text at the target grade level that focuses on a specific skill, such as sequencing events. The independent reader acts as a coach, supporting the dependent reader. In this way, the dependent reader receives help in an area of difficulty while the independent reader gets reinforcement in the target skill.
Because students don’t necessarily start with the qualifications or skills to be effective tutors, the PALS program structures their dialogue. Initially, the teacher should explain how the student pair should interact. The dependent reader reads aloud for a set amount of time while the independent reader acts as a coach, following along and correcting his peer in a scripted manner. If the coach hears an incorrectly read word, he tells the reader to “Check it,” or review the word. If the reader still struggles, though, the coach says the word correctly. During this procedure, the teacher monitors the pairs at work. The time spent reading varies by age level. For example, a second grade child using the PALS program would read for 5 minutes.
The PALS reading program is not intended to replace a core reading program; instead, it is designed to support reading programs already in place. The program aims to reinforce essential literacy skills, such as phonemic awareness, reading fluency and comprehension. In kindergarten, for example, the students start with letter-sound correspondence and work up to reading common short words. From first grade on, the program focuses on decoding, or figuring out, new words and reading fluency. Teachers are encouraged to implement the program three to four times a week. PALS also works to reinforce academic behaviors through a points system: pairs earn points toward a reward by completing activities such as correctly retelling the events the reader read about.
Doug Fuchs, professor of special education at Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, and Lynn Fuchs, also a professor of special education at Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, developed the PALS reading program. Several studies conducted by Doug and Lynn Fuchs, in conjunction with other researchers, found that students using PALS outscored their peers on reading tests. In these studies, the investigators organized the students so that there were multiple ability levels within a PALS group and a control group. All ability levels within the PALS groups, including students with learning disabilities, performed better on tests than students in control groups.
- Digital Vision./Digital Vision/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:890dba50-8e48-4eb9-a94f-3ffcb6b92abc> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://oureverydaylife.com/pals-reading-program-11727.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170609.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00416-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949995 | 640 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Phlebotomy is one of the crucial medical sectors yet quite underrated. Most people have never even heard of phlebotomists before, yet they have interacted on various occasions.
Phlebotomists are the health care professionals who draw blood from your body for tests, donation, research, or during a blood transfusion. They make it possible for clinical laboratorians to collect quality samples. All the laboratory reports depend on the quality of the sample. For accurate results, the phlebotomists coordinated everything in a clinical laboratory.
While the fundamental role of the phlebotomist is to draw blood, they play various roles to ensure accuracy for the results from the lab. It is important that phlebotomists always demonstrate proper blood collecting skills. If taken lightly, the sample can get contaminated due to errors or incorrect labeling. It can also lead to the destruction of red blood cells. It then becomes difficult to reach an accurate diagnosis.
How Phlebotomists Save Lives
While most people tend to overlook the role of phlebotomists, they play such a crucial role. Here are some of the life-saving roles in the field of phlebotomy:
Drawing Blood for Testing
Taking blood is the main function of phlebotomists. Every medical facility depends on the blood for specimens when conducting various tests. As most patients fear needles, the prospect of pain can get even the toughest of the patients squirming. It gets even tougher when the process involves a child who doesn’t understand the need for a blood draw.
As professionals, phlebotomists understand how best to draw blood and make sure that patients feel comfortable during the process. They ensure the least pain to the patient while drawing enough blood. Once drawn they avoid compromising the quality of the sample.
With the right sample, the laboratory can come up with the correct results for a medical diagnosis and create a positive impact on others and save lives. The wrong diagnosis can always lead to the wrong medication which is life-threatening in some cases.
The other life-saving role of phlebotomists is in blood collection during blood donation. Blood is such a crucial medical element with one pint of donated blood saving up to three lives.
Each day over 43,000 units of donated blood are used in the US for all kinds of patients. Leukemia patients, prematurely born babies, victims of automobile accidents and individuals undergoing heart transplants are some of the groups that benefit from donated blood.
Donating blood is one thing, collecting and ensuring the correct quality that can be used by others is another thing. Blood is so delicate, and any contamination renders it becomes useless. Contaminated blood is also life-threatening to the one who receives it. It is the work of the phlebotomist to ensure the best quality of blood.
Drawing blood whether during treatment or for blood testing is not an easy task. Otherwise, it would be a popular medical process among professionals. It comes with various concerns that make it a challenging task. Most people fear seeing blood while others just don’t want the pain that comes with it.
It takes the intervention of an experienced professional to make the process comfortable enough and ease patient concerns. This occurs before and after the blood draw.
Tips to Improve Skills
Phlebotomy is a skill that is learned. Like any other skill, it can be improved. Here are some of the ways to improve your phlebotomy skills.
Partake in Continuing Education
Before you become a phlebotomist, you must learn and pass your assessment. However, this is not enough. Continued education is important for phlebotomists as it helps to ensure that patients receive high-quality care as well. One way to do this is by regularly attending phlebotomy or healthcare-related community events and conferences.
By learning continuously, you keep up with the industry’s inventions and best practices. You’ll also need a refresher for safety and preparedness. Learning also increases your professional standing and helps expand practice opportunities for specializations in the field and the possibility of higher earnings and advancement.
Always Aim for Accuracy
No matter how much you study, there are also various things the come with clinical experience. One of these is perfecting your skill. As a life-saving process, you need to ensure accuracy when drawing. Use all the tools for appropriate roles, despite time consumption. With experience, you’ll learn how to handle various types of patients and improve your overall performance of job-related duties. | <urn:uuid:cd0164fb-2a4c-4b62-b69e-8c9130405e86> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.healthstatus.com/health_blog/health-careers/the-fundamental-role-of-phlebotomists-and-how-they-save-lives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949093.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330004340-20230330034340-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.946895 | 967 | 3.3125 | 3 |
This day in History: May 24
On this day in 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge opened, connecting New York and Brooklyn for the first time.
The bridge took 14 years to build and 27 people died during the grueling construction.
The Brooklyn Bridge was the largest suspension bridge ever built at the time.
In 1961, 27 Freedom Riders were arrested in Jackson, Mississippi.
The group of civil rights activists were riding through the south to challenge segregation on public transit.
Many of the riders were sentenced to two months inside Mississippi’s worst prison.
In 1964, Senator Barry Goldwater, running for the Republican nomination in the upcoming election, suggested using atomic weapons in Vietnam.
Goldwater said doing so would level forests as well as destroy bridges and roads bringing supplies from China.
A storm of criticism followed and he backed off the comments.
In 1941 on this day, iconic singer-songwriter Bob Dylan was born.
In 1965 on this day, comedian John C. Reilly was born.
On this day in 1974, jazz musician Duke Ellington died. | <urn:uuid:45591034-d4e5-456f-b62a-bb4b189ee094> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.mynbc5.com/article/this-day-in-history-may-24/27583078 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991428.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514152803-20210514182803-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.974341 | 221 | 2.984375 | 3 |
5.3: Marketing Communication Methods
- Page ID
What you’ll learn to do: describe common methods of marketing communication, their advantages and disadvantages
A common challenge for people new to marketing is learning about the many marketing communication tools and methods now available and understanding how to use them effectively. Fortunately, most of us have first-hand experience of being on the receiving end of IMC—whether you like it or not, you are a consumer, and you’ve been the target of all kinds of marketing communication. You know the difference between an ad that gets your attention and one you just tune out, for example. You are familiar with the line between “persistent” and “annoying” when it comes to getting marketing-related emails or text messages. You recognize which buy-one-get-one-free offers are a great deal, and which ones seem like a racket.
All this experience will come in handy in this section and later in the course. You’re getting closer to being on the other side of the wall, where you’ll be tasked with using marketing communication methods and tools to devise your own marketing plan (in the last module of this course!). In this section, though, you’ll get a chance to examine each of these marketing communication methods one by one. Fortunately, the underlying principles we’ve discussed up to this point apply to all of them: knowing your audience, defining strategy, setting objectives, crafting the message. Where paths diverge is in the tools themselves: how to design a great ad, how to produce a memorable event, how to get coverage for your organization in the news media, how to use email and social media skillfully for marketing purposes, and so on.
The next several readings provide a general overview of seven important marketing communication methods (shown in Figure 1, below) in common use today. This section will help you become familiar with each method, common tools associated with each method, how to use these methods effectively, and the advantages and disadvantages of each one. Some marketing professionals spend entire careers becoming specialists in one or more of these areas. Other marketers become generalists who are skilled at bringing together different tools–and experts–to execute effective IMC programs.
Whether you think you’re more of a generalist or a specialist, marketing offers great opportunities for creativity and experimentation. There will always be a new idea, strategy, tool, or combination of tactics that marketers can turn into IMC magic for their companies and their customers. As you learn about and gain experience with the basic tools and approaches, you’ll see opportunities to try something new. And you should: in the marketing world, fresh is good!
The specific things you’ll learn in this section include:
- Explain Advertising
- Explain Public Relations
- Explain Sales Promotions
- Explain Personal Selling
- Explain Direct Marketing
- Explain Digital Marketing
- Explain Guerrilla Marketing
Advertising: Pay to Play
Advertising is any paid form of communication from an identified sponsor or source that draws attention to ideas, goods, services or the sponsor itself. Most advertising is directed toward groups rather than individuals, and advertising is usually delivered through media such as television, radio, newspapers and, increasingly, the Internet. Ads are often measured in impressions (the number of times a consumer is exposed to an advertisement).
Advertising is a very old form of promotion with roots that go back even to ancient times. In recent decades, the practices of advertising have changed enormously as new technology and media have allowed consumers to bypass traditional advertising venues. From the invention of the remote control, which allows people to ignore advertising on TV without leaving the couch, to recording devices that let people watch TV programs but skip the ads, conventional advertising is on the wane. Across the board, television viewership has fragmented, and ratings have fallen.
Print media are also in decline, with fewer people subscribing to newspapers and other print media and more people favoring digital sources for news and entertainment. Newspaper advertising revenue has declined steadily since 2000. Advertising revenue in television is also soft, and it is split across a growing number of broadcast and cable networks. Clearly companies need to move beyond traditional advertising channels to reach consumers. Digital media outlets have happily stepped in to fill this gap. Despite this changing landscape, for many companies advertising remains at the forefront of how they deliver the proper message to customers and prospective customers.
The Purpose of Advertising
Advertising has three primary objectives: to inform, to persuade, and to remind.
- Informative Advertising creates awareness of brands, products, services, and ideas. It announces new products and programs and can educate people about the attributes and benefits of new or established products.
- Persuasive Advertising tries to convince customers that a company’s services or products are the best, and it works to alter perceptions and enhance the image of a company or product. Its goal is to influence consumers to take action and switch brands, try a new product, or remain loyal to a current brand.
- Reminder Advertising reminds people about the need for a product or service, or the features and benefits it will provide when they purchase promptly.
When people think of advertising, often product-focused advertisements are top of mind—i.e., ads that promote an organization’s goods or services. Institutional advertising goes beyond products to promote organizations, issues, places, events, and political figures. Public service announcements (PSAs) are a category of institutional advertising focused on social-welfare issues such as drunk driving, drug use, and practicing a healthy lifestyle. Usually PSAs are sponsored by nonprofit organizations and government agencies with a vested interest in the causes they promote.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising
As a method of marketing communication, advertising has both advantages and disadvantages. In terms of advantages, advertising creates a sense of credibility or legitimacy when an organization invests in presenting itself and its products in a public forum. Ads can convey a sense of quality and permanence, the idea that a company isn’t some fly-by-night venture. Advertising allows marketers to repeat a message at intervals selected strategically. Repetition makes it more likely that the target audience will see and recall a message, which improves awareness-building results. Advertising can generate drama and human interest by featuring people and situations that are exciting or engaging. It can introduce emotions, images, and symbols that stimulate desire, and it can show how a product or brand compares favorably to competitors. Finally, advertising is an excellent vehicle for brand building, as it can create rational and emotional connections with a company or offering that translate into goodwill. As advertising becomes more sophisticated with digital media, it is a powerful tool for tracking consumer behaviors, interests, and preferences, allowing advertisers to better tailor content and offers to individual consumers. Through the power of digital media, memorable or entertaining advertising can be shared between friends and go viral—and viewer impressions skyrocket.
The primary disadvantage of advertising is cost. Marketers question whether this communication method is really cost-effective at reaching large groups. Of course, costs vary depending on the medium, with television ads being very expensive to produce and place. In contrast, print and digital ads tend to be much less expensive. Along with cost is the question of how many people an advertisement actually reaches. Ads are easily tuned out in today’s crowded media marketplace. Even ads that initially grab attention can grow stale over time. While digital ads are clickable and interactive, traditional advertising media are not. In the bricks-and-mortar world, it is difficult for marketers to measure the success of advertising and link it directly to changes in consumer perceptions or behavior. Because advertising is a one-way medium, there is usually little direct opportunity for consumer feedback and interaction, particularly from consumers who often feel overwhelmed by competing market messages.
Developing Effective Ads: The Creative Strategy
Effective advertising starts with the same foundational components as any other IMC campaign: identifying the target audience and the objectives for the campaign. When advertising is part of a broader IMC effort, it is important to consider the strategic role advertising will play relative to other marketing communication tools. With clarity around the target audience, campaign strategy, and budget, the next step is to develop the creative strategy for developing compelling advertising. The creative strategy has two primary components: the message and the appeal.
The message comes from the messaging framework discussed earlier in this module: what message elements should the advertising convey to consumers? What should the key message be? What is the call to action? How should the brand promise be manifested in the ad? How will it position and differentiate the offering? With advertising, it’s important to remember that the ad can communicate the message not only with words but also potentially with images, sound, tone, and style.
Marketers also need to consider existing public perceptions and other advertising and messages the company has placed in the market. Has the prior marketing activity resonated well with target audiences? Should the next round of advertising reinforce what went before, or is it time for a fresh new message, look, or tone?
Along with message, the creative strategy also identifies the appeal, or how the advertising will attract attention and influence a person’s perceptions or behavior. Advertising appeals can take many forms, but they tend to fall into one of two categories: informational appeal and emotional appeal.
The informational appeal offers facts and information to help the target audience make a purchasing decision. It tries to generate attention using rational arguments and evidence to convince consumers to select a product, service, or brand. For example:
- More or better product or service features: Ajax “Stronger Than Dirt”
- Cost savings: Wal-Mart “Always Low Prices”
- Quality: John Deere “Nothing runs like a Deere”
- Customer service: Holiday Inn “Pleasing people the world over”
- New, improved: Verizon “Can you hear me now? Good.”
The following Black+Decker commercial relies on an informational appeal to promote its product. (Note: There is no speech in this video; only instrumental music.)
The emotional appeal targets consumers’ emotional wants and needs rather than rational logic and facts. It plays on conscious or subconscious desires, beliefs, fears, and insecurities to persuade consumers and influence their behavior. The emotional appeal is linked to the features and benefits provided by the product, but it creates a connection with consumers at an emotional level rather than a rational level. Most marketers agree that emotional appeals are more powerful and differentiating than informational appeals. However, they must be executed well to seem authentic and credible to the the target audience. A poorly executed emotional appeal can come across as trite or manipulative. Examples of emotional appeals include:
- Self-esteem: L’Oreal “Because I’m worth it”
- Happiness: Coca-Cola “Open happiness”
- Anxiety and fear: World Health Organization “Smoking Kills”
- Achievement: Nike “Just Do It”
- Attitude: Apple “Think Different”
- Freedom: Southwest “You are now free to move about the country”
- Peace of Mind: Allstate “Are you in good hands?”
- Popularity: NBC “Must-see TV”
- Germophobia: Chlorox “For life’s bleachable moments, there’s Chlorox”
The following Heinz Ketchup commercial offers a humorous example of an ad based entirely on an emotional appeal:
Developing the Media Plan
The media plan is a document that outlines the strategy and approach for an advertising campaign, or for the advertising component in an IMC campaign. The media plan is developed simultaneously with the creative strategy. A standard media plan consists of four stages: (a) stating media objectives; (b) evaluating media; (c) selecting and implementing media choices; and (d) determining the media budget.
Media objectives are normally started in terms of three dimensions:
- Reach: number of different persons or households exposed to a particular media vehicle or media schedule at least once during a specified time period.
- Frequency: the number of times within a given time period that a consumer is exposed to a message.
- Continuity: the timing of media assertions (e.g. 10 per cent in September, 20 per cent in October, 20 per cent in November, 40 per cent in December and 10 per cent the rest of the year).
The process of evaluating media involves considering each type of advertising available to a marketer, and the inherent strengths and weaknesses associated with each medium. The table below outlines key strengths and weaknesses of major types of advertising media. Television advertising is a powerful and highly visible medium, but it is expensive to produce and buy air time. Radio is quite flexible and inexpensive, but listenership is lower and it typically delivers fewer impressions and a less-targeted audience. Most newspapers and magazines have passed their advertising heydays and today struggle against declining subscriptions and readership. Yet they can be an excellent and cost-effective investment for reaching some audiences. Display ads offer a lot of flexibility and creative options, from wrapping busses in advertising to creating massive and elaborate 3-D billboards. Yet their reach is limited to their immediate geography. Online advertising such as banner ads, search engine ads, paid listings, pay-per-click links and similar techniques offers a wide selection of opportunities for marketers to attract and engage with target audiences online. Yet the internet is a very crowded place, and it is difficult to for any individual company to stand out in the crowd.
|Advertising Media Type||Strengths||Weaknesses|
|Display Ads: Billboards, Posters, Flyers, etc.||
|Online Ads (including mobile): Banner ads, search ads, paid listings, pay-per-click links, etc.||
The evaluation process requires research to to assess options for reaching their target audience with each medium, and how well a particular message fits the audience in that medium. Many advertisers rely heavily on the research findings provided by the medium, by their own experience, and by subjective appraisal to determine the best media for a given campaign.
To illustrate, if a company is targeting young-to-middle-aged professional women to sell beauty products, the person or team responsible for the media plan should evaluate what options each type of media offers for reaching this audience. How reliably can television, radio, newspapers or magazines deliver this audience? Media organizations maintain carefully-researched information about the size, demographics and other characteristics of their viewership or readership. Cable and broadcast TV networks know which shows are hits with this target demographic and therefore which advertising spots to sell to a company targeting professional women. Likewise newspapers know which sections attract the eyeballs of female audiences, and magazines publishers understand very well the market niches their publications fit. Online advertising becomes a particularly powerful tool for targeted advertising because of the information it captures and tracks about site visitors: who views and clicks on ads, where they visit and what they search for. Not only does digital advertising provide the opportunity to advertise on sites that cater to a target audience of professional women, but it can identify which of these women are searching for beauty products, and it can help a company target these individuals more intensely and provide opportunities for follow-up interaction.
The following video further explains how digital advertising targets and tracks individuals based on their expressed interests and behaviors.
Selection and Implementation
The media planner must make decisions about the media mix and timing, both of which are restricted by the available budget. The media-mix decision involves choosing the best combination of advertising media to achieve the goals of the campaign. This is a difficult task, and it usually requires evaluating each medium quantitatively and qualitatively to select a mix that optimizes reach and budget.
Unfortunately, there are few valid rules of thumb to guide this process, in part because it is difficult to compare audiences across different types of advertising media. For example, Nielsen ratings measure audiences based on TV viewer reports of the programs watched, while outdoor (billboard) audience-exposure estimates are based on counts of the number of automobiles that pass particular outdoor poster locations. The “timing of media” refers to the actual placement of advertisements during the time periods that are most appropriate, given the selected media objectives. It includes not only the scheduling of advertisements, but also the size and position of the advertisement.
There are three common patterns for advertising scheduling:
- Continuous advertising runs ads steadily at a given level indefinitely. This schedule works well products and services that are consumed on a steady basis throughout the year, and the purpose of advertising is to nudge consumers, remind them and keep a brand or product top-of-mind.
- Flighting involves heavy spurts of advertising, followed by periods with no advertising. This type of schedule makes sense for products or services that are seasonal in nature, like tax services, as well as one-time or occasional events.
- Pulsing mixes continuous scheduling with flighting, to create a constant drum-beat of ads, with periods of greater intensity. This approach matches products and services for which there is year-round appeal, but there may be some seasonality or periods of greater demand or intensity. Hotels and airlines, for example, might increase their advertising presence during the holiday season.
When considering advertising as a marketing communication method, companies need to balance the cost of advertising–both of producing the advertising pieces and buying placement—against the total budget for the IMC program. The selection and scheduling of media have a huge impact on budget: advertising that targets a mass audience is generally more expensive than advertising that targets a local or niche audience. It is important for marketers to consider the contribution advertising will make to the whole. Although advertising is generally one of the more expensive parts of the promotion mix, it may be a worthwhile investment if it contributes substantially to the reach and effectiveness of the whole program. Alternatively, some marketers spend very little on advertising because they find other methods are more productive and cost-effective for reaching their target segments.
Anatomy of an Advertisement
Advertisements use several common elements to deliver the message. The visual is the picture, image, or situation portrayed in the advertisement. The visual also considers the emotions, style, or look-and-feel to be conveyed: should the ad appear tender, businesslike, fresh, or supercool? All of these considerations can be conveyed by the visual, without using any words.
The headline is generally what the viewer reads first—i.e., the words in the largest typeface. The headline serves as a hook for the appeal: it should grab attention, pique interest, and cause the viewer to keep reading or paying attention. In a radio or television ad, the headline equivalent might be the voice-over of a narrator delivering the primary message, or it might be a visual headline, similar to a print ad.
In print ads, a subhead is a smaller headline that continues the idea introduced in the headline or provides more information. It usually appears below the headline and in a smaller typeface. The body copy provides supporting information. Generally it appears in a standard, readable font. The call to action may be part of the body copy, or it may appear elsewhere in a larger typeface or color treatment to draw attention to itself.
A variety of brand elements may also appear in an advertisement. These include the name of the advertiser or brand being advertised, the logo, a tagline, hashtag, Web site link, or other standard “branded” elements that convey brand identity. These elements are an important way of establishing continuity with other marketing communications used in the IMC campaign or developed by the company. For example, print ads for an IMC campaign might contain a campaign-specific tagline that also appears in television ads, Website content, and social media posts associated with the campaign.
Ad Testing and Measurement
When organizations are poised to make a large investment in any type of advertising, it is wise to conduct marketing research to test the advertisements with target audiences before spending lots of money on ads and messages that may not hit the mark. Ad testing may preview messages and preliminary ad concepts with members of a target segment to see which ones resonate best and get insight about how to fine-tune messages or other aspects of the ad to make them more effective. Organizations may conduct additional testing with near-final advertising pieces to do more fine-tuning of the messages and visuals before going public.
To gauge the impact of advertising, organizations may conduct pre-tests and post-tests of their target audience to measure whether advertising has its intended effect. A pre-test assesses consumer attitudes, perceptions, and behavior before the advertising campaign. A post-test measures the same things afterward to determine how the ads have influenced the target audience, if at all.
Companies may also measure sales before, during, and after advertising campaigns run in the geographies or targets where the advertising appeared. This provides information about the return on investment for the campaign, which is how much the advertising increased sales relative to how much money it cost to execute. Ideally advertising generates more revenue and, ultimately profits, than it costs to mount the advertising campaign.
Public Relations: Getting Attention to Polish Your Image
Public relations (PR) is the process of maintaining a favorable image and building beneficial relationships between an organization and the public communities, groups, and people it serves. Unlike advertising, which tries to create favorable impressions through paid messages, public relations does not pay for attention and publicity. Instead, PR strives to earn a favorable image by drawing attention to newsworthy and attention-worthy activities of the organization and its customers. For this reason, PR is often referred to as “free advertising.”
In fact, PR is not a costless form of promotion. It requires salaries to be paid to people who oversee and execute PR strategy. It also involves expenses associated with events, sponsorships and other PR-related activities.
The Purpose of Public Relations
Like advertising, public relations seeks to promote organizations, products, services, and brands. But PR activities also play an important role in identifying and building relationships with influential individuals and groups responsible for shaping market perceptions in the industry or product category where an organization operates. Public relations efforts strive to do the following:
- Build and maintain a positive image
- Inform target audiences about positive associations with a product, service, brand, or organization
- Maintain good relationships with influencers—the people who strongly influence the opinions of target audiences
- Generate goodwill among consumers, the media, and other target audiences by raising the organization’s profile
- Stimulate demand for a product, service, idea, or organization
- Head off critical or unfavorable media coverage
When to Use Public Relations
Public relations offers an excellent toolset for generating attention whenever there is something newsworthy that marketers would like to share with customers, prospective customers, the local community, or other audiences. PR professionals maintain relationships with reporters and writers who routinely cover news about the company, product category, and industry, so they can alert media organizations when news happens. At times, PR actually creates activities that are newsworthy, such as establishing a scholarship program or hosting a science fair for local schools. PR is involved in publishing general information about an organization, such as an annual report, a newsletter, an article, a white paper providing deeper information about a topic of interest, or an informational press kit for the media. PR is also responsible for identifying and building relationships with influencers who help shape opinions in the marketplace about a company and its products. When an organization finds itself facing a public emergency or crisis of some sort, PR professionals play an important role strategizing and managing communications with various stakeholder groups, to help the organization respond in effective, appropriate ways and to minimize damage to its public image.
To illustrate, PR techniques can help marketers turn the following types of events into opportunities for media attention, community relationship building, and improving the organization’s public image:
- Your organization develops an innovative technology or approach that is different and better than anything else available.
- One of your products wins a “best in category” prize awarded by a trade group.
- You enter into a partnership with another organization to collaborate on providing broader and more complete services to a target market segment.
- You sponsor and help organize a 10K race to benefit a local charity.
- You merge with another company.
- You conduct research to better understand attitudes and behaviors among a target segment, and it yields insights your customers would find interesting and beneficial.
- A customer shares impressive and well-documented results about the cost savings they have realized from using your products or services.
- Your organization is hiring a new CEO or other significant executive appointment.
- A quality-assurance problem leads your company to issue a recall for one of your products.
It is wise to develop a PR strategy around strengthening relationships with any group that is important in shaping or maintaining a positive public image for your organization: reporters and media organizations; industry and professional associations; bloggers; market or industry analysts; governmental regulatory bodies; customers and especially leaders of customer groups, and so forth. It is also wise to maintain regular, periodic communications with these groups to keep them informed about your organization and its activities. This helps build a foundation of familiarity and trust, so these relationships are established and resilient through the ups and downs of day-to-day business.
The following video, about Tyson Foods’ “Meals That Matter” program, shows how one company cooked up an idea that is equal parts public relations and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The video covers the Tyson disaster-relief team delivering food to the residents of Moore, Oklahoma, shortly after tornados struck the area on May 20, 2013. The company received favorable publicity following the inauguration of the program in 2012. (You can read one of the articles here: “Tyson Foods Unveils Disaster Relief Mobile Feeding Unit.”)
Standard Public Relations Techniques
Public relations encompasses a variety of marketing tactics that all share a common focus: managing public perceptions. The most common PR tools are listed in the following table and discussed below.
|Public Relations Technique||Role and Description||Examples|
|Media Relations||Generate positive news coverage about the organization, its products, services, people, and activities||Press release, press kit, and interview leading to a news article about a new product launch; press conference|
|Influencer/Analyst Relations||Maintain strong, beneficial relationships with individuals who are thought leaders for a market or segment||Product review published by a renowned blogger; company profile by an industry analyst; celebrity endorsement|
|Publications and Thought Leadership||Provide information about the organization, showcase its expertise and competitive advantages||Organization’s annual report; newsletters; white papers focused on research and development; video case study about a successful customer|
|Events||Engage with a community to present information and an interactive “live” experience with a product, service, organization or brand||User conference; presentation of a keynote address; day-of-community-service event|
|Sponsorships||Raise the profile of an organization by affiliating it with specific causes or activities||Co-sponsoring an industry conference; sponsoring a sports team; sponsoring a race to benefit a charity|
|Award Programs||Generate recognition for excellence within the organization and/or among customers||Winning an industry “product of the year” award; nominating customer for an outstanding achievement award|
|Crisis Management||Manage perceptions and contain concerns in the face of an emergency situation||Oversee customer communication during a service outage or a product recall; execute action plan associated with an environmental disaster|
Media relations is the first thing that comes to mind when many people think of PR: public announcements about company news, talking to reporters, and articles about new developments at a company. But media relations is the tip of the iceberg. For many industries and product categories, there are influential bloggers and analysts writing about products and the industry. PR plays an important role in identifying and building relationships with these individuals. Offering periodic “company update” briefings, newsletters, or email updates helps keep these individuals informed about your organization, so you are top of mind.
The people responsible for PR are also involved in developing and distributing general information about an organization. This information may be in the form of an annual report, a “state of the company” briefing call, video pieces about the company or its customers, and other publications that convey the company’s identity, vision, and goals. “Thought leadership” publications assert the company’s expertise and position of leading thought, practice, or innovation in the field. These publications should always be mindful of the same messaging employed for other marketing activities to ensure that everything seems consistent and well aligned.
While some consider event marketing a marketing communication method of its own, others categorize it with public relations as we have done here. Events, such as industry conferences or user group meetings, offer opportunities to present the company’s value proposition, products, and services to current and prospective customers. Themed events, such as a community service day or a healthy lifestyle day, raise awareness about causes or issues with with the organization wants to be affiliated in the minds of its employees, customers, and other stakeholder groups. A well-designed and well-produced event also offers opportunities for an organization to provide memorable interaction and experiences with target audiences. An executive leader can offer a visionary speech to generate excitement about a company and the value it provides—now or in the future. Events can help cement brand loyalty by not only informing customers but also forging emotional connections and goodwill.
Sponsorships go hand-in-hand with events, as organizations affiliate themselves with events and organizations by signing on to co-sponsor something available to the community. Sponsorships cover the gamut: charitable events, athletes, sports teams, stadiums, trade shows and conferences, contests, scholarships, lectures, concerts, and so forth. Marketers should select sponsorships carefully to make sure that they are affiliating with activities and causes that are well managed and strategically aligned with the public image they are trying to cultivate.
Award programs are another common PR tool. Organizations can participate in established award programs managed by trade groups and media, or they can create award programs that target their customer community. Awards provide opportunities for public recognition of great work by employees and customers. They can also help organizations identify great targets for case studies and public announcements to draw attention to how customers are benefitting from an organization’s products and services.
Crisis management is an important PR toolset to have on hand whenever it may be needed. Few companies choose this as a promotional technique if other options are available. But when crises emerge, as inevitably they do, PR provides structure and discipline to help company leaders navigate the crisis with communications and actions that address the needs of all stakeholders. Messaging, communication, listening, and relationship building all come to the fore. When handled effectively, these incidents may help an organization emerge from the crisis stronger and more resilient than it was before. This is the power of good PR.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Relations
Because PR activity is earned rather than paid, it tends to carry more credibility and weight. For example, when a news story profiles a customer’s successful experience with a company and its products, people tend to view this type of article as less biased (and therefore more credible) than a paid advertisement. The news story comes from an objective reporter who feels the story is worth telling. Meanwhile an advertisement on a similar topic would be viewed with skepticism because it is a paid placement from a biased source: the ad sponsor.
Advantages of Public Relations
- The opportunity to amplify key messages and milestones. When PR activities are well-aligned with other marketing activities, organizations can use PR to amplify the things they are trying to communicate via other channels. A press release about a new product, for example, can be timed to support a marketing launch of the product and conference where the product is unveiled for the first time.
- Believable. Because publicity is seen to be more objective, people tend to give it more weight and find it more credible. Paid advertisements, on the other hand, are seen with a certain amount of skepticism, since people that companies can make almost any kind of product claim they want.
- Employee pride. Organizing and/or sponsoring charitable activities or community events can help with employee morale and pride (both of which get a boost from any related publicity, too). It can also be an opportunity for teamwork and collaboration.
- Engaging people who visit your Web site. PR activities can generate interesting content that can be featured on your organization’s Web site. Such information can be a means of engaging visitors to the site, and it can generate interest and traffic long after the PR event or moment has passed. Industry influencers may visit the site, too, to get updates on product developments, growth plans, or personnel news, etc.
Disadvantages of Public Relations
- Cost. Although publicity is usually less expensive to organize than advertising, it isn’t “free.” A public relations firm may need to be hired to develop campaigns, write press releases, and speak to journalists. Even if you have in-house expertise for this work, developing publicity materials can take employees away from their primary responsibilities and drain off needed resources.
- Lack of control. There’s no guarantee that a reporter or industry influencer will give your company or product a favorable review—it’s the price you pay for “unbiased” coverage. You also don’t have any control over the accuracy or thoroughness of the coverage. There’s always a risk that the journalist will get some facts wrong or fail to include important details.
- Missing the mark. Even if you do everything right—you pull off a worthy event and it gets written up by a local newspaper, say—your public relations effort can fall short and fail to reach enough or the right part of your target audience. It doesn’t do any good if the reporter’s write-up is very short or it appears in a section of the paper that no one reads. This is another consequence of not being able to fully control the authorship, content, and placement of PR.
PR and Integrated Marketing Communication
Public relations activities can provide significantly greater benefits to organizations when they happen in conjunction with a broader IMC effort, rather than on their own. Because PR focuses heavily on communication with key stakeholder groups, it stands to reason that other marketing communication tools should be used in conjunction with public relations. For example:
- Press releases can be distributed to media contacts, customers, and other stakeholder groups via email marketing campaigns that might also include additional information or offers—such as an invitation to a webinar to learn more about the subject of the press release.
- Press releases are posted to the Web site to update content and provide a greater body of information for Web site visitors
- Event presentations and other activities should align with an organization’s broader marketing strategy, goals, and messaging. Everything should be part of the same, consistent approach and theme—e.g., the topics of speeches, information available in trade show booths, interactions with event participants via email and social media, etc.
- Sponsorship activities often provide an opportunity to advertise at the event, as well. Naturally it is important for there to be good alignment between these advertising opportunities, company messaging, and the audience for the sponsored activity.
- A thought-leadership piece, such as an article or a white paper authored by a company leader, can be published on the Web site and incorporated into an email marketing campaign that targets selected audiences
Smart marketers consider PR tools in concert with other marketing activity to determine how to make the greatest impact with their efforts. Because PR activities often involve working with many other people inside and outside the organization, they usually need a long lead time in order to come together in the desired time frame. Event planning happens months (and sometimes years) in advance of the actual event itself. Press releases and public announcements can be mapped out over several months to give marketers and other stakeholders plenty of time to prepare and execute effectively. PR is undoubtedly a powerful toolset to amplify other marketing efforts.
Sales promotion helps make personal selling and advertising more effective. Sales promotions are marketing events or sales efforts—not including traditional advertising, personal selling, and public relations—that stimulate buying. Sales promotion can be developed as part of the social media or e-commerce effort just as advertising can, but the methods and tactics are much different. Sales promotion is a $300 billion—and growing— industry. Sales promotion is usually targeted toward either of two distinctly different markets. Consumer sales promotion is targeted to the ultimate consumer market. Trade sales promotion is directed to members of the marketing channel, such as wholesalers and retailers.
The goal of many promotion tactics is immediate purchase. Therefore, it makes sense when planning a sales-promotion campaign to target customers according to their general behavior. For instance, is the consumer loyal to the marketer’s product or to the competitor’s? Does the consumer switch brands readily in favor of the best deal? Does the consumer buy only the least expensive product, no matter what? Does the consumer buy any products in your category at all?
Proctor & Gamble
Procter & Gamble believes shoppers make up their mind about a product in about the time it takes to read this paragraph.
This “first moment of truth,” as P&G calls it, is the three to seven seconds when someone notices an item on a store shelf. Despite spending billions on traditional advertising, the consumer-products giant thinks this instant is one of its most important marketing opportunities. It recently created a position entitled Director of First Moment of Truth, or Director of FMOT (pronounced “EFF-mott”), to produce sharper, flashier in-store displays. There is a 15-person FMOT department at P&G headquarters in Cincinnati as well as 50 FMOT leaders stationed around the world.
One of P&G’s most prominent in-store promotions has been for a new line of Pampers. In the United States, P&G came up with what it calls a “shopper concept”—a single promotional theme that allows it to pitch products in a novel way. The theme for Pampers was “Babies First.” In stores, the company handed out information on childhood immunizations, car-seat safety, and healthy diets while promoting its diapers and wipes in other parts of the store. To market Pampers diapers in the United Kingdom, P&G persuaded retailers earlier this year to put fake doorknobs high up on restroom doors, to remind parents how much babies need to stretch.
Sales Promotion Techniques
Most consumers are familiar with common sales promotion techniques including samples, coupons, point-of-purchase displays, premiums, contents, loyalty programs and rebates.
Do you like free samples? Most people do. A sample is a sales promotion in which a small amount of a product that is for sale is given to consumers to try. Samples encourage trial and an increased awareness of the product. You have probably purchased a product that included a small free sample with it—for example, a small amount of conditioner packaged with your shampoo. Have you ever gone to a store that provided free samples of different food items? The motivation behind giving away samples is to get people to buy a product. Although sampling is an expensive strategy, it is usually very effective for food products. People try the product, the person providing the sample tells consumers about it, and mentions any special pricing or offers for the product.
The objectives of a promotion depend on the general behavior of target consumers, as described in Table 1. For example, marketers who are targeting loyal users of their product don’t want to change behavior. Instead, they want to reinforce existing behavior or increase product usage. Frequent-buyer programs that reward consumers for repeat purchases can be effective in strengthening brand loyalty. Other types of promotions are more effective with customers prone to brand switching or with those who are loyal to a competitor’s product. Cents-off coupons, free samples, or an eye-catching display in a store will often entice shoppers to try a different brand.
The use of sales promotion for services products depends on the type of services. Consumer services, such as hairstyling, rely heavily on sales promotions (such as providing half off the price of a haircut for senior citizens on Mondays). Professional services, however, use very little sales promotion. Doctors, for example, do not often use coupons for performing an appendectomy, for example. In fact, service product companies must be careful not to utilize too many sales-promotion tactics because they can lower the credibility of the firm. Attorneys do not have a sale on providing services for divorce proceedings, for example.
|Type of Behavior||Desired Results||Sales Promotion Examples|
|Loyal customers: People who buy your product most or all of the time||Reinforce behavior, increase consumption, change purchase timing||Loyalty marketing programs, such as frequent-buyer cards and frequent-shopper clubs. Bonus packs that give loyal consumers an incentive to stock up or premiums offered in return for proof of purchase.|
|Competitor’s customers: People who buy a competitor’s product most or all of the time||Break loyalty, persuade to switch to your brand||Sweepstakes, contests, or premiums that create interest in the product|
|Brand switchers: People who buy a variety of products in the category||Persuade to buy your brand more often||Sampling to introduce your product’s superior qualities compared to their brand|
|Price buyers: People who consistently buy the least expensive brand||Appeal with low prices or supply added value that makes price less important||Trade deals that help make the product more readily available than competing products. Coupons, cents-off packages, refunds, or trade deals that reduce the price of the brand to match that of the brand that would have been purchased.|
Two growing areas of sales promotion are couponing and product placement. American consumers receive over $321 billion worth of coupons each year and redeem about $3 billion. Almost 85 percent of all Americans redeem coupons. Sunday newspaper supplements remain the number one source, but there has been explosive growth of online or consumer-printed coupons. General Mills, Kimberly-Clark, and General Electric like online coupons because they have a higher redemption rate. Coupons are used most often for grocery shopping. Do they save you money? One study found that people using coupons at the grocery store spent eight percent more than those who didn’t.
Product placement is paid inclusion of brands in mass media programming. This includes movies, TV, books, music videos, and video games. So when you see Ford vehicles in the latest James Bond movie or Tom Hanks putting on a pair on Nikes on-screen, that is product placement. Product placement has become a huge business. For example, companies paid more than $6 billion in a recent year to have their products placed prominently in a film or television program; that figure is expected to reach more than $11 billion by 2019. It is easy to go overboard with this trend and be portrayed as a parody, however. The 2017 Emoji Movie is an example of failed product placements. The theme of the movie centered on various emojis caught in a smartphone as they are forced to play Candy Crush and say glowing things about such apps as Dropbox and Instagram as they make their way through the phone. Also, some have suggested that product placement might doom the products and companies. For example, Atari products appeared in the classic 1982 film Blade Runner, but the original company went out of business shortly after the movie was released, while another product, the Cuisinart food processor, had to settle a price-fixing scandal after making an appearance in the film. This has not stopped companies such as Sony, Peugeot, and Coca-Cola from tempting fate by appearing in the recently released Blade Runner 2049. Many large companies are cutting their advertising budgets to spend more on product placements. One area of product placement that continues to raise ethical issues is so-called “experts” being paid to mention brands on the air.
Contests and sweepstakes are also popular consumer sales promotions. Contests are games of skill offered by a company, that offer consumers the chance to win a prize. Cheerios’ Spoonfuls of Stories contest, for example, invited people to submit an original children’s story and the chance to win money and the opportunity to have their story published. Sweepstakes are games of chance people enter for the opportunity to win money or prizes. Sweepstakes are often structured as some variation on a random drawing. The companies and organizations that conduct these activities hope consumers will not only enter their games, but also buy more of their products and ideally share their information for future marketing purposes. As the following video shows, marketers have become increasingly sophisticated in the way they approach this “gaming” aspect of sales promotions.
Read the transcript for the video “Gamification.”
Which Sales Promotions Work Best, and When?
Although different types of sales promotions work best for different organizations, rebates are very profitable for companies because, as you have learned, many consumers forget to send in their rebate forms. In a weak economy, consumers tend to use more coupons, but they also buy more store brands. Coupons available online or at the point of purchase are being used more often by consumers. Trade shows can be very successful, although the companies that participate in them need to follow-up on the leads generated at the shows.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sales Promotions
In addition to their primary purpose of boosting sales in the near term, companies can use consumer sales promotions to help them understand price sensitivity. Coupons and rebates provide useful information about how pricing influences consumers’ buying behavior. Sales promotions can also be a valuable–and sometimes sneaky–way to acquire contact information for current and prospective customers. Many of these offers require consumers to provide their names and other information in order to participate. Electronically-scanned coupons can be linked to other purchasing data, to inform organizations about buying habits. All this information can be used for future marketing research, campaigns and outreach.
Consumer sales promotions can generate loyalty and enthusiasm for a brand, product, or service. Frequent flyer programs, for example, motivate travelers to fly on a preferred airline even if the ticket prices are somewhat higher. If sales have slowed, a promotion such as a sweepstakes or contest can spur customer excitement and (re)new interest in the company’s offering. Sales promotions are a good way of energizing and inspiring customer action.
Trade promotions offer distribution channel partners financial incentives that encourage them to support and promote a company’s products. Offering incentives like prime shelf space at a retailer’s store in exchange for discounts on products has the potential to build and enhance business relationships with important distributors or businesses. Improving these relationships can lead to higher sales, stocking of other product lines, preferred business terms and other benefits.
Sales promotions can be a two-edged sword: if a company is continually handing out product samples and coupons, it can risk tarnishing the company’s brand. Offering too many freebies can signal to customers that they are not purchasing a prestigious or “limited” product. Another risk with too-frequent promotions is that savvy customers will hold off purchasing until the next promotion, thus depressing sales.
Often businesses rush to grow quickly by offering sales promotions, only to see these promotions fail to reach their sales goals and target customers. The temporary boost in short term sales may be attributed to highly price-sensitive consumers looking for a deal, rather than the long-term loyal customers a company wants to cultivate. Sales promotions need to be thought through, designed and promoted carefully. They also need to align well with the company’s larger business strategy. Failure to do so can be costly in terms of dollars, profitability and reputation.
If businesses become overly reliant on sales growth through promotions, they can get trapped in short-term marketing thinking and forget to focus on long-term goals. If, after each sales dip, a business offers another sales promotion, it can be damaging to the long-term value of its brand.
IMC Support for Sales Promotions
Sales promotions are delivered to targeted groups via marketing campaigns during a pre-set, limited amount of time. In order to broaden awareness, impact and participation, sales promotions are often combined with other marketing communication methods in the promotional mix. Examples of IMC support for sales promotions include:
- Weekly email messages to consumers informing them about the week’s sales, special offers, and coupons
- Promotional information on a Web site informing consumers about the availability of a rebate or other special offer
- Posters and other promotional materials to enhance a point-of-purchase display
- Sweepstakes forms incorporated into a magazine advertisement
- Social media campaigns encouraging people to post about entering a sponsored contest on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram
These types of activities create synergies between the sales promotions and other marketing activities. IMC activities can amplify the message about the sales promotion and encourage active participation from target customers.
Finally, it is important to recognize that sales promotions cannot compensate for a poor product, a declining sales trend, ineffective advertising, or weak brand loyalty. If these fundamentals are not working, sales promotions can serve only as a temporary solution.
Personal selling uses in-person interaction to sell products and services. This type of communication is carried out by sales representatives, who are the personal connection between a buyer and a company or a company’s products or services. Salespeople not only inform potential customers about a company’s product or services, they also use their power of persuasion and remind customers of product characteristics, service agreements, prices, deals, and much more. In addition to enhancing customer relationships, this type of marketing communications tool can be a powerful source of customer feedback, as well. Later we’ll cover marketing alignment with the sales process in greater detail. This section focuses on personal selling as one possible tool in the promotional mix.
Effective personal selling addresses the buyer’s needs and preferences without making him or her feel pressured. Good salespeople offer advice, information, and recommendations, and they can help buyers save money and time during the decision process. The seller should give honest responses to any questions or objections the buyer has and show that he cares more about meeting the buyer’s needs than making the sale. Attending to these aspects of personal selling contributes to a strong, trusting relationship between buyer and seller.
Common Personal Selling Techniques
Common personal selling tools and techniques include the following:
- Sales presentations: in-person or virtual presentations to inform prospective customers about a product, service, or organization
- Conversations: relationship-building dialogue with prospective buyers for the purposes of influencing or making sales
- Demonstrations: demonstrating how a product or service works and the benefits it offers, highlighting advantageous features and how the offering solves problems the customer encounters
- Addressing objections: identifying and addressing the concerns of prospective customers, to remove any perceived obstacles to making a purchase
- Field selling: sales calls by a sales representative to connect with target customers in person or via phone
- Retail selling: in-store assistance from a sales clerk to help customers find, select, and purchase products that meet their needs
- Door-to-door selling: offering products for sale by going door-to-door in a neighborhood
- Consultative selling: consultation with a prospective customer, where a sales representative (or consultant) learns about the problems the customer wants to solve and recommends solutions to the customer’s particular problem
- Reference selling: using satisfied customers and their positive experiences to convince target customers to purchase a product or service
Personal selling minimizes wasted effort, promotes sales, and boosts word-of-mouth marketing. Also, personal selling measures marketing return on investment (ROI) better than most tools, and it can give insight into customers’ habits and their responses to a particular marketing campaign or product offer.
When to Use Personal Selling
Not every product or service is a good fit for personal selling. It’s an expensive technique because the proceeds of the person-to-person sales must cover the salary of the sales representative—on top of all the other costs of doing business. Whether or not a company uses personal selling as part of its marketing mix depends on its business model. Most often companies use personal selling when their products or services are highly technical, specialized, or costly—such as complex software systems, business consulting services, homes, and automobiles.
In addition, there are certain conditions that favor personal selling:
- Product situation: Personal selling is relatively more effective and economical when a product is of a high unit value, when it is in the introductory stage of its life cycle, when it requires personal attention to match consumer needs, or when it requires product demonstration or after-sales services.
- Market situation: Personal selling is effective when a firm serves a small number of large-size buyers or a small/local market. Also, it can be used effectively when an indirect channel of distribution is used for selling to agents or middlemen.
- Company situation: Personal selling is best utilized when a firm is not in a good position to use impersonal communication media, or it cannot afford to have a large and regular advertising outlay.
- Consumer behavior situation: Personal selling should be adopted by a company when purchases are valuable but infrequent, or when competition is at such a level that consumers require persuasion and follow-up.
It’s important to keep in mind that personal selling is most effective when a company has established an effective sales-force management system together with a sales force of the right design, size, and structure. Recruitment, selection, training, supervision, and evaluation of the sales force also obviously play an important role in the effectiveness of this marketing communication method.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Personal Selling
The most significant strength of personal selling is its flexibility. Salespeople can tailor their presentations to fit the needs, motives, and behavior of individual customers. A salesperson can gauge the customer’s reaction to a sales approach and immediately adjust the message to facilitate better understanding.
Personal selling also minimizes wasted effort. Advertisers can spend a lot of time and money on a mass-marketing message that reaches many people outside the target market (but doesn’t result in additional sales). In personal selling, the sales force pinpoints the target market, makes a contact, and focuses effort that has a strong probability of leading to a sale.
As mentioned above, an additional strength of personal selling is that measuring marketing effectiveness and determining ROI are far more straightforward for personal selling than for other marketing communication tools—where recall or attitude change is often the only measurable effect.
Another advantage of personal selling is that a salesperson is in an excellent position to encourage the customer to act. The one-on-one interaction of personal selling means that a salesperson can effectively respond to and overcome objections—e.g., concerns or reservations about the product—so that the customer is more likely to buy. Salespeople can also offer many customized reasons that might spur a customer to buy, whereas an advertisement offers a limited set of reasons that may not persuade everyone in the target audience.
A final strength of personal selling is the multiple tasks that the sales force can perform. For example, in addition to selling, a salesperson can collect payments, service or repair products, return products, and collect product and marketing information. In fact, salespeople are often the best resources when it comes to disseminating positive word-of-mouth product information.
High cost is the primary disadvantage of personal selling. With increased competition, higher travel and lodging costs, and higher salaries, the cost per sales contract continues to rise. Many companies try to control sales costs by compensating sales representatives through commissions alone, thereby guaranteeing that salespeople are paid only if they generate sales. However, commission-only salespeople may become risk averse and only call on clients who have the highest potential return. These salespeople, then, may miss opportunities to develop a broad base of potential customers that could generate higher sales revenues in the long run.
Companies can also reduce sales costs by using complementary techniques, such as telemarketing, direct mail, toll-free numbers for interested customers, and online communication with qualified prospects. Telemarketing and online communication can further reduce costs by serving as an actual selling vehicle. Both technologies can deliver sales messages, respond to questions, take payment, and follow up.
A second disadvantage of personal selling is the problem of finding and retaining high-quality people. Experienced salespeople sometimes realize that the only way their income can outpace their cost-of-living increase is to change jobs. Also, because of the push for profitability, businesses try to hire experienced salespeople away from competitors rather than hiring college graduates, who take three to five years to reach the level of productivity of more experienced salespeople. These two staffing issues have caused high turnover in many sales forces.
Another weakness of personal selling is message inconsistency. Many salespeople view themselves as independent from the organization, so they design their own sales techniques, use their own message strategies, and engage in questionable ploys to generate sales. (You’ll recall our discussion in the ethics module about the unique challenges that B2B salespeople face.) As a result, it can be difficult to find a unified company or product message within a sales force or between the sales force and the rest of the marketing mix.
A final disadvantage of personal selling is that sales-force members have different levels of motivation. Salespeople may vary in their willingness to make the desired number of sales calls each day; to make service calls that do not lead directly to sales; or to take full advantage of the technologies available to them.
How IMC Supports Personal Selling
As with any other marketing communication method, personal selling must be evaluated on the basis of its contribution to the overall marketing mix. The costs of personal selling can be high and carry risks, but the returns may be just as high. In addition, when personal selling is supported by other elements of a well-conceived IMC strategy, it can be very effective indeed.
Consider the following example of Audi, which set out to build a customer-relationship program:
Audi’s goal was to not have the relationship with the customer end after the sale was made. Operating on the assumption that the company’s best potential customers were also its existing customers, the company initiated an online program to maintain contact, while allowing its sales force to concentrate on selling. Based on its television campaign for the new A4 model, Audi offered a downloadable screensaver that frequently broadcasted updated news and information automatically to the consumers’ computers. After displaying the screensaver option on its Web site, Audi sent an email to owners and prospects offering them the opportunity to download it. More than 10,000 people took advantage of the offer. Audi then began to maintain a continuous dialog with the adopters by sending them newsletters and updates. Click-through rates ranged from 25 to 35 percent on various parts of the site—well exceeding the standard rates—and car sales were 25 percent higher than they were the previous year, even in a down economy.
As a result of several coordinated communication methods (TV advertising, email, downloadable screensaver, newsletters, and product information) and presumably a well-designed customer relationship management (CRM) system, Audi helped its sales force be more effective (by freeing it up to focus on sales and by connecting it with more prospective customers), which, turn, meant higher profits.
Direct Marketing: Going Straight to the Customer
Direct marketing activities bypass any intermediaries and communicate directly with the individual consumer. Direct mail is personalized to the individual consumer, based on whatever a company knows about that person’s needs, interests, behaviors, and preferences. Traditional direct marketing activities include mail, catalogs, and telemarketing. The thousands of “junk mail” offers from credit card companies, bankers, and charitable organizations that flood mailboxes every year are artifacts of direct marketing. Telemarketing contacts prospective customers via the telephone to pitch offers and collect information. Today, direct marketing overlaps heavily with digital marketing, as marketers rely on email and, increasingly, mobile communications to reach and interact with consumers.
The Purpose and Uses of Direct Marketing
The purpose of direct marketing is to reach and appeal directly to individual consumers and to use information about them to offer products, services and offers that are most relevant to them and their needs. Direct marketing can be designed to support any stage of the AIDA model, from building awareness to generating interest, desire, and action. Direct marketing, particularly email, also plays a strong role in post-purchase interaction. Email is commonly used to confirm orders, send receipts or warrantees, solicit feedback through surveys, ask customers to post a social media recommendation, and propose new offers.
Direct marketing is an optimal method for marketing communication in the following situations:
- A company’s primary distribution channel is to sell products or services directly to customers
- A company’s primary distribution method is through the mail or other shipping services to send directly to the customer
- A company relies heavily on sales promotions or discounts, and it is important to spread the word about these offers to consumers
- An advertisement cannot sufficiently convey the many benefits of a company’s product or service, and so a longer marketing piece is required to express the value proposition effectively
- A company finds that standard advertising is not reaching its target segments, and so better-targeted marketing communications are required to reach the right individuals; for example, using direct mail to reach wealthier people according to their affluent zip code
- A company sells expensive products that require more information and interaction to make the sale
- A company has a known “universe” of potential customers and access to contact information and other data about these customers
- A company is heavily dependent on customer retention, reorders and/or repurchasing, making it worthwhile to maintain “permissioned” marketing interaction with known customers
Data: The Key to Effective Direct Marketing
The effectiveness of direct marketing activity depends on marketers using databases to capture the information of target customers and the use of this information to extend ever-more-personalized offers and information to consumers. Databases record an individual’s residence, geography, family status, and credit history. When a person moves or makes a significant purchase like a car or a home, these details become part of the criteria marketers use to identify who will be a good target for their products or services. With electronic media, the information flow about consumers opens the floodgates: marketing databases capture when a consumer opens an email message and clicks on a link. They track which links piqued consumers’ interests, what they view and visit, so that the next email offer is informed by what a person found interesting the last time around. These databases also collect credit card information, so marketers can link a person’s purchasing history to shopping patterns to further tailor communications and offers.
Mobile marketing adds another dimension of personalization in direct-to-consumer communications. It allows marketers to incorporate location-sensitive and even activity-specific information into marketing communications and offers. When marketers know you are playing a video game at a mall, thanks to your helpful smart phone, they can send you timing-, location- and activity-specific offers and messages.
Direct Marketing in Action
How does this work in practice? If you’ve ever paid off an auto loan, you may have noticed a torrent of mail offers from car dealerships right around the five-year mark. They know, from your credit history, that you’re nearly done paying off your car and you’ve had the vehicle for several years, so you might be interested in trading up for a newer model. Based on your geography and any voter registration information, you may be targeted during election season to participate via telephone in political polls and to receive “robocalls” from candidates and parties stomping for your vote.
Moving into the digital world, virtually any time you share an email address with an organization, it becomes part of a database to be used for future marketing. Although most organizations that engage in email marketing give the option of opting out, once you become a customer, it is easy for companies to justify continuing to contact you via email or text as part of the customer relationship you’ve established. As you continue to engage with the company, your behavior and any other information you share becomes part of the database record the company uses to segment and target you with offers it thinks will interest you.
Similarly, marketers use SMS (text) for marketing purposes, and direct marketing activity takes place in mobile apps, games, and Web sites. All of these tools use the data-rich mobile environment to capture information about consumers and turn it into productive marketing opportunities. QR codes, another direct-to-consumer mobile marketing tool, enable consumers to scan an image with a mobile phone that takes them to a Web site where they receive special information or offers.
A great illustration of how companies use consumer information for direct marketing purposes comes from a New York Times article that interviewed Andrew Pole, who conducts marketing analytics for the retailer Target. The article discusses how Target uses behavioral data and purchasing history to anticipate customers’ needs and make them offers based on this information:
Target has a baby registry, and Pole started there, observing how shopping habits changed as a woman approached her due date, which women on the registry had willingly disclosed. He ran test after test, analyzing the data, and before long some useful patterns emerged. Lotions, for example. Lots of people buy lotion, but one of Pole’s colleagues noticed that women on the baby registry were buying larger quantities of unscented lotion around the beginning of their second trimester. Another analyst noted that sometime in the first twenty weeks, pregnant women loaded up on supplements like calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Many shoppers purchase soap and cotton balls, but when someone suddenly starts buying lots of scent-free soap and extra-big bags of cotton balls, in addition to hand sanitizers and washcloths, it signals they could be getting close to their delivery date.
As Pole’s computers crawled through the data, he was able to identify about twenty-five products that, when analyzed together, allowed him to assign each shopper a “pregnancy prediction” score. More important, he could also estimate her due date to within a small window, so Target could send coupons timed to very specific stages of her pregnancy.
One Target employee I spoke to provided a hypothetical example. Take a fictional Target shopper named Jenny Ward, who is twenty-three, lives in Atlanta, and in March bought cocoa-butter lotion, a purse large enough to double as a diaper bag, zinc and magnesium supplements, and a bright blue rug. There’s, say, an 87 percent chance that she’s pregnant and that her delivery date is sometime in late August. What’s more, because of the data attached to her Guest ID number, Target knows how to trigger Jenny’s habits. They know that if she receives a coupon via e-mail, it will most likely cue her to buy online. They know that if she receives an ad in the mail on Friday, she frequently uses it on a weekend trip to the store.
The article goes on to tell the well-documented story of an outraged father who went into his local Target to complain about the mailer his teenage daughter received from Target featuring coupons for infant clothing and baby furniture. He accused Target of encouraging is daughter to get pregnant. The customer-service employee he spoke with was apologetic but knew nothing about the mailer. When this employee phoned the father a few days later to apologize again, it emerged that the girl was, in fact, pregnant, and Target’s marketing analytics had figured it out before her father did.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Marketing
All this data-driven direct marketing might seem a little creepy or even nefarious, and certainly it can be when marketers are insensitive or unethical in their use of consumer data. However, direct marketing also offers significant value to consumers by tailoring their experience in the market to things that most align with their needs and interests. If you’re going to have a baby (and you don’t mind people knowing about it), wouldn’t you rather have Target send you special offers on baby products than on men’s shoes or home improvement goods?
As suggested in the New York Times excerpt, above, direct marketing can be a powerful tool for anticipating and predicting customer needs and behaviors. Over time, as companies use consumer data to understand their target audiences and market dynamics, they can develop more effective campaigns and offers. Organizations can create offers that are more personalized to consumer needs and preferences, and they can reach these consumers more efficiently through direct contact. Because it is so data intensive, it is relatively easy to measure the effectiveness of direct marketing by linking it to outcomes: did a customer request additional information or use the coupons sent? Did he open the email message containing the discount offer? How many items were purchased and when? And so forth. Although the cost of database and information infrastructure is not insignificant, mobile and email marketing tend to be inexpensive to produce once the underlying infrastructure is in place. As a rule, direct marketing tactics can be designed to fit marketing budgets.
Among the leading disadvantages of direct marketing are, not surprisingly, concerns about privacy and information security. Target’s massive data breach in 2013 took a hefty toll on customer confidence, company revenue, and profitability at the time. Direct marketing also takes place in a crowded, saturated market in which people are only too willing to toss junk mail and unsolicited email into trash bins without a second glance. Electronic spam filters screen out many email messages, so people may never even see email messages from many of the organizations that send them. Heavy reliance on data also leads to the challenge of keeping databases and contact information up to date and complete, a perennial problem for many organizations. Finally, direct marketing implies a direct-to-customer business model that inevitably requires companies to provide an acceptable level of customer service and interaction to win new customers and retain their business.
Direct Marketing in the IMC Process
Direct marketing, and email marketing in particular, plays a critical role in many IMC campaigns because it is a primary means of communicating with any named-and-known target audiences. It is a common vehicle for spreading the word about sales promotions and public relations activities. Direct marketing pieces can reuse and reinforce messages and images developed for advertisements, offering another touch point for reaching target segments. QR codes and other mobile marketing tactics may be used at the point of sale to engage customers and persuade them to purchase. Email marketing messages commonly include links to social media, inviting consumers to share experiences, opinions, marketing messages, and offers with their social networks.
Direct marketing can also be a useful tool in personal selling, as it helps marketers and sales representatives efficiently maintain ongoing relationships with customers and prospects as they are nurtured through the sales process. The rich data behind direct marketing also provides insight for sales representatives to help them segment prospective customers and develop offers and sales approaches personalized to their needs and interests.
Digital Marketing: Inform, Entice, Engage
Digital marketing is an umbrella term for using a digital tools to promote and market products, services, organizations and brands. As consumers and businesses become more reliant on digital communications, the power and importance of digital marketing have increased. The direct marketing section of this module already discussed two digital tools: email and mobile marketing, which fit into both categories. This section will discuss other essential tools in the digital marketing tool kit: websites, content marketing and search-engine optimization (SEO), and social media marketing.
What Makes Digital Marketing Tools Unique
In part, digital marketing is critically important because people use digital technologies frequently, and marketing needs to happen where people are. But digital marketing tools also have other unique capabilities that set them apart from traditional (predigital) marketing communication tools. These capabilities make them uniquely suited to the goals of marketing. Digital marketing tools are:
- Interactive: A primary focus of many digital marketing tools and efforts is to interact with target audiences, so they become actively engaged in the process, ideally at multiple points along the way. This may happen by navigating a website, playing a game, responding to a survey, sharing a link, submitting an email address, publishing a review, or even “liking” a post. Asking consumers to passively view an advertisement is no longer enough: now marketers look for ways to interact.
- Mobile and portable: Today’s digital technologies are more mobile and portable than ever before. This means digital marketing tools are also mobile and portable: consumers can access them–and they can access consumers–virtually anytime and anywhere through digital devices. Digital marketing can reach people in places and ways that simply were not possible in the past. A tired mother stuck in traffic might encourage her child to play a game on her smart phone, exposing both child and mother to marketing messages in the process. A text message sent to a remote location can remind an adventurer to renew a subscription or confirm an order. Many physical limitations fall away in the digital world.
- Highly measurable and data driven. Digital technologies produce mountains of data about who is doing what, when, how, and with whom. Likewise, digital marketing tools enable marketers to determine very precisely whom they want to reach, how to reach them, and what happens when people begin the process of becoming a customer. By tracking and analyzing these data, marketers can also identify which channels are most productive for bringing people into the site and what types of interactions are most efficient at turning them to customers.
- Sharable: Because digital marketing tools are digital, it is easy to share them at low or no cost–a benefit for marketers and for consumers who find content they want to share virally. People routinely share videos, games, websites, articles, images, and brands—any number of overt or covert marketing artifacts. In fact, the degree to which something is shared has become a key metric to confirm how successful it is as a marketing vehicle. Sharing has always been a primary means of spreading ideas. Digital marketing tools now facilitate extremely rapid, efficient, global sharing.
- Synergistic with other marketing activities: Digital marketing tools offer quick, easy, and inexpensive ways to repurpose marketing messages and content from other marketing communication methods. They help amplify and reinforce the messages targeting consumers through other media. For example, uploading a TV ad to YouTube creates a piece of digital marketing content that can be posted to Facebook, tweeted on Twitter, embedded in a website page, and shared via an email from a sales representative engaged in personal selling to a target customer.
Let’s take a look at this commercial from Always. What did they do to take advantage of digital marketing tools?
Not only did Always produce a video on a relevant topic, but they invited people to join the conversation. At the end of the commercial, they invited viewers to share the message, to tweet using #likeagirl, and to visit their website.
The Imperative to Use Digital Marketing
For virtually every organization that wants to do business in the world today, having some level of digital marketing presence is a requirement. A we site is quite literally an organization’s digital address and calling card. People of all ages routinely use Web searches for information that shapes their purchasing decisions; using the Web helps them decide where to look, what to buy, where to find it, and how much to pay. Marketers must develop useful Web content and engage in search engine optimization (SEO) strategies in order to make sure their websites will be found when people come looking.
Social media marketing helps organizations tap into the power of word-of-mouth sharing, so that people hear about a company, product, or brand from trusted sources. Social media allow marketers to foster communities and listen in on timely conversations about their brands and products, providing insight into what’s working or not working with their marketing or the customer experiences they provide. Email and mobile marketing reflect the dominant communication patterns in the developed world as well as in many developing countries. Communicating with prospects and customers effectively requires marketers to use these common, everyday tools.
Digital marketing tools are an integral part of most IMC campaigns, as they provide digital communication support to target and reinforce campaign messages and activities in other media. Examples of digital marketing tools supporting broader IMC activity include the following:
- Media companies host and monitor forums for fans to live-tweet during broadcast and cable TV programs, such as The Walking Dead and Empire, including commentary on the programming, advertising, the entertainment “brand,” and nature of the fan community.
- Companies routinely upload television ads to YouTube and then work to create “buzz” by promoting this content through their websites, blogs, Facebook, Twitter, and other social media platforms.
- Well-designed Web content such as research reports, articles, and e-books are used as informational giveaways to generate interest and cultivate leads during trade shows, conferences, and personal selling activities.
Websites represent an all-in-one storefront, a display counter, and a megaphone for organizations to communicate in the digital world. For digital and bricks-and-mortar businesses, Websites are a primary channel for communicating with current and prospective customers as well as other audiences. A good website provides evidence that an organization is real, credible, and legitimate.
The variety of online website-building services now available make setting up a basic website relatively simple and inexpensive. Once the website is established, it can continue to be fairly easy and inexpensive to maintain if the organization uses cost-effective and user-friendly tools. On the other hand, sophisticated websites can be massively expensive to build and maintain, and populating them with fresh, compelling content can devour time and money. But organizations can adjust the scope, scale, and resources required for their websites in proportion to their business objectives and the value they want their websites to deliver.
Websites As Marketing Tools
Websites are very flexible, allowing organizations to build the kinds of features and capabilities they need to conduct business effectively. Common marketing objectives and website functions include the following:
- Providing general information about an organization such as the value proposition, products and services, and contact information
- Expressing the brand of an organization through design, look and feel, personality, and voice
- Demonstrating products, services, and expertise, including the customer experience, features, benefits, and value they provide
- Proof points about the value a company offers, using evidence in the form of case studies, product reviews, testimonials, return on investment data, etc.
- Lead generation, capturing information about website visitors to use in ongoing sales and marketing activity
- Communities and forums for target audiences to share information and ask/answer questions
- Publishing value-adding content and tools for informational or entertainment purposes to bring people in and draw them back to the website
- Communication about company news, views, culture, developments, and vision through an electronic newsroom or a company blog, for example
- Shopping, providing tools for customers to research, find, and select products or services in the digital environment
- Recommendations that direct customers to information, products, services, and companies that meet their interests and needs
- Sales, the ability to conduct sales and transact business online
- Capturing customer feedback about the organization, its products, services, content, and the website experience itself
Before starting to build a website, the marketing manager should meet with other company leaders to lay out a common vision for what the Website should accomplish and the business functions it should provide. For example, if a business does not plan to handle sales online, there is no need to build a “shopping cart” function or an e-commerce engine. If cultivating lively dialogue with an active customer community is an important business objective, this capability should be incorporated into the website strategy and design decisions from the outset. The website strategy must be effective at achieving the organization’s goals to inform, engage, entertain, explore, support, etc.
Top Tips for Effective Websites
Many factors go into building an effective website. The following table serves as a checklist for key considerations.
|Website Element||Tips and Recommendations|
|Domain name||The domain name is your digital address. Secure a name that is memorable and functional for your business.|
|Look and feel||A site’s look and feel conveys a lot about a company. Make sure your site makes positive impressions about credibility, product quality, the customer experience, etc.|
|Messaging||Messaging and how it is presented can draw people in or turn them off immediately. Find concise, compelling ways to tell your story.|
|Design||Website design is about usability as well as aesthetics. Make conscious choices about how design expresses your brand personality as well as its role in making the user experience intuitive and effective.|
|Structure||Structure the website and organize information so that it is easy for visitors to navigate the site and find what they want.|
|Content quality||To a large degree, the quality of content is what brings traffic into a website (more on this soon). Produce content and organize it so it can drive traffic, move customers through the sales cycle, and generate business.|
|Content variety||Use a mix of professional-quality text, images, video, and other visual content to make your website interesting and readable.|
|Language||Typos and grammatical errors are an immediate website turnoff. Proofread everything with fresh eyes before you publish.|
|Accessibility||Follow basic principles of website accessibility to ensure that people can use your site effectively regardless of device or disability.|
|Call to action||Provide cues for your website visitors about what to do next. Give each page a clear call to action and a path that invites people to keep exploring and moving closer to a purchasing decision.|
|Analytics||Track website traffic and usage patterns using a tool like Google Analytics. Monitor which website pages get attention and which ones flop. Use what you learn to improve how well your website meets your objectives.|
Advantages and Disadvantages of Website Marketing
Websites have so many advantages that there is almost no excuse for a business not to have one. Effective website marketing declares to the world that an organization exists, what value it offers, and how to do business. Websites can be an engine for generating customer data and new business leads. An electronic storefront is often dramatically less expensive than a physical storefront, and it can serve customers virtually anywhere in the world with internet access. Websites are very flexible and easy to alter. Organizations can try out new strategies, content and tactics at relatively low cost to see what works and where the changes pay off.
At the same time, websites carry costs and risks. They do require some investment of time and money to set up and maintain. For many organizations, especially small organizations without a dedicated website team, keeping website content fresh and up-to-date is a continual challenge. Organizations should make wise, well-researched decisions about information infrastructure and website hosting, to ensure their sites remain operational with good performance and uptime. Companies that capture and maintain customer data through their websites must be vigilant about information security to prevent hackers from stealing sensitive customer data. Some company websites suffer from other types of information security challenges, such as electronic vandalism, trolling (offensive or provocative online posts), and denial-of-service attacks mounted by hackers to take websites out of commission.
Search-Engine Optimization and Content Marketing
Search-engine optimization (SEO) is the process of using Internet search engines, such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo, to gain notice, visibility, and traffic from people conducting searches using these tools. SEO works in lockstep with content marketing, which takes a strategic approach to developing and distributing valuable content targeted to the interests of a defined audience, with the goal of driving sales or another profitable customer action. In other words, content marketers create worthwhile Internet content aimed at their target audiences. Then organizations use SEO tactics to get this content noticed and to generate new traffic and sales leads.
Together, SEO and content marketing can help boost awareness and brand perceptions about the value a company provides. Content marketing can help an organization gain visibility as an expert or leader in its competitive set. Together these marketing communications tools help organizations get noticed and stay top of mind among individuals seeking the types of products or services they offer.
How SEO Works
The basic premise behind search-engine optimization is this: People conduct Internet searches. The search terms they use bring up a given set of results. When someone is searching for the types of things your organization offers, as a marketer you want your results to be at the top. You can boost your search rankings by identifying and applying SEO and content marketing strategies to the search terms people use when they are looking for products or services like yours. It may even be worth paying to get their attention, because people searching for the things you offer are likely to be better-qualified prospective customers.
Because the supply of Internet content on any given topic is continually expanding, and because search-engine companies regularly fine-tune their search algorithms to deliver ever more helpful results, SEO is not a one-time task. It’s an ongoing process that companies should incorporate into their entire approach to digital marketing.
In the world of SEO, there are two types of search results: 1) organic (or unpaid) search results, and 2) inorganic (or paid) search results.
Organic search results are the unpaid listings that appear solely because of their relevance to the search terms entered when you conduct an Internet search. These are unpaid listings, and they earn their place because the search engine determines they are most relevant and valuable based on a variety of factors including the content itself and the popularity of that content with other Internet users.
Inorganic, or paid search results, appear because companies have paid the search engine for a high-ranking placement based on the search terms used. Organizations bid for this placement and typically pay per click when someone clicks through to a website. Most search engines mark the paid results as ads, so that Internet users can distinguish between organic and paid search results. In Figure 1, below, the results preceded by the word Ad in yellow indicate paid search results from a Google search of “cats for sale.”
The following short video explains what makes Google AdWords so powerful.
Marketers use key-word research to guide their efforts to improve their rankings for both organic and inorganic searches. Key-word research helps marketers identify the search terms people are most likely to use when looking for the types of products, services, or information their website offers. Tools such as freely available Google AdWords Keyword Planner and Google Trends help marketers identify and compare popular search terms. Armed with optimal search key words, they can buy high-ranking placement in inorganic, paid search results for their search terms of choice. They can improve their organic (unpaid) search rankings by applying content marketing strategies.
How Content Marketing Works
There is a popular saying among digital marketers: “Content is king.” Good content attracts eyeballs, while poor content does not. Content marketing is based on the premise that marketers can use web content as a strategic asset to attract attention and drive traffic of target audiences. As a marketer, part of your job is to help the organization publish substantive web content–articles, videos, e-books, podcasts, images, infographics, case studies, games, calculators, etc.–that will be interesting for your target segments. When you do this, you should incorporate your optimal search terms into the content, so that it’s more likely to show up in organic search results. You should also look for ways to link to that content from other webpages, so that search-engine “bots” (or computer programs) responsible for cataloguing websites will think your content is popular and well regarded by the Internet-user community. As your content appears in search results, it will rank higher as more and more people click through to your content and link to it from other locations on the Internet.
Top Tips for SEO and Content Marketing
You can use the following simple recommendations to realize the benefits of SEO and content marketing. When the two work together, they can support your organization’s success raising its profile, improving search rankings, and generating traffic and new business.
|SEO/Content Element||Tips and Recommendations|
|Content quality||Make website content substantive, and showcase your expertise. Create material that makes people want to stay on your site to keep reading, interacting, and exploring.|
|Key-word research||Conduct key-word research to learn what actual search terms people are using that relate to your goods, products, services, and brand.|
|Incorporate key words||Make sure your content matches the search terms you want to be associated with. Be sure to use actual, real-world search terms in order to get the bump to higher rankings.|
|Content freshness||Search-engine algorithms like new content, as well as content where there is a flurry of activity. Create and promote fresh new content regularly to get the “freshness boost” in search results.|
|Evergreen content||Be sure to develop some Web content that won’t age and become outdated quickly, such as news releases. Persistently useful, interesting content generates more visits, more external links from other sites, and higher search rankings.|
|Internal links||Create internal links between content pages on your website. This points users to additional material that may interest them. It also helps search engines crawl through your site to reach and discover all of your content. And more sites that link to a page help boost that page’s search rankings.|
|Headlines||Create great headlines for your Web content that grab attention while also helpfully indicating what the content will provide. Also, make sure your content delivers on the headline.|
|Call to action||Include a clear call to action on each Web page or content element, whether that involves sharing information, registering for a webinar, downloading an e-book, or linking to another Web page. Use content and calls to action to move people through the AIDA model toward purchasing decisions.|
|Promoting content||Once content is published, use other marketing communication tools to promote it. Write posts about it on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Google+, or other social networks of choice. Send email messages to active sales opportunities. Link to it from the Website home page. Create a flurry to help give it an SEO boost.|
Advantages and Disadvantages of SEO and Content Marketing
Internet search is a fact of life in the modern world. It is a critical tool for customer decision making in B2B and B2C markets. Practicing the basic tenets of SEO helps an organization get into the search-engine fray. When marketers do it skillfully, they can easily track the results, see what works, and adjust course to improve outcomes. When organizations generate high-quality content, it can be relatively inexpensive to achieve great SEO results, particularly as search engines themselves increasingly reward the “real deal”: good information and true substance targeted to a specific audience.
While SEO and content marketing are powerful tools, they are also rather like puppies that need ongoing feeding and care. Both require regular monitoring to check whether they are effective and need refreshing. The Internet is a crowded and competitive place, where organizations from around the globe can compete with one another for attention and customer loyalty. It takes persistence and hard work to get on top of the Internet content world and stay there.
Social Media Marketing
Social media marketing is the use of online applications, networks, blogs, wikis, and other collaborative media for communicating brand messaging, conducting marketing, public relations, and lead generation. Social media are distinctive for their networking capabilities: they allow people to reach and interact with one another through interconnected networks. This “social” phenomenon changes the power dynamic in marketing: no longer is the marketer the central gatekeeper for all communication about a product, service, brand, or organization. Social media allows for organic dialogue and activity to happen directly between individuals, unmediated by a company. Companies can (and should) listen, learn, and find ways to participate authentically.
Social media marketing focuses on three primary objectives:
- Creating buzz: Developing and publishing messages (in a variety of formats–e.g., text, video, and images) that is disseminated via user-to-user contact
- Fostering community: Building ways for fans to engage with one another about a shared interest in a brand, product, or service
- Facilitating two-way communication: Online conversations are not controlled by the organizations. Instead, social media promotes and encourages user participation, feedback, and dialogue
How Social Media Marketing Works
Organizations have opportunities to engage in social media for marketing purposes in several ways: paid, earned, and owned social media activity.
- Paid: Paid social media activity includes advertisements on social media (placed in various locations), sponsored posts or content, and retargeting advertisements that target ads based on a consumer’s previous actions. This type of social media activity is best suited for sales, lead generation, event participation, and incorporation into IMC campaigns.
- Earned: Earned social media activity involves news organizations, thought leaders, or other individuals who create content about an organization. It is particularly suited to supporting public relations efforts.
- Owned: Owned social media activity happens through social media accounts that an organization owns (e.g., Facebook page, Twitter handle, Instagram name, etc.). This activity is ideal for brand awareness, lead generation, and goals around engaging target audiences.
Effective use of social media to reach your target audience requires more effort by an organization than the traditional marketing methods. Not only must an organization create unique content and messaging, but it must be prepared to engage in two-way communication regarding the content that it produces and shares on social media. To be effective at using social media to reach target audiences, an organization must:
- Create unique content, often. Social media, unlike traditional methods, cannot rely on static content. An organization must regularly publish new, unique content to stay relevant on any social media platform.
- Ask questions. To foster engagement, an organization must solicit feedback from users, customers, and prospects. This is critical to creating conversation, insight, and discussion on social media platforms.
- Create short-form media. Most social media platforms have character limits per post. Users on social media expect to be able to scan their feed. Long posts (even within character limits) tend to underperform. The more succinct an organization can be, the better.
- Try different formats. Most social media platforms provide users with the option to add images and video to text. Social media is becoming an increasingly visual medium, where content that performs the best usually includes an image or video. Try to convert messages into images and video when possible for maximum reach.
- Use a clear, immediate call to action. Social media works best for achieving marketing goals with a clear call to action that a user can do immediately from their computer or mobile device. Examples include 1) Web traffic (click-through), 2) downloads of content (e.g., white papers, articles, etc.), 3) online purchases, and 4) engagement (comment, like, share, view, read).
Common Social Media Marketing Tools
What’s hot in social media is a moving target, but the following table provides a listing and description of primary social media platforms.
|Blogs||Long- or short-form medium for communicating with audiences|
|YouTube||Video-hosting social media site|
|Short-form (140 character) “microblogging” medium that is intended for text and image sharing|
|Long-form (up to 2,000 characters per post) medium for sharing text, images, videos, and other multimedia content|
|Image-based social network that is intended as a visual medium. Does not have capabilities to drive click-through rate (CTR) because posts offer no link option|
|Google+||Long-form medium for sharing text, images, videos, and other multimedia content|
|Medium for sharing photos and visual content categorized by theme|
|Long- or short-form medium for sharing text, images, videos, and other multimedia content targeted to the business community|
Top Tips for Social Media Marketing
The following tips help break down the process of mounting a successful social media marketing strategy.
|Activity||Tips and Recommendations|
|Start with SWOT||Start by conducting a SWOT analysis of your social media activity. Evaluate how your organization is currently using social media, as well as the competition (platforms, messaging, tactics, and campaigns).|
|Establish a baseline||Establish a baseline. Take measurements for current reach and engagement before starting to use social media for marketing. This will help you gauge the impact and improve as you pursue a social media strategy.|
|Set goals||Set specific goals for your social media campaign. Make them S.M.A.R.T. goals that align with your broader marketing strategy.|
|Target audience||Understand how your target audience is using social media (and what platforms).|
|Platforms||Identify which social media platforms you will use and what you want to accomplish in each.|
|Ownership||Identify who within the organization will “own” and share responsibility for social media participation. Work out plans for how to coordinate activity and messaging if there are multiple owners.|
|Testing||A/B test your content using the targeting features of the social media platform. Figure out which types of posts, messages, content, and topics generate better response.|
|Measurement||Regularly take measurements for how much engagement your efforts are producing. Compare them to the benchmark and assess progress toward goals.|
|Monitor||Monitor social media activity regularly and be sure to respond to customers, prospects, and other users.|
Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media Marketing
The advantages and benefits of social media marketing focus heavily on the two-way and even multidirectional communication between customers, prospects, and advocates for your company or brand. By listening and engaging in social media, organizations are better equipped to understand and respond to market sentiment. Social media helps organizations identify and cultivate advocates for its products, services, and brand, including the emergence of customers who can become highly credible, trusted voices to help you sell. Unlike many other forms of marketing, social media are very measurable, allowing marketers to track online customer behavior and how target audiences respond to content created by the organization. Social media offers a virtually unlimited audience for communicating and sharing key messages in the market. It also offers marketers the ability to relatively easily target and test the effectiveness of content using the various targeting capabilities of social media for location, interests, income, title, industry, and other sociographic differentiators.
Social media also carry a number of inherent challenges. Social media are dynamic environments that requires significant effort to monitor and stay current on. It is also difficult to continually create “share-worthy” content. The variety of social media tools makes it a challenge to understand which platforms to use for which target audiences and calls to action. Crisis communications can be difficult, too, particularly in the public environment of social media, in which it is difficult to contain or control communication. This means it can be difficult to mitigate the impact of a crisis on the brand.
One of the biggest challenges facing organizations is determining who in the organization should “own” the social media platforms for the organization. Too few hands to help means the burden of content creation is high on a single individual. However, too many people often results in duplication of efforts or conflicting content.
Expert Insight on Using Social Media: JetBlue
Airline carrier JetBlue has received attention and accolades for its effective use of social media to foster two-way communication with customers. In this video, JetBlue’s head of social media strategy, Morgan Johnston, explains the company’s approach to social media and how it complements other corporate and marketing communication activity. He also shares insights about how the company used social media to manage crisis communications and respond to customers during Hurricane Sandy, when extreme weather conditions hit the company’s northeastern U.S. travel routes hard.
Guerrilla Marketing: Thinking Outside the Box
Guerrilla marketing is a relatively new marketing strategy that relies on unconventional, often low-cost tactics to create awareness of and goodwill toward a brand, product, service, or even a company. The term “guerrilla marketing” itself comes from Jay Conrad Levinson, who coined the term in his 1984 book Guerrilla Advertising. Though “guerrilla” has military connotations (the word means “little war), guerrilla promotion strategies often combine elements of wit, humor, and spectacle to capture people’s attention and engage them in the marketing act. Guerrilla marketing is memorable. And, like the renegade militias it was presumably named for, unexpected.
Practitioners of guerrilla marketing today have used other words to describe it: disruptive, anti-establishment, newsworthy, and a state of mind. By its nature, guerrilla marketing defies precise description, so it may be worthwhile to view an example before going further.
Classic Guerrilla: Nike Livestrong at the Tour de France
Although this campaign was a full-blown IMC effort, at its core it was really a memorable guerrilla marketing stunt: the spectacle of painting the streets of France during the world-famous Tour de France bicycle race. It ran in 2008 when Lance Armstrong was still one of the most revered athletes of his generation. Designed to generate awareness for Nike, the nonprofit Livestrong Foundation, and the cause of fighting cancer, marketers succeeded in sharing inspiring messages of hope with their target audiences: athletes, sports enthusiasts and people affected by cancer, particularly young people.
Telltale Signs of Guerrilla Marketing
Guerrilla marketing campaigns can be very diverse in their approach and tactics. So what do they have in common? Guerrilla marketing often has the following characteristics:
- It’s imaginative and surprising, but in a very hip or antiestablishment way
- Doesn’t resemble a traditional marketing initiative, such as a straightforward print or TV advertising campaign
- Uses combinations of different marketing communications tactics, in creative ways
- Is experiential, drawing in the target audience to participate
- Takes risks in what it aspires to accomplish, even if it might ruffle some feathers
- Is not 100 percent approved by the establishment (i.e. the city, the event planners, the powers that be)
When to Use Guerrilla Marketing
This edgy marketing approach focuses on two goals: 1) get media attention, and 2) make a positive and memorable connection with your target audience. Many noteworthy guerrilla campaigns, like Nike Livestrong, focus on creating an experience that embodies the spirit of the brand. Often these projects invite people who encounter the campaign to become co-conspirators in achieving the campaign’s vision and reach.
Guerrilla marketing experts assert that this technique can work for virtually any brand or organization, so long as the organization doesn’t mind taking some risks, and so long as the project is true to who you are and what you represent. The right concept for the guerrilla marketing effort should capture your organization’s authentic voice and express what is unique about your brand identity. At some point you may be asked to stand up for your actions if you’re called onto the carpet, so you need to believe in what you are doing. Guerrilla marketing is particularly suited to small, imaginative organizations that may not have much money but have a burning desire to do something memorable—to make an entrance or a splash. Severe budget constraints can encourage creative teams to be very inventive and original.
Because it is inherently spectacle, guerrilla marketing tactics work very well for building brands and generating awareness and interest in an organization, product, service, or idea. They aim to put a company on the map–the mind-share map. It’s interesting that guerrilla marketing often calls on the audience to engage or take action, but turning participants into a paying customers may not be the goal. However, successful guerrilla marketing can make audiences undergo a kind of “conversion” experience: if the impact is powerful enough, it can move consumers further along the path towards brand loyalty.
Volkswagen: Take the Slide!
Take a look at the following guerrilla marketing spectacle organized by Volkswagen. Notice how the event capitalizes on a unique combination of emotional appeal and surprise. (Note: there is no narration to the video; just background music.)
Guerrilla Marketing Tactics: The Usual Suspects
As you saw in the example of the lamppost transformed into a McDonald’s coffeepot, all kinds of spaces and urban environments present opportunities for the guerrilla marketer. In fact, guerrilla marketing initiatives can be executed offline or online. Some companies feel that an edgy, unexpected online campaign with creative guerrilla elements is a little safer than executing a project in the bricks-and-mortar world.
It goes against the very notion of guerrilla marketing to establish a set of tactics or practices that are “conventional” or “typical.” However, the following list describes some examples of guerrilla marketing tactics from noteworthy campaigns, which will give you an idea of what’s been used in the past.
|Graffiti||Graffiti marketing, a subset of guerrilla marketing, turns walls, alleys, and streets into larger-than-life canvases for marketing activity.|
|Stencil graffiti||Use of stencils to create repeated works of graffiti, with the stencils enabling the project team to rapidly recreate the same work in multiple locations. Stencils tend to be smaller-scale and simpler than classic graffiti art.|
|Undercover, or stealth marketing||Use of marketers or paid actors to go “undercover” among peers to engage unsuspecting people in a marketing activity of some sort. For example, attractive actors are paid to strike up conversations, rave about a new mobile device, and then ask people to take a photo using the device, so that they get hands-on experience with the product in question.|
|Stickers||Inventive use of stickers as a temporary medium for creating an image, posing an illusion, or conveying a message|
|Flash mobs||A group of people organized to perform an action at a predetermined place and time; usually they blend in with bystanders initially and then join the “mob” activity at the designated moment, as in the Do Re Mi video, above.|
|Publicity stunts||Extraordinary feats to attract the attention of the general public, as well as media|
|Treasure hunts||Placing a series of online and offline “treasure hunt” clues in an urban environment and inviting target audiences to participate in the hunt to win prizes and glory|
|Sham events||Staging an activity or event that appears real, but in fact is a fake, for the purposes of drawing attention and making a statement|
Despite the irreverent, antiestablishment spirit of guerrilla marketing, marketers should use good judgment about seeking permission from building owners, city managers, event planners, or others in a position of authority, to avoid unpleasant or unnecessary complications. Some coordination, or even a heads-up that something is happening, can go far toward earning goodwill and a cooperative spirit in the face of an unexpected spectacle.
How NOT to Guerrilla Market
When three guerrilla marketing veterans spoke with Entrepreneur about their work, they gave their top advice about what NOT to do with these projects:
- Adam Salacuse of ALT TERRAIN: “Never aim to upset, scare, or provoke people in a negative way. The goal should be to implement something that people will embrace, enjoy, and share with friends.”
- Brett Zaccardi of Street Attack: “Don’t be contrived or too bland. Don’t try to be something you’re not.”
- Drew Neisser of Renegade Marketing: “Try not to annoy your target. [It] is generally not a good idea to do something that will cause someone on the team to go to jail.”
Advantages and Disadvantages of Guerrilla Marketing
Guerrilla marketing has several notable advantages. It can be inexpensive to execute—it’s often much cheaper than traditional advertising when you consider the number of impressions and amount of attention generated. It encourages creativity and inventiveness, since the goal is to create something novel and original. Guerrilla marketing is about buzz: it is designed for viral sharing, and it taps into powerful word-of-mouth marketing as people share their memorable guerrilla-inspired impressions and experiences with friends and acquaintances. A guerrilla marketing phenomenon can take on a life of its own and live in the memories of the people it affected long after the actual event is over. Finally, when executed effectively, guerrilla tactics are designed with media and publicity in mind. Media attention can snowball and generate a larger-than-expected “bounce” as local or even national outlets choose to cover these events.
As suggested above, guerrilla marketing also carries some disadvantages and risks. When an (apparently) spontaneous activity springs up in a public space, property owners, the police, and other authorities may object and try to interfere or stop the event. Unexpected obstacles can arise, which even the best-laid plans may have missed: weather, traffic, current events, timing, etc. Some audiences or bystanders may misinterpret what is happening, or even take offense at provocative actions or messages. When guerrilla projects are cloaked in secrecy or mystery, people may become uncomfortable or fearful, or the aura of mystery may cause them to interpret the message and goals incorrectly. Similarly, if people feel they have been duped by a guerrilla marketing activity, they may come away with negative impressions. If some people disapprove of a given guerrilla marketing activity or campaign, there’s a risk of backlash, anger, and frustration.
Compared to traditional marketing, guerrilla tactics are definitely riskier. Then again, the rewards can be brilliant, when things go as planned.
The Role of IMC in Guerrilla Marketing
As noted above, one telltale sign of guerrilla marketing is the way it blends multiple tactics to create maximum exposure and impact. Most guerrilla marketing campaigns incorporate multiple marketing communication methods and tools to carry out the the full vision. This makes them more than IMC compatible—they are really IMC dependent. For example, organizers of guerrilla stunts and feats frequently film their activities and post them online to generate (hopefully) viral videos and other content. Real-world guerrilla messages and promotional pieces often include information to access company Web sites, where custom-designed landing pages welcome visitors to the online counterpart of the guerrilla experience.
Social media is a staple of guerrilla marketing. Organizing, publicizing, and sharing a campaign’s outcomes and impact may all take place through social channels. Social media also helps generate the buzz that drives guerrilla content to become viral. As guerrilla activities draw media attention, they intersect with PR and media relations.
Congratulations: you’ve been learning a lot about IMC, and if the length of this module is any indicator, there’s a lot to learn!
Are you sick of just reading about integrated marketing communications and ready to actually try it?
You’re in luck. This simulation gives you the opportunity to start up your marketing engine and see what you can do with IMC. Play the simulation below multiple times to see how different choices lead to different outcomes. In this simulation environment, you don’t have to shy away from choices that seem a little off: you can learn as much from the wrong choices as the right ones. All simulations allow unlimited attempts so that you can gain experience applying the concepts.
- http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2014/04/28/decline_of_newspapers_hits_a_milestone_print_revenue_is_lowest_since_1950.html ↵
- http://edwardlowe.org/digital-library/how-to-establish-a-promotional-mix/ ↵
- http://edwardlowe.org/digital-library/how-to-establish-a-promotional-mix/ ↵
- Jim Tincher, “Your Moment of Truth,” Customer Think, http://customerthink.com, August 30, 2016. ↵
- “Coupon Statistics: The Ultimate Collection,” Access Development, http://blog.accessdevelopment.com, May 17, 2017. ↵
- Drew Hendricks, “5 Ways to Enhance Your SEO Campaign with Online Coupons,” Forbes, https://www.forbes.com, May 13, 2015 ↵
- Laurent Muzellec, “James Bond, Dunder Mifflin, and the Future of Product Placement,” Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org, June 23, 2016. ↵
- Josh Terry, “Unfunny Emoji Movie Is a Sad Echo of 2015’s “Inside Out,” Deseret News, http://www.deseretnews.com, July 31, 2017. ↵
- Don Steinberg, “Science Affliction: Are Companies Cursed by Cameos in Blade Runner?” The Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com, September 25, 2017. ↵
- http://edwardlowe.org/digital-library/how-to-establish-a-promotional-mix/ ↵
- http://smallbusiness.chron.com/strategic-selling-techniques-15747.html ↵
- http://www.smetimes.in/smetimes/in-depth/2010/Sep/02/personal-selling-when-and-how500001.html ↵
- http://www.smetimes.in/smetimes/in-depth/2010/Sep/02/personal-selling-when-and-how500001.html ↵
- http://www.zabanga.us/marketing-communications/how-companies-integrate-personal-selling-into-the-imc-program.html ↵
- http://www.zabanga.us/marketing-communications/how-companies-integrate-personal-selling-into-the-imc-program.html ↵
- http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html ↵
- http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/206202 ↵
- http://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2014/09/22/guerrilla-marketing-examples ↵
- http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/206202 ↵
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- Pears Soap ad. Provided by: Wikimedia. Located at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pears_Soap_1900.jpg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright | <urn:uuid:87c8d669-09f4-4540-9c1a-d5477b04c56c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://biz.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/ENTR_356%3A_Bootstrap_Marketing_for_Entrepreneurs/05%3A_Chapter_5/5.03%3A_Marketing_Communication_Methods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648322.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602040003-20230602070003-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.931779 | 25,769 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Most people would find keeping a large Labrador in their back yard a bit of a challenge – but Belfast woman Denise Austin went one better. She kept an elephant in hers.
Austin, otherwise known as the “Elephant Angel” of Belfast, rescued a baby elephant from Belfast Zoo during World War II when the North was being bombed by the Nazis.
Austin walked Sheila to her home on Whitewell Road every evening after work, tucked her up in the yard, and then walked her back to the zoo every morning.
Austin took the elephant home because Ministry of Defense officials were destroying animals amid fears that the animals would escape from the zoo during the bomb strikes.
Apparently, zoo staff were unaware of Sheila’s nighttime escapades – until one day Sheila chased a dog into the neighbor’s garden, and broke a fence. The neighbors complained to the zoo, and from then on Sheila remained at the zoo at night.
But Austin would stay with Sheila nonetheless – visiting her at night during the air raids, and rubbing her ears to keep her calm.
As part of the Belfast Zoo’s 75th anniversary this year, it launched a search for the mystery elephant caretaker’s identity and her family’s whereabouts. The story received a huge amount of media attention, being covered in countries as far afield as China and Australia.
It all goes back to 1941, during World War II, when Belfast was being bombed by the Nazis.
Not only did the city have to worry about its human citizens, but it had to consider the animals in the Belfast Zoo. To prevent the critters from running amok during the chaos of bomb strikes, the Ministry of Defense ordered that some of the animals be killed.
It appeared that the zoo’s resident baby elephant, Sheila, was one of the lucky animals who encountered a happier fate.
A local woman, who has since been revealed as Denise Austin, who was one of the first female keepers at the zoo, took Sheila in, turning her back garden into an elephant safe haven during the violent and scary time.
By day, Sheila stayed at the zoo. By night, she went with her Austin to her home.
"Denise took Sheila from her enclosure, walked her short distance to her house at 278 Whitewell Road, and walked her back up to the zoo in the morning," David Ramsey, Austin's cousin, told the BBC.
It was Ramsey who went to Belfast Zoo to reveal Austin’s identity after hearing about its search. Austin passed away in 1997. | <urn:uuid:04a7c9c8-1732-422f-978a-b9700f9695d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.irishcentral.com/news/elephant-angel-identity-revealed-42015557-237633611 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693459.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925220350-20170926000350-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.982267 | 528 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Genetics and DNA
South University Online
Genetics and DNA
Mendel’s law of probability and principle of dominance and segregation was the ground floor to the study of genetics and hereditary. Mendel and earlier biologists had not linked DNA with hereditary. By the 1930s experiments led to the focus of one specific molecule and how that molecule was responsible for the inheritance of characteristics. From this, a decade later, it was noted that the chromosome had two chemical parts, DNA and protein. DNA is the acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid. This understanding then led to the discovery that DNA was the molecule which hereditary characteristics came from.
The shape of the DNA is a helix and because two DNA strands wind together, this is known as double-helix. The DNA is composed of nucleic acid. The long strands are known as polymers and these have four sections called the nucleotides. The nucleotide is where the genetic information is found on the chromosomes. The nucleotide has three parts; nitrogenous base, a sugar and a phosphate. “Nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next. This results in a sugar-phosphate backbone, a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate”(Simon et al, p. 175). This arrangement allows the DNA to store genetic information, duplicate it, and pass it on to the next generation. The phosphate is the acid in the nucleic acid, the sugar is the deoxyribose and nucleic is the position of the DNA in the eukaryotic cells. The four nucleotides have slightly different compositions to each other. This difference is found in the nitrogenous base and these are, Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T), and Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
Inside each cell, the DNA is a blueprint. This blueprint provides all the information needed to replicate. In this replication all the genetic information is passed on to the next generation of cells, and this generation is... | <urn:uuid:722cdf38-a9b0-4764-a939-bbe7791cc5da> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://parimatchstavki7.com/free-essays/Genetics-And-Dna-506763.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823621.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211125831-20181211151331-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.9568 | 435 | 3.90625 | 4 |
- slide 1 of 5
Political instability and alarming conflicting interests with neighboring countries are among the dangerous diseases that can affect a nation. Tibet has been a politically unstable country for more than sixty years and remains so today. Even though Tibetans are fighting for their sovereignty and freedom from China's communist rule, and despite all odds, Tibet has built strong infrastructure. Roads, railway tracks, and high altitude dams have all been built in Tibet in the last few years. The People's Republic of China has invested heavily in the Tibet autonomous region and has laid down the foundation for the growth in the future.
- slide 2 of 5
Water Power Engineering in Tibet
Tibet is located in the lap of the Great Himalayas. Many rivers originate in Tibet, and one of the most famous and resource-filled is the River Sutlej. Another major river is the Yarlung Zangbo River, which becomes the Brahmaputra in India.
Chinese authorities have been assessing the hydropower potential of the country. The Yarlung Zangbo River alone is capable of producing as much as 38-million-KW of hydro-power annually. The government is also planning to assess the hydropower potential of the Lhasa and Ngang Qu rivers. Tibet has huge hydropower potential, and the good news for the industrialists and power companies is that it is yet to be harnessed. Infrastructure, education, and core companies have attracted foreign investments in Tibet. HongKong, the United States, and Japan are some of the major investors in Tibet. Foreign investors can start joint ventures or run wholly owned enterprises.
As far as environmental impacts of the hydropower generation are concerned, rivers and mountains are considered sacred in the country and people pray to them. So for the companies to build successful and operational power plants, complying with the unstated rules of respecting the mountains and rivers becomes an important part of the construction process.
- slide 3 of 5
Infrastructure Development in Tibet
A bird's-eye-view of Lhasa City, the capital of the nation, makes you wonder if you are looking at a practical place on earth or a still from a sci-fi movie.
Not only in Lhasa, but in almost every part of the country, authorities have increased the pace of infrastructure development. In 2007, the economy of Tibet stood at staggering revenue figures of 34.2 billion Yuan ($5.5 billion). Starting from 2000, Tibet's autonomous region has successfully achieved and maintained an annual growth rate of 12%, which is well above the growth rates of major Chinese cities. In 2008, the authorities approved a huge budget worth 770 billion Yuan under the 11th Five-Year Plan for infrastructure development in the country. The Tibet Autonomous Regional Development and Reform Commission works for the growth and development of the region, allocates resources, and formulates key projects related to infrastructure development.
- slide 4 of 5
Transportation System in Tibet
Building good and durable transportation facilities at high altitude regions is always difficult. Tibet, which stands at an average height of 4900 meters, boasts of having the world's highest railway tracks. The Qinghai-Tibet railway track spans 1956 km and has become world's highest- and one of the fastest- operational railway routes. There are 675 bridges on this route, which passes through high altitude passes and tunnels. Railways, since their inception, have opened the gates of development and growth wherever they have reached. The trains started running to and from Lhasa in October 2006 and since then transportation system has improved substantially. Five highways, two major airports, and other roads connecting different parts of the country speak of the hard work Tibetans and Chinese government have done in that high altitude region.
Mount Everest brings trekkers, mountaineers, and tourists into the country, and that makes it even more important to develop infrastructure in that country because a major part of the country's revenue comes from tourism.
- slide 5 of 5
Science and technology in Tibet is not limited to the infrastructure and transportation sectors only. Tibetans have successfully merged their ancient medical science with modern age medical practices. Solar and geothermal resources are used on a large scale in the country, and the authorities educate people about the need of saving energy. Many scientific exchange and collaboration programs have been started by the government to provide science exposure to the public. In the field of geothermal energy, Tibet has huge potential and now it is working in collaboration with the United Nations and Japanese experts to build a sustainable geothermal energy model. The Yangbajain Geothermal Field is the main area of research for the experts. The Lhasa Geomagnetic Observatory and Research Institute of Astronomy and Calendar were established to study meteorology and seismic sciences.
In a nutshell, politically unstable Tibet is marching slowly but steadily on the path of growth and development, hand-in-hand with modern technology. It is just like those old days when industrial revolution was round the corner and smart investors were ready with their money to be invested in the right place, at the right time.
- Science and Technology in Tibet, http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/zgxz/Science%20and%20Education/Science/
- Tibet Autonomous Region, http://www.ipim.gov.mo/worldwide_partner_detail.php?mode=popup&tid=3916&extra=page%3D1&lang=en-us
- China's Central Government helps Tibet develop economy and scoiety, http://www.china-un.org/eng/gyzg/xizang/t420200.htm
Lhasa View, http://www.xzta.gov.cn/yww/Gallery/default.shtml
Qinghai-Tibet Rail Route by Siriudie under public domain, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QingZang_Railway.png
- Railway and China's Development Strategy In Tibet, http://www.tchrd.org/publications/topical_reports/development_in_tibet/development.pdf | <urn:uuid:53a8693f-8592-44a4-af26-d6e67217bd23> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.brighthubengineering.com/structural-engineering/122949-is-this-tibets-decade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825473.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022222745-20171023002745-00809.warc.gz | en | 0.940955 | 1,276 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A new study has revealed shocking figures about metabolic syndrome in the United States. Previous data from the 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicated that approximately 34 percent of American adults have metabolic syndrome.
The latest study, published in May 2015 in the Journal of the American Medical Association examined more recent statistics and revealed that the incidence of metabolic syndrome is rising as the population ages. Almost half (46.7 percent) of U.S. adults aged 60 or older now are showing the symptoms of this dangerous illness, while individuals aged 20–39 are affected at a rate of 18.3 percent.
In general, the 2015 study found that women have metabolic syndrome in greater numbers than men, and those of Hispanic descent have the highest prevalence in comparison to Caucasian or African-Americans.
These studies have analyzed the prevalence trends of metabolic syndrome to help scientists understand the potential effects and health complications it is causing for the aging American population. Overall, the research team concluded that levels of metabolic syndrome increased from 32.9 percent in 2003–04 to 34.7 percent in 2011–12.
The rate of the increase seems to have stabilized, which the researchers explained may be due to an increased awareness of the associated health risks. However, they pointed out that most of the initiatives taken have been tied to the medical treatment of symptoms, such as prescriptions to lower blood pressure.
What is metabolic syndrome?
A syndrome is a grouping of symptoms that often occur together, and tend to characterize a particular medical condition.
In this case, the term “metabolic syndrome” represents a set of worrisome signs, which indicate that the body’s essential balance has been damaged and health is at risk. While metabolic syndrome is not a disease in itself, those showing this set of symptoms tend to have a significantly higher risk of many common diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes and stroke. Doctors have predicted that metabolic syndrome will soon overtake smoking as the leading risk factor for heart disease, due to the sharp rise in obesity levels during the last few decades.
When the common symptoms under the umbrella of metabolic syndrome occur as a set and are considered together, the risk for many life threatening illnesses is dramatically higher. You can think of it like a sweater with threads unravelling from the bottom, neck and sleeves all at once. The symptoms commonly occur together because the body’s systems are interdependent.
Studies show that those with metabolic syndrome have twice the risk of developing heart disease and five times the risk of diabetes. The good thing is that these conditions are largely preventable and can be controlled with smart diet and lifestyle practices.
Signs of metabolic syndrome
Doctors will diagnose metabolic syndrome if a patient has three of the following five conditions:
- Waist circumference: at least 35 inches for women and at least 40 inches for men. This is also called abdominal obesity or an “apple shape.” Fat around the internal organs is a sign of inflammation and is a greater risk factor than excess fat elsewhere on the body.
- Fasting blood glucose at least 100 mg/dL, or needing medication to balance blood glucose. This means the body is having trouble dealing with sugar in the blood. This can be an indicator of the onset of diabetes.
- Serum triglycerides at least 150 mg/dL. These are fats that float in the blood for the purpose of storing energy, which is used between mealtimes. If triglyceride levels are too high, there is an increased risk of heart disease.
- Blood pressure at least 135/85mmHg, or needing medication to control blood pressure. If blood pressure stays high over time, the arteries and heart are damaged by the constant pressure, which leads to plaque buildup.
- HDL (“good”) cholesterol lower than 40 mg/dL for men or 50 mg/dL for women. HDL cholesterol helps to remove buildup from inside the arteries. If these levels are low, this means the body is more inflamed and there is a greater risk for arterial blockage.
These conditions come as a package with systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. In fact, metabolic syndrome is sometimes referred to as insulin resistance syndrome. Insulin resistance is when the body can no longer properly process blood sugar. This brings on a cascade of malfunctions.
So now we know the medical signs that your doctor will use to check for metabolic syndrome, but what about some that you can easily spot yourself? Here are some signs that you have insulin resistance and potential metabolic syndrome:
- Ovarian cysts. Researchers have found that women with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are also more likely to have cysts on their ovaries.
- Irregular periods. Menstrual issues can be a side effect of ovarian cysts.
- Increased incidence of skin tags. People with insulin resistance sometimes see more of these raised growths of skin, especially on the neck and back.
- Skin pigmentation. Those with insulin resistance sometimes exhibit acanthosis nigricans, which is a skin discoloration across the back of the neck and in the armpits.
- Always feeling hungry, or feeling unstable and moody when food isn’t readily available.
- If your blood sugar is elevated and insulin sensitivity is reduced, you may experience signs associated with diabetes, such as increased thirst and urination, fatigue and blurred vision.
- Researchers have also discovered a link between metabolic syndrome and depression.
These signs may seem confusing or unrelated, but it is important to know that they may be tied to metabolic syndrome.
How to avoid metabolic syndrome
The good news is that metabolic syndrome can almost always be brought into check with aggressive lifestyle changes. If you are having a hard time adopting consistent healthy eating and movement practices, let this scary warning about metabolic syndrome be your wake-up call.
Many patients have had excellent results by simply adopting a “just eat real food” approach. This means avoiding foods that come in packages or contain any type of additives or processed ingredients.
Beyond increasing the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables and eliminating processed foods, health experts recommend some other interesting approaches, which can help with regulating inflammation and blood sugar to reduce the tendency toward metabolic syndrome.
A ketogenic diet is one approach that has shown positive results. Eating a ketogenic diet involves reducing the level of carbohydrates consumed so that the body uses fat as fuel instead of glucose. This is a healthy and normal function of the human body and is considered by many experts to be our natural mode of operation, since carbohydrates were often less available to our ancestors.
Using the fat-burning pathway has been shown to regulate insulin levels and improve insulin sensitivity, which helps ward off that dangerous cascade of metabolic syndrome. You can kick-start this engine by restricting carbohydrates to 30 or 40 grams per day, while consuming most of your daily calories in the form of healthy fats and moderate protein intake.
Fasting intermittently also helps to drive this process, since the body is more apt to access fuel in the form of body fat when it is not being fed frequently. Be sure to take your individual situation into account and consider working with a knowledgeable practitioner if you decide to try a ketogenic diet.
Incorporating probiotics and fermented foods to infuse the gut with friendly bacteria has also been proven as a helpful tool against metabolic syndrome. A 2014 study done at Georgia State University and Cornell University found that poor gut bacteria can lead to higher levels of inflammation in the gut lining and increased prevalence of chronic health conditions.
Certain species of bacteria are more aggressive and actually produce substances that increase inflammation. The researchers pointed out that inflammation is one of the major underlying drivers of metabolic syndrome. Using beneficial bacteria helps to bring the gut environment back into balance so that the body can maintain healthy low levels of inflammation.
Although the best way to consume probiotics is through fermented or cultured foods such as kefir, kombucha, sauerkraut or kimchi, you can also take a high quality probiotic supplement. We recommend avoiding commercial “probiotic” foods such as yogurt, since they are usually high in sugar and have far fewer beneficial bacteria than other less processed sources.
Finally, regular movement and exercise is also a great way to reduce blood triglyceride levels and keep inflammation in check. A sedentary lifestyle is closely linked to higher levels of metabolic syndrome. It doesn’t take much, just a half-hour walk each day is a great start.
If you have found that you’re showing some warning signs of metabolic syndrome (or even if you’re not), get started on the road away from metabolic syndrome today! It is never too late to prevent or reverse the decline into poor health. You can try incorporating some healthy lunch ideas, or delicious alternatives to calorie-laden drinks like soda.
— The Alternative Daily | <urn:uuid:bf3c17dc-e703-479e-8aab-78c0cdca1063> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://thealternativedaily.com/metabolic-syndrome-adults/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500154.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204205328-20230204235328-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.936762 | 2,032 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Poliomyelitis - also called polio and infantile paralysis - is an acute communicable disease caused by the poliovirus. Most patients present with minor illness (fever, malaise, headache, sore throat, and vomiting), but a few develop aseptic meningitis and paralytic illness.
In the United States, only 5 to 10 cases of the disease are reported annually. These cases are associated with the use of oral poliovirus vaccine, with infants frequently developing signs and symptoms after the first dose of the vaccine. Most of the other cases develop in individuals who haven't received vaccines and are in close contact with infected individuals.
Polio is caused by a picornavirus. This is one of a group of viruses known as the enteroviruses, because they inhabit the intestine. These viruses are passed out in the stools in large numbers for up to six weeks after the start of the illness.
The front pole cells of the spinal cord are concerned with the nerves to the voluntary muscles (motor nerves), and it is these cells that are affected, causing paralysis that may be extensive. Myelitis means inflammation of the spinal cord. This is why the full name of the disease is anterior poliomyelitis.
Symptoms and Signs
Isolation of the poliovirus from throat washings early in the disease and from stools throughout the disease confirms the diagnosis. If the patient has a central nervous system infection, cerebrospinal fluid cultures may aid diagnosis. Coxsackievirus and echovirus infections must be ruled out. Convalescent serum antibody titers four times greater than acute titers support a diagnosis of poliomyelitis.
Poliomyelitis calls for supportive treatment, including analgesics to ease headache, back pain, and leg spasms. Morphine is contraindicated because of the danger of additional respiratory depression. Moist heat applications also may reduce muscle spasm and pain.
Bed rest is necessary until extreme discomfort subsides. It also helps prevent increased paralysis. Patients with paralytic polio may be bedridden for a long time and then require long-term rehabilitation using physical therapy, braces, and corrective shoes. Orthopedic surgery also may be necessary.
Bladder involvement may require catheterization, and respiratory muscle involvement may require mechanical ventilation. Postural drainage and suction may be sufficient to manage pooling of secretions in patients with nonparalytic polio.
Polio immunization (vaccine) effectively prevents poliomyelitis in most people.
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Pre-service Teacher Education in Game-Based Learning: Analyzing and Integrating Minecraft
Friday, March 21 10:45 AM-11:15 AM
Pre-service teachers need the skills to identify the suitability of games and to employ games in curriculum development. We present a qualitative study in which one pre-service teacher analyzed and integrated Minecraft in a game-based learning lesson (GBL) plan for teaching English. This study is part of a mixed-methods project undertaken to educate fourteen pre-service teachers in game-based learning using the Game Network Analysis (GaNA) framework. An 11-weeks course prepared pre-service teachers in game analysis, game integration, and ecological conditions impacting game use in school contexts. We illustrate the use of GaNA by one pre-service teacher by describing the characteristics of Minecraft and subsequent learning activities created using the game for teaching English. A rubric based on GaNA facilitated the analysis and integration of Minecraft in a game-based learning lesson plan. Conclusions and implications are discussed for educating pre-service teachers in GBL using GaNA.
- Full Paper
- Technological, Pedagogical Content Knowledge | <urn:uuid:09f54c1b-ce0c-41ac-b420-08d9715e10f1> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.academicexperts.org/conf/site/2014/papers/41454/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688940.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922112142-20170922132142-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.923585 | 236 | 2.671875 | 3 |
More women in the United States are diagnosed with breast cancer than any other
type of cancer. This year alone, the National Cancer Institute estimates that
there will be close to 180,000 new cases and over 40,000 deaths from the
disease. And while simply growing older and having a family history of breast
cancer are considered major risk factors, these factors only account for about
a quarter of breast cancer cases, according to the American Cancer Society. In
other words, for about seventy-five percent of all breast cancer cases, there
are other forces at work. Some scientists and many in the general public feel
that those risk factors could include endocrine disrupters: environmental
contaminants that act like hormones.
The hypothesis that certain chemicals have the ability to mimic or block
hormones like estrogen and disrupt the body's own hormonal balance has
particular resonance for some seeking to explain the high rates of breast
cancer. This is because breast cancer, like prostate cancer, is a hormone
dependent cancer. Women who start their periods early in life, end them later,
have fewer children or have their children later increase their lifetime
exposure to the female hormone estrogen. Researchers believe this increased
estrogen exposure may put some women at greater risk for developing breast
Whether or not man-made chemicals that the body thinks are estrogen actually
play a role in the incidence of breast cancer remains an unanswered scientific
question. But what cannot be disputed is the role that this notion has played
in bringing government attention and dollars to the issue of endocrine
disruption. Possible links to breast cancer is one reason the Clinton
administration has made researching the hypothesis a top environmental
In the early 1990s, it became apparent that women on Long Island faced a higher
risk of breast cancer than women in other parts of New York. According to the
New York State Department of Health, from 1980 through 1988 there were 116.14
cases of breast cancer for every 100,000 women in Nassau County. The numbers
from Suffolk County were slightly lower at 112.54. These numbers contrasted
with 96.3 cases of breast cancer per every 100,000 women statewide. Studies
looking into why the rates were higher in Nassau and Suffolk counties found
that many women there had some known risk factors for the disease. These
included being affluent, Jewish, postponing childbirth until later in life, and
the absence breastfeeding. Women on Long Island were outraged that no one was
looking into environmental causes of their disease.
Out of their anger, they formed the group "One-in-Nine: The Long Island Breast
Cancer Action Coalition" in 1990. The group took its name from what the
American Cancer Society says are a woman's chances of contracting the disease
if she lives to be 85 years old. Just a few weeks later the National Breast
Cancer Coalition was formed and women with breast cancer became a political
force. Members of One-In-Nine met with and persuaded Senator Alfonse D'Amato
(R-NY) to help them secure more funding for disease research. Their efforts
paid off. In 1993, D'Amato, with the help of Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA), was
able to multiply a $25 million line in the Department of Defense budget to $210
million for breast cancer research.
That same year, Congress directed the National Cancer Institute to begin a
study looking at environmental factors and breast cancer in Long Island and two
other counties in the Northeast. Known as the Long Island Breast Cancer Study
Project, it is actually a collection of over ten different studies being
conducted at research institutions throughout the Northeast. The project's
major study is being headed by Marilie Gammon at Columbia University. Gammon
and her colleagues are trying to determine if the pesticide DDT contributes to
breast cancer. Results from this as well as the other studies are expected in
the next few years. All told, the National Cancer Institute estimates that it
is spending at least $20 million on the research.
Also in 1993, Mary Wolff, an associate professor at Mount Sinai Medical Center
in New York, authored a paper indicating that exposure to certain chemicals may
indeed play a role in the disease. Wolff's study, published in the Journal of
the National Cancer Institute, found that women who had high blood levels of
DDE, a DDT breakdown product, had a much greater risk of developing breast
cancer -- four times higher than women with low levels of DDE. DDT, an
insecticide banned in the US in the 1970s, can mimic the hormone estrogen and
is a known endocrine disrupter. It was used heavily on Long Island earlier in
Wolff looked at blood samples from 58 women in New York who developed breast
cancer and compared them with 171 women who didn't have cancer. In addition to
DDT, Wolff looked at another hormone disrupting contaminant: a class of banned
chemicals known as PCBs, which were used to insulate electrical transformers.
While the PCB levels were slightly higher in women with breast cancer, the
elevated levels were determined to be statistically insignificant.
Wolff's 1993 study was small but it got a huge response from activists, the
media, and politicians. For the women in Long Island, it was new evidence that
the environment may have played a role in their cancers.
Before it became a suburban mecca, Long Island was farmland. In the 1940's it
was the nation's largest potato growing region and home to a USDA sponsored
program to quarantine a pesky potato-eating worm called the Golden Nematode.
Millions of gallons of pesticides, including DDT, were poured into area
After Wolff's study came out, Long Island's newspaper Newsday ran a series of
stories on breast cancer and the island. The paper looked into the history of
chemical use in the area -- pesticides like aldicarb, chlordane, types of
dichloroprane and others. The paper reported that many of these chemicals had
not been tested for their abilities to mimic hormones, and that the government
did not require this sort of screening.
Within days of the Newsday stories about Long Island, politicians in Washington
were calling for change. In the House of Representatives, Henry Waxman (D-CA),
then the head of the subcommittee on Health and the Environment announced he
would work to pass legislation requiring that all pesticides be screened for
their ability to mimic estrogen. Senator D'Amato vowed to do the same. In
1996 President Clinton signed the Food Quality Protection Act which included
their requirement that the EPA develop a way to screen chemicals for
estrogenicity by the end of 1998.
Since Mary Wolff's 1993 study, more papers have come out on the subject.
Ironically, a study co-authored by Wolff herself downplayed DDT's and PCBs'
connections to breast cancer. The study, published in the New England Journal
of Medicine in October of 1997 analyzed frozen blood samples taken from nurses
in 1989 and 1990. Blood samples from 240 nurses who subsequently developed
cancer were compared with control samples from nurses without cancer. The
results showed that the women with cancer did not have higher levels of DDT
breakdown products or PCBs in their blood.
To confuse matters more, other scientists have come forward to say that certain
PCBs, breakdown products of DDT, and other known toxins like dioxin might
actually prevent breast cancer. These chemicals can act as anti-estrogens which
have the ability to protect against the disease. Dr. Steve Safe of Texas
A&M asserted this in an editorial published in the same issue of the New
England Journal of Medicine as Wolff's more recent study.
But some researchers say there are questions about whether the current studies
have focused on the correct timing of a woman's exposure to environmental
estrogens. Many activists and researchers, including Wolff herself, have noted
that it may not be the amount of chemicals present in a woman's body at the
time she gets cancer that is important, but rather her levels of exposure when
her breasts are just developing at puberty. Others suggest it may even be
fetal exposure in the womb that is important. In addition, there are countless
chemicals in addition to DDT and PCBs that have not yet been tested for their
links to breast cancer.
Experts agree that the issue is far from resolved, nor should it be. A
spokeswoman from the American Cancer Society said that even though there isn't
yet any significant evidence to indicate that estrogenic chemicals are causing
breast cancer, the matter needs to be studied further. Because breast cancer is
clearly a disease based on estrogen exposure, she stressed that all types of
potential exposure -- natural and man-made -- should be studied.
In the next few years, results from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project
will be adding new data to this debate. And other studies will likely weigh
in. As women wait for more information about estrogenic chemicals and breast
cancer there are proactive things they can do to try and prevent the disease,
like getting screened regularly, eating lots of fruits and vegetables, keeping
their weight down and cutting back on alcohol and tobacco intake. | <urn:uuid:8314f566-9a9e-4573-86a9-d4467c6d219b> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/nature/disrupt/breast.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00077-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961062 | 1,949 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In Cook County, the Assessor’s office oversees more than 1.3 million residential parcels, divided into three assessment districts. One of those districts is re-assessed every year using a computer-assisted mass appraisal method.
How Mass Appraisal Works
Computer-assisted mass appraisal works through a computerized sales model that considers different value components, including:
- Sales of comparable properties
- Building square footage
- Construction type
Three to five years of prior sales information is used.
To ensure uniformity between properties, only properties located in the same neighborhood are compared to each other. In addition, teardown properties—those bought for the land with the original structure demolished and replaced—are removed from the sales comparison model.
These teardowns will be valued using the new building’s characteristics, etc.
The county coordinates the gathering of this information through Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which aims to optimize Cook County’s geospatial investment in information technology. The GIS administers and coordinates land-based information across all Cook County agencies, using geography accurately developed from a photogrammetric base.
However, as Todd Ricketts, Cubs co-owner, recently found out, occasionally the assessor’s office sends out field agents to do site checks to make sure the buildings that are recorded to be on the property are in fact the buildings on the property.
People Should Always Double-Check Tax Bill Information
That is not to say that the information on a property tax assessment is always correct. Sometimes, there are mistakes, such as the wrong Property Identification Number, the incorrect square footage of the property, the incorrect number of rooms or the condition of the property. Property owners should always double-check the information sent with the property tax assessment because any incorrect information can be grounds to appeal the amount of property taxes currently owed.
Another reason many property owners appeal property taxes is a lack of uniformity, meaning the property is taxed more than similar properties in the area. On the Cook County Assessor’s website, they provide a list of properties they think are comparable, and it allows you to check them off. Property owners need to make sure that the comparable properties are similar, especially in terms of the following:
- Square footage
- Lot size
- Construction type
- Bedroom and bathroom count
Homeowners should also ensure they are receiving the tax exemptions for which they are eligible | <urn:uuid:6df48d32-572d-44c4-9754-f15477e75151> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://garyhsmith.com/mass-appraisal-method/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540531974.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211160056-20191211184056-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.932278 | 500 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Genetics is integral to biology because organisms are a product of both genetics and their environment. This central tenet is the basis of the course. You learn the foundations of how genes are transmitted and inherited (the rules of inheritance) and how these rules are modified. You apply this knowledge to analyse scenarios using techniques to understand the mode of inheritance and solve genetics problems. This course helps you to better understand areas as diverse as evolution, medical counselling and ethics, the biology of development, the dynamics of populations and molecular biology.
- Semester of offer*:
- Sunshine Coast: Semester 2
- Student contribution band:
- Band 2
- Tuition fee:
- Science, Engineering, Surveying:
- Census date:
- Academic Calendar
- Class Timetable:
- View class timetables for this course
* Semester of offer is subject to change.
Students enrolled in this course should check the course Blackboard site to ensure that they are accessing the most recent approved version of the course outline. | <urn:uuid:3076bee4-f27b-4f54-a210-6ca4dba08fec> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://edit.usc.edu.au/learn/courses-and-programs/courses/course-library/sci/sci212-genetics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371876625.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409185507-20200409220007-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.906782 | 209 | 2.8125 | 3 |
School Readiness Workshop
Are you curious about finding the answers and learning more about school readiness?
School Readiness: Nurturing Young Brains – this 1½hr workshop is available to parents of children aged 3 to 5 years.
This one-off face to face session will help the whole family to prepare and adjust to school life. Based on the Five to Thrive approach, along with the Ready Child, Ready Family, Ready School model, you will explore and discover what it really means to be school ready.
When you are thinking about your very young child starting school it can raise many questions, feelings, and emotions for you and your family. Some of those thoughts and feelings may cause both worry and excitement about this big milestone ahead. Some of your questions may be:
• What does school readiness actually mean?
• Will my child be physically & emotionally ready for school when the time comes?
• What will I need to do to make sure my child and the family are prepared?
• What resources will my child need for starting school?
• How will I cope when my child starts school?
• How will the school help me and my family to settle and feel included?
Contact Phone Number - | <urn:uuid:c1652f59-3cf6-4eb5-827d-e86bd0134a7c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://unityonline.org.uk/event/school-readiness-workshop-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474523.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224044749-20240224074749-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.955628 | 250 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The natural state of America, in my theory, is decentralized toleration: We stand together because we can live apart. We are, most of the time, the nation described by Alexis de Tocqueville, made up of various ethnic, religious, and racial strands who believe fervently that we can live and triumph together if we allow one another to observe our local mores. We can embody David Hackett Fischer's "four British folkways" and at the same time be a united people. There's a tension in that, which threatens to come apart. In the midcentury America of the 1850s, the threat was that we would come apart: We had an explosive political conflagration over the issue of slavery in the territories and an explosive ethnic conflagration in the decade that had the largest immigrant influx, in percentage of pre-existing population, of any decade in our history. Citations: Kenneth Stampp's America in 1857; the opening chapters in James McPherson's Battle Cry of Freedom. And in fact, we produced a civil war.
We had the opposite situation in the midcentury America of the 1950s. After the shared experiences of the Depression and World War II, with universal institutions like the comprehensive high school, the military draft, and the big factory workforces represented by giant industrial unions, we were a culturally more uniform country than we have been before or since. We were a nation of conformism, of the regular guy, of the average guy who gets along with his peers. Citations: David Riesman's The Lonely Crowd; William H. Whyte's The Organization Man. It was a society, to take one example, far more hostile to homosexuality: The midcentury society of the 1850s could evidently tolerate Ishmael and Queequeeg sleeping together in Moby Dick and the poems of Walt Whitman, while the midcentury society of the 1950s cast its eyes away from the obvious gayness of the early Gore Vidal and Truman Capote and Roy Cohn.
The Civil War, the imposition of New England Yankee mores in the way described by Morton Keller, and the creation of national business and professional organizations described by Robert Wiebe in The Search for Order 1877-1910 reversed the extreme decentralization of the 1850s. The cultural rebellions, to the left and the right, described recently in neat form by Brink Lindsey's The Age of Abundance reversed the extreme centralization of the 1950s.
For those of us who grew up in the backwash of the 1950s, this decentralization seemed like an abandonment of American tradition. In the long line of history, I think it is more like a reversion to norm. The seeming inconsistency of currently prevailing attitudes on marriage and divorce, gambling and drinking, cigarette smoking and marijuana smoking, is part of the continuing turmoil of a decentralized society. The results don't cohere, but perhaps that is to be expected in a society like ours.
Friday, September 07, 2007 | <urn:uuid:1b79bf6f-96da-46a0-8d0c-7c63c9c7089c> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://oceanstateblogger.blogspot.com/2007/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102993.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817073135-20170817093135-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.950626 | 614 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Croatia Vacation Holidays
Croatian Art of Croatia
Vacation Holiday Trips offers travel tips and information for top travel places and best destinations. We feature links, resources and large selection of budget airlines, chartered planes, sea cruises, ferries, travel agencies, land transports and attractions including beaches, medical tourism, retirement homes, historical and pilgrimage tours.
Croatia Croatian Art
In the 7th century the Croats, along with other Slavs and Avars, came from Northern Europe to the region where they live today. The Croats were open to roman art and culture, and most of all to Christianity. First churches were built as royal sanctuaries, and influences of Roman art were strongest in Dalmatia where urbanization was thickest, and there were the largest number of monuments. Gradually that influence was neglected and certain simplification, alteration of inherited forms and even creation of original buildings appeared.
The largest and most complicated central based church from the 9th century is St Donatus in Zadar. From those times, with its size and beauty we can only compare the chapel of Charlemagne in Aachen. Altar enclosure and windows of those churches were highly decorated with transparent shallow string-like ornament that is called Croatian pleter because the strings were threaded and rethreaded through itself. Sometimes the engravings in early Croatian script – Glagolitic appeared. Soon, the glagolic writings were replaced with Latin on altar boundaries and architraves of old-Croatian churches.
By joining the Hungarian state in the twelfth century, Croatia lost its independence, but it didn't lose its ties with the south and the west, and instead this ensured the beginning of a new era of Central European cultural influence.
Early Romanesque art appeared in Croatia at the beginning of 11th century with strong development of monasteries and reform of the church. In that period, many valuable monuments and artifacts along the Croatian coast were made, such as the Cathedral of St. Anastasia, Zadar in Zadar (13th century). In Croatian Romanesque sculpture we have a transformation of decorative interlace relief (Croatian pleter) to figurative. The best examples of Romanesque sculpture are: wooden doors of Split cathedral done by Andrija Buvina (c.1220) and Stone portal of Trogir cathedral done by artisan Radovan (c. 1240). Early frescoes are numerous and best preserved in Istria. On them we can evidence the mixing of influences of Eastern and Western Europe. The oldest miniatures are from the 13th century – Evangelical book from Split and Trogir.
The Gothic art in 14th century was supported by culture of cities councils, preaching orders (like Franciscans), and knightly culture. It was the golden age of free Dalmatian cities that were trading with Croatian feudal nobility in the continent. Largest urban project of those times was complete building of two new towns – Small and Large Ston, and about a kilometre of wall with guard towers between them (14th century). After Hadrian's wall in Scotland, the longest wall in Europe.
Tatars destroyed the Romanesque cathedral in Zagreb during their scourge in 1240, but right after their departure Zagreb got the title of a free city from Hungarian king Bela IV. Soon after bishop Timotej began to rebuild the cathedral in new Gothic style.
Zadar was an independent Venetian city. The most beautiful examples of gothic humanism in Zadar are reliefs in gilded metal as in Arc of St Simon by artisan from Milan in 1380. Gothic painting is less preserved, and the finest works are in Istria as fresco-cycle of Vincent from Kastv in Church of Holy Mary in Škriljinah near Beram, from 1474. From that times are the two of the best and most decorated illuminated liturgies done by monks from Split, – Hvals’ Zbornik (today in Zagreb) and Misal of Bosnian duke Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (now in Istanbul).
In 15th century, Croatia was divided between three states – northern Croatia was a part of Austrian Empire, Dalmatia was under the rule of Venetian Republic and Slavonia was under Ottoman occupation. Dalmatia was on the periphery of several influences so religious and public architecture with clear influence of Italian renaissance flourished. Three works out of that period are of European importance, and will contribute to further development of Renaissance: Cathedral of St.Jacob in Šibenik, in 1441 by Giorgio da Sebenico; chapel of Blessed John from Trogir in 1468 by Niccolò Fiorentino; and Sorkočević’s villa in Lapad near Dubrovnik in 1521.
In northwestern Croatia, the beginning of the wars with the Ottoman Empire caused many problems but in the long term it both reinforced the northern influence. The Ottoman advance was known for its violence. With permanent danger by Ottomans from east, there was modest influence of renaissance, while fortifications thrived, like fortified city of Karlovac in 1579 and fort of Ratkay family in Veliki Tabor from 16th century. Some of the famous Croatian renaissance artists lived and worked in other countries, like brothers Laurana, miniaturist Giulio Clovio and famous mannerist painter Andrea Schiavone.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Croatia was reunited with the parts of country that were occupied by Venetian Republic and Ottoman Empire. The unity attributed to sudden flourishing of Art in every segment.
Source: Wikipedia Encyclopedia
Croatia hotels <1> <2>
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Croatia Travel Informations and Croatia Travel Guide
Croatia Early History - Kingdom of Croatia - Croatia in Personal Union with Hungary - Republic of Dubrovnik
Ottoman Wars - Croatia National Revival - Kingdom of Yugoslavia and World War II - Socialist Yugoslavia - Independent Croatia
Geography of Croatia - Croatia Countries / Map - Croatia Government & Politics - Croatia Law - Croatia Demographics
Croatia Economy - Croatia Infrastructure - Croatia Education - Croatia Culture - Croatia Sports
Croatia Ancient Heritage - Croatian Art - Croatian Cuisines
Croatia Tourist Places and Attractions
Croatia World Heritage Sites
Palace of Diocletian - Old City of Dubrovnik - Plitvice Lakes National Park - Cathedral of St. James
Stari Grad - Euphrasian Basilica - City of Trogir
Other Europe and European Travel Destinations
Austria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,
Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovakia, Slovania, Ukraine more destinations...
All Rights Reserved. © Copyright | <urn:uuid:5210ca29-7766-4f0f-9e89-cd26c0c6dc4b> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://croatia.islandtrips.co.uk/art.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573173.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918003832-20190918025832-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.952155 | 1,505 | 2.84375 | 3 |
8 Breakfast Food Ideas During Exams
Created by Puja Sharma Vasisht Updated on Sep 15, 2018
Exam times are here again! It is time to provide the right type of food and nutrition to your child to help memorize and focus better. Foods selected should also provide for better concentration. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day and it should be so planned to help your child study better.
Whole grains like oats muesli, dalia, chirwa are high in fiber help release glucose slowly into the bloodstream. This in turn would help mental alertness of your child.
Nuts and seeds like walnuts, almonds, flaxseeds, and chia seeds are good source of essential fats which help your brain perform and function better. Omega-3 fats present in these help in better handling of stress associated with exam times.
Iron intake also needs to be kept up as low levels of iron can make the child anemic and may adversely affect your child’s concentration and retention. So include dark green leafy veggies, nuts, legumes, eggs etc in the breakfast. Including a citrus fruit rich in vitamin C further helps in absorption of iron form foods.
Studies also suggest that certain foods like milk, tofu, cheese, nuts, eggs etc may help increase your serotonin levels. Serotonin is a feel good hormone, which may help relieve stress to a certain extent.
Breakfast IdeasSo here are few breakfast ideas that may help your child during the exams to deal better with the stress and help focus and concentrate better.
Porridge-Porridge with any whole grain cereal like daila/rice flakes/oats muesli cooked in milk with a sprinkling of nuts and seeds
- Spinach and cheese whole grain bread sandwich
- Combining oats/dalia/rice chirwa with either milk to get porridge or with yogurt to get smoothies
- Bajra pitta bread with chickpeas/kidney beans hummus + salad
- Whole wheat pasta/sewiyan with vegetables + grilled tofu
- Besan cheela spring roll + whole wheat fruit muffin
- Multigrain bread sandwich + hung curd Russian salad
- Burger with soya nuggets patty + baked potato fries
- Sprouts salad with milk shake
Did you like the blog? Did you find it useful? Please share your thoughts, ideas and feedbacks with us in the comments below; we’d love to hear from you!
| Apr 22, 2018
| Mar 25, 2018
so much helpful information for me nd my kids Thanks for this blog
| Mar 01, 2018 | <urn:uuid:0a29a7df-a46e-428d-8150-f319fa28db16> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.parentune.com/parent-blog/breakfast-food-ideas-during-exams/3665 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583722261.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120143527-20190120165527-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.930005 | 548 | 2.875 | 3 |
Last year was officially the hottest ever recorded for the lower-48 states. Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric tallied weather and temperature data for 2012, and found that the year was both the warmest and the second-most extreme for weather ever recorded for the contiguous U.S.
According to NOAA’s latest “State of the Climate” report, the average temperature for the lower-48 states was 55.3°, which is 3.2°F above the 20th century average, and 1.0°F above the previous record-year of 1998.
Last year was marked by an historic drought, above-average wildfires, multiple freak storms that wiped out power to millions, and multiple severe heat waves. According to the U.S. Climate Extremes Index, 2012 was the second most extreme year on record — coming in below 1998, the previous hottest year on record.
Precipitation was also down significantly in 2012. Average rainfall for the lower-48 states was 2.57 inches below average, contributing to the severe drought that gripped the nation and helping make the wildfire season the third most destructive on record.
The previous year, 2011, had the hottest summer on record. It’d be a lot easier to believe climate change was a massive conspiracy if it weren’t so conspicuously happening all around us year after year. At this point, you can’t call the deniers “skeptics,” since the skeptical mind can be changed by evidence. They’re fanatics deeply invested in the religion of Climate Denial — nothing will ever change their minds. | <urn:uuid:5b2e6b36-94f3-4588-a797-0a53d98c27bd> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://gripernews.blogspot.com/2013/01/if-global-warming-is-hoax-its-most.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929832.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00318-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950125 | 336 | 2.765625 | 3 |
By using the Notepad program and a simple Visual Basic Script, you can create your own custom Windows error messages as a prank. Creating your own Windows error messages will not harm to computer in any way and can easily be removed or modified. You can also program the error message to run at start-up, but you cannot alter internal error messages already set by Windows using Notepad and a Visual Basics Script; for example, you cannot modify the File Cannot Be Found error message using this method.
- Skill level:
- Moderately Easy
Other People Are Reading
Click "Start" and select "Run" in the right-hand corner of the Start menu. Type "Notepad.exe" into the text box, and click "OK."
Type "x=MsgBox("Error Message", 0+16, "Box Title Name")" into Notepad without the external quotation marks and include your custom error message in the "Error Message" section (in quotation marks) and a title for the error message in "Box Title Name" (in quotation marks). An example of an error message may be x=MsgBox("You clicked the wrong key!", 0+16, "Wrong Key!"), as exactly written.
Click "File" and select "Save As" in Notepad. Save your error message as "Error.vbs" to your computer, preferably on the desktop.
Click "Start" and select "Run" as in Step 1. Select "Browse." When the Explorer window appears, select "All Files" from the drop-down box in the right-hand corner. Locate the error message saved in the previous step; for example, if your file was saved on the desktop, you could navigate to "Desktop" and select "Error.vbs."
Click "OK" in the "Run" window. Your error message should now appear. If the error message does not appear as expected, ensure you have followed the method correctly or try creating a new error message.
Right-click on your saved error file, and select "Copy". Select "Start," click "All Programs," right-click on "Startup" and click "Open." Right-click in the "Startup" window and click "Paste." Your custom error message will now appear when Windows starts.
Tips and warnings
- To create an error message that pops up again when the user clicks "OK" or exit, paste the string of text again on a new line. The number of code lines used will determine the number of error messages that appear. For example, "x=MsgBox("You clicked the wrong key!", 0+16, "Wrong Key!")" and "x=MsgBox("You clicked the wrong key, again!", 0+16, "Wrong Key!")" will show a second error message once the user tries to exit the first. You can create as many code lines as you wish.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:e41609da-ea14-495c-b314-e15079a377d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_8123556_make-custom-windows-error-messages.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171163.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00601-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.795986 | 639 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The course is divided into two broad sections:
- the science (surface chemistry) of flotation, and
- flotation technology and practice.
The course content is structured to provide a review of the current state of the fundamentals and technology of froth flotation. A significant part of the course will be devoted to examples of most common flotation separations of sulfide minerals, coal, oxide minerals, and industrial minerals such as potash and phosphates. The selected process examples will cover a wide range of physicochemical conditions under which the froth flotation process is employed around the world.
People interested in this course may also want to register for Advanced Crushing and Grinding Techniques, scheduled to run in the same week.
Prior to the course, registered delegates have access to online e-learning material consisting of two introductory courses, titled Practical Mineral Processing and Flotation 1 - Fundamentals.
Certificate in Mining Studies
This course qualifies for two days of short course credit for the Certificate in Mining Studies (CMS), a continuing education program of accredited short courses, webcasts and online courses for lifelong learning in mining, supported by University of British Columbia, University of Arizona and University of Concepción. more details »
Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
Registered participants who attend the entire short course and complete an evaluation at the end of the course will receive a Certificate of Attendance, confirming the Professional Development Hours (PDH)/Continuing Education Units (CEU) earned. Please confirm with your employer and/or professional association that this course qualifies for CPD.
Who Should Attend?
The course is aimed at plant managers, operation managers, technical managers, metallurgists, engineers and researchers, engineering geologists, processing managers, and materials managers. It can also benefit service providers, suppliers to the mining industry, and technologists. The course is also of value to students as well as research and academic personnel of universities.
Instruction will take place from 9:00AM to 5:00PM each day, with a lunch break from 12:00PM to 1:00PM and coffee breaks in mid-morning and mid-afternoon.
The last 20-30 minutes of the day will be devoted to a discussion and questions that may arise during the lecture.
The course includes the following topics:
Separation Methods in Mineral Processing
- separation of solids by physicochemical methods
- effect of particle size on separation
- agglomerate, floc, and carrier flotation
Solid Surface Properties
- hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity
- electrical charge at the solid/solution interface
- solubility of minerals
- classification of minerals with regard to their flotation properties
- classification of flotation reagents:
- modifiers (activators, depressants, dispersants, pH regulators)
- anionic (fatty acids, xanthates)
- cationic (amines)
- water-insoluble oils
- solution chemistry and adsorption characteristics
- flotation rate
- flotation rate constant
- flotation as a first order particle transfer process
- modeling of flotation using kinetic equations
- release analysis
- dell (release) curve
- mass balance calculations
Flotation Technology and Practice
- flotation cells
- column flotation (wash water)
- flotation as a continuous process (rougher, scavenger and cleaner operations)
- differential and bulk flotation
Review of Selected Flotation Separations and Circuits
- flotation of sulfide ores (Cu, Mo, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe)
- flotation of inherently hydrophobic minerals
- coal flotation (including desulfurization of coal by flotation)
- flotation of oxide minerals (hematite, quartz)
- flotation of water-insoluble salt-type minerals (apatite, calcite, fluorite, barite)
- flotation of water-soluble salt-type minerals (potash)
How to Register
Complete and return the registration form by fax: 604 681 4166 or email: firstname.lastname@example.org.
If you have any questions you can contact Edumine by phone at +1 604 683 2037 or send an email to email@example.com.
The fee covers the lecture, access to Pre-Course e-Learning, a certificate of attendance, and catered breakfasts and lunches including light refreshments. The fee does not cover accommodation.
Early Bird: there is a 10% discount if you register and submit payment at least 30 days before the course start date.
The course will be held at InfoMine Inc, Vancouver, Canada, Suite 640 - 580 Hornby Street, Vancouver, BC. Detailed arrival instructions, including a map, will be sent to all participants 10-14 days prior to the commencement of the course.
If you need to make hotel reservations, we recommend the following hotels. Each hotel is within 5-10min walking distance to the course venue and provides convenient access to transportation and 'Canada Line' rapid transit to/from Vancouver International Airport.
When making reservations make sure to ask for the "InfoMine corporate rate".
- Executive Hotel Le Soleil, named by Resorts & Great Hotels Magazine as "One of the Top 100 Hotels in the World," has been recipient of the American Automobile Association's (AAA) 4-Diamond rating since its opening. Executive Hotel Le Soleil differentiates itself with a unique mixture of stylish sophistication and old world elegance. Featuring 119 luxury boutique lodging accommodations, it is conveniently located across the street from the InfoMine/Edumine offices. Experience Copper Chimney restaurant's award winning chefs and enter into an exotic world of Indian fusion food.
The Hotel Le Soleil's website is: http://www.hotellesoleil.com.
- Metropolitan Hotel Vancouver: make yourself at home in one of the Metropolitan Hotel's 197 elegantly appointed guestrooms and suites. Enjoy the Metropolitan's 24-hour Business Center; fully-equipped Health Club with indoor pool, whirlpool, sauna, and squash court; and the Diva at the Met restaurant, a AAA 4-Diamond rated restaurant featuring Vancouver's finest cuisine, celebrated Chef's table, and distinguished wine cellar. The Metropolitan has received a "4 Green Keys" rating through the Green Key Eco-Rating Program.
The Metropolitan Hotel's website is: http://www.metropolitan.com/vanc/.
- Vancouver’s most art-full hotel, the Listel Hotel is a cultural tourist’s dream and a showcase for eco-friendly practices. Packed with original art, this 129 room boutique hotel boasts comfortable, contemporary furnishings and a perfect location in the West End, the city’s most eclectic shopping and dining neighbourhood. The hotel is also home to Forage, a pioneer in sustainable restaurant operations and home to Chef Chris Whittaker’s award-winning farm-to-table fare. Forage is known for its small plate dining and BC wine and craft beer on tap.
The Listel Hotel's website is: http://www.thelistelhotel.com.
- Days Inn Downtown Vancouver Hotel: experience the modern comforts of the historic full-service business hotel located in the core of downtown Vancouver. Their West Coast hospitality will ensure your stay is as comfortable as possible. Discover true value at the Days Inn Downtown Vancouver Hotel as they provide FREE Wireless Internet, Bottled Water / Tea & Small Business Center. InfoMine’s corporate rate includes $10.00 breakfast voucher, best available room at check-in, Day Pass to Health and Fitness Centre around the corner.
The Days Inn Downtown's website is: http://www.daysinnvancouver.com/.
- The Delta Vancouver Suites is a 225 all-suite property designed with business travel in mind. Centrally located in the Heritage District of downtown Vancouver, the hotel is just one block from Waterfront Station, the main hub of the Canada Line providing convenient and economical transportation to/from the Vancouver International Airport. The hotel is in close proximity to many corporate offices, the Vancouver Convention Centre and government offices making business connections easy. Attractions such as Rogers Arena and BC Place Stadium and neighborhoods including Gastown, home to many of the best restaurants Vancouver has to offer are all a short walk away.
The Delta Vancouver Suites' website is: http://www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/yvrdv-delta-hotels-vancouver-suites/.
For further information about hotels in Downtown Vancouver, see the following link: http://www.hotels-vancouver.ca/hotels/Downtown
Terms and Conditions
By submitting a short course registration form, you agree to pay the associated fees in full before the course start date.
Notice of cancellation must be given in writing by letter, fax or email and action will be taken to recover, from the delegates or their employers, that portion of the fee owing at the time of cancellation.
A 10% administration fee will be levied for cancellations made 4 or more weeks prior to the first day of the course. Thereafter, the following cancellation refund schedule will apply.
- Cancellation made more than 3 weeks prior to the first day of the short course: 70% of the registration fee is reimbursed.
- Cancellation made more than 2 weeks prior to the first day of the short course: 50% of the registration fee is reimbursed.
- Cancellation made less than 2 weeks prior to the first day of the short course: no reimbursement of registration fees.
Edumine reserves the right to cancel an advertised course on short notice. It will endeavour to provide participants with as much notice as possible, but will not accept liability for costs incurred by participants or their organisations as a result of the course being cancelled or postponed. If a course is cancelled, fees will be refunded in full. Edumine also reserves the right to postpone or make such alterations to the content of a course as may be necessary. | <urn:uuid:37161d00-7e88-46de-82f0-1fe62a9e412b> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.edumine.com/courses/short-courses/advanced-flotation-techniques/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583517495.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023220444-20181024001944-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.901133 | 2,118 | 2.515625 | 3 |
0354 — Aurelius Augustinus (St. Augustine) was born. Augustine's views stemmed from introspection and phenomenology. He described several faculties of the soul, including reason, memory, will, and imagination.
1841 — James Braid saw his first demonstration of mesmerism. He was convinced that mesmerism was fraudulent but that it produced real effects. He coined the term hypnotism for the phenomenon, believing that it was a heightened state of attention.
1953 — The journal Science published the first description of S. S. Stevens's power law of psychophysics. The brief announcement described a paper titled "On the Brightness of Lights and the Loudness of Sounds," delivered by Stevens to the National Academy of Sciences at its annual meeting at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1990 — The first electronic mail distribution of the APA Scientific Psychology Action Network (APA-SPAN) newsletter was sent. APA-SPAN is a grassroots network of scientists and academicians interested in legislation affecting psychology.
1990 — Patrick Suppes was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Bush for his work in the measurement of subjective probability and utility, learning theory, the semantics of natural language, and instructional computing.
1990 — President Bush presented the National Medal of Science to John McCarthy. McCarthy named and defined the field of artificial intelligence, developed the computer language LISP, and applied mathematical logic to computer programs that use commonsense knowledge and reasoning.
Choose Another Day
How to Cite This Page in APA Style | <urn:uuid:9590f8f3-e5ad-470c-ac1b-eedda09eb863> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/cal1113.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806939.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123195711-20171123215711-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.955652 | 312 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus) is a chronic autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks healthy cells, causing widespread inflammation in any part of the body.
Everyone has a different set of lupus symptoms. The most common symptoms include the following:
- Extreme tiredness
- Painful joints (arthritis)
- Red, butterfly-shaped rash on the face
- Chest pain
- Sun sensitivity
- Sores on the mouth and/or nose
Lupus: what you should know
- Along with SLE, there are many other types of lupus. For instance, when lupus affects only your skin and nothing else, it is called cutaneous or discoid lupus.
- Lupus has no cure, and left untreated, it can be fatal, damaging your brain and heart; however, with early treatment, 80 to 90 percent of patients live full lives.
- It is unknown what causes lupus, but it tends to run in families. Also, if a family member has an autoimmune disease, like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, your risk for autoimmune diseases increases.
- Research at Rush shows factors such as socioeconomic status and education play a role in who develops the disease.
How can I get help for lupus?
If you have the symptoms listed above, see your primary care doctor, especially if a family member has an autoimmune disease. If your doctor suspects you have lupus, he or she will refer you to a rheumatologist, who treats diseases of joints and muscles, including autoimmune diseases.
Often lupus looks like other diseases, making diagnosis tricky. Rheumatologists at Rush have extensive experience in diagnosing lupus. Their goal is to provide you with an early diagnosis so you can begin treatment as soon as possible.
Care for lupus at Rush
Every patient experiences lupus differently, so everyone’s treatment is different. At the Rush Lupus Clinic, your rheumatologists will create an individualized plan that helps improve your quality of life. Your care plan may involve some of the following elements, either alone or in combination:
- Education about your specific condition and information about various educational or support related resources for you or your loved ones.
Medications: Your medication plan may include some of the following:
- Anti-inflammatories to reduce inflammation and pain
- Corticosteroids to control the inflammation rapidly
- Immunosuppressive medications to help control the inflammation, and to help you reduce the dose or come off of the corticosteroids
Preventive care and counseling tailored to your lupus and risk factors. This may include the following:
- Bone health screening and care
- Assessment of your risk for heart attack
- Testing for your cholesterol
- Appropriate cancer screenings
- Contraceptive or/and reproductive counseling and care for lupus. Women with lupus can have successful pregnancies. But it may require careful planning, assessment of risks and safer medications, and close monitoring of your lupus and pregnancy by a high-risk obstetrician. The team at the Rush Lupus Clinic has experience caring for women with lupus who have high-risk pregnancies and will help you every step of the way.
- Treatment for lupus rashes. Lupus frequently affects skin, often in visible areas. Lupus rashes can vary in sizes, location and shape. Rheumatologists at Rush work closely with dermatologists at Rush who specialize in caring for people with autoimmune disease and treating these skin conditions.
- Bone density testing. Some medications for lupus increase your chance of osteoporosis. The Rush Osteoporosis Center performs bone mineral density testing and stays on top of your bone health.
- Intravenous services. Lupus may affect the kidneys, heart, lungs or brain. Though some medications may be given orally (by mouth), some medications in these conditions may need to be given urgently via a needle to reach your whole body (intravenously). Some of the newer medications for lupus are also given intravenously. If this is needed, the Rush Lupus Clinic offers convenient on-site intravenous services.
- Emotional support. We understand that lupus can have a profound effect on the quality of your and your family’s lives. You will have an emotional health screening during each clinic visit and, if necessary, you will be referred to a psychologist who can help you manage the stress of living and coping with a chronic illness.
- Occupational and physical therapists. Rehabilitation specialists at Rush, in collaboration with your rheumatologist, can teach you exercises tailored to your specific medical issues (arthritis, fibromyalgia, etc.). Stretching exercises increase your flexibility and decrease pain and stiffness. Strength training helps you maintain muscle strength to support and protect joints.
- Nutritional counseling. Dietitians and your rheumatologist will help you develop a sensible nutrition plan and maintain a healthy weight to prevent flare-ups.
- Care from other specialists. Because lupus can cause damage to any system in the body, you may need to get care from other specialists at Rush, such as nephrologists, cardiologists or neurologists.
Because you can make the most difference in your own care, you are encouraged to learn about lupus and become an active participant in your treatment.
Why choose Rush for lupus care
- Lupus is a complex disease, but treatment at Rush is easy for you, the patient. The dedicated specialists at the Rush Lupus Clinic believe in educating and supporting you, while providing you with cutting-edge medical care. They coordinate everything for you, partnering with the wide range of health professionals needed to address your unique set of symptoms.
- Rush Lupus Clinic physicians are known nationally and internationally for their research to improve quality of life and find better treatment options for people with lupus.
- Laboratory testing, X-rays, bone mineral density testing and infusion room facilities are all located in the same suite as the clinic patient rooms, making it faster and easier for you to receive all of the care you need during your visits. | <urn:uuid:3544791b-7c59-498c-967d-3e8a8d9e289a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.rush.edu/services/conditions/lupus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657138752.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712144738-20200712174738-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.938354 | 1,293 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Conserving critical and threatened habitats
Project Leaders: Peter Vesk, Joslin Moore
The conservation problem
This project will study how best to conserve threatened ecological communities and critical habitats for threatened and endangered species. Initial focus
is on the box gum grassy woodlands and endangered buloke woodlands of the Riverina and Murray-Darling Depression Bioregions as well as the endangered
alpine Sphagnum bogs and fens. Key management actions are needed to conserve not only these critical habitats and threatened ecological communities
but also the array of threatened species that occur in these habitats.
How this research is addressing the problem
Research will include a series of field trials, experiments and prioritisation of management of critical habitats and threatened ecological communities
from across Australia. The research will aid the development and application of improved management to conserve these threatened ecosystems and species.
It will do this by providing evidence for the effectiveness of revegetation and control of invasive plants and animals, including dominant noisy miners
and ecological processes such as fire and grazing in recovering threatened ecological communities. It will also provide evidence of the effectiveness
of nest boxes in reversing the declines in threatened birds and mammals. With this evidence, managers will be better able to prioritise among the multiple
threats facing threatened ecological communities.
What we aim to collectively achieve through the research
This project will have a range of important outcomes, with significant implications for ecologically effective and cost-effective investments in major
programs. Specific anticipated outcomes include appropriate management interventions to conserve and recover the range of critical habitats, such as
buloke and box gum grassy woodlands and alpine Sphagnum bogs with long-term but immediately quantifiable benefits for dependent species such
as the red-tailed black-cockatoo. The project and its subprojects will also provide new insights into the recovery of a suite of threatened plants.
They will highlight the value of restoration efforts through revegetation and management of existing remnants.
This project involves the following subprojects:
Read more: Saving woodland and alpine habitats
Image: Yellow Box Eucalyptus meliodora by Elizabeth Donoghue/Flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) | <urn:uuid:27535b32-fa51-4f99-937a-f738ad9e0a4f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.nespthreatenedspecies.edu.au/projects/conserving-critical-and-threatened-habitats | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.885603 | 454 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Medical Nursing Notes. In a patient with hypokalemia, serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L, exhibiting signs and symptoms involve muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias.
During cardiac arrest, if an I.V. route is unavailable, epinephrine can be administered endotracheally.
Pernicious anemia results from the failure to absorb vitamin B12 in the G.I. tract and primarily causes G.I. and neurologic signs and symptoms.
A client who has a pressure ulcer should eat a high-protein, high-calorie diet unless contraindicated.
The CK-MB isoenzyme level is used to assess tissue damage in myocardial infarction.
After a 12-hour fast, the average fasting blood glucose level is 80 to 120 mg/dl.
A patient experiencing digoxin toxicity may report nausea, vomiting, diplopia, blurred vision, light flashes, and yellow-green halos around images.
Anuria is daily urine output of fewer than 100 ml.In remittent fever, the body temperature varies over 24 hours but remains elevated. The risk of a fat embolism is most significant in the first 48 hours after the fracture of a long bone. It’s exhibited by respiratory distress.
To help venous blood return in a patient in shock, the nurse should elevate the patient’s legs no more than 45 degrees. This method is contraindicated in a patient with a head injury.
When taken simultaneously by two nurses, the pulse deficit is the difference between the apical and radial pulse rates.
The nurse should schedule postural drainage before meals or 2 to 4 hours after meals to reduce the patient’s risk of vomiting and aspiration.
Blood pressure can be measured directly by intra-arterial insertion of a catheter connected to a pressure-monitoring device.
A positive Kernig’s sign, seen in meningitis, occurs when an attempt to flex the hip of a recumbent patient causes painful spasms of the hamstring muscle and resistance to further extension of the leg at the knee.
In a patient with a fractured, dislocated femur, treatment begins with reducing and immobilizing the affected leg.
Herniated nucleus pulposus (intervertebral disk) most commonly occurs in the lumbar and lumbosacral regions.
Laminectomy is the surgical removal of the herniated portion of an intervertebral disk.
Surgical treatment of a gastric ulcer includes severing the vagus nerve (vagotomy) to reduce gastric acid secreted by the gastric cells.
Valsalva’s maneuver is forced exhalation against a closed glottis, as when taking a deep breath, blowing air out, or bearing down.
When mean arterial pressure falls below 60 mm Hg and systolic blood pressure fall below 80 mm Hg, and vital organ perfusion is seriously compromised.
Lidocaine (Xylocaine) is the drug of choice for reducing premature ventricular contractions.
A patient is at most significant risk of dying during the first 24 to 48 hours after myocardial infarction.
During a myocardial infarction, the left ventricle sustains the most significant damage typically.
The pain of a myocardial infarction results from myocardial ischemia caused by anoxia.
For a patient in cardiac arrest, the priority is to establish an airway.
The universal sign for choking is clutching the hand to the throat.
For a patient with heart failure or cardiogenic pulmonary edema, nursing interventions focus on decreasing venous return to the heart and increasing left ventricular output. These interventions include placing the patient in a high Fowler’s position and administering oxygen, diuretics, and positive inotropic drugs as prescribed.
A positive tuberculin skin test is an induration of 10 mm or greater at the injection site.
The signs and symptoms of histoplasmosis, a chronic systemic fungal infection, resemble those of tuberculosis.
In burn victims, the leading cause of death is respiratory compromise. The second leading cause is infection.
The exocrine function of the pancreas is the secretion of enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
A patient with hepatitis A should consume a diet that’s moderately high in fat and high in carbohydrates and protein and eat the most important meal in the morning.
Esophageal balloon tamponade shouldn’t be inflated greater than 20 mm Hg.
Overproduction of prolactin by the pituitary gland can cause galactorrhea, excessive or abnormal lactation, and amenorrhea absence of menstruation.
Intermittent claudication pain during ambulation or another movement relieved with rest is a classic symptom of arterial insufficiency in the leg.
In bladder carcinoma, the most common finding is gross, painless hematuria.
Parenteral administration of heparin sodium is contraindicated in patients with renal or liver disease, GI bleeding, recent surgery or trauma, pregnant patients, and women older than age 60.
Drugs that potentiate the effects of anticoagulants include aspirin, chloral hydrate, glucagon, anabolic steroids, and chloramphenicol.
For a burn patient, care priorities include maintaining a patent airway, preventing or correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances, controlling pain, and preventing infection.
Elastic stockings should be worn on both legs.
Active immunization is the formation of antibodies within the body in response to vaccination or exposure to disease.
Passive immunization is the administration of antibodies that were performed outside the body.
A patient receiving digoxin (Lanoxin) shouldn’t accept a calcium preparation because of the increased risk of digoxin toxicity. Concomitant use may affect cardiac contractility and lead to arrhythmias.
Intermittent positive-pressure breathing is inflation of the lung during inspiration with compressed air or oxygen. The goal of this inflation is to keep the lung open.
Wristdrop is caused by paralysis of the extensor muscles in the forearm and hand.
Footdrop results from excessive plantar flexion and are usually a complication of prolonged bed rest.
A patient who has gonorrhea may be treated with penicillin and probenecid (Benemid). Probenecid delays the excretion of penicillin and keeps this antibiotic in the body longer. | <urn:uuid:b8058557-847d-4ee6-9451-58c237d1901b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nclexnursing.com/medical-surgical-nursing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.888145 | 1,372 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Every three years, the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) conducts the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) to evaluate student achievement in many countries.
Because US schools are terrible, US students do badly on the tests. As shown in the below chart, the US is not in the top ten in either math, science, and reading.
One reason for this is that the US education system is not designed for the US population. As shown in this blog posts, US scores are acceptble if you ignore the poor — that is, “correct” for poverty. Of course, reality does not work that way — you can’t “correct” a population by ignoring it. You serve a population by writing curriculum and hiring teachers that are effective in addressing a population’s needs.
By writing off districts with poor students, US education policy does not only harm poor students — it harms all students in schools that are stressed by the presence of students from poor and low-performing populations. | <urn:uuid:4f7590e2-f29f-4496-b269-73ab1eaf27e3> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.tdaxp.com/archive/2012/02/05/dont-ignore-the-poor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447266.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00084-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94721 | 212 | 3.15625 | 3 |
By reducing car travel, travel plans can improve health and wellbeing, reduce pollution, reduce demand for parking space, and make a positive contribution to the community and the environment.
What is a travel plan?
It's a document containing a set of practical actions designed by a workplace, school, or other organisation, to encourage healthy and sustainable travel. Along with reducing the need to travel in the first place, travel plans include the promotion of:
- public transport
- car sharing
Every travel plan is different and is written to meet the needs of its audience; whether members of staff, children, or visitors. Often they are written for a combination of different people, for example, school pupils and school staff. Travel plans are also site specific. For example, a travel plan for a rural school or business will be quite different from a similar organisation in an urban area. Different groups will develop travel plans which are unique to their own circumstances.
By promoting sustainable travel in schools, healthy habits can be encouraged for later life. Schools with travel plans in place support pupils and staff in using sustainable travel to, not only reduce the number of cars outside school, but also to create a more pleasant environment for all to enjoy.
Find out more about our School travel planning initiatives, or for more information, see the following:
Few organisations realise what a huge difference they could make to their organisation simply by managing their transport differently. These pages contain information on the benefits of developing a travel plan and the practical measures that can be put in place to promote sustainable travel to employees, visitors, and to improve general company efficiency. These pages also contain information for developers and consultants who need to prepare a framework travel plan to submit with a planning application.
We offer free personalised travel planning advice to help individuals make sustainable travel choices.
Did you know that the average car makes as much pollution in one year as two elephants weigh?
- Travel Planning
- Travel Planning
- 03000 265 309
Our address is:
- Regeneration and Local Services
- Sustainable Transport
- County Hall
- County Durham
- United Kingdom
- DH1 5UQ
- 0191 383 4080 | <urn:uuid:e7a1bc0b-f14d-4a1f-86a4-79680dee452b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.durham.gov.uk/travelplanning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827853.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024014937-20171024034937-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.938286 | 442 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The seventh century in Ireland is considered to be a time of enlightenment. Many people flocked to Irish centers of learning from all over Europe. At this time, the laws governing the provinces of Ireland were set down in writing. These were the Laws of Fenechus, or free land tillers. These more popularly became known as Brehon laws from the word for judge, breitheamh. Brehon law is the oldest and most extensive law system of medieval Europe. These surprisingly modern laws set Ireland apart from the rest of Europe.
Where the rest of Europe was wrestling with trial by ordeal or trial by combat, Brehon law set out a complex system of fines. A dalaigh, or advocate of the court, gathered and assessed evidence to see if a case was warranted. The role is similar to a modern French juge d’instruction. Then a Brehon as judge decided the case based on that evidence. The law was divided between the criminal code of Senchus Mor and the civil code of Lebor Acaill. The highest degree of study was ollamh, still the Irish word for professor, and varying degrees below that. Every three years, scholars and leaders would come together at the Feis Temhrach, or Festival of Tara, to adjust laws to keep up with changes in society.
A major part of the law was how leadership was determined. The law of primogeniture was not practiced in Ireland. However, the basis of society was kinship. A ruler was the most qualified candidate chosen by a conclave of the family made up of three generations from a common ancestor. This method of choosing a leader was similar to the Saxon witan. If a ruler did not govern well, the same family conclave could impeach that ruler and choose another.
Brehon laws were incredibly enlightened on the role of women as well. Women had their pick of occupations. There were famous women poets, warriors, judges and leaders. Brig Briugaid, Aine Ingine Iugaire and Dari were all famous judges from the this time period. Women could own property and were awarded a portion of the marital assets upon divorce. Women were also protected by law against sexual harassment and rape. This was extremely unusual for this time.
Brehon law remained important in Irish society until the time of the Tudors and subsequent conquests by England. Irish writings, laws and language was brutally suppressed. English language, customs and common law was favored. After the famous Flight of the Earls in 1607, they were replaced with English lords who made this change permanent. Books of Brehon laws were destroyed or hidden, and by the 18th century to even possess a book of Brehon law was punishable. It resurfaced again in 1865 at the insistence of Charles Graves, a professor at Trinity College. Between 1865 and 1901, seven books were found and translated and thankfully these enlightened ideas did not disappear.
Sources available on request | <urn:uuid:58b418d2-30e2-48db-8c97-fcd14856b6b9> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.historynaked.com/brehon-law-lost-legal-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401600771.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928104328-20200928134328-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.985765 | 604 | 4.125 | 4 |
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