text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 7.09k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
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What is the molar mass of a gas if a 0.950 gram sample of it occupies 232 mL at 95 °C and 0.985 atm?
The molar mass of the gas is
First calculate the moles of the gas using the gas law,
Rearrange the equation to isolate
(I'm keeping a couple of guard digits to reduce rounding errors. I'll round to three significant figures at the end.)
Molar Mass of Gas | <urn:uuid:78821a2f-86a0-4b5f-887b-3f3a398a0f65> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-molar-mass-of-a-gas-if-a-0-950-gram-sample-of-it-occupies-232-ml-at- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999709.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624191239-20190624213239-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.820552 | 95 | 2.71875 | 3 |
1Unfriendly people look out for themselves;
they bicker with sensible people.
2Fools find no pleasure in understanding,
but only in expressing their opinion.
3When the wicked arrive, so does contempt;
with shame comes insult.
4The words of a person’s mouth are deep waters,
a bubbling stream, a fountain of wisdom.
5Favoring the wicked isn’t good;
it denies justice to the righteous.
6The lips of fools make accusations;
their mouths elicit beatings.
7The mouth of fools is their ruin;
their lips are a trap for their lives.
8The words of gossips are like choice snacks;
they go down to the inmost parts.
9Those who are lazy in their work
are brothers to thugs.
10The LORD’s name is a strong tower;
the righteous run to it and find refuge.
11The riches of the wealthy are a strong city
and like a high wall in their imagination.
12Pride comes before a disaster,
but humility comes before respect.
13Those who answer before they listen
are foolish and disgraceful.
14The human spirit sustains a sick person,
but who can bear a broken spirit?
15An understanding mind gains knowledge;
the ear of the wise seeks knowledge.
16A gift opens the way
for access to important people.
17The first person to testify seems innocent,
until the other comes and cross-examines him.
18The dice settle conflicts
and keep strong opponents apart.
19An offended ally is more formidable than a city;
such quarreling is like the bars of a castle.
20The stomach is satisfied
by the fruit of the mouth;
one’s lips can earn a satisfying income.
21Death and life are in the power of the tongue;
those who love it will eat its fruit.
22He who finds a wife finds what is good,
gaining favor from the LORD.
23The poor plead for help,
but the wealthy answer harshly.
24There are persons for companionship,
but then there are friends who are more loyal than family. | <urn:uuid:79438a45-4bfa-4fa7-8866-e9faf72af270> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.bible.com/bible/37/pro.18.ceb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171418.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00595-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912689 | 465 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Earth Day 2020: Should Single Use Plastics Be Eliminated at Hotels Worldwide After All? 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pandemic
At the time this article was written, at least 169,006 people — or slightly greater than 6.84 percent — have died of the minimum of 2,471,136 confirmed cases worldwide, according to this situation dashboard from the World Health Organization pertaining to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus…
Earth Day 2020: Should Single Use Plastics Be Eliminated at Hotels Worldwide After All? 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pandemic
…so people worldwide have been compelled to incorporate ways to slow the spread of the virus — including washing hands properly on a regular basis, distancing themselves from other people, and cleaning, disinfecting, and sanitizing surfaces in their homes.
Corporate entities have not only also been embarking on a regimen of cleaning, disinfecting, and sanitizing surfaces in their buildings and facilities, but publicly describing what they are now doing in painstaking detail — and that includes lodging companies.
Using Hilton as one of many examples, the company takes “great pride in maintaining the highest standards of cleanliness and hygiene. In response to the coronavirus, we have taken additional measures developed in consultation with global and local public health authorities (including the WHO and CDC) to make our cleaning and hygiene protocols even more rigorous” and lists the ways that those measures are being implemented:
- Our hotel teams are receiving ongoing briefings and enhanced operating protocols.
- We have increased the frequency of cleaning our public areas (including lobbies, elevators, door handles, public bathrooms, etc.) and have continued the use of hospital-grade disinfectant.
- We will continue to adjust food and beverage service in accordance with current food safety recommendations.
- We have increased the deployment of hand sanitizers.
The statement concludes with “We have activated our regional and global response teams to provide around-the-clock assistance to our hotels and are prepared to act swiftly should we be alerted to a case of coronavirus at one of our properties.”
Notice that single use plastic bottles and containers have not been addressed at all — and at the time of when this article was written, a statement pertaining to the fate of single use plastic bottles and containers is not found at any of the official Internet web sites of lodging companies worldwide.
Health Concerns as a Result of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pandemic
Before examining the details of the efforts by many lodging companies to reduce the amount of single use plastic bottles and containers globally to become more environmentally friendly, here are a few findings pertaining to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus…
According to this article pertaining to cleaning and disinfection for households from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “It is unknown how long the air inside a room occupied by someone with confirmed COVID-19 remains potentially infectious.” Theoretically, the same could be applied to rooms at hotel and resort properties.
That bulk dispensers of amenities could not only potentially be breeding grounds for germs if they are not cleaned properly, as multiple people must touch them to use or refill them; but also may be filled with undesirable foreign ingredients by other guests — even where locks are in place but the wall dispensers are left unlocked anyway — is of potential concern due to the current 2019 Novel Coronavirus pandemic, as the virus can supposedly live on certain surfaces for days.
“SARS-CoV-2 was more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard, and viable virus was detected up to 72 hours after application to these surfaces”, according to this article from The New England Journal of Medicine, in which the aerosol and surface stability of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus was analyzed and compared it with the most closely related human coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-1. “Our results indicate that aerosol and fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is plausible, since the virus can remain viable and infectious in aerosols for hours and on surfaces up to days (depending on the inoculum shed).”
Could this information have an effect on the global initiatives to reduce the amount of single use plastic bottles and containers globally in order to maintain the health of as many people as possible — and if so, which will save more lives: continuing the use of single use plastics worldwide; or ensuring a friendlier environment at the behest of bulk dispensers and reusable containers instead?
The Global Elimination of Single Use Plastic Bottles and Containers at Hotel Properties
As part of their overall efforts to reduce plastic waste, many lodging companies have pledged to implement a series of initiatives in which the miniature bottles and tubes provided in bathrooms across thousands of hotel and resort properties worldwide will be replaced with bulk dispensers of amenities — along with eventually virtually eliminating single-use bottles of drinking water, plastic cups, room key cards, and the packaging of other items — with completion of these initiatives expected by no later than the end of the year 2022.
Reusable containers manufactured out of such materials as glass or cardboard would replace the single use plastic items — including cups and bottles used for the consumption of beverages.
Companies which already announced such initiatives — which were designed to be friendlier to the environment — include:
- Group Accor from Friday, January 24, 2020
- Marriott International, Incorporated from Wednesday, August 28, 2019
- InterContinental Hotels Group from Tuesday, July 30, 2019
- Hyatt Hotels Corporation from Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Replacement of Single Use Water Bottles
Transitioning to large-format bathroom amenities and reducing single-use water bottles builds on the broader commitment of Hyatt Hotels Corporation to reduce disposable packaging and select environmentally preferable options whenever possible.
Proper hydration is essential to living well. Offering increased access to water stations across hotel and resort properties around the world will ensure guests will have hydration choices which align with both their well-being and sustainability priorities while traveling.
While these global efforts ensure that both leisure guests and business guests will consistently have the option to avoid single-use water bottles while staying at the hotel and resort properties of other brands of lodging companies, many hotel and resort properties have already been introducing additional efforts to create solutions which are considered to be the best in class — including but not limited to reusable bottles or returnable bottles with filtered water or tap water.
Single Use Plastic Toiletry Bottles at Hotels to Become Illegal in California — and Possibly New York?
Personal care products in the form of miniature plastic toiletry bottles — which contain fewer than 12 ounces of liquid product — will be banned from lodging establishments in California effective as of Sunday, January 1, 2023, according to this article which I wrote here at The Gate back on Thursday, October 11, 2019.
Members of the State Assembly of California voted 50-24 on Wednesday, May 29, 2019 to pass the bill into law, according to this article which I wrote here at The Gate back on Thursday, June 6, 2019. Gavin Newsom — who is the current governor of California — essentially removed the last hurdle of the bill when he signed it into law.
The law — which is an amendment to the California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989, as administered by the Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery — will require a state agency or “local agency with authority to inspect sleeping accommodations in a lodging establishment to notify lodging establishments of this requirement no less than one year before the requirement would become operative.”
Lodging establishments which are found in violation of the law by an authorized state or local authority would be issued a written warning upon a first violation; and a citation of $500.00 for a second or subsequent violation — not to exceed $2,000.00 annually.
If lawmakers in New York have their way, personal care products in the form of miniature plastic toiletry bottles — which are also defined as “single-use plastics — would similarly be banned from lodging establishments throughout the entire state.
Other Plastic Reduction Initiatives
The aforementioned initiatives represent a significant step in the global sustainability program of many lodging companies worldwide — as well as underscores their collaborative commitment to well being.
Other recent global initiatives have included removing plastic straws and drink picks and having alternative options — such as reusable straws in metal or bamboo; paper straws with a label; or
compostable straws — and increasing the use of content packaging for take-out or to-go food containers which can be composted or recycled.
Is Plastic Waste Really an Issue?
A study by the University of Newcastle, Australia suggests that an average person could be ingesting approximately five grams of plastic every week — which is the equivalent of a credit card’s worth of micro plastics — according to this article which I wrote here at The Gate back on Tuesday, June 18, 2019…
…but in response to that article, WR2 — who is a reader of The Gate — posted this rebuttal:
Sorry, but there’s so much misinformation in this post. First off, there are no “garbage patches” in the oceans. I assume you are referring to the “garbage island” meme, which is a complete lie. If you go there you will see nothing. There is an increase in the ppm in that area of the ocean, but most of the particles are tiny.
Second, relying on one “study” is dubious at best, so I would bet my life that the real number of amount of plastic ingested is much lower. However, it doesn’t really matter, because it’s pretty much harmless. It passes right through your system. It is a non-problem. That should be obvious given how much plastic we supposedly consume and yet we are doing just fine thank you.
Finally, the majority of plastic entering the oceans comes from Asia. Specifically, China, Thailand and Vietnam. If you go to Thailand you will see this firsthand. We are not the problem. We don’t dump our garbage into the ocean. So what we do here makes zero difference.
Is WR2 correct about the infamous “great garbage patch” in the Pacific Ocean being merely a myth? Could a “little skepticism would go a long way towards wasting money, emotional energy and political capital towards fighting non problems, and instead addressing real world problems” as WR2 claims?
- 8,300 million tons of plastic have been produced in the world since the the 1950s, of which 79 percent have been discarded in landfills or nature.
- One million bottles are currently used every minute: only seven percent are recycled — and a bottle takes 450 years to biodegrade.
- Invisible micro-plastic from textiles and cosmetics represents 20 percent of the plastic pollution.
Recycling Should Be the Answer
Take a look underneath that miniature plastic toiletry bottles when you are in the bathroom of your room at a hotel or resort property…
…and you will likely see that familiar triangular arrows symbol of the Resin Identification Coding System, which is a standard as specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials pertaining to recycling. For both of the bottles shown in the above photograph, the resin code is for polyethylene terephthalate, which is nicknamed by the more familiar acronym known as PETE.
All miniature plastic toiletry bottles for personal care products — such as shampoo, conditioner, body lotion and mouthwash as four examples — should be required to be manufactured by one recyclable material which had already been recycled. Perhaps that material can be based from a plant to be even more friendly to the environment.
Lodging establishments should then be required to provide a receptacle in guest rooms especially for recyclable materials. Once the guest is finished using the product, he or she then properly disposes of that bottle into the appropriate receptacle.
Many hotel and resort properties around the world already have a similar system in place — such as the former Delta Hotels Banff Royal Canadian Lodge, at which I stayed.
Some people who are concerned about the environment would suggest that most — if not all toiletries — should be in solid form instead of as liquids in order to eliminate the need for small plastic bottles. For example, soap is still supplied in the form of solid bars at many lodging establishments instead of body wash in miniature plastic bottles; and they usually are packaged in cardboard boxes, which are easy to recycle.
One problem is solid products often come wrapped in plastic, which usually cannot be recycled — but plastic wrap arguably better protects the product which is contained in it. If possible, a happy compromise would be to seal solid toiletries in a material that gives as much protection to the product as plastic, but can be easily recycled like cardboard.
Not everyone likes them, but certain shampoos and other products which are usually liquid in nature come in powdered form. Package them similarly in a recyclable material could also be another solution.
Are Bulk Dispensers The Answer?
You may check into your room and notice that the familiar miniature plastic toiletry bottles are missing. Rather, bulk dispensers are installed on the walls in the bathroom.
Because there is only so much room on the walls of the bathroom — as well as for aesthetic reasons — instead of separate products for the shampoo and conditioner or for shampoo, liquid soap and body wash, they are combined as one product in a single dispenser.
Another issue is that bulk dispensers are not always replenished — especially if the dispenser is manufactured out of a translucent or opaque material with no clear indicator. This has happened to me more than once over the years whenever I attempted to take a shower. For example, once was at the Park Inn by Radisson Budapest hotel property, at which the dispenser mounted on the wall was clearly empty — unlike the other time at a Holiday Inn hotel property in Munich, at which a dispenser mounted on the wall was empty; but one could not determine whether it was full or empty due to the fact that it was opaque with no indicator.
The last thing I want to do is call housekeeping and wait until a member of the staff is good and ready to provide the product which I need to clean myself. I do not want to have to check if a wall dispenser has enough product whenever I want or need to use it.
Some wall dispensers are not easy to use at all — such as those at the Tru by Hilton Oklahoma City Airport, at which I stayed. Among other issues, I did not like how the product came out of the containers, as you have to squeeze both sides of the container itself for it to come out. Squeeze gently as instructed, and nothing happens; but too much came out when squeezing slightly less gently. Despite multiple attempts, I could not find a happy medium. The container is poorly designed overall.
Other potential issues with bulk dispensers include — but are not limited to — the following, as bulk dispensers:
- May be empty when you attempt to use them, as they may not be refilled properly and in a timely manner
- Can eventually malfunction — such as product not dispensing when pushing a button as one of many examples
- May be more difficult to use due to inefficient or dysfunctional design — such as having to squeeze them hard simply to release product
- May be more likely to contain counterfeit products as a way for hotel and resort properties to save money
- Could potentially be breeding grounds for germs if they are not cleaned properly, as multiple people must touch them to use or refill them
- May be filled with undesirable foreign ingredients by other guests — even where locks are in place but the wall dispensers are left unlocked anyway
Advantage: Bulk Dispensers Versus Small Bottles and Tubes
The advantages of bulk dispensers versus small bottles and tubes of toiletries and amenities include:
- Less liquid product is wasted — guests can use as much or as little as desired
- Reduced amount of trash in terms of the number of used plastic bottles, tubes and boxes which are disposed
- Significantly more economical for each hotel and resort property as a measure of saving money — including fewer purchases and recycling small bottles can potentially be costly
- Less time for housekeeping to prepare the room
- Small bottles and tubes already used by other people may not be replaced with fresh product; whereas the product inside of bulk dispensers can be considered untouched by other people
- More counter and sink space for guests
- Bulk dispensers contain more product for guests with long hair; while small bottles and tubes may not contain enough product
Advantage: Small Bottles and Tubes Versus Bulk Dispensers
The advantages of small bottles and tubes of toiletries and amenities versus bulk dispensers include:
- Wall dispenser could be rendered useless if it falls off of the wall; is broken; or is simply not functional due to lack of proper maintenance
- Dispensing product can be more difficult than necessary — such as pumping numerous times just to use enough product
- Housekeeping staff must be called if bulk dispenser was never refilled
- Guests can potentially tamper with wall dispensers, depending on their designs
- Potential contamination of germs with the number of people who use wall dispensers if they are not cleaned or disinfected properly
- Guests can take small bottles or tubes of unused products with them, as they are convenient for traveling
- Greater than ten million people benefited from the Clean the World Foundation, which integrates used soap — which would otherwise be discarded — and integrates it with a comprehensive water, sanitation and hygiene program
- As with other environmental measures, bulk dispensers are touted to guests as environmentally friendly when really the main focus may be to save the hotel or resort property money
Just Another Way to Reduce Costs For the Good of the Environment?
Marriott International, Incorporated already started switching to larger bottles situated in racks mounted on the walls of rooms in 450 hotel and resort properties at five different brands; and intended to expand to 1,500 hotel and resort properties in North America by January of 2019 — while InterContinental Hotels Group introduced bulk dispensers mounted on walls in the rooms of hotel and resort properties at four different brands last year.
As I first noted in this article which I wrote on Sunday, May 6, 2018 with regard to the initiative to save plastic as part of the Serve 360: Doing Good in Every Direction of Marriott to refresh sustainability and social impact efforts by 2025, “Environmentally, the program is expected to save an average of 250 lbs. of plastic per year for a 140-room hotel — approximately 23,000 plastic bottles”, according to this article written by Robin McLaughlin of Lodging Magazine. “Replacing small plastic bottles with the dispenser also positively impacts owners’ bottom lines, saving between $1,000 to $2,000 per year.”
Are these lodging companies truly concerned about the environment — or are they using these initiatives simply to improve their financial bottom line? Perhaps the answer is both are true — and if so, is that wrong?
Summary — and My Thoughts
Although no definitive evidence is obvious, I keep thinking that this seemingly overzealous initiative by lodging companies is more about saving money than it is about being passionate pertaining to sustainability, as there are ways to continue to offer guests the miniature packages of amenities without impacting the environment in a negative way.
Most of the bulk dispensers I have found in the bathrooms at hotel properties are manufactured from a material known as — you guessed it — plastic. My personal experience with plastics suggests to me that although plastic may take many decades to break down biologically, its useful life is significantly shorter. What do you think management at a hotel or resort property will do once a bulk dispenser malfunctions and is no longer functional?
I am a believer in a number of issues: reducing the amount of intervention by governments whenever possible without reducing the efficacy of protecting consumers; ensuring that we conserve the consumption of products so that there is enough to go around for everyone; and protecting the environment as much as reasonably possible…
…but although bulk dispensers attached to walls in the bathrooms of lodging establishments could work in some cases, I am opposed to that being the norm for the aforementioned reasons described in this article — including the possible health implications as a result of the current 2019 Novel Coronavirus pandemic.
Bulk containers of amenities in the bathrooms of the guest rooms in which I stay is not a change which I am looking for lodging companies to implement. I prefer the miniature individual containers for a variety of reasons — and I believe that is possible to do without harming the environment.
Once implemented, some people will choose to ignore the recycling options which I have proposed in this article; and that is to be expected. All I know is that I recycle whenever possible; and if lodging establishments put forth an effort to help recycling be as easy as throwing something in a trash can, then the majority of guests should theoretically use them with no problem.
As for toiletries in solid form: if a guest uses the product and likes it enough to keep it, that person can easily transport it home aboard an airplane, as it would not be subject to the limitations of liquids imposed at airport security checkpoints. Protecting them in a recyclable product which is both sealed and resistant to water would be a winning solution.
As I reported in this article on Earth Day, Sunday, April 22, 2018, thousands of bars of used soap — as well as small plastic bottles of toiletries such as shampoo, conditioner, body lotion, mouthwash and skin cream — can be discarded from one single hotel property daily; and wall dispensers could help to significantly reduce that waste. I also like the idea of helping people to whom cleanliness is considered a luxury, which is where the aforementioned Clean the World Foundation comes in.
Regardless of whether a hotel property uses bulk dispensers or small bottles and tubes of amenities is not going to significantly affect my trip either way. All I care about when I am a guest in a hotel room is that I am clean, comfortable, relaxed and refreshed while I am traveling.
My preference is to have the choice of whether or not I want the small containers of toiletries — as long as those containers are constructed of recyclable materials so that I may dispose of them properly when I am finished with them — but I am likely in the minority regarding that opinion.
Other articles pertaining to plastic waste and recycling include:
- Accor to Eliminate Single Use Plastics Worldwide in All Hotels By 2022
- Hyatt Hotels Corporation to Replace Smaller Plastic Amenities Packages and Water Bottles Worldwide
- Ban of Single Use Plastic Toiletry Bottles at Hotels to Become Law in California
- Bulk Amenities to Replace Bathroom Miniature Packages Across All Brands of Marriott International, Incorporated
- Bulk Amenities to Replace Bathroom Miniature Packages Across All Brands of InterContinental Hotels Group
- Miniature Toiletry Bottles in Hotels: What Really Should Be Done
- Wall Mounted Dispensers Versus Small Bottles of Amenities in Hotels
- Sale of Single Use Disposable Plastic Water Bottles Banned by San Francisco International Airport
- We Ingest Enough Plastic to Eat One Credit Card Per Week
- Single Use Plastic Toiletry Bottles at Hotels to Become Illegal in New York?
- Single Use Plastic Toiletry Bottles at Hotels to Become Illegal in California?
- Stupid Tip of the Day: Use Recycling Bins Whenever Possible
- Earth Day 2019: Clean the World by Recycling Used Soap and Plastic Bottles
- Earth Day 2018: Clean the World by Recycling Used Soap and Plastic Bottles
- Earth Day 2017 — and What Hilton is Doing to Help Save the Environment
- …and the Overpackaging of Hotel Amenities Award Goes To…
All photographs ©2005, ©2014, ©2015, ©2017, ©2018 and ©2019 by Brian Cohen. | <urn:uuid:c572a07c-83f6-4222-bea2-8ab3a32dc680> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://thegate.boardingarea.com/earth-day-2020-should-single-use-plastics-be-eliminated-at-hotels-worldwide-after-all-2019-novel-coronavirus-pandemic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519843.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119232006-20210120022006-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.956333 | 4,969 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In 1682, the seat of the Delaware government was at Shackamaxon, now Germantown, Pennsylvania. There Penn found them and made his famous treaty with them. Although extremely warlike, they had surrendered their sovereignty to the Iroquois about 1720. They were pledged to make no war, and they were forbidden to sell land. All the causes of this step were not known. Because of it the Iroquois claimed to have made women of the Delaware. They freed themselves of this opprobrium in the French and Indian War.
The steady increase of the whites drove the Delaware from their ancient seat. They were crowded off the waters of the Delaware, and settled on the Susquehanna. As early as 1742 they were to be found about Wyoming. It was soon impossible for them to remain there, and they went back of the mountains to the head waters of the Allegheny. They slowly spread down this stream, living for some time on the Beaver. At that time the Wyandot were holding the western country for their kindred, the Iroquois. Seeing the Delaware hard pressed, the Wyandot tendered them a home, and suggested that they seat themselves on the Tuscarawas River, an upper branch of the Muskingum. They were later visited by the Moravians, who established missions among them, chiefly those living on the Tuscarawas. These missions were in a flourishing condition when the Revolutionary War came on. That struggle put these Christian Indians in a false position. They wished to remain on their farms and by their churches. The heathen Indians about Upper Sandusky accused them of being in the confidence of the whites of Western Pennsylvania. At the same time the whites accused them of being in league with the heathen Indians. They became an offense to both parties. Divisions in the tribe had already appeared. White Eyes, the great chief, the friend of the Americans, was gradually superseded by Hopocan, or Captain Pipe, as head chief. Pipe was the head of the war faction, in the interest of the British at Detroit. Through his influence the Christian Indians and their teachers were forcibly removed to Upper Sandusky. Returning in the winter to gather their corn, they were set upon by a force from Western Pennsylvania under Captain Williamson. Nearly a hundred were murdered in cold blood after capture and confinement in a cabin. This only provoked more frequent and deadly Indian forays, to stop which, another force was raised in Pennsylvania to invade the Indian country about Upper Sandusky. Colonel William Crawford commanded this expedition, which met with disaster. Crawford was captured, and Captain Pipe burned him at the stake.
The first treaty ever made with an Indian tribe by the United States was concluded with the Delaware at Fort Pitt, September 17, 1778. It was signed by Andrew Lewis, Thomas Lewis, White Eyes, The Pipe, and John Kill Buck. It provided for the formation of an Indian State with a representative in Congress.
The Delaware had part in all the wars against the Western settlers. These wars were terminated by Wayne’s victory. Prior to this the Delaware had commenced to settle on the White River, in Indiana, by permission of the Miami and Piankashaw. They continued their westward migration, crossing the Mississippi on the invitation of the Spanish Government of Louisiana. One Lorimer, who was afterwards commandant of the post at St. Genevieve, induced the Delaware and Shawnees to accept the offer of the Spaniards. There were Delaware about St. Louis before this, however. In 1788 a band of them attacked residences on the outskirts of that town. A Frenchman named Duchouquet was slain at Chouteau’s Pond by a band of Delaware in that year. Here is an incident in the life of the Delaware band at Cape Girardeau:
The Delawares and Shawnees built several villages in the neighborhood of Cape Girardeau; and, after the establishment of the United States government, so sensible were they of the good results of its working, that they determined to fashion a government as near like it as their knowledge and circumstances admitted, and resolved to adopt the habits of civilization. They gave up the chase, buried the tomahawk, and devoted themselves for a little season to the pursuits of agriculture. In their first criminal court, three men were convicted of murder, and without any time for repentance they were taken back of one of the villages, there tomahawked, their bodies burnt upon a pile, and the ashes scattered to the winds.
It is stated in the treaty of November 7, 1825, with the Shawnees, that the Delaware abandoned the Cape Girardeau reservation in 1815. Most of these found their way to Texas by the year 1820. Some of them wandered westward, and settled in Southwest Missouri. On the 3d of October, 1818, those members of the tribe still residing on the White River, in Indiana, made a treaty at St. Mary’s, Ohio, ceding their lands and agreeing to remove west of the Mississippi to a home to be provided for them, but which was not described. Under the terms of this treaty, the remnant of the Delawares settled on a reservation on the James Fork of the White River. This tract embraced parts of the following Missouri counties: Greene, Taney, Christian, Barry, McDonald, Newton, Jasper, and Lawrence. They were followed there by the Peorias and Piankashaw, or portions of these tribes, for in 1828, they had towns on the White River. That of the Piankashaw was just above the present Forsythe, and a village some six miles below contained both Piankashaw and Peorias. The Delaware were not well pleased with the Ozark country, but the old members of the tribe with whom this author has discussed the matter could never give any satisfactory reason as to why they were displeased. Most of them said there was plenty of game, but the country was too hilly. It was perhaps because the Indian loves to roam and move from place to place.
September 24, 1829, there was concluded at Council Camp on the James Fork of White River, between the present towns of Springfield and Ozark, a supplementary article to the St. Mary’s treaty. By the terms of this supplementary article the Delaware gave up their reservation in Missouri. In consideration of this cession they were given a reservation in the fork of the Missouri and Kansas rivers described as follows: The country in the fork of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, extending up the Kansas River, to the Kansas Line, and up the Missouri River to Camp Leavenworth, and thence by a line drawn Westwardly, leaving a space ten miles wide, north of the Kansas boundary line, for an outlet.
The tribe moved to this reservation immediately, the representatives sent out to make an examination of it endorsing their approval on the treaty on the 19th of October at Council Camp, at the fork of the Kansas and Missouri rivers. In 1830 many of the scattered Delaware arrived, and by 1832, the tribe were almost all on this Kansas River reservation. It was a magnificent tract of land, and many times larger than the tribe required. Their settlements were made in what is now Leavenworth County, and in the western part of Wyandotte County.
In their new home the Delaware came to rely to some extent on the buffalo, to secure which they had been given the outlet north of the Kansa lands. On their excursions into the buffalo country they met the wild tribes of the Plains. These natives resented the appearance in their ancient domain of the newcomers. They made war on the Delaware hunters. In the fall of 1831, two Delaware and their wives were encamped on the buffalo-plains and engaged in hunting. The camp was attacked by the Pawnees, who killed the two men and one of the women. The woman having the child was a little distance from the camp at the time, and she escaped, with her child. There was a straggling camp of Delaware at that time on the Arkansas, in the Creek country. On the 22d of October Rev. Isaac McCoy saw the Delaware woman, who had escaped the Pawnee massacre, at that village. She had carried her child from the upper waters of the Republican, subsisting it and herself on wild grapes and berries. She had been afraid to flee in the direction of her home toward the Missouri, and to escape the Pawnees she had gone in a direction they least expected her to take.
These persecutions the Delaware resolved to put an end to. In 1832 Suwaunock or Capt. Suwaunock, as he signed the supplementary treaty of 1829, assembled the Delaware warriors to make war on the Pawnees for these and other murders. He led his force against the Republican Pawnee villagethe town where Pike had hauled down the Spanish flag and raised the Stars and Stripes. He fell upon the Pawnee town and destroyed it. Some of the Pawnee warriors were away on a buffalo hunt, but if they had been present the result would have been the same. No Indians surpassed the Delaware in courage and warlike spirit. They raided far into Mexico, and one was present at the murder of Dr. Whitman, at the Mission near Walla Walla.
John T. Irving, Junior, saw peace made between the Delaware and the Pawnees. It was at Fort Leavenworth, in the year 1833. The Pawnees claimed all the land between the Platte and Kansas rivers. They regarded the Delaware as trespassers when they went out over their outlet to hunt the buffalo, which was the cause of their war on the Delaware hunters. Irving says the Pawnees had slain many of the Delaware. It was to compose these quarrels that the Indian Commissioner visited the various tribes and summoned them to Fort Leavenworth to meet one another in council and bury the tomahawk. In the councilThe Delaware warrior Sou-wah-nock then rose. He spoke of the destruction of the Grand Pawnee Village. He did not deny his agency in the deed. The Pawnees, said he, met my young men upon the hunt, and slew them. I have had my revenge. Let them look at their town. I found it filled with lodges. I left it a heap of ashes. The whole speech was of the same hold, unflinching character, and was closed in true Indian style. I am satisfied, said he. I am not afraid to avow the deeds I have done, for I am Sou-wah-nock, a Delaware warrior. When he had finished, he presented a string of wampum to the Wild Horse, as being the most distinguished warrior of the Pawnee nation. When the slight bustle of giving and receiving the present had been finished the chief of the Republican village rose to answer his warrior enemy.
His speech abounded with those wild bursts of eloquence which peculiarly mark the natives of North America, and concluded in a manner which spoke highly of his opinion of what a warrior should be. I have promised to the Delaware, said he, the friendship of my tribe. I respect my promise, and I cannot lie, for I am a Pawnee chief.
At night the two tribes were caused to dance together. No finer description of a savage assembly is to be found in all history than Mr. Irving’s account, which was set out in the account of the Pawnees, in this chapter.
Fremont provided himself with Delaware guides on one of his exploring expeditions. Among these was Sagundai, as fearless and intrepid a warrior as any land ever produced. An emergency arose in California, and Fremont was compelled to communicate with Senator Benton. How could he do it? He inquired of his Delaware warriors if they could return without him, and carry his message. Sagundai strode forth and said he could go alone. And he did. He escaped death at the hands of savage tribes a dozen times. He took many scalps from his pursuers. He rode over deserts and crossed mountains reaching up to the stars. Coming out upon the Great Plains, he was set upon by a Comanche band. His horse’s strength had been carefully conserved, but here was a supreme test. The Comanche chief was magnificently mounted on a black horse with haughty head, flowing mane, and tail that swept the ground. In the pursuit he far out-rode his warriors. Sagundai saw that he must be overtaken in the race, and was planning his course of action when his horse stepped in a prairie-dog hole and broke his leg, throwing his rider in his fall. The Comanche saw-his advantage and bore down upon the unhorsed Delaware to dispatch him with his lance. But Sagundai was not at the end of his resources. He stood aside just in time to avoid the deadly spear. Before the Comanche could recover from his stroke Sagundai shot him dead, seized the long dragging lariat and brought up the Comanche horse with a round turn, mounted him, and fled like the wind. He escaped. Upon his arrival among his own people, the Delaware held the last war and scalp dances in their history. These were held where Edwin Taylor now lives, on the hill, at Edwardsville, in Wyandotte County.
Sagundai regarded the scalp of the Comanche as a sort of sacred trophy medicine and carried it until his death, when it was buried with him. And the message of Fremont was handed to Senator Benton in St. Louis by the faithful Delaware.
Black Beaver was another noted Delaware. He was familiar with every stream and mountain in the Great West. He guided many military expeditions and private caravans. He accompanied Audubon in his tours to study American birds. Once they were at Galveston. Audubon was to take ship there for New York. The next year he and Black Beaver were to start from New York and tour the country back to the Missouri. The Delaware had never before seen a ship. He studied those in port some days. Finally, he asked Audubon if people ever died on board a ship during the voyage, and was told they did. What is done with the dead? he inquired. They are cast in to the sea, said Audubon. After a moment’s reflection Black Beaver said he would never enter a ship, and Audubon lost his faithful guide.
The Rev. John G. Pratt was sent from the Shawnee Baptist Mission to found one among the Delaware. The first building of this mission was erected near the present town of Edwardsville, in Wyandotte County. Later building and mission were moved up on the prairie and established near the present town of Maywood. Mr. Pratt remained there until his death, many years after the departure of the Delaware from Kansas. Once he and a Delaware attendant were making some repairs on the poultry-house, and found a large blacksnake snugly coiled in a hen’s nest. Mr. Pratt threw the snake outside and told the Delaware to kill it. Not so, said the Delaware. It is Manitou, Manitou! Not must kill Manitou! It was one of the Delaware’s gods, and he could not afford to kill his god. When the Indian became a Christian he only added that creed. He did not relinquish his old faith because he had acquired a new one. He kept both.
By a treaty concluded May 6, 1854, the Delaware ceded all their remaining Kansas River lands to the United States, excepting a diminished reserve described as follows: That part of said country lying east and south of a line beginning at a point on the line between the Delaware and the half-breed Kansas, forty miles, in a direct line, west of the boundary between the Delaware and Wyandot, thence north ten miles, thence in an easterly course to a point on the south bank of Big Island Creek, which shall also be on the bank of the Missouri River where the usual high-water line of said creek intersects the high-water line of said river. Four sections of land were also sold to the Christian Indians, or Munsee, at $2.50 an acre. The Munsee sold the tract to A. J. Isacks, and the sale was confirmed by act of Congress, June 8, 1858.
On the 30th of May, 1860, the Delaware concluded another treaty with the United States. By its terms the individuals of the tribe were to take a certain portion of their diminished reserve in severalty. Provision was made for about two hundred Absentee Delaware then in the Indian country, now Oklahoma, and the remainder of their lands were sold to the Leavenworth Pawnee & Western Railway Company. The Delaware were not satisfied with their life on separate allotments, and on July 4, 1866, another treaty was entered into whereby all their lands in Kansas could be disposed of. The final divestment of the Delaware of their remaining lands followed ways more devious, and more detrimental to their rights and interests than was usual under the shameful policy always pursued by the United States toward the Indians. The Delaware moved to the Indian Territory and bought a right in the Cherokee Nation, becoming citizens of said Nation. They were known as Cherokee-Delaware, and live chiefly about Dewey and Bartlesville, Oklahoma. | <urn:uuid:bac343df-f6c8-45e3-aa7a-2d294b57b614> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/delaware-shawnee-kansas.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651780.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325025050-20180325045050-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.985247 | 3,622 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Our easy-to-use science kit comes with materials for conducting 3 different test tube studies! Each activity demonstrates real scientific principles to engage young learners in fun, tactile ways. We provide all the materials needed to create fun and engaging STEM science experiments at home. The provided instruction manual has clear steps for children to follow to ensure a success scientific experiment! The kit includes three different experiments to try out with all the necessary parts included. Create colorful jelly crystals or a fun and crazy super ball! Use the disappearing ink to write and watch it magically disappear before your eyes! | <urn:uuid:185a2039-cfe3-440b-b3d0-633e12473183> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://faoschwarz.com/collections/discovery-steam/products/test-tubes-science-14-piece-kit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662572800.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524110236-20220524140236-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.878598 | 113 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The impacts of COVID-19 have been experienced unevenly: health impacts of the disease are well known to differ with greater risks associated with co-morbidities, including increased age and other vulnerabilities. The economic impacts are similarly diverse, with shocking intensity varying by groups: those from low-income backgrounds have been more likely to experience financial hardship, as have those from ethnic minority backgrounds, younger people, and renters. What has been less clear, however, is how geography – where people live – influences their individual financial experiences of the crisis and response.
We used data from the first three waves of the Understanding Society (UK Household Longitudinal Survey) COVID-19 study to investigate this. The UKHLS captures detailed information about people’s employment and financial situations, which we linked with contextual information about their neighbourhood (at lower layer super output area level) to consider the impact an individual’s local area has had on the financial impacts experienced through the pandemic.
Living in deprived areas was associated with poorer financial outcomes
Our initial findings reveal clear social patterns: higher area deprivation is linked to poorer financial outcomes between May and June 2020, and a worsening of financial situations compared to pre-crisis situations (Table 1). For example, 18 percent of people living within the UK’s most deprived areas (decile 1) experienced a decline in their subjective financial well-being, compared to 2 percent of those in the least deprived areas (decile 10). 9 percent of those within the most deprived areas used a food bank compared with less than 1 percent of those in the most affluent areas.
Table 1 – Percentage of working age respondents in areas by deprivation decile (1 is most deprived) experiencing a negative financial outcome in one or more waves (April to May 2020).
Financial impact dependent on individual circumstance over neighborhood circumstance
To understand the extent to which these geographical patterns could be ‘explained’ by the individual and household-level characteristics of survey respondents we controlled for key factors including housing tenure, pre-COVID income, age and ethnicity. In doing so, we found that area-level variables added little to our models: whether or not people had been financially impacted by COVID-19 depended upon their individual circumstances prior to the pandemic as opposed to the contextual characteristics of place. In short, the social patterns observed are more likely to be the result of people with similar characteristics clustering together and living in the same places.
However, there are some exceptions. For example, those in London and those in Northern Ireland were more likely to have applied for Universal Credit (UC) than people elsewhere (after controlling for individual characteristics). We also found that people living within the most deprived areas of the UK were more likely to have made a new UC claim than those in non-deprived areas – but they were no more likely to have experienced other negative financial outcomes.
Certain groups face disproportionate financial impacts than others
Our study reiterates the variability of financial outcomes depended on group membership. This includes those living in social renting, from black ethnic backgrounds, those not born in the UK or employed on a non-fixed term salary, all of whom more likely to have experienced job loss than other groups. Having below degree level qualifications, being of ‘moderate’ clinical risk from COVID-19, or coming from a lower-income household were all related with an increased likelihood of furlough or accessing the Self-Employment Income Support Scheme (SEISS).
Work patterns prior to the crisis were also important in predicting financial difficulty. For example, those engaged in home working prior to the crisis were less likely to have been furloughed than those that have had to change workplace (19 percent compared with 31 percent). Those in insecure work (not on a fixed salary) were more likely to have lost their job than those on fixed salaries (14 percent compared with 5 percent) (Figure 1). Being self-employed or employed on a non-fixed salary and working in a COVID-affected industry were all factors associated with an increased likelihood of being furloughed or using SEISS.
Figure 1 – Percentage of respondents behind with bills, with a decline in their ability to meet bills or who lost their job, by pre-pandemic employment type.
What does this mean?
Our study has important policy implications. Firstly, we highlight individuals who may be suffering more financially as a result the pandemic, including social renters and insecure workers, indicating where government could target help.
Secondly, we identify the effectiveness of furlough and SEISS in mitigating hardship and the importance of post-pandemic financial support. Those furloughed were less likely to experience negative financial outcomes than those who experienced job loss, highlighting the importance of an efficient safety net. As Görtz, McGowan and Yeromonahos establish, although financial distress was higher for those who had been furloughed (compared to those remaining in work), lowering the furlough contribution to 60% would have doubled distress. They also indicate the 80% government contribution minimised the incidence of financial distress at the lowest cost to taxpayers.
Thirdly, our research reveals that individuals living in ‘left behind’, deprived areas are more likely to have struggled financially when compared to those in more affluent areas. Research by Brown and Cowling has similarly found poorer northern and peripheral urban areas of the UK experienced greater levels of business failure as a result of COVID-19 suggesting that targeted regional policies will be critical to mitigating the effects of the pandemic. This view is echoed in a blog by Martin and Tyler who emphasise the need to move away from a ‘national’ economy and recognise ‘every place matters’. They suggested embedding geography into national policy making and providing local authorities with appropriate resources and autonomy to enable successful ‘levelling up’. What is clear is that the pandemic has re-enforced pre-existing, long run, structural inequalities and targeted interventions in deprived areas are crucial for creating a more equal society going forward.
Katie Cross is a quantitative researcher working for the Personal Finance Research Centre, University of Bristol, UK. She conducts policy-relevant research across a range of areas relating to personal finance. She is particularly interested in research relating to poverty, inequality, financial well-being and living standards in the UK.
Jamie Evans is a quantitative social researcher at the Personal Finance Research Centre, University of Bristol, UK. His main research interests include financial inclusion, consumer vulnerability, and financial technology.
Julie MacLeavy is a Professor at the School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK. She has published widely on neoliberalism, austerity, welfare reform, and urban and regional policy concerns.
David Manley is a Professor of Human Geography at the School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK and Honorary Fellow at The Department of Urbanism in the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. He has written extensively across urban and regional issues including inequalities, segregation and contextual effects relating to place.
Are you currently involved with regional research, policy, and development? The Regional Studies Association is accepting articles for their online blog. For more information, contact the Blog Editor at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:144c7876-530d-443d-b67e-14e979baaf9d> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.regionalstudies.org/news/blog-understanding-the-financial-impact-of-covid-19-in-the-uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948817.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328073515-20230328103515-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.96116 | 1,500 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Statistics reveal that one in eight couples in the United States grapples with fertility issues, a disturbing trend that continues to escalate. Often lifestyle choices and unidentified medical factors are blamed, but research now identifies a more hazardous factor — polyfluoroalkyl substances, or “forever chemicals.”
Tap Water is the major source of PFAS exposure and toxic chemicals in your drinking water. In this article, we will find ways to improve our water quality with water reports and methods to remove PFAS by making lifestyle changes.
What Are PFAS?
Synthetic compounds with these properties have a wide range of applications, including resistance to water and grease. Because of their resistance to natural degradation, PFAS is found in everything from tap water, and Teflon pans to water-resistant garments and food packaging.
Reports based on EPA data suggest that over 1,500 textile mills in the U.S. potentially discharge PFAS. Furthermore, military bases and airports predominantly contribute to this contamination, largely through the use of PFAS-containing firefighting foams. This discharge not only poisons the environment but affects neighboring communities through groundwater and tap water contamination.
PFAS in Your Drinking Water
It’s not just industrial areas that are concerned; PFAS has found its way into the American drinking water supply. Alarmingly, over 200 million Americans are affected, consuming between 70,000 and 100,000 pounds of toxic chemicals, including PFAS. This contamination has been grossly underestimated, with water quality reports often failing to capture the extent of the problem.
PFAS and Fertility: What’s the link?
Several studies draw a direct line between PFAS exposure and fertility issues.
An extensive study observed 50,000 births in Minnesota, finding that high PFAS levels were associated with increased rates of infertility, premature birth, and low birth weight. Further studies in 2022 substantiated these findings, establishing that maternal PFAS exposure also impacts sperm count and quality in young men.
In Oakdale, Minnesota, a city used for a pivotal PFAS study, women of reproductive age experienced a decrease in fertility rates of up to 25%. Babies born during the study period were 36% more likely to be underweight and 45% more likely to be born prematurely.
Studies are increasingly showing a correlation between exposure to these chemicals and various health impacts, including liver damage, thyroid issues, and notably, fertility problems.
Health Risks Beyond Fertility
Other studies confirm that maternal exposure to PFAS leads to an elevated likelihood of various severe health issues. These include but are not limited to:
- Decreased birth weight
- Developmental disorders
- Compromised immune systems
- Increased risk of endocrine disruption
How to Remove PFAS Effectively from Tap Water
The EPA regulates only 90 contaminants in drinking water, out of the possible 86,153 in our water. Water is like a potluck dinner, where everyone brings an ingredient. However, we don’t know if it’s safe to eat until the EPA evaluates it for us, and then we are still not certain, as the average home has 27 toxic chemicals that the EPA labels as “no legal limit”.
And since the overwhelming majority of these 86,153 active and inactive chemicals are “no legal limits”, we must do our own research and figure out how to filter them out of our drinking water and protect our Family’s health.
One way to avoid PFAS in the body is to exercise caution when eating food containing these chemicals. People should monitor their diet and limit fast food, processed foods, and dairy products. Be wary of products with ‘Fluoro’, ‘Perfluoro’, or those labeled as stain/water-resistant.
Drinking clean water is essential for avoiding PFAS accumulation. Consuming fresh fruits and vegetables grown organically can help decrease pesticide exposure which may contain PFAS substances. Steps like using a home filter system or switching to glass containers or copper bottles instead of plastic should also be considered.
YOU CAN CHECK YOUR WATER CONTAMINATION BY ZIP CODE AREA
If you are concerned about the quality of your tap water, it’s a wise idea to go to this website, www.LifeWaterReport.com, and get a water report for your area. This is done by ordering your free analysis of your EPA-mandated water report.
Find out more about your tap water’s quality by getting a Free Life Water Report and improving your water quality with water filtration systems.
Activated Carbon and Alkaline Filters
- Effectiveness: Good for eliminating select PFAS types.
- How It Works: Through adsorption, contaminants attach to the carbon surface. and alkaline mineral cartridges can add minerals to the purified water to enhance hydration properties.
For more information, Click Here
Mineral-rich alkaline water with antioxidants: why is it better?
Alkaline water has a higher pH than regular tap water, typically ranging from 8 to 9.5, protecting the body against free radicals with its antioxidants, and enhancing oxygen distribution in the body.
- Hydrates the body better than bottled or tap water.
- Offers protection against free radicals.
- Facilitates effective oxygen distribution in the body.
According to Nobel Prize-winning research, alkaline water enhances hydrating properties due to the presence of minuscule passageways called aquaporins within our bodies’ cell walls. One of these aquaporin channels is regulated by pH. When the water is alkaline, the aquaporin channel opens up, facilitating water entry into the cell.
Reverse Osmosis Systems
- Effectiveness: Highly effective for a broad range of PFAS.
- How It Works: Employs a semipermeable membrane to segregate contaminants.
We recommend the Reverse Osmosis Alkaline Water Purifying Generator for its specialized five-filter system that removes up to 98% of all water contamination, including PFAS. For more details,click here.
Concluding Remarks: Guard Your Fertility and Overall Health
Protecting yourself from PFAS contamination is more than an individual concern; it’s a matter of public health. Companies must be accountable, and regulatory agencies must enforce stricter controls. In the meantime, each of us must take action—beginning with something as simple yet significant as the water we consume.
Take Control: Get Your Free Water Report Today
Secure a free water report to determine your household’s exposure to PFAS and other toxic chemicals.
Visit our website Website to explore our extensive catalog, read insightful blogs, and take the first step towards better hydration and a healthier lifestyle. Subscribe to our newsletter for health booklets, discount codes, and health news. With LifeWaterReport, superior hydration is just a click away.
You can get WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS at Water Ionizer
There are water ionizers for high-quality water ionizers that make this type of acidic water. Note: They come with a Free Bonus pre-filtration to remove chemicals from the water.
- Exner, M., Kramer, A., Lajoie, L., Gebel, J., Engelhart, S., & Hartemann, P. (2005). Prevention and control of health care-associated waterborne infections in health care facilities.. American journal of infection control, 33 5 Suppl 1, S26-40 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
- Kubota, K., Machida, I., Tamura, K., Take, H., Kurabayashi, H., Akiba, T., & Tamura, J. (1997). Treatment of refractory cases of atopic dermatitis with acidic hot-spring bathing.. Acta dermato-venereologica, 77 6, 452-4 https://doi.org/10.2340/
- C. Abels et al. “Skin Care Products: Age-Appropriate Cosmetics..” Current problems in dermatology, 54 (2018): 173-182 | <urn:uuid:0cbb7e02-f81d-40c6-8846-02d047d02df0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lifewaterreport.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-pfas-and-fertility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.909037 | 1,689 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Talking with Ages 0-1
Babies understand their world through the relationships that they form with their closest caregivers - usually their parents. A process that happens naturally and slowly with increased familiarity and recognition by you responding to their needs. Babies might not understand the meaning of words but they will enjoy being talked to and smiled to and held and they are constantly picking up on all the communication cues and feelings between the two of you.
This age is the perfect time and an ideal opportunity to practice, practice practice. Become familiar with the language of donor conception. Words such as "helper person" "donor" "donor conceived" "third party conception" "family building" "sperm" "egg" "embryo" "gamete" . A good place to learn more terminology is through RESOLVE.org. Imagine yourself easily and nonchalantly talking to your baby about their birth story. Babies are very forgiving, as you too should be with yourself. Being a new parent is full of "firsts" and this conversation is just one of many to come. Talking with your baby at this point is more about your comfort level, your ease and allowing yourself to feel good about it.
It's understandable to be apprehensive, of course it is. It can be quite a scary and challenging thing but in the end the important thing is to tell kids early, so it becomes something that they've always known.
Ten years ago there wasn't as much information on disclosure as there is now, so we were pretty much on our own. We started practicing/saying it out loud on their first birthdays, to just see how it would sound, to see what words we would use. It’s almost like we got a few trial runs at it while they were so young. We got to experiment with how it felt and have it really begins to sink in. So that by the time they got to be three - we felt much more confident doing it. We got over that initial anxiety ourselves, and then it got much easier, and now we want to help other parents.
Disclosure is important, but at the same time it has nothing to do with our daily lives or their daily lives, so that it’s important on a fundamental level but then in a huge way it’s not. There are a hundred things that are way more important to our children; his friends at school or whether it’s the day she wears shorts or pants if they have P.E. that day.
Once the subject becomes incorporated into your family agenda, adding to the story as your baby develops will become easier. Read Five Steps to Telling, and familiarize yourself with the concepts and considerations. Keep your tone calm and cheerful, because well, underlying all this anxiety or apprehension, sleep deprivation and a cloudy mind that you may be experiencing at this time, deep down you really are cheerful and happy - you have your baby! Let all the previous years' of trying to conceive and all the challenges you went through to simply wash away, inhale, exhale, release.
Think about the end result to all you went through and you can now let all your appreciation and happiness shine forth. Trust yourself, and trust the process. Be present now. You and your baby both deserve to be in this beautiful world together! You did it! Pour your heart out here. Adulations for yourself and your partner. You two have had a hard row to hoe, but look at what you have! Relish in your co-creation and what you brought into this world. Sense the awe of your baby - this little being who took a very circuitous route to get here. This is something you won't be doing with a toddler.
What thoughts, realizations or actions in practicing your talking with your baby that brought you comfort and ease? | <urn:uuid:da2e19d0-6954-4115-af07-a42b78e82593> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://howwebecameafamily.com/blogs/talking-with-ages-0-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672431.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016235542-20191017023042-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.980406 | 791 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Many phonecards, both national and international, depending on the topics they represent, exert a considerable fascination on some people who will be brought to collect them to be able to make a story, a documentation, a study of the favorite theme. This kind of collection is called “thematic”, precisely from the type of theme chosen: religion, history, art, painting, archeology, astrology, cinema, and the most widespread, airplanes, ships, cars, trains, flowers, animals.
In order to start such a collection it will be necessary to have a minimum knowledge of the subject or a strong tendency for the same. It will be necessary to make a historical introduction, a description of the most classical examples, a subdivision by topics, a description of each element collected.
Let’s take an example. If you collect “SHIPS”: brief history of sailing from tree trunk to canoe, rowboats, sailboats; ships of the sailing age and all the subdivisions based on the trees, the shape of the hull, their use; coal ships, shuttlecocks, atomic propulsion ships and so on with all the subdivisions: civilians, freight, military, etc. If you decide for the “AIRPLANES” theme: the flight of the birds, the intuition of Leonardo da Vinci, the Wright brothers, the first experiences, the biplanes, the airships, the seaplanes, the propeller or piston aircraft, turbo, jet, with all the subdivisions in civilians, transport and military with various attitudes to employment: hunting, attack , bomber, transport, electronic search, airlines, airports, etc.
We could go on with all the subjects, but we believe we have made a good understanding of how the various themes can be carried out. Once the collection is launched, the excitement and joy that gives us the discovery of a new “piece” is immense, we would be willing to look for it at the end of the world. A well-structured thematic collection, carried out with method, is a great satisfaction for oneself and a source of admiration and appreciation when it is shown to other collectors, even during an exhibition. | <urn:uuid:be0cc663-09c0-453d-99d6-b51b0a9af92a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://www.all-cards.net/en/thematic-collections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335424.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930020521-20220930050521-00777.warc.gz | en | 0.923231 | 450 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Use Your DNA to Rediscover Your Irish Heritage
A painless commercial ancestral Y chromosome DNA test will potentially provide one with the names of many hundreds of individuals with whom one shares a common male ancestor, but what often perplexes people is how one can match many individuals with different surnames? The answer is quite simple. Roughly 1,000 years ago one’s direct medieval male ancestor, the first for example to call himself ‘Bowes’ was living in close proximity to others with whom he was related but who assumed other surnames like Carroll, Dooley and Kelly. Given that 1,200 years have passed since paternally inherited surnames first appeared, there will be many descendants of those individuals, some of whom will today will undergo commercial ancestral DNA testing. Hence the Surnames of one’s medieval ancestor’s neighbours will be revealed in today’s DNA test results.
Since Irish surnames can still be found concentrated in the area where they first appeared, one can examine the distribution of the surnames that appear in ones DNA results (see: surname distribution maps) and identify an area common to all and pinpoint a ‘Genetic Homeland.’ The Genetic Homeland is the very small area, usually within a 5 mile radius where one’s ancestors lived for hundreds if not thousands of years. It is the area where one’s ancestors left their mark in the placenames of that area and in the DNA of its current inhabitants. Since modern science can pinpoint a Genetic Homeland it can also be used to confirm it by DNA testing individuals from the pinpointed area. To view a short You Tube video tutorial demonstrating how to make sense of your DNA results click here, or you can read my own 'Bowes' case study! Not had a DNA test? Then purchase a YDNA test by clicking here.
If you have had a Y-DNA test then you can order your own Case Study by contacting me; Dr Tyrone Bowes (the initial consultation is FREE). To become a member and receive all 3 maps (Surnames of Ireland, Clan Territories of Ireland, and the Castles of Ireland) and to benefit from my expertise click here. Payments are handled by Paypal and are completely safe and secure.
Putting the GENE back into GENEalogy | <urn:uuid:53c5e643-a7ae-4443-94fa-cb150f472d3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.irishorigenes.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982294097.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195814-00135-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954257 | 473 | 2.765625 | 3 |
12; see text.
Goodeniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. It contains about 404 species in twelve genera. The family is distributed mostly in Australia, except for the genus Scaevola, which is pantropical. Its species are found across most of Australia, being especially common in arid and semi-arid climates.
Species in Goodeniaceae are generally herbaceous with spiral leaves. Flowers have a single plane of symmetry (monosymmetric). Corolla lobes often look trilobed due to two marginal wings and are often divided down the middle. The ovary is inferior.
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
- "Family: Goodeniaceae R. Br., nom. cons.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage (1992). "Flora of Australia vol. 35". Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS). Retrieved 2006-09-17.
- "GRIN Genera of Goodeniaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-02-24. | <urn:uuid:32c58149-350d-442f-980a-a0a7e6047a19> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodeniaceae | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988511.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00003-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.650985 | 333 | 3.703125 | 4 |
In Case You Didn't Know ...
Springtails (scientific name Collembola) are six-legged relatives of insects. They get their name by the presence of a springing mechanism ("furca") tucked up under their abdomen that allows them to launch themselves a distance that equals many times their body length.
Worldwide, about 6,500 species thus far have been described. Prior to the ATBI we had 44 species of Springtails in the Smokies. Now, we have a total of 252! Of these, 59 are completely new to science, and an additional 129 are new records for the Park!
Collembola (springtails) have long been considered insects; however, morphological, molecular, and fossil evidence strongly suggests that they are a separate class related to insects.
Some recent analyses have even placed them as derivatives of Crustacea.
Collembola are entognathous (mouthparts held within a buccal cavity of the head) apterygotes (without wings), ranging in size from 0.25 mm (Megalothorax minimus) to 10 mm (some species of neanurids).
About 6,500 species have been described and there might be close to 50,000 species of Collembola on earth.
Every springtail has a ventral tube or collophore.
It was originally thought that this tube secreted a sticky substance, aiding in surface adhesion.
This distinctive character led to the name Collembola, originating from the Greek roots colle (=glue) and embolon (=piston).
Although it does serve a purpose similar to this in some species, the main function of the ventral tube is regulating fluid balance.
Due to this function the collophore is one of the main sites for the uptake of pesticides in the soil environment (Founatin & Hopkin 2005).
Collembola are often called springtails due to the presence of a furcula (Figures 1-3, 5), which they use for jumping.
The furcula evolved from the fusion of a pair of appendages on the fourth abdominal segment, and serves as a way for springtails to escape from predators.
In semiaquatic species the mucro widens, increasing the surface area in contact with the water surface and enabling these species to spring further when on the water. ◦The furcula often is greatly reduced or missing in species that live within the soil.
Habits of Collembola:
Most species feed on leaf detritus and fungal hyphae; however, some are carnivorous and consume nematodes, rotifers, and other Collembola (Chahartaghi, et al 2005).
A few species eat living plant tissue and can cause crop damage (alfalfa, clover) (See Ecological Impact below).
Collembola also have been documented feeding on human corpses in the beginning stages of decomposition.
Recent research is employing PCR-based techniques to identify specific prey species in the guts of predatory Collembola (Read, et al 2006).
Another current study used nitrogen stable isotopes to identify different feeding guilds of Collembola.
The three main guilds were phycophages/herbivores, and primary and secondary decomposers (Chahartaghi, et al 2005).
This study also concluded that the same species in different habitats might have different diets, implying that some Collembola have the ability to switch their diets based on available resources (Chahartaghi, et al 2005).
Distribution and Habitat:
Springtails are distributed worldwide.
They live on every continent and have been found at the most southerly location ( Antarctica, 84˚ 47? S, Biscoia sudpolaris (Hypogastruridae) and Antarctophorus subpolaris (Isotomidae)) of any arthropod.
Species richness and diversity are higher in humid and mesic environments (Rusek 1989); however, they can live in deserts in Australia (Folsomides arnoldi (Isotomidae)) as well as on the snow in the Himalayas (Aackia karakoramensis (Isotomidae)).
Life processes of Collembola occur at different rates based on available food sources (van Amelsvoort and Usher 1989).
This plasticity, even within species, might enable springtails to occupy this wide variety of habitats.
The majority of Collembola inhabit moist, terrestrial habitats such as damp leaf litter; yet a small percentage is considered to be semiaquatic or riparian (Thorp & Covich 1981).
Certain species have cuticular adaptations or the ability to enter anhydrobiosis, which enables them to tolerate drought in xeric environments (Lawrence & Massoud 1973).
Within the same species there are different levels of drought resistance at different developmental stages (Betsch & Vannier 1977).
Although Collembola prefer moist environments, too much water can also be a problem.
Species that occur in floodplain habitats have adaptations for dealing with excess water. Collembola have a higher survival rate during spring floods, when water temperatures are low and oxygen levels are high, as opposed to summer floods (density reduced by 89%) (Rusek 1989).
The euedaphic (living in the lowest soil layers (Eisenbeis, G. & Wichard, W. 1987)) species are affected more than the epedaphic (living in the upper soil and litter layers (Eisenbeis, G. & Wichard, W. 1987)) or atmobiotic (living on the soil surface, including herbaceous, shrub and tree layers (Eisenbeis, G. & Wichard, W. 1987)) species (Rusek 1984).
Certain species survive the floods in an egg stage while others recolonize from areas that were not flooded (Rusek 1989).
Collembola are also able to tolerate a wide range of temperatures, on average from 5 to 15˚C, but with extremese of -2 and 28˚C in some species.
As with flooding, certain species deal with low temperatures by overwintering as eggs (Sminthuridae, Bourletiellidae, Dicyrtomidae, Entomobrya spp., and Lepidocyrtus spp.).
However, other Collembola have evolved to tolerate freezing. These species maintain their body fluids in a liquid state below freezing using polyhydric alcohols and sugars (Rusek 1989).
Collembola reproduce by means of eggs (Figure 6).
Males place spermatophores on the substrate or on the female genital opening (Hopkin 1997).
Eggs are deposited in clumps or might be scattered on the substrate.
Parthenogenesis (reproduction without males) is common among some species, and might be regulated by the presence of Wohlbachia bacteria.
Collembola inhabit a variety of specific ecological niches.
There can be reproductive differences (development time, fecundity, life span, etc.) even within one species of Collembola if that species is able to inhabit a variety of habitats.
Typically, every developmental stage is present in Collembola populations throughout the year (Birkemoe and Leinaas 1999).
Some reproduce after every second molt (primitive species) while others have more specific and limited periods of reproduction (Brikemoe and Leinaas 1999).
Very few adults survive for more than 1-2 years ( Hopkins 1997).
However, life history differs with each species, some having a life cycle of 23 - 27 days, other of 5 -10 months (Ashraf 1969).
Species that occur in caves and extremely cold climates might live longer.
Hypogastrura tullbergi, an arctic Collembola, does not even reproduce until the third year (Birkemoe & Leinaas 1999).
Pseudosinella decipiens has lived as long as 67 months in a laboratory setting (Hopkin 1997). Collembola do not go through metamorphosis.
They molt throughout their entire lives, with some molting up to 50 times.
Springtails are the most abundant hexapods on earth, reaching up to 50,000/m 2 in some forest habitats.
They are important food sources for beetles, spider, mites, and other carnivorous invertebrates.
Despite their abundance, Collembola are so small they add very little to the total animal biomass and respiration of the soil (Hopkin 1997).
They contribute less to respiration in temperate climates (1-5%) than in arctic climates (10%) (Hopkin 1997).
However, Collembola make the highest soil respiration contribution in areas of early succession (Hopkin 1997).
The frass of springtails breaks down slowly and releases nutrients to plant roots over time.
Collembola are very important in conditioning detritus for microbial break down as well as in forming soil microstructure (Chahartaghi, et al 2005).
Certain species (e.g. Sinella curviseta) feed on plant-parasitic fungi such as the cucumber fungus, Fusarium oxysporum.
Also, plant growth can improve when Collembola feed on mycorrhizal fungi on roots and stimulate growth of the symbiont (Hopkin 1997).
There are a few pest species that can cause economic damage.
One of these, Sminthurus viridis, causes severe damage to leguminous crops, especially alfalfa (lucerne), in Australia (Wallace 1974) and Tasmania (Ireson 1993).
S. viridis has also been introduced into New Zealand and South Africa as eggs in subterranean clover seed from Australia (Wallace 1964).
S. viridis is distributed worldwide now and has become such a common pest it is known as the lucerne flea (Ireson 1993).
Two mites, Bdellodes lapidaria and Neomolgus capillatus, have been used as biological controls for S. viridis (Wallace 1974).
For chemical control, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, omethoate, and isofenphos have been found to be most effective for immediate control and for the most long term effect (Bishop, McKenzie, Barchia, & Spohr 1998).
Another Collembolan pest, Onychiurus spp., has been observed causing initial damage to the roots of sugar-beet seedlings (Baker and Dunning, 1975).
1.) Ashraf, Mohammad. 1969. Studies on the biology of Collembola. Review of the Ecology and Biology of Soil 3:337-347.
Baker, A. and Dunning, R. 1975. Association of populations of onychiurid Collembola with damage to sugar-beet seedlings. Plant
2.) Betsch, J. and Vannier, G. 1977. Caract?risation des deux phases juv?niles d?Allacma fusca (Collembola, Symphypleona) par leur ecophysiologie. Zeitschrift f?r Zoologische Systamatilc und Evolutionsforschung 15:124-141.
Bishop, A. L., McKenzi
3.) Birkemoe, T. and Leinaas, H. 1999. Reproductive biology of the arctic collembolan Hypogastrura tullbergi. Ecography 22:31-39.
Chahartaghi, M., Langel, R., Scheu, S., and Ruess, L. 2005. Feeding guilds in Collembola based on nitrogen stable i
4.) Eisenbeis, G. and Wichard, W. 1987. Atlas on the Biology of Soil Arthropods. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Fountain, M. and Hopkin, S. 2005. Folsomia candida (Collembola): A ?standard? soil arthropod. Annual Review of Entomology 50:201-222.
5.) Hopkin, Stephen J. 1997. Biology of the springtails (Insecta: Collembola). Cambridge, UK: Oxford University Press.
Ireson, J. E. 1993. Activity and pest status of surface-active Collembola in Tasmanian field crops and pastures. Journal of th
6.) Lawrence, P. & Massoud, Z. 1973. Cuticle structures in the Collembola (Insecta). Review of the Ecology and Biology of Soil 10:79-101.
Read, D. S., Sheppard, S. K., Bruford, M. W., Glen, D. M., and Symondson, W.O.C. 2006. Molecular detection
7.) Thorp, J. H. and Covich, A. P. 1991. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. New York: Academic Press.
van Amelsvoort, P. and Usher, M. 1989. Egg production related to food quality in Folsomia candida (Collembo
8.) Wallace, M. M. H. 1974. Present and probable world distribution of Sminthurus viridis and prospects for its biological control. Pedobiologia 14:238-243. | <urn:uuid:d505fe57-38cd-408a-bd05-3af54303a4b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://dlia.org/atbidata/ClassPage.php?taxon=Class&tname=Collembola | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320438.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625050430-20170625070430-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.86405 | 2,888 | 4.0625 | 4 |
COLLADA defines an open standard XML schema for exchanging digital assets among various graphics software applications that might otherwise store their assets in incompatible formats. COLLADA documents that describe digital assets are XML files, usually identified with a .dae (digital asset exchange) filename extension.
Originally created by Sony Computer Entertainment as the official format for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable development, it has since become the property of the Khronos Group, a member-funded industry consortium, which now shares the copyright with Sony. Several graphics companies collaborated with Sony from COLLADA's beginnings to create a tool that would be useful to the widest possible audience, and COLLADA continues to evolve through the efforts of the Khronos contributors. Early collaborators included Alias Systems Corporation, Criterion Software, Autodesk, Inc., and Avid Technology. Dozens of commercial game studios and game engines have adopted the standard.
Tools and compatibility
COLLADA was intended originally as an intermediate format for transporting data from one digital content creation (DCC) tool to another. Applications exist to support that usage for several DCCs, including Maya (using ColladaMaya); 3D Studio Max (using ColladaMax); LightWave 3D (version 9.5); Softimage|XSI; Side Effect's Houdini; MeshLab; SketchUp, Blender and modo. COLLADA .dae files can be used in Adobe Photoshop software since version CS3. Game engines, such as Unreal engine, have also adopted this format.
Two open-source utility libraries are available to simplify the import and export of COLLADA documents: the COLLADA DOM and the FCollada library. The COLLADA DOM is generated at compile-time from the COLLADA schema. It provides a low-level interface that eliminates the need for hand-written parsing routines, but is limited to reading and writing only one version of COLLADA, making it difficult to upgrade as new versions are released. In contrast, Feeling Software's FCollada provides a higher-level interface and can import all versions of COLLADA. FCollada is used in ColladaMaya, ColladaMax and several commercial game engines.
However, some applications have adopted COLLADA as their native format or as one variety of native input rather than simply using it as an intermediate format. Google Earth (release 4) has adopted COLLADA (1.4) as its native format for describing the objects populating the earth. Users can simply drag and drop a COLLADA (.dae) file on top of the virtual Earth. Alternatively, Google SketchUp can also be used to create .kmz files, a zip file containing a KML file, a COLLADA (.dae) file, and all the texture images.
As of version 1.4, physics support was added to the COLLADA standard. The goal is to allow content creators to define various physical attributes in visual scenes. For example, one can define surface material properties such as friction. Furthermore, content creators can define the physical attributes for the objects in the scene. This is done by defining the rigid bodies that should be linked to the visual representations. More features include support for ragdolls, collision volumes, physical constraints between physical objects, and global physical properties such as gravitation.
Physics middleware products that support this standard include Bullet Physics Library, Open Dynamics Engine, PAL, Ageia's PhysX and Algoryx's AgX Multi Physics. These products support by reading the abstract found in the COLLADA file and transferring it into a form that the middleware can support and represent in a physical simulation. This also enables different middleware and tools to exchange physics data in a standardized manner.
The Physics Abstraction Layer provides support for COLLADA Physics to multiple physics engines that do not natively provide COLLADA support including JigLib, OpenTissue, Tokamak physics engine and True Axis. PAL also provides support for COLLADA to physics engines that also feature a native interface.
- 1.0: October 2004
- 1.2: February 2005
- 1.3: June 2005
- 1.4.0: January 2006; added features such as character skinning and morph targets, rigid body dynamics, support for OpenGL ES materials, and shader effects for multiple shading languages including the Cg programming language, GLSL, and HLSL. First release through Khronos.
- 1.4.1: July 2006; primarily a patch release.
- X3D / VRML
- 3DMLW (3D Markup Language for Web)
- List of vector graphics markup languages
- PAL XML physics format
- Official homepage
- COLLADA book
- COLLADA tools including: ColladaMaya, ColladaMax, FCollada and the Feeling Viewer
- COLLADA DOM, COLLADA RT, and COLLADA FX libraries are on sourceforge
- Bullet Physics Library - First open source rigid body dynamics simulator with COLLADA Physics import
- C++ Data Binding for COLLADA
- ColladaLoader. An open source application to load and visualize COLLADA files in real time using OpenGL.de:Collaborative Design Activity | <urn:uuid:fb48fbc3-18b9-4fa6-bad9-1153dc4dfafe> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://gicl.cs.drexel.edu/index.php?title=COLLADA&oldid=20821 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646875.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319101207-20180319121207-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.890411 | 1,089 | 3.09375 | 3 |
This painting beautifully depicts Goddess Kali of Kalighat Temple in Bengal and Her devotee Ramakrishna Paramahansa - an Indian mystic and yogi during the 19th-century and his wife Sarada Ma. Kali is the Hindu goddess associated with eternal energy. The name Kali means "black" but has, by folk etymology, come to mean "force of time (kala)." Kali is today considered the goddess of time and change. Kali is represented as the consort of god Shiva, on whose body she is often seen standing. She is associated with many other Hindu goddesses like Durga. The colors and intricate work classify the painting as a splendid effort by the artist. The painting is made on cotton canvas.
Scroll painting or PattaChitra is a notable art form, coming from the tribal villages of West Bengal. These scrolls were visual accompaniments to stories told through songs and ballads. The Ramayan, tribal folklore and many other mythological stories have come alive with these beautifully illustrated scrolls. These paintings are traditionally made with natural mineral and vegetable colors. Delightful and eartthy, these paintings reflect the ancient tradition of story telling in India.
The painting is done by Manu Chitrakar, the Patua Artist from West Bengal. | <urn:uuid:679c5584-822e-4689-a8c1-4d249b9d4d67> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.heartforartonline.com/products/goddess-kali-bengal-pattachitra | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514577478.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923172009-20190923194009-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.961858 | 269 | 3.015625 | 3 |
NUR ILMA, ALFIN (2009) PERBEDAAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF DAN KETERAMPILAN KOOPERATIF DALAM PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF MODEL JIGSAW DAN COOPERATIV SCRIPT SISWA KELAS VIII MTS MUHAMMADIYAH 1 MALANG. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
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Cooperative learning is a study which focused on cooperation among students to reach learning goal. Cooperative learning with Jigsaw Model and Cooperative Script were two cooperative learning model which had many characteristic similarity. The characteristic similarity became background of study. Statement of problems in the research was whether any different of cognitive ability and cooperative skill of students using cooperative learning with Jigsaw model and cooperative script. The research had three purposes, the first was to find out whether any different of cognitive ability using jigsaw model and cooperative script. The second was to find out whether any different in students cooperative skill using Jigsaw model and cooperative script. The third was students perception to the cooperative learning. The research used was quasi-experiment using two group research pretest and posttest design. Population were students of VIIIA, VIIIB, and VIIIC degree Islamic School (MTs) Muhammadiyah I Malang. Samples used were two class taken by random sampling technique. They were VIIIB as cooperative learning jigsaw model class, VIIIC as cooperative learning cooperative script model class. Data collected were analyzed using normality and homogeneity test, data then analyzed by t-test differential test. The research showed that there were difference among cognitive ability and cooperative skill of students taught by cooperative learning jigsaw model and cooperative script. It was proven from t-test with t-count = 2,16 > t-table = 2,04 for cognitive ability data. Cooperative skill data analysis found t-count 4,54>t-table = 2,04. Data analysis showed that cognitive ability and cooperative skill taught by jigsaw model was better than students taught by cooperative script. Students responds about cooperative learning Jigsaw model with most answers were agree to the statement in the questionnaire with percentage 79%, and 75,27 % in cooperative script for agree answer.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Other)|
|Subjects:||Q Science > Q Science (General)|
|Divisions:||Faculty of Teacher Training and Education > Department of Biology Education|
|Depositing User:||Anggit Aldila|
|Date Deposited:||21 Jun 2012 03:33|
|Last Modified:||21 Jun 2012 03:33|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:1353fe55-9dbf-4228-bf94-c893748bad87> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://eprints.umm.ac.id/8879/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644062760.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025422-00310-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91989 | 562 | 2.890625 | 3 |
This just-released study from the American Heart Association confirms what we’ve been coming to realize for several years: bad oral hygiene is bad for the heart.
The study, including 51,000 people in Taiwan, found that:
- Patients who had professional tooth scraping and cleaning had reduced risks of heart attack and stroke.
- More frequent scraping/cleaning was associated with more reduced risk compared to occasional or never tooth scraping/cleaning.
In a separate study from Sweden, the type of periodontal disease predicted degree of risks for heart attack, stroke and heart failure. These and other studies were submitted to the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions 2011.
Regular cleanings are more than just for appearance and keeping your teeth. It’s believed that the bacteria from inflamed gums enter the bloodstream and damage the heart over time. Regular cleanings are important for a happier and longer life. | <urn:uuid:5794093d-b666-484b-ad7d-7fda9cbcbbdb> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://harrisondental.wordpress.com/category/scientific-studies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321938.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627221726-20170628001726-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.961475 | 188 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The results obtained using O2 are similar to those obtained using N2O, and are not shown here. In (25), we have chosen indicator gas parameters MN2O=0.06MN2O=0.06v/vv/v, AN2O=0.03AN2O=0.03v/vv/v, which is a non-toxic concentration level for N2O. Table 1 compares the continuous
ventilation model with the tidal ventilation model, using data obtained from a healthy male volunteer. The results in Table 1 are also plotted in Fig. 3(a)–(c), where standard deviations of the results obtained using the proposed tidal ventilation model are shown as error bars. Fig. 3(a)–(c) compares the estimate obtained using the continuous ventilation model with the average values of the estimates produced by the tidal ventilation model at different forcing frequencies in one check details individual. Estimated values of VD using the mean and linear regression approaches are shown in Table 2. Three types of results are presented: results obtained using CO2, results obtained using N2O, and results obtained using both CO2 and N2O. Results obtained using indicator gas O2 are similar to those using N2O, and are not shown here. Fig. 4 shows V
A and Q˙P results from all human volunteers. Table 3 compares the results derived from the continuous model with the tidal ventilation model. Results of VD, shown in Table 3, obtained using the continuous model are, with experimental error, the same as those obtained using the tidal model. Hence, they are Selleck PCI-32765 not plotted in Fig. 4. It is acknowledged that the two models described in this work have only a single alveolar compartment and a single dead space compartment. The great advantage of these models is that they can be “inverted” when real physiological data is inserted in them to reveal estimates of physiological variables which have meaning
to the clinician or physiologist. Due to their simplicity, they can only be used to describe relatively healthy lungs. However, as Whiteley et al. (Whiteley et al., 2000) demonstrated, the use of mathematical models with Reverse transcriptase more than one lung compartment can lead to great difficulty in reaching an inverse solution for the respiratory variables of dead space, alveolar volume, and pulmonary blood flow when the subject’s lung is inhomogeneous. Also, such models do not lend themselves readily to physiological interpretation. This is why simple one-alveolar lung compartment models have survived the succeeding decades after they were first proposed (Hahn and Farmery, 2003). Our techniques are likely to be valid in exercise testing in subjects or patients without overt lung disease, and could be applied to the field of human exercise physiology, as pioneered by Luijendijk et al. (Luijendijk et al., 1981) for the forced inspired sine wave technique. We have not yet evaluated the techniques for patients with severe lung disease. | <urn:uuid:ac41d13c-c7c6-48ef-9056-6821d4c29730> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://thrombininhibitors.com/the-results-obtained-using-o2-are-similar-to-those-obtained-using | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527531.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722051628-20190722073628-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.921257 | 619 | 2.59375 | 3 |
NOTE: After the Reformation, most Waldensians in France were quickly absorbed into the local Protestant church. In such cases, you will need to seek these ancestors in the records of those churches, or in the local civil records. For assistance, see the BYU Independent Study course, Huguenot Research and whichever of the series of Independent Study courses about French research applies to your particular research objective.
Some Waldensians lived in France rather than in the Piedmont Valleys. After the initial flush of persecution from the Inquisition in the fourteenth century, most French Waldensians lived either in Dauphiné (the modern departments of Isere, Hautes-Alpes, and Drome) or in Provence (Basses-Alpes, Var, and Bouches-du-Rhone).
We first mention sources for Dauphine and Provence, and then highlight sources you should consult regardless of where your Waldensian ancestors lived in France.
WALDENSIANS FROM THE DAUPHINE (now Isere, Hautes-Alpes, and Drome)
For assistance in researching Waldensians from the Dauphiné, see these sources:
This Waldensian parish register, which includes the surrounding hamlets, was not microfilmed with the others. Therefore, the families were not included in the Piedmont Project.
But the Mentoulles parish register has been published in the Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Vaudoise (since volume 40, 1919, called the Bollettino della Societa di Studi Valdesi). The register, generally covering June 1629 through October 1685, was printed in volume 22 (1905), pages 51-292. A detailed index of names is included.
Records for the year 1674 were missing from the register, but the French government at the time had required that a civil copy be registered. The civil copy for 1674 was later found and printed in Bollettino volume 133 (1973), pages 49-56.
The PFO extracted the printed Mentoulles parish register (including 1674), much like the other parish registers had been extracted in the Piedmont Project years earlier. However, this time the results were not placed on family group records, because the FHL wasn't accepting additional family group records at the time.
Everyone in the Mentoulles register with enough information to identify them was included. Therefore, you can find individuals from the Mentoulles area in the familysearch.org database, but they are not grouped into families. To find siblings, you will need to use the indexes in the printed version.
Because the entries identify other relatives, you should obtain a copy of the entire entry.
The only access to the printed register is at the FHL in Salt Lake City or through Interlibrary Loan.
If you cannot get access the entire volume, you may wish to begin by requesting a photocopy of the index(es). An index of "married persons" is found on pages 253-264; the index of individuals covers pages 264-287. From these indexes, you can determine which pages in the body of the register you need to have photocopied.
Cameron's book is no longer in print, but your closest library participating in the Interlibrary Loan program should be able to borrow it for you.
NOTE: Cameron's claims about the dating and meaning of the synod at Chanforan in 1532, where the decision was made to adhere to the Reformation, have not been accepted by other historians. Further, he limits too severely the sources of information he is willing to consider. This attempt to eliminate sources that may bias his findings results in an unfortunate counter-bias that skews some of his historical conclusions. But the book is useful for family history; just don't accept everything he says about Chanforan or what the Waldensians believed.
I've only found this book at the Library of Congress, which wouldn't loan it even through Interlibrary Loan; but you can order a photocopy of pages of a specific letter of the alphabet, representing the surname(s) of interest to you. Your local library may be able to assist you to request the photocopy, or go to http://www.loc.gov/ (the Library of Congress Internet site).
Waldensians from Provence (Basses-Alpes, Var, and Bouches-du-Rhone)
If your French Waldensian ancestors lived in Provence, you should find helpful clues in the following:
Audisio has searched the notarial records of Provence broadly and deeply and his references are worth pursuing.
Here are some examples of the localities where abjurations have been published so far:
Issue 32: Merindol (explanation, pages 3-8; list, pages 9-15)
Issue 35: Peypin d'Aigues (pages 17-21)
Issue 37: Joucas (pages 17-22)
Issue 40: Sault (page 12)
Issue 53: La Motte d'Aigues and Cabrieres d'Aigues (pages 6-16)
Note that, unless a young man subsequently escaped to settle elsewhere, these folks became Catholic and most of them stayed Catholic. But these records are filled with Waldensian surnames, clearly related to other Waldensians, and may give you clues.
The FHL subscribes to this journal, but the issues have not been microfilmed. It may be available through Interlibrary Loan, but probably the simplest access is to use the FHL photocopy service.
You must provide to the FHL the call number, name of the book or periodical, and the specific pages to be copies. NOTE: The FHL doesn't have the staff to try to find which pages might be helpful to any given patron. To obtain this service, you *must* provide the specific information that permits them quickly to find the volume on the shelf and photocopy the exact pages without searching. You will be notified of the charges for the copies and postage.
FRENCH NOTARIAL RECORDS
Regardless of which area of France your Waldensian ancestors came from, you should check the notarial records of the French department they lived in. French notarial records are among the richest in Western Europe. Some French notarial records go back to the 1300s and even before.
Some of these records, such as the marriage agreements and wills, contain great detail.
At some times and in some places, Waldensians were disenfranchised. In such situations, they couldn't make legal documents such as are found in notarial records. But you won't know whether or not your ancestors are included in the records until you look.
You have basically two choices for researching these records:
Search the printed volumes yourself. The books are titled Inventaire sommaire des archives departemenatales de (name of the department) [Summary inventory of the departmental archives of (department name)]. Typically, each department has several series of records, so you need to find those with the records of the notoires (notaries). A list of hospitals, or minutes of town meetings in the 1700s discussing local taxes, won't help you much.
The FHL in Salt Lake City has many of these volumes, but they have not been filmed. According to the Union List of Serials and Mansell's National Union Catalog, the following libraries also have at least some issues. You may be able to borrow volumes of interest to you.
California: San Francisco Theological Seminary, San Anselmo
Connecticut: Yale University, New Haven
D.C.: Library of Congress
Illinois: McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago; Newberry Library, Chicago; University of Chicago
Massachusetts: Harvard University, Cambridge; Andover-Harvard Theological Library
Michigan: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
New York: Columbia University; New York Public Library
Pennsylvania: Crozer Theological Seminary, Chester; Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia
Your local librarian should be able to help you.
THE WALDENSIAN BULLETIN/BOLLETTINO
Another very useful source are a few of the articles in the periodical or journal called the Bulletin (Italian: Bollettino). It is published by the Societa di Studi Valdesi (Society for Waldensian Studies), formerly known by the French name Societe d'Histoire Vaudoise (Waldensian Historical Society).
The journal was originally published in French. After some years with articles in either language, Italian became the standard with volume 40 (1919).
Following are some of the lists and articles in the Bulletin that may reveal information about your French Waldensian ancestors or their relatives. Depending on your language abilities, you may not be able to understand the whole article, but at least you can skim the lists and recognize the names of interest."Resume alphabetique des Vaudois du Pragela, refugies en Suisse en 1730" [Alphabetic Summary of Waldensians from Pragela, Refugees in Switzerland in 1730], by T. Gay. (BSHV 27 , pages 15-19)
"Les Vaudois refugies de Piemont en Suisse en 1731" [Waldensian Refugees from Piedmont in Switzerland in 1731]. (BSHV 29 , pages 14-30)
By 1731, a number of French Waldensians had sought refuge in the Piedmont Valleys, and so the above listed article should be checked.
What's New? About the PFO Family Researchers Waldensian History Research Helps Waldensian Surnames Comments & Queries Related Links Return to Home Page
Comments about this page may be sent to the webmaster.
This page was last updated Friday, 21-Nov-2014 16:50:26 MST. You are the 7943 visitor since 30 June 2000. | <urn:uuid:ac25e4d3-49be-4972-8645-391e6ce07bc3> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~waldense/french.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461988.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00205-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931252 | 2,102 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Signs of Moths
What to look out for when moths are in your propertyRead more
Moths may look small and harmless but they can cause surprising amounts of damage to your clothing and textiles and stored products in general.
In the UK there are four species of moth in particular, which can cause problems in your home or business.
It is very common to see Brown House moths in your home.
The Common Clothes Moth larvae is responsible for making irregular holes in fabrics.
The Case-Bearing Clothes moth makes more regular holes in fabrics.
Similar to the Common Clothes moth.
More rare than the Common Clothes moth. Check imported goods such as hides or objects of animal origin.
White-Shouldered House moths are generally less damaging to textiles.
Normally one generation per year.
Often found in unheated outdoor buildings.
Larvae scavenge on a wide range of foods. | <urn:uuid:8a9411a0-f1ea-46bd-83fb-b5a95773b90c> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.rentokil.co.uk/moths/species/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246658061.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045738-00119-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929649 | 196 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Effect of Short-Term Beta-Cell Rest in Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Know the risks and potential benefits of clinical studies and talk to your health care provider before participating. Read our disclaimer for details.|
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00445627|
Recruitment Status : Recruiting
First Posted : March 9, 2007
Last Update Posted : March 29, 2018
This study will determine whether resting beta cells (cells in the pancreas that produce insulin) for 2 weeks will improve the ability of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to make insulin. Beta cells can rest by giving patients insulin shots. The study will also examine how teenagers with T2DM feel about having diabetes and explore differences between young people with and without T2DM.
This study includes patients 12 to 25 years of age with T2DM who are overweight and who were diagnosed within 2 years of enrolling in the study. Healthy individuals of normal weight or who are overweight are also eligible. Candidates are screened with a medical history, physical examination and laboratory tests.
Participants with T2DM are assigned to one of two groups. Group 1 takes an anti-diabetes medicine called metformin and follows a diet prescribed by a study staff dietitian for 2 weeks. Group 2 takes metformin, follows the prescribed diet, and receives insulin through a pump under the skin for 2 weeks. During these two weeks, all participants have the following tests:
- Frequent blood sugar checks.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (routine diabetes test in which blood samples are drawn before and several times after the subject drinks a sugary solution).
- Arginine stimulation to test the response of the body to arginine, a normal ingredient of food that stimulates the release of insulin. Two catheters are placed into veins in the arms, one to administer a liquid containing arginine, the other to draw the blood samples.
- Ultrasound of the blood vessels in the neck to check for hardening of the arteries.
- Metabolism test to measure the amount of oxygen used during rest. The subject breathes normally during rest while wearing a canopy over his or her head for about 20 minutes.
- MRI scans of the abdomen to examine the amount of fat in the belly (at the beginning and end of the study)
- DEXA scan to determine percent body fat.
- Tests to explore quality of life and feelings about health, work or school, friends and family.
- Exercise testing on a treadmill or stationary bicycle.
- Genetic studies for information on diabetes and obesity.
Normal volunteers have blood draws, oral glucose tolerance testing, MRI scan, DEXA scan, psychological testing, exercise testing, and genetic testing.
|Condition or disease|
|Obesity Overweight Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2|
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a condition characterized by insulin resistance and progressive failure of the insulin-secreting beta-cells. Previously considered a disease of adults, it is now becoming increasingly prevalent in children and adolescents. Patients with childhood onset T2DM are at very high risk for diabetes-related morbidity and mortality, due to a longer life-time duration of diabetes, as well as possible increased rapidity of Beta-cell failure.
In this study, we will address the following aims:
To characterize hormonal, metabolic, and behavioral traits in patients with youth-onset type 2 diabetes. These will include:
- Assessment of Beta-cell function and insulin resistance
- Psychological, demographic, and socioeconomic assessments
- Assessment of the physiology and pathophysiology of incretins and other gut hormones
- Identification of early biomarkers of diabetes complications, especially cardiovascular disease
- Validation of new methods for studying glucose metabolism
- To serve as a recruitment and development tool for hypothesis-driven pilot studies, discussed in the appendices of this protocol.
Children and young adults ages 8 to 25 years with type 2 diabetes will be studied in a cross-sectional and longitudinal manner. Two control groups without diabetes will be studied for comparison purposes: healthy lean controls, and overweight/obese controls. Methods used to study participants include routine blood sampling, oral glucose tolerance testing, mixed meal testing, arginine stimulation testing, DEXA, MRI, carotid ultrasound, questionnaires, exercise physiology, and measurements of energy expenditure. Patients with type 1 diabetes will be studied using oral glucose tolerance and mixed meal tests in a pilot study of artificial sweeteners.
|Study Type :||Observational|
|Estimated Enrollment :||430 participants|
|Official Title:||Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Young Adults|
|Study Start Date :||March 6, 2007|
- evaluate phenotype of T2DM [ Time Frame: 20 months ]
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00445627
|Contact: Ellen Conway||(301) email@example.com|
|Contact: Kristina I Rother, M.D.||(301) firstname.lastname@example.org|
|United States, Maryland|
|National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike||Recruiting|
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892|
|Contact: For more information at the NIH Clinical Center contact Office of Patient Recruitment (OPR) 800-411-1222 ext TTY8664111010 email@example.com|
|Principal Investigator:||Kristina I Rother, M.D.||National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)| | <urn:uuid:48a2cd96-3ff3-4051-a4c1-e6655f7d666e> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00445627?recr=Open&cond=%22Diabetes+Mellitus%2C+Type+2%22&rank=7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863570.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520131723-20180520151723-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.878219 | 1,282 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Ever came across a single ingredient that could take care of your skin, hair and health, all at a time? And what if that very ingredient is also a poison? Perplexed, aren’t you? Well, we are talking about cassava here! How it benefits your skin, hair and healthy is simply beyond imagination!
And coming to its seemingly poisonous nature, there are certain foods and ingredients that are supposedly poisonous, but when eaten right can offer a number of benefits. Cassava is one of those.
It is a tropical root vegetable that can be used along with potatoes, carrots, radishes and other tubers. Cassava is also used in flour, which is a kind of starch required in kitchens around the globe and dry cassava flour can also be bought from grocery stores. Finding fresh roots of cassava plants is almost impossible because they tend to rot very quickly but leaves of this veggie can be used to prepare food as well. Compared to other green vegetables, the nutritional value of cassava is a little low. The leaves of this plant have higher protein content when compared to the nutrients found in the roots of cassava.
It needs a comfortable environment to grow well but the best part of this plant is that it can survive for very long in soil that is poor in quality.
There are two kinds of cassava plants: sweet and bitter. Bitter cassava plants have a higher level of cyanide, and they have to be washed and crushed well before they are cooked. This will remove all harmful toxins. Once that has been done, you can grind the roots of cassava plants into flour to prepare different kinds of dishes.
Sweet cassavas, on the other hand, contain lower levels of cyanide, and you may eat them as traditional root veggies.
Cassava is known for its amazing benefits. Let’s go through a few of them!
Skin Benefits Of Cassava
Smoothens And Brightens Your Complexion
The peel of cassava plants can be used as a skin exfoliator. You can split the peels, make a fresh paste out of it and use it as a scrub. Brush the face well for a few minutes and wash it off with cold water. Do this thrice a week to get good results.
Great Face Mask
Cassava plants also act as great face masks. Before you prepare your face mask, make sure you have washed your face with warm water. This will help in opening up the pores. The cassava mask will easily get absorbed and improve the texture and condition of your skin. Once you have washed your face, wait for it to dry completely. You may now rinse with cold water so that the pores close. Use your fingers to dry them. Doing this thrice a week will prevent and eliminate scars and impart a healthy glow in return.
Hydrates The Skin
Cassava can also hydrate your skin tone and make it smooth and soft. You will have to prepare a mask for this one at home. Take cassava plant roots with some honey or olive oil. You can combine it with a fruit too. A few drops of lemon will also do.
Removes Scars And Spots
Cassava starch water can help in healing wounds and scars if you apply gently all over the affected area around twice a day.
Hair Benefits Of Cassava
It is not only your health and skin that will be on the receiving end of benefits when it comes to cassava! Using cassava roots and leaves will also help you see changes in the quality of your hair.
Helps Your Hair Grow Faster
If you are tired with the condition of your hair, especially because of its slow growth, I would definitely recommend Cassava. Its roots and leaves can be used to make a fresh paste that can be applied on oiled hair an hour before you rinse it. Doing this twice a week will help you see changes.
Controls Hair Fall
Women have often complained about hair fall. They are tired of talking about it, and we are tired of hearing about it! A simple, quick and effective solution to this problem is cassava. This will nourish your hair from the roots to the tips, hydrate it and control hair fall.
Cassava plants are a powerhouse of nourishment. If you have hair that is dry or damaged, consider this plant and let it help repair all the damage.
Health Benefits Of Cassava
The tubes and roots of the cassava plant contain calories, proteins, fat, carbohydrates, iron, Vitamin B and C and also starch. The leaves contain calcium, iron, fats and protein too. No wonder they have been proved to be beneficial for your health, body and mind. With that said, let’s go through some of the major cassava health benefits.
Helps You Lose Weight
Cassava is very important for all those who are trying to shed those excess pounds that have accumulated over the years. It is found in rice and bread and is low in calories too. The high fiber content in cassava helps you stay full for a longer period and prevents binge eating.
Good For Your Digestive System
Cassava contains fibers, which are not soluble in water. It helps in the absorption of toxins that enter your intestines. In that way, it improves your digestive health and keeps it chugging along nicely.
Helps In Overcoming Headaches
Most of us suffer from headaches, and for some, it can become unbearable. But you can treat it with the help of cassava! All you have to do for this is take 60 grams of cassava roots or leaves and soak it in water for a couple of hours. Make fresh juice using a blender and then drink it down twice a day. And banish those killer headaches!
Here comes an amazing benefit of Cassava. Cassava helps in preventing life-threatening diseases such as cancer. The B17 content in these leaves helps in stimulating the content of red blood cells, the loss of which often leads to cancer.
Cassava addresses conditions such as diarrhea too. You may take several pieces of cassava and boil it in water. Wait for it to come to room temperature. Drink this liquid twice a day to feel the difference.
Good For The Eyes
Cassava is rich in Vitamin A and compounds such as bakarotennya that improve the health of your eyes and in the future prevents blindness or poor eyesight.
Cassava leaves are also effective in treating fever. To get the best results, use the stem as well as the leaves of cassava to make a decoction. In order to make this, you have to boil the root and the leaves instead of steeping them in warm water. Simply take 400 grams of cassava leaves and 80 grams of the stem and boil them uncovered in a liter of water. When the volume of water is reduced by half, take it off the heat and cool | <urn:uuid:9cf27e6e-185c-4866-8693-46f50c47bbb1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.etifrank.com/benefits-of-cassava/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735881.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804161521-20200804191521-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.960689 | 1,420 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Unfortunately, it is not that simple. For
one thing, the official temperature is recorded at one
specific location and is normally taken from a thermometer
several feet off the ground. If your landscape is in a "low"
area at the bottom of a hill, the temperature may have been
several degrees lower. If you are on the top of the hill, odds
are better that the temperature did not go below -20.
Plants in an open, windswept site may suffer
more damage. Cold, dry winds will cause desiccation (drying
out) of the plant tissue. This can make buds and twigs more
susceptible to low temperature damage.
The overall health of the plant going into
the winter will also be a factor. If the plant was
under-watered or undernourished or suffered
site stresses last summer, it is more likely to be damaged by
Many of us "stretch the zone" and use plants
that are really suited to Zone 6 which does not get as cold.
These plants may work out fine for many years until a deep
freeze hits as it did this winter.
Different tissues on a plant respond
differently to extreme cold. Generally, flower buds are least
that set their buds during the
previous fall may not be very showy this spring. Vegetative
buds which will become leaves are hardier than flower buds.
Twigs are hardier than buds and major branches and the trunk
are the hardiest of the above ground parts of the plant.
Marginally hardy species such as peach trees
located on low sites may experience loss of major branches or
the entire plant. Hardy native trees or shrubs may only suffer
loss of a few flowers.
What can you do? For existing plants, the
answer is, "Nothing." Plants that were not hardy enough for
the temperatures have experienced the damage and there is no
going back. Inspect the new growth in the spring and remove
the dead tissue.
For the future, use plants known to be hardy
for Zone 5 or lower. Keep plants as healthy and stress free as
possible during the growing season but do not stimulate lush
new growth in the fall. Plant marginal species on high sites
and/or protect them from raw winter winds. | <urn:uuid:1da3dbd2-4419-46c8-ae2b-674637068c94> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.plantsgalore.com/terms/science/science-Hardiness-Zone-Map.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637899531.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025819-00216-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943851 | 492 | 3.5 | 4 |
You can approach your IELTS essay writing in two different ways – the argument led approach and the thesis led approach.
The argument led approach should be used when you have to answer more than one question.
The thesis-led approach
Use the thesis-led approach when you have to answer only one question or when you have a clear opinion on the subject.
Before you start writing, you should underline the keywords in the essay prompt. This is not necessary, but it will help you focus your answer on the key points.
The next step is to brain storm ideas for both sides of the argument. You should clearly state your opinion in the introduction. The subsequent paragraphs should be used to justify and support your point of view.
You should discuss only one point in each paragraph. There should be 2 or 3 body paragraphs.
Your introduction should include the problem you are asked to discuss and your thesis statement. Each body paragraph should contain a main statement with supporting points.
In your conclusion, you must restate your opinion. Note that you are not supposed to introduce any new point in the conclusion. You should use the last paragraph to provide a summary of all points discussed in the introduction and the body paragraphs. And most importantly, the conclusion should never lead to another discussion. | <urn:uuid:696f3857-4bad-4e4d-a499-42267d74da57> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://freeessaywriters.net/the-thesis-led-approach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499845.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131055533-20230131085533-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.920596 | 261 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Glycosyltransferases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a monosaccharide moiety from a glycosyl donor to an acceptor substrate. The majority are classified as Leloir enzymes that utilize nucleotide sugars as donors and produce nucleotide phosphates as part of the reaction. Assaying glycosyltransferase activity can be challenging. The most common method has been to monitor the transfer of radiolabeled sugars from donor to acceptor molecules. Various non-radioactive assays have also been developed; however, most of these have been customized for specific glycosyltransferases.
R&D Systems has developed a versatile, non-radioactive assay for measuring glycosyltransferase activity (Figure 1).1 The assay involves the use of a specific phosphatase that liberates phosphate from nucleotides generated during the glycosyltransferase reaction. The phosphate levels are then assessed using malachite green phosphate detection reagents. Because the concentration of released phosphate is directly proportional to the number of sugar molecules transferred, kinetic parameters of glycosyltransferases can be measured. In addition, this colorimetric assay is conducted in a 96-well plate, making it amenable to high-throughput studies.
To demonstrate the utility of this technique, we assessed the activities of the enzymes Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB; Figure 2A), human O-Glucosyltransferase I (KTELC1; Figure 2B), and human ST6GAL1 (Figure 2C). TcdB and KTELC1 are glucosyltransferases with UDP-Glucose hydrolase activity that produce UDP as a byproduct of the reaction. The phosphatase CD39L3 hydrolyzes nucleotide beta-phosphates and was used to liberate free phosphate from UDP. In contrast, ST6GAL1 is a sialyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid in alpha 2,6 linkage to Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc structures on N-glycans. For this reaction, CMP-NeuAc was used as a donor substrate and N-acetyllactosamine (LN) was used as the acceptor. The 5' nucleotidase CD73 was used to liberate free phosphate from CMP produced in the reaction. For all three glycosyltransferase reactions, accurate measurements of the specific activity (pmol/min/µg) versus donor substrate concentration were obtained by measuring free phosphate levels using malachite green detection reagents (Figure 2).
R&D Systems has used this technique to examine the activities of a wide range of glycosyltransferases. For more details, see our recent publication1 or visit our website at www.RnDSystems.com/go/Glycosyltransferase to request a copy of our scientific poster, Universal Phosphatase-Coupled Glycosyltransferase Assay. R&D Systems Glycosyltransferase Activity Kit (Catalog # EA001) is also now available. This kit contains the specific phosphatase CD39L3, buffers, and phosphate detection reagents to measure the activity of glycosyltransferases that use diphosphonucleotide sugars as donor substrates.
Phosphatase-coupled Glycosyltransferase Reactions
||Figure 1. The Phosphatase-coupled Glycosyltransferase Assay. This non-radioactive assay (Catalog # EA001)couples glycosyltransferase reactions with specific phosphatases to generate free phosphate groups, which are then measured. The specific phosphatase is chosen based on the phosphonucleotide produced during the reaction. Liberated free phosphate is then measured using malachite green detection reagents, and the levels are used as a measure of enzyme activity.
||Figure 2. Measuring Enzyme Activity Using the Phosphatase-coupled Glycosyltransferase Assay. (A) The activities of Recombinant TcdB (Catalog # 6246-GT) and (B) Recombinant Human KTELC1 (Catalog # 6437-GT) were measured using the donor substrate UDP-Glucose (acceptor H2O). Both glycosyltransferase reactions were carried out in the presence of Recombinant Human CD39L3 phosphatase (Catalog # 4400-EN). Free phosphate was detected using the Malachite Green Phosphate Detection Kit (Catalog # DY996). (C) The activity of Recombinant Human ST6GAL1 (Catalog # 5924-GT) was measured using the donor substrate CMP-NeuAC (acceptor LN). The glycosyltransferase reaction was carried out in the presence of Recombinant Human CD73 phosphatase (Catalog # 4488-EN). Free phosphate was detected using the Malachite Green Phosphate Detection Kit (Catalog # DY996).
- Wu, Z.L. et al. (2010) Glycobiology [Epub ahead of print].
This symbol denotes references that cite the use of R&D Systems products. | <urn:uuid:3e4864b6-ce5e-4c9f-a5c4-3ccf8f2349b6> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/articles/technical-note-novel-glycosyltransferase-activity-assay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866733.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524170605-20180524190605-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.907198 | 1,087 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Welcome to Summer 2014! … although the summer solstice is not for another month. Memorial Weekend is the summer kickoff offering "blockbuster" opportunities for all! Car dealers, stores, recreational services, and movie releases are poised for the summer push. The receipts from this weekend will be a significant indicator of consumer confidence. But this has not always been the case.
Memorial Day was originally called "Decoration Day" to describe the practice of decorating graves with flowers.The inconceivable numbers of burials caused by the Civil War (more than 600,000) created a need for remembrance and healing across the nation. Following the Lincoln assassination, formal movements began to set aside a day to remember. The first Decoration Day was May 30, 1868. The date was chosen because it was the optimal date for flowers to bloom since they would be in high demand for the holiday. Decoration Day was formally renamed Memorial Day in 1967 and moved to the last Monday in May in 1971.
Why this little history lesson? Because "remember" is one of the most important, and skipped over, words in Scripture. “Remember,” discloses God’s desire to have a relationship with us. He remembers, therefore, He contends for an authentic relationship with us so the benefits of His presence may make a tangible impact on our daily lives. God, for our part, expects us to remember Him. Therefore we are called to live a life whose thoughts, words, and deeds indicate that we are joyfully and gratefully cognizant of the relationship we share together. God expects our fidelity as husbands and wives expect their beloved to live in a manner that actively honors and treasures their marriage. Just as a marriage is jeopardized the moment its partners begin to “forget” one another, so too our relationship with God is undermined when we cease to live like we remember Him. Lives ruined by God remember Him. This week let's remember how the kindness and mercy of God has ruined our lives. | <urn:uuid:ff812f14-9935-4cbd-896d-da101396c06c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.faithsandiego.org/resource-guides/2014/5/22/resource-guides-for-the-week-of-25-may | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204461.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325214331-20190326000331-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.964015 | 409 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Ann E Boehm
Psychoeducational assessment; observation and concept development in young children; intergenerational literacy
Brassard, M. R. & Boehm, A. E. (2007). Preschool assessment: Principles and practices .
Stolarski, G. S., Boehm, A. E., & Boisvert, K. (2007) An exploratory study of a tactile version of the Boehm 3: Preschool for preschool children with blindness and visual impairment. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness.
Stolarski, G. S., & Boehm, A. E. (2006). The challenges of designing the Boehm-Third Edition Large Print Version. Re:View
Zhou, Z., & Boehm, A. E. (2004). American and Chinese children's understanding of basic relational concepts in directions. Psychology in the Schools, 4(2), 261-272.
Boehm, A. E. (2001). Boehm Test of Basic Concepts (Third Edition).
Boehm, A. E. (2001). Boehm-3: Preschool, Boehm Test of Basic Concepts (Third Edition).
Zhou, Z. & Boehm, A. E. (2001). American and Chinese children's knowledge of basic relational concepts. School Psychology International, 22 (1), 5-21.
Boehm, A. E. (2000). Assessment of basic relational concepts. In B. A. Bracken (Ed.), The psychoeducational Assessment of preschool children (3rd ed.) (pp. 186-203).
Zhou, Z., Peverly, S. T., Boehm, A. E., & Lin, C. D. (2000). American and Chinese children's understanding of distance, time, and speed interrelations. Cognitive Development, 15, 215-240.
Boehm, A. E. & Weinberg, R. A. (1997). The classroom observer: Developing observation skills in early childhood settings. (3rd ed.) NY: Teachers College Press.
Boehm, A. E. (1992). Assessment issues and principles. In L.R.Williams & D. P. Fromberg (Eds), Encyclopedia of EarlyChildhood Education.
Boehm, A. E. (1992). Glossary of assessment terms; Glossary of assessment measures. In L.R. Williams & D.P. Fromberg (Eds), Encyclopedia of Early Childhood Education.
Boehm, A. E. (1991) Assessment of basic relational concepts. In B.A. Bracken (Ed.). The psychological assessment of preschool children (2nd ed.)
Boehm, A. E. (1990) Assessment of children's knowledge of basic concepts. In C. R. Reynolds and R. W. Kamphaus (Eds). Handbook of Psychological and Educational Assessment ofChildren: Intelligence and Achievement.New York: Guilford Press.
Glutting, J. J., Kelly, M. S., Boehm, A. E., & Burnett, T. R. (1989). Stability and predictive validity of the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts-Revised among black kindergartener's. Journal of School Psychology, 27, 365-371.
Boehm, A.E. (1988). Part I: Concept acquisition. The Teaching the Learning Disabled (TLD) Video Program: Study skills and learning strategies (Tape 8). West
French, J. N., Boehm, A. E., Neblett, B., Davis-Simmons, J., and Wise, L. L, (1988). An Intergenerational Approach to Literacy:Parents and Children Together.Enrichment through reading and writing. PACT The
Boehm, A. E. (1986). The Boehm Test of Basic Concepts-Revised.
Boehm, A. E. (1986). The Boehm Test of Basic Concepts-Preschool Version.
Boehm, A. E. (1985). Educational applications of intelligence testing. In B.B. Wolmen (Ed.). Handbook of Intelligence.NY: Wiley.
Research/Publications in Process
Boehm, A. E., & Brobst, K. Literacy Links for parents and children: A training package for intergenerational literacy.
Boehm, A. E. Assessment of children's knowledge of basic concepts: An essential component of direction following and problem solving . To appear in T. Gutkin & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.) The handbook of school psychology (4th ed.).
Harlow-Melmed, H., Boehm, A. E., & Stolarski, G. S. The Boehm-3 Tactile Version
Stolarski, G. S., & Boehm, A. E. Strategies used by young children with low vision and blindness.
Zhou, J. & Boehm, A. E. Children's strategy use in following multiple-step directions.
Boehm, A.E., & Lopez, L. validation of the Spanish version of the Boehm-3.
HBSK 5085: Observing and assessing preschool children
Overview of assessment procedures used with preschool and kindergarten-age children including review of related tests, the development of observation procedures, and the development of screening programs. Materials fee: $75.
HBSK 5885: Obsrv/Assess PreSchool Learner
HBSK 6571: Research in applied educational psychology: Cognitive processes and strategies in young children
Permission required. Prerequisite: familiarity with statistical procedures and research design. Students participate in ongoing research or other special projects under the direction of a faculty member. | <urn:uuid:f58f32ad-64b3-451c-b31b-19f50e332209> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.tc.columbia.edu/academics/index.htm?facid=aeb32&page=grants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097354.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00225-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.793036 | 1,202 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Loyalty, dedication, honesty, commitment and your country are all things that come to people’s mind when they think about patriotism. It can cause some people to swell with pride for their country, while others cry because of the pride that they feel when they think about their country and what it means to them. When the original thirteen colonies began fighting for their independence from England, patriotism to America was a priority. They felt such pride and honor for America that they were willing to risk their lives for the patriotism that they felt.
While some people know the true meaning of patriotism, others follow the idea of patriotism without knowing the actual meaning to what they believe. Some bluntly reject the idea of patriotism and others accept the idea and don’t express the idea of patriotism. When people stand indifferent to the idea of being devoted to one’s country, they create the feeling that Americans do not care for their country. Some countries think that Americans feel that patriotism is placing the interests of Americans above the rest of the world, when in fact the true meaning of patriotism is the complete opposite. Patriotism is something that if you really have it, it is in your heart. | <urn:uuid:7cf8bbf2-f2a9-429f-9e94-406156b1f340> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Does-Patriotism-Still-Matter-978698.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448399455473.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124211055-00129-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97335 | 239 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Sports items were stored in small, cramped spaces throughout the university’s main athletic facility, the Arrillaga Family Sports Center. Athletes and staff crammed stuff into any space they could find. And as a result, the facility’s disorganized storage was leading to frustration and wasted time. Without a coherent storage plan, and with no single area large enough to accommodate all the items that needed to be stored, the university’s valuable athletic supplies and equipment were often difficult to find.
When a major renovation project presented the opportunity to rethink their athletic equipment storage, the university engaged Systems and Space to assess storage needs and recommend solutions.
The Spacesaver design consultant made it a priority to help faculty and staff understand the possibilities offered by the new space. Given that items of all types were scattered around the facility, it made sense to consolidate items and designate one area for football equipment storage and one area for sports medicine storage. While determining square footage was a good starting point, the consultant knew that recording the ceiling height was also important in calculating the amount of storage space available. She measured the space in all dimensions and noted obstructions like load-bearing columns, ductwork, and sprinkler systems.
After storage areas were established, she conducted a thorough space assessment. “I wrote down a description of what they were storing and the exact dimensions of each item,” she said. “Then I determined if they needed to allow space for storing more of that particular item in the future or if they wanted to actually decrease the number stored.”
Given the limited available space, the usage patterns of the athletes and staff, and the facility’s current and projected storage needs, the planning group decided that powered high-density storage systems should serve as the core of both areas. A high-density storage system consists of shelves or other storage units mounted on carriages, which move along rails installed in the floor. This means that wasted aisle space is eliminated because the shelves can be stored close together. When a user needs to access stored items on a powered high-density system, he or she can simply press a button on an electronic touchpad to set the units in motion and create an aisle at the point of need. In Stanford’s case, the high-density storage system eliminated wasted space, allowed for more items to be stored in the same area, and provided safe and convenient access for busy athletes and staff.
After the basic storage framework was established, the Spacesaver design consultant referred back to the master list of items that needed to be stored in each area and specified bins, hangers, steel pegboard, and other solutions to ensure that every item would have a home. She estimated the number of linear feet required to store the items in the proper containers, on shelving, or on hangers. Finally, she created a detailed plan to ensure that there would be enough space to accommodate all items.
Because empty shelves have a way of quickly becoming cluttered and disorganized, Stanford staff wanted a plan that would create a clearly marked “home” for all the items that needed to be stored, from crutches to shoulder pads to dress belts. The items needed to be not only easy to find, but also easy to put away — because for busy college athletes, a plan that includes inaccessible or inconvenient storage devolves pretty quickly into no storage plan at all. The storage plan helped staff and students understand the possibilities the new space could offer, as well as their role in keeping the system tidy and well organized.
The end result was a designated place for every item on Stanford’s long list of items to be stored. Take a look below at some of the details.
The Sports Medicine department’s crutches are hung on configurable steel pegboard panels. By storing pairs of crutches on hangers, Ruiz ensured that faculty and staff could quickly and easily retrieve the necessary size and also take a quick visual inventory of the crutches available. The steel pegboard’s durable powder coat paint withstands repeated use and integrates seamlessly with the adjacent modular bin shelving system.
Spacesaver’s 4-post shelving is universally slotted, resulting in a great deal of configurability. Individual 4-post static shelving units can be equipped with lockable doors, bins, and shelves, as well as a broad array of storage accessories. Boxes of bulk supplies in the sports medicine area are stored on 4-post shelving units that were mounted on carriages and rails to create a compact mobile storage system.
Stanford opted for custom decals on the storage system’s end panels that result in a cohesive look that boosts team pride. End panels for Spacesaver products are available in a wide variety of sleek finishes that can enhance any facility’s interior design.
Systems & Space provides ongoing service for this project. As the athletic facility’s storage needs change over time, Spacesaver and Systems & Space remain committed to serving students and staff.
Learn more about our athletic storage solutions by visiting our education market page, or by downloading a printable version of this page. | <urn:uuid:b01f6709-581d-4f4b-b960-f4e49e780fdb> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://systemsnspace.com/athletic-equipment-storage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480240.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216085312-20190216111312-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.95046 | 1,055 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Egotism in German Philosophy/Chapter VI
Fichte purified the system of Kant of all its inconsistent and humane elements; he set forth the subjective system of knowledge and action in its frankest and most radical form. The ego, in order to live a full and free life, posited or feigned a world of circumstances, in the midst of which it might disport itself; but this imagined theatre was made to suit the play, and though it might seem to oppress the Will with all sorts of hindrances, and even to snuff it out altogether, it was really only a mirage which that Will, being wiser than it knew, had raised in order to enjoy the experience of exerting itself manfully.
It would seem obvious from this that the Will could never be defeated, and that in spite of its name it was identical with destiny or the laws of nature: and those transcendentalists who lean to naturalism, or pass into it unawares, like Schelling or Emerson, actually understand the absolute Will in this way. But not so Fichte, nor what I take to be the keener and more heroic romantic school, whose last prophet was Nietzsche. The Germans, in the midst of their fantastic metaphysics, sometimes surprise us by their return to immediate experience: after all, it was in wrestling with the Lord that their philosophy was begotten. As a matter of fact, the will is often defeated — especially if we are stubborn in defining our will; and this tragic fact by no means refutes the Fichtean philosophy, which knows how to deal with it heroically. It conceives that what is inviolable is only what ought to be, the unconscious plan or idea of perfect living which is hidden in the depths of all life: a will not animated in some measure by this idea cannot exist, or at least cannot be noticed or respected by this philosophy. But when, where, how often and how far this divine idea shall be carried out is left unexplained. Actual will may be feeble or wicked in any degree; and in consequence the world that ought to be evoked in its maximum conceivable richness, may dwindle and fade to nothing.
The Will may accordingly be defeated; not, indeed, by imagined external things, but by its own apathy and tergiversation. In this case, according to the logic of this system (which is as beautifully thought out as that of Plotinus), the dissolving world will appear to be overwhelmingly formidable and real. In expiring because we have no longer the warmth to keep it alive, it will seem to be killing us; for the passivity of the ego, says Fichte, is posited as activity in the non-ego. That way of speaking is scholastic; but the thought, if we take the egotistical point of view, is deep and true.
So any actual will may perish by defect and die out; but actual will may also perish by sublimation. The true object of absolute Will is not things or pleasures or length of life, but willing itself; and the more intense and disinterested this willing is, the better it manifests absolute Will. The heroic act of dashing oneself against overwhelming obstacles may, therefore, be the highest fulfilment of the divine idea. The will dares to perish in order to have dared everything. In its material ruin it remains ideally victorious. If we consider the matter under the form of eternity, we shall see that this heroic and suicidal will has accomplished what it willed; it has not only lived perilously but perished nobly.
It is hardly necessary to point out how completely this theory justifies any desperate enterprise to which one happens to be wedded. It justifies, for instance, any wilful handling of history and science. The Will by right lays down the principles on which things must and shall be arranged. If things slip somehow from the traces, so much the grander your “scientific deed” in striving to rein them in. After all, you first summoned them into being only that you might drive them. If they seem to run wild and upset you, like the steeds of Hippolytus, you will, at least, not have missed the glory, while you lived and drove, of assuming the attitude of a master. Call spirits from the vasty deep: if they do not come, what of it? That will only prove the absolute self-sufficiency of your duty to call them.
What tightens this speculative bond between Fichte and the Nietzschean school is that he himself applied his theory of absolute Will to national life. This ego, which was identical with mind in general, he identified also with the German people. If the Germans suffered their national will to be domesticated in the Napoleonic empire, the creative spirit of the universe would be extinguished, and God himself, who existed only when incarnate in mankind, would disappear. It was evidently one’s duty to prevent this if possible; and Fichte poured out all the vehemence of his nature into the struggle for freedom. The mere struggle, the mere protest in the soul, according to his system, would secure the end desired: self-assertion, not material success, was the goal. A happy equilibrium once established in human life would have been only a temptation, a sort of Napoleonic or Mephistophelian quietus falling on the will to strive.
I am not sure how far Fichte, in his romantic and puritan tension of soul, would have relished the present organisation of Germany. He was a man of the people, a radical and an agitator as much as a prophet of nationalism, and the shining armour in which German freedom is now encased might have seemed to him too ponderous. He might have discerned in victory the beginning of corruption.
Nevertheless we should remember that a perfected idealism has a tendency to change into its opposite and become a materialism for all practical purposes. Absolute Will is not a natural being, not anybody’s will or thought; it is a disembodied and unrealised genius which first comes into operation when it begins to surround itself with objects and points of resistance, so as to become aware of its own stress and vocation. What these objects or felt resistances may be is not prejudged; or rather it is prejudged that they shall be most opposite to spirit, and that spirit shall experience its own passivity — one mode of its fated and requisite experience — in the form of an influence which it imputes to dead and material things.
The whole business of spirit may, therefore, well be with matter. Science might be mechanical, art might be cumbrous and material, all the instruments of life might be brutal, life itself might be hard, bitter, and obsessed, and yet the whole might remain a direct manifestation of pure spirit, absolute freedom, and creative duty. This speculative possibility is worth noting: it helps us to understand modern Germany. It is no paradox that idealists should be so much at home among material things. These material things, according to them, are the offspring of their spirit. Why should they not sink fondly into the manipulation of philological details or chemical elements, or over-ingenious commerce and intrigue? Why should they not dote on blood and iron? Why should these fruits of the spirit be uncongenial to it?
A theoretical materialist, who looks on the natural world as on a soil that he has risen from and feeds on, may perhaps feel a certain piety towards those obscure abysses of nature that have given him birth; but his delight will be rather in the clear things of the imagination, in the humanities, by which the rude forces of nature are at once expressed and eluded. Not so the transcendentalist. Regarding his mind as the source of everything, he is moved to solemn silence and piety only before himself: on the other hand, what bewitches him, what he loves to fondle, is his progeny, the material environment, the facts, the laws, the blood, and the iron in which he conceives (quite truly, perhaps) that his spirit perfectly and freely expresses itself. To despise the world and withdraw into the realm of mind, as into a subtler and more congenial sphere, is quite contrary to his idealism. Such a retreat might bring him peace, and he wants war. His idealism teaches him that strife and contradiction, as Heraclitus said, are the parents of all things; and if he stopped striving, if he grew sick of ambition and material goods, he thinks he would be forsaking life, for he hates as he would death what another kind of idealists have called salvation.
We are told that God, when he had made the world, found it very good, and the transcendentalist, when he assumes the Creator’s place, follows his example. The hatred and fear of matter is perhaps not a sign of a pure spirit. Even contemplatively, a divine mind may perfectly well fall in love with matter, as the Moon-goddess did with Endymion. Such matter might be imagined only, as if Diana had merely dreamt of her swain; and the fond image might not be less dear on that account. The romantic poet finds his own spirit greeting him in rocks, clouds, and waves; the musician pours out his soul in movement and tumult; why should not the transcendental general, or engineer, or commercial traveller find his purest ideal in trade, crafts, and wars? Grim work, above all, is what absolute Will demands. It needs the stimulus of resistance to become more intensely conscious of Self, which is said to be its ultimate object in imagining a world at all. Acquisition interests it more than possession, because the sense of effort and power is then more acute. The more material the arts that engage it, and the more complicated and worldly its field of action, the more intense will be its exertion, and the greater its joy. This is no idealism for a recluse or a moping poet; it does not feel itself to be something incidental and fugitive in the world, like a bird’s note, that it should fear to be drowned in the crash of material instruments or to be forced to a hideous tension and shrillness: shrillness and tension are its native element. It is convinced that it has composed all the movements there are or can be in existence, and it feels all the more masterful, the more numerous and thunderous is the orchestra it leads. It is entirely at home in a mechanical environment, which it can prove transcendentally to be perfectly ideal. Its most congenial work is to hack its way through to the execution of its World-Plan. Its most adequate and soul-satisfying expression is a universal battle. | <urn:uuid:c586d85c-2712-4b2d-b84a-37d4a8954ccb> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Egotism_in_German_Philosophy/Chapter_VI | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507441801.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005721-00330-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968333 | 2,232 | 2.859375 | 3 |
List of some Chrysops species recorded in Africa.
African Chrysops are less studied than their European and American counterparts. The bionomics of only Chrysops silacea and Chrysops dimidiata is frequently reported. These two species feed on mammals in general but humans remain their main host. From the resting place in the canopy of the natural and secondary forest, they locate their hosts as they move but smoke of wood is a much better attractant than the movement. Other species live either in the rain forest or in the wooden savannah feeding on mammals and reptiles. Chrysops are biological and mechanical vectors of diseases in human and livestock. They also cause painful bites often resulting in open wounds, which can serve as open door for bacterial infections. In the past, control relied on the use of insecticides and clearing of vegetation around the habitations. Nowadays, recourse to repellents, trappings and destruction of the canopy around houses is recommended. The detailed geographical distribution of African Chrysops is still to be elucidated, as well as any genetic variability within and among species. The aims of the chapter are to provide the reader with the state-of-the-art knowledge on African Chrysops, and to present the gap in knowledge of this genus species.
- biting density
- fly range
The genus Chrysops known as deer flies is under studied in Africa. Most of the knowledge on this genus date back to works performed in the years fifties to sixties. Interest was again raised on this genus in the years nineties when loiasis, a filarial disease transmitted by Chrysops species, stood as an obstacle to onchorcerciasis elimination programme. The literature on the topic is not only old but also very limited and scarce, probably because Chrysops species are mistakenly considered as of little economic importance and also because few species are anthropophilic while the majority is mainly zoophilic. Although a number of Chrysops species are transmitters of many pathogens to livestock, what is currently known on the genus Chrysops is mostly derived from studies on Chrysops silacea and Chrysops dimidiata, the main vectors of Loa loa to humans. Nowadays, Chrysops species in Africa are neglected, under studied flies in comparison to other flies of veterinary and medical importance such as ticks, tsetse flies, mosquitoes, sand flies or black flies. They are only mentioned in various studies pertaining to loiasis or sporadically in mere fauna studies. Apart from its role in the transmission of loiasis, its vectorial role in transmitting both human and livestock diseases evoked decades ago has not been fully investigated. In addition, their detailed geographical distribution is still to be elucidated, talkless of the investigation of any genetic variability within and among species that may impact their distribution and their disease transmission potential. The aims of the chapter are to provide the reader with the state‐of‐the‐art knowledge on African Chrysops, to present the gap in knowledge and to develop interest for further studies of this genus.
2. Importance of African Chrysops
Chrysops species are of medical and veterinary importance. They do not only transmit loiasis to human and animals but also cause harm to their hosts. The losses incurred by Chrysops transmitted diseases or bites have not been estimated but coma, encephalopathy and death are some of the outcomes of loiasis in patients treated with diethylcarbamazine or ivermectine [1, 2]. Other clinical signs observed in patients with loiasis include generalized arthralgia, headache and painful oedema . All these signs lead the patients to inactivity, resulting in economic unproductiveness. From the veterinary point of view, Chrysops are harmful to livestock, as they have been reported to feed on cattle, camels and dogs [3–5]. Chrysops are large bloodsucking insects. Therefore, heavy infestations of the animal may lead to anemia. They may also act as mechanical vectors of diseases to livestock .
3. Hosts and species
There is very little detailed information on the host range of Chrysops. Chrysops species are known to feed on mammals in general. These include humans, wild animals and laboratory animals such as guinea pigs [2, 6]. Some species seem to feed preferably on some hosts referred to as “normal hosts” and accessorily on other hosts when their normal host is not available. Regarding the host preferences, Gouteux and Noireau showed no significant difference between C. silacea and C. dimidiata in their preference for humans, with about 90% of blood meals taken on man. The other source of blood meal (10%) was shown to be taken from a range of nonhuman hosts which was of great variety and included hippopotamuses, rodents, reptiles, wild pigs and wild ruminants (antelopes, principally Tragelaphus scriptus and buffalos). The difference between the two Chrysops species regarding the preference for hippopotamuses or wild ruminants was not significant nor was that for rodents or reptiles. The authors also found that domestic animals (sheep, goat, cats and dogs) though available were not attractive to C. silacea and C. dimidiata. Nevertheless, this latter observation disagreed with a previous finding indicating that C. silacea feeds well on cattle and dogs under natural conditions and on rabbits while in the laboratory . Detailed knowledge of the full host range of zoophilic species is not known. Chrysops streptobalia, a wild species, has recently been captured in an area harboring cattle, small ruminants (sheep, goats) and Equidae .
Data on Chrysops species and on their exact number in Africa are scarce. Whatever their number, two of them C. silacea and C. dimidiata are the mostly recorded species. According to Fain , about thirty Chrysops species are known to occur in sub‐Saharan Africa. Of these species, only a few are recorded to feed on human and livestock and to transmit diseases. The list of some of the species recorded in Africa, with their geographic location is presented below ( Table 1 ). There is a huge gap in the knowledge of species and also in the genetic variability that may occur within and among species. Whether sibling species or subspecies occur in Chrysops species is not known. The genetic variability may affect both the ecological spread of the species and also its vectorial transmission potential. Thus, as for other species such as mosquitoes or black flies, molecular tools need to be developed for the accurate identification and genotyping of Chrysops in Africa.
|Chrysops species||Geographic location||Reference|
|C. silacea, Austen, 1907||Cameroon, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda||[8–11]|
|C. dimidiata Wulp, 1885||Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda||[8–11]|
|C. flavipes Meigen, 1804||Egypt|||
|C. streptobalia Speiser, 1912||Ethiopia|||
|C. centurionis Austen, 1911||Nigeria||[8, 13]|
|C. distinctipennis Austen, 1906||Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo||[8, 13]|
|C. longicornis Macquart, 1838||Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo||[8, 13]|
|C. langi, Bequaert, 1930||Democratic Republic of Congo|||
|C. laniger Loew, 1860||Democratic Republic of Congo|||
|C. distinctipennis, Austen, 1906||Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda|||
|C. obliquefasciata Macquart, 1838|||
|C. funebris Austen, 1907||Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda|||
|C. brucei Austen, 1907||Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda|||
|C. griseicollis Bequaert, 1930||Democratic Republic of Congo|||
|C. neavei Austen, 1911||Democratic Republic of Congo|||
The taxonomy of Chrysops species is well known. The genus Chrysops is one of the three genera of veterinary and medical importance of the Tabanid family. There is no controversy on the taxonomic classification of Chrysops species.
Chrysops are members of the Arthropod (Arthropoda) phylum. Arthropods consist of invertebrates species whose major characteristic are the division of the body into clusters of segments notably the head, thorax and abdomen; the presence of a hard chitinous exoskeleton and jointed limbs. Each set of segments is known as tagma, with each tagma (head, thorax and abdomen) having specialized functions. Segmentation has almost disappeared in some species (mites) but still remains in the embryo.
They belong to the insect (Insecta) class with three pairs of legs in adults, a single pair of antennae and a broad tagmatisation (division into tagma) of the body into three distinct sections: the head, thorax and abdomen.
They are part of the dipterous (Diptera) order or true flies. True flies are characterized by a thorax bearing a single pair of functional wings. Other winged insects have two pairs of wings but in dipteran flies, the second pair of wings, the hind pair, is reduced to small knob‐like sensory organs called halters which help the insect to maintain a balanced flight. The larvae are different in behaviour and structure to the adults so that the fly can parasitize the tissues of the host either as larvae or as adults but not in both states. Some are also mechanical or biological vectors of diseases.
Chrysops are brachyceran flies (suborder Brachycera) whose short antennae are usually composed of different sized segments. These antennae project in front of the fly. The Brachycera face is bulbous and there is no arista on the antennae.
Chrysops belong to the Tabanidae family. This family gathers the large robust flies known as horse flies (Tabannus), deer flies (Chrysops) and clegs (Haematopoda). These are flies with antennae made up of three sections, the third one being enlarged and composed of four to eight segments; they have two‐jointed palps with the second segment enlarged and feet with three pads.
The genus Chrysops is made up of flies having wings with a simple pattern of a dark band across the width. Their antennae are long with five segments and the proboscis is shorter than the head.
5. Geographic distribution and ecological zones
Studies on the geographic distribution of Chrysops species have so far aroused little interest. The only detailed study showing the confinement area of the fly at country level dates back to many decades ago . Zouré et al. provided a comprehensive distribution of loiasis ( Figure 1 ) in Africa, which nearly corresponds to the distribution of Chrysops vectors [2, 8] because the transmission of loiasis is correlated to the distribution of its vectors. According to these authors, two main zones of highly endemic loiasis can be distinguished: a western zone that comprises part of the Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Central African Republic and Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Angola; the second hyper‐endemic zone is mainly made up of the North‐Eastern part of the DRC. Areas of low endemicity include most parts of DRC, north Cameroon and large sections of Angola, Nigeria, Chad and Sudan. Because some Chrysops are essentially zoophilic, the geographic distribution likely expands beyond the previously described area. For instance, Chrysops species have been described in Egypt and in Rwanda , countries not mentioned in the previously described area of distribution.
Within a given area, Chrysops are found in some particular ecological zones. In general, most species dwell in forested areas. C. silacea was found to be predominant in the cleared forest, particularly in the villages and in their immediate vicinity, whereas C. dimidiata prefers natural vegetation, particularly in the forest . Whether the natural or artificial vegetation, presence of the canopy seems to be the most important criteria for Chrysops to settle, as this offers a resting place from where the host is spotted . The artificial vegetation found as suitable ecological area include cacao farms, crop fields, mixed crop fields and inhabited areas [9, 16], regenerated forest and commercial plantations such as rubber tree plantations . Some but few species also live in savanna areas, as is the case for Chrysops flavipes collected in the Sinai in Egypt .
Species of the genus Chrysops are relatively large biting flies with size varying from 5 to 30 mm in length. The head is large, presents bulky eyes with brightly coloured marks and a prominent proboscis ( Figure 2 ). The short, stout, anteriorly projecting antennae have no arista and consist of three markedly different segment. The three segments are expanded and the third is marked by five annulations that make the genus antenna look as though it consists of more than three units. The wings have a dark band across the width and when the fly is at rest, they are held apart over the abdomen ( Figure 3 ). The wing venation is characteristic, especially the branching of the fourth longitudinal vein.
C. silacea and C. dimidiata, the two mains vectors of diseases among African Chrysops species are presented below. In C. silacea, the two longitudinal stripes on the yellow abdomen never extend beyond the third abdominal segment and may be so attenuated or interrupted as to be almost absent. In C. dimidiata, the abdominal stripes are broader and reach the fourth segment, where they usually become merged into the darker brown colour of the terminal segments. The wing markings of the two species are similar.
7. Life cycle
It should also be noticed that recent information on the life history of Chrysops is untraceable and no published work on this topic on African Chrysops species, apart for C. silacea is available. Adult females of the Tabanidae are known to live on a mixed diet, feeding on sugar and blood, whereas adult males feed exclusively on carbohydrates. In the Tabanidae, development of the ovaries is dependent on the taking of a previous blood meal and after the ovoposition, a further blood meal is required before a further batch of eggs will develop.
After mating, the female C. silacea seeks a blood meal until sufficient blood has been ingested and then retires for egg maturation. During the “gestation period”, the fly feeds on carbohydrates obtained from fruits or flowers to keep alive or active. The eggs are then laid after development and a new cycle is resumed after which other eggs are laid. The complete development of the ovaries and subsequent ovoposition take not less than about 6 days after blood meal. The normal development of the ovaries was shown to occur when the blood meal was larger than 8 mg and if the blood meal happened to be insufficient, the fly must return to attack another host to feed and retire to gestate, only when the blood amount is sufficient to initiate ovaries development . The ovoposition sites of various species of Chrysops have been described to be over water. Female Chrysops laid the eggs in the mud along the rivers and lakes, on various objects (vegetation, stones) in the water near the shore, in permanent swamps and in small swampy patches formed throughout the rain forest during the wet season [18–21]. The eggs laid in batch of 100–800 units are 1.1 mm long and 0.2 mm wide at the broadest part and tapering more towards the apex than towards the base.
The eggs hatch between 5 and 9 days after ovoposition and all the larvae from one egg mass hatch almost simultaneously. After hatching, the larvae leave the substratum to sink in the mud that is covered with very shallow slowly running water. Larvae are saprophageous, whitish in colour, vermiform and hemicephalous. Larval development is very slow, consisting of 7–10 instars according to environmental conditions . In the rainy season, the duration of a larval live history is estimated at 27 days for C. dimidiata and 15 days for C. silacea . During the dry season, the duration of the larval stage is longer for all Chrysops species. For instance, the normal life history of C. silacea appears to occupy 1 year but the eighth or ninth instar fail to pupate in any year before the onset of unfavourable conditions, then the fly can apparently survive in the larval stage for a considerable period; this would account for the small number of pupae and adult flies which are found even during the driest and therefore unfavourable season . Before pupation, the mature larvae of C. silacea moves to the edge of the stream or swam in which it is living and takes up a position in the mud just beyond and above the water's edge. Pupation takes place at the edge of water and the pupa, first pale yellow in colour becomes brown or yellow brown as it ages, showing a size varying from 10 to 13 mm. The time slot between pupa and imago is 4 to 7 days, but the commonest period is 5 or 6 days. When the pupa is about to emerge to imago, it moves upwards to the surface of the mud until the thorax completely get out. The adult fly gradually works its way out from the puparium, taking several minutes to emerge completely and then rests on the mud for up to 1 hour until the body and winds are sufficiently hardened for it to fly away for the resting site in the canopy.
The time slot between pupa and imago is 4 to 7 days, but the commonest period is 5 or 6 days. When the pupa is about to emerge to imago, it moves upwards to the surface of the mud until the thorax completely get out.
8.1. Cutaneous effect
African Chrysops not only cause deep painful bites but also cause irritation that result in painful wounds in some people ( Figure 4 ). These wounds are potential entry doors for many pathogens.
8.2. General effect (vector of diseases)
African Chrysops are vectors of L. loa in human and Loa papionis in monkeys [2, 9, 22]. Due to the biting habit of Chrysops whereby several hosts are often necessary to feed to repletion, they are responsible for the mechanical transmission of diseases . They are vectors of many pathogens to livestock; this includes bacteria, viruses, protozoa, Trypanosoma evansi in equines, dogs and camels, Trypanosoma equinum in equine, Trypanosoma simiae in pigs Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei in equine, cattle, sheep and other ungulates [4, 5, 24]; other Trypanosoma transmitted by Chrysops are Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypanosoma rhodesiense, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis .
Chrysops species are either nocturnal or diurnal biters. The feeding time is correlated with the time when the host is active and available. Thus, C. silacea and C. dimidiata which feed on humans are diurnal feeders [9, 17]. In contrast, Chrysops langi and Chrysops centurionis having monkeys as hosts are crepuscular biters. Environmental conditions probably influence the biting habits of Chrysops. Temperature, humidity and light intensity are some interdependent factors influencing the biting activity of Chrysops. Brilliant sunshine and very dull days were reported to reduce the biting activity of Chrysops , whereas the daily biting cycle of C. silacea was showed to present two peaks of activities, 9–11 a.m. and 2–4 p.m. . The Chrysops biting density has been shown to vary according to ecological zones, being higher in forested than in clear areas and habitations [15, 16]. In the Lekie Division in central Cameroon, Demanou et al. reported a Chrysops biting density of 568 and 4696 bites/man/year in inhabited and forest areas, respectively. In general, Chrysops species bites all over the year but Chrysops biting density is the highest in the rainy season (the favourable breeding season) for some species such as C. silacea and C. dimidiata [16, 17], whereas some species (Chrysops neavi) have been collected solely in the dry season . Meanwhile, other species (Chrysops brucei, Chrysops distinctipennis) have been reported solely in the rainy season . To feed on human, African Chrysops usually fly up to the habitations to attack the host at the veranda and even inside well lighted houses [9, 16]. They are persistent and furtive, mostly attacking the legs or walk on the clothing probably in search of a biting site. They can be observed flying around the human host but the usual sign of their presence is the great pain of the bite, since they are pool feeders. In the forest, African Chrysops have also been reported to follow a moving vehicle like other Tabanids and to pursue a human being on foot for at least half a mile . The population density of adults Chrysops is fairly low (∼1000/km2) and their flight range usually not great (theoretical range: <6000 m and maximum distance: 4500 m) in the secondary forest . Adult female Chrysops spot their hosts using visual or olfactory means. Females are attracted by the movement of people or animals who are directly visible from the canopy . Smoke of wood fire is extremely attractive to C. silacea [26, 27]; this therefore increases the opportunity of contact between human and the flies. The attraction to fire may be related to the diffusion of odorous molecules other than CO2, contained in the smoke in the canopy [2, 27]. Catches carried out around a wood fire is multiple fold higher than in catches without wood fire [2, 28–30]. As reported by Duke , this visual attraction to humans appears to be less than that of a wood fire.
10. Laboratory diagnosis
The coloration of the wing and the three‐segmented antennae is used in differentiating the three major genera of the family Tabanidae ( Figure 5 ). In Chrysops species, the three antennal segments are expanded and the third is marked by five annulations that make the genus antenna look as though it consists of more than three units. The wings have dark bands across the width and when the fly is at rest, they are held apart over the abdomen. Tabanus species have transparent wings and the first two antennal segments are small and the terminal segment has a tooth‐like projection on its basal part and four annulations. Haematopota species have characteristically mottled wings that are held divergent when at rest; its first antennal segment is large, the second is narrower and the third presents three annulations.
Attempts to large scale control of Chrysops population in the past relied on the use of insecticides. Dieldrin, DDT and Gamma‐BHC have been used in Kumba in the southwest region of Cameroon against C. silacea and C. dimidiata larvae and pupae. The treatment was successful, leading to a drop in the fly density of 30%, 2 years after dieldrine spreading . Although the result was promising, the method was not recommended due to difficulties to access to breeding sites in densely vegetated areas, the high cost of the treatment and the risk of environmental pollution and contamination of food and water . A 60% solution of dimethylphtalate has also proven to be a good repellent of Chrysops in Kumba. Another promising method attempted was the creation of anthropic savanna hostile for Chrysops development around habitations . Nowadays, it is well established that adults fly dwell in the canopy where they locate their host, that the fly range and density are limited (less than 6000 m and 785–3682 flies/km2) and that the smoke of wood is attractive to Chrysops. So, based on these current knowledge on the biology and ecology of Chrysops, control measures against these pests may encompass: the clearance of large area of bush around habitations in order to destroy the habitats (canopy) of the adult flies, use of repellents for crop or forest workers and livestock, trapping with attractant to reduce the fly density. In this respect, Morlais showed that smoke of wood increased the Loapi trap performance to 14 fold. Also, the Harris trap has been reported to be efficient on wooded savanna–dwelling Chrysops and need to be tested on forest‐dwelling Chrysops . If traps have been developed and largely used for other disease vectors in Africa (tsetse flies, mosquitoes), little has been done as regards African Chrysops. Yet, traps have the advantages of being cheap, harmless to the environment and can be used by a common man. For a rapid and large scale control of Chrysops, modern chemicals without a permanent effect on the environment need to be developed.
The gap in the knowledge of African Chrysops is huge. The Chrysops fauna in Africa still needs to be elucidated, as well as the role of each species, subspecies or genotype in the transmission of diseases to human and livestock. But before this is done, molecular tools need to be developed for epidemiological studies to clarify whether currently known species vary genetically across geographic areas. Research works are also to be focused on repellents, attractants, traps and environment‐friendly insecticides that can be used for an efficient control of Chrysops. With the present knowledge on the biology, ecology and behavior of Chrysops, different control measures could be combined at small and large scale level. At small scale level, insecticide‐treated traps or Harris‐type traps could significantly reduce the fly density in rural areas if they are set next to firewood smoke (attractant). At large scale level, aerial spraying of insecticides at the resting sites (canopy) could be done but the most efficient technique would involve limiting or preventing female from breeding by using its natural enemies or the “sterile male” technique. This technique consists of introducing barren males in the population to compete with wild males for mating, as is the case in tsetse fly control. In sum, there is still a lot to know on African Chrysops and a long way to go before their successful control or eradication. | <urn:uuid:c1bfd97e-5012-458b-901c-16478484a37b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.intechopen.com/books/biological-control-of-pest-and-vector-insects/the-african-chrysops | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704833804.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127214413-20210128004413-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.941428 | 5,569 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Memorial KIN-COM-A-ONG SPRING
This limestone monument sits about 50 yards north of the former railroad yard flanked by two evergreen trees. Except for history books, the historical monument was the only symbol left recognizing the Paradise Spring treaty when the City of Wabash took over the property in the 1980s to create Paradise Spring Historical Park.
It recognized the fact that the treaty was signed in this location in October 1823 by Indiana Governor James Ray, Michigan Governor Louis Cass, indian agent John Tipton, and the leaders of the Miami and Potawatomi tribes. The US government gained 750,000 acres of Indian land under the treaty. More importantly, the treaty freed North Central Indiana and parts of Michigan and Ohio for settlement.
Potawatomi chiefs signed the treaty on October 16, ceding an estimated 276,000 acres of land in Northwest Indiana. They also relinquished between 500,000 and 700,000 acres jointly owned with the Miami tribe. The government retained rights to open roads on parts of the land that the Potawatomi retained. A week after the Potawatomi signed the treaty, the Miami chiefs folled suit, relinquishing the land they jointly owned. The government retained the right to build a road or canal through the Miami reservation.
Although the treaty was signed in 1826, survey work for the canal had already begun. Indian agent John Tipton knew the Native Americans were becoming more dependent on the settlers. The tribes knew they were outnumbered and could not fight against this acquisition. The treaty virtually eliminated the Potawatomi tribe in Northern Indiana and placed the Miami tribe on a reservation just south of the Salamonie River, west through Logansport, Indiana.
Shallow rivers in the newly acquired area were hard to navigate, prompting state officials to plan a canal system after seeing the success of the New York and Erie Canal. Two years after the state received the land, it agreed to create the canal system. Plans originally called for connecting the Maumee and Wabash Rivers but were changed to include passage from the Wabash River to the Ohio River. Canal work began in 1832. Contracts for county work were awarded in 1834, and the canal section in Wabash was completed in time for a July 4, 1837 celebration. Controversy marked the opening ceremonies when Ed Patchen broke through the procession in his boat, The Prairie Hen, and beat the planned first boat belonging to Capt. Dana Columbia's "Indiana", into the canal.
Severe financial problems also marked the canal, which cost Indiana residents more than $18 million to build. Although it was constantly used, the canal did not raise enough revenue to pay off the substantial debts. Despite being a financial disaster, the canal was a success because it opened Central Indiana up and gave people a way to travel here to settle. This opened up land for agriculture.
By the time the canal was in full working order, the railroads arrived. In 1852, the Lake, Erie, Wabash & St. Louis railroad was organized. Wabash County construction started in 1853, and on January 20, 1856, the first train arrived in Wabash, Indiana. Regular runs between Toledo, Ohio, and Wabash, Indiana, began three days later. The Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad arrived in 1872 which was the year the final delivery was made on the Wabash & Erie Canal. The CW&M later became known as the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, the Big Four, one of the country's most important transportation lines.
The Big Four moved into the Paradise Spring land in 1873. It soon became the county's largest employer.
(Wabash Plain Dealer, Dec. 17, 1985, Joseph Slacian, reporter) | <urn:uuid:14b30f54-8ffe-44f1-8a1e-43ec72df301a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.paradisespring.org/memorial-kin-com-a-ong-spring | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510707.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930181852-20230930211852-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.972534 | 788 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Clutch plates are used to connect and disconnect driven part from the driving part temporarily. This apparatus demonstrates the concept of clutch friction using different types of clutch plates.
It consists of flat disc of leather against which a clutch plate is loaded. The clutch plate is secured by screws to the effort pulley. A torque is applied to the effort pulley by dead weight using two load cords. The main load on the effort pulley and thus the clutch plate is applied by a loading arm system via a thrust bearing. | <urn:uuid:e9330720-217c-41a9-aa93-c8008ea0cb05> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://infinit-technologies.com/our-products/ff-1124-clutch-plate-friction-apparatus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496330.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329232328-20200330022328-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.943925 | 103 | 3.03125 | 3 |
You can’t help but smile if someone says they’re going to use a video game to teach physics. Of course, with Portal 2, you actually could provide a much more engaging lesson in some of the more dull aspects of one of our core sciences. So Valve software have created an educational GLaDOS – Teach with Portals.
It is now available to (legit) educators in an effort to spur on the education of a younger generation, through a medium where they are not only comfortable but are enthusiastic about.
Right now, it’s only available for physics and maths lessons (makes sense) but it seems there are plans for a wider scope of teaching – including Chemistry and even languages! | <urn:uuid:cdb93636-fa95-4686-8e91-540f69a50e7d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.geeksaresexy.net/2012/06/24/teaching-win-teach-with-portals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573385.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918234431-20190919020431-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.955134 | 147 | 2.625 | 3 |
People began to negatively impact the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay earlier than previously thought, a new study finds.
Nitrogen is one of the most abundant elements in the planet found in air and water. But when too much of it enters the environment, usually from human activities, the air and water can become polluted. In a study published in Scientific Reports, FIU Ph.D. student Heather Black found pollution in the Chesapeake Bay appeared as early as 1800, but it generally confirms industrialization and deforestation around the bay led to water quality issues before the American Civil War began in 1861.
Previous studies using sediments dug from the bay floor showed similar levels of nitrogen in about the same time period, but oyster shells are easier to date, according to the study’s researchers. Sitting at the bottom of the bay, oysters eat much of what washes over them and act as a record of environmental changes. Black compared the amounts nitrogen stored in modern shells with amounts found in shells that are up to 3,400 years old. By analyzing the shell’s growth bands – which form somewhat similarly to tree rings – scientists can determine environmental conditions during its lifespan.
“We know Chesapeake Bay is heavily polluted, but no one knows exactly what a ‘pristine’ bay of the past looked like in terms of nitrogen concentrations,” Black said. “Hopefully, this can give scientists and managers a better idea of what degree of restoration is needed, since the bay’s health is currently in a steep decline.”
The study was conducted when Black was a master’s student at the University of Alabama. It was co-authored with researchers from the University of Alabama, the Smithsonian Natural History Museum and Union College.
Black is currently a Ph.D. student in FIU’s Department of Earth and Environment. As part of the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 346, Black is working alongside Geology Professor William Anderson to reconstruct oceanic currents as old as 5 million years to determine when the East Asian monsoon began. The East Asian monsoon is a large-scale sea breeze that carries air inland from the Indian and Pacific oceans, influencing the climate of eight countries and one-third of the world’s population. According to Black, understanding how the region’s climate has fluctuated in the past will give scientists a better idea of how it will vary in the future.
Black aspires to a career in academia where she can teach and conduct research on how marine environments change over time. | <urn:uuid:e539b738-5d10-4eb1-a919-eb18056c01a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://news.fiu.edu/2017/04/oysters-hold-secrets-to-chesapeake-bays-past/110812 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805008.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118171235-20171118191235-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.957376 | 521 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Water Is Everywhere Oceans, glaciers, rivers, lakes, air, soil and living tissue
The Water Cycle The unending circulation of the Earth’s water supply ◦ Works because water readily changes states
The Water Cycle Vocabulary Precipitation ◦ Rain and Snow Evaporation ◦ Water changes into gas in atmosphere Infiltration ◦ Movement of surface water into rock or soil ◦ Runoff Rate of rainfall exceeds Earth’s ability to absorb precipitation Transpiration ◦ Plants release water into atmosphere
Reading Checkpoint Looking at the graph on page 158 ◦ What percentage of Earth’s water is not held in its oceans? ◦ What percent of Earth’s water is in freshwater lakes and streams combined? Looking at Figure 2 on page 159 ◦ In which three ways does precipitation return to oceans? What is infiltration?
Earth’s Water Balance Balance means the average annual precipitation over Earth equals the amount of water that evaporates. ◦ There are local imbalances Precipitation exceeds evaporation over continents Evaporation exceeds precipitation over oceans
Streamflow The ability of a stream to erode and transport materials depends largely on its velocity. Velocity affected by ◦ Gradient ◦ Shape, size and roughness ◦ Discharge
Streamflow Look at Figure 3 on page 160 Along straight stretches the stream velocity is highest at the center of the channel What a stream curves, its zone of maximum speed shifts toward the outer bank How does velocity change with depth in the middle of the stream?
Gradient The slope or steepness of a stream channel Expressed as vertical drop over specified distance Varies over stream’s length Varies from one stream to the next Refer to Figure 4 on page 160 ◦ Where is the steepest gradient? ◦ How does the gradient change as the stream reaches the ocean?
Channel Characteristics Stream Channel ◦ The course the water in a stream flows Friction affects water from sides and bottom of channel ◦ Boulders will slow stream down ◦ Larger channels flow faster because a smaller proportion of water is in contact with the channel surfaces
Discharge Volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given amount of time ◦ Measured in cubic meters/second ◦ Changes with rainfall and snowmelt Higher discharge causes the stream channel to widen and deepen ◦ Less friction – flows faster Human Interference ◦ Building near streams increases runoff ◦ During dry times streams dry up because less water soaked in during rainy times
Reading Checkpoint The ____________ of a stream is the volume of water flowing past a specific point in a specific amount of time. What factors determine the velocity of a stream? Trivia ◦ What is the longest river in the US?
Changes from Upstream to Downstream Stream Profile ◦ Cross sectional view of stream from source to mouth Gradient decreases between a stream’s headwaters and mouth but discharge increases ◦ More tributaries enter main channel
Base Level Lowest point to which a stream can erode its channel ◦ Where mouth of stream enters ocean, lake or another stream Two Types ◦ Ultimate – sea level ◦ Temporary – lakes, resistant layers of rock and main streams that are base for tributaries
Base Level Meanders ◦ Bends in the stream ◦ Sometimes stream in broad, flat-bottomed valley is near base level ◦ Then the base level changes (dropped or stream uplifted by land) ◦ Now the stream has ◦ more energy and ◦ channel gets downcut
6.1 Assessment How is the earth’s water cycle balanced? What factor most influences the power of a stream to erode and transport material? How do gradient and discharge change between a stream’s headwaters and its mouth? What would happen if evaporation exceeded precipitation over the continents and the oceans? How does the development of urban areas along streams and rivers affect discharge during periods of heavy rainfall?
6.2 The Work of Streams Most important agents of erosion ◦ Downcut channels ◦ Erode channels ◦ Transport sediments produced by weathering ◦ Create depositional features
Erosion Lift loose particles by ◦ Abrasion ◦ Grinding ◦ Dissolving soluble material Stronger current = more erosion
Sediment Transport Three ways to transport sediment ◦ Dissolved load In solution ◦ Suspended load In suspension ◦ Bed load Scooting or rolling along the bottom
Dissolved Load Usually enters through groundwater ◦ Can also enter when rock is dissolved along course of stream Amount depends on climate and geological setting Measured in parts per million (ppm) ◦ Average dissolved load is 115-120 ppm
Suspended Load Most common type of transport Usually sand, silt and clay ◦ During floods can transport larger materials because of increased velocity
Bed Load Sediment too large to be carried in suspension ◦ Move along bottom ◦ Only moves when force of water is great ◦ Grinding action erodes stream channel
Competence and Capacity Ability to carry load depends on these two things Competence ◦ Measures the largest particles it can transport ◦ Increases with velocity Capacity ◦ Maximum load it can carry ◦ Related to discharge ◦ More water in stream = more capacity
Deposition Happens when stream slows down Heavier particles fall out first (sorting) Alluvium ◦ Sorted material deposited by stream
Deltas An accumulation of sediment formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean When it grows outward the velocity of the stream goes down ◦ Channel becomes blocked ◦ Stream finds new way to base level
Natural Levees River occupies valley with broad, flat floor Successive flooding causes ridge made of coarse sediments that parallel the river When river overflows its banks the velocity slows down so large particles get deposited
Stream Valleys Narrow Valleys ◦ V-shaped ◦ Stream downcutting towards base level ◦ Rapids and waterfalls Uneven erosion
Stream Valley Wide Valleys ◦ After stream gets close to base level erosion switches from downward to side to side ◦ Produces flood plain ◦ Streams begin to meander ◦ Erosion occurs on cut bank Outside of the meander Debris deposited at point bars Inside of meanders
Stream Valley Erosion more effective downstream of meander because of slope ◦ Bend gradually travels down the valley When bend reaches resistant portion of floodplain it quits moving and gets overtaken by next meander upstream Neck narrows and gets cut off Abandoned bend = Oxbow lake
Floods and Flood Control Flood ◦ Discharge of stream exceeds the capacity of its channel and overflows its banks ◦ Caused by rapid spring snow melt or storms that bring heavy rains
Floods and Flood Control Flash flood ◦ Little warning ◦ Caused by Rainfall intensity and duration Surface conditions Topography ◦ Common in urban and mountainous areas ◦ Human interference increases chances Building dams and levees
Artificial Levees Mounds of earth built along bank of river Increase volume channel can hold Causes sediments that otherwise would have been dropped in floodplain to be dropped in channel ◦ Over time channel holds less water ◦ Levees have to be raised
Flood Control Dam Store floodwater and let it out slowly Used for irrigation and hydroelectric power Consequences ◦ Trap sediment so deltas and floodplains downstream begin to erode ◦ Build up of sediment means volume of water goes down so flood control is problem again ◦ Ecological damage
Limiting Development Trend is to preserve floodplain in natural state ◦ No development ◦ Allows water to be absorbed without harming homes and businesses
Drainage Basins The land area that contributes water to a stream AKA – Watershed Divide – imaginary line that separates drainage basins of one stream to another
6.2 Assessment How do streams erode their channels? What causes floods? What is the relationship between a stream and a drainage basin? How do streams transport sediment? How does urban development interfere with the natural function of floodplains?
6.3 Water Beneath The Surface Underground water in US ◦ Drinking water for 50% of population ◦ 40% of irrigation ◦ 25% industrial
Distribution Near surface ◦ Belt of soil moisture ◦ Water drops stick to soil particles Zone of saturation ◦ Water fills all open spaces in sediment and rock ◦ Groundwater here ◦ Upper limit known as water table Zone of aeration ◦ Not saturated
Movement Porosity ◦ Percentage of total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces Permeability ◦ Ability to release a fluid Groundwater moves by twisting and turning through interconnected small openings ◦ Moves more slowly when pore spaces are small
Movement continued Clay ◦ Has high porosity Holds a lot of water ◦ Impermeable Pore spaces are too small for water to move through Aquitard ◦ Impermeable layer that prevents movement Aquifer ◦ Permeable rock layers or sediments that transmit groundwater freely ◦ Source of well water
Springs Flow of groundwater that emerges naturally at the surface Forms when the water table intersects the ground surface ◦ Aquitard blocks downward movement so water has to move laterally
Hot Springs Has to be 6*C – 9*C warmer than mean annual air temperature Over 1000 in US Most found in Western US Heated by cooling igneous rock Mudpot ◦ Hot acidic groundwater mixes with minerals from adjacent rock forming thick, bubbling mineral springs
Geysers Intermittent hot spring or fountain in which water shoots up with great force at various intervals ◦ Shoots water 30-60meters ◦ When water stops steam rushes out Old Faithful ◦ Erupts about every hour
Geyser Eruption Cycle Groundwater seeps into fractures in hot igneous rock Water heated to near boiling Water expands – so some is forced out at surface Loss of water reduces pressure and lowers boiling point Water then flashes to steam Rapidly expanding steam forces hot water out to form geyser Chambers now empty Refill with water and process starts over
Wells Bored hole in Zone of Saturation Used mostly for agricultural purposes Must penetrate below water table Cone of Depression ◦ Forms when large amounts of water are pumped at once
Wells continued Artesian Well ◦ Groundwater rises on its own under pressure ◦ Two conditions: Water must be in aquifer that is tilted so one end is exposed at surface Must be aquitard both above and below to keep water from escaping elsewhere ◦ Pressure from weight of water above forces water to rise when well is drilled
Environmental Problems Associated With Groundwater Two biggest issues: ◦ Overuse ◦ Contamination
Treating as Nonrenewable Resource Supplies are finite Can’s always replace water as fast as it is being pumped out ◦ Causes ground to sink ◦ Pores in sediment empty so sediment gets packed together ◦ Some places would take thousands of years to replenish
Groundwater Contamination Sewage from septic tanks Farm wastes Inadequate or broken sewers Depending on composition of aquifer contaminated water might be filtered ◦ If aquifer is too permeable then water doesn’t get filtered and is dangerous to drink
Contamination Continued Fertilizers, pesticides and highway salt Leakage from pipelines, storage tanks, landfills and holding ponds ◦ When rainwater oozes through it dissolves contaminants ◦ If it reaches the water table then groundwater is contaminated Heavy use of wells near coasts deplete aquifers which then refill with saltwater
Contamination Continued Must abandon water supply ◦ Allows pollutants to flush out gradually ◦ Least costly ◦ Easiest ◦ Takes years for pollutants to filter away Speed up process by pumping out and treating polluted water ◦ Aquifer can refill on its own or can pump treated water back in
Caverns Naturally formed underground chamber Limestone rock soluble in water with small amounts of carbonic acid ◦ Formed when rain in atmosphere combines with carbon dioxide that naturally occurs in atmosphere
Caverns continued Erosion forms most caverns at or below the water table in the zone of saturation ◦ Acidic groundwater follows lines of weakness in rock Leaves behind depositional stone formations ◦ Calcium carbonate = travertine ◦ Dripstone is in zone of aeration Happens when streams cut their valley deeper
Dripstone Features Stalactites ◦ Icicle-like pendants that hang from ceiling ◦ Form when water seeps through cracks in ceiling, water reaches air in cave, dissolved carbon dioxide from water is released and calcite separates out, deposition occurs as ring around edge of water droplet, drop falls and leaves calcite behind
Dripstone Features Stalagmites ◦ Develop on floor and reach up ◦ Water supplying calcite falls from ceiling and splatters over surface of cavern floor ◦ No central tube ◦ More massive ◦ More rounded
Karst Topography Area where landscape has been shaped largely by the dissolving of groundwater Have irregular terrain with many sinkholes ◦ Depression produced in a region where groundwater has removed soluble rock Common in Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, southern Indiana and central northern Florida
Sinkhole Formation Gradual ◦ Downward seeping rainwater dissolves limestone ◦ Can go years without physically disturbing the rock ◦ Usually shallow with gentle slopes Suddenly ◦ Roof of cavern collapses ◦ Steep-sided and deep
Karst Characteristics Pockmarked with sink holes Lack of surface drainage (streams) Runoff quickly funneled below ground through sinkholes – flows in cavern until it reaches water table If a stream does exist it is usually short Sinkholes become plugged with clay or debris to create small lakes or ponds
6.3 Assessment In which zone is groundwater located? How does water move underground? What are some environmental threats to groundwater supplies? How and where do most caverns form? What landforms are common in an area of karst topography? What is the difference between stalactites and stalagmites? How is groundwater a nonrenewable resource? Explain why caverns form in the zone of saturation, while dripstone features form in the zone of aeration. | <urn:uuid:05598b04-ed0b-4d66-a5b9-696cf1dd4f53> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4145045/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189903.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00570-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900959 | 2,934 | 3.703125 | 4 |
in reply to
On TRUE and FALSE
in thread Code to solve the "matrix formation" puzzle
While I never use these constants for anything other than setting variables I declare, it would be easy to use them otherwise. I started this habit when I was first learning perl as a way of distinguishing "logical" and "numerics" in my code and for setting "logical" options in some modules (like DBI).
$gDBHandle = DBI->connect
'dbi:Oracle:' . ORATNS, ORAUSER, ORAPASS,
AutoCommit => FALSE,
PrintError => FALSE,
RaiseError => FALSE,
) || die 'Could not connect to Oracle ['.$DBI::errstr.' - '.$DBI::er
This just helped me remember I was turning "off" those options instead of setting some "numeric" to zero.
Thank you for the suggestion. | <urn:uuid:1c1a55f8-dee1-4b60-a36b-aecf936f0c52> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl/jacques?node_id=267655 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678694630/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024454-00016-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.857119 | 197 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Indira Gandhi Canal is the largest canal in India. The canal is 650 km long and starts from the Harike Barrage, a few kilometers below the confluence of the Sutlej and Beas rivers in Punjab. It flows through Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, with the major length of the canal flowing through Rajasthan. The canal terminates near Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.
The construction of Indira Gandhi Canal was started in 1958. The main
objective behind building the canal is to convert the part of Thar
desert from wasteland to agriculturally productive area. The canal was
earlier known as Rajasthan Canal and its name was changed in 1984.
Indira Gandhi Canal uses water released from Pong dam. | <urn:uuid:6b59f3c3-2fe4-4a35-82e8-b27455a842f3> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/infrastructure/largest-canal-in-india.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246633799.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045713-00284-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927032 | 160 | 3.0625 | 3 |
For millions of students throughout the world, learning Arabic is critical. However, the manner of instruction employed may discourage some students from finishing their education. That is why we highlight the benefits of communication as a convenient method of learning Arabic.
Importance of Communication in Learning
Communication is important in our daily life. We use it without knowing to reach our goals and communicate how and why we want to reach these goals. Communication is specifically important in learning.
Both the learner and the instructor benefit from excellent communication. Communication facilitates learning, assists students in achieving their goals, expands chances for extended learning, develops the bond between student and instructor, and produces an overall pleasant experience.
Aside from the typical student-instructor interaction, communication strengthens the bonds among learners. It encourages them to go further in their learning path and allows them to help each other grow and advance.
Types of Communication in a Classroom?
Communication inside the classroom is essential for students to learn well and should be implemented from the beginning of their education. Classroom communication exists in three categories:
- Verbal communication
- Nonverbal communication
- Written communication
Verbal communication is the exchange of information using sounds and languages. Teachers might use verbal communication to address one student or the entire class. The explaining, questioning, and conversing is a vital part of the whole process.
Nonverbal communication is the act of communicating without using words by using body language, gestures, facial expressions, body posture, tone of voice, and attitude. For example, if a teacher nods their head as a student speaks, this might be encouraging or indicate that the student is doing a good job.
Written communication is the act of communicating or receiving information in writing. An instructor, for example, may offer a written assignment to learners to assess their understanding, or he or she may present lecture slides or notes for complex topics.
What Is a Communication Process?
A communication process is an evergoing two-way process including feedback and interaction. It’s an activity that consists of four major components. Sender, receiver, channel, and noise are among the components.
The communication process goes like this:
- The sender encodes the message.
- The message is transmitted through a channel.
- The receiver decodes the message.
- Possibility of giving mutual feedback.
The sender initiates communication by sending a message through a channel that may or may not have noise, the receiver receives the message and decodes it, then feedback might be asked to assess whether the communication was successful or not.
The sender, aka the information source, is the person who sends the message. In learning, the sender is typically the instructor.
This encompasses all modes of communication. The signal or message is being sent by the physical system. What method are you employing to deliver the data? Is it an image or a film? Is it a presentation? Are you conversing and displaying body language?
These are your channels of communication, and you should use the finest ones available to transmit the information.
It is the recipient of the communication. That is most likely the one who is being taught (student) or is in the process of learning. Everyone participating in the process has a vested interest in getting the best message possible.
Noise is an element that obstructs communication, whether on a physical or psychological level. Noise has an effect on the message, altering or deleting it. If a teacher is using an infographic to explain something to the students, but the infographic was too complicated, it didn’t transmit the correct message, then a noise took place.
What Is Communicative Language Teaching?
Communicative language teaching (CLT), often known as the communicative approach, is a method of teaching that stresses interaction as both a means and an end goal of learning.
Arabic learners in CLT settings learn and practice the Arabic language through interactions with one another and the teacher, study of “authentic texts” (those written in Arabic for reasons other than language instruction), and usage of the language both in and out of class.
The objective of language education, according to CLT, is to be able to communicate in the target language. This is in contrast to earlier perspectives, in which grammatical skill was frequently seen as the most important factor.
Furthermore, the technique is a non-methodical system that does not utilize a textbook series to teach the target language but instead focuses on establishing verbal communication skills before moving on to reading and writing.
Advantages of Communication In Learning Language
When a teacher uses communication in the classroom to teach a language, students get to understand the messages in this target language better. They may even use the same messages in a better way outside the class.
Improves Communication Skills
Talking and using the language in informal communication can really help to improve the students’ communication skills, both in their mother language and the target language they’re learning.
Using communication in class can create multiple healthy bonds between the students and instructor as well as among students themselves. This sure helps to create a positive atmosphere where learning is easier and more encouraging.
Results in Quick Progress
When communication is used in learning, you learn how to use the target language as well as your mother language. This results in quick progress and the ability to easily communicate with a native speaker sooner than you think.
What Is Communication Skills?
Communication skills are the talents you employ to give and receive various types of information. Communicating new ideas, thoughts, or even an update on your project are some instances. Listening, speaking, watching, and empathizing are all communication skills.
Why Are Effective Communication Methods Essential In Classrooms?
Effective communication methods may aid in the creation and maintenance of a secure learning environment in which students can grow, prosper, and learn. It has been demonstrated that supportive teacher-student interactions improve class involvement, engagement, and, ultimately, a student’s accomplishment. | <urn:uuid:60fbad6f-5c1b-47d3-b97c-ba4d2e1412ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://alifarabic.com/the-benefits-of-communication-to-learn-arabic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446706291.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126112341-20221126142341-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.937506 | 1,257 | 3.984375 | 4 |
The skeleton of the fetus begins developing bones about 13 weeks following conception. The bones gradually become harder and muscle tissue begins to develop. At birth, a newborn's body has approximately 300 bones. Over time, these bones grow together to form the 206 bones in adults.
Cartilage to Bone
According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), a human embryo starts off with cartilage that is transformed into bone. Cartilage is a flexible, rubbery substance. The NIDCR says the transition from cartilage to bone is coordinated by an intricate system of proteins called transcription factors. This network ignites the proper genes at the precise time to complete the ossification (bone tissue formation) process. The bones of newborns and young children are not as strong as in adults since they have yet to be ossified. During childhood, the cartilage grows and is gradually replaced by bone with assistance from calcium.
Bones consist of primarily of collagen, phosphorus, sodium and calcium. Calcium hardens the bones so they are strong enough to endure body weight. Bones contain calcium and will discharge some into the bloodstream when it's required in other areas of the body. The majority of blood cells are produced by the bone marrow that’s located on the interior of the bone. The stem cells contained in bone marrow manufacture red blood cells (provide oxygen to tissues), platelets (assist with blood clotting), and certain kinds of white blood cells (infection fighters). Bones are connected to other bones by ligaments (lengthy, fibrous straps).
Types of Bones
The two types of bones in the human body are compact bone and cancellous bone. Compact bone resembles ivory. It is the strong, smooth and solid exterior portion of the bone. Inside the compact bone are several layers of cancellous bone, which is similar in appearance to a sponge. While cancellous bone is not as durable as compact bone, it is very sturdy. | <urn:uuid:df0a716c-607e-4a44-b6fb-83bf6be0f141> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/36711-bone-development-during-fetal-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00057-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934783 | 404 | 4.0625 | 4 |
When we’re stuck indoors because of the cold and snow, my boys become anxious to get moving and burn off some energy. Any kind of racing activity is perfect!
I set up a quick racetrack using tape on our floor. I had the boys race around it with their trucks, themselves and even by blowing pom poms around the track!
What you’ll need:
- painter’s tape
- a pom pom or cotton ball for each kid
- a straw for each kid
How to prepare:
- Start by taping a large rectangle (or oval) as big as your space allows.
- Tape another rectangle inside that one, making it small enough to have a good sized track between the two (I left about a foot and a half).
- Tape diagonals across the middle section that wasn’t part of the track so there’s no confusion.
- Tape a ‘dotted’ start/finish line across the track.
Race around the track!
Set the kids up at the starting line with their straws and pom poms. Let them practice blowing a few times to get the hang of it.
The rules of our racing activity (that can be broken by younger kids):
- The first to make it around the track and back to the start/finish line is the winner.
- If you blow your pom pom outside of the track, you’ll need to start back at the beginning.
- Optional: We had a baby to dodge. An additional rule was if he grabbed/touched the pom pom, you’ll need to start back at the beginning as well (this added lots of giggles trying to hide the pom pom from him).
My young preschooler got many exceptions to the rules. But he really took his time racing around the track. He blew the pom pom only an inch or so at a time.
My kindergartner, on the other hand, was in a rush and blew the pom pom far each time. He often ended up outside the track when he tried to go around the corner.
My preschooler ended up ‘winning’ the race and my kindergartner was very upset. It was very much the tortoise and the hare story.
I ended up racing against my kindergartner then. Let me tell you, this is actually a tough racing activity! (Or maybe I’m just getting too old to be crawling around on my knees for that long…) He ended up beating me fair and square. | <urn:uuid:e27fb99b-9cf5-4ad5-8697-d8c98c5ef736> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.pbs.org/parents/adventures-in-learning/2014/01/racing-activity-straws-pom-poms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608765.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527021224-20170527041224-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.962404 | 547 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Practice this breathing exercise with your child. The playful poses teach the younger children to breathe properly and to control their breath. Breathing is the basis of several athletic and artistic activities; such as singing or running. In our every day life, breathing enables us to control our emotions. Breathing is necessary to our yoga practice because each component of a yoga pose corresponds to an inhale or an exhale. Breathing sessions can be practiced anywhere, anytime.
Breathing and emotions interact: feelings affect breathing and vice-versa.
- Sit on your heels, with your legs bent.
- Bring your palms together above your head.
- Go as far down as you can, and place your hands away from you.
- You are going to envision yourself as a snake and hiss just like one. Place your tongue against your palate. Slowly raise your head while inhaling, letting the air flow between your tongue and your palate.
- When your arms are vertical, bring your head back down as you exhale while letting air out and hissing continually. You become a snake hissing to protect itself.
- You can repeat this exercise several times, calmly. | <urn:uuid:73e73a39-06ba-4f63-a18d-9841edd793fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://free-finally.com/2022/06/15/beginners-yoga-for-children-breathing-snake-samasana/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103984681.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702040603-20220702070603-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.941106 | 241 | 3.21875 | 3 |
What is it?
This is a CEL Robox. An entry level 3D printer costing around £1,000.
What can it do?
It uses technology very similar to inkjet printers to make 3-dimensional objects by squirting molten plastic from a very small nozzle. As the plastic emerges, it solidifies and is built up in layers. In this way a complex shape gradually appears.
How do you use it?
Simply load any compatible 3D model into the software controlling the machine. When you’re new to 3D printing, just click on ‘Make’ and the software and machine will do everything for you. As you get more experienced, you can make adjustments to basic settings to improve the quality and reliability of the print. There are a large number of finished 3D models available on the internet, or you can create your own using free 3D modelling software such as 123D(R) SketchUp or OpenSCAD. These programs require a little learning to get used to but, with a small amount of practice, most people who are familiar with computers can use them.
Why do we like it?
3D printing allows us to make an object of almost any shape we can imagine cheaply and easily. We can therefore create perfect looking parts for all the fantastic prototypes and models we like to make here at TechResort. We can print 3D name badges, parts for robots, our Minecraft designs and anything our imagination can come up with. Previously, we’d have had to make do with toilet rolls, sticky backed plastic and Will’s old pants (not that we don’t still use those too!)
Currently we can only print in plastic and one colour at a time (though more expensive models which can print in two or three colours are now available). Printing can also be very slow, sometimes taking several hours to make large and more complex shapes. It can be difficult to create precisely the right model for your 3D part so that the best printed result is obtained. Knowledge of how to do this can only be gained from experience.
Do I need any extra equipment to make it work?
A PC to control the printer. The plastic used is supplied in reels of filament consisting of just over 500g of material and costing about £40.
Do we run workshops with it?
We’re still learning how best to use our machine and hope to acquire a better one very soon. We expect to be running one off sessions in the New Year for older children and adults to see a 3D printer in action, try some of the tools we use, learn the tips and tricks we’ve learnt and maybe even 3D print their own design. | <urn:uuid:178d4d26-ca9e-480d-9c40-1b0e9a94b4e8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://techresort.org/3d-printer-explained/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202200542-20230202230542-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.943497 | 563 | 2.796875 | 3 |
What’s A Yeast Infection? – What Causes Canine Yeast Infections
Candida albicans, also called yeast, is present in our bodies. This type of fungus is supposed to be in balance in our body. When the levels of candida become also higher, even though, it could trigger illness. This condition is a lot more probably in women, as yeast infections are much more common in women who are sexually active. Right here are some beneficial suggestions for avoiding yeast infections. If you suspect which you might have a yeast infection, consult having a physician. >>> What Causes Canine Yeast Infections – Consider specialist support or Read More >>>
Yeast infections may be attributable to an overgrowth of yeast. Some kinds are harmless inside the mouth, bowels, or vagina. But when the yeast is overgrown, it could cause many different symptoms, including itching, burning, or vaginal discharge. Several of those symptoms are primarily skilled by women, though male partners may not experience them. To confirm a diagnosis, your healthcare provider will look for indicators of vaginal redness, irritation, and swelling, as well as other frequent problems.
Remedy options for yeast infections differ significantly. Over-the-counter medicines are successful for treating an acute infection. They usually cure an infection in a week or two. The medicines are accessible as oral pills, ointments, or suppositories. You may also seek healthcare suggestions in the event the infection has persisted for much more than per week. Antifungal medicines also can be employed as long-term treatments, which are typically prescribed by a medical doctor. These medicines will normally final for about two to seven days and are not advised for pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers.
Yeast infections are a typical condition that affects women. It may result in itching, discharge, and irritation. It really is the second most typical type of vaginitis and impacts over a single million women every year. Nevertheless, many women experience much more than a single episode. The good news is the fact that you will find over-the-counter medicines that may treat the symptoms of vaginitis. Despite the fact that they may appear effective, they may not work. Generally, over-the-counter medications will only treat the symptoms from the infection, so it really is greatest to see your physician if they are unsure.
The trigger of a yeast infection is a fungus referred to as candida. These fungi are naturally present within the body, but may cause infection if they may be overexposed. Antibiotics may cause an overgrowth of candida. Broad-spectrum antibiotics may also cause a yeast infection. They destroy healthy bacteria inside the vagina, which can encourage the overgrowth of yeast. Some women are susceptible to a yeast infection simply because of their high estrogen levels. Those with weak immune systems are at a larger risk for candida esophagitis.
Symptoms Of Yeast Infection
You could expertise vaginal yeast infection symptoms in case your vagina is infected. It might be accompanied by pain behind the breastbone, difficulty swallowing, and itching. Most circumstances of yeast infection are minor, and several folks don’t even have any symptoms. Depending on the severity of the infection, you might require remedy using a prescription drug, such as fluconazole, or you’ll be able to treat the infection oneself with over-the-counter creams or suppositories.
Symptoms of yeast infection differ depending on exactly where it really is occurring. Oral symptoms contain a red mouth lining and cracked tongue. You might also expertise discomfort during urination or intercourse. A vaginal discharge may also be present, although it’s not often present. It’s cottage-cheee-like and varies in consistency. >>> What Causes Canine Yeast Infections – Take advantage of specialised service or maybe a Continue Reading >>> In the course of sexual intercourse, you could encounter discomfort, itchiness, and cottage-cheelike discharge.
In case your symptoms persist right after remedy for three weeks or a lot more, you ought to visit a medical doctor for a yeast infection diagnosis. Your gynecologist will ask you about your way of life and health-related history. She’ll most likely carry out a pelvic exam and examine the vulva, vagina, and cervix. She’ll take a sample of your vaginal discharge and analyze it below a microscope. The results of those tests will aid your medical doctor decide the best course of therapy.
Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of a fungus known as candida. Candida naturally lives in your vagina. Nonetheless, specific aspects could result in it to grow a lot of, which final results in symptoms. Poor diet, tension, and a lack of sleep can all increase the danger of a yeast infection. Symptoms of yeast infection could be present in any or all of those places. Your healthcare expert could ask you to take a symptom-reporting pill.
Trigger Of Yeast Infection
What causes a yeast infection? Yeast infections can occur on any surface from the body, from the penis for the vagina. Typically they do not spread among people, but in some cases, the symptoms can worsen just before the start of a period. In other instances, a yeast infection might take place prior to the begin of a period and clear up through the course of the period. A yeast infection might be the result of a number of aspects, which includes a compromised immune program, excessive tension, and warm, moist environments.
A woman experiencing this situation must visit her OB-GYN for a correct diagnosis. Your physician will execute a pelvic examination to figure out the cause from the infection. She will insert a unique instrument into the vagina to examine the vaginal secretion. >>> What Causes Canine Yeast Infections – Get a hold of high quality support or just Read More >>> A physician can determine the cause from the infection based on the appearance in the vaginal discharge in addition to your well being history. Your doctor will also send the secretion to a laboratory for identifying the causative infectious microorganism.
Remedy is needed for the treatment of a yeast infection. Over-the-counter treatments are usually successful for mild infections. However, over-the-counter treatments aren’t as powerful as prescription medication. You might discover that the symptoms of the infection are more serious than you believed. While over-the-counter treatments can be helpful, you need to seek the advice of your medical doctor when the situation is chronic. The symptoms of a yeast infection are frequently painful and uncomfortable, nevertheless it is essential to seek medical attention if you are experiencing any of them.
Remedy for any yeast infection can range from oral fluconazole, also referred to as Diflucan, to vaginal therapy. The therapy of a yeast infection can final anywhere from seven to fourteen days based on the severity in the condition. For probably the most successful outcomes, a physician ought to prescribe oral fluconazole, or Diflucan. Most people respond to a single dose in just a few days. The longer the infection persists, the more frequent it’ll recur.
Yeast Infection Remedy – What Causes Canine Yeast Infections
Although most instances of yeast infection are effortlessly treatable with an anti-fungal cream, a lot more severe cases could demand more intensive therapy. As a result, women ought to seek proper diagnosis from a physician instead of self-treating with over-the-counter medicines. Yeast infections are often confused with other infections. A doctor will help you recognize the correct result in of the infection and prescribe the best remedy for you personally. Yeast infections are brought on by a variety of causes, and only an correct diagnosis will supply the correct treatment.
Yeast infections are a result of the overgrowth of yeast around the skin. It occurs when a natural balance between bacteria and yeast is disturbed. This can take place in warm, moist environments like diaper locations or skin folds. >>> What Causes Canine Yeast Infections – Take specialized guide or maybe a Read More >>> A standard yeast infection appears as a red, flat rash with scalloped edges, and could be accompanied by tiny patches. It is a painful and itchy situation that can take numerous different types.
If your symptoms persist or usually do not improve right after a couple of days of treatment, you should discontinue the remedy. Seek the advice of a physician for further guidance. Homeopathic remedies have not been studied, but may be successful. Although you’ll find no verified homeopathic remedies, several OTC goods, including Miconazole, may be successful in treating a yeast infection. These over-the-counter treatments generally contain exactly the same components as prescription medicines, however they are less concentrated.
Furthermore to prescribed medications, there are some natural remedies that can remedy yeast infections. Herbal remedies are especially well-liked with women who’ve compromised immune systems. Some women even use anti-fungal medications while taking antibiotics. These measures, nevertheless, usually are not confirmed to prevent vaginal yeast infections. Though these techniques usually are not scientifically confirmed, they might be an excellent thought for you personally. They include a natural remedy that assists stop future yeast infections.
Topical antifungals may be employed to treat yeast infections. You’ll find numerous creams available for this objective, which may be applied towards the vaginal canal as soon as daily or inserted using a syringe. These creams and ointments needs to be applied for the vaginal area right after bathing, and even around the impacted places at night. In the event the infection persists, your doctor might prescribe oral fluconazole, that is an efficient first-line antifungal medication. >>> What Causes Canine Yeast Infections – Try to get professional assist or alternatively Keep Reading >>>
The symptoms of a yeast infection are often self-diagnosed, and your healthcare provider might ask about your medical history, along with your symptoms. They might carry out a vaginal exam and conduct a laboratory test to decide in the event you have candida overgrowth. The medical doctor will prescribe antifungal drugs that can treat the infection for a single to seven days. These medicines are accessible over the counter and prescribed and can be employed within several days. | <urn:uuid:51c8b24f-ecd0-49b3-bea5-9114e23e0439> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.yeastinfectionreviews.com/yi01/what-causes-canine-yeast-infections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104277498.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703225409-20220704015409-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.949989 | 2,119 | 2.78125 | 3 |
According to the Academy of General Dentistry, 10 million Americans suffer from temporomandibular joint (TMJ) issues. If you are one of them, you are likely frustrated with the pain caused by this condition. Bucks County Smiles offers safe and effective advanced treatments to relieve chronic TMJ pain.
The terms TMJ and TMD are often confused. TMJ technically refers to the temporomandibular joint itself. TMD stands for temporomandibular joint disorder – the actual dysfunction in the joint and associated structures. However, you’ll often hear TMD referred to as TMJ.
Whether you want to call it TMJ or TMD, it hurts! So what’s going on? The term TMD comprises a variety of conditions that affect your jaw muscles, temporomandibular joints (TMJ), and nerves associated with chronic facial pain. The causes of TMD are not always obvious, but many experts believe that certain mental or physical tasks (and stress) can cause or aggravate your TMD symptoms.
If you overuse your TMJ muscles — for example, by constantly grinding or clenching your teeth — you may be prone to TMD pain. If you have TMJ syndrome or TMD, you may be experiencing the following:
To determine the cause of your symptoms, our dentists will evaluate many factors. Sometimes, an x-ray called a "pan" or "panoramic radiograph" will be helpful in diagnosis structural issues with the jawbones. Additionally, occlusion (the way the teeth bite together) will be examined. We will also gather detailed information about your everyday habits and health background. Measurements of your jaw's range of motion may be taken, or we may perform a Muscle Exam to evaluate for overused/tender muscles ("myalgia" and "trigger points"). Every approach to TMD diagnosis is tailored to each patient's background, anatomy, and symptoms.
We offer several types of treatments and therapies for TMJ pain and TMD. Everyone’s case is different, and our patients have unique needs. TMJ treatment options include:
A plastic guard called a splint or bite plate may be crafted and placed over your upper and/or lower teeth to reduce teeth grinding and clenching, thereby easing muscle tension.
You may need to have a small bit of tooth structure removed or added to even out bite pressure.
Muscle tension or inflammation can be closely associated with TMD and migraine or tension headaches. Over-used muscles can be painful (myalgia) or cause referred head, neck, and orofacial pain. Injections with lidocaine and/or botulinum toxin (Botox® or Xeomin®) can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck pain.
Some of our patients have experienced TMJ relief from chiropractic services, physical therapy, and/or acupuncture. We are happy to work alongside fellow healthcare professionals to design a multifaceted treatment plan for you.
We may also recommend dietary changes and taking anti-inflammatory medications if you suffer from TMD. Eating only soft foods and/or taking aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen can ease TMJ pain. | <urn:uuid:4ce40772-45ce-4b90-9cb7-3ac5b9a82be4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.buckscountysmiles.com/tmj-treatment-yardley | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510334.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927235044-20230928025044-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.92678 | 667 | 2.625 | 3 |
The parts of a hurricane are called the eye, the eye wall and the rain bands. The eye is at the center of the hurricane and usually measures between 20 to 40 miles. The eye wall surrounds the eye, stretching 5 to 30 miles in width. The rain bands form the spiraling portion of the hurricane and can be dozens or hundreds of miles wide.Continue Reading
The strongest winds and rains occur in the eye wall of a hurricane, while the weakest winds and lightest rainfall occur in the eye. The eye of the hurricane may not contain clouds, and the sky can appear clear and peaceful.
In counter-clockwise moving hurricanes formed in the northern hemisphere, the most active part of the eye wall is to the right of the eye in an area called the right-front quadrant. In addition to having heavier wind and rain, this quadrant is the most likely part to form high seas and storm surges during landfall. When the eye wall contracts, the maximum wind speed increases and a new eye wall can form. As the rain bands spiral out, they form a pinwheel shape. Between the pinwheels, the air may be calm with little wind and rain.Learn more about Storms
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a hurricane is an organized thunderstorm that occurs over water and has sustained winds that reach maximum speeds over 74 miles per hour. These storms originate over the Atlantic Basin, which includes the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. When they reach land, they often cause structural damage and flooding.Full Answer >
Hurricanes form when rising warm, moist air displaces colder air high in the atmosphere. The cold air drops down on all sides of the warm spot, swirling slightly as it falls, then becomes warm and moist itself, repeating the process. Over time, the swirling grows into a hurricane.Full Answer >
The Great Hurricane of 1780 killed approximately 22,000 people when it struck several Caribbean islands, making it the worst on record. Although records from the time are poor, it is believed to have first made landfall on October 10 in Barbados before tearing through other islands in the eastern Caribbean.Full Answer >
A hurricane is a tropical cyclone with sustained winds reaching speeds of at least 74 miles per hour, according to The Weather Channel. Hurricanes are classified on a scale of 1 to 5 using the scale Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.Full Answer > | <urn:uuid:ed46cff7-9661-4702-acce-d8a4aa084c58> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.reference.com/science/parts-hurricane-4c3c61702bd27c6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982298875.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195818-00195-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929819 | 493 | 3.625 | 4 |
Medication used to treat patients with type II diabetes activates sensors on brain cells that increase hunger, causing people taking this drug to gain more body fat, according to researchers at Georgia State University, Oregon Health and Science University, Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center.
The study, published on March 18 in The Journal of Neuroscience, describes a new way to affect hunger in the brain and helps to explain why people taking a class of drugs for type II diabetes gain more body fat.
Type II diabetes, the most common form of diabetes, affects 95 percent of diabetes sufferers. People with type I or type II diabetes have too much glucose, or sugar, in their blood. Type II diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older adults and people who are overweight and inactive, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
The research team found that sensors in the brain that detect free circulating energy and help use sugars are located on brain cells that control eating behavior. This is important because many people with type II diabetes are taking antidiabetics, known as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which specifically activate these sensors, said Johnny Garretson, study author and doctoral student in the Neuroscience Institute and Center for Obesity Reversal at Georgia State.
The study found peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor &Upsih; (PPAR&Upsih;) sensors on hunger-stimulating cells, known as agouti-related protein (AgRP) cells, at the base of the brain in the hypothalamus. Activating these PPAR&Upsih; sensors triggers food hoarding, food intake and the production of more AgRP. When AgRP cells are activated, animals become immediately hungry. These cells are so potent they will wake a rodent up from slumber to go eat, Garretson said.
TZDs help to treat insulin resistance, in which the body doesn't use insulin the way that it should. They help the body's insulin work properly, making blood glucose levels stay on target and allowing cells to get the energy they need, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
"People taking these TZDs are hungrier, and they do gain more weight. This may be a reason why," Garretson said. "When they're taking these drugs, it's activating these receptors, which we believe are controlling feeding through this mechanism that we found. We discovered that activating these receptors makes our rodent animal model eat more and store more food for later, while blocking these receptors makes them eat less and store less food for later, even after they've been food deprived and they're at their hungriest." | <urn:uuid:73270421-e767-4c71-97fb-8c08d2e7e70c> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/291530.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249501174.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223122420-20190223144420-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.944792 | 563 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Scientists have successfully regenerated cells in the retina of adult mice at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle.
Their results raise the hope that someday it may be possible to repair retinas damaged by trauma, glaucoma and other eye diseases. Their efforts are part of the UW Medicine Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine.
Many tissues of our bodies, such as our skin, can heal because they contain stem cells that can divide and differentiate into the type of cells needed to repair damaged tissue. The cells of our retinas, however, lack this ability to regenerate. As a consequence, injury to the retina often leads to permanent vision loss.
This is not the case, however, in zebrafish, which have a remarkable ability to regenerate damaged tissue, including neural tissue like the retina. This is possible because the zebrafish retina contains cells called Müller glia that harbor a gene that allows them to regenerate. When these cells sense that the retina has been injured, they turn on this gene, called Ascl1.
The gene codes for a type of protein called a transcription factor. It can affect the activity of many other genes and, therefore, have a major effect on cell function. In the case of the zebrafish, activation of Ascl1 essentially reprograms the glia into stem cells that can change to become all the cell types needed to repair the retina and restore sight.
The team of researchers in the new study were led by Tom Reh, University of Washington School of Medicine professor of biological structure. The scientists wanted see whether it was possible to use this gene to reprogram Müller glia in adult mice. The researchers hoped to prompt a regeneration that doesn't happen naturally in mammal's retina.
Their research findings appear online July 26 in the journal Nature. The lead author is Nikolas Jorstad, a doctoral student in biological structure and in the Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease program in the Department of Pathology.
Other UW Medicine researchers on the study are Matthew S. Wilken, Stefanie G. Wohl, Leah S. VandenBosch, Takeshi Yoshimatsu, William N. Grimes,Rachel O. Wong, all from the UW Department of Biological Structure, and Fred Rieke from the UW Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute.
Like humans, mice cannot repair their retinas. Jorstad said that to conduct their experiment, the team “took a page from the zebrafish playbook.” They created a mouse that had a version of the Ascl1 gene in its Müller glia. The gene was then turned on with an injection of the drug tamoxifen.
Earlier studies by the team had shown that when they activated the gene, the Müller glia would differentiated into retinal cells known as interneurons after an injury to the retina of these mice. These cells play a vital role in sight. They receive and process signals from the retina's light-detecting cells, the rods and the cones, and transmit them to another set of cells that, in turn, transfer the information to the brain.
In their earlier research, however, the researchers found that activating the gene worked only during the first two weeks after birth. Any later, and the mice could no longer repair their retinas. Reh said that at first they thought another transcription factor was involved. Eventually they determined that genes critical to the Müller glia regeneration were being blocked by molecules that bind to chromosomes. This is one way cells “lock up” genes to keep them from being activated. It is a form of epigenetic regulation — the control of how and when parts of the genome operate.
In their new paper, Reh and his colleagues show that, by using a drug that blocks epigenetic regulation called a histone deacetylase inhibitor, activation of Ascl1 allows the Müller glia in adult mice to differentiate into functioning interneurons. The researchers demonstrated that these new interneurons integrate into the existing retina, establish connections with other retinal cells, and react normally to signals from the light-detecting retinal cells.
Reh said his team hopes to find out if there are other factors that can be activated to allow the Müller glia to regenerate into all the different cell types of the retina. If so, it might be possible, he said, to develop treatments that can repair retinal damage, which is responsible for several common causes of vision loss.
Source: University of Washington | <urn:uuid:fd76246d-6c18-4575-85bd-ecb7a0f58b17> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.innovitaresearch.com/2017/07/28/scientists-regenerate-retinal-cells-in-mice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511000.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002132844-20231002162844-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.957056 | 942 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Will Mauritius ever recover from the oil spill?
While the oil spill in Mauritius waters is a local disaster, its true impact will be felt at planetary scale4th Sep 2020
The grounding of the Panama-flagged bulk liner owned by Nagashiki Shipping on the eastern shore of Mauritius has resulted in an oil spill of a magnitude not yet experienced in that country. Media reports tend to portray it as an environmental disaster, but it is best understood in the context of ecological processes playing out at planetary scale.
Mauritius in context
Mauritius has a typical island economy. A small tropical paradise surrounded by the Indian Ocean, Mauritius is rated as a high-income country, with one of the most competitive economies in the African region. From a job creation perspective, a significant portion of the economy is related to tourism. Coral beaches and blue warm waters attract sun lovers with pockets full of hard foreign currency that sustain many local livelihoods.
Any impact on the relatively pristine aquatic ecosystem is thus significant, but let us put this into context. From an ecological perspective, we can distinguish different levels of impact, ranging from the immediate risk to local livelihoods to the national loss of revenue. But, while these are both very important, they hide the global significance of coral reef ecosystems. The Mauritian coral reef is the third largest in the world, so it is globally significant, and the repercussions of this event will affect us all.
Beginner’s guide to ocean chemistry
The first risk is related to the chemistry of all oceans. All aquatic ecosystems can be classified as either freshwater or salt water. The difference between the two is of fundamental importance, because freshwater ecosystems are driven by slight acidity (a typical pH of less than 7) while ocean ecosystems are driven by slight alkalinity. The average ocean pH is 8.1. This is of fundamental importance to planetary ecosystems, because of the presence of carbonate, a combination of carbon and oxygen. We can safely say that oceanic ecosystems are centred on the chemistry of carbonate, with the availability of carbonate for the building of coral and seashells directly related to even the slightest changes in acidity. The observed global trend is a gradual acidification of the oceans.
Why coral is important
Carbonate is the fundamental building block of coral. As ocean ecosystems are being stressed, their capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon is changing. Even the slightest change to pH makes a significant impact. The creation of coral (and seashells and other sea creatures) by precipitation of carbonate sequesters atmospheric carbon. On the other hand, the dissolution of carbonate resulting from ocean acidification releases carbon, which ends up in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. So, the delicate balance of global atmospheric composition is directly linked to the health of coral reefs. The central issue is whether coral is a sink for carbon (a good thing for humans in the industrial era because it removes it from the atmosphere) or a source of carbon (a bad thing because it accelerates the rate of carbon release into the atmosphere). This balance poses a risk to all humans, irrespective of where they live.
It is widely accepted that the greater the biodiversity, the healthier a given ecosystem is. One of the indicator species is the humpback whale that was severely depleted through overexploitation in the early 20th century. Research conducted by Prof Ken Findlay has identified at least three migratory routes of humpback whales in the southern Indian ocean. More importantly, this work has shown that the humpback whale population in 2006 was in excess of 70% of its pre-exploitation size. He also recorded population growth of between 9% and 11% per annum, which is expected to plateau as the carrying capacity is reached. This is good news, because it tells us that if we use science-based policy, we can reverse the damaging effect of overexploitation and restore biodiversity.
Putting the oil spill in context
Seen through the lens of these three global risks – disturbance to ocean chemistry, coral as a source or sink of atmospheric carbon, and biodiversity – the oil spill is an accelerator of change, rather than a driver of change. While the visual impact is great, and the immediate loss of livelihoods massive, the capacity of the ocean ecosystem to absorb shocks is driven more by acidification and changes to the chemistry of carbonate. Provided that the spill can be adequately contained, and clean-up measures sustained, the return to the pre-spill status quo is likely to be rapid.
Of course, this does not diminish the importance of the spill as a local disaster, but it interprets the scale of that event in terms of macro drivers playing out at a planetary scale. Ecosystems are resilient, and can recover from extreme events if given a helping hand. The most important aspect of the spill relates to its impact on coral reefs, because these have truly global significance as either a source or sink for carbon, and are collectively under pressure. The oil spill pushes us in the wrong direction by creating yet another stressor, and this is the true impact.
But there is a positive
In the same way that COVID-19 has woken us up to issues of inequity, and a global deficiency in healthcare infrastructure, this oil spill can be seen as a wake-up call. It’s easy to ignore the microplastics that are wreaking havoc on the ocean, because they are so tiny that – quite frankly – we wouldn’t see them even if we were swimming around in them. But it’s hard to ignore 100,000 tons of gooey black oil floating on the surface of a previously gorgeous turquoise ocean. It’s a wake-up call – not just to prevent other oil spills, but also to work actively to reduce and prevent other forms of pollution so that marine ecosystems are better able to deal with disasters when (unfortunately not if) they happen. | <urn:uuid:4b00a8a3-f0d0-4148-ad8b-4a08159be556> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.estate-living.co.za/news/will-mauritius-ever-recover-from-the-oil-spill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141193856.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127161801-20201127191801-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.93781 | 1,222 | 3.265625 | 3 |
What is Rain Water Harvesting and how it can be done for your house?
Water is the most essential requirement of our lives yet we take it for granted. We have started becoming aware of the need of water supply particularly in these parts of India. Rain water harvesting is a method used for gathering and storing rainfall from housetops or landscapes. It is done by using simple methods like using containers or complex ways such as subversive check dams. The methods that are utilized in India are as a result of old civilizations which contribute to the water supply in remote regions.
We benefit a lot from rain water harvesting. By capturing, we decrease our dependence on the water storage compartments. Thus, there will be no need to enlarge the dams or construct others. You will also not be affected by the sudden shortage of water supply that takes place more often. It is economical to yields your own water as you will save on the water charges. It is also cheap to yield comparing to digging a well. It takes a lot equipment cost and labor to dig a well. Yielding rainfall reduces the chances of floods erupting towards the homesteads. It is safe for the environment. By sparing more water on the landscape the better it will be for the living creatures. This is because when people use water from rivers and lakes it destructs the eco system.
The harvested rain fall is more suitable to plants than the municipal water. This is because the rainwater has not been deprived of any minerals through chemicals. This is why plants respond well to rain water. It is also safe for human consumption. All you need is just purification. Purchasing drinking water is quite expensive and damaging to the environment due to the plastic bottles. The overall cost of energy is reduced. A lot of electricity is consumed when pumping and cleansing water. Through rain water harvesting, all these expenses are cut down. Rainfall causes soil erosion. By capturing the rain fall you avoid the showers from flowing down into the sewerage system and destroying the terrain.
How to do rainwater harvesting
The first thing you need to consider in constructing a harvest system is the collection area, storage devices and delivery system. The collection area is anywhere where the rain showers do not fall on the earth. It can include the roof of your house. You need to find out how to do rainwater harvesting by discovering the amount of water that your roof can capture and how much water you need. A farmer who is located in an arid area with a large landscape of plants will need more water compared with own who has a small vegetable yard. The more drums that you have the more rainfall you will capture.
The delivery system is composed of the gutters and downspouts. They are located along the rim of the top. The material can be plastic or aluminum of which it is not relevant. However, the size does matter. They have to be broad in order to accommodate the water flowing off the rooftop. The common size of gutters is five or six inches in terms of broadness. A gutter of five inches will need a downspout of three inches whereas the one for six inches will need a downspout for four inches. The delivery system is also composed of filters. This is important as it will prevent debris from blocking the downspout. If you are located in a place where insects are common it is advisable to use a fine-mesh aluminum filter. This is to avoid the insects from standing on the water in the drum.
The storage devices can either be containers or drums. You also have the option of constructing your own. In either ways, the main aim is to ensure that they are located appropriately. It is good to place it near the place where water is needed most. Dig a three inches extent and broadness of your cinder block bottom. Put gravel in the area up to a level of a third of it. This is so as to make sure your foundation is water-free all the time by flattening the cinder blocks. The more you raise the drums the better because you will get more pressure while tapping the water. Sometimes rainfall can be excess and the drums will overflow. The gravel beneath the cinder blocks will redirect the water from the bottom. | <urn:uuid:8e5b2f6f-19d4-4f20-9455-469f0d9cf4db> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.homeplansindia.com/what-is-rain-water-harvesting-and-how-to-do-it-for-your-house.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736902.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806091418-20200806121418-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.968267 | 858 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Fancy Color Diamonds
Avital & Co.
If you can imagine it, we’ll create it since 1957
Fancy Color Diamonds
A colorless or a white diamond, which exhibits very little color (See Diamond Color), is the most popular diamond. However, since diamonds are a natural substance, sometimes they will exhibit colors. This happens only one in every 10,000 diamonds and these diamonds are called fancy colored diamonds. Fancy colored diamonds range in many colors such as yellow, blue, black, pink, and many other colors and are graded on a different scale than a colorless diamond.
When grading diamonds to find out their value, the diamond industry created the 4c’s. This system was created by GIA in the 1940's and 1950's.The 4C's stand for cut, clarity, color and carat weight. However, colorless diamonds are graded differently than fancy color diamonds. When purchasing a fancy color diamond, you are purchasing it based on its color. Therefore, unlike colorless diamonds, where all of the 4c’s are important in grading the diamond, with fancy color diamonds the most important of the 4C’s is color intensity.
Diamond Color and Intensity
The main characteristic that a fancy diamond is graded on is its color. The more vivid the tone (A diamond's lightness or darkness in relation to body color) the rarer the diamond and thus more valuable. For a diamond to be considered a fancy color diamond there must be a noticeable hit of any hue (A diamond's overall body color) when viewed in the face up position. The most common color diamonds are fancy yellows and browns. The rarest and most valuable fancy diamonds are saturated pinks and or reds, greens, and blues.
The next characteristic that is used in grading fancy color diamond is its intensity or saturation (the color's depth or strength). Fancy colored diamonds are graded in order of increasing saturation or intensity from Faint, Very Light, Light, Fancy Light, Fancy, Fancy Intense, Fancy Vivid, Fancy Dark, and Fancy Deep. The more intense the saturation is of the diamond, the more rarer it is and thus the more valuable it becomes.
Carat weight is the next of the 4C’s in evaluating fancy color diamonds and thus determining their price. The larger the diamond the more expensive the stone. Since fancy color diamonds are rarer than colorless or near colorless diamonds, the larger the carat weight the more expensive the diamond. For example, a 1ctw near colorless diamond can be less expensive than a 1ctw fancy color diamond depending on the grading scale.
Clarity determines the inclusions that are found in diamonds. Since fancy color diamonds are graded based on their hue, tone and saturation, this characteristic is not that important when evaluating a fancy color diamond because inclusions tend to be masked by the diamond’s color.
Unlike colorless diamonds that are cut to maximize their sparkle or brilliance, fancy color diamonds are cut to emphasize their color. Therefore Avital & Co., located in the heart of the world famous Diamond District in New York City (NYC), recommends, when choosing your fancy color diamond, choose a cut and shape that will maximize the color of your stone.
This characteristic of a fancy color diamond refers to the overall outline of the gemstone when viewed from the top. Some of the more popular diamond shapes to use for fancy color diamonds are the emerald-cut shape diamond and the heart cut shape diamond. If there is a specific cut of a fancy color diamond that you would like contact Avital & Co., located in the heart of the world famous Diamond District in New York City (NYC), at customerservice@Avitalandco.com or call at 212-764-6851 and we will do our best to meet your request.
Here at Avital & Co., located in the heart of the world famous Diamond District in New York City (NYC), we believe in taking care of our current and future customers. Therefore, Avital & Co. offers many beneficial services that are free included but not limited to our Referring a Friend Program, our free Client Loyalty Rewards Program where you earn free loyalty dollar points towards future purchases, free jewelry cleaning, free verbal appraisals, free consultations, and many other free services. In addition use our free and convenient layaway program where you may be eligible for an additional free 2,500 client loyalty dollar points (cash value of $25) towards your future purchase here at Avital & Co. Register with us and receive your first free 2,500 client loyalty dollar points (cash value of $25) towards your first purchase valued at $150 or more here at Avital & Co.
To all of you, from all of us at Avital & Co. - Thank you and Happy Shopping. | <urn:uuid:10243dd0-4cf1-44e8-b62b-ea661921de8c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.avitalandco.com/education/diamond-education/fancy-color-diamonds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741491.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113194622-20181113220622-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.926387 | 1,006 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Title: Near-surface remote sensing of spatial and temporal variation in canopy phenology
Author: Richardson, Andrew D.; Braswell, Bobby H.; Hollinger, David Y.; Jenkins, Julian P.; Ollinger, Scott V.;
Source: Ecological Applications: 19(6): 1417-1428.
Publication Series: Scientific Journal (JRNL)
Description: There is a need to document how plant phenology is responding to global change factors, particularly warming trends. "Near-surface" remote sensing, using radiometric instruments or imaging sensors, has great potential to improve phenological monitoring because automated observations can be made at high temporal frequency. Here we build on previous work and show how inexpensive, networked digital cameras ("webcams") can be used to document spatial and temporal variation in the spring and autumn phenology of forest canopies. We use two years of imagery from a deciduous, northern hardwood site, and one year of imagery from a coniferous, boreal transition site. A quantitative signal is obtained by splitting images into separate red, green, and blue color channels and calculating the relative brightness of each channel for "regions of interest" within each image.
Keywords: AmeriFlux, autumn color, Bartlett Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA, eddy covariance, Howland Forest, Maine, USA, phenology, RGB image analysis, spring onset, webcam
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Richardson, Andrew D.; Braswell, Bobby H.; Hollinger, David Y.; Jenkins, Julian P.; Ollinger, Scott V. 2009. Near-surface remote sensing of spatial and temporal variation in canopy phenology. Ecological Applications: 19(6): 1417-1428.
Get the latest version of the Adobe Acrobat reader or Acrobat Reader for Windows with Search and Accessibility | <urn:uuid:ae50ffbd-dafa-4c38-a172-1bbcea39d8ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/19741 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123097.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00036-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.800529 | 522 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Doing any type of science work is all about theory. Research is the fore-front to making your experience a success. This subject spells failure the moment you fall behind and do not care. There are basic dos and don’ts in in tackling earth science homework. Practice these guidelines and you will find coping with the experience a lot more simple.
- Study location- there is a lot of experimenting with different hypothesis. Doing these experiments takes concentration. Interruptions can lead to losing focus on your subject. Find a place that has little to no traffic. You should feel comfortable with this decision. There should not be any pictures, music, tv, or any other things that will pull your mind away for any amount of time.
- Prepare yourself for the course as soon as you know you are attending it. This means having all the materials you will need to do your experiments. Keep them near your study location. This will make your time doing the work less stressful.
- Be sure you have strong notes. You should be able to completely understand what you have written down. Your access to people you use for help. Tell them you are planning on studying and my need their input.
- Keep excellent notes on your findings. There is no such thing as bad information. There are only positive and negative findings. You can take your positive findings and set up a solid experiment. Preparing your presentation for the audience. Showing them the time and effort you put in. use the negative findings to start another new hypothesis.
- Study time- do not take for granted the time you use to complete your work. There is no one that can anticipate how your work will go. You are not dealing with facts for the most part. Your work must show your findings.
- Do not play the loner. Having other students to call on for assistance will be a must at certain times.
- Do not copy other student’s work. You may not get caught but you will not be able to clearly explain how you came to your findings.
- Do not think you can slide through the course. You should find a source to go to when answers are needed. Do not work in a disruptive or unorganized environment. Use all your focus on completing your work.
Check this site for more information on how to tackle your earth science homework. | <urn:uuid:981a12f1-c116-4f98-9a23-14b98c0981f7> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://middletownartsfestival.com/basic-dos-and-donts-of-tackling-earth-science-homework.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038075074.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413213655-20210414003655-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.950754 | 479 | 3.609375 | 4 |
This practical challenge invites you to investigate the different
squares you can make on a square geoboard or pegboard.
This activity investigates how you might make squares and pentominoes from Polydron.
If you had 36 cubes, what different cuboids could you make?
Make a list of all the numbers that could satisfy each clue i.e.
a list of all the perfect squares, another of all the prime numbers
etc. It might be a good idea to list underneath the possible
squares that these numbers go in.
Write the numbers from $1$ to $25$ and cross them out as you fit
them in the magic square.
How could you work out the median?
How about looking for squares that are listed in more that one clue
to get you started?
Keep crossing off numbers and squares from your lists as soon as
you've placed them in the magic square - you'll soon notice that
some answers will just fall out! | <urn:uuid:f77cfeac-0a5f-4fd2-9b69-ddc38a8001e4> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://nrich.maths.org/1887/clue | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398451648.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205411-00169-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93123 | 205 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Wednesday 3rd March 2021
Literacy/Communication & Language/Physical Development – Safari Description Adventure
With a grown up read or watch the story again and think about the character ‘the duck’. At the end of the story, the cunning duck becomes the hero of the story by saving the day. If you were the hero in the story, what would you do to stop the Highway Rat from stealing? How would you help?
Draw a picture of you as the hero and get a grown up to write down your answers to the above questions.
Phonics – Read Write Inc Speed Sound Lesson – ‘s’
This week we’re going to start learning our speed sounds and the first sound we’re going to learn is ‘s’.
These lessons will now include the Fred Talk activity so there won’t be a separate video for your child to watch for Fred Talk.
Miss Harding will be teaching speed sound lesson on Tapestry for you to watch.
(Yoga, mindfulness, PE and relaxation)
Today we’re going to take part in a Cosmic Kids Yoga session which focuses on developing our balancing skills. I can’t wait to see how well you do with these new yoga poses. | <urn:uuid:d769df9e-7da2-42a5-93f9-80a0e159b2fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.loverslane.notts.sch.uk/wednesday-3rd-march-2021-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662647086.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527112418-20220527142418-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.940348 | 270 | 3.546875 | 4 |
In future, flood mitigation in Germany should be based on four key pillars: Technical flood protection for larger built-up areas will be required just as much as greater space for rivers by means of dike relocation and integration of the agricultural sector. Furthermore, private mitigation should be supported wherever technical flood protection has so far been unable to provide sufficient protection against damage. To ensure provisions of solidarity in accommodating the residual damage, it would be sensible to introduce mitigation-based, mandatory insurance. This is what scientists at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) write in a position paper on the 2013 flooding, published in June.
In their position paper the flood researchers warn against the illusion that if only sufficient funds are invested, damage caused by flooding could be cut to around zero. Economists, geographers and landscape planners at the UFZ write: "There is no way we can provide blanket protection against flooding. A residual risk of damage will always remain, for instance if the dikes break. The conception of 100% flood protection is just as fallacious as the idea that future damage can be prevented as long as plan approval procedures are expedited and public participation curtailed. We do not need less dialogue, we need more, centring on the question of how we should best prepare for extreme flooding in the future"; they propose that, in future, flood mitigation measures should be based on four pillars to keep damage levels as low as possible and to distribute the burden fairly:
1. Technical flood protection
In Saxony alone, over half a billion euro has been invested in technical flood protection since the catastrophic flooding of 2002. Approximately one billion euro is planned for concrete walls and levees, etc., earmarked for investment by 2020. Local government authorities and residents hope that the areas they live in will be better, perhaps even completely, protected. In a representative survey conducted by UFZ in 2005 among 404 households damaged by the flooding in 2002, over 60% of the inhabitants of three municipalities in the Mulde hinterlands agreed with the statement that levees convey a sense of security. "But this enhanced sense of security comes at a risk. There is more building development than ever before. And if the walls break or overflow, the subsequent damage will just be greater," reports social geographer Dr. Christian Kuhlicke from UFZ, who analysed the consequences of the Mulde flooding in Eilenburg and Grimma. "This is another reason why it is short-sighted to trust only in technical protection."
2. Natural flood protection by providing rivers with more space
Throughout Germany, two thirds of the former floodplains have been lost to dikes and other flood protection measures. The situation along the major rivers such as the Rhine, the Elbe, the Danube and the Oder is in places even more dramatic. Some sections have held onto a paltry 10-20% of their former alluvial floodplains, kept available as flood zones. But in addition to purifying the water, these floodplains fulfil an important role during emergencies: they retain the water for as long as possible within their boundaries, hence alleviating flood peaks. Just a few centimetres can be enough in places to decide whether a protective wall and the built-up area located behind it are flooded or not. If all of the dike relocation projects currently under discussion along the German Elbe were to be carried out, the flood waters would have over 23,000 hectares, or in other words one third more, of additional space to spread across. "Although planning has progressed really quite a long way along the Elbe (approx. 700 hectares have been completed, a further 2600 hectares are in the concrete stages of planning), implementation of these projects have proven exceedingly time-consuming and a drain on resources. After all, the surface availability must be agreed just as much as the new dike lines, and agricultural repurposing in particular needs clarification," explains Mathias Scholz, expert for floodplains at UFZ. The first expansive project of this kind is the dike relocation at Ro฿lauer Oberluch (City of Dessau-Ro฿lau) in the Central Elbe Biosphere Reserve. Following over a decade of preparation, the State of Saxony-Anhalt reactivated approximately 140 hectares of floodplain here by relocating the dike in 2006. UFZ provided scientific monitoring for this project, as dike relocation in this manner offers the opportunity of combining sustainable and modern flood protection with nature conservation objectives and hence of safeguarding resources for future generations
3. Private precautionary measures- don't just demand, subsidise also
The Federal Water Law already specifies that those potentially affected (are) "obligated within the framework of what is possible and reasonable to undertake suitable mitigation measures in protecting against the hazards of flooding and to reduce the damage thereof, in particular to design the use of properties to consider the possible deleterious implications that flooding may have on human beings, the environment or material assets." However, this demand will remain nothing other than simple theory without the introduction of concrete obligations or economic incentives. At the same time, technical protection structures reduce the expected damage and hence the efficiency of additional private precautionary measures. "Private mitigation tends to be effective and efficient wherever there is no, or inadequate, protection in the form of technical flood protection," explains UFZ economic geographer Dr. Volker Meyer. If responsibility for flood protection is increasingly reassigned from the public sector to those potentially affected, citizens become managers of their own risks. "How many of them invest in flood protection as a result is not dependent merely on how high they perceive the risk to be, but also on the resources they have at their disposal. Who will be able to afford which (individual) level of protection in the future? What happens to those who are unable to afford protection?" This is why in their statement, the UFZ researchers recommend the subsidisation of private precautionary measures -- for instance in the form of low interest loans, conditional on the building measures, i.e. refurbishments, providing protection against flooding, or in the form of reduced insurance premiums.
4. Mitigation-based, mandatory insurance
Nevertheless, even a combination of technical, natural and private mitigation to protect against flooding will not succeed in preventing all damage -- 'residual risks' remain. And although immediate aid such as the current 8 billion Euro programme by the German Federal and Lไnder Governments alleviate suffering, they do not help solve the crux of the problem. "Mandatory insurance for all home-owners would reassign the costs for damage within a framework of solidarity, while the premium rebates would create economic incentive for private mitigation measures to tackle elementary damage such as flooding, severe rainfall and snow pressure," prompts Prof. Reimund Schwarze from UFZ as food for thought. The calls for mandatory insurance are not new. The German government considered introducing a mandatory insurance for elemental damage in the wake of the 2002 flooding. Regrettably, this endeavour floundered on the bureaucratic merry-go-round and collective forgetfulness. But this did not provide those worst affected with any sustained alleviation. Although roughly every third house is currently insured against elementary damage, 1.4 percent are located in areas that statistically speaking are flooded every ten years and are hence deemed 'uninsurable'. Accordingly, in the region of one million people have no chance of acquiring regular insurance coverage. Policies are 'reviewed individually' after every major incident -- such as 2002 in Dresden -- often ending up more expensive than they had been before. Climate change places an additional burden on the availability of insurance policies, as additional areas are spreading into 'uninsurable' zones. "It appears appropriate, therefore, that there should be a degree of solidarity in a model of mandatory insurance. In this, a carefully structured, mandatory insurance can assign the costs of actual damage in such a way that the economic incentives for mitigation measures against flooding and heavy rainfall are not lost. A mandatory elementary damage insurance would ensure that extreme, rare or local incidents such as flash floods, earthquakes or land subsidence would become comprehensively insurable," says climate economist Prof. Reimund Schwarze as a summary to his analysis of catastrophe mitigation.
The scientists believe that a public debate is now necessary to determine how much responsibility the state should accept and how much should remain with the residents of areas at risk of flooding. Not only public debates on single local protective measures are needed; what is also needed is a broader societal discussion on the risks that a society and its citizens are willing to carry in connection with flooding and how the costs of mitigation measures should be distributed.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:31d2032e-9fdd-4f65-8d79-b3f4c0b0648a> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130627102542.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537097.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00462-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953799 | 1,782 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What is Project 366? Read more here!
I was standing at the edge of a small grassy patch by Lake Beaumaris. All around me there were a large number of Red-winged Blackbirds, Common Grackles and House Finches fluttering about in the shrubbery surround the lawn and on the lawn itself. None of the species were new, yet there was handful of odd looking individuals mixed in among all the usual suspects. They had the overall shape and color of a sparrow, except they were at least twice the size of any sparrow I know. Their beak, however, was decidedly non-sparrow-like. It had the distinct triangular shape of a blackbird…, yet there was not a speck of black on these individuals. I had my suspicions, but I was not sure and when I left I was still very much on the fence regarding the identification of these birds. I had lots of picture of them, so once I got home the research begun. After extensive online research and carefully study of Sibley I can only conclude that my suspicion was correct. These were female Red-winged Blackbirds. It is and odd phenomenon, male Red-winged Blackbirds are not only one of the easiest birds to identify both by look and sound, but also one of the most abundant species around ponds, wetland and marshes, yet paradoxically female Red-winged Blackbirds are nowhere to be seen. I had not put much thought into it previously, tacitly assuming that the females probably looked the same as a the male. I was, however wrong. While the females have a similar overall shape as the males, and their beak is certainly the same shape and size, not much else is similar. It is quite peculiar that while the male Red-winged Blackbirds were one of the first spring migrants I observed many months ago, and since then I have seen hundreds upon hundreds of them, it is only now that I came across the females. At this point I do not have the faintest idea of why the males are so abundant while the females are so rare. This will definatelly require more thinking and research to figure out what is going on.
May the curiosity be with you. This is from “The Birds are Calling” blog (www.thebirdsarecalling.com). Copyright Mario Pineda. | <urn:uuid:abd32184-cda0-4e08-a8f4-3275f7f474b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://thebirdsarecalling.com/2019/06/29/project-366-post-no-093-female-red-winged-blackbird/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141753148.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20201206002041-20201206032041-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.987727 | 489 | 3.3125 | 3 |
In the undermentioned coursework we are traveling to take expression at the stairss that must be taken into history for executing a concrete mix design. When we talk about mix design, we are traveling to cover with two classs of belongings demands: one class particular for fresh concrete ( fresh belongingss of concrete ) ; and another class particular for hard-boiled concrete ( Neville 1995 ) . The purpose of this coursework is besides to analyse the belongingss of the freshly formed concrete due to the design performed, and non of the hard-boiled concrete. As outlined in Lecture 2, the two types of belongings classs are non independent from one another, more likely they are straight linked, and failure in conformity with fresh belongingss will take to hapless concrete quality in hard-boiled province.
Basically, concrete mix design is performed by a careful choice of measures for concrete ingredients with the purpose at bring forthing cost effectual concrete holding a minimal set of belongingss such as: workability, compressive strength and lastingness ( Neville 1995 ) .
For the intent of this coursework, we are traveling to plan concretes which will incorporate mixes of authoritative ingredients like ordinary Portland cement as a adhering stuff and, either 100 % Gravel or 100 % Recycled Aggregates, as a filler stuff. Besides, we are traveling to plan mixes by replacing a portion of the Portland cement with cementitious stuffs such as Silica Fume ( 10 % SF ) or Fly Ash ( 30 % FA ) and the ground of utilizing these all right stuffs is that they will restrict the sum of energy consumed in the commixture procedure, which ordinary Portland cement is non capable of making.
Having 4 types of concrete mixes, we are traveling to cover with different belongingss between these mixes, each set of concrete belongingss being governed by the belongingss of the stuffs used. For illustration, recycled aggregative nowadayss an addition in porousness compared with crushed rock, so it is no surprise that concretes with recycled sums will demand more H2O content than ordinary, natural sums. Finally the workability will be affected by the higher H2O demand ( Dhir et al. 1998 ) . Besides, as comparing between the effects on concrete determined by SF or FA we must province that concretes with FA will see a lessening in H2O demand, reduced hemorrhage and good coherence, while concrete with SF will convey an addition in H2O measure.
Because they were 4 different types of mixes to be designed and tested in the lab, 4 groups, each planing their ain mix, were created. Our group had the undertaking of executing the mix design for the 10 % SF mix and this was done harmonizing to BS 1881: Part 125: 1983 Testing concrete – Methods for blending and trying fresh concrete in the research lab.
Silica smoke has certain features that make the handling, when we make the commixture of constituents, to be a hard undertaking. This is due to the little atom size and high choiceness of the silicon oxide smoke, so slurry is traveling to be prepared, by uniting silica smoke with H2O, when executing the commixture and besides we should do certain that the slurry will be to the full dispersed into the mix. By holding a high choiceness, the SF atoms will demand a big surface to be covered with H2O, conveying an addition in H2O demand as stated above.
Mixs holding silica smoke as ingredient will give us high public presentation concretes. , and the presence of SF in the mix design procedure will non merely impact the measures of the mix proportions to be used as ingredients of concrete, but besides will take to an betterment in the fresh belongingss of the concrete like: high coherence, small to none hemorrhage, suited for pumping ( Neville et al. 1995 ) .
In the lab, after we performed the mix, we made some trials in order to hold quality control over the merchandise: Slump Test, harmonizing to BS EN 12350-2:2000 Testing fresh concrete – Part 2: Slump trial, to find the workability of the concrete and the Plastic Density Test, harmonizing to BS 12350-6, 2000 Testing concrete – Method for finding of denseness of compacted fresh concrete, to find the existent plastic denseness of the concrete.
2. Mix Design Procedure and worksheets.
2.1. Procedure rules.
It should be stated that this method is non an exact method of measure appraisal chiefly, because of the variableness of the parametric quantities impacting the components of this process. Trial mixes are made with the intent of thinking which combinations of ingredients will be suited for the coveted concrete belongingss and we can modify these mixes to match to our demands ( Neville 1995 ) .
2.2. Description for executing concrete mix design.
Mix design follows several stairss harmonizing to BRE Report 331, in which the flow chart of stairss takes into consideration all parametric quantities of the mix components and besides shows us how they are linked together. The consequences of the calculation are traveling to be written on a Concrete Mix Design Form.
For executing this process a figure of initial specifications must be given, specifications which include:
Cement type – 52.5 N ;
Aggregate type – Gravel ;
Maximal sum size – 20 millimeter ;
All right sum rating – 44 % ;
Aggregate comparative densenesss – 2600 kg/m3 ;
10 % Silica Fume
0.45, 0.6 and 0.75 w/c, 180l/m? H2O content, Slump of 30-60 millimeter ( accomplishing S3 with SP )
The phases which govern this process, as specified in BRE Report 331 are:
Phase 1 water/cement ratio
Phase 2 H2O content
Phase 3 cement content
Phase 4 entire sum content
Phase 5 all right sum proportion
Phase 6 test commixture
Having the 3 free-water – cement ratios, the slack and the maximal size of the sums given, we can jump the first phase and the sum of H2O needed can easy be determined.
As we can see, 3 mixes will be prepared for which we can find the sum of adhering stuff needed if the measure of H2O is known. In this entire sum of adhering stuff, 10 % is Silica Fume, while 90 % is ordinary Portland cement.
In phase 4 we shall find the entire measure of aggregative nowadays in the mix. Because we have the scaling of the all right sum, we can find the measure of the coarse sums by deducting from the entire measure of sum the all right sum measure.
From the entire measure of harsh sum we know that 1/3 is for 10 millimeters Gravel and 2/3 for 20 millimeters Gravel. After we have determined all the mix proportions, we have to do specimens from the resulted concrete mix, specimens which will be subjected to different trials and conditions in order to find the suitableness of hard-boiled concrete. These concrete specimens result from test mixes for which batch weights are computed for a batch size of 0.02 M3.
One facet has n’t been discussed so far: the usage of alloies in the concrete mix design. Admixtures are regarded as secondary ingredients of concrete, and non in the same category of importance like H2O or cement. There are different types of alloies, depending on their consequence on concrete, and, besides their usage is regarded from an economical and an addition in concrete quality point of position. For the intent of our assignment, the alloy type which we are traveling to utilize is Superplasticizer ( Glenium 51 ) and the British criterion that regulates and controls their usage is BS 5075: Part 3: 1985. Superplasticizers are H2O cut downing alloies, and their consequence on concrete is related to an betterment in fresh belongingss, chiefly an addition in workability.
4. Batch measures leting for soaking up.
4.1. Porosity, Absorption and their nexus.
Porosity and soaking up are facets refering the sums, so the undermentioned treatment will take into history the manner in which the presence of pores will impact the concrete. There are 2 types of pores: internal and external pores, which vary in size- the external pores, can even be seen sometimes with the bare oculus. Because of its viscousness, cement paste can non to the full cover the pores of the sums, but H2O is able to make that, which finally will take in an addition of H2O demand ( Neville 1995 ) .
It might look that because it ‘s merely related to aggregate, porousness and soaking up will non impact concrete, but allow ‘s non bury that the weight of sums represents about 75 % of the weight of concrete. Besides, by making the commixture of concrete in the lab, the wet content of the sums lessenings, so an accommodation for soaking up of sums must be done: we to the full dry the sums in an oven, after which we put the sums in H2O, for 24 hours. An addition in weight occurs, intending that all the pores are to the full saturated ( Neville 1995 ) . The soaking up is expressed as a ratio between the wet content addition observed in the dried sums to the mass of the dried sums. The undermentioned soaking up values for sums are used for our designed concretes:
Gravel 5/20 1.0 %
Sand 0/5 0.5 %
RA 5/10 3 %
RA 10/20 4 %
4.2. Adjustments for soaking up.
The accommodations for soaking up, determined in conformity with BS 812: Part 2, are performed on the sum types which are traveling to be used in the mixture. The sums which we are traveling to utilize for the 10 % SF mix concrete are: sand 0/5 and gravel 5/20. The method allows calculating the extra measure of H2O required for soaking up by the undermentioned expression:
Material batch weight ( kilogram ) x soaking up value ( % ) = extra H2O required
Having found the extra H2O measure, the accommodation for soaking up of sums can be performed by:
Aggregate batch weight ( kilogram ) – captive H2O ( kilogram ) = adjusted aggregative batch weight
5. Blending process and trials carried out in Lab 1.
5.1. Blending process.
Relevant Standards: BS 1881: Part 125: 1983 Testing concrete – methods for blending and trying fresh concrete in the research lab.
The commixture process is the combine of all concrete ingredients, with the intent so that the sums surface is covered by cement paste, and it follows 2 stairss: a ) Sample readying ; B ) commixture.
At the old subject, the accommodation of sums for soaking up was explained. It ‘s one of the demands for the sample readying measure, and was the last 1 that needed to be carried out before the proper commixture of all concrete ingredients can be performed. When discoursing approximately sample readying, we besides must take into history that we should bring forth at least 10 % more measure of concrete than the needed measure for the trials that have to be done ;
Follows a series of undertakings: ab initio, the sums should be added in the undermentioned order: coarse sum, all right sum, sand after which we mix for 30 seconds. 1/2 of the H2O measure must be added following, mix for another minute, after which we thoroughly mix by manus. Water soaking up by the sums takes topographic point when we leave covered the sociable for 8 proceedingss. Silica smoke is assorted with H2O for 1 minute before adding it to the mix, after which we add the cement and blend it for 1 minute. We clean the paddles ; we add the staying H2O and superplasticizer and mix for other 4-5 proceedingss, after which we guarantee homogeneousness by blending the sample by manus.
5.2. Trials carried out in Lab 1.
Before get downing the treatment about what trials must be done, we should observe that all these trials on fresh concrete should be carried out within 15 proceedingss of blending. Two trials will be done: slack trial and plastic denseness. After the trials are carried out, we must set the used concrete in the sociable and mix for other 30 seconds.
The Slump trial has the purpose of analysis of the workability of the fresh concrete, and it regulated by BS EN 12350-2:2000 Testing fresh concrete – Part 2: slack trial criterion. When executing this trial we must hold some basic equipment: a slack cone with pes remainders and a metal rod ( 16 millimeter diameter, 600 millimeter long ) . First, we must wash the slack cone, after which we pour the concrete in the cone, while it is hold steadfastly into place. The pouring of the concrete must be done in 3 equal beds which are tamped 25 times with the steel route. The surplus of concrete at the top and around the slack cone is removed, after which the cone is removed, inverted and placed following to the slumped concrete in order to enable us to mensurate the perpendicular distance from the top of the cone to the highest point of the slumped concrete.
The mensural perpendicular distance has to be reported for the nearest 5 millimeter, and shows us the nature of the slack that we deal with: true, prostration and shear slack.
Fig. 5.2: True, shear and collapse slack ( Neville et al. 1987 )
If the shear or prostration of the sample concrete occurs, we must execute the slack trial one time once more.
Plastic Density is determined on a compacted concrete sample in the lab, and is regulated by BS 12350-6, 2000 Testing concrete – Method for finding of denseness of compacted fresh concrete criterion. When executing this trial we must hold some basic equipment: 10 litre steel container ( 200 millimeter internal diameter, 320 millimeter internal tallness, and 4 millimeter wall thickness ) , vibrating tabular array and 300 millimeter steel regulation.
The trial is carried out as follows: we measure the mass of the empty container after which we measure the mass of the container filled with 10 litre of H2O. The concrete is poured in the empty container, in six equal beds which will be compacted on the vibrating tabular array and the extra concrete at the top will be removed. We record the mass of the container with the concrete in it ; we return the concrete to the sociable and clean the equipment.
The calculation can now be performed with the undermentioned expression:
Plastic denseness, D = m / V
Where, m = mass of concrete in container
( To the nearest 10 g )
V = volume of container
= mass of H2O in container ( from standardization ) /1000.
During the mix design we have found a fictile denseness for each water-cement ratio. Having found that fictile denseness, the new lab computed fictile denseness must non differ by more than ±20 kg/m? so the existent plastic denseness ( mix design ) .
7. Output: corrected mix proportions and differences between design/plastic and volumetric method.
Because in the mix design we have taken into history merely those parametric quantities that have a major impact on concrete features, and we disregarded those that have a minor function, some mistakes might happen during the mix design. Such mistakes might include: defective maneuvering of concrete ingredients, mistakes in executing the commixture process. These mistakes are seeable when the entire weight of the concrete ingredients is different than the lab computed wet concrete denseness ( fictile denseness ) . Having computed in the lab the existent plastic denseness of the mix, we can do corrections to the mix proportion weights so that some of the residuary mistakes might be able to be corrected. One of the ways by which this can be done is seting for output. Output is the ratio between the existent denseness and the entire denseness, and the accommodation is performed by multiplying this ratio with the weight of each component, giving us corrected mix proportions.
As an illustration we shall execute the rectification of the mix proportions for the 0.45 w/c ratio mix:
During the mix design we have found that the wet denseness of concrete ( fictile denseness ) is 2380 kg/m3.
Cement+10 % SF 360+40 kg/m?
Water 180 kg/m?
Sand 650 kg/m?
10mm Agg 385 kg/m?
20mm Agg 770 kg/m?
TOTAL DENSITY 2385 kg/m?
ACTUAL PLASTIC DENSITY 2410 kg/m? ( tested in labs )
The rectification is done with the undermentioned expression:
Corrected = ( Actual density/ Total Density ) x each component = 2410/2385=1.0105
Cement+10 % SF ( 365+40 ) kg/m?
Water 180 kg/m?
Sand 655 kg/m?
10mm Agg 390 kg/m?
20mm Agg 780 kg/m?
CORRECTED DENSITY 2410 kg/m?
Another method by which we can set the mix proportions is the volumetric method. The chief characteristic of this method is that, when executing the accommodation, we will take into consideration the atom denseness of each component taking portion in the mix design. We shall besides do an illustration for the volumetric method of rectification of mix proportions.
Cement 360 kg/m? / 3150 kg/m? = 0.114
SF 40 kg/m? / 2000 kg/m? = 0.02
Water 180 kg/m? / 1000 kg/m? = 0.18
Sand 650 kg/m? / 2600 kg/m? = 0.25
10mm Agg 385 kg/m? / 2600 kg/m? = 0.148
20mm Agg 770 kg/m? / 2600 kg/m? = 0.296
The rectification expression: Correction factor = ( Theoretical/Actual ) x each component = 0.992
Cement 355 kg/m? / 3150 kg/m? = 0.1133
SF 40 kg/m? / 2000 kg/m? = 0.020
Water 180 kg/m? / 1000 kg/m? = 0.180
Sand 645 kg/m? / 2600 kg/m? = 0.2474
10mm Agg 380 kg/m? / 2600 kg/m? = 0.1461
20mm Agg 765 kg/m? / 2600 kg/m? = 0.2932
The chief difference between the two methods which we have shown is that the output method requires calculating the lab plastic denseness, and comparing it to the plastic denseness taken into history in the design stage of the mix, while for the volumetric method is non necessary to do that excess attempt in order to do the accommodation.
Equally far as to which method is more appropriate to be used, from a first expression at our illustration, we can see that the volumetric method is more appropriate, at least from an economic point of position, because the accommodations made gave us smaller weights of stuffs than the accommodation for output weights. But my sentiment is that the fictile denseness method is much more appropriate to be used, because it ‘s more dependable, and you have a superior certainty about the riddance of the mistakes that appear in the commixture stage and besides a better control of quality of the concrete.
8. Remarks on fresh belongingss.
The treatment about the fresh belongingss of concrete might look to be non every bit of import as the hard-boiled concrete belongingss from a structural point of position, but as we have antecedently noted, there is a direct nexus between the two types of belongingss: for illustration the strength of hard-boiled concrete is greatly improved when a sufficient compression of the fresh concrete was established ( Neville 1995 ) .The aim of this treatment is to see the grade by which different concrete constituents affect the fresh belongingss of concrete, and we shall make this by comparing the mixes showing silicon oxide smoke, wing ash and recycled sum with the ordinary Portland cement mix ( 100 % Gravel ) .
The influence of sum type: by comparing the fresh belongingss of the 100 % Gravel mix and 100 % RA mix. Due to the fact RA have a higher porousness, a larger sum of H2O is needed in the mix which will finally impact the workability of the fresh concrete. Because we have considered an soaking up value for RA which was excessively high ( RA denseness was larger than 2400kg/m3 ) , the RA mix presented prostration slack, therefore hapless workability, besides a little hemorrhage, and segregation of the concrete components is present, taking to a hapless coherence. In the 30 % FA and 10 % SF mixes we have used as sum, crushed rock, so the influence of sum type on fresh concrete is the same in all 3 mixes, the lone differences occur from the influence of other parametric quantities.
The cement type that we have used was either ordinary Portland cement ( CEM I 52.5 N ) or composite Portland cement, by uniting the Portland cement with a cementitious stuff like silicon oxide smoke or wing ash. As we can see from the comparing of the composite Portland cement mixes with those holding merely Portland cement, the 30 % FA mix presents no hemorrhage or segregation of stuffs, a good coherence and finishability. Fly ash reduces the sum of H2O to be used in the mix, holding a similar consequence as a superplasticizer, so at larger H2O cement ratios we have collapsed slack, hapless coherence, and a little hemorrhage and segregation is present but the compactibility and finishability is still good, doing it suited for pumping. That is non the instance with silicon oxide smoke. Silica smoke increases the H2O demand, and by and large the mixes with silica fume present good coherence, no hemorrhage and segregation, true slack giving us a good workability. The use of both silica smoke and superplasticizers has a good consequence on concrete.
The sum of all right stuff is straight linked to the cost of both silica smoke and wing ash. The cost of production is rather big, so the usage of silicon oxide smoke and wing ash is no longer a inexpensive, feasible solution for Portland cement replacing. Equally far as their effects on fresh belongingss, for the 100 % Gravel mix, at lower water-cement ratios we deal with a stiff mix, holding less finishability and compactibility than when the sum of Portland cement is decreased, while the coherence, deficiency of hemorrhage and segregation is kept the same on all mixes. We could utilize higher sums of SF and FA but after a certain sum they cease to hold any consequence on the fresh belongingss of concrete.
The water-cement ratio is one of the chief factors impacting the concrete fresh belongingss, merely because H2O and cement are two of the chief components of concrete. In the 100 % RA mix, because of the usage of RA, it was necessary to hold a higher sum of H2O than in the other 3 mixes, which in return gave us a hapless coherence, a collapsable slack ensuing in a hapless workability. Besides some segregation and hemorrhage was observed, which was non present in the other mixes. As a general regulation, when the w/c ratio is decreased, the ratio between the other concrete components is unbroken changeless, so the workability additions ( Neville 1995 ) .
The SP sum required for workability. Superplasticizers greatly affect the slack of a mix. For the 100 % Gravel mix we used about 0.12 % sum of superplasticizers for all w/c ratios, which gave us a true slack. When we look at the 30 % FA and 10 % SF mix we can see that we have increased the sum to approximately 0.31 % which gave us a prostration in slack when we used FA, so excessively much SP, and a true slack for SF, because SF works much better with SP compared to FA.
This coursework has to be looked at as being divided in two parts: a portion about the concrete mix design and set uping all the mix proportions of the concrete components and another portion associating to the fresh belongingss of the resulted concrete. During this coursework we have successfully designed 4 types of concrete, and as a consequence the fresh belongingss of the 4 concretes were separately established and assessed. The mix of concrete ingredients, the finding of slack and the calculation of fictile denseness were all done in the lab harmonizing to the relevant criterion regulating each undertaking.
The designed concrete types were: 100 % Gravel, 100 % RA, 30 % FA and 10 % SF. By measuring the concrete fresh belongingss we have seen which mixes had jobs and were non suited for utilizing on site, but excepting some jobs found ( a high sum of superplasticizer than the 1 needed in the 30 % FA ) , in general the mixes presented good workability without segregation or hemorrhage, were suited for pumping so they could be used on site, in existent conditions. | <urn:uuid:52d7105c-8038-4bb3-8cd2-261c6279a5ad> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://poetism.com/525-mix-design-procedure-and-principles-engineering-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150266.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724125655-20210724155655-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.91865 | 5,341 | 2.8125 | 3 |
By Russel Barsh, Director of Kwiaht.
North America’s largest, most secretive and least understood bats thrive in woodlands on the west side of San Juan Island.
Hoary Bats (Lasiuris cinereus) have been seen flying as far north as the Yukon and hibernating in treetops as far south as the Four Corners. Tagging studies discovered that while some Hoary Bats travel north and south with the seasons, as much as a thousand miles or more others migrate east and west; and some do not migrate at all, forming year-round resident populations.
Gardeners, farmers and foresters should welcome Hoary Bats because they dine primarily on destructive moths, in pursuit of which they fly high above the tree tops at speeds of nearly 20 mph.
Hoary Bats also sometimes prey on some of the large beetles that are pests of orchards and woodlands. Hoary Bats are difficult to study for several reasons. One reason is that they do not form large colonies in conspicuous locations such as caves, barns, bridges or mine shafts. Adult females typically nest alone, somewhere in the treetops—a tree cavity, or simply sheltered by a large branch—where they give birth usually to twins. (Nearly all other North American bats have a single pup each year.) Hoary Bat pups take about five weeks to grow strong enough to fly, but remain with their mothers for several weeks longer as they gain flight experience and learn how to fend for themselves. Yet it is only by a tremendous stroke of luck—or by trapping, acoustic tagging, and tracking individual bats home—that researchers find where a Hoary Bat mother is sleeping with her pups.
Another challenge for researchers—and one of the most intriguing characteristics of Hoary Bats—is that they often fly without echolocating. At the same time, they frequently make low-frequency calls that are completely unlike echolocation chirps. Many insects use sound as well as smell (pheromones) to attract mates; and moths are known to be able to hear ultrasound and eavesdrop on approaching bats. Some moth species even “jam” bat echolocation chirps with squeaks and pops that can confuse attacking bats and throw them off-course. Townsend’s Big-Eared Bats address this tactical challenge by chirping softly (“whispering”) as they approach their prey and going completely silent as they complete their attack. Hoary Bats frequently fly silently to trick their moth prey; this has been blamed for the disproportionately high number of Hoary Bats that have been killed by wind turbines. Hoary Bats on the prowl are flying by dead reckoning and visual cues (such as moonlight) and cannot “see” the propellers as well as bat species that echolocated continuously. At the same time, studies conducted in the past few years have suggested that Hoary Bats talk a lot to each other as they are flying “blind”. Indeed, one study, while based on small numbers of bat recordings and thus not conclusive, raised the possibility that Hoary Bats speak regional dialects, like many birds.
What do Hoary Bats talk about? Food and sex, perhaps; but we really do not yet know. Maybe the study of Hoary Bats on San Juan Island will yield fresh clues. The focal point, for state and local bat researchers, is Lime Kiln State Park. Lime Kiln State Park is surrounded by an extremely rare forest community that is only found in a handful of patches on the west side, near Port Townsend, and lower Vancouver Island. Steep, rocky, and dry, it is rich in Grand Firs and Pacific Madrone (Arbutus to Canadians), with an understory of Alaska Oniongrass, a true grass with a small unpalatable bulb-like root.
Madrones are usually encountered as a pioneer species of dry slopes that grow tall and spindly as they try to compete for light with faster-growing Douglas Firs. Along the west side, however, there are many truly ancient Madrones with multiple trunks growing from a wide ring-like root crown. Over several centuries, the oldest trunks gradually fell as new ones replaced them. Gnarly and scarred by the loss of limbs to windstorms, these stubborn trees afford birds and bats a wealth of sheltered, safe cavities for their nests. | <urn:uuid:67640913-3b5d-451d-9d8e-941163dbd2aa> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.islandsweekly.com/life/teddy-bears-with-wings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.969627 | 933 | 3.9375 | 4 |
In these lessons, we will learn
- the Law of Sines
- how to use the Law of Sines when given two angles and one side
- how to use the Law of Sines when given two sides and a non-included angle
- about the ambiguous case when using the Law of Sines
- about the "no solutions" case when using the Law of Sines
- the proof for the Law of Sines
- how to solve applications or word problems using the Law of Sines
Law of Sines
The Law of Sines states that
In any given triangle, the ratio of the length of a side and the sine of the angle opposite that side is a constant.
The following figure shows the Law of Sines for the triangle ABC
The law of sines states that
We can also write the law of sines or sine rule as:
The Law of Sines is also known as the sine rule, sine law, or sine formula. It is valid for all types of triangles: right, acute or obtuse triangles.
The Law of Sines can be used to compute the remaining sides of a triangle when two angles and a side are known (AAS or ASA) or when we are given two sides and a non-enclosed angle (SSA).
We can use the Law of Sines when solving triangles. Solving a triangle means to find the unknown lengths and angles of the triangle. If we are given two sides and an included angle (SAS) or three sides (SSS) we will use the Law of Cosines to solve the triangle.
Law of Sines: Given Two Angles And One Side
We will first consider the situation when we are given 2 angles and one side of a triangle
Solve triangle PQR in which ∠ P = 63.5° and ∠ Q = 51.2° and r = 6.3 cm.
First, calculate the third angle.
∠ R = 180° – 63.5° – 51.2° = 65.3°
Next, calculate the sides.
= 65.3°, p
= 6.21 cm and q
= 5.40 cm
Law of Sines: Given Two Sides And An Obtuse Angle
We will now consider the situation when we are given two sides and an obtuse angle of a triangle.
Solve ∆ PQR in which ∠ P =116°, p = 8.3 cm and q = 5.4 cm.
Q cannot be an obtuse angle because the sum of angles in the triangle will exceed 180˚. The only valid value for Q is 35.8˚.
∠ Q = 35.8°, ∠ R = 180° – 116° – 35.8° = 28.2°
The solution is ∠ Q = 35.8° , ∠ R = 28.2° and r = 4.36 cm
How to solve triangles using Law of Sines?
The Law of Sines
One method for solving for a missing length or angle of a triangle is by using the law of sines. The law of sines, unlike the law of cosines, uses proportions to solve for missing lengths. The ratio of the sine of an angle to the side opposite it is equal for all three angles of a triangle. The law of sines works for any triangle, not just right triangles.
Law of Sines - Ambiguous Case
We will now consider the situation when we are given two sides and one angle of a triangle.
If you are given two sides and a non-included acute angle and the side facing the given angle is less than the other side, you would obtain two sets of answers. The solution is said to be ambiguous.
Solve triangle PQR in which ∠ P = 56°, p = 10 cm and q = 12 cm
Notice that we can construct two different triangles from the given information.
When ∠ Q = 95.8˚, ∠ R = 180˚ – 56˚ – 95.8˚ = 28.2˚
The two sets of solutions are:
∠ Q = 84.2°, ∠ R = 39.8°, r = 7.72 cm
∠ Q = 95.8°, ∠ R = 28.2°, r = 5.70 cm
The ambiguous case when solving triangles using the Law of Sines given SSA
How you may get two solutions when using the Law of Sines?
Law of Sines - No Solution
It is also possible that when given SSA, the triangle does not exists and the Law of Sines will indicate no solution.
Example of Law of Sines with no solution
Law of Sines - SSA - How to tell if there are 0, 1, or 2 solutions
How to use the Law of Sines to tell if there are 0, 1, or 2 solutions.
Proof for the Law of Sines
The following video will show a proof for the law of sines.
The proof of the Law of Sines
Applications using the Law of Sines
This video solves the following application using the law of sines.
Example: Standing on the back of a canyon, a surveyor notices a tree at a bearing of 115°. Then, the surveyor walks 300 meters. The bearing of the tree is then 85°. What is the distance across the canyon?
Application using the law of sines
A group of forest rangers were hiking through Denali National Park
towards Mt. McKinley, the tallest mountain in North America. From their campsite, they can see Mt. McKinley, and the angle of elevation from their campsite to the summit is 21°. They know that the slope of the mountain forms a 127° angle with the ground and that the vertical height of Mt. McKinley is 20,320 feet. How far away is their campsite from the base of the mountain? If they can hike 2.9 miles in an hour, how long will it take them to get to the base?
A word problem that involves using the law of sines
A person has a kite out on 1750 ft of string at an angle of 75° with ground. An observer notes that the angle formed by the kite and the flier is 102°. How far is the kite from the observer?
How to solve a word problem that involves using the Law of Sines?
You are on a hill and can see two building in the distance. Suppose the buildings are six miles apart. If you are 3.2 miles from one building and the angle between the two lines of sight to the buildings is 30° 30', how far are you from the second building?
An application problem that involves using the Law of Sines
Two wires help support a tall pole. One wire forms an angle of 48° with the ground and the other wire forms an angle of 72° with the ground. The wires are 20m apart. How far is the pole?
Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations.
You can use the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page. | <urn:uuid:9cd5e101-946b-4244-9a3e-34742f0fc9b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/law-of-sines.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578583000.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422235159-20190423021159-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.898528 | 1,606 | 4.0625 | 4 |
|Posted on July 2, 2014 at 4:30 PM|
Finally, we are getting some nice weather here in Ontario! This means more people are getting out and becoming active. Whether you are active year-round and started to gear up the activity or have just started exercising again, you will want to take a moment and read the following Newsletter so that you can avoid injury this summer!
The beginning of summer, when many people become more active, is a time of the year when injuries are very prevalent. Often injuries are from over-use/repetitive stress or from increased intensity. I wanted to go over four injuries from the knee down that are very common this time of year because of this increase in activity. Hopefully,this can serve as a guide as to what to do if you experience these pains and/or to avoid any pains below the knees this summer!
First, we often find patients complaining of pain in the front of their knee (behind their kneecap). I’m speaking of Patello-Femoral PainSyndrome (PFPS). This occurs when either abnormal forces (e.g. increased pull of the lateral quadriceps with acute or chronic lateral patello-femoral dislocation) or prolonged repetitive compressive or shearing forces (running or jumping) on the knee joint. Basically, the patella (kneecap) grinds on the underlying femur bone. So, as we bend the knee, if the kneecap/patella is not tracking/moving properly in the groove or if there is too much pressure on it (i.e. from overly tight and/or imbalanced muscles) then inflammation starts to occur underneath the knee.
The pathognomonic feature to this is that the patient will describe the issue as painful when going up the stairs but markedly worse when he/she is going down the stairs. As well,note that it is often from an overexertion. So, if you were cycling or runningyou might have to scale back from the intensity, dial down the tension, and/or stretch yourself/see a professional for deeper stretching techniques.
The second common injury we see below the knee is Shin Splints. In fact, just about every runner has experienced this pain in the front of their shins at some point in their lives. So, the infamous muscle here is the Tibialis Anterior (TA) muscle which runs on the outside of the rather pointed bone (i.e. Tibia) that forms the shin from your knee to the inside of your ankle approximately. With Shin Splints, the muscle is experiencing micro-fibrous tears from again overuse of the TA muscle and/or increased intensity of activity. This could have occurred from possibly the wrong shoes or having to run up hills for example, causing one to lift his/her feet higher and faster than previously. Generally, a patient will explain that it is painful to touch the outside of the shin and even find it difficult andtiring to walk or run after a certain amount of time. So, in this case, if you find yourself suffering from this pain, I recommend seeing your Chiropractic Doctor or equivalently a Sports Medicine Doctor to diagnose the issue and help with recovery. It will be very important, however, to let the body heal because there are actual tears in the muscles and they need to repair themselves. Unfortunately, this is one issue that won’t simply “go away”or repair itself while you are continuing to train intensively.
The third injury I would like to address is Plantar Fasciitis. This is very painful and affects the heel and underside of the foot. The plantar fascia is a fibrous tissue that runs from the base of your heel down to your toes. It helps to support the foot and helps to keep the arch in our feet, which dissipates the ground force load on our body (i.e. joints, spine, etc.). Again, this occurs from overuse, increased intensity of exercise,but this time other factors such as weight and age can affect the fascia similarly. So, when you don’t have sufficient arch support (i.e. flat shoes, lack of strength in the muscles of the foot which help to hold the foot’s arch) or you are bearing too much weight, you will get micro-fibrous tears as with Shin Splints.
In this case, the pathognomonic feature is that the pain gets worse when you go from rest to increased movement (i.e.worse when you wake up and start walking). After a few minutes of walking/running the pain will often reduce/stop but as soon as you stop and rest for 20 minutes, it’s those first few steps you take that will bring back that pain to which you will find yourself hobbling on that ankle. So, finding the proper shoe for the activity is key. See a professional to help you get that activity dependant, supportive shoe. As well, to get rid of the pain and possible scar tissue build up, your Chiropractic Doctor and/or a Sports Medicine Doctor can help definitively diagnose your issue and treat the fascia to help speed up recovery of the tears/scar tissue build up in your heel/base of foot.
The fourth and final common injury below the knee that I see in increased frequency at this time of the year is Achilles Tendinopathy. The Achilles tendon is a tendon made from the confluence of muscles that run along the posterior/back portion of the leg (i.e. the calf).So, when we are exerting ourselves at a greater intensity and placing strain on the calf muscles this tendon ends up creating, yet again, micro-fibrous tears.This can cause inflammation and pain. It makes one more susceptible to an Achilles Tendon Rupture (i.e. full tear) which can take months to years to recover from. In fact, at that point, depending on how badly the tendon is torn, one might have to have the leg booted/casted for a while or worse undergo surgery.
SO, WHAT DO WE DO?
1) SLOWLY RAMP UP! Prepare your muscles for this increase in intensity.
2) For Patello- Femoral PainSyndrome:
Strengthen the Vastus Medialis Muscle. The quads are made up of four muscles and so with Patella Femoral Pain Syndrome we end up having an imbalance in the pulley system of the quads pulling on the patella/kneecap which is why we get bad tracking, pain, and inflammation.
3) For Shin Splints:
Strengthen the Tibialis Anterior Muscle. Begin with Toe tapping. Keep heels on the floor and lift the front of the foot off the floor.The key is endurance, so, if you are able to do about 80 of those in a row then you are probably able to start running/activity again without injury.
4) For Plantar Fasciitis:
Proper support and Stretch the Plantar Fascia. If you can get your hands on a golf ball use it! Place the ball under your foot and roll it from your heel to your toes. Make sure you are on a surface that is not slippery or the ball will slide too much.
5) For Achilles Tendonopathy:
Stretch the Achilles Tendon. Before you exercise do a dynamic stretch by standing with the balls of your feet on a stair. Then drop both ankles off the stair with a count of two and then lift both ankles up until youare on your toes with a count of two. Repeat that movement ten times. After the exercise, cool down with a static stretch for the calf muscles. While standing, hold onto a high enough table or have hands on a wall and step back with your right foot keeping your ankle on the floor. Hold that there for 15 seconds. Note, that if you do not have a stair for the first dynamic stretch then you can do the static stretch but lift the ankle up until you are on your toes and back down holding each position for a count of only two seconds. Also note that the theory of dynamic stretching (i.e. jumping, lunging, etc. to increase blood flow and moving the muscles) before exercising and static (i.e.holding the stretch to elongate the muscles) stretching after exercising is true for all activities to help all muscles warm up, cool down and to prevent injury.
These stretches and exercises are not the be-all-and-end-all because they are only one of several that are needed for each injury. See your Chiropractic Doctor if you have previously or currently experience the pains that I discussed above. Chiropractors have the education and training to help you avoid injury and diagnose your injury in order for you to recover from any pains.
If you have any questions about the above blog and/or wish to learn more about injuries of the rest of the body send your comments to [email protected]. Or, if you would like to make an appointment please call 905-853-1490.
Dr. Alexandra Bouharevich, DC, MHK, BHK
Chiropractor, Rehabilitation Specialist, and Graston Technique Provider | <urn:uuid:097eade2-deb8-4c52-9c46-f759eda1fec5> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://jointcare.ca/apps/blog/show/42445009-don-t-let-pain-below-the-knee-stop-you-from-enjoying-your-summer-?siteId=123891787&locale=en-US | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371826355.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408233313-20200409023813-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.943067 | 1,926 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (//, from Ancient Greek: rhízōma "mass of roots", from rhizóō "cause to strike root") is a modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks and rootstocks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and are diageotropic or grow perpendicular to the force of gravity. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards.
If a rhizome is separated into pieces, each piece may be able to give rise to a new plant. The plant uses the rhizome to store starches, proteins, and other nutrients. These nutrients become useful for the plant when new shoots must be formed or when the plant dies back for the winter. This is a process known as vegetative reproduction and is used by farmers and gardeners to propagate certain plants. This also allows for lateral spread of grasses like bamboo and bunch grasses. Examples of plants that are propagated this way include hops, asparagus, ginger, irises, Lily of the Valley, cannas, and sympodial orchids. Some rhizomes which are used directly in cooking include ginger, turmeric, galangal, and fingerroot.
Stored rhizomes are subject to bacterial and fungal infections, making them unsuitable for replanting and greatly diminishing stocks. However, rhizomes can also be produced artificially from tissue cultures. The ability to easily grow rhizomes from tissue cultures leads to better stocks for replanting and greater yields. The plant hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid have been found to help induce and regulate the growth of rhizomes, specifically in rhubarb. Ethylene that was applied externally was found to affect internal ethylene levels, allowing for easy manipulations of ethylene concentrations. Knowledge of how to use these hormones to induce rhizome growth could help farmers and biologists producing plants grown from rhizomes more easily cultivate and grow better plants.
The poplars (species of Populus) are an example of trees that propagate using a rhizome. The Pando colony in Utah is a famous example, which has been living for about 80,000 years. The rhizome of a poplar colony is the key to its longevity: foragers, insects, fungus, and forest fires may destroy the above-ground portion of the tree, but the underground rhizome is somewhat protected against these threats.
A stolon is similar to a rhizome, but, unlike a rhizome, which is the main stem of the plant, a stolon sprouts from an existing stem, has long internodes, and generates new shoots at the end, such as in the strawberry plant. In general, rhizomes have short internodes; they send out roots from the bottom of the nodes and new upward-growing shoots from the top of the nodes. A stem tuber is a thickened part of a rhizome or stolon that has been enlarged for use as a storage organ. In general, a tuber is high in starch, for example, the common potato, which is a modified stolon. The term tuber is often used imprecisely, and is sometimes applied to plants with rhizomes.
Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that lie at the soil surface, including some Iris species, and ferns, whose spreading stems are rhizomes. Plants with underground rhizomes include gingers, bamboo, the Venus Flytrap, Chinese lantern, Western poison-oak, hops, and Alstroemeria, and the weeds Johnson grass, bermuda grass, and purple nut sedge. Rhizomes generally form a single layer, but in Giant Horsetails, can be multi-tiered.
- ῥίζωμα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- Jang, Cheol Seong; et al. (2006). "Functional classification, genomic organization, putatively cis-acting regulatory elements, and relationship to quantitative trait loci, of sorghum genes with rhizome-enriched expression.". Plant Physiology. 142 (3): 1148–1159. doi:10.1104/pp.106.082891.
- Nayak, Sanghamitra; Pradeep Kumar Naik (2006). "Factors effecting in vitro microrhizome formation and growth in Curcuma longa L. and improved field performance of micropropagated plants". Science Asia. 32: 31–37.
- Rayirath, Usha P; et al. (2011). "Role of ethylene and jasmonic acid on rhizome induction and growth in rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum L.)". Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture. 105: 253–263. doi:10.1007/s11240-010-9861-y.
- Stern, Kingsley R. Introductory Plant Biology, 10th ed., McGraw Hill, 2002. ISBN 0-07-290941-2.
- Hogan, C. Michael (2008) "Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum", GlobalTwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg.
- Husby, C. (2003) "Ecology and Physiology of the Giant Horsetails", Florida International University.
- Lim, T.K. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants, 11th ed., Springer, 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-26061-7.
- Media related to Rhizomes at Wikimedia Commons | <urn:uuid:8e701c9c-35b6-4cad-84da-86fda0ea536a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00100-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89625 | 1,216 | 4.125 | 4 |
Lenticular Sclerosis in Cats
What is lenticular sclerosis?
Lenticular sclerosis or nuclear sclerosis is the medical term for a bluish transparent "haze" that develops in the lens of the eye in middle-aged to senior cats.
"Vision does not appear to be significantly affected in cats diagnosed with lenticular sclerosis."
This is considered a normal change in the lens associated with aging, and is observed as a cloudiness or bluish discoloration on the pupil. Vision does not appear to be significantly affected in cats diagnosed with lenticular sclerosis. This condition is not the same as cataracts. Cataracts are white and opaque and represent a change in the ability of light to penetrate to the retina. Cataracts cause diminished vision. Cataracts and lenticular sclerosis are two of the most common eye problems seen in cats over the age of 9.
Lenticular sclerosis typically occurs bilaterally (in both eyes) and symmetrically in cats. The slowly progressive changes that result in nuclear sclerosis begin at about 8 years of age, and begin to be observable in cats over 9 years of age. Clinically, nuclear sclerosis appears as an evenly gray, rounded opacity in the center of the lens. It is most easily observed when the pupil is dilated. The opacity is often more dramatic when viewed from the side rather than from the front. When the eye is examined with an opthalmoscope, the retina and fundus (back of the eye) can still be seen through the sclerotic lens.
What causes lenticular sclerosis?
While the exact mechanism is poorly understood, it appears that the lens gradually becomes harder with age. Lens fibers are produced throughout life, but the lens does not become bigger. It is believed that, as the central lens is compressed by new fibers deposited on the outer "rings" of the lens, the compression leads to hardening and lens opacification.
Will my cat get cataracts?
Many cats do develop senile cataracts after having lenticular sclerosis. While the two seem related, there does not appear to be a causal relationship. This means that not all pets with lenticular sclerosis will develop cataracts. Senile cataracts form when the aging lens fibers degenerate. It is important to note that senile cataracts develop in many older pets so the chances of your pet developing lenticular sclerosis and/or a cataract is high.
How is lenticular sclerosis treated?
There is no specific treatment for lenticular sclerosis, nor is treatment necessary. Pets diagnosed with lenticular sclerosis should be evaluated regularly to monitor for the development of cataracts. If a cataract develops, it can be surgically corrected, and this procedure should be pursued early in the course of the disease for best results. | <urn:uuid:075596c5-b904-4378-b674-385912a1b8ba> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.vcahospitals.com/main/pet-health-information/article/animal-health/lenticular-sclerosis-in-cats/299 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877881.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00164-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940452 | 576 | 2.875 | 3 |
Is there any differences in terms of usages and meanings? Thanks!
Yes, there is. They are usually not interchangeable.
취향 (취: taste, preference, 향: direction): taste or preference (on anything).
e.g. 음악 취향 (musical taste/preference), 음식 취향 (food taste).
식성 (식: eating, food, 성: characteristics): taste or preference on foods.
e.g. 식성이 좋다 (eats well without being choosy). 식성이 까다롭다 (be particular about food).
입맛 (입: mouth, 맛: taste, flavor): 1) taste on foods, 2) appetite for food at a given moment.
e.g. 입맛이 까다롭다 (be particular about foods), 입맛이 안 난다 / 없다 (have no appetite).
취향 can be a taste on anything, so 음식 is needed to make it a taste on foods.
식성 is general food preferences of a person or animal. It has a narrow sense and is never used to mean a sense of craving at a particular time as 입맛 does.
입맛 can mean either general tastes on food or an appetite one feels at a given time. Its meaning has been extended to preferences on other things as well, as in 입맛대로 / 입맛에 맞게 (to one's taste / as one likes) used for things unrelated to gastronomy.
So you could even say something like
우파든 좌파든 모든 사실을 (자기들) 입맛에 맞게 왜곡한다 = Both the right and the left distort all facts to fit their (own) preferences. | <urn:uuid:8920a776-4e78-4997-90ef-0bffcee31443> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://korean.stackexchange.com/questions/6613/is-there-any-differences-between-%ec%b7%a8%ed%96%a5-%ec%8b%9d%ec%84%b1-and-%ec%9e%85%eb%a7%9b/6642#6642 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584913.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016170013-20211016200013-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.913573 | 529 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Flashback: McKinley’s Presidential Campaigns Pioneered Buttons
NILES, Ohio – Gazing through the protective glass at the more than century-old McKinley campaign buttons, it’s easy to miss their significance. After all, political buttons that feature the faces of candidates and their campaign slogans have been ubiquitous in American politics.
These buttons, however, were a novelty to the supporters of the Republican standard bearer in 1896, William McKinley.
“This was the first campaign where they made real use of campaign buttons,” says Trish Scarmuzzi, curator of collections at the National McKinley Birthplace Memorial Museum in Niles, which celebrates its centennial this year.
The museum has a large collection of political buttons from McKinley’s presidential campaigns in 1896 and 1900. The Whitehead & Hoag Co. of Newark, N.J, patented pin-back celluloid buttons in 1896, just in time for McKinley’s first presidential campaign, which used mass-produced political buttons to rally support for the Republican nominee.
Political buttons proved ideal in using symbols to communicate with voters. “Most people could read, but sometimes the reading wasn’t so easy for them,” Scarmuzzi says. An image of McKinley on a gold background communicated his support for the gold standard, and images from the Civil War reminded voters that McKinley was a Union veteran.
Other buttons used simple slogans to communicate the candidate’s positions: “The Full Dinner Bucket” told them of McKinley’s support for the working man during the 1900 campaign and “Sound Money Club” promoted his fiscal policies.
McKinley’s Democratic opponent in 1896 and 1900, William Jennings Bryan, eventually followed suit and produced buttons with the slogan “Solid Silver,” advertising his support for an expanded money supply.
“They started using them as an advertising medium,” Scarmuzzi says. “In those days you didn’t see your candidate very much, so you just had that pin.”
Trish Scarmuzzi is the curator of collections at the 100-year-old McKinley museum.
Some buttons at the museum feature images of McKinley and Garret Hobart, his vice president who died in office in 1899.The dual portrait button is referred to as a “jugate,” and they continue in modern presidential elections.
Memorial buttons were produced to express the nation’s sorrow after McKinley’s assassination in 1901. Many of the buttons are attached to black ribbons.
The museum has other political campaign memorabilia that may seem odd to contemporary audiences. A “Soap Baby,” distributed as a campaign novelty item, is a baby doll made of soap with an accompanying tag that reads: “My papa will vote for McKinley.” Women did not vote in presidential elections until 1920.
The museum has other sundry items from McKinley’s campaigns: an umbrella decorated with the visages of McKinley and Hobart and a straight razor with the images of the president and his wife, Ida.
Also on display are two pipes with a depiction of McKinley’s head in place of the bowls of the pipes. “In those days, they tried to make your campaign memorabilia as useful as possible, Scarmuzzi says.
Artifacts and memorabilia in the museum help patrons understand the area’s connection to history, says Marcelle Wilson, an adjunct professor of history at Youngstown State University. “It’s memorabilia that helps people remember our place, not only here locally, but also nationally,” she says.
The memorial museum, which celebrates its centennial this year, was inspired by Joseph Butler Jr., a Mahoning Valley industrialist and lifelong friend of McKinley.
Butler raised funds for the museum from many of the leading industrialists of the day, including Andrew Carnegie, George Westinghouse and Andrew W. Mellon, later secretary of the treasury under presidents Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover.
The industrialists and others donated more than $1,000 each to the project. A bronze bust of each was placed in the outdoor assembly space; they surround a statue of McKinley.
Birthplace Memorial will re-enact the dedication ceremony of 1917, with actor Mike Wilson portraying President William Howard Taft and an appearance by Dorothy Butler, a great-granddaughter of Joseph Butler Jr.
Pictured at top: This campaign button advertises the endorsement of William McKinley by a fraternal group formed in 1890, Commercial Travelers of America, that provided insurance.
Copyright 2018 The Business Journal, Youngstown, Ohio.
Published by The Business Journal, Youngstown, Ohio.
CLICK HERE to subscribe to our print edition and sign up to our free daily headlines. | <urn:uuid:8f23831d-aa6e-4d5b-af8c-fb017fcb217a> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://businessjournaldaily.com/mckinley-campaigns-pioneered-buttons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210040.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815083101-20180815103101-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.951685 | 1,025 | 2.984375 | 3 |
We are determined to protect the planet from degradation and want to promote sustainable energy consumption and production: in a way that harnesses natural resources, takes urgent action and supports the needs of the present and future generations.
“Living sustainably requires a huge shift in mindset. Education has to be a part of that change”.
“It’s time to inspire the next generation of makers”.
YooMeYoo’s energy education development project is dedicated to promoting an energy-conscious society by building effective networks of students, educators, businesses, and community leaders to design and implement education programs.
YooMeYoo’s aim is to build and develop a ‘Makerspace’, with the intention of:
YooMeYoo’s mission is inspire children to take an active interest in energy and technology, to encourage them to use it responsibly throughout their lives. The purpose of the factory space is to education them in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) subjects in a positive way by helping them to develop practical knowledge in a safe and responsible environment.
The project is designed to bridge a societal gap, and to bring makers, innovators, and curious young minds together/
Our primary audience are schools (6-18 years old), youth centers, children’s charities and non-profit associations. We want to create a dedicated creative, educational space where children can learn autonomously and experiment with energy-focused maker technology; in a safe, proactive environment.
To do this, we first need to build a maker community; which is why we’re committed to building a versatile space where they can access tools, workshops, and private areas. We see makers as: | <urn:uuid:019156d4-1ec6-4375-8d7b-bc254ecbd673> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.yoomeyoo.org/social-mission/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524858.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121132407-20210121162407-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.932294 | 360 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Jet Propulsion Laboratory News Feature
2009 February 12
Launched in September of 2007, and propelled by any one of a trio of hyper-efficient ion engines, NASA's Dawn spacecraft passed the orbit of Mars last summer. At that time, the asteroid belt (where Dawn's two targets, asteroid Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres reside), had never been closer. In early July the spacecraft began to lose altitude, falling back towards the inner solar system. Then on October 31, 2008, after 270 days of almost continuous thrusting, the ion drive turned off.
"Not only are our thrusters off and we are dropping in altitude, we are plunging toward Mars," said Marc Rayman, the Dawn project’s chief engineer from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. "And everybody here on Dawn could not be happier."
The team's joy at plummeting towards a planet named for the Roman god of war is not unfounded. Mars, the final stop for many a NASA spacecraft, was always an important, and weighty, waypoint for the Dawn mission. It all has to do with one of the heavy subjects of rocket science, gravity assists.
A gravity assist is the use of the relative movement and gravity of a planet or other celestial body to alter the path and speed of a spacecraft, typically in order to save fuel, time and expense. A spacecraft traveling to an outer planet (or in this case asteroid) will decelerate because the incessant tug of the sun's gravity slows it down. By flying a spacecraft close by a large planet and its large gravity field, some of the planet's speed as it orbits the sun is transferred to the spacecraft. In Dawn's case, it is using the Red Planet's tremendous angular momentum (the speed at which Mars orbits the sun) to give it a little extra oomph.
"A big oomph actually," said Rayman. "The gravity of Mars will change Dawn's path about the sun, enlarging its elliptical orbit and sending the probe farther from the sun. It will also change Dawn’s orbital plane by more than 5 degrees. This is important because Dawn has to maneuver into the same plane in which Vesta orbits the sun."
If Dawn had to perform these orbital adjustments on its own with no Mars gravitational deflection, it would have required the spacecraft to fire up its engines and change velocity by more than 5,800 miles per hour (9,330 kilometers per second). Such velocity changes would have required Dawn to carry an extra 230 pounds (104 kilograms) of xenon fuel.
"Without the gravity assist, our mission would not have been affordable, even with the extraordinary capability of the ion propulsion system," said Rayman. "That's why we are happy Dawn is now plunging toward Mars."
Also happy for the opportunity to fly past the fourth rock from the sun is Dawn's science team. With asteroid Vesta still more than two-and-a-half years away, Mars provides the perfect opportunity to give their highly-tuned instruments a workout.
"It is fortuitous that we need Mars to get out to Vesta and Ceres," said Carol Raymond, Dawn's deputy principal investigator, from JPL. "Since there are other spacecraft currently operating at Mars with similar instrumentation, we will be able to check our measurements against their knowledge of Mars, and carry that information farther out into the solar system.”
But the Mars gravity assist is not the final hurdle on Dawn's road to the asteroid belt. The subsequent 30 months include more than 27 months of blue-green tinged ion thrusting to successfully rendezvous with Dawn's first target --Vesta.
While an accurately flown encounter with the planet Mars makes a big difference in the life of NASA's asteroid pioneer, the planet itself does not come out unscathed. Weighing in at all of 2,500 pounds (1,134 kilograms), Dawn has its own mass and thereby its own gravitational field. In contrast, the somewhat more massive planet is almost 600 million-million-million times more substantial than that of the spacecraft.
"The laws of physics tell us that Mars will pay a price for helping Dawn," said Rayman. "The flyby will cause Mars to slow in its orbit enough that after one year, its position will be off by about the width of an atom. If you add that up, it will take about 180 million years for Mars to be out of position by one inch (2.5 centimeters). We appreciate Mars making that sacrifice so Dawn can conduct its exciting mission of discovery in the asteroid belt.”
Dawn's 4.8-billion-kilometer (3-billion-mile) odyssey includes orbiting asteroid Vesta in 2011 and the dwarf planet Ceres in 2015. These two giants of the asteroid belt have been witness to much of our solar system's history. By using Dawn's instruments to study both objects for several months, scientists can more accurately compare and contrast the two. Dawn's science instrument suite will measure geology, elemental and mineral composition, shape, surface topography, geomorphology and tectonic history, and will also seek water-bearing minerals. In addition, the Dawn spacecraft’s orbit characteristics around Vesta and Ceres will be used to measure the celestial bodies' masses and gravity fields.
The Dawn mission to Vesta and Ceres is managed by JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The University of California, Los Angeles, is responsible for overall Dawn mission science. Other scientific partners include Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Ariz.; Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany; DLR Institute for Planetary Research, Berlin; Italian National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome; and the Italian Space Agency. Orbital Sciences Corporation of Dulles, Va., designed and built the Dawn spacecraft.
To learn more about Dawn and its mission to the asteroid belt, visit:
Home | Site Map | Search | About | Contact
Copyright © 2008, Brian Webb. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:62661c6c-c969-4a58-b7e4-e78e206de37e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://spacearchive.info/news-2009-02-12-jpl.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650620.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605021141-20230605051141-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.935234 | 1,269 | 4 | 4 |
Ever wonder why egg yolks differ in color? Some are more yellow while others favor a deep orange. Is the color difference important? You bet it is!
The color of the yolk of eggs says a lot about the quality of the egg. Yolk color is not determined by the breed of the chicken or the freshness of the egg. The color is determined by the diet or feed of the chicken and ultimately the nutrition content of the egg. Here is what the color means:
- LIGHT YELLOW: Chickens fed white cornmeal, and the eggs have limited flavor and nutrients.
- YELLOW: Chickens fed grain diets (wheat or barley) and eggs tend to have less flavor and lower nutrient content.
- ORANGE: Chickens fed a mixture of grain and grass such as green plants, alfalfa, and corn. Eggs are flavorful and higher in nutrients.
- DARK ORANGE: Chickens are true foragers and eat only grass an insects. Chickens are usually pastured raised and have access to plant materials with xanthophylls pigment (yellow and orange pigments). These eggs are richest in flavor and nutrients.
The quality of the feed of the animal is important to consider as an animal’s diet has a large influence on our health. If an animal has a nutrient poor diet and we eat that animal, there is no benefit and likely a detriment to our health! As the saying goes, you are what you eat, so crack wisely! | <urn:uuid:aa9063b4-8575-4ba7-8d2d-8c947c410239> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://nutritioncpr.com/2013/05/30/the-yolk-is-worth-a-1000-words/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948965.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329085436-20230329115436-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.939757 | 312 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Indoor Ring Toss
- Small paper plates
- Wine bottle, candlestick, or other tall, steady object
- Cut the center out of each paper plate, leaving a one-inchwide ring.
- Set a wine bottle, candlestick, or other tall, steady object on the floor.
- Have your child stand back several feet and try to throw the rings so that they land encircling the bottle or candlestick.
- A child playing alone can see how many rings he tosses successfully in a designated time. Two or more children can take turns tossing rings to see who has more successful tosses.
- You may want to color-code each child's rings or label them with the child's name.
More on: Activities for Kids
Copyright © 2001 by Patricia Kuffner. Excerpted from The Children's Busy Book with permission of its publisher, Meadowbrook Press.
To order this book visit Meadowbrook Press. | <urn:uuid:c71b3e36-1f29-4e9a-99aa-92d2853f63b6> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://fun.familyeducation.com/activity/37205.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164004946/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133324-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907435 | 201 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Underground Railroad Quilt Block Code
Prior to the Civil War, quilts played an important part in the Underground Railroad movement. African-Americans followed secret routes and safe houses from southern slave states north to free states and Canada. Travelers and plantation visitors passed information to slaves about the routes, and helped them prepare for their journeys. Quilts were hung on clotheslines and fences as messages to escaping slaves about food, shelter, and directions along the way. Many routes were followed north, and all routes are known collectively as the Underground Railroad.
The designs chosen for the Sacramento Northern Railway Rio Linda station Underground Railroad Quilt Block Code depict just a few of many symbols used to signal safe passage to escaping slaves.
Railroad─Our first block represents the Underground Railroad movement, as well as the trip from Sacramento to Rio Linda on the train. Passengers enjoyed viewing fields of wild poppies along the way.
Monkey Wrench─Symbolizes the blacksmiths, who visited farms and knew the lay of the land. Some could communicate with slaves through the rhythmic beating of a hammer on an anvil. The Monkey Wrench quilt was the first signal to slaves, and meant that it was time to collect tools and knowledge for the journey north.
Wagon Wheel─Wagon Wheel quilts were displayed as signals to pack essential items. Wagons with hidden compartments were one of the primary ways to transport escaping slaves and carry them to freedom.
Carpenter’s Wheel─Future run-away slaves planned their escapes when they saw the Carpenter’s Wheel displayed. Following the Wheel to the west-northwest, they made their way to Ohio and freedom.
Bears Paw─This design advised escapees to follow animal trails through the mountains, and lead them to food and water.
Crossroads─ Once through the mountains, slaves were to travel to the crossroads. The main crossroads was Cleveland, Ohio. Any quilt hung before this one would have given directions to Ohio.
Basket─The Basket symbolizes the provisions needed for the long journey North. Because they couldn’t buy food or tools along the way, slaves carried baskets with them. Women commonly carried laundry baskets full of provisions to safe houses.
Log Cabin─The center block in this pattern often represented the hearth or fire of a cabin. A yellow center could mean a light or beacon, and a black center indicated a “safe” house.
Birds in the Air─This design was created by a Quaker woman, using quilted “birds” to create arrows that pointed toward a safe house in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Drunkard’s Path─Advises slaves to use a crooked, or staggering path, on their flight to freedom to avoid detection by slave hunters.
Sail Boat─Black sailors and ship owners helped many slaves reach the free states and Canada.
North Star─Signaled travelers to follow the North Star.
Shoofly─Identifies a friendly guide who is nearby and can help.
Bowties─Signaled travelers to dress in disguise, or put on a change of clothes.
Flying Geese─The points were meant to follow that direction, such as where geese would fly during spring migration.
Members of the Rio Linda Elverta Quilt Trail Project are grateful for the opportunity to create this public art project. For more information about the Project, visit our website at RLEquilttrail.com. For more information about the Underground Railroad movement, visit pathways.thinkport.org. | <urn:uuid:bf718aab-b513-4bbc-aa7e-2180ea216e03> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://rlequilttrail.com/2014/09/03/rio-linda-depot-helps-tell-the-story-of-americas-underground-railroad-movement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590794.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719090301-20180719110301-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.954009 | 736 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Propaganda is presentation of information in ways which are not objective and aimed primarily at influencing an audience or furthering an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage particular perceptions, and to produce emotional rather than a rational responses to the circumstances. Propaganda is often associated with material prepared by national governments, but activist groups, companies, and religious organizations also produce propaganda.
- Manipulations of opinion, insofar as they are inspired by well-defined interests, have limited goals; their effect, however, if they happen to touch upon an issue of authentic concern, is no longer subject to their control and may easily produce consequences they never foresaw or intended.
- Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963), Postscript to the revised (1965) edition
- If we understand the mechanism and motives of the group mind, is it not possible to control and regiment the masses according to our will without their knowing about it? The recent practice of propaganda has proved that it is possible, at least up to a certain point and within certain limits.
- Edward Bernays, Propaganda (1928)
- The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country.
- We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. ... In almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons ... who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires which control the public mind.
- No serious sociologist any longer believes that the voice of the people expresses any divine or specially wise and lofty idea. The voice of the people expresses the mind of the people, and that mind is made up for it by the group leaders in whom it believes and by those persons who understand the manipulation of public opinion. It is composed of inherited prejudices and symbols and clichés and verbal formulas supplied to them by the leaders.
- The engineering of consent is the very essence of the democratic process, the freedom to persuade and suggest.
- Goebbels ... was using my book Crystallizing Public Opinion as a basis for his destructive campaign against the Jews of Germany. This shocked me.
- Edward Bernays, Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of Public Relations Counsel (1965)
- The twentieth century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: the growth of democracy, the growth of corporate power, and the growth of corporate propaganda as a means of protecting corporate power against democracy.
- Alex Carey, Taking the Risk Out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda versus Freedom and Liberty (1995), p. 18
- The success of business propaganda in persuading us, for so long, that we are free from propaganda is one of the most significant propaganda achievements of the twentieth century.
- Alex Carey, Taking the Risk Out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda versus Freedom and Liberty (1995), p. 21
- One reason that propaganda often works better on the educated than on the uneducated is that educated people read more, so they receive more propaganda. Another is that they have jobs in management, media, and academia and therefore work in some capacity as agents of the propaganda system--and they believe what the system expects them to believe. By and large, they're part of the privileged elite, and share the interests and perceptions of those in power.
- For those who stubbornly seek freedom around the world, there can be no more urgent task than to come to understand the mechanisms and practices of indoctrination. These are easy to perceive in the totalitarian societies, much less so in the propaganda system to which we are subjected and in which all too often we serve as unwilling or unwitting instruments.
- [In] Democratic societies … the state can't control behavior by force. It can to some extent, but it's much more limited in its capacity to control by force. Therefore, it has to control what you think. … One of the ways you control what people think is by creating the illusion that there's a debate going on, but making sure that that debate stays within very narrow margins. Namely, you have to make sure that both sides in the debate accept certain assumptions, and those assumptions turn out to be the propaganda system. As long as everyone accepts the propaganda system, then you can have a debate.
- The Vietnam War is a classic example of America's propaganda system. In the mainstream media--the New York Times, CBS, and so on-- there was a lively debate about the war. It was between people called "doves" and people called "hawks." The hawks said, "If we keep at it we can win." The doves said, "Even if we keep at it, it would probably be too costly for use, and besides, maybe we're killing too many people." Both sides agreed on one thing. We had a right to carry out aggression against South Vietnam. Doves and hawks alike refused to admit that aggression was taking place. They both called our military presence in Southeast Asia the defense of South Vietnam, substituting "defense" for "aggression" in the standard Orwellian manner.
- The media want to maintain their intimate relation to state power. They want to get leaks, they want to get invited to the press conferences. They want to rub shoulders with the Secretary of State, all that kind of business. To do that, you've got to play the game, and playing the game means telling their lies, serving as their disinformation apparatus.
- Propaganda is to a democracy what the bludgeon is to a totalitarian state.
- Noam Chomsky, Interview on WBAI, January 1992
- Propaganda tries to surround man by all possible routes in the realm of feelings as well as ideas, by playing on his will or on his needs, through his conscious and his unconscious, assailing him in both his private and his public life. It furnishes him with a complete system for explaining the world, and provides immediate incentives to action. We are here in the presence of an organized myth that tries to take hold of the entire person. Through the myth it creates, propaganda imposes a complete range of intuitive knowledge, susceptible of only one interpretation, unique and one-sided, and precluding any divergence. This myth becomes so powerful that it invades every arena of consciousness, leaving no faculty or motivation intact. It stimulates in the individual a feeling of exclusiveness, and produces a biased attitude.
- Jacques Ellul, in Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (1962), as translated by Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner (1965)
- Modern propaganda is based on scientific analyses of psychology and sociology. Step by step, the propagandist builds his techniques on the basis of his knowledge of man, his tendencies, his desires, his needs, his psychic mechanisms, his conditioning — and as much on social psychology as on depth psychology. He shapes his procedures on the basis of our knowledge of groups and their laws of formation and dissolution, of mass influences, and of environmental limitations. Without the scientific research of modern psychology and sociology there would be no propaganda, or rather we still would be in the primitive stages of propaganda that existed in the time of Pericles or Augustus.
- Jacques Ellul, in Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (1962), as translated by Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner (1965), p. 4
- The most favorable moment to seize a man and influence him is when he is alone in the mass. It is at this point that propaganda can be most effective.
- Jacques Ellul, in Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (1962), as translated by Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner (1965), p. 9
- Propaganda does not aim to elevate man, but to make him serve.
- Jacques Ellul, in Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (1962), as translated by Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner (1965), p. 38
- Hate, hunger, and pride make better levers of propaganda than do love or impartiality.
- Jacques Ellul, in Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (1962), as translated by Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner (1965), p. 38
- We can now advance a definition of propaganda — not an exhaustive definition, unique and exclusive of all others, but at least a partial one: Propaganda is a set of methods employed by an organized group that wants to bring about the active or passive participation in its actions of a mass of individuals, psychologically unified through psychological manipulations and incorporated in an organization.
- Jacques Ellul, in Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes (1962), as translated by Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner (1965), p. 61
- There remains the problem of Goebbels' reputation. He wore the title of Big Liar (bestowed by Anglo-Saxon propaganda) and yet he never stopped battling for propaganda to be as accurate as possible. He preferred being cynical and brutal to being caught in a lie. He used to say: "Everybody must know what the situation is." He was always the first to announce disastrous events or difficult situations, without hiding anything. The result was a general belief between 1939 and 1942 that German communiqués not only were more concise, clearer and less cluttered, but were more truthful than Allied communiqués (American and neutral opinion) — and, furthermore, that the Germans published all the news two or three days before the Allies. All this is so true that pinning the title of Big Liar on Goebbels must be considered quite a propaganda success.
- Jacques Ellul, "The Characteristics of Propaganda" in Readings in Propaganda and Persuasion: New and Classic Essays edited by Garth S. Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell, (SAGE, 2006) p. 48, note 47
- Every major U.S. war of the last several decades has begun the same way: the U.S. government fabricates an inflammatory, emotionally provocative lie which large U.S. media outlets uncritically treat as truth while refusing at air questioning or dissent, thus inflaming primal anger against the country the U.S. wants to attack...This was exactly the tactic used on February 23, when the narrative shifted radically in favor of those U.S. officials who want regime change operations in Venezuela... they vehemently stated that the trucks were set on fire, on purpose, by President Nicolas Maduro’s forces.
- That lie – supported by incredibly powerful video images – changed everything. Ever since, that Maduro burned trucks filled with humanitarian aid was repeated over and over as proven fact on U.S. news outlets. Immediately after it was claimed, politicians...U.S. news stars and think tank luminaries...took a leading role in beating the war drums...
- The U.S. media, by design, does not permit dissent on U.S. foreign policy, particularly when it comes to false claims about U.S. adversaries. That’s why skeptics of U.S. regime change in Venezuela, or dissenters on the prevailing orthodoxies about Russia, have largely been disappeared from mainstream media outlets, just as they were in 2002 and 2003. That’s not because U.S. media stars are ordered to do this. They don’t need to be ordered. They know propaganda is their job...
- What is the propaganda model and how does it work? The crucial structural factors derive from the fact that the dominant media are firmly imbedded in the market system. They are profit-seeking businesses, owned by very wealthy people (or other companies); they are funded largely by advertisers who are also profit-seeking entities, and who want their ads to appear in a supportive selling environment. The media are also dependent on government and major business firms as information sources, and both efficiency and political considerations, and frequently overlapping interests, cause a certain degree of solidarity to prevail among the government, major media, and other corporate businesses. Government and large non-media business firms are also best positioned (and sufficiently wealthy) to be able to pressure the media with threats of withdrawal of advertising or TV licenses, libel suits, and other direct and indirect modes of attack. The media are also constrained by the dominant ideology, which heavily featured anticommunism before and during the Cold War era, and was mobilized often to prevent the media from criticizing attacks on small states labelled communist.
- The model does suggest that the mainstream media, as elite institutions, commonly frame news and allow debate only within the parameters of elite interests; and that where the elite is really concerned and unified, and/or where ordinary citizens are not aware of their own stake in an issue or are immobilized by effective propaganda, the media will serve elite interests uncompromisingly... Many liberals and a number of academic media analysts of the left did not like the propaganda model. Some of them found repugnant a wholesale condemnation of a system in which they played a respected role; for them it is a basically sound system, its inequalities of access regrettable but tolerable, its pluralism and competition effectively responding to consumer demands.
- In retrospect...it is quite possible that nothing we could have done would have prevented our being labelled conspiracy theorists, rigid determinists, and deniers of the possibility that people can resist (even as we called for resistance). The propaganda model still seems a very workable framework for analyzing and understanding the mainstream media—perhaps even more so than in 1988. As noted earlier in reference to Central America, it often surpasses expectations of media subservience to government propaganda. And we are still waiting for our critics to provide a better model.
- But it remained for the Jews, with their unqualified capacity for falsehood, and their fighting comrades, the Marxists … By placing responsibility for the loss of the world war on the shoulders of Ludendorff they took away the weapon of moral right from the only adversary dangerous enough to be likely to succeed in bringing the betrayers of the Fatherland to Justice. All this was inspired by the principle - which is quite true in itself - that in the big lie there is always a certain force of credibility; because the broad masses of a nation are always more easily corrupted in the deeper strata of their emotional nature than consciously or voluntarily; and thus in the primitive simplicity of their minds they more readily fall victims to the big lie than the small lie, since they themselves often tell small lies in little matters but would be ashamed to resort to large-scale falsehoods. It would never come into their heads to fabricate colossal untruths, and they would not believe that others could have the impudence to distort the truth so infamously.
- No matter what an amount of talent employed in the organization of propaganda, it will have no result if due account is not taken of these fundamental principles. Propaganda must be limited to a few simple themes and these must be represented again and again. Here, as in innumerable other cases, perseverance is the first and most important condition of success.
- Variant: No amount of genius spent on the creation of propaganda will lead to success if a fundamental principle is not forever kept in mind. Propaganda must confine itself to very few points, and repeat them endlessly. Here, as with so many things in this world, persistence is the first and foremost condition of success.
- Adolf Hitler, in Mein Kampf (1925) ; translated to English by James Murphy (February 1939)
- We tend today to exaggerate the effectiveness of persuasion as a means of inculcating opinion and shaping behavior. ...Actually the fabulous effects ascribed to propaganda have no greater foundation in fact than the fall of the walls of Jericho ascribed to the blast of Joshua's trumpets.
- Eric Hoffer, The True Beliver (1951) Ch.14 Unifying Agents, §83
- All war propaganda consists, in the last resort, in subsituting diabolical abstractions for human beings. Similarly,those who defend war have invented a pleasant sounding vocabulary of abstractions in which to describe the process of mass murder.
- Aldous Huxley, in "Pacifism and Philosophy" (1936)
- The propagandist's purpose is to make one set of people forget that certain other sets of people are human.
- Aldous Huxley, The Olive Tree (1937). New York: Harper & Brothers, p. 101
- The “Conqueror from Berlin,” as he has named himself, has completely conquered Germany. And not only that. Unfortunately, many, all too many Germans living abroad, also have fallen for the cunning propaganda.
- Friedrich Kellner, My Opposition (14 October 1939)
- What each man does is based not on direct and certain knowledge, but on pictures made by himself or given to him...The very men who most loudly proclaim their “materialism” and their contempt for “ideologues,” the Marxian communists, place their entire hope on what? On the formation by propaganda of a class-conscious group. But what is propaganda, if not the effort to alter the picture to which men respond, to substitute one social pattern for another?
- Walter Lippmann Public Opinion (1922)
- Without some form of censorship, propaganda in the strict sense of the word is impossible. In order to conduct a propaganda there must be some barrier between the public and the event. Access to the real environment must be limited, before anyone can create a pseudo-environment that he thinks wise or desirable. ...It is often very illuminating, therefore, to ask yourself how you got at the facts on which you base your opinion. Who actually saw, heard, felt, counted, named the thing, about which you have an opinion? Was it the man who told you, or the man who told him, or someone still further removed? And how much was he permitted to see?
- Walter Lippmann Public Opinion (1922)
- Photographs have the kind of authority over imagination to-day, which the printed word had yesterday, and the spoken word before that. They seem utterly real. They come, we imagine, directly to us without human meddling, and they are the most effortless food for the mind conceivable.
- Walter Lippmann Public Opinion (1922)
- …propaganda is defined as the manipulation of the public to the end of securing some specific action.
- Propaganda is making puppets out of us. We are moved by hidden strings which the propagandist manipulates.
- Its aim is to “put something over” on people, with or without their knowledge or consent… neither truth nor the basic values of civilization get a fair hearing.
- …prejudice and the well-known weaknesses of human nature are to be exploited and thus encouraged.
- It must be borne in mind that everything the propagandist does or says is for effect — most commonly the effect on fools. The public wants not truth but a show?
- …so long as the public may be manipulated by misrepresentation and by appeal to ignorance and prejudice, it is the public’s own fault if the “knowing ones” make use of questionable methods.
- The evil effect of these attempts to manipulate the multitude by pampering its weaknesses — in return for material and other advantages to persons and for ends not disclosed — is clearly seen in various aspects of our common life. In politics such effect have long been deplorable.
- It is the trivial, the irrelevant, the sensational, the appeal to obsolete bigotry which naturally give it greatest publicity. In such publicity it becomes a mere vulgar caricature of itself.
- One of the serious results of propaganda is that it has caused the public to think that education and propaganda are the same thing, and thus to make an ignorant multitude believe it is being educated when it is only being manipulated. Education aims at independence of judgement. Propaganda offers ready-made opinions for the unthinking herd.
- The educator aims at a slow process of development; the propagandist, at quick results. The educator tries to tell people how to think; the propagandist, what to think. The educator strives to develop individual responsibility; the propagandist, mass effects. The educator wants thinking; the propagandist, action. The educator fails unless he achieves an open mind; the propagandist, unless he achieves a closed mind.
- Frankly, Wonder Woman is psychological propaganda for the new type of woman who, I believe, should rule the world.
- William Moulton Marston The Secret History of Wonder Woman, The Secret History of Wonder Woman (2014) by Jill Lepore
- The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production.
- [W]hen their propaganda lines up with their behavior in the real world it would be very foolhardy to ignore it... The worse the quality of the paper is, the more seriously you should take the propaganda printed on it because that poor-quality paper indicates its being distributed on a large scale...
- And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed -if all records told the same tale — then the lie passed into history and became truth. Who controls the past, ran the Party slogan, controls the future: who controls the present controls the past. And yet the past, though of its nature alterable, never had been altered. Whatever was true now was true from everlasting to everlasting. It was quite simple. All that was needed was an unending series of victories over your own memory. 'Reality control', they called it: in Newspeak, 'doublethink'.
- In principle the war effort is always so planned as to eat up any surplus that might exist after meeting the bare needs of the population.... chronic shortage of half the necessities... is deliberate policy to keep even the favored groups somewhere near the brink of hardship, because a general state of scarcity increases the importance of small privileges and thus magnifies the distinction between one group and another.
- War... not only accomplishes the necessary destruction, but accomplishes it in a psychologically acceptable way. In principle it would be quite simple to waste the surplus labour of the world... by digging holes and filling them up again, or even by producing vast quantities of goods and then setting fire to them. But this would provide only the economic and not the emotional basis for a hierarchical society. ...In the long run, a hierarchical society was only possible on a basis of poverty and ignorance.
- The new aristocracy was made up for the most part of bureaucrats, scientists, technicians, trade-union organizers, publicity experts, sociologists, teachers, journalists, and professional politicians... shaped and brought together by the barren world of monopoly industry and centralized government... intent on crushing opposition.
- By comparison with that existing today, all the tyrannies of the past were half-hearted and inefficient... in the past no government had the power to keep its citizens under constant surveillance. The invention of print, however, made it easier to manipulate public opinion, and the film and the radio carried the process further. With the development of television, Every citizen, or at least every citizen important enough to be worth watching, could be kept for twenty-four hours a day under the eyes of the police and in the sound of official propaganda, with all other channels of communication closed. The possibility of enforcing not only complete obedience to the will of the State, but complete uniformity of opinion on all subjects, now existed for the first time.
- When terrorists attack, they’re terrorizing. When we attack, we’re retaliating. When they respond to our retaliation with further attacks, they’re terrorizing again. When we respond with further attacks, we’re retaliating again.
When people decry civilian deaths caused by the U.S government, they're aiding propaganda efforts. In sharp contrast, when civilian deaths are caused by bombers who hate America, the perpetrators are evil and those deaths are tragedies.
When they put bombs in cars and kill people, they're uncivilized killers. When we put bombs on missiles and kill people, we're upholding civilized values. When they kill, they're terrorists. When we kill, we're striking against terror.
- Norman Solomon, "Orwellian Logic 101 — A Few Simple Lessons", in FAIR (27 August 1998)
- Orwell's 1984 explained that "the special function of certain Newspeak words … was not so much to express meanings as to destroy them." During the week after U.S. missiles hit sites in Sudan and Afghanistan, some Americans seemed uncomfortable. A vocal minority even voiced opposition. But approval was routine among those who had learned a few easy Orwellian lessons... At all times, Americans must be kept fully informed about who to hate and fear... No matter how many times they’ve lied in the past, U.S. officials are credible in the present. When they... [say] the bombed pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum was making ingredients for nerve gas, that should be good enough for us.... Might doesn’t make right — except in the real world, when it’s American might. Only someone of dubious political orientation would split hairs about international law.
- Propaganda is not French, it is not civilized to want other people to believe what you believe because the essence of being civilised is to possess yourself as you are, and if you possess yourself as you are you of course cannot possess any one else, it is not your business.
- Gertrude Stein, in Paris France (1940), p. 56 | <urn:uuid:c5f7a832-5ee5-4082-b65b-d44e8415edf5> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Propaganda | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203378.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324063449-20190324085449-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.958963 | 5,390 | 3.234375 | 3 |
THE slow pace of the American economic recovery seems likely to be a major issue in this year’s presidential election. But by the standards of other developed countries, the United States has done rather well since the credit crisis blossomed in 2008 and sent the world into recession.
The American economy, adjusted for inflation, was 1.2 percent larger in the first quarter of this year than it was in the peak quarter before the recession.
As the accompanying charts show, only Canada among the Group of 7 industrialized economies has done better. It has benefited from being an exporter of natural resources that China needs, but it also escaped the worst of the downturn because its banks, better regulated than those in this country, did not finance a real estate bubble during the boom.
Even Canada, however, had one quarter last year when its economy declined.
The charts show the performance of the Group of 7 nations, including three members of the euro zone, and that of seven other countries that use the euro. Of the 14, the United States is the only one to show consistent growth over the most recent four quarters. It has reported a growing economy for 11 consecutive quarters, even if the pace of growth has not been very fast.
At the bottom of the global recession, the American economy was 5.1 percent smaller than it had been at the peak and the recession ranked as the deepest since World War II. The only other recession since the Great Depression to shave as much as 3 percent from gross domestic product was the one in 1973 to 1975, brought on by the shock of higher oil prices. It took seven quarters for the American economy to regain all its losses during and after that downturn; this time it took twice as long.
When the American economy hit its low, it appeared that the United States ranked in the middle group of industrialized countries in terms of severity of recession. Portugal appeared to have escaped with a maximum decline of just 4.1 percent, and Spain with a loss of slightly less than 5 percent. But in the new downturn, Portugal now has a total decline of 5.2 percent, and Spain, buffeted by the need to bail out its banks, may be headed to a new low. Its economy has declined for two consecutive quarters. Italy, which like Spain is finding lenders hesitant to buy government bonds, has reported G.D.P. declines for the last three quarters.
Portugal, Ireland and Greece are the countries that were bailed out by Europe, but so far not one has shown much sign of recovery. Greece has now endured 13 consecutive quarters of decline, with no end in sight. Ireland for a time appeared to be a relative success story, as its G.D.P. grew at a rate of more than 4 percent in the first half of 2011. But it fell back later in the year.Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:f15e4e1e-a425-4c11-9609-b5ba8345af1a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/16/business/economy/a-slow-recovery-but-its-all-relative.html?_r=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725451.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00054-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982749 | 580 | 2.578125 | 3 |
When you get a headache, you probably reach for aspirin. What is giving researchers a headache is the question of the crystal structure of aspirin. Is there another form on top of the long-known one? A team of scientists from Denmark, Germany, and India seems to have solved this controversial puzzle: yes, there is a second structure—but it does not exist as a pure form. “The two crystalline forms of aspirin are so closely related,” explains the research team of Andrew D. Bond, Roland Boese and Gautam R. Desiraju in Angewandte Chemie, “that they form structures containing domains of both crystal types.”
In 2004, computer calculations had indicated that while the long-known crystal structure of aspirin (form I) is definitely one of the most stable forms, another version might exist that is just as stable, though it had not yet been discovered—a clear challenge to researchers in the field. The difference between the proposed structures is slight: both have identical layers containing molecules grouped into pairs, but these layers are arranged differently in the two different structures. In 2005, researchers in the USA announced the discovery of the predicted structure (form II). But was this merely an artifact?
“We can now clear this matter up,” say Bond, Boese and Desiraju, after very careful examination of aspirin crystals. “Aspirin has a tendency to crystallize with an unusual intergrown structure. The same single crystal contains domains with both arrangements lying side by side.” The distribution and ratio of the domains are variable but limited. Whereas a pure form I exists, it has so far only been possible to obtain crystals containing a maximum of 85 % form II. The ratio of the two domains within crystals produced under identical conditions seems to be roughly constant.
This discovery upends fundamental principles and requires new concepts: chemists previously understood “polymorphism” to mean that a molecule can take on one or another packing arrangement in the crystalline state; a single crystal of a specific chemical substance is either one polymorph or the other. Aspirin is the first case in which two different “polymorphic” structures exist in one single crystal. So is aspirin polymorphic or not? Should the definition of polymorphism be updated? Such questions are not just philosophical in nature, but could have tangible implications in patent law, because each polymorph of a compound is viewed as a separate patentable substance.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:dd9ec26f-cd2c-434e-998d-c1c2c9167bef> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/12/061223092859.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900031.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00209-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940047 | 515 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Honesty is important for its own sake, and it's vital for your education—in high school and later in college.. You can't learn how to write if you simply download your papers from the Internet. You can't learn algebra if you copy your problem sets from a friend or an answer book. You can't learn Spanish or chemistry if you don't complete the assignments yourself. You won't really know the materials in high school, and you won't be prepared for college-level work.
The only way to learn is to do your papers, readings, and problem sets yourself. Later, you'll build on what you learned as you face more advanced assignments. If you didn't do the earlier work yourself, you simply won't be prepared for the later assignments, or for more advanced courses..
Even your mistakes can be valuable (and, believe me, we all make them). They'll show you and your teachers where you need more help and more practice. Correcting your missteps is a vital part of learning. That's as true in Spanish as it is in biology.
Cheating denies you all that. It denies you a chance to learn. Even if you aren't caught (and you may well be!), you'll still miss what is most valuable about college: getting a real education. The only way to get that education is to work honestly. It's the high road to developing your own best values, too.
What does it mean to do honest work? The answer boils down to just three core principles:
Of course, there are plenty of detailed rules about academic honesty. Textbooks are filled with them. But ultimately they boil down to just three core principles. These principles are easy to remember, and they apply to everybody in the university, students or teachers alike. Follow them and you'll do fine.
In talks with high school students, I explain what these principles mean, why they matter, and how they affect student papers, tests, and lab assignments. I highlight the proper use of the Internet, a major source of potential problems. In Q&A, we talk about issues that affect students directly, from writing papers to handling lab assignments. | <urn:uuid:7797d4e5-a076-415c-83dd-df76139f3e15> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.charleslipson.com/speechtopics/Honesty-talk-for-high-school-students.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707435344/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123035-00019-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971562 | 442 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Chewing gum regularly is a bit like going to the gym. Just as strength training leads to larger-sized muscle fibres, chewing gum makes your saliva gland cells larger and more efficient. This means you not only create more saliva while you are chewing the gum, but also during 'rest periods' when you're not chewing anything. And it's during these rest periods that saliva has a big influence on the sorts of bacteria that grow in your mouth.
Chewing sugar-free gum can also really help those at high risk of tooth decay, such as teenagers (whose diet is often not as good as it should be); people who drink a lot of soft drinks or sports drinks; and those whose saliva production is affected by medication, exercise, or lifestyle.
ABC expert: Professor Laurence Walsh Published 04/02/2010 | <urn:uuid:fb5c79c3-813d-472c-a386-55242d789d8d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://petershamdentalpractice.com.au/news | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693866.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925235144-20170926015144-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.976903 | 167 | 2.953125 | 3 |
This document explains how to set up a basic Wireless LAN (WLAN) connection with the use of a Cisco Access Point (AP) that runs Cisco IOS® Release 15.2(2)JB autonomous code.
Cisco recommends that you have basic knowledge of these topics before you attempt this configuration:
- Wireless Radio Frequency (RF) Technology
- Cisco AP Access
This document assumes that the drivers for the wireless client cards for the PCs or laptops are already installed.
The information in this document is based on Aironet 1040 Series AP that runs Cisco IOS Software Release 15.2(2)JB.
The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If your network is live, make sure that you understand the potential impact of any command.
This section explains how to configure the AP with the use of the GUI.
There are two ways to access the AP with the use of the GUI:
- Assign an IP address to the device before you connect through the GUI.
- Obtain an IP address with the use of DHCP.
After you configure the IP address, you can access the AP through the browser in order to configure the AP.
Complete these steps:
- In order to access the AP with the GUI and open the Summary Status window, complete these steps:
- Open a web browser, and enter the IP address of the AP in the address line.
- Enter the Username and Password. The default username and password are Cisco.
The Summary Status window displays, as shown here:
- Click Easy Setup on the left, and then click Network Configuration.
The Easy Setup window displays. You can use this window in order to configure some basic parameters that are necessary in order to establish a wireless connection. Here is an example of the window:
- Enter these configuration parameters in the Easy Setup window:
- Host Name of the AP
- IP Address configuration of the AP, if the IP address is static
- Default Gateway
- Service Set Identifier (SSID) for both Radio 2.4GHz and Radio 5GHz
- SSID Security configuration and other specific parameters
Here is the example window:
- Click Apply in order to save the changes for the specific section on the same page.
- In order to view the Network Interface Summary, navigate to Network > Network Interface > Summary.
- In order to view or edit the GigabitEthernet port, Radio 2.4GHz and Radio 5GHz settings, navigate to the Network Interface section.
Here are the screenshots:
- Click the Association tab in order to check the client associations:
- An Autonomous AP can also be used for Wireless Domain Services (WDS). Click the Wireless tab in order to configure or view WDS settings:
- In order to configure the following AP parameters, click the Security tab:
- Admin Access - Sets the username and password, and uses the local or authentication server
- Encryption Manager - Sets the encryption for the radio
- SSID Manager - Configures the SSID(s)
- Server Manager - Adds a RADIUS server
- AP Authentication - Uses certificates for the AP
- Intrusion Detection - Configures Management Frame Protection
- Local RADIUS Server - Configures the AP as a RADIUS server
- Advance Security - Configures MAC address authentication with MAC addresses or Access Control Lists
Here is the screenshot:
- The Services tab allows you to configure the services available for the AP, such as Telnet, Secure Shell (SSH), or Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP):
- In order to check the AP software version or upgrade the AP, click the AP Software tab:
When you complete the configurations and activate the profile, the client adapter connects to the AP.
Here is an example event log, which is accessed under the Event Log tab:
The Event Log can be altered in order to display the desired content. Use the Configuration Options on the left-hand navigation pane in order to change the settings:
On this screen, you can also Ping from the AP GUI, Save Configuration, and Logout:
There is currently no specific troubleshooting information available for this configuration. | <urn:uuid:1f2d3bbe-b7a6-4c38-a223-92f0ce8c33e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/wireless-mobility/wireless-lan-wlan/116584-configure-wirelesslan-00.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190236.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00165-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.824475 | 887 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Now there is a BIG topic.
The basic definition of a galaxy is a system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction.
Earth is a part of the Milky Way galaxy, which is one of hundreds of billions of galaxies in the Observable Universe.
But just how big is a galaxy? Our galaxy is roughly 100,000-120,000 light years in diameter.
Wow, thats pretty big, you say?
Well, for comparison, the largest known galaxy, IC 1101, is estimated to be 5.5 MILLION light years wide.
That’s equal to 50 Milky Way galaxies side by side.
Like I said, it’s a big topic.
Jason Major wrote an article about the size of the galaxies over at UniverseToday.com, and included a galactic comparison chart by Rhys Taylor that will make you feel very tiny.
Go learn more about our Universe! It does a body good! | <urn:uuid:9346bf67-7bfd-4047-b7cc-f054fe3f39e7> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://suziquazar.com/2013/04/14/sunday-science-galaxies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572235.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915175150-20190915201150-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.908647 | 204 | 3.625 | 4 |
Entropy Explains Why There Are Immensely More Ways for Things to Go Wrong
One thing I’ve enjoyed learning about, lately, is the concept of entropy.
In the normal dictionary, entropy means a “state of disorder, confusion, and disorganisation.” In the science of physics, entropy is referred to as a measure of disorder or randomness in a system: the higher the entropy, the greater the disorder. And all this is at the heart of the second law of thermodynamics.
Entropy is an interesting concept because it explains why there are immensely more ways for things to go wrong than to go right. In a closed system (that is one without input of energy), entropy can only increase.
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Choosing an appropriate sport for you might be difficult if you are new to hiking or mountain climbing. Mountaineering is a sports category that encompasses activities like skiing and traditional outdoor climbing. Aside from these, there are additional possibilities you may explore if you so choose. You may also embark on an off-trail trek or travel via ferratas.
Mountain climbing and hiking are two distinct forms of outdoor activity. Both need the correct equipment and planning. If you are new to the sport, it is important to seek the assistance of an experienced guide to get you started.
Mountain climbing requires a greater level of skill. It is often accomplished via the use of rock climbing skills and specific equipment.
Hiking is far less difficult than mountain climbing and needs much less equipment. A basic hike may usually be completed in a single day, but a journey might take many days. You may need to carry a pack and a map, depending on the terrain. You could also need water and food.
Mountaineering requires far more equipment and methods, such as climbing ropes and scrambling. Climbing a mountain may be challenging and hazardous. Furthermore, falls may be lethal. Thus safety measures must be taken.
Mountaineering is a physically demanding sport that needs specialized training. It usually entails ascending a mountain or traveling along a snowy route. It is a terrific way to go outside, and it requires its own set of abilities.
Mountaineering fitness is divided into two categories: aerobic fitness and motor fitness. The former emphasizes cardiovascular and lung fitness, whilst the latter emphasizes strength and agility. A balanced strategy will assist you in preparing for your future excursion.
Running, cycling, and descending stairs are examples of aerobic workouts. They should be done every day or every other day. Use an aerobic step, stair stepper, or elliptical for a more intense workout.
A high degree of aerobic fitness is required to prepare for a mountain climb. You must be able to climb and descend at a pace of 1000 vertical feet per hour. Slow ascents may cause exhaustion, cold, and dehydration.
When planning a walk or mountain climb, it would be beneficial to understand basic safety precautions. The mountains provide a number of dangers, ranging from dangerous creatures to changeable weather conditions. You may prevent injury by taking a few easy measures.
In general, the greatest hiking safety measures include checking the weather forecast and preparing warm clothes. A comprehensive topographic map of the region you're going to is also a good idea.
Another important precaution to take is to inspect the state of your equipment. Using improper equipment may lead to disaster. Carry a compass, a belay device, and other safety equipment with you.
A backup plan is an excellent approach to guarantee that you can always contact your family, friends, and other loved ones in the event of an emergency. You may also carry a cell phone to use as an emergency communication device. Cell coverage might be spotty in certain hilly places.
Mountain climbing and hiking are both excellent forms of exercise. You will feel fantastic and have a nice time. You will also receive a reprieve from the strains of everyday life. Getting outside and exercising in nature promotes mental wellness as well.
If you're not sure what level of fitness you'll need for mountain climbing, start with a short warm-up. A ten-minute walk at a moderate pace should be enough as a warm-up. Increase your intensity by adding extra steps or duration after your muscles have warmed up. This should be done at least three times every week.
You should focus on your legs and core to gain strength. You can do calf raises, squats, and lunges to help prepare your muscles for a mountain hike.
Hiking is one of the best ways to keep your cardiovascular system in condition. It not only gets you out of the house but also helps reduce the risk of heart disease.
Hiking uphill may provide terrific exercise. Uphill hiking may help lower cholesterol and increase glucose tolerance. If you are a fan of the outdoors, try a hike to a nearby ski resort mountain. The effects of uphill hiking are measurable, and the rewards are well worth the effort.
Hiking in a group can help boost morale and make pessimistic thoughts less pronounced. Working out in nature also releases endorphins, hormones that stimulate receptor cells in the brain that can make you happier. | <urn:uuid:d257902c-e34c-4ef9-84d4-25e9206c867a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://62873325d677e.site123.me/blog/attempting-to-climb-mountains-vs-long-walks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.954691 | 897 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Though “deadman” may have a variety of meanings, a corpse; a log, concrete block, or other heavy mass buried in the ground to serve as an anchor; an empty liquor bottle, “dead soldier”; a timber, in logging, to which the hawser of a boom is attached, we are concerned with something more literal here.
These shoes belong to a man still living which the one who is waiting is anxious to try on for size if only the “old geezer” would pass along to his final reward.
Sometimes the “shoes” mean the job to which one hopes to succeed, or they may mean the possessions or title that will descend to one.
The saying is old.
It was recorded in John Heywood’s A Dialogue Conteynyng the Nomber in Effect of All the Prouerbes in the Englishe Tongue (1546), “Who waiteth for dead men shoen, shall go long barefoote”, and, therefore, is undoubtedly much older. | <urn:uuid:73276c15-531e-454b-8342-52916689570d> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://zippyfacts.com/where-does-the-phrase-to-wait-for-dead-mens-shoes-come-from-and-what-does-it-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141194982.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128011115-20201128041115-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.961988 | 225 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Staying Safe on the Job During Hot Weather
As we head into summer, many industries, such as agriculture, landscaping, and construction, are entering their peak work season. People who work in these industries are starting to spend long days working outside, doing very physically demanding work in increasingly hot temperatures. During the summer months, it’s essential for anyone who spends a great deal of time working outside, including letter carriers, lifeguards, amusement park employees, and people who do home repairs, to take steps to stay safe on the job and avoid heat related illnesses such as heat stroke and heat exhaustion.
Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are not to be taken lightly. A worker suffering from heat exhaustion won’t be able to focus on their job as well as they normally would and if their job involves operating heavy equipment or machinery, it’s becomes more likely that the worker or a co-worker will be involved in an accident. Heat stroke can be deadly and several workers needlessly die on the job because of it every year. Even in non-fatal cases, heat stroke can cause major organs to shut down and result in damage to the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous system, and muscles.
Workers who aren’t used to working in the heat, such as if they’re new to the job or returning from an extended break, are the most likely to be stricken with a heat-related illness. In 2005, nearly half of the heat-related illnesses investigated by Cal/OSHA involved workers who were on the job for their first day and 80% of the cases involved workers who had been on the job four days or less. It’s very important to become acclimatized to working in the heat. OSHA recommends encouraging workers to work at a steady, moderate pace and having new workers start with lighter workloads and gradually increasing them as they adjust to working in the heat. Under normal circumstances, a person can get used to working in the heat in 5-7 days, but it can take up to two weeks if there are medical issues involved.
It’s important to note that even workers who have been working in the heat for a while can still be susceptible to heat illnesses during heat waves or if it gets exceptionally hot. During heat waves, it’s recommended to lighten workloads to 50% on the first day of the heat wave and gradually increase those every day afterwards.
Heat related illnesses can be prevented by drinking water every 15 minutes, whether you’re thirsty or not. Workers should have a shaded area where they can rest and cool down. Be sure to wear hats and lightly colored clothing to help stay cool. Keep an eye on your fellow workers to make sure they aren’t over-exerting themselves or exhibiting any signs of a heat related illness. OSHA has a list of specific precautions that should be taken depending on the temperature.
Some of the symptoms of heat exhaustion include dizziness, headaches, nausea, thirst, weakness, wet skin, irritability, and general weakness. Medical attention should be sought right away if a person faints, has become confused, or is vomiting. A person suffering from heat stroke may be confused and unable to think clearly, stop sweating altogether, pass out or collapse, or start having seizures.
If you see a co-worker with these symptoms, alert your supervisor right away to get medical attention. Move the person to a cooler area, give them water as long as they aren’t vomiting or losing consciousness, and do anything you can to cool the person off such as by loosening their clothing, using ice packs, or fanning them. | <urn:uuid:21c5e6d0-4091-46c2-bb33-d4a1f2060297> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.1888goodwin.com/2015/06/12/staying-safe-on-the-job-during-hot-weather/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219692.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822065454-20180822085454-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.9681 | 753 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What is Slapped Cheek Syndrome?
Slapped Cheek Syndrome is sometimes called as parvovirus infection, erythema infectiosum, Latin word which means infectious rash, or fifth disease. It is famously called as the fifth disease because of the fact that it is considered before as the 5th common disease of children. It is called as the slapped cheek syndrome because it manifests the child having bright red cheeks, as if they were actually slapped in their cheeks. The children, around the ages of 4 to 12 years old, are the ones often affected with this disease condition. It can happen, however, in any age. It is a viral form of disease condition. When one has this kind of syndrome, its incubation period is usually 4 to 20 days before the appearance of the rashes. When the rash appears, the syndrome is normally no longer infectious.
Symptoms and Signs
When a person has slapped cheek syndrome, he or she is considered infectious during the 4 to 20 days before the rashes develops. Hence, the signs and symptoms that one should watch out are the following:
- Sore throat
- Runny nose
- Stuffy nose
- Slight elevation of the person’s body temperature
- Joint pain
- Light pink rash
- Neurological problems (rare)
- Cardiovascular problems (rare)
- Abdominal pain
- Blotchy red appears on the person’s cheeks
- The rash spreads through the body and it takes 3 weeks to go away.
- General flu-like symptoms
- Arthralgia or joint soreness
Causes and Risk Factors
The causative factor of slapped cheek syndrome is the parvovirus B19. However, there are parvovirus that is found in the cats and dogs. It is only the parvovirus B19 that is found commonly in human beings. The animals can’t be infected with the parvovirus that is associated with human beings and vice versa. The virus, itself, spreads from one person to another via airborne, direct contact, or saliva secretions of other persons.
Among the most common transmittable form of slapped cheek syndrome is through coughing, hand to hand contact, or sneezing. Those people living in a secluded, congested area are known to be risk of having this kind of syndrome. The more the immune system is compromised, as like children and sick persons, the greater the risk they have to acquire the slapped cheek syndrome.
The physician usually diagnoses the slapped cheek syndrome by doing the following actions:
- Physical Examination
- Medical History
- Blood test to check for the status of your immunity
Amongst the test mentioned, the blood test is the only diagnostic test that will confirm the slapped cheek syndrome. If however, the blood test shows that the patient is immune. It means that there is no possibility that the patient will be re-infected with the syndrome. Yet, if the blood test shows that there was a recent infection of the parvovirus, it will require further examinations to find out if there is a presence of complications that requires treatment.
There is no exact medication for the slapped cheek syndrome. It only requires supportive kind of treatment. Supportive treatment may include the following:
- Rest especially needed to prevent fatigue
- Paracetamol or Acetaminophen will relieve the fever symptoms
- Cold flannels that will relieve the hot cheek discomfort as it will lead to vascular constriction
- Adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration especially when the person is having diarrhea
- Antihistamines to relieve the itchy symptoms
- Moisturizing lotion to soothe the itchy feeling
- NSAIDs to relieve pain
Aside from the risk mentioned above, the high risk group may be able to have complications such as:
- Infection in Pregnancy. Pregnant women can be infected before and during their pregnancy. Their babies have won’t be harmed but about 5 percent may be able to develop severe form of anemia which will lead to still birth or miscarriage.
- Persons with Weak Immunity. Persons who are sick are usually the ones who have weak immunity. They are the ones called immunocompromised persons. Once they have weak immune system, they are at risk for acquiring diseases easily. One of the diseases that they are at risk of having is the slapped cheek syndrome. They manifest the symptoms of having severe anemia, a not well feeling, and a high temperature or fever.
- Persons having Hemolytic Blood Disorders. Persons with blood disorders such as thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and hereditary spherocytosis will have decrease hemoglobin. The most common complications are that of having severe anemia which will lead to aplastic crisis. In severe case, it will lead to having heart failure.
- Arthritis. It is a possible complication of the virus that causes this syndrome which affects the small joints in the feet and hands. Symptoms are the same with those of rheumatoid arthritis. This kind of complication occurs mostly in adults.
As of the moment, there is no vaccination that is available in preventing the slapped cheek syndrome. Persons, who were once infected with the parvovirus B19, are already immune with this kind of disease condition.
- Hand washing. In preventing the slapped cheek syndrome, the first and safest thing to do is to practice hygienic measures such as daily washing of hands before and after eating and going to the comfort room. This kind of act will reduce the spread of infection.
- Avoid sharing of utensils. The sharing of utensils should be also avoided. Consult physician as soon as possible if you manifest the symptoms mentioned. Pregnant women, who were exposed, should consult their physicians as soon as possible to prevent further complications.
- Keep the immune system healthy. You need to keep the immune system healthy by eating well, having a complete eight hours sleep and consuming vitamins to prevent acquiring the disease condition. | <urn:uuid:90e60f7c-a001-4723-9a87-b0d9150567c9> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://ehealthwall.com/slapped-cheek-syndrome-pictures-symptoms-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446525.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00127-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960379 | 1,248 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Weather, insects, even tariffs, all three can impact the availability and the cost of our summer veggies.
But figuring out what to plant when can make sure that you are using your garden to its full potential.
More than a third of U.S. households grow some of their own food. But if you don’t have a natural green thumb, one of the best places to start is at a community garden, where there are already experienced gardeners.
Daniel Friedline is a sustainability project manager.
"You really get that added information from those gardeners that have been here for a long time," he said. "And they know what works and some of the issues that go along with being able to grow fruits and vegetables."
A garden takes a lot of maintenance, so start small. You can still do plenty with very little space.
"There’s a really unique method to gardening. It’s called the square foot gardening," Friedline said.
Using a square foot of soil, you can maximize your gardening potential by growing veggies that balance each other, like basil and tomatoes, carrots and onions, or beans and corn.
"Some plants really like to be with other plants because they complement each other, and they work together instead of one taking all the nutrients from the other one," Friedline said.
Finally, it all comes down to location, location, location. Do your research and find out which fruits and veggies grow best in this area. Urban Farmers provides a chart on its website that details when and where certain crops grow best.
Another tip that can stretch out your dollar is to grow produce that can be easily stored or preserved. Potatoes, onions and sweet potatoes can be stored at room temperature for several months. Beans, tomatoes, cucumbers, beets and sweet corn can be easily frozen. | <urn:uuid:84aec98d-58d2-4210-ae72-60af83a73c53> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.wfmz.com/features/life-lessons/want-cheaper-produce-grow-it/article_10eb4958-2cae-11ea-bb14-830013a37c41.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.951635 | 378 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Bava Batra 16 - 22
- More about the trials of Iyov
- Death of the very righteous
- Environmental hazards to be avoided
- The bees and the neighbor's mustard plants
- Threats to a neighbor's wall
- Barriers against spread of ritual contamination
- Neighbor's objection to fumes or noise
- The birth of public education of Torah
- Rules of competition in business and education
- The special rights of a Torah scholar
- Whose curse caused the death of Rabbi Ada bar Abba
- Protecting the wall and privacy of a neighbor
From Zion Shall Go Forth Torah
- Bava Batra 21a
When Yehoshua ben Gamla pioneered public education for children who had no fathers to teach them Torah he first established a yeshiva for them in Yerushalayim.
In explanation of this choice of a site the gemara quotes the well-known passage "From Zion shall go forth Torah, and the word of G-d from Yerushalayim." (Yeshayahu 2:3)
Why Yerushalayim was so ideal for the study of Torah is elaborated upon by Tosefot. The student in Yerushalayim was exposed to a high level of spirituality and witnessed the kohanim performing their sacred service in the Beit Hamikdash. This experience made him more attuned to the fear of Heaven and the study of Torah.
Tosefot adds that this also explains what the Sages say about the mitzvah of consuming the second tithe of agricultural produce in Yerushalayim leading to Torah study. Since a Jew from anywhere would remain in Yerushalayim until he finished consuming this almost ten percent of his produce four years of every seven-year cycle, he would see so many people involved in sacred matters and would become motivated towards fear of Heaven and the study of Torah.
What the Sages Say
"G-d created the yetzer hara (the evil inclination) and He created Torah as the antidote."
- The Sage Rava - Bava Batra 16a | <urn:uuid:5109c6fe-d4f5-4fbf-ab5a-748fab13f4aa> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://ohr.edu/4019/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982932823.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200852-00037-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948892 | 445 | 2.828125 | 3 |
With yesterday being World Keratoconus Day, it was a great time to announce a new service that we’ve introduced for the Greater Baton Rouge Area: Corneal Cross-Linking. In case you missed it on our social media pages, today we’re recapping everything you need to know about the Keratoconus disease, signs and symptoms, and treatment options available.
What is Keratoconus?
Keratoconus, often referred to as ‘KC’, is a chronic eye condition in which the typically round dome-shaped cornea progressively thins and weakens, causing the development of a cone-like bulge and optical irregularity of the cornea. This can cause blurred vision and significant visual impairment. Early detection and intervention is key to saving vision with Keratoconus, this is why an annual eye exam is critical for people of all ages.
Keratoconus Signs and Symptoms
Keratoconus typically first appears in individuals who are in their late teens or early twenties, and may progress for 10-20 years. Each eye may be affected differently but it does generally affect both eyes. The sooner Keratoconus is diagnosed and treated, the better. Here are some signs and symptoms to look out for:
- Slight blurring of vision
- Distortion of vision
- Increased sensitivity to light
- Itching/desire to rub the eyes
The cornea is responsible for focusing most of the light that comes into the eye. Therefore, abnormalities of the cornea, such as Keratoconus, can have a major impact on how an individual sees the world, making simple tasks such as driving a car or reading a book very difficult. Keratoconus may result in significant vision loss and may lead to corneal transplant in severe cases.
The good news is doctors are now better than ever at diagnosing and treating Keratoconus before it’s too late. With advanced testing, our doctors are able to see irregularities in the cornea and recommend the best option to stop progression and save vision.
Williamson Eye Center is pleased to offer Corneal Cross-Linking in Baton Rouge for the first time. Corneal Cross-Linking strengthens the cornea with a goal of stopping progression of the disease and preventing further vision loss and corneal transplants. Previously, patients had to travel to Houston or New Orleans to have this treatment.
Check out this video with Dr. Lawrence Pham, O.D. and Dr. Blake Williamson, M.D. as they discuss the latest in treatment options for this sight-threatening disease:
Before Corneal Cross-Linking, the only treatment was glasses or specialty contact lenses. In severe cases, some patients require a corneal transplant. Now, through this preventative treatment, patients can have peace of mind knowing there is an option to stop progression before the disease gets to that point. Corneal Cross-Linking is also covered by most insurances.
Listen to our patient, Cynthia Ragusa, tell her story about how Corneal Cross-Linking is saving her vision and giving her more confidence in her daily life:
Williamson Eye Center is the proud home to Louisiana’s only certified expert scleral contact lens fitter, Dr. Joshua Davidson. For patients with Keratoconus, the ability to stop progression and have custom prescription options for better vision allows them more freedom and comfort. If you are experiencing changes in your vision or if you have not had your annual eye exam, schedule today… it could mean saving your precious gift of sight.
Dr. Joshua Davidson, O.D., discusses Keratoconus and treatment options: | <urn:uuid:0acd7711-4fc9-43e2-978f-44d830352364> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.williamsoneyectr.com/uncategorized/introducing-corneal-cross-linking-in-baton-rouge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363791.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209091917-20211209121917-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.928868 | 774 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is an international nonprofit environmental organization with more than 1.4 million members and online activists. Since 1970, its lawyers, scientists and other environmental specialists have worked to protect the world's natural resources, public health and the environment, working with businesses, elected leaders and community groups on a wide range of issues. NRDC’s priorities include: Curbing Global Warming and Creating the Clean Energy Future; Reviving the World's Oceans; Defending Endangered Wildlife and Wild Places; Protecting Our Health by Preventing Pollution; Ensuring Safe and Sufficient Water; and Fostering Sustainable Communities. NRDC has offices in New York City; Washington, D.C.; Los Angeles; San Francisco; Chicago; Livingston, Montana and Beijing. Various experts at the NRDC contribute to LiveScience's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
For more information visit www.nrdc.org and follow NRDC on Twitter @NRDC. This video explains NRDC's work on health and environmental issues in 2012: http://www.nrdc.org/about/victories.asp | <urn:uuid:61b6bbb6-be81-4afc-9e06-79a762a9471b> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.livescience.com/topics/expert-voices-natural-resources-defense-council-nrdc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987127.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00029-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897607 | 235 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Dictionary definition is - a reference source in print or electronic form containing words usually alphabetically arranged along with information about their forms, pronunciations, functions, etymologies, meanings, and syntactic and idiomatic uses. How to use dictionary in a sentence. Synonyms, antonyms, definitions, and example sentences help you find the right word quickly. Developed from Merriam-Webster dictionary, the most trustworthy authority on American English. Make your writing more interesting, beautiful, and successful with the only . Synonyms for dictionary at with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Find descriptive alternatives for dictionary. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms (Dictionary) by Websters and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at
Define Book by Webster's Dictionary, WordNet Lexical Database, Dictionary of Computing, Legal Dictionary, Medical Dictionary, Dream Dictionary. Synonyms: account book, book of account, ledger, leger. 4. book - a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge; "he bought a book of stamps" 5. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms book. Read 2 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. A convenient guide to choosi /5. The Hardcover of the Webster's All-In-One Dictionary & Thesaurus by Merriam-Webster Inc. at Barnes & Noble. FREE Shipping on $35 or more! Due to COVID, orders may be : Federal Street Press. Synonyms for book at with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Find descriptive alternatives for book.
Good communication starts with choosing the right word--not always an easy task when the choise is between words of closely related meaning. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms makes the task easier by providing full discussions of synonymous terms and by describing the subtle distinctions that make one word more appropriate than another in a particular context/5(12). Merriam-Webster's Dictionary 4 out of 5 based on 0 ratings. 2 reviews. More than 1 year ago. Easy to find words. Easy to read. The first non-multi-lingual dictionary I've bought in a long time. I considered a collegiate dictionary and thesaurus but this suits my needs just fine. More than 1 year ago. It's easy to use but not all words are there 4/4(2). Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms. Good condition. Details about VTG Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms English Book FIRST ED. Antonyms. Merriam Websters Dictionary of Synonyms First Edition w Antonyms Hardcover. $ Shipping: + $ Rating: % positive. Webster's Dictionary is any of the dictionaries edited by Noah Webster in the early nineteenth century, and numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's name. "Webster's" has become a genericized trademark in the U.S. for dictionaries of the English language, and is widely used in English dictionary titles. Merriam-Webster is the corporate heir to Noah Webster's. | <urn:uuid:c66422e8-d0fe-4aa1-914b-f1db82420de2> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://bymovoticyvur.vanbuskirkphotos.com/websters-dictionary-of-synonyms-book-11914ys.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663011588.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528000300-20220528030300-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.854577 | 678 | 3 | 3 |
|Biographical detail : ||Emperor of India whose reign saw the height of Moghul refinement and sophistication.
Shah Jahan was famous for commissioning the Taj-Mahal (mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal) – the height of architecture, Lal Qila (Red Fort) Jama Masjid of Delhi and his famous Peacock throne. He founded the city of Delhi, which was called Shahjahanabad after his name.
Shah Jahan who came to the throne at Delhi in 1628 reigned for thirty years. He patronised Hindu poets in his court and Muslim scientific works were translated into Sanskrit. Shah Jahan tended to be hostile to Sufism and his piety was based more strictly on the Shariah than Akbar’s (his grandfather) had been.
One of the most famous legends surrounding the building of the Taj Mahal, near Delhi, is that Shah Jehan, determined that no other ruler should ever copy his glorious masterpiece got 20,000 labourers, who worked night and day on the site for twenty years. Many workers were brought from Iran and Central Asia to complete one of the wonders of the world. They built a ramp ten miles long just to move materials up to the 187-foot-high dome. Its great dome was first completed in 1643. Some of the senior men who worked there were the chief architect Ustad Isa Afrandi from Iran, the calligrapher Amanat Khan Shirazi and the head of the dome-making team, Ismail Khan Afridi from Turkey.
The material used to build the masterpiece were brought in from all over India and neighbouring countries – marble from the quarries of Makrana in the Indian desert state of Rajasthan, turquoise from Tibet, jade from China, lapis lazuli and sapphire from Sri Lanka – and carried to the site by a fleet of 1,000 elephants.
The white marble of the Taj is so perfectly cut and polished that it reflects light at its different intensities throughout the days. It changes from rose at dawn to almost translucent white at the height of a sunny day. But the most fabulous time of all is when it reflects the moonlight.
Taj Mahal embodies Eight Paradises – Hasht Bihisht. Its Persian layout reflects the levels of paradise and nine vaults of heaven in the central domed chamber (that’s one vault) surrounded by front halls in the centre of each side (that’s four vaults), and rooms (at two levels) at the corners (the other four vaults) ultimately a nine-fold plan. In Muslim history, the Eight Paradises plan emerges in palace architecture of north western Iran under Turkoman and Timurid rulers of the later 15th century, and then is adapted (among other dynasties) in various buildings by the Mughals in India. In the words of Shah Jahan’s court historian, Muhammad Amin Qazwini, the Taj Mahal “will be a masterpiece for ages to come, increasing the amazement of all humanity.”
Agra was the bustling city of 2 million inhabitants “the wonder of the age – as much a centre of the arteries of trade both by land and water as a meeting place of saints, sages and scholars from all Asia …a veritable lodestar for artistic workmanship, literary and spiritual worth” as written by Moghul chronicler Abdul Aziz, and as quoted by William Dalrymple, a British historian.
It was becoming clear that the decline of Moghul Empire had set in. The army and the court had both become too expensive, the emperors still invested in cultural activities, but neglected agriculture on which their wealth depended. The economic crisis came to a head and Shah Jahan was deposed, in 1651.
Aurangzeb his son took the charge and confined Shah Jahan in the Agra fort. He died, in a manner of speaking, in imprisonment and was buried in the Taj Mahal, close to his wife.
Shah Jahan was born Shahabuddin Muhammad at Lahore and named Khurram. | <urn:uuid:72787ad7-e9e1-4241-9d7e-5520d93a5dde> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=1490 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394009829804/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305085709-00049-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975461 | 868 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Tests and diagnosis
A complete blood count can be used to evaluate your overall health, detect a wide range of disorders, or monitor a medical condition or treatment.
A CT scan is an imaging test that uses X-rays to produce detailed images of the inside of your body.
MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within your body.
Treatments and drugs
Illness, conflicts and emotional turmoil can disrupt relationships with your partner, children or parents. See how family therapy might help.
Jan. 24, 2014
- Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. http://www.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed July 12, 2013.
- Hales RE, et al. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2008. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/resourceToc.aspx?resourceID=5. Accessed May 8, 2013.
- Schizophrenia. National Institute of Mental Health. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia/complete-index.shtml. Accessed May 8, 2013.
- Fischer BA, et al. Schizophrenia: Clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 8, 2013.
- Fischer BA, et al. Schizophrenia: Epidemiology and pathogenesis. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 8, 2013.
- Stroup TS, et al. Pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia: Acute and maintenance phase treatment. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed May 8, 2013.
- Mental illness and the family: Recognizing warning signs and how to cope. Mental Health America. http://www.nmha.org/go/information/get-info/mi-and-the-family/recognizing-warning-signs-and-how-to-cope. Accessed May 16, 2013.
- Highlights of changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association. http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx. Accessed May 17, 2013.
- Schak KM (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Aug. 13, 2013.
- Hall-Flavin DK (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Aug. 18, 2013.
You Are ... The Campaign for Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Make a difference today. | <urn:uuid:2f13d5d8-1aab-4154-bfca-04014c65c056> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/in-depth/con-20021077 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272584.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00403-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.769171 | 584 | 2.546875 | 3 |
How Phillippe Builders’ Green Homes Outperform Energy Code: Prescriptive versus Performance Method
RESNET & HERS Index
The HERS Index (Home Energy Rating System) is a scoring system established by the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET) and is the official measure of energy performance by the US Department of Energy. The lower the HERS Index, the more energy efficient the home is. An average HERS score for a home built to code ten years ago is 130. A home built to the 2006 International Energy Conservation Code represents an index of 100. Each 1-point decrease in the HERS Index corresponds to a 1% reduction in energy consumption. For example, a home with a HERS index of 60 is 40% more energy efficient than a HERS Reference Home.
What an Energy Efficient Home Means to You and Your Family
- More even temperatures throughout the house
- Increased comfort
- Lower energy bills
- Smaller carbon footprint
- Reduced air pollution
- Potential green home tax credits
- Less money paid in utilities translates to you having greater buying power.
- DID YOU KNOW? Banks recognize that your $50 a month utility bill savings enables you to put that money toward your mortgage payment. In a 30 year mortgage, that means you can borrow $10,000 more on a home. | <urn:uuid:70ab47ba-4c8f-42bc-99b5-ca505eeef20a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.phillippebuilders.com/about-us/energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917127681.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031207-00490-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.885731 | 274 | 2.75 | 3 |
A Journal of My Own!
Here at Marvelously Made we do a million things to build literacy skills with the children. We understand that the most important thing we can do for young children to build literacy is to READ to them everyday. We read during Gathering Time, and we sprinkle books throughout the classrooms for the children to read themselves, we read to them outside and inside, we read to them the stories they have told us, we read and read and read!
Nurturing young children to become “readers” is really not about the names of letters and the sounds they make; it is about learning language. It is about playing with words and sounds. It is about hearing stories and finger plays and poems and songs. It’s about recalling what you have read and predicting what will happen next. Young children become readers when they are read to. And young children learn to love the power and importance of the written word when their own words, stories, and writings are valued.
Because we believe in the value of the child’s work, we wanted them to have a special place where they could write and draw. A place that is all their own. A place that is important and attractive. So this week we presented each of the children with their own journal.
As the children arrived at school, they found a box on one of the tables. A gift for them, with a note that read, “Do Not Open!”. Throughout morning play time the children wondered about the beautiful package on the table.
Here are some of their ideas about this special box:
– “I think it is cupcakes.”
– “Who is that for? What is it?”
– “I think it is a rocking horse.”
– “It says, “Do Not Open”; not yet.”
– “Maybe it’s a mommy!”
– “I think it is a unicorn pillow.”
– “Maybe it is a butterfly.”
– “What’s that present for?”
– “How do we open it?”
At Gathering Time, we talked to the children about the box and explained that inside there was a very special gift for each of them. Then together we unwrapped the box to discover the journals inside.
We explained that a journal is a special place to write stories, record your ideas and thoughts, draw pictures and keep things that are important to you. We showed the children that they each had their very own journal in the box and that they will stay at school for them to add to anytime they wish. | <urn:uuid:35cabefb-bb56-4ede-b150-753e1fd2e7dd> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://marvelouslymadeschool.com/2011/09/29/a-journal-of-my-own/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150000.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723175111-20210723205111-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.975855 | 561 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Metamorphosis in Fish
English | 2012 | ISBN: 1578087139 | 268 pages | PDF | 4,4 Mb
This book gathers current data on the two types of fish metamorphoses and their endocrine controls. It will be of interest for fish biologists as well as comparative physiologists and endocrinologists.
Metamorphosis is a major developmental phase characterized by morphological and physiological changes. It prepares organisms for a drastic shift in habitat and behavior. Among vertebrates, besides the well-known larval metamorphosis in amphibians, two types of metamorphosis are also described in the life cycle of some fish species. Larval metamorphosis, also called first metamorphosis or true metamorphosis, is encountered in lampreys, representative species of basal vertebrates as well as in some teleost groups, elopomorphs and pleuronectiforms, and possibly also in some other teleost species. Secondary metamorphosis occurs in juveniles of some diadromic migratory teleosts, such as salmons and eels, and compared to larval metamorphosis, involves less drastic morphological changes. | <urn:uuid:5dbc22fe-89ac-4c99-9ba4-955dadcc58da> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://gfxhome.ws/314829-metamorphosis-in-fish.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721355.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00211-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898751 | 234 | 3.375 | 3 |
Millions of people will probably entertain themselves this holiday season by watching TV, playing video games, or surfing the Internet. One thing they likely won’t do is haul the bathroom scale from the bathroom to the dining room and make everyone weigh themselves right after dinner.
Crazy, right? Well, back in the day (the 19th century, to be precise) it was considered quite the amusing parlor game, according to Deborah Levine, an Andrew W. Mellon postdoctoral fellow at Washington University in St. Louis. She studied the fascination with weight and scales as part of her doctoral dissertation, "Managing American Bodies: Diet, nutrition and obesity in the United States from 1840 to 1920 (She’s currently writing a book about the subject.).
During the early part of the Victorian era, Levine says, babies or sick people were usually the only ones weighed. "If you were an adult you wouldn’t have known what your weight was. It wasn’t common information until the railroads started shipping freight, and people started to weigh themselves at train stations on the public scales."
The popularity of that, she adds, eventually inspired scale companies around 1880 to build smaller, more accurate versions meant for weighing people. Those machines began showing up at fairs and hotels, and wealthier families bought them for home use, where being weighed was one source of entertainment, especially before and after eating a large meal. Levine adds that scales also fit in with a growing fascination with anthropometry, or measuring different parts of the body with various tools to better comprehend the variation in human beings.
In a diary entry Levine found from 1890, a young woman writes: "Three cheers for Thanksgiving. Harrah! Harrah! Harrah! The Learneds and the Hursts came to Thanksgiving. What a fat turkey we did have, and such a nice lot of things to eat! I asked papa to bring up the weighing scales [from the shop,] so we might be weighed before and after dinner to see how much we would gain by eating such a large dinner." The woman noted that on average, each guest gained an average of two pounds.
Hilarity must have often ensued in these situations, as the diary entry continues: "This is not the true weight of Papa because he had a lot of things in his pocket to fool us!"
But by about 1910, Levine says, a shift occurred: "As the 20th century wore on, weight and the ability to stay with a prescribed diet became connected with a person’s moral character. The scale got moved from the salon into that other new invention of the American home, the bathroom, alongside other things necessary for good hygiene."
This dovetailed with the release of actuarial tables by insurance companies. Now knowing height and weight was essential, as being overweight was associated with having a shorter lifespan. She notes that our fascination with scales has endured, and technology has tried to keep pace, coming out with more accurate and detailed readouts. One of the latest incarnations is interesting in its approach; the Quantum scale never shows a person’s weight, only the amount that’s been lost or gained. Says the news release, "By only showing a loss or gain from the time you start a diet, the Quantum scale removes the negative observation."
Something tells us the Victorians wouldn’t have seen the fun in that.
-- Jeannine Stein
Photo credit: The Hartford Courant | <urn:uuid:4ab993a7-3763-4d16-a801-1f27d2a2ace0> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/booster_shots/2008/12/a-weighty-subje.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021762714/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121602-00076-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972197 | 711 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Definition of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) was originally defined as the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research.
(Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Gray JAM, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 1996; 312: 71-2)
The revised and improved definition of evidence-based medicine is a systematic approach to clinical problem solving which allows the integration of the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
(Sackett DL, Strauss SE, Richardson WS,et al. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. London: Churchill-Livingstone,2000)
Evidence-Based Practice is defined as, "Making a conscientious effort to base clinical decisions on research that is most likely to be free from bias, and using interventions most likely to improve how long or well patients live."
(Mark H. Ebell, MD, MS, Professor, University of Georgia, Editor-in-Chief, Essential Evidence Plus) | <urn:uuid:515de150-7f05-4801-9272-fb1b2432fe9e> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://veterinarianultrasoundtraining.com/products/regenerative-laser-therapy/evidence-based-medicine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324225928-20180325005928-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.887263 | 250 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Role of a Business Administrator
Business administration is a broad field that encompasses a wide range of business management careers. Whether a company conducts business on an international level or is a local, independently owned start-up, it needs business administrators to ensure its long-term success.
A business administrator is trained to handle the day-to-day issues that arise in a business. They may oversee a variety of responsibilities, including:
- Establishing and executing goals, procedures and policies
- Providing direction and oversight for financial and budgetary issues
- Overseeing the processes that are involved in providing the company’s goods or services
- Helping their workplace improve by implementing new procedures
- Analyzing performance indicators
- Identifying areas that can be eliminated to reduce costs and promote efficiency
Business administrators play an essential role in a number of different industries, including retail sales, hospitality and operations management. Business administrators fill a variety of roles and are an essential part in ensuring the productivity and success of an organization.
What Career Paths Are Available?
There are a large number of career paths available for business administrators. Many business administrators work in retail sales or direct sales. In addition to this, they may also work as project assistants, managers in an office environment, or as support specialists in technology industries. Business administrators play a role in federal, private and non-profit companies. Successful entrepreneurs often have a background in business administration, as their experience in developing organization and management skills are essential in starting a small business.
How Can I Become A Business Administrator?
Obtaining a college degree is the first step you will take in your pursuit of a career in business administration. An associate’s degree in business will equip you for an entry level position. A bachelor’s degree will help you advance your knowledge in management skills and techniques, organizational leadership, and strategic planning. With a bachelor’s degree in business, you will immediately be qualified for a variety of careers pertaining to business administration. Some professionals continue in their education and obtain a Master in Business Administration (MBA). This highly respected degree typically takes one to two years of additional coursework to obtain. | <urn:uuid:337e880e-2b6e-4db6-bf0c-d32c7b68f12d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://whatdoesado.com/tag/administration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824894.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021190701-20171021210701-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.945166 | 442 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In a world full of digital stimulation, it can be hard to pull kids away from their screens long enough for them to get some exercise. This means that, according to healthychildren.org, less than only 1 in 3 children are physically active every day and that children and teens spend more than 7 hours per day on average using TVs, computers, phones, and other electronic devices for entertainment. The United States is paying the price for our sedentary lifestyle as 1 in 3 children are either overweight or obese.
So, how do we help our kids get healthier and get them off the couch when there are so many reasons to stay on their butts? Here are just a few ways you can raise active kids!
Stay Active as a Family
Everyone is much more likely to workout when they do it with people they love. It builds accountability and community and just makes it more fun. If you go walking or bike riding as a family it becomes about more than just staying active, it becomes about bonding and spending time together.
Have a Plan
The staple of any good workout plan, having a plan is even more important when kids are involved. It seems there is always something filling the schedule when you have kids so make sure to set aside a particular time and place for them to be active. Once you pick a time, make sure you can both stick it. If you miss once, you’re way more likely to miss again.
This could also mean limiting time spent on other things to make sure your kids have time to get active. Many kids are so over-scheduled with homework and activities that they don’t have time to be active. If their extracurriculars don’t get them active, it’s up to you to work that time in.
Find Something They Enjoy
Kids don’t have as much discipline as adults
Of course, if they enjoy sports, this is a great way to go. Try one they enjoy watching on TV to get started.
Limit TV Time
While it seems obvious that you have to turn off the TV to be active, this could also mean setting certain hours where the TV is off limits. When the TV isn’t even an option, kids will be forced to find other sources of entertainment.
Set a Good Example
If you’re active, they’ll be active. If you spend most of your time on the couch….well, you get the idea. Do the things you want to see them doing so you never have to say, “Do as I say, not as I do.”
Always make sure to consult your doctor, or your child’s doctor, before starting a new workout plan. Your child’s exercise needs will be different than yours, so make sure you know where to start. And if you’re out running and playing with your kids, make sure you’re supported! When you're walking, running, or just living life, wear Orange Insoles in your shoes to support healthy alignment and even out your weight distribution. | <urn:uuid:e1c8b56f-8bda-4348-b44d-dd8f90fc3f89> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.orangeinsoles.com/blogs/news/get-kids-off-the-couch-raising-active-kids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370515113.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403154746-20200403184746-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.965407 | 635 | 2.75 | 3 |
6th Grade Part B, Creative, Interactive Elementary Math...Together, We Can Do This!
RATIOS AND PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS, PART B! Interactive, Creative and Challenging math support that will encourage, develop skill and confidence developing understanding of ratio concepts and use of ratio reasoning to solve problems.
Michael Thurman, M.Ed.
100 total reviews for this teacher
1 review for this class
Completed by 5 learners
There are no upcoming classes.
Once per week
over 4 weeks
learners per class
per learner - per class
How does a “Multi-Day” course work?
Meets multiple times at scheduled times
Live video chats, recorded and monitored for safety and quality
Discussions via classroom forum and private messages with the teacher
Great for engaging projects and interacting with diverse classmates from other states and countries
How Outschool Works
There are no open spots for this class.
You can request another time or scroll down to find more classes like this.
This 6th grade math course will benefit homeschoolers and students in public, private school settings when they partner with me, their math specialist, for learning, weekly support and success! This class is RATIOS AND PROPORTIONAL RELATIONS, Part B. It can function as a stand-alone class, or as part of series that is listed by "Math You Can Do" that encompasses a full school year of math curriculum for 6th graders. Students needing remediation, on grade level practice, or above grade...
The goal of the initial class for NEW students, Week 1, is simply to introduce and learn the format and interactive program which will be used for this 4 week course. (For returning students, we will jump right into the first topics listed on the syllabus, Week 1.) New students will interact, be able to ask questions and gain experience using my interactive program. I will introduce all aspects of my one-hour-per-week class period; fact fluency, computational fluency and the specific targeted skills for this particular class, and then explain how students can use my interactive math program to practice what they learn between scheduled classes. The following 3 weeks are detailed in "Class Experience." Subsequent courses, usually 4 to 11 weeks in length, are listed (will be soon) and cover the other strands of mathematics: Ratios and Proportions, The Number System, Expressions and Equations, Geometry and Statistics and Probability. This course can stand alone, provide extra support or be a part of sequential learning, depending on the need or desire. Conceptualization of math topics is always key, producing an outcome of understanding, efficiency and accuracy. This course will primarily focus and concepts about The Number System necessary for 6th graders. See summary above for samples of concepts covered.
Homework will be assigned weekly and I will monitor students between classes, and even communicate with them through the program itself while they are working when scheduled. I can designate weekly class check-ins if needed. Generally speaking, homework that is assigned on a Monday, for example, would not be due until the following Monday. However, this can be flexible when circumstances require it. Assignments will be differentiated, and there are always ways to remediate, practice grade level concepts, or move ahead. THIS HOMEWORK IS NECESSARY to move learning forward.
Paper and pencil is required, of course, and a device to access a student's online subscription (math homework) is needed. Subscriptions for IXL will be PROVIDED BY ME and included when students enroll with no cost to parents. Students will have access to their IXL subscriptions as long as they are enrolled in my classes that are offered and are actively participating in them. There are NO books, worksheets, etc. needed; no paperwork to be kept. Simple, Neat and Mobile! Take your class with you anywhere you want. There will be a cap size of 6 students per class creating an ideal learning environment. There are continuous, sequential math courses offered by Math You Can Do entitled, "A Creative, Interactive Math Journey...Together, We Can Do This!". Again, these courses can easily provide all of the mathematical training needed for families who homeschool, as well as provide help and support in traditional settings.
The student will be assessed by the completion of their assigned online work. Grading is instantaneous and visible by the teacher, as well as by the parents and students. Missed problems will be explained instantaneously via the program. I can also monitor student work remotely as they work and offer suggestions in real-time. This aspect does not require video conferencing. It is done through my digital math platform, a simply awesome feature. That time would be arranged via email and a determined time to watch the student work could be established. There will be no waiting from class to class to see progress. Misconceptions that may result will provide teacher/student dialog in the next class. Again, the classwork will be differentiated. Students who need more time on a concept will receive it. Those who need more challenge can move ahead if desired. I will monitor all aspects of success and struggle and parents will be able to see their student's progress as well. Students will be required to strive for an 80% on each learning target that has been taught and then assigned. This demonstrates a baseline of mastery of the concept for the teacher. If desired, students can move beyond 80% as the questions often become more rigorous. A diagnostic aspect of my program will allow me to see areas of strength and weakness and communicate with parents regarding specific points of need or challenge.
1 hour per week in class, and an estimated 1 - 2 hours per week outside of class.
Michael Thurman, M.Ed.
An Elementary Math Teacher for Many Years with Proven Success
🇺🇸Lives in the United States
100 total reviews
120 completed classes
Hi, there! My name is Mr. Thurman and I enjoy teaching math. And, at “Math You Can Do” we’re always cooking up some good “recipes” for a tasty math experience! I was a public and private school educator for 36 years, and have experience teaching... | <urn:uuid:22e3f23a-70a7-447e-bdb2-8496ce4e3077> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://outschool.com/classes/6th-grade-part-b-creative-interactive-elementary-mathtogether-we-can-do-this-NBoM0YeF | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662587158.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525120449-20220525150449-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.94504 | 1,328 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Body Memories – Body memories are when the stress of the memories of the abuse experienced by an individual take the form of physical problems that cannot be explained by the usual means.
Borderline Personality Disorder – Borderline Personality Disorder, known as BPD, is one of many possible long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse.
Depression – There are many emotional and psychological reactions that victims of rape and sexual assault can experience. One of the most common of these is depression.
Dissociative Identity Disorder – Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously referred to as multiple personality disorder (MPD), is a dissociative disorder in which two or more separate and distinct identities (or personalities) control an individual’s behavior at different times.
Eating Disorders – Victims and survivors with eating disorders often use food and the control of food as an attempt to deal with or compensate for negative feelings and emotions.
Flashbacks – A flashback is when memories of past traumas feel as if they are taking place in the current moment.
Military Sexual Trauma – Military sexual trauma (MST) is a technical term that refers to the psychological trauma experienced by military service members, as a result of sexual assault or sexual harassment, as classified by the Department of Veterans Affairs.
Pregnancy – If you were recently raped, you may have concerns about becoming pregnant from the attack. If the rape happened a long time ago, you may have concerns about a pregnancy that resulted from the attack.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – Survivors of sexual assault may experience severe feelings of anxiety, stress or fear, known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as a direct result of the assault.
Sexually Transmitted Infections – Many STIs can be transmitted as a result of sexual violence. This includes, but is not limited to HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia, Human Papilloma Virus, Herpes, Syphilis and Trichomonas.
Self-harm/Self-injury – Deliberate self-harm, or self-injury, is when a person inflicts physical harm on himself or herself.
Sleep Disorders – Many survivors of sexual assault suffer from sleep disturbances and disorders.
Stockholm Syndrome – Described as a victim’s emotional “bonding” with their abuser, Stockholm Syndrome develops subconsciously and on an involuntary basis.
Substance Abuse – Victims of rape or sexual assault may turn to alcohol or other substances in an attempt to relieve their emotional suffering.
Suicide – If you are currently thinking about suicide, or know someone who is, please reach out for help.
- Suicide hotline
- If there’s no one in your life that you feel comfortable talking to about your suicidal thoughts, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at (800) 273-TALK.
- Your call will be confidential, and the counselors there can help!
- Call 911 or go to the hospital
- If you have already taken steps to harm yourself or feel that you can’t stop yourself from committing suicide, call 911 or go to the emergency room.
- Tell the person on the phone or the front desk at the emergency room that you are suicidal.
For Additional Help
National Sexual Assault Hotline
Substance Abuse Treatment Facility Locator
Toll-Free Substance Abuse Treatment Referral Helpline | <urn:uuid:c6fec026-378e-4631-a0bb-6d387ebfd772> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.blueridgectc.edu/current-students/title-xisexual-harrassment-discrimination/effects-of-sexual-violence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526807.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418201429-20190418222519-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.920986 | 692 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Early research finds that breath analysis may eliminate the need for some diagnostic tests for patients with benign lung disease.
Not all lesions in the lung are cancerous. Histoplasmosis, which is especially common in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, is an infection that presents with lesions in the lung. Though it resembles cancer, it is in fact an inflammatory disorder and is rarely life-threatening. What’s more, cancers are often confused with pneumonia. This is the contention of Michael Bousamra II, M.D., an associate professor and thoracic surgeon at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville.
Patients with benign diseases often come in with positive PET scans, Bousamra told Healthline. “And once a patient has a positive PET scan, the clinician is obligated to prove it’s not cancer.”
Bousamra and his colleagues believe they have found a way to alleviate the physical and financial burdens of invasive testing on patients who have no life-threatening disease. A breath-analysis technique that uses specially coated silicon microchips to collect exhaled breath samples showed a lower false-positive rate than PET scans did in test cases.
According to a press release following Bousamara’s presentation of the study’s results at the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (ATTS) Annual Meeting on April 29, 2014, “Previous work had pinpointed four specific substances, known as carbonyl compounds, in breath samples as elevated cancer markers (ECMs) that distinguish patients with lung cancer from those with benign disease. The carbonyl compounds found in the breath are thought to reflect chemical reactions occurring in malignant lung tumors.”
Cautioning that the breath analyzer is not a screening test, Bousamara said that it is used in conjunction with a CT or CAT scan. “So, we have a CAT scan that shows a spot in the lung. Is it cancer or is it not cancer?”
According to Bousamara, in some cases, the doctor looks at a CT and knows it’s cancer. “No amount of testing would keep you out of that patient’s chest,” he said, explaining that there’s a subset of people where the diagnosis is truly uncertain, and that’s where his group thinks breath analysis can help. In fact, he said, it helps in two ways.
If a breath analysis is strongly positive (that is, if three of the four or all four cancer markers are positive), then it is very likely to be cancer. In that subset of patients, rather than do a CT guided biopsy or a bronchoscopy, the clinician could proceed directly to surgery and take out that nodule, said Bousamra, “because what we call the pre-test probability of it being cancer would be very high.”
Second, the study showed that breath analysis was always positive in big cancerous tumors that were 3 cm or larger. “So if you have a tumor that’s bigger than 3 cm, and the breath is negative, you can probably leave it alone or watch it,” Bousamra explained. He noted that a PET scan is invariably positive on such cases and that a thoracic surgeon can usually tell whether or not it’s likely to be benign. “If we had a negative breath analysis, I think clinicians could be encouraged to not make their next step an invasive biopsy procedure,” said Bousamra.
In early findings for 147 patients, breath analysis was much more accurate (75 percent) than PET (38.7 percent) at identifying those who did not have cancer.
However, at present, breath analysis remains a strictly investigational tool. “We are not making clinical decisions based on it,” Bousamra cautioned. “We are collecting the data and patients are interested in knowing what their breath analysis is. We do tell them, but we also inform them we’ve got more investigating to do.”
The paper Bousamra presented on those early findings at the AATS meeting will be published later this year in AATS’s Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.
The next step will be for the researchers to accumulate two to three times more patients in order to confirm their original results. They also need to search for other disease processes that may produce the same cancer markers, yet may not actually be cancer. They had already begun to do that during initial testing, Bousamra said. “We’ve looked at patients with cystic fibrosis and pulmonary fibrosis and they did not produce the same carbonyl cancer markers. But, we need to do that more extensively so we don’t get fooled.”
The clinic is enrolling about 10 patients a week, so Bousamra expects they will be able to build out their data base over the next year. Then, if their findings hold up, they will begin the FDA review process. | <urn:uuid:a6d164ed-949f-4b49-b539-8f4339514399> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.healthline.com/health-news/simple-breath-test-diagnose-cancer-042914 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152000.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726031942-20210726061942-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.961064 | 1,053 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Listening to what you’ve written can be immensely helpful in revising and editing your work. “Read it out loud” is a time-tested technique for self-editing. As Forbes magazine proclaimed, “To write like a human, read your work out loud.”
Listening to your own writing can help with all stages of the writing process:
- analysis (recognizing false contrasts, for example)
- research (realizing that a statement really needs support)
- organization (noticing that sequential paragraphs or sentences are jumping around between topics)
- sentence length (running out of air before finishing a sentence)
- grammar (frowning while reading because it’s now apparent that the subject and verb don’t actually agree)
- word choice (hearing words that just sound wrong, and maybe brainstorming good alternatives out loud)
But listening can be a bit of a faux ami when it comes to punctuation. Particularly, please do not subscribe to the rule that you insert a comma wherever you pause in speech. As the University of North Carolina Writing Center points out in a comprehensive handout on commas, it’s a myth that you should insert a comma wherever you pause. Different people pause in different places.
The most common error along these lines is, I think, the desire to put a comma after but: “But, the court ultimately reversed and remanded.” I once watched someone read a sentence like this and respond as follows: “That comma makes me physically ill.”
If you are listening to your own work and really, really want to mimic the rhythm of speech by inserting a strong pause . . . consider the ellipses, as Roy Peter Clark recommends in The Glamour of Grammar. But he also points out that the ellipses to signal a pause is more a tool of narrative writing and not so commonly spotted in the world of formal reports. He didn’t specifically mention legal writing, but he might as well have. The ellipses could perhaps work well in legal blogs and other friendly, outward-facing writing–as well as sarcastic writing like this response to a cease-and-desist.
When lawyers want to slow down the way the writing sounds but maintain a very formal tone, there’s always the old faithful, very basic punctuation mark that does a lot of work but gets under-appreciated for its rhetorical effect. Yes. The period. | <urn:uuid:ddaaedae-483d-4fa8-9267-6a0ad772690e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://listenlikealawyer.com/2013/09/24/celebrating-national-punctuation-day-by-listening-to-punctuation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218122.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821112537-20180821132537-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.948079 | 518 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Below are simple ways anyone can help:
Thank you for raising awareness about stroke in May!
February is Heart Month, an opportunity to raise awareness to the fact that heart disease is the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States. Every year, 1 in 4 deaths are caused by heart disease, and it can be prevented.
The information below has been provided by National Forum Members and organized in this central location to be easily accessed, utilized and shared for better heart health.
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD), listed as the underlying cause of death, accounted for 874,613 deaths in the United States in 2019.
• CVD claim more lives each year in the United States than all forms of cancer and Chronic Lower
Respiratory Disease (CLRD) combined.
• Between 2015 and 2018, 126.9 million US adults had some form of CVD. Between 2017 and 2018, direct and indirect costs of total CVD were $378.0 billion ($226.2. billion in direct costs and $151.8 billion in lost productivity/mortality).
• In 2015 to 2018 in the United States, 58.8% of non-Hispanic (NH) Black females and 60.1% of NH Black males had some form of CVD. This race category had the highest prevalence of CVD.
• In 2019 in the United States, coronary heart disease (CHD) was the leading cause (41.3%) of deaths attributable to CVD in the United States, followed by other CVD (17.3%), stroke (17.2%), high blood pressure (11.7%), heart failure (9.9%), diseases of the arteries (2.8%).
• CVD accounted for 12% of total US health expenditures in 2017 to 2018. That is more than any major diagnostic group.
• CVD accounted for approximately 19.05 million global deaths in 2020
CDC Division for Heart Disease & Stroke Prevention American Heart Month is here! This year, CDC’s Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention is highlighting the importance of preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) across all ages, and we’re asking for your help! As you know, CVD continues to be a leading cause of death in the United States, and mortality rates are on the rise among younger populations. Help us to get the word out about CVD risk for all adults by retweeting one of our #HeartMonth messages: https://t.co/QaUXnSAF8n. For more social messages, graphics, and resources, check out our Heart Month toolkits at https://t.co/mKWzetd3R1. Make sure to tag us, @CDCHeart_Stroke, and include the #HeartMonth hashtag in your social media posts. Thank you for helping us celebrate American Heart Month 2022!
2/1-2/29 American Heart Month
2/4 World Cancer Day
2/7 National Wear Red Day
2/13-19 Heart Failure Awareness Week
2/7-2/14 Congenital Heart Defect Awareness Week
2/14 National Donor Day
2/14 Valentine’s Day
2/19 President’s Day
2/22 Heart Valve Disease Awareness Day
• Hypertension Communications Kit
Use these shareable messages and graphics to help your audiences understand what
hypertension is and why managing blood pressure is important for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• High Blood Pressure Fact Sheets
Print and share these resources to increase understanding about the risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of high blood pressure.
• Supporting Your Patients with High Blood Pressure pdf icon[PDF – 1 MB]external icon Download this Million Hearts® ® checklist as a guide during visits with patients who are working to control high blood pressure.
The American Kidney Fund invites you to become an AKF Kidney Health Coach and access the Kidney Health Coach training course. Please share this information with your colleagues, staff, organizations and anyone you think would benefit from learning about or teaching others about the importance of preventing and managing kidney disease and how it relates to heart health.
Please use these resources and graphics to share the importance of heart health this month. Together we can impact the lives of millions of people for the better.
Controlling blood pressure can lower the risk of heart attack, stroke and kidney disease. Encouraging our communities to know their numbers is one key to control. Measuring blood pressure, both in the doctor’s office and at-home, is an empowering way they can manage and prevent hypertension.
American Heart Month, is an ideal time to remind Americans to focus on their Hearts® and encourage them to get their families, friends and communities involved. The first American Heart Month, which took place in February 1964, was proclaimed by President Lyndon B. Johnson via Proclamation 3566 on December 30, 1963.
-The Congress requested that the President annually issue a proclamation designating February as American Heart Month.
-American Heart Month is a federally designated month in the United States but it is important to realize that cardiovascular disease knows no borders.
• This coming #HeartMonth, let’s work toward #BloodPressure control together. Explore @CDCHeart_Stroke’s partner toolkit for shareable messages, graphics, and handouts! http://bit.ly/2MzKPga
• February is #HeartMonth! Join @CDCHeart_Stroke in encouraging others on their journey to #BloodPressure control. This partner toolkit is a great place to start! http://bit.ly/2MzKPga
• High #BloodPressure control is within reach! Check out @CDCHeart_Stroke’s partner toolkit for ways to empower others on their journey to control and better heart health. http://bit.ly/2MzKPga #HeartMonth
G: GET YOUR NUMBERS
O: OWN YOUR LIFESTYLE
R: REALIZE YOUR RISK
E: EDUCATE YOUR FAMILY
D: DON’T BE SILENT – Tell every woman you know that heart disease is our No. 1 killer.
Heart disease can often be prevented when people make healthy choices and manage their health conditions. Communities, health professionals, and families can work together to provide the education and resources necessary to improve heart health.
The CDC’s Heart Disease and Stroke Map Widget allows you to share high-quality, local-level data on heart disease and stroke in your state. The Widget makes it possible to display county and state maps of heart disease and stroke on any agency’s website. With the Heart Disease and Stroke Map Widget, you can display:
State specific maps of county-level heart disease mortality
A national map with state-level data for comparison
Maps by race/ethnicity and gender
Visit Heart Disease and Stroke Widget to learn more about the Widget and how health departments are using it to help prevent heart disease and stroke. | <urn:uuid:9ccef2da-7927-49ed-b281-1eeb2d0d38a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.nationalforum.org/heart-month-2022/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662588661.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525151311-20220525181311-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.910696 | 1,479 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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