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Leonardo Da Vinci Art Gallery - Paintings, Drawing and Inventory. Da Vinci Work
Leonardo Da Vinci Paintings Gallery
Gallery of paintings attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, (Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci) (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519), one of the leading artists of the High Renaissance.Paintings, Invention, Secrets. Chronology, History and Art of Renaissance
Fifteen works are generally attributed either in whole or in large part to him, most of them paintings on panel but including a mural, a large drawing on paper and two works in the early stages of preparation. A further six paintings are disputed, there are four recently attributed works, and two are copies of lost work.
None of Leonardo's paintings are signed, and this list draws on the opinions of various scholars.
The small number of surviving paintings is due to Leonardo's constant and frequently disastrous experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic procrastination. Nevertheless, these few works together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, comprise a contribution to later generations of artists rivaled only by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo.
LEONARDO DA VINCI was great Florentine trinity of painter.
The third person in the great Florentine trinity of painters was Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), the other two being Michael Angelo and Raphael. He greatly influenced the school of Milan, and has usually been classed with the Milanese, yet he was educated in Florence, in the workshop of Verrocchio, and was so universal in thought and methods that he hardly belongs to any school.
He has been named a realist, an idealist, a magician, a wizard, a dreamer, and finally a scientist, by different writers, yet he was none of these things while being all of them—a full-rounded, universal man, learned in many departments and excelling in whatever he undertook. He had the scientific and experimental way of looking at things. That is perhaps to be regretted, since it resulted in his experimenting with everything and completing little of anything. His different tastes and pursuits pulled him different ways, and his knowledge made him sceptical of his own powers. He pondered and thought how to reach up higher, how to penetrate deeper, how to realize more comprehensively, and in the end he gave up in despair. He could not fulfil his ideal of the head of Christ nor the head of Mona Lisa, and after years of labor he left them unfinished. The problem of human life, the spirit, the world engrossed him, and all his creations seem impregnated with the psychological, the mystical, the unattainable, the hidden.
LEONARDO DA VINCI. MONA LISA. LOUVRE.
He was no religionist, though painting the religious subject with feeling; he was not in any sense a classicist, nor had he any care for the antique marbles, which he considered a study of nature at second-hand. He was more in love with physical life without being an enthusiast over it. His regard for contours, rhythm of line, blend of light with shade, study of atmosphere, perspective, trees, animals, humanity, show that though he examined nature scientifically, he pictured it esthetically. In his types there is much sweetness of soul, charm of disposition, dignity of mien, even grandeur and majesty of presence. His people we would like to know better. They are full of life, intelligence, sympathy; they have fascination of manner, winsomeness of mood, grace of bearing. We see this in his best-known work—the Mona Lisa of the Louvre. It has much allurement of personal presence, with a depth and abundance of soul altogether charming.
Technically, Leonardo was not a handler of the brush superior in any way to his Florentine contemporaries. He knew all the methods and mediums of the time, and did much to establish oil-painting among the Florentines, but he was never a painter like Titian, or even Correggio or Andrea del Sarto. A splendid draughtsman, a man of invention, imagination, grace, elegance, and power, he nevertheless carried more by mental penetration and æsthetic sense than by his technical skill. He was one of the great men of the Renaissance, and deservedly holds a place in the front rank.
Though Leonardo's accomplishment seems slight because of the little that is left to us, yet he had a great following not only among the Florentines but at Milan, where Vincenza Foppa had started a school in the Early Renaissance time. Leonardo was there for fourteen years, and his artistic personality influenced many painters to adopt his type and methods. Bernardino Luini (1475?-1532?) was the most prominent of the disciples. He cultivated Leonardo's sentiment, style, subjects, and composition in his middle period, but later on developed independence and originality. He came at a period of art when that earnestness of characterization which marked the early men was giving way to gracefulness of recitation, and that was the chief feature of his art. For that matter gracefulness and pathetic sweetness of mood, with purity of line and warmth of color characterized all the Milanese painters.
For more information about Leonardo da Vinci paintings, drawings, art, inventory, medical invention and secrets visit: http://www.leonardodavincisecrets.com
If you would like to read about Leonardo da Vinci "Early study, work and llive" visit: http://leonardodavincigallery.com/
Related readings: Da Vinci Live and Art
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Whether H2O will act as an acid or base depends on the nature of the compound it is reacting with. For example, if water were to react with ammonia (a weak base), then it would be an acid: NH3 + H2O --> NH4+ + OH- (water is donating its proton and ammonia is accepting it). If water were to react with hydrochloric acid, then it would be a base: HCl + H2O --> Cl- + H3O+ (water is accepting the proton and hydrochloric acid is donating it).
When looking at an equilibrium, it is helpful to note whether the reaction other than water is a base or acid. This tells you that water has to act the opposite in this equilibrium reaction because the water either loses a proton to donate to the base (acid) or gains a proton from the acidic donor (base).
Water is amphoteric, meaning that it can act as both an acid and a base. It's useful to look at the other reactant in order to determine whether water is acting as an acid or as a base. For example combining water and hydrochloric acid (HCl), water acts as a base by accepting protons. Hope this helps!
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The European Rabbit is an introduced species in southwestern British Columbia. It is a medium to large-sized rabbit, fur colour varies from brown with a reddish coloration on the neck to black, white, or patch-work coloured. The variation in colour is a result of the variety of breeds and colours that have been released (Nagorsen 2005). Nagorsen (2005) indicates that the European Rabbit is easily separated from native rabbit species by the distinctive colours and markings, or by body proportions such as elongated ears. However, he does indicate that it could be confused with the Eastern Cottontail or the Snowshoe hare: He says: "The European Rabbit is larger.. more heavily built and has longer ears than the cottontail. The brownish nape and heavier build discriminates the European Rabbit from the Snowshoe Hare in summer pelage."
European Rabbits are readily seen in fields, meadows, agricultural fields, along roadsides, in open disturbed forests, and adjacent to large patches of Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) in some areas. On Lulu Island, in Richmond, for example, they are abundant along roadsides and in fields.
European Rabbits have become established on southern Vancouver Island, and are also present on Triangle Island off the northern coast of the province where they were introduced (Nagorsen 2005). They are also well-established on Lulu Island, in Richmond. This species often represents 'Easter bunnies' that have been released, but it has also been intentionally introduced to the province, and probably arrived in BC with the first settlers (Nagorsen 2005). European rabbits are commonly sold in pet stores.
Clifford and Guiget (1958), in their publication Alien Animals in British Columbia, provide the following historical account of European rabbits in the province up until 1958: "Because humans have raised the rabbit for food for many years, we are unable to trace the original introduction of this animal to the province... Apparently stock was released on Bare (Mandaarte) Island near Sydney and on Strongtide Island in the Chatham-Discovery group. These small islands are now periodically overrun by rabbits, which increase in numbers until the available food-supply becomes exhausted. Starvation reduces the numbers drastically from time to time, but sufficient numbers survive to maintain the species there. On Vancouver Island, principally in the Sooke Road area, and in the Highland District, escaped rabbits have from time to time established small localized populations, but none so far has spread. We have learned from Capt. William Higgs, of Nanaimo, and Mr. Herbert A. Spalding, or South Pender Island, that domestic rabbits were released on South Pender Island about 1909 or 1910 by A. E. Stanford, a resident of the island at that time. The animals multiplied exceedingly for a few years, but soon began to decrease in numbers: none has been seen since about 1916....This species was introduced to the Queen Charlotte Islands (no data) in the vicinity of Tlell, where two or three animals were observed by in 1946, but apparently this introduction was largely unsuccessful....Rabbits were also released on Triangle Island (Scott Islands) sometime prior to 1921; two were seen when we visited the island in 1950....In 1954 it was rumoured that rabbits from San Juan Island had been released on Chatham Islands." | <urn:uuid:61202367-9e02-46b0-a868-fc7d019eb3d2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/efauna/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Oryctolagus%20cuniculus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511000.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002132844-20231002162844-00825.warc.gz | en | 0.96802 | 719 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Panoramic Dental X-ray Panoramic dental x-ray uses a very small dose of ionizing radiation to capture the entire mouth in one image. It is commonly performed by dentists and oral surgeons in everyday practice and may be used to plan treatment for dentures, braces, extractions and implants. 01/05/2013 · Modern x-ray machines are designed to avoid scattered radiation, ensuring x-rays are only emitted in a single beam. For radiographs inside the mouth, the x-ray beam should be collimated restricted to the size and shape of the film or digital sensor that is being used. 10/10/2019 · Panoramic X-rays show the entire mouth area -- all the teeth in both the upper and lower jaws -- on a single X-ray. This type of X-ray is useful for detecting the position of fully emerged as well as emerging teeth, can identify impacted teeth, and aid in the diagnosis of tumors. There is no specific time when children should get their first dental x-ray. You should take your child for his first dental visit soon after he gets his first baby tooth or turns 1, whichever comes first. But when he gets his first x-ray will depend on his situation. If he's starting to get cavities early, his dentist may want an x-ray. This will show development and position of teeth which have not yet erupted into the mouth. The panoramic x-ray is often used to determine whether a child will need orthodontic treatment. It can also show abnormalities such as tumors or cysts. Parents should discuss the need for x-rays with their child’s.
Obviously the amount of pain, combined with your child's symptoms will determine if you proceed immediately to the emergency room or wait to further evaluate the situation. To determine if a jaw is broken or dislocated, a CT scan or panoramic X-ray of the. Risks from radiation exposure from X-rays can add up over time. But this still only increases the overall risk of cancer to your child slightly. Work with your healthcare provider to minimize your child’s X-ray exposure. Remember that these tests are sometimes very beneficial.
The possibility of an X-ray during pregnancy causing harm to your unborn child is very small. Generally, the benefits of the diagnostic information from an X-ray outweigh the potential risk to a baby. However, if you received a large number of abdominal X-rays over a short period before you were aware of your pregnancy, your baby could be affected. 26/05/2017 · A sinus X-ray or sinus series is an imaging test that uses a small amount of radiation to visualize details of your sinuses. Sinuses are paired right and left air-filled pockets that circumscribe the nasal structures. The function of the sinuses is debated, but possibly include humidifying the.
Of course when a dental radiograph is recorded many faults may arise. This is immensely variable due to differing use of: image receptor type, X-ray equipment, levels of training and processing materials etc. General Faults. As previously stated a major difference in dental radiography is the versatile use of film vs digital radiography. 18/01/2018 · Medical X-ray imaging has led to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous medical conditions in pediatric patients. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act FD&C Act defines pediatric patients as persons aged 21 or younger at the time of. Dental X-rays are a useful diagnostic tool when helping your dentist detect damage and disease not visible during a regular dental exam. How often X-rays should be taken depends on your present oral health, your age, your risk for disease, and any signs and symptoms of oral disease. Panoramic X-rays show the entire mouth area — all the teeth in both the upper and lower jaws — on a single X-ray. This X-ray detects the position of fully emerged as well as emerging teeth, can see impacted teeth and helps diagnosis tumors. Tomograms show a particular layer or “slice” of the mouth and blur out other layers.
Find the perfect child dentist x ray stock photo. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100 million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. No need to register, buy now! The liquids should not have chunks or pulp. Your child will have to eat these foods through a syringe or straw. If your child's mouth is not wired, he or she may need to eat only soft foods. Some examples are applesauce, bananas, cooked cereal, cottage cheese, gelatin, pudding, and yogurt. Help your child clean his or her mouth 4 to 6 times. 09/05/2018 · An x-ray is a test that uses small doses of radiation to take pictures of the inside of your body. They are a good way to look at bones and can show changes caused by cancer or other medical conditions. X-rays can also show changes in other organs, such as the lungs. You have x-rays in the. 01/12/2004 · • The fear factor - If the patient relates that he or she fears the radiation from dental X-rays, it is our job to try to dispel those fears. Although X-ray machines vary, the amount of actual radiation is anywhere from.1 to.5 second for one periapical exposure - an extremely small amount. Digital radiography is even lower than that. When the X-rays pass through the body, bones, soft tissues and air can be seen on the X-ray images in white, shades of grey and black. Having an X-ray does not hurt, but in some cases, the position your child needs to be in for the X-ray may be uncomfortable. Your child will need to be still while the X-ray image is being taken.
22/04/2013 · Dental X-rays help dentists visualize diseases of the teeth and surrounding tissue that cannot be seen with a simple oral exam. In addition, X-rays help the dentist find and treat dental problems early in their development, which can potentially save you. heterogeneous exposure which is the case especially with x-ray diagnostics." In other words, effective dose is not always the same for everyone. It can vary based on a person's height and weight, how the procedure is performed and the area of the body being exposed to radiation. Benefit versus risk Radiation Dose in X-Ray and CT Exams Page 4 of 5. 13/07/2018 · An X-ray is a quick and painless procedure commonly used to produce images of the inside of the body. It's a very effective way of looking at the bones and can be used to help detect a range of conditions. X-rays are usually carried out in hospital X-ray departments by trained specialists called. Photo about Full mouth panoramic dental X-ray of a 29 year old male. Wisdom teeth are visible, one is missing. Image of check, dental, examination - 39446603.
05/10/2017 · X-ray examinations of areas of the body including the arms, legs, chest, head, or teeth do not expose your reproductive organs or your unborn child to a direct X-ray beam. X-rays of the abdomen, stomach, kidneys, lower back, or pelvis can potentially expose an unborn child to the direct X-ray. These x-rays are often used to detect any unusual changes in the root and surrounding bone structures. How periapical x-rays are taken: Film will be placed near your mouth using a metal rod with a ring attached to it. You will need to bite firmly onto the device to keep it in place and provide a clear x-ray image. Full Mouth Survey X-rays. 14/08/2016 · Download royalty-free Panoramic dental x-ray of child of seven 7 years. Colored image roentgen teeth upper and lower girl skull. Two versions positive and negative shots of the digital image stock photo 119902086 from Depositphotos collection of millions of premium high-resolution stock photos, vector images and illustrations. 19/11/2018 · An X-ray photo that shows a whole grape lodged in a 5-year-old's throat serves as a stark reminder of just how dangerous a choking hazard the fruit can be.
A dental or oral x-ray provides the dentist with detailed pictures radiographs of specific sections of the patient's mouth. Typical costs: Although traditional x-rays capture the image on film, many dentists are switching to digital x-rays, which sends images to a computer. X-rays having higher photon energies are known as hard X-rays while the one having lower energies are known as soft X-rays. X-ray is one of the modern imaging techniques including ultrasound, CT scan and MRI which shows structure inside the human body. Advantages of X-Ray. Following are the advantages of X-Ray: It is cheaper and simple technique. Both of these X-ray production processes are inefficient, with only about one percent of the electrical energy used by the tube converted into X-rays, and thus most of the electric power consumed by the tube is released as waste heat. When producing a usable flux of X-rays, the X-ray tube must be designed to dissipate the excess heat.
I don’t get dental x-rays very often, certainly not every six months like most dentists seem to recommend even for children. I don’t buy the argument that “you get more radiation walking to your car than what you get from this digital x-ray machine.”. I believe that all pediatric dentists are super heroes but, unfortunately, we were not given the power of X-ray vision! Parents will often ask why we recommend their child, with a healthy and beautiful smile, have X-rays taken of their teeth. The explanation is simple! There are many parts of.
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Le Migliori Cuffie Per Pubg Su Xbox | <urn:uuid:31a8730b-20e9-4765-8d31-e1a3aeab3a87> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://g-gclub.net/X%20Ray%20Of%20Child-s%20Mouth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488540235.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623195636-20210623225636-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.923936 | 2,468 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Jesus’ ministry could be boiled down to two elements— teaching people
to love each other, and healing the sick through the love of God.
Two thousand years later, science has caught up with Jesus.
In 1998, a seminal study by the Center for Disease Control established a strong causal connection between a lack of properly executed love from caregivers during childhood, and incidences of serious illness later in life.
The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study, published in the Journal of Preventative Medicine, was conducted by giving a questionnaire about adverse childhood experiences to 17,000 mostly white, middle to upper-middle class people in San Diego. Various categories of adverse childhood experiences were studied: physical, sexual or psychological abuse; violence against the mother in the home; and living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill, suicidal, or ever imprisoned. Researchers found that more than half the respondents to the questionnaire had at least one childhood exposure to one of these seriously adverse experiences, and one-fourth reported two or more. When they studied the health of participants, they found that participants with higher ACEs scores had correspondingly higher incidences of chronic autoimmune illnesses, liver disease, alcoholism and depression.
Subsequent studies on adverse childhood experiences have corroborated the findings, showing that in addition, a higher ACEs score correlates to higher incidences of obesity, diabetes, stroke, some types of cancers and some types of heart disease. One a scale of one to ten, where each adverse childhood experience equals one point, having an ACEs score of four or more increases the risk of emphysema or chronic bronchitis by nearly 400 percent and suicide by 1200 percent. People with an ACEs score of six or higher are at risk for an average 20-year shortened lifespan. Higher ACEs scores also correspond with social problems -- higher rates of drug use, teen pregnancy, smoking, being a victim of rape and perpetuating domestic violence. Children with high ACEs scores are prone to rage and outbursts in school, often have trouble paying attention, get lower grades and are more likely to fail a grade and drop out.
Brain research is demonstrating what Jesus understood when he gave us the command to love-- that the experience of trauma (of being hurt, rather than loved) has a physical effect on the body. When children are traumatized, their bodies respond in a physical way, even into adulthood. Prolonged activation of the stress response systems disrupts the development of brain architecture and other organ systems, and increases the risk for both physical and mental illness.
With only a third of the US population having an ACEs score of zero, indicating no significant trauma, we can begin to understand that much of society’s troubles may have its roots in unhealed childhood trauma. Most people, regardless of ethnicity, religion or socio-economic status, carry an invisible cross of at least one or two significantly painful parts to their childhood. And 13% of people walk around with the toxic stress caused by four or more adverse childhood experiences.
We are just 19 years out from the publication of the ACEs study—in the world of science, 19 years is a short time. It’s barely enough time to get the word out about the study’s results. But in the past 19 years, in response to the ACEs study, research has emerged on resilience. Children who have experienced adversity in childhood but who go on to develop resilience have better outcomes. How do we build resilience? The research points to one-on-one connections. When a person with a high ACEs score has a relationship with someone who offers him or her understanding and compassion, a bit of resilience is born. Those people with high ACEs scores whose parents struggle but who are fortunate enough to have strong one-on-one connections with teachers, healthy friends, relatives, coaches, mentors or pastors, fare the best.
Jesus’ ministry of healing was all about one-on-one connections based on understanding and compassion. He sat with people; he touched them; he reacted with compassion and love for them. He even wept with love. And then he healed them.
We are offered the same opportunity as Jesus to be healers. During our day, everyone we encounter (including ourselves) has an ACEs score ranging from 0 to 10 —everyone has a story of childhood. Every interaction we have with another is an opportunity to build that person’s resilience. Every action that includes understanding and a belief in the good of another can bring about healing. And that goes for showing compassion and understanding toward ourselves, as well. Those who have high ACEs scores, but who learn self-compassion, also build resilience.
Those around us who we find most challenging to love may have a reason for being so prickly-- childhood trauma can wrap itself in anger, as a form of protection. And when offered healing and compassion, these hurting folks may not find the wherewithal to respond with gratitude. When Jesus healed the 10 lepers, only one came back to say thanks.
In the next decade, public health practices may shift in response to the ACEs study and what it predicts. Further study may crystalize best practices and techniques for doctors, mental health professionals, teachers and those in social service. We, as a society, may learn ways to foster large-scale resilience development; we may even discover opportunities to reach families early to lower ACEs scores from the beginning. But even as this happens, true resilience will still be built one person at a time, in moments when that person feels understood, loved and recognized.
For us, as followers of Christ, the ACEs study and the follow-up research on resilience intensifies what we already know. Our call has always been to love and to heal. And now we have the data to prove why it’s important. | <urn:uuid:3a3eb76b-fac7-4ec0-85b4-f34f94fa2c72> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.discoveringmotherhood.com/2017/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998943.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619083757-20190619105757-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.960951 | 1,200 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In 1938, the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act was passed into law. The law states that before any prescription drug can enter the market, it must be shown to be safe by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Later, in 1962, an amendment to the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act was passed, which stipulated that in addition to clinical evidence of safety, the FDA also has to obtain evidence of effectiveness before allowing a drug into the market. Fluoride supplements, however, which are currently being prescribed to millions of American children, have NEVER been approved by the FDA as either safe or effective.
According to New Jersey Assemblyman John Kelly, who has brought much of this information to light:
“I was stunned when I was advised by the FDA that fluoride supplements were not approved by the FDA. Incredibly, in fifty years, no one has ever bothered submitting a petition to the FDA to have these products approved!”
The FDA defends this strange omission, by mistakenly arguing that the agency doesn’t need to approve prescription fluoride supplements because they were being prescribed before 1938. (According to the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, drugs prescribed before 1938 need not have clinical evidence of safety and effectiveness.)
According to the FDA:
“…the FDA has not reviewed any new drug applications for the fluoride tablets or drops. Drug products marketed now that are identical to drug products marketed prior to the new drug requirements of 1938 and 1962 are presently allowed to be marketed without new drug applications.”
However, Assemblyman Kelly has pointed out that fluoride supplements were NOT being prescribed before 1938. According to Kelly:
“Clinical trials of dietary fluoride supplements did not begin until the 1940’s. The American Dental Association published its first recommendations for fluoride supplements in 1958. The American Academy of Pediatrics followed with its own recommendations in 1972. Clearly, these dosed prescription drugs for dental use are post-1938 products, thus requiring NDAs [New Drug Applications]”
Indeed, according to the 1940 Merck Index, the only medical uses of sodium fluoride at the time were external in application (e.g. as an antiperiodic and antiseptic) and had nothing to do with reducing tooth decay. And thus as Kelly has rightly pointed out, there is no way that current fluoride supplements are “identical” to drugs marketed before 1938. For before 1938, there were NO such fluoride supplements being prescribed.
In light of this glaring absence of responsibility from the FDA, Assemblyman Kelly petitioned the agency in October of 2000 to remove fluoride supplements from the market until evidence of safety and effectiveness is obtained. In his petition, Kelly stated:
“Parents are spending millions of dollars annually on products that have not been proven effective. They then have to spend millions more to repair the fluorosis caused by these products. Every health care dollar spent on ineffective drugs is one dollar less available for effective drugs”
Kelly added that:
“The manufacturers of fluoride supplements have had fifty years to conduct clinical trials and toxicology studies to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of systemic fluoride and submit them for FDA approval. They have not done so. Fifty years is a long time – even for the FDA.”
In response to Kelly’s petition, which expired May 6, 2001, the FDA resorted to a different line of defense. No longer arguing that there were “identical” pre-1938 fluoride supplements, the FDA’s Janet Woodcock told Kelly that “the Food and Drug Administration has not yet resolved the issues raised in your citizen petition submitted on November 6, 2000.”
So here we are, the FDA is unable to resolve the issue. It admits that it has never approved fluoride supplements as safe or effective – a serious violation of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act. And despite knowing this, the agency has failed to draw the obvious conclusion – that these unapproved drugs should not be allowed on the market. | <urn:uuid:55ce3a9a-dd61-4106-bd43-dc762b680976> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://fluoridealert.org/articles/fda-2001/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828507.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217113255-20181217135255-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.973841 | 811 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Moving Facts About MooseThe Rainforest Site
Moose are huge animals related to deer and elk. These creatures live in cooler climates and have massive antlers on their heads. If moose move you, read on to discover more facts about these giants.
Moose live to about 20 years old in the wild. That’s pretty impressive, considering the harsh winters these animals endure.
Moose stand about 6 feet tall at the shoulder, which puts their heads taller than most humans. This also means moose are the tallest mammals in North America.
Antlers can spread 6 feet across on the largest moose. The antlers can be as wide as moose are tall.
These massive animals live in northern areas of North America, Europe, and Asia.
Moose are the largest species of deer. Adults average around 1,200 pounds while the biggest specimens can reach 1,800 pounds.
These animals are good swimmers and love the water in summer months. Moose can submerge completely for about 30 seconds before coming back up for air.
Moose can reach speeds of up to 35 miles per hour on land. They need that to outrun coyotes and wolves that hunt them.
Antlers can weigh up to 40 pounds, and males shed them every year and regrow them.
Eat a Lot
Moose consume 73 pounds of food per day in summer and 34 pounds per day in winter. These herbivores love to munch on woody portions of trees and sticks.
The name means “twig eater” in Algonquin.
Babies, called calves, weigh 30 pounds when they are born. Imagine giving birth to a 30-pound human baby!
Watch this young moose as it plays with a wind chime on someone’s porch. | <urn:uuid:306d30ec-b66f-49bf-b099-dd62f861144a> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://blog.therainforestsite.greatergood.com/cs-moving-moose-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829542.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218164121-20181218190121-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.920537 | 372 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Wednesday, December 18, 2013
Marcus Rediker - Villains of all Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age
Oddly the real history is very different to that portrayed by R. L. Stevenson, or countless other pirate films, books and plays. As Rediker himself points out,
"Traditional explanations of why people turned to piracy have emphasized greed, and there is certainly truth to this. Many who worked the pirate ship wanted money, which as dispossessed proletarians they desperately needed to live. But the struggle for money is more complex than simple greed, as pirates themselves made clear. Money meant simply getting a living... It meant subsistence for poor families... It meant escaping the brutalities of life at sea 'as long as they lived'... They were now 'Gentlemen of ffortune'."
Pirate ships were, in the main, organised very differently to naval or merchant vessels. By and large instead of a near dictatorial, violent hierarchy, pirates organised more democratically. They elected their captains and unelected them if they behaved incorrectly (perhaps by displaying cowardice in the face of the enemy). They redistributed wealth, and frequently displayed kindness and honour towards captives. They were brutal in battle, but this is no surprise, they were treated violently by their previous captains and were unlikely to escape death if captured. Indeed the violence on non-pirate ships is a singularly important factor leading many to rebel, or join pirate crews.
The new social order on-board pirate ships that Rediker describes has its roots in necessity. A new crew in open rebellion requires self organisation. But Rediker suggests that the closeness of the radical events of the English Civil War meant that "when sailors encountered the deadly conditions of life at sea in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, they had an alternative social order within living memory."
This acute understanding of the realities of life was never far from the minds of the buccaneers. Pirate captain Charles Bellamy lectured a captured captain thus:
"damn ye, you are a sneaking puppy and so are all those who will submit to be governed by laws which rich men have made for their own security, for the cowardly whelps have not the courage otherwise to defend what they get by their knavery; but damn ye altogether: Damn them for a pack of crafty rascals, and you, who serve them, for a parcel of hen-hearted numskuls. They vilify us, the scoundrels do, when their is only this difference, they rob the poor under the cover of law, forsooth and we plunder the rich under the protection of our own courage."
Pirates organised themselves in egalitarian and democratic ways. They saw themselves as "honest men" trying to win justice for ordinary sailors. But this could not be left to stand. There were significant numbers of pirates and the various nation states organised to stop the destruction of commerce. This "cleansing of the ocean" meant the destruction of the pirates, but their popular acclaim inspired many tales and legends. Some of those have come down to us today, but the truth is far more inspiring and Marcus Rediker's fine history rescues it from Davy Jones' Locker.
Rediker - The Amistad Rebellion
Rediker - The Slave Ship
Rediker - Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea
Rediker & Linebaugh - The Many Headed Hydra | <urn:uuid:4de29e59-a13b-467d-ae53-0a52576959fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://resolutereader.blogspot.com/2013/12/marcus-rediker-villains-of-all-nations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120338.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00082-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964766 | 699 | 3.09375 | 3 |
In 1925, Einstein went on a walk with a young student named Esther Salaman. As they wandered, he shared his core guiding intellectual principle: "I want to know how God created this world. I'm not interested in this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that element. I want to know His thoughts; the rest are just details."
The phrase "God's thoughts" is a delightfully apt metaphor for the ultimate goal of modern physics, which is to develop a perfect understanding of the laws of nature — what physicists call "a theory of everything," or TOE. Ideally, a TOE would answer all questions, leaving nothing unanswered. Why is the sky blue? Covered. Why does gravity exist? That's covered, too. Stated in a more scientific way, a TOE would ideally explain all phenomena with a single theory, a single building block and a single force. In my opinion, finding a TOE could take hundreds, or even thousands, of years. To understand why, let's take stock. [The 18 Biggest Unsolved Mysteries in Physics]
We know of two theories that, when taken together, give a good description of the world around us, but both are light-years from being a TOE.
The first is Einstein's theory of general relativity, which describes gravity and the behavior of stars, galaxies and the universe on the largest scales. Einstein described gravity as the literal bending of space and time. This idea has been validated many times, most notably with the discovery of gravitational waves in 2016.
If we look at the world around us — the world of stars and galaxies, poodles and pizza, we can ask why things have the properties they do. We know everything is made up of atoms, and those atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons.
And, in the 1960s, researchers discovered that the protons and neutrons were made of even smaller particles called quarks and the electron was a member of the class of particles called leptons.
Finding the smallest building blocks is only the first step in devising a theory of everything. The next step is understanding the forces that govern how the building blocks interact. Scientists know of four fundamental forces, three of which — electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces — are understood at the subatomic level. Electromagnetism holds atoms together and is responsible for chemistry. The strong force holds together the nucleus of atoms and keeps quarks inside protons and neutrons. The weak force is responsible for some types of nuclear decay.
Each of the known subatomic forces has an associated particle or particles that carry that force: The gluon carries the strong force, the photon governs electromagnetism, and the W and Z bosons control the weak force. There is also a ghostly energy field, called the Higgs field, that permeates the universe and gives mass to quarks, leptons and some of the force-carrying particles. Taken together, these building blocks and forces make up the Standard Model. [Strange Quarks and Muons, Oh My! Nature’s Tiniest Particles Dissected]
Using quarks and leptons and the known force-carrying particles, one can build atoms, molecules, people, planets and, indeed, all of the known matter of the universe. This is undoubtedly a tremendous achievement and a good approximation of a theory of everything.
And yet it really isn't. The goal is to find a single building block and a single force that could explain the matter and motion of the universe. The Standard Model has 12 particles (six quarks and six leptons) and four forces (electromagnetism, gravity, and the strong and weak nuclear forces). Furthermore, there is no known quantum theory of gravity (meaning our current definition covers just gravity involving things larger than, for example, common dust), so gravity isn't even part of the Standard Model at all. So, physicists continue to look for an even more fundamental and underlying theory. To do that they need to reduce the number of both building blocks and forces.
Finding a smaller building block will be difficult, because that requires a more powerful particle accelerator than humans have ever built. The time horizon for a new accelerator facility coming on line is several decades and that facility will provide only a relatively modest incremental improvement over existing capabilities. So, scientists must instead speculate on what a smaller building block might look like. A popular idea is called superstring theory, which postulates that the smallest building block isn't a particle, but rather a small and vibrating "string." In the same way a cello string can play more than one note, the different patterns of vibrations are the different quarks and leptons. In this way, a single type of string could be the ultimate building block. [Top 5 Reasons We May Live in a Multiverse]
The problem is that there is no empirical evidence that superstrings actually exist. Further, the expected energy required to see them is called the Planck energy, which is a quadrillion (10 raised to the 15th power) times higher than we can currently generate. The very large Planck energy is intimately connected to what's known as the Planck length, an unfathomably tiny length beyond which quantum effects become so large that it is literally impossible to measure anything smaller. Meanwhile, go smaller than the Planck length (or bigger than the Planck energy), and the quantum effects of gravity between photons, or light particles, become important and relativity no longer works. That makes it likely this is the scale at which quantum gravity will be understood. This is, of course, all very speculative, but it reflects our current best prediction. And, if true, superstrings will have to remain speculative for the foreseeable future.
The plethora of forces is also a problem. Scientists hope to "unify" the forces, showing that they are just different manifestations of a single force. (Sir Isaac Newton did just that when he showed the force that made things fall on Earth and the force that governed the motion of the heavens were one and the same; James Clerk Maxwell showed that electricity and magnetism were really different behaviors of a unified force called electromagnetism.)
In the 1960s, scientists were able to show that the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism were actually two different facets of a combined force called the electroweak force. Now, researchers hope that the electroweak force and the strong force can be unified into what is called a grand unified force. Then, they hope that the grand unified force can be unified with gravity to make a theory of everything.
However, physicists suspect this final unification would also take place at the Planck energy, again because this is the energy and size at which quantum effects can no longer be ignored in relativity theory. And, as we've seen, this is a much higher energy than we can hope to achieve inside a particle accelerator any time soon. To give a sense of the chasm between current theories and a theory of everything, if we represented the energies of particles we can detect as the width of a cell membrane, the Planck energy is the size of Earth. While it is conceivable that someone with a thorough understanding of cell membranes might predict other structures within a cell — things like DNA and mitochondria — it is inconceivable that they could accurately predict the Earth. How likely is it that they could predict volcanoes, oceans or Earth's magnetic field?
The simple fact is that with such a large gap between currently achievable energy in particle accelerators and the Planck energy, correctly devising a theory of everything seems improbable.
That doesn't mean physicists should all retire and take up landscape painting — there is still meaningful work to be done. We still need to understand unexplained phenomena such as dark matter and dark energy, which make up 95% of the known universe, and use that understanding to create a newer, more comprehensive theory of physics. This newer theory will not be a TOE, but will be incrementally better than the current theoretical framework. We will have to repeat that process over and over again.
Disappointed? So am I. After all, I've devoted my life to trying to uncover some of the secrets of the cosmos, but perhaps some perspective is in order. The first unification of forces was accomplished in the 1670s with Newton's theory of universal gravity. The second was in the 1870s with Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. The electroweak unification was relatively recent, only half a century ago.
Given that 350 years has elapsed since our first big successful step in this journey, perhaps it's less surprising that the path ahead of us is longer still. The notion that a genius will have an insight that results in a fully developed theory of everything in the next few years is a myth. We're in for a long slog — and even the grandchildren of today's scientists won't see the end of it.
But what a journey it will be.
- The 11 Biggest Unanswered Questions About Dark Matter
- What's That? Your Physics Questions Answered
- The 11 Most Beautiful Mathematical Equations
Don Lincoln is a physics researcher at Fermilab. He is the author of "The Large Hadron Collider: The Extraordinary Story of the Higgs Boson and Other Stuff That Will Blow Your Mind" (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), and he produces a series of science education videos. Follow him on Facebook. The opinions expressed in this commentary are his. | <urn:uuid:e8ae353c-3207-425f-a191-8c48f99a544c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.space.com/theory-of-everything-millennia-away.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500080.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204012622-20230204042622-00640.warc.gz | en | 0.958043 | 1,961 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Adeniyi Asiyanbi, University of Sheffield and Emmanuel Nuesiri, Potsdam University, Germany, reflect on the recent ‘Impacts, Imperatives and Emergent Governance of Redd+’ workshop, held in Sheffield on 21-22 February 2018.
Can forests save the world from the climate crisis? Well, we have a decade of organised experiments to scour for some insights. Four decades after the British Physicist Freeman Dyson published the theoretical basis for reducing carbon emissions through forests, the international community through the United Nations has led an ambitious initiative to curb global carbon emissions by incentivising forest conservation in developing countries through REDD+.
The UNFCCC once called REDD+ decisions a “clear breakthrough for action on climate change”. Up to 10 billion USD of multilateral and bilateral finance has gone into this scheme over the last decade. Under the Paris Agreement, several countries have proposed to reduce emission through land and forest-related actions including REDD+. Meanwhile, John Vidal, renowned environmental journalist and former environment editor of The Guardian cheered ‘eureka!’ to an emerging cultural shift toward forest conservation driven by climate change mitigation imperatives.
Yet, the rate of global forest loss has reached a new peak. In 2016 alone, global tree cover declined by 30 million hectares (the size of Italy) – a rate 50% higher than the previous year.
Ascertaining whether global schemes like REDD+ are delivering on their promise of climate change mitigation and better conservation and livelihood outcomes requires careful examination of not just policy pronouncements, but also actual execution and impacts ‘on the ground’.
A chart of global tree cover loss between 2001- 2016 (Global Forest Watch, 2018)
Our recent researcher-practitioner workshop which took place at the University of Sheffield was aimed at understanding these on-the-ground realities shaping the future of REDD+ and forest-based climate mitigation. Below we highlight some of the key themes that emerged from the workshop.
Scale of projects belies global ambition
The ambitiously global rhetoric of the REDD+ scheme has not been matched on the ground where activities that really matter for reducing deforestation have continued at significantly small jurisdictional and project scales. Though regarded as pilots which are meant to demonstrate the possibility of REDD+ success in the strongest possible terms, these projects are, ironically, of such internal and external complexities that they often defy efforts to replicate or scale them up. Moreover, the peculiar socio-ecological and political conditions of possibility of REDD+ pilots limit the extent to which pilots can be replicated and extended.
As evidenced by cases from Tanzania, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, REDD+ piloting has been pursued through various forms of exclusion at the local level, so that scaling up these projects comes with intractable socio-political and institutional challenges. And since result-based payments like FCPF’s Carbon Fund and market-based offsetting such as Wildlife Works’ REDD+ offset trading are tied to sequestration precisely in these maturing pilots and not any up-scaled scheme, the possibility that REDD+ at current scale will significantly reduce global deforestation becomes even more remote.
Contradictions and failure of monetary incentives
Monetary incentives promised by REDD+ have largely failed to materialise. REDD+ grants of $10billion over the last decade, though first appears significant, is little compared to the required annual investment of £10-15 billion. While promises of incentive have been widely employed to mobilise local support for projects, these promises are also an important test of the putative assumption that monetary incentives will lead to more conservation. Paradoxically, promises of incentives were found to sometimes ‘crowd out’ existing intrinsic motivation for conservation, thereby attenuating commitment to conservation values locally.
Similarly, failure of incentives also means that REDD+ is failing to compete with other forest-based investments such as timber concessions, mining and commercial agriculture which are widely observed in and around REDD+ landscapes. This is true even in REDD+ countries like the Democratic Republic Congo (DRC) and Brazil which have received a significant amount of REDD+ funding. As such, whether in the DRC where the government recently reinstated a 6,500km2 logging concession or in Sierra Leone where industrial mining activities dot the REDD+ landscape or Nigeria in which a 260km-long superhighway threatens to cut through REDD+ forests, the failure REDD+ incentives to truly incentivise conservation raises important questions about the economic rationalities of REDD+.
Exclusion, rights abuses and injustice
There is widespread evidence of everyday injustices, violence and abuses of the rights of local communities and indigenous peoples in the implementation of REDD+ projects. These abuses, which are not unique to REDD+ but permeate the terrain of environmental conservation generally, often build on existing injustices perpetuated through colonial and postcolonial conservation regimes.
From the exclusion of local people from REDD+ processes and discourses to the instrumental employment of safeguard and tokenistic local participation; from the refusal to recognise community rights to land, forests, livelihood and carbon to the outright dispossession and violent displacement of communities, the burden of REDD+ schemes have continued to be forced upon local communities and indigenous peoples. A recent CIFOR report documents the extent of these abuses. While a rights-based approach to REDD+ has the potential to strengthen justice for communities, there is a need to understand how this would work on the ground.
Into the future of REDD+
Confronted with these challenges on the ground, REDD+ faces a difficult future. The global landscape of REDD+ is changing, even if the carbon forestry logic continues to persist. The weight of commitment to the scheme is shifting away from governments of industrialised countries to those of developing countries who have taken on new emissions reduction commitments under the Paris Agreement.
Linked to this is the declining REDD+ grant from industrialised countries, creating a funding gap which is gradually being filled by the private sector with the rise of REDD+ bonds, public-private partnerships, and industry initiatives such as the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation of the aviation sector and the High Carbon Stock Approach (HCSA) of commercial plantation industry. This increased private sector involvement in REDD+ comes with new challenges that need to be understood.
These changes are also reflective of the global milieu marked, for instance, by surging nationalism. Governments, international institutions and other stakeholders might also seek to renegotiate interest in forest-based climate change mitigation, in line with global agendas including the Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals, and the New York Declaration on Forests.
Importantly, the reality of climate change as evidenced by changing dynamics of temperature, wildfire, drought and precipitation is also transforming forests across the globe. This is a significant challenge to the ways we think about the role of forests in the capture and sequestration of carbon emissions.
Finally, this year’s international day of forests provides another opportunity to critically reflect on the role that forests can realistically play in securing the future of the world’s climate. Continued debates on the impacts and future of REDD+ are critical to that reflection. | <urn:uuid:43cb4aa0-54d8-4191-9477-e49cfbf8fda6> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://biosecproject.org/2018/04/05/the-sisyphean-task-of-addressing-carbon-emissions-through-forest-conservation-reflections-from-a-redd-workshop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493684.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329015008-20200329045008-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.937811 | 1,487 | 3.171875 | 3 |
A probabilistic model of gastroenteritis risks associated with consumption of street food salads in Kumasi, Ghana: evaluation of methods to estimate pathogen dose from water, produce or food quality
MetadataShow full item record
Barker, S. F.; Amoah, Philip; Drechsel, Pay. 2014. A probabilistic model of gastroenteritis risks associated with consumption of street food salads in Kumasi, Ghana: evaluation of methods to estimate pathogen dose from water, produce or food quality. Science of the Total Environment, 487:130-142. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.108
Permanent link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/58384
With a rapidly growing urban population in Kumasi, Ghana, the consumption of street food is increasing. Raw salads, which often accompany street food dishes, are typically composed of perishable vegetables that are grown in close proximity to the city using poor quality water for irrigation. This study assessed the risk of gastroenteritis illness (caused by rotavirus, norovirus and Ascaris lumbricoides) associated with the consumption of street food salads using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Three different risk assessment models were constructed, based on availability of microbial concentrations: 1)Water — starting from irrigation water quality, 2) Produce — starting from the quality of produce at market, and 3) Street — using microbial quality of street food salad. In the absence of viral concentrations, published ratios between faecal coliforms and viruses were used to estimate the quality of water, produce and salad, and annual disease burdens were determined. Rotavirus dominated the estimates of annual disease burden (~10-3 Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year (DALYs pppy)), although norovirus also exceeded the 10-4 DALY threshold for both Produce and Street models. The Water model ignored other on-farm and post-harvest sources of contamination and consistently produced lower estimates of risk; it likely underestimates disease burden and therefore is not recommended. Required log reductions of up to 5.3 (95th percentile) for rotavirus were estimated for the Street model, demonstrating that significant interventions are required to protect the health and safety of street food consumers in Kumasi. Estimates of virus concentrations were a significant source of model uncertainty and more data on pathogen concentrations is needed to refine QMRA estimates of disease burden. | <urn:uuid:7d39f662-269e-4736-92cd-d6dd60762ba5> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/58384 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542002.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00397-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897753 | 526 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Sid The Science Kid
Sid the roving reporter is investigating something strange in his backyard--his Dad is wearing a mask while painting. Sid discovers that his Dad is protecting his face so he doesn't breathe in the dirty fumes. At school, Sid and his friends discover that people and animals on Earth need to breathe clean air, and when we pollute the air around us, it affects the air that everyone breathes. The kids also discover that trees have a really important role in keeping our air clean! (Educational objective - Clean Air)
Share your thoughts, questions, and comments on "Sid The Science Kid" here. | <urn:uuid:78263b6e-8644-446b-8445-088ff1f2195f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.vpt.org/show/16561/207 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642517/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00046-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968592 | 131 | 2.78125 | 3 |
About Flores & Komodo National Park
The island of Flores and the Komodo National Park is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province.
The west coast of Flores is one of the few places, aside from the island of Komodo itself, where the Komodo dragon can be found in the wild. It is also part of Komodo National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 1980, this national park was built to conserve komodo and its original habitat. There are about 2.500 Komodo with 2-3 meter long and weigh up to 160 kilograms live in this park. But aside of Komodo, there are hundreds of endemic fauna live within its natural habitat in Komodo National Park. This area also has beautiful and rich coral reefs as well as the fish species.
Beside of Komodo National Park, Kelimutu National Park is also the next national park designated on Flores to protect endangered species. The park consists of a region with hills and mountains, with Mount Kelibara as its highest peak. Mount Kelimutu, which has the three colored lakes, is also located in this national park. In this area, there is also an arboretum, a mini jungle representing flora biodiversity of Kelimutu National Park. The arboretum consists of 78 types of tree plants which are grouped into 36 families. Some of the Kelimutu's endemic flora collections are growing there. | <urn:uuid:39845077-5d60-4ef5-be56-978ff7e529a4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://travelpeople.co.id/destinations/flores-komodo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496669.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330054217-20200330084217-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.950431 | 296 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Meditation provides experiences that the mind can achieve no other way, such as inner silence and expanded awareness. And as the mind gains experience, the brain shows physical activity as well—sometimes profound changes.
Beginning in the 1970s, studies showed that something was happening in the brain during meditation. In the last decade, the research has begun to show that meditation can also produce long-term structural changes in the brain. No longer is the “hard wiring” of neural circuits so dominant. The brain can alter its wiring in “soft” ways, thanks to a trait known as neuroplasticity, which allows new pathways and even new brain cells to appear.
Measurable changes in brain regions associated with memory, sense of self, empathy, and stress start to appear in subjects who practice mindfulness meditation for only eight weeks. A team led by Harvard-affiliated researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital reported these results in the first study “to document meditation-produced changes over time in the brain’s gray matter.”
What makes this finding so important is that it links how people feel when they meditate, with their physiology—the kind of proof that neuroscience demands. The old view was that meditators reported all kinds of mental and psychological benefits when in fact all they were doing in meditation was entering a state of deep relaxation. In the Harvard study, MRI scans were taken of the brains of 16 participants two weeks prior to the study and directly afterward. MRI images of the participants were also taken after the study was completed. It was already known that during meditation brain wave activity increases in areas like alpha waves. These MRIs showed something more permanent: denser gray matter in specific regions like the hippocampus, which is crucial for learning and memory, as well as in other areas associated with self-awareness, compassion, and reflection.
Another study compared long-term meditators with a control group. The main findings were that meditators had larger gray matter volumes than non-meditators in areas of the higher brain (cortex) that are associated with emotional regulation and response control. A famous study of Tibetan Buddhist monks showed activity in the area of the brain associated with compassion.
Loss of grey matter (brain cells) and their connections is a common part of aging. Now it appears that this loss isn’t inescapable. Some older people appear to be genetically protected from the deterioration of memory and brain cells, but in general only 10 percent of people who believe they have superior memories actually do, according to the standards set for a study of such “super agers.” Finding out what makes them so unusual is a promising line of research, with the main focus being on their brains as compared to younger controls and “normal” older people.
What You Can Do to Promote Brain Health
But what you can do right now is what counts the most. That’s how the “new normal” can evolve, one person at a time. Regular meditation, at any age, should be combined with lifestyle habits that have the strongest long-term effects. These include:
- Dealing with stress in a meaningful way.
- Fostering loving and fulfilling relationships.
- Having close daily contact with the people who are important to you.
- Creating a vision of what your life means, guided by a purpose you feel passionate about.
- Establishing regular habits of good sleep, diet, and physical activity.
- Learning to be emotionally flexible, and developing good coping skills that will serve you in a crisis and during other difficult times.
- Having a strong sense of self that is independent of what others think or say.
These points haven’t been subjected to every possible scientific test, but they are established in the wisdom of generations. Your brain reflects every aspect of your mind, and each of these things keeps the mind sane, resilient, and constantly renewed. | <urn:uuid:9ac5dcb6-ae4f-4e12-bb6a-e3c05e9dad72> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://chopra.com/articles/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-meditation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358673.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128224316-20211129014316-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.96334 | 810 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The ugly truth about wind farms.
Ah, the wind turbine: sleek, graceful, GREEN. BAT-KILLER?
This is Sandra Tsing Loh with the Loh Down on Science
and the ugly truth about wind farms.
Power-generating wind turbines sometimes kill birds, who unwittingly fly right into the blades. Ew.
Bats detect objects by echolocation, and SHOULD avoid the whirling fans of doom. Yet more bats die at wind farms than birds.
Researchers at the University of Calgary wanted to know why. They examined one hundred eighty-eight bats killed in ONE NIGHT at a Canadian wind-energy facility.
Less than half showed signs of external injuries from hitting blades.
But NINETY PERCENT had internal bleeding--
The cause? Air pressure.
Around spinning turbine blades, air pressure drops dramatically. Doesn't affect the rigid lungs of birds. But bat lungs are like balloons, with flexible sacs ending in delicate capillaries. A large air pressure drop causes the sacs to overexpand and capillaries to burst , producing often-fatal "barotrauma."
To end the carnage, wind farms are exploring bat-friendly options, like running turbines during daytime, when bats sleep.
At night, bats are safe to swoop about and fly sickeningly into your hair as usual. | <urn:uuid:6dca8efd-8bf2-4ce0-af34-f51322784963> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.scpr.org/programs/loh-down-on-science/2009/01/30/22869/death-to-batty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115927113.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161207-00213-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875438 | 282 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This resource is intended for KS3 Students, especially year 7 and also year 6 students in KS2. The resource introduces students to basic information on how the Roman Empire grew from 264 BC to 150 AD. This is accomplished through using a Powerpoint presentation of maps to show different stages of expansion. Students are then asked to complete their own maps to show the stages of growth of the Empire and then to use their maps to describe how the Empire grew and to place events into a chronological order as well as developing an understanding of the differences between BC and AD. Activities are also differentiated at 2 levels in order to allow access by less able students. | <urn:uuid:d180a682-c81d-4f32-a401-00c6857a7780> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/the-growth-of-the-roman-empire-11858413 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824180.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212225044-20181213010544-00602.warc.gz | en | 0.969617 | 128 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Visual Studio 2010 .Net Compact Framework 4.0
Introduction to .Net Frame work 4.0 – Common Language Runtime – .Net Framework Class Library – Ado.Net – Assemblies – Dynamic Source Code Generation & Compilation – Common Type Systems – Configuring Applications – Extending Design Time Support – Events – Exceptions – Garbage Collection – Graphics & Drawing – Globalization & Localization of Applications – Cross Language Interoperability – Language Integrated Query (LINQ) – Managed Execution – Assemblies – Mobile Development – Networking – Reflection – Security – Side By Side Execution – Threading – Windows Communication Foundation – Windows Presentation Foundation – Windows Service Applications.
Visual Basic.Net :
Introduction to Visual Basic.Net – Language Syntax and Enhancements – Classes, Methods, Properties, Access Modifiers-OOPs Implementation:- Inheritance, Interfaces, Polymorphism – Delegates – Multi threading – Arrays – Boxing & UnBoxing – Assemblies – Class Libraries – File Concepts – I/O Handling – Building Windows and Console Applications – Creating Win Forms – Use of Controls in Win Forms – Building Menu Bar – Building Tool Bars – Building Context Menu – File Handling – MDI Application Building. Exception Rising – Exception Handling & Debugging Win Apps – Understanding VB.Net’s Integrated Debugging Environment – Errors: Compile – Time, Run – Time & Logical – Error Handling: writing, Creating & Logging Exception Handling in Code.
Data Presentation :
Introduction to Reports – Introduction to Crystal Engine – Advantages of Crystal Reports over conventional Data Reports – Creation of Crystal Report F format – Crystal report Integration with Windows & Web Applications – Discussion on Data Handling and Reports.
ADO .NET 4.0 :
Getting Started with ADO.NET 4.0 – The Structure of ADO.NET 4.0 – Connecting to a Database and Retrieving Data -Best Practices for Managing Connections and Performing Queries. Modifying Data by Using ADO.NET Commands – Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data – Managing Data Integrity and Concurrency Querying and Maintaining Data by Using Datasets – Creating and Using a DataSet to Retrieve Data – Updating a Database by Using a DataSet – Querying and Maintaining Data by Using LINQ – Querying In-Memory Data by Using LINQ Query Expressions Retrieving Data by Using LINQ to SQL – Modifying Data by Using LINQ to SQL. Implementing an Entity Model by Using the ADO.NET Entity Framework – Creating an Entity Data Model by Using the ADO.NET Entity Framework – Querying and Modifying Data by Using the ADO.NET Entity Framework. Building Occasionally Connected Solutions by Using Synchronization Services – Understanding Microsoft Synchronization Services – Downloading Data by Using Synchronization Services – Uploading Data by Using Synchronization Services.
Visual C#.Net :
Getting Started – Introduction to .NET and the .NET Framework – Exploring Visual Studio .NET – Creating a Windows Application Project. Understanding C# Language Fundamentals – Understanding the Fundamentals of a C# Program – Using C# Predefined Types – Writing Expressions – Creating Conditional Statements – Creating Iteration Statements .Creating Objects in C# – Defining a Class – Declaring Methods – Using Constructors – Using Static Class Members. Implementing Object- Oriented Programming Techniques in C# -Designing Objects – Using Inheritance – Using Polymorphism Programming with C# – Using Arrays – Using Collections – Using Interfaces – Using Exception Handling – Using Delegates and Events. Building .NET-based Applications with C# – Examining the .NET Framework Class Library – Overriding Methods from System. Object – Formatting Strings and Numbers – Using Streams and Files Using ADO.NET to Access Data – ADO.NET Architecture – Creating an Application that uses ADO.NET to Access Data – Changing Database Records. Creating Windows-based Applications – Creating the Main Menu – Creating and Using Common Dialog Boxes – Creating and Using Custom Dialog Boxes -Creating and Using Toolbars – Creating the Status Bar – Creating and Using Combo Boxes. Using XML Web Services in a C# Program -Consuming an XML Web Service – Building an XML Web Service. Creating a Web Application with Web Forms -Creating a Web Forms Application – Accessing Data by Using a Web Forms Application – Configuring ASP .NET Application Settings. Application Settings and Deployment – Working with Application Settings – Deploying Applications.
ASP.Net 4.0 :
Introducing ASP.Net – ASP Vs ASP.Net – Client Server Communication – Three-tier Architecture – Namespaces & Objects – Controls: HTML Controls, Server Controls, Validation Controls, Web Forms, Master Pages – Building Controls – Use of Controls– Binding Data to ASP.Net Server Controls – Accessing data from a database using ADO.Net – State Management and Web Configuration: Client Side, Server Side, Web Config File, Global File – Debugging and Tracing Errors – Template Controls: Grid View, Data List, Form View, Repeater – Security in ASP.Net using Website Administration Tool – Introduction to Web Security and Authentications – Security Considerations – Relationship between IIS and ASP.Net – Authentication Methods – Authorization & Impersonation – Code Access Security – State Management – Themes & Skins – Creating a Web Application by using ASP.Net.
Web Services – Alternative Solutions – Evolution of the Web – Benefits – Application Model – Introducing Extensible Markup Language – DTD to define XML Documents – Validating XML documents against a DTD – XML Schemas to define the structure of XML documents – XSL to transform the XML documents and Presenting the data in a Web Browser – XML Document Object Model – Active Server Pages with XML – SOAP, WDSL, DISCO, UDDI, XSD – ADO.Net & XML – Publishing Web Services – Discovery of Web Services – Consuming Web Services – Invoking: HTTP- GET and POST – Invoking: HTTP-SOAP – Creating a Proxy – State & Security – State Management – Security Model – HTTP and Firewalls – Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) – Developing High Performance Applications – Consuming Web Service in Real Time Applications – Integrating Applications – Deploying and Managing Applications.
ADVANCED DOT NET :
LINQ (Language Integrated Query) :
Introduction to LINQ – Advantage of LINQ in Dot Net 4.0 – Creating LINQ Query Expressions – LINQ to Objects – LINQ to ADO.Net – LINQ to XML.
XAML (Extensible Application Markup Language) :
Use of XAML in Dot Net 4.0 – Advantages of XAML – XAML Vs Code – Syntax of XAML – Creating a XAML Project – First Program with Expression Blend – XAML Namespaces – Accessing XAML Objects and their Properties – Implicit Type Conversions – XAML Mark up Extensions.
Windows Presentation Foundation :
Creating an Application by Using WPF – Overview of WPF – Creating a Simple WPF Application – Handling Events and Commands – Navigating Between Pages. Building User Interfaces Defining Layout – Using Content Controls – Using Item Controls – Hosting Windows Forms Controls. Customizing Appearance – Sharing Logical Resources in an Application – Creating Consistent User Interfaces Using Styles – Changing the Appearance of Controls Using Templates – Using Triggers and Animations. Data Binding – Overview of Data Binding – Create a Data Binding – Implementing Property Change Notification – Converting Data – Validating Data. Data Binding to Collections – Binding to Collections of Objects – Using Collection Views -Create Master-Detail User Interfaces – Using Data Templates. Creating New Controls – Overview of Control Authoring – Creating Controls. Managing Documents – Working with Flow Documents – Working with Fixed Documents – Packaging Documents – Printing Documents. Graphics and Multimedia – Displaying 2D graphics – Displaying Images – Displaying 3D Graphics – Going Further with 3D Graphics -Adding Multimedia Support. Configure and Deploy WPF Applications – Deployment Options – Deploying a Standalone WPF Application – Deploying an XBAP Application – Configuring Security Settings.
XPS (XML Paper Specification) :
Types of Documents in Windows Presentation Foundation – Introduction to XPS Documents – Advantages of XPS – Syntax of an XPS Document Class – Reading, Writing, Storing XPS Documents – Displaying Documents with XPS Viewer Application.
WINDOWS WORKFLOW FOUNDATION :
Creating and Hosting Workflows – Overview of Windows Workflow Foundation – Creating Sequential Workflows – Creating State Machine Workflows – Modifying Workflows at Runtime Applying Conditions and Rules – Implementing Flow Control – Defining and Executing Rule Sets – Forward Chaining of Rules – Changing Rules at Run Time. Communicating with Workflows – Calling Methods on the Host Process – Handling Events from the Host Process – Consuming Services from a Workflow – Publishing a Workflow as a Service. Creating and Configuring Custom Activities – Creating Custom Activities – Creating Custom Composite Activities – Customizing Activity Serialization – Defining Custom Activity Layout . Creating and Managing Runtime Services – Creating a Custom Runtime Service – Hydrating and Dehydrating Workflows – Monitoring Workflows – Tracking Workflows. Managing Faults, Cancellations, Transactions, and Compensations – Handling Faults – Handling Cancellations – Creating and Managing Transactions – Creating and Handling Compensations.
Windows Communication Foundation :
Windows Communication Foundation – Designing an Application to be Part of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) – Overview of WCF Architecture Using a Language-Level Interface As a Service Contract – Implementing a Simple WCF Service in Visual Studio 2010 – Consuming a simple WCF service in Visual Studio 2010 Configuring and Hosting WCF Services – Programmatically Configuring a Managed Application to Host a WCF Service – Programmatically Configuring a Managed Application to Call a WCF Service – Defining Client and Service Settings by Using File- Based Configuration Selecting a Hosting Option for a WCF Service – Deploying a WCF Service. Endpoints and Behaviors – Exposing WCF Services Over Different Endpoints – Adding Behaviors to Services and Endpoints. Inter-operating with Non-WCF Web services.
Debugging and Diagnostics – Logging Messages – Activity Tracing. Designing and Defining Contracts – Designing a Coherent and Cohesive WCF Service Interface – Defining a Service Contract Defining Operations on a Service – Defining a Data Contract. Handling Errors – Relating .NET Exceptions to Service-level Faults -Using Faults in a Service – Handling Faults and Exceptions on Clients Improving WCF Service Quality – Managing WCF Service Instances – Managing Concurrency Issues – Improving WCF Service Performance. Implementing WCF Security-Overview of Security in WCF.
Applying Overall Security equirements to a Binding – Specifying Required Client and Service Credentials – Working With Security Information Modifying Workflows at Runtime. Applying Conditions and Rules – Implementing Flow Control -Defining and Executing Rule Sets – Forward Chaining of Rules – Changing Rules at Run Time Communicating with Workflows – Calling Methods on the Host Process – Handling Events from the Host Process – Consuming Services from a Workflow – Publishing a Workflow as a Service. Creating and Configuring Custom Activities – Creating Custom Activities – Creating Custom Composite Activities – Customizing Activity Serialization.
Defining Custom Activity Layout. Creating and Managing Runtime Services – Creating a Custom Runtime Service – Hydrating and Dehydrating Workflows – Monitoring Workflows – Tracking Workflows. Managing Faults, Cancellations, Transactions, and Compensations – Handling Faults – Handling Cancellations – Creating and Managing Transactions – Creating and Handling Compensations.
AJAX Architecture – Using the XMLHttpRequest object – Creating an AJAX Application – Browsers supported by AJAX – Methods & their Properties – Requesting Text/XML/ASP/PHP/HTML files from the server and Submitting Forms – Client & Server side – Microsoft Client Library for AJAX – Using AJAX Control Tool Kit – Adding AJAX to a Site.
Silver Light :
Introduction to Silver Light Framework – Silver Light Architecture & Versions – Silver Light Hosting – Supported Platforms & Browsers – Future Platforms – Silver Light Vs WPF – Installing Silver Light – Silver Light Tools – Silver Light Languages – Windows Live Services – Microsoft Pop Fly, Example Implementation of Silver Light – Silver Light Controls: Lay out, User Interface, Custom Controls, User Controls – Expression Blend – Accessing HTML DOM from Silver Light – Accessing Silver Light from Java Script – Embedding Fonts & Going Full Screen – Designing User Interfaces – Creating a Silver Light Application with Animation – Accessing Data Using Silver Light – Networking in Silver Light. | <urn:uuid:e72b9de0-776c-4206-b233-63df0f1417ec> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://jagsoftsolutions.com/microsoft-dotnet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891546.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122232843-20180123012843-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.718453 | 2,693 | 2.765625 | 3 |
I have written about those black and white birds before. Storks are amazing birds and so big.
The farmer was working on the field and the storks followed him looking for insects for themselves or their babies..
They are constructed of branches and sticks and lined with twigs, grasses, sod, rags, and paper. Some nests have been in continuous use for hundreds of years . Breeding birds add to the nest each summer, with both males and females contributing to the construction.
Storks stay with one mate for the breeding season, but they do not migrate or over-winter together. If the same pair mates the next year, it is because of a strong attachment to the nesting site. The female usually lays 3–5 eggs, and both parents incubate the eggs for about one month. Young chicks are covered with white down and have black bills; their legs and bills slowly turn red as they mature. | <urn:uuid:682aa625-d1b1-4833-887e-8d4ea67e74bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://gosiablogs.blogspot.com/2015/08/storks-in-field.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515165.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212041010-20171212061010-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.972161 | 188 | 2.890625 | 3 |
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A gantry robot is also known as a cartesian robot. It looks very different from the popular image of a robot. It is a stationary robot and typically contains a minimum of three elements of motion. In this case, each motion refers to linear motion in a single direction.
In a gantry robot, each of these motions are arranged to be perpendicular to each other and are typically labeled X, Y, and Z. X and Y are located in the horizontal plane and Z is vertical. Think of X and Y was the width and length of a box and Z as the height of the box. The interior of this box is referred to as the working envelope of the gantry robot. A gantry robot can move things anywhere within this envelope or perform some operation on an item within the envelope.
A typical application for a gantry robot is the assembly of a device. A gantry robot that performs this action is also referred to as a pick and place robot. Components required for the device are somehow brought into the working envelope of the gantry robot, and the gantry robot picks up each component and attaches or places it on the device being assembled. The device being assembled must also be within the working envelope of the gantry robot. Grippers of various types can be bolted to the end of the Z direction motion to assist in grasping the parts. Rotating motions can also be added to both the Z direction motion and the working envelope to allow for greater part manipulation.
Another typical application of a gantry robot is to perform some type of action on a part. The part must be placed within the working envelope, and the gantry robot can be programmed to weld, drill holes, or perform various other operations on the part. Rotary motions and appropriate tools are added to the gantry robot to allow it to perform its required function.
Gantry robots have several advantages over the more popular varieties of robots. Gantry robots can be made very large, filling an entire room if necessary. Gantry robots typically have much better position accuracy than their competitors.
Position accuracy refers to how close the robot can place a part to the instructed location. Gantry robots place parts exactly where programmed. This is why gantry robots are usually used for pick and place applications. Gantry robots are easier to program with respect to motion than are other robots. If the part needs to be moved from point (3,6,9) to point (4,2,8), this is simply a move of 1 unit in the X direction, -4 units in the Y direction, and -1 unit in the Z direction.
Gantry robots also have a disadvantage in that they are stationary. Everything needs to be brought into the working envelope and removed from the working envelope when completed. A gantry robot cannot go to the part; the part must come to the gantry robot.
please give me more details about Gantry robot,as soon as possible. please.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:80903986-9adc-4cb3-ba58-38386ed0aca8> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-gantry-robots.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501169769.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104609-00188-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956989 | 662 | 3.859375 | 4 |
The term “uveitis” is used because the diseases often affect a part of the eye called the uvea. Nevertheless, uveitis is not limited to the uvea. These diseases also affect the lens, retina, optic nerve, and vitreous, producing reduced vision or blindness.
Uveitis may be caused by problems or diseases occurring in the eye or it can be part of an inflammatory disease affecting other parts of the body.
It can happen at all ages and primarily affects people between 20 ñ 60 years old.
Uveitis can last for a short (acute) or a long (chronic) time. The severest forms of uveitis reoccur many times. | <urn:uuid:199fbef3-e6ba-4d41-b1fe-61b105f771f0> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/uveitis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159193.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923095108-20180923115508-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.914194 | 150 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Today I proved the binomial theorem for my class. I did an informal proof showing them how, if we consider the set containing the alphabet: and the following product.
expanding this produces a sum with every combination of the letter a-z:
if we count all of the terms in this sum with, say three elements, we have the number combinations of 26 items taken 3 at a time or . Next, we make every letter x:
(Pretty silly looking I know!) But, now we can see that the coefficients of the terms in the expansion are given by the same formula used to count combinations in probability.
That was today's lesson. What I've noticed is that this manner of counting is the same basic idea as what I've been looking at with integer partitions. (There we use a different product and coefficents to count.)
I wonder if this type of process has a name, or if it is further formalized in any contexts? | <urn:uuid:b509237f-7d7a-47ae-bb22-38e187ff6b4d> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.futurebird.com/tag/binomial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462141.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00293-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941295 | 197 | 2.546875 | 3 |
…to the particles we’re made of and the shape of the entire Universe, the Rock Doctor takes you on a magical tour of music, maths and physics.
"In between bursts of electric guitar and a blizzard of jokes...our brains were hurting, but Dr Lewney's infectious enthusiasm and energy and outrageous humour carried us along - never has period 2 passed so quickly" Associate Director, Dr Challoner's Grammar School, Buckinghamshire
As an expert rock guitarist with a PhD in guitar acoustics, Dr Mark Lewney brings vibrating strings to life in ways Pythagoras could never have imagined, explaining the science of rock with the help of riffs from AC/DC, Slayer and Jimi Hendrix.
And if you understand waves and resonance, a vast landscape of physics and engineering is out there for you to explore. Share the wonder and excitement of the biggest experiment ever built and how it will let us glimpse what the universe was like in its first trillionth of a second. Learn how to break the sound barrier, how to see vibrations using holography, and even how to think in extra dimensions!
Dr Lewney’s show Rock Guitar in 11 Dimensions is the perfect enhancement for a Physical Processes GCSE module or AS/A2 maths or physics course, and is suitable for any audience aged 13 or over.
- Science Knight
Travel back in time on a hilarious medieval adventure to the origin of the words ‘science’ and ‘engineering’. FameLab winner Dr Mark Lewney dons full plate armour to tell a Knight’s Tale of ingenious inventions, peculiar practises, and beliefs so bizarre it’s no wonder they called them the High Middle Ages. This show debuted at the Cheltenham Science Festival in June 2008.
The Science of the Bible
What is Creationism, and what is Evolution? Are they mutually exclusive with each other, or with Christianity for that matter? Mark explains why mainstream science tells us that the Earth is billions of years old, not thousands, and that if species were created, then such creation must have been continuous throughout that time, and must still be going on right now.
(Mark is happy to present this as a solo lecture, or as a prelude to taking the "evolutionist" position in a debate or Q&A session.)
Share this page: | <urn:uuid:8e7895ec-5ed8-4b58-a96d-6370e276f782> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://school-workshops.com/the-rock-doctor-625.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371893683.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410075105-20200410105605-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.935976 | 488 | 2.546875 | 3 |
According to dentist Columbia Dr. Gregory Wych, spaces and/or gaps between teeth are actually quite common and aren’t harmful on their own. But some people are self conscious about them and are anxious for a solution to bring their teeth closer together and close the gap.
There are several causes for gaps and/or spaces between teeth:
- Missing teeth. Some people don’t t get all of their permanent adult teeth. This condition happens when the teeth are still forming before birth. In some cases, you are able to keep your baby teeth as long as they remain healthy, but they may be smaller and leave gaps.
- Teeth that are too small for the space. If your jaw has more space, your teeth may not be large enough to fill it. Your teeth may spread out, causing one or more gaps.
- Dental habits. Your dentist Columbia finds that children who use a pacifier or suck their thumbs beyond 4 years of age may develop gaps in their teeth.
- Tongue thrusting. If your tongue presses against your teeth when you swallow, this can cause gaps in the front teeth over time.
So What Are Your Options for Treatment?
The cause of the gap often determines the best treatment. If you’re looking for a way to correct the gap, here are some of your options offered by your dentist Columbia:
- Dental crowns. This is a great solution if just one tooth is too small or chipped. A tooth-colored crown can correct the issue and it fits over the top of your tooth to look like a natural part of your smile.
- Dental implants. These are an excellent option if you are missing one or more teeth. Your dentist Columbia places the implant in the space that the missing tooth would have occupied. They look exactly like your natural teeth, help keep your smile healthy and are a permanent, comfortable solution.
- If you have crooked or misaligned teeth that require braces, Invisalign is a comfortable and attractive option for many people. No one can see them, they are removable and allow you to eat, drink, brush, and floss as you normally would.
- Porcelain veneers. Veneers can provide you with a movie-star smile. They fit over your existing teeth, and require no special care or maintenance.
An attractive smile is not only healthy – it provides a boost to your self-confidence. If you want to look like you were born with a gorgeous smile, call the office of dentist Columbia Dr. Gregory Wych today and let’s discuss your options. | <urn:uuid:9b62ad2d-2b2c-4804-ab20-288d4ccf88da> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.irmocosmeticdentist.com/what-causes-gaps-in-your-mouth-and-how-to-fix-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247487595.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218155520-20190218181520-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.947435 | 535 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This is Part Two in a series looking at Dharavi, a mostly informal township in Mumbai often referred to as Asia’s largest slum, and the government’s controversial plans to redevelop it. With billions of dollars on the table, tens of thousands of homes and businesses at stake, and the global spotlight shining bright, this case of contested urban space is worth a deeper look.
“Dharavi is a black hole – something we should be ashamed of.”
-Mukesh Mehta, “Slum in the Way of Mumbai’s Progress,” BBC News, 21 March 2007
“Asia’s largest sprawl of squalor – the Dharavi slum – breathed below.”
-Aditya Ghosh, “Final plan for Asia’s largest slum ready,” Hindustan Times, 07 February 2008
“Dharavi has always been a permanent eyesore to foreign travellers flying to India.”
-“Blueprint for a new Dharavi,” The Financial Express, 17 June 2007
Dharavi is almost universally branded as a massive “slum.” This terminology is taken for granted in most mainstream media accounts, government designations and the popular imagination. In fact, the planning authority for Dharavi is the state’s Slum Rehabilitation Authority.
Even in the legal sense, this term is an inaccurate generalization. According to Sharad Mahajan of MASHAL, an NGO that managed GIS mapping and data collection for the government’s official survey of Dharavi, the 59,316 "slum structures" counted in the survey occupy around 396 of 590 acres. The rest of the area includes government-owned properties (including buildings developed under previous upgrading schemes), a Tata power station, a BEST bus station, Mahim Nature Park, a cemetery, railway facilities, private industrial and residential buildings, and streets (many paved by the municipality).
Koliwada, a historical fishing village that existed before Bombay did and has historical documents attesting to that, was never a slum — a fact finally recognized by DRP authorities in early 2009, when they agreed to exempt the area from the redevelopment plan. Kumbharwada, a community of potters who migrated to Mumbai after a drought in their native Gujarat, were afforded "Vacant Land Tenure," a unique tenancy arrangement, in Dharavi by the Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1932. There is also the Transit Camp, originally temporary structures built by the government for people displaced by infrastructure projects; decades later, this is a relatively well developed commercial and residential area. Matunga Labor Camp, has housed municipal sweepers for over 50 years. There are also chawls built by the Bombay Municipal Corporation prior to 1940. Many of these areas are now officially labeled slums, which seems legally questionable, even if it is permissible.
When you look beneath the surface at the parts considered "slum areas", the term seems equally problematic. Does the ICICI bank on 90 Feet Road count as a slum structure? What about the Sri Siddhi Vinayakar Temple, the 120-year old Dharavi Mosque or St. Anthony Church? Kala Killa, a fort built by order of the Governor of Bombay in 1737? The three-story Gurudutta Gym, home to one of Mumbai’s champion bodybuilders? The London-trained cosmotologist’s clinic, blood and X-ray labs, cyber cafes, lawyers’ offices? The air-conditioned stores selling gold jewelry and high-end electronics? The schools, the bakeries who stock stores across the city and 13 Compound, Mumbai’s unofficial but main recycling center? The offices of countless NGOs and associations of every creed and culture? The streets that look like the old city of Jodpur or any small town in India or Tokyo minus a few decades? With more than 80 distinct neighborhoods, over 600,000 people, and a "GDP" of USD 500 million, by all measures this slum looks suspicously like a city of its own.
This is not to say that Dharavi is without serious problems. Many parts of Dharavi are overcrowded and suffer the effects of a lack of provision of basic civic services and amenities. Many structures use recycled materials, reflecting owners’ poverty and lack of access to finance. Dharavi needs support to develop. But it should be obvious by now that the label "slum" is inappropriate.
"Slum" is not a neutral descriptive term, but a highly affective one. Sometimes – as in the quotes I introduced with – the biases are clearly spelled out. Even when there are no blatant stereotypes, "slum" is always shorthand for blighted, dirty, dysfunctional, unacceptable. The myth of Dharavi as a uniform slum is reinforced by cliché imagery of sprawling corrugated tin roofs and garbage-choked lanes, repeated on the government’s websites and presentations and most mainstream Indian papers. Rhetoric and images evoking Dharavi’s scale (“largest slum in Asia,” “sprawl of squalor”) further dehumanize it and inflate the “threat.” Middle- and upper-class Mumbaikers have no reason to dispute the term, likely never having set foot in Dharavi.
This is not a neutral misunderstanding — packaging Dharavi as one big slum serves a clear purpose. Although there is no single actor behind it, the PR campaign that brands Dharavi as such is so masterful that the inaccurate and loaded term is assumed to be a fact by most and has provided unquestioned justification for the government’s developer-driven redevelopment plan.
(Photos by Katia Savchuk. Photo collage of Dharavi and Tokyo by Matias Echanove (www.airoots.org/www.dharavi.org).) | <urn:uuid:81f3429c-13f5-4950-9c7f-69ff4dbbfcc7> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://thewhereblog.blogspot.com/2009/06/dharavi-ii-does-this-look-like-slum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824109.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00080-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947928 | 1,254 | 2.640625 | 3 |
How You Get Injured
Aside from being flat-out weak or spastic, injuries happen because of muscular imbalances caused by the chronic demands of competitive sport, improper training, and habitual behavior. Who gets them?
- Athletes: Sports tend to consistently call on the same muscle groups to complete a task. As you practice and compete more frequently, these muscles over-develop in relation to their anatomical opposites.
- Lifters: Training itself can cause imbalances when people favor specific movements and muscle groups. And some exercises are more popular than others.
- Desk jockeys and other long-term sitters: The body naturally molds itself to a more comfortable position, which means long periods of sitting and slouching. This causes a significant amount of compensation. Constant sitting can disengage the muscles of the upper back and core, tightening the hip flexors and hamstrings. You can go from temporary iPhone bird-neck to a permanent one... even when the iPhone isn't around.
Fortunately, imbalances can be quickly corrected if you're willing to perform the right exercises.
Do These Exercises
The vastus medialis (VMO) is the tear-drop shaped muscle on the inside of the knee. Unless prioritized and specifically targeted in training, it commonly falls behind in strength compared to the well-developed lateral (outside) muscles. The heel-elevated step-up will keep the VMO from lagging behind. It's something all athletes should be doing at some point during their training session. Not doing so leaves you vulnerable to knee problems (jumper's knee) and future injury (ACL tears).
Once you build up a baseline of strength, incorporate the heel-elevated step-up into your dynamic warm-up so it remains strong year-around. You should also find a way to incorporate backwards sled drags, hack squats, split squats, and side step-ups, all of which also target the VMO.
90-Degree External Rotation
The external rotator muscles (infraspinatus and teres minor) rotate your shoulder back like you're winding up for a throw. They're commonly weak because traditional weight-training and athletics rarely challenge them, while the muscles all around them (that they're expected to support) tend to get worked quite a bit.
To avoid having your external rotators hold you back in training or create a shoulder discrepancy that sets you up for injury, make sure you're doing some variation of the 90-degree external rotation exercise.
If you're new to the exercise, start with your elbow at your side (adducted) and work to an abducted position (elbow away from your body). You'll also want to master the movement using assistance from a bench or body-part before moving to an unsupported variation.
The hip flexor muscles are critical to athletic performance because they're responsible for that explosive first step. Unfortunately, they're often wound up too tight because of consistently being in a shortened (flexed) position both in everyday life (sitting) and in sport (crouching). Additionally, they tend to bear the load of core and posterior chain weaknesses, leaving you with tight hips that no stretch can ever fix.
The split squat, or what many refer to as the straight-leg lunge, is the ideal exercise for preventing and loosening hip flexors, not only because the muscles are actively stretched throughout the movement, but because the glutes, core, and VMO are strengthened simultaneously. The movement addresses both tightness and weakness.
Coach yourself. Remember the following:
- Feet shoulder-width apart with weight evenly distributed
- Trailing leg straightened as much as possible with toe pointed back
- Drive front knee forward until knee passes toe and hamstring touches calf
- Maintain an upright head and torso throughout
If you can't check all the boxes, something is weak, tight, or unstable. If that's the case, do them with the front foot elevated to a height where you can do quality reps, with or without weight.
When your lower traps are weak, retraction and depression of the scapulae is weak, your posture and performance is sub-par, and you've set yourself up for a future shoulder injury. Why are lower traps commonly weak? Likely because we're sitting and slouching more than we're standing and walking, and we're pushing and protracting more than we're pulling and retracting.
The first way to fix this weakness is to make sure you're doing just as many (if not more) rows and pull-ups as chest and shoulder presses. But more specifically, make sure you're retracting and depressing the scapulae when you execute these exercises.
Then, because this area is already behind developmentally and will continue to lag behind, you need to actively strengthen it with isolated shoulder exercises that target the lower trap and rhomboids. The trap 3 raise, and the different variations that come with it, are the perfect solution.
Also effective in this regard are the Powell raise and the traditional bent-over or prone lateral raise.
In all cases, the goal is to activate those mid-back muscles and gain complete control of your scapula. You can eventually progress to more challenging bilateral (two-arm) variations that will have you out-pressing, out-posturing, and out-performing the competition, with minimal chance of injury.
Single-Leg Hip Extension (Romanian Dead or Glute Bridge)
There's not necessarily a universal lack of glute development in athletes. Hockey and soccer players have some of the biggest butts on the block. However, a lack of glute activation and strength, especially with the hips fully extended, is common.
Similarly, there's a noticeable lack of hamstring development in many athletes, predominantly because of overdeveloped quads, but also because of under-utilized and under-trained hamstrings. Fortunately, most athletes put themselves through a good amount of hip extension exercises like the deadlift, but very few take the time to isolate the glutes and hamstrings.
The single-leg Romanian (or semi-stiff legged) deadlift and single-leg glute bridge address this problem quickly. Both exercises should be perfected without weight before adding resistance. In the case of the RDL, that means eventually using a barbell.
For the glute bridge, that means eventually doing them between two benches with a dumbbell on your waist, or flat on your back with your heel on a Swiss ball. | <urn:uuid:bc8f3ad2-7164-4cc2-bf24-2c438c75610c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.t-nation.com/training/5-critical-exercises-for-athletes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202872.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323141433-20190323163433-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.947411 | 1,356 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The air quality in India is depleting. In fact it was so bad that the capital had to shut schools for a week to ensure children safety. As humans we have access to medicines to look after health but what about animals?
In 1991, Pamela and Anil Malhotra visited India and saw the pollution. This motivated them to build a place where animals could feel protected. They started with 55 acres of land (initial purchase) to build the sanctuary and it has been extended to 300 acres. The sanctuary is now managed by Save Animal Initiative organization and Mr. and Mrs. Malhotra serve as the trustees.
The private sanctuary is now home to many rare and endangered species in India. It is situated in Kodagu District, Karnataka.
The journey to build first sanctuary was not an easy task. They faced several challenges but hunting/poaching was the main challenge. They worked with the forest department to set up traps and cameras to maintain the forest.
The organization has been pursuing companies to buy land to grow the private sanctuary. General public or nature lovers can contribute to this initiative by staying at the cottages built at the sanctuary.
Featured Image: http://www.saisanctuary.com | <urn:uuid:36375c27-ef38-43ea-b1bd-ab0fcdb631f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.hookedupon.com/meet-the-owners-of-indias-first-and-only-private-sanctuary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948595342.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217093816-20171217115816-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.973633 | 247 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Instrumentation Technology School and College Program Overviews
Learn about associate's programs in instrumentation technology and bachelor's programs in closely related fields. Get an overview of these programs and take a look at education prerequisites, program coursework and employment options.
Students who want to become instrumentation technicians can enroll in 2-year associate's programs in instrumentation technology. Completing a 4-year engineering bachelor's program in an appropriate discipline could lead to work as an instrumentation engineer. Students need a high school diploma to be admitted to either of these programs, and ACT, SAT or other assessment test scores are usually required for admission as well. The curricula for associate's and bachelor's programs in these fields emphasize electronics theory, applied mathematics, automation and instrumentation design. These programs may culminate in a capstone project or cooperative education experience.
Associate's Degree in Instrumentation Technology
An associate's degree in instrumentation technology qualifies students to serve as assistants to engineers operating, repairing, maintaining and troubleshooting equipment and instruments. Types of industries that have a need for instrumentation technology associate's degree holders include food processing, electricity and petroleum.
The coursework in an associate's instrumentation technology degree program includes intensive studies in mathematics, applied sciences and technology. The degree plan covers topics such as calibration, automated equipment and report writing. Some examples of course topics are:
- Applied mathematics
- Applied science
- Electronics theory
- Data collection and analysis
Bachelor of Science in Engineering
The Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree focuses on the applications of math and science to real-world problems. Students who earn this degree may be known as instrumentation engineers, depending on the courses completed. Students learn to apply engineering principles and technical skills toward developing vital control and measurement systems.
A bachelor's degree in engineering includes advanced courses in the design of electronic instruments that measure vital processes in the operations of a such facilities as factories, hospitals and power plants. Some examples of course topics are:
- Instrumentation design
- Testing and scheduling
- Automated equipment
- Applied industrial tasks
- Report preparation
Employment Outlook and Salary Info
Instrumentation engineers, depending on which field they work in, can also be known as electrical and electronic engineering technicians and industrial engineering technicians. These positions are typically found in industries that require automated processes. These may include chemical or manufacturing plants. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for these technicians was $57,850 in May 2012. Job opportunities are expected to grow by two percent between 2010 and 2020.
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- Associate of Collision Repair & Refinishing Technology: Degree Info | <urn:uuid:b2aa0cd5-7983-42e9-9fb2-71a2d844b371> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://education-portal.com/instrumentation_technology_school.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037662880.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004102-00297-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928412 | 696 | 2.609375 | 3 |
posted September 24, 1998
|Europa's Salty Surface|
Written by G. Jeffrey Taylor
Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology
Europa has a complicated surface. It has brighter and darker regions, is crisscrossed by ridges and troughs, and large pieces of the crust appear to have rotated. The mottled nature of the surface is seen clearly in images of an entire hemisphere. In spite of these variations, however, the surface is made up mostly of water ice. The brownish areas appear to be mixtures of ice and something else. Tom McCord and his colleagues wanted to find out what that something else is.
|This photo was obtained by the Galileo spacecraft in 1996. Note the variation in color across the surface. Some areas are dark and brownish, while others are white to bluish. Europa is 3160 km in diameter, slightly smaller than Earth's moon.|
Close-up views of the surface show even more complexity. Some regions are appropriately called "chaotic terrain," such as the Conamara region shown in the image below. Large chunks of the crust have been disrupted, tilted, and rotated. The appearance resembles icebergs somewhat, leading mission scientists to conclude that the thin crust floated on a layer of water or slush, an underground ocean. Movement of the water in the ocean placed stresses on the solid crust, causing huge pieces to break, move, and possibly sink. It is not known if the ocean exists at present or if the surface features reflect conditions billions of years ago.
The image, above, taken by the Galileo spacecraft in 1996 shows a region called Conamara Chaos. The image covers an area about 35 km across. Big blocks of the crust have moved up and down, tilted, and rotated, suggesting that they floated on a layer of liquid water or perhaps slush.
Measurements of the magnetic field and gravity of Europa by the Galileo spacecraft also give clues about the nature of the interior. It has a density of about 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter, indicating that it cannot be made entirely of ice and water, which have densities of 0.9 and 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter, respectively. Rock (density between 3 and 3.5) and metallic iron (density of 8) must also be present. Putting all the data together, Europa specialists reckon that the satellite has a small metallic iron core, a thick mantle made of rock, a layer of water or water and ice mixed (slush), and a thin (perhaps only ten kilometers thick) crust made mostly of water ice. It is not known how long the layer of water or slush remained liquid: it could still be very fluid, or might have solidified billions of years ago.
|Interpretation of spacecraft data suggests that the interior of Europa is composed of a metallic iron core at its center, a large, rocky mantle, a watery layer, and a thin, solid, icy crust. A key outstanding question is whether the watery layer still exists today or whether it has solidified.|
Planetary geologists are confident that this general picture of Europa is correct, but it lacks detail. For example, if the ocean is still liquid, what is the chemical composition of the rocky mantle and overlying ocean? Do the ocean and rock react chemically? Does the ocean ever breach the crust and squirt out? Could life have originated in the mysterious subsurface ocean? Those are some of the questions that the NIMS team hopes to answer.
Fingerprints in Reflected Light
Light reflected off an object contains an enormous amount of information about the object's surface. Our eyes see different colors because an object soaks up more of the light at some wavelengths than at others. Apples are red because its skin absorbs more blue, yellow, and green than it does red, so the light bouncing off is dominated by the wavelengths we identify as red.
The relative amount of light at each wavelength can be measured accurately with a high-tech gizmo called a spectroscope. Such devices split the light into all the colors of the spectrum, including wavelengths outside the range visible to humans. This allows us to plot the intensity of reflected light against the wavelength of light, producing a spectral plot. Most materials have unique spectral signatures, allowing us to identify what compounds are present, without even touching the sample.
The Galileo spacecraft has an especially fancy spectroscope that not only measures the reflected light at numerous wavelengths, but also takes a picture at the same time. Each picture element contains a spectrum, allowing planetary scientists to make maps that show differences in the mineral make-up of the surface of one of Jupiter's satellites. Galileo's high-tech spectral gadget is called the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer or NIMS for short.
A good example of the important information that NIMS can obtain is the basic identification of water ice on Europa. The diagram, on the right, shows several spectra of areas on Europa, along with a laboratory spectrum of ice. Note that spectra C and E are very similar to F, which is a laboratory spectrum of water ice. This is the type of data that led scientists to conclude from telescopic observations that Europa has an icy surface. Spectrum E is from Jupiter's satellite Ganymede, showing that it, too, has ice on its surface. On the other hand, spectra A and B look different from the ice spectrum, as if they have been distorted. McCord and his colleagues focused their research on those areas. They wanted to determine the abundances of ice and non-ice, and to figure out what the non-ice was. An important hint came from the basic shape of the spectra of those areas. Though not as smooth as ice spectra, they had some of the same dips, especially at 1.5 and 2.0 micrometers. This suggests that the material also contains water, but bound in another chemical compound. Logical possibilities are hydrated (i.e., containing water) silicate minerals, such as clays, and hydrated salts.
Caption: This diagram shows the amount of light reflected at different wavelengths between 1 and 3 microns for some areas on Europa (A-D) and Ganymede (E), compared to a laboratory spectrum of water ice (F). Spectra C, D, and E are strikingly similar to the spectrum of ice (F), showing that those regions are dominated by ice. Spectra A and B, however, are different.
The Salty Surface
|Using spectra of pure ice and of the non-ice areas (spectra A and B in the diagram above), McCord and coworkers devised a scale of the abundance of ice on the surface of Europa. It turned out that the less ice there is, the darker the surface is. The map below shows the distribution of almost pure ice (dark blue), pure non-ice (red), and mixtures of the two (colors in between) on the surface of Europa.|
|Spectra of reflected light of possibilities for minerals making up the dark regions of Europa, compared to spectra of icy and non-icy portions of Europa. Clay minerals such as sepiolite and montmorillonite do not match the non-icy regions, but carbonates like natron and sulfates like hexahydrite and epsomite are similar to the non-icy regions.|
Assuming the identification of hydrated salts is correct, how did they get onto the surface? On Earth, salts are formed by evaporation of salt water, which leaves behind a deposit of salt crystals. Perhaps some salty water from the ocean beneath Europa's crust erupted onto the surface, evaporated in the vacuum of space, and formed salt deposits. Over geologic time, this process could have affected vast areas of the surface.
Why would the ocean have sodium, magnesium, sulfur, and so on dissolved in it? The most likely answer is that the ocean reacts chemically with the rocky mantle, and quite possibly, warm water circulates throughout the mantle, dissolving some of it, and transporting the elements into the ocean. Once they know more about the nature of the deposits on Europa, planetary geologists will be able to learn more about the chemical composition of its rocky mantle. Gases such as carbon dioxide could also be released from the mantle, rising to the base of the crust. There they would accumulate until the pressure built up enough for the gas to fracture the crust, causing an eruption of gas and salty water, leading to the formation of an salt deposit by evaporation. Ocean water may also be driven to the surface by other forces, such as flexing of the crust by the interaction of gravitational tugs from Jupiter and Europa's neighboring moons.
Life in the Ocean?
If Europa has an ocean, it has lots of elements dissolved in it. Its rocky mantle continually adds material to it, and Jupiter's gravitational tugs keeps the satellite warm enough for liquid water to exist. These conditions may have existed for billions of years. Water, chemical compounds, time-these are the ingredients that may be essential for life to originate. Exposure to direct sunlight is not necessary. On Earth, whole ecosystems flourish deep in the ocean at hydrothermal vents, where the water is warm, there is an abundance of chemical compounds, and chemical reactions provide the energy needed by each organism. That is why Europa is so attractive to scientists searching for life elsewhere in the Solar System. The Galileo results are the first step in that quest.
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[ Glossary | General Resources | Comments | Top of page ] | <urn:uuid:49c78b93-45e3-46a4-98e0-43ff9d9be1bc> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Sept98/EuropaSalts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398460982.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205420-00124-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94674 | 1,985 | 4.1875 | 4 |
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The eleagnus grows in the pines, a volunteer from some planting in the neighborhood.
After the stakes were placed in the ground, weavers made of eleagnus were cut to give strength and bind the stakes together.
_Cleyera Japonica; _ cotoneasters and pyracantha; eleagnus of the types grown under glass in the North; gardenias; euonymus (A); hollies (A); anise-tree, _Illicium anisatum; _ cherry laurels, _Prunus_ or
On the top of a hill, about four miles from the Fort, I had a fine view of a beautiful valley, caused by a rivulet, being a branch of Knife River, the declivities of which abound in a new species of eleagnus, intermixed with a singular procumbent species of cedar (juniperus.) | <urn:uuid:ee5c8168-5352-40fc-9fb5-6e1d166b35a7> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/eleagnus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866870.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524205512-20180524225512-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.889079 | 220 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A team of researchers has gathered evidence that neuroinflammation, a swelling of the brain that plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, is present at a much younger age than previously thought in athletes who experience repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.
The presence of chronic neuroinflammation in the brain ultimately leads to degeneration of brain matter.
For Tomás Guilarte, a co-author of the study and dean of FIU’s Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work and professor of cognitive neuroscience and imaging and environmental and occupational health, the message is clear, and the science is confirming what has been suspected for some time.
The study, which compared brain images of active and recently retired NFL football players ranging in age from 23 to 39 to a control group of non-athletes of similar ages, found that neuroinflammation existed in the young NFL players’ brains without these athletes having yet experienced any of its neuropsychological effects or brain volume loss. Knowing that this process starts at a much younger age for those who have experienced repeated head trauma – think football players, boxers and, in some cases, soccer players – there is renewed urgency to the work of researchers such as Guilarte to focus their efforts on earlier detection, better understanding of the mechanisms behind these diseases, and possible therapies.
Results of the study, “Imaging of Glial Cell Activation and White Matter Integrity in Brains of Active and Recently Retired National Football League Players,” were published in the Nov. 28, 2016, issue of JAMA Neurology.
A chain reaction like no other
Scientists already know that when the brain experiences repeated, forceful blows – not only concussions but sub-concussions that clinically do not rise to the level of a concussion — it triggers a chain reaction that ends with lasting injury to the brain.
“The brain wasn’t meant to be rattled,” says Guilarte, “so every time it experiences this type of impact it produces stress and neurons get injured.”
In response to this assault, certain cells in the brain produce increased amounts of a protein called TSPO, short for Translocator Protein 18 kDa. Too much TSPO in the brain is a symptom of neuroinflammation. In a normal brain, for example, TSPO is almost undetectable via imaging. That’s not the case in a brain that has been subjected to repetitive injuries because TSPO levels rise at the sites of injury and neuroinflammation.
The brain of a former NFL player shows significantly more neuroinflammation than that of a healthy brain. Coughlin, J. M., Wang, Y., Munro, C. A., Ma, S., Yue, C., Chen, S., & … Pomper, M. G. (2015). Neuroinflammation and brain atrophy in former NFL players: An in vivo multimodal imaging pilot study. Neurobiology Of Disease, 7458-65.
Once present, neuroinflammation persists. Two years ago, Guilarte and this same group of colleagues published a study that found neuroinflammation in the brains of football players who had been retired for many years (see image above). Chronic neuroinflammation leads to the increase of a protein called tau, which eventually leads to Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, or CTE, a progressive disease of the brain that has been found to afflict many former football players.
Guilarte finds these latest results so significant that he feels it is important to initiate research with high school- and college-aged football players to determine whether TSPO (and by extension neuroinflammation) is present in their brains.
The Future of Brain Injury Research
For Guilarte and his colleagues in the field, this study and others prompt questions that can only be answered through additional research.
- Genetics and neuroinflammation: “We just don’t know what role, if any, genetics plays in how fast neuroinflammation progresses and actually leads to CTE,” says Guilarte. He also wonders how the speed of progression affects the aggregation of the protein tau, which ultimately leads to CTE.
- Earlier detection of neuroinflammation: Presently, detecting neuroinflammation involves expensive neuroimaging tests. “If we could have a blood-based test to detect the presence of neuroinflammation right after a concussive or sub-concussive event, that would be ideal — an inexpensive blood test that could be a reflection of what just happened in the brain.”
- The impact of TSPO once it is detected in the brain: This is the “million-dollar question,” according to Guilarte. “If we knew how to intervene properly and early enough then there is a possibility for therapy to be effective.”
Guilarte and his research team have been working on TSPO for more than 20 years. The early research involved the validation of TSPO as a biomarker of brain injury and neuroinflammation.
“Dr. Guilarte’s work is important because identifying biomarkers of inflammation such as TSPO will help us measure the physiological impact of environmental stressors on the brain and may inform future strategies for detection and early intervention,” says Jonathan Hollander, program director in the Genes, Environment and Health Branch of the Division of Extramural Research and Training of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). Guilarte’s work on TSPO has been funded by the NIEHS for the past 18 years, and he is a member of its advisory council.
For the past four years Guilarte’s research team has been looking at the function of the TSPO protein that signals the presence of neuroinflammation.
“We know that TSPO increases when there is brain injury and inflammation, and we can image it. That has been validated and it is currently being used in many clinical research centers,” Guilarte says. “What is less clear is what this protein is doing. What is its function in the brain? There is evidence that chemicals that bind to this protein could have therapeutic potential, but the scientific community can’t move forward until we understand TSPO’s function. That is what we are doing right now in my lab.”
Until the day we know more about mitigating sports-related head injuries, Guilarte, the scientist and former youth soccer coach, says his message to parents is a simple one: Prevention is key. | <urn:uuid:49568a9d-bf7b-48ab-b3bf-d3d046f46280> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://stempelnews.fiu.edu/2016/12/09/tomas-guilarte-participates-in-study-of-young-nfl-players-showing-that-brain-damage-from-sustained-head-trauma-occurs-earlier-than-previously-thought/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00296-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954658 | 1,385 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Thursday, March 29, 2012
Earlier this week a special commemoration was marked in Slovakia. On 25 March 2012 a special train travelled from Poprad Station in north-central Slovakia, close to the Polish border, to Auschwitz. This blog has recorded the history of the Slovakian government's planned and executed deportation of Slovak Jews as seen from the perspective of Giuseppe Burzio, that charge d'affaires of the Holy See in Bratislava and recorded in ADSS. This week's commemoration is a part of the ongoing healing process in Slovakia to recognise this ugly chapter in its national history.
This report comes from the JTA agency in Prague.
Slovakia sent a train from its Poprad station to Auschwitz to commemorate the first transport of Slovak Jews, in 1942.
Edita Grosmanova, a Slovak-Jewish concentration camp survivor, and outgoing Prime Minister Iveta Radicova were among the passengers on last Friday's train ride to Oswiecim, Poland, according to Slovak news reports. Some 1,000 Slovak Jewish women were sent to Auschwitz on March 25, 1942.
Grosmanova is the widow of the author Ladislav Grosman, whose book "The Shop on Main Street" was turned into an Academy Award-winning film in 1965 for best foreign-language film.
“If I were talking for 24 hours, it would not be even a percentage of the things that I have experienced," the Slovak paper SME quoted Grosmanova as saying, adding that "I ask all [people], especially the young ones, to talk, talk, talk.”
Approximately 70,000 Slovak Jews were deported to concentration camps during the war by the Slovak state, as the country’s wartime government is referred to typically.
“On March 25 [in 1942] at this station [Poprad], the Holocaust started here,” said Pavol Mestan, director of the Slovak-Jewish Museum.
Slovak cultural organizations and the country’s Evangelical and Roman Catholic churches also offered condemnations and apologies.
Poprad Station, 1942
Memorial Plaque, Poprad Station, 2002
Thursday, March 22, 2012
When I read this article from the New Jersey Jewish News I was surprised at how obvious the whole issue of radio broadcasting must have been. As the only readily available electronic means of mass communication the presence of the radio ensured the swift transmission of both authentic news as well as propaganda. ADSS has many documents that refer to Vatican Radio and the fine line trod by its directors. This article adds a new dimension looking at how both sides used the radio for dissemination of information.
Both sides used radio as wartime weapon.
Both sides used radio as wartime weapon.
By Robert Wiener
March 21, 2012
Radio — a formidable propaganda weapon used by both the Allies and the Axis powers in World War II — was also wielded by forces perpetrating and resisting the persecution of the Jews of Europe.
In a day-long program held March 15 by the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University in South Orange, educators heard from two experts on wartime propaganda on the use of radio by America, its allies, and their enemies in the Second World War.
In the first of two speeches, Richard Lucas, a political scientist and freelance writer who lives in Short Hills, discussed “Berlin Calling — German Radio Broadcasts to America.”
Lucas is the author of Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany.
“Axis Sally” was the stage name of two American-born women who broadcast pro-Nazi propaganda aimed at Allied troops and their families back in the United States.
The first was Mildred Gillars, who was born in Maine and studied at Ohio Wesleyan University before moving to Paris (where she had a relationship with a British Jew in 1931).
Three years later she moved to Dresden, where the Nazis give her a job on the radio.
“At first she was just spinning records and broadcasting to England and Ireland,” said Lucas. “Then she met up with Max Oscar Otto Koischwitz, a German-born American citizen who became a fulltime propagandist for the Nazis at Reich Radio in Berlin. He hired Gillars as an English-language broadcaster.”
Addressing American troops, Lucas said, Gillars “would say things like, ‘Boys, you need to throw down your guns and toddle off home. Instead of slaving in the hot sun, you should give up. It is better to be a prisoner.’”
“They would laugh at her,” said Lucas.
A second American-born woman also known as “Axis Sally” was Rita Zucca, who tried to appeal to American troops in Italy by playing American jazz records. After the war, she was found guilty of collaboration in an Italian military court. She was released after nine months of incarceration but was never allowed to return to the United States. She died in 1998.
Gillars was convicted of one count of treason for performing in a pro-Nazi radio drama. She spent 13 years at the Federal Reformatory for Women in Alderson, WV, and died in 1988.
Although Gillars insisted toward the end her life that she had “no idea what was going on” in terms of the Nazi “Final Solution,” Lucas argued, “There was no way she could not have known something was going on.”
Other American pro-Nazi broadcasters, including Frederick Kaltenbach, Robert Best, and Douglas Chandler, were found guilty of treason.
“They were some of the most virulent anti-Semitic broadcasters on Berlin radio,” said Lucas. “Chandler, Best, and Kaltenbach were motivated by pure anti-Semitism. That showed up in their broadcasts.”
In contrast, “Mildred Gillars was motivated by sheer opportunism and the sheer fact that she needed a job. The anti-Semitism took a back seat.”
In a separate talk, Holocaust scholar Laura Smith, who has a master’s degree from Seton Hall in Jewish-Christian studies, gave a mirror-image address, “Allied and Resistance Radio.”
After illustrating her talk with excerpts of dramatic radio addresses broadcast by British Prime Minster Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt, she spoke of government-sponsored underground broadcasting by Dutch, French, and English resistance forces.
But Smith encountered criticism from some members of the audience when she spoke of the roles of Pope Pius XII and Vatican Radio in challenging the Nazis and the slaughter of the Jews.
“Vatican Radio began to broadcast anti-Nazi propaganda in earnest in 1940,” Smith said. “In January of that year, Pope Pius XII ordered reporting on conditions in occupied Poland, and a month later, a Catholic priest became the first broadcaster in the world to report on the detention of Polish and Jewish prisoners in sealed ghettoes.”
Vatican Radio reported, Smith said, that “Jews and Poles are being herded to separate ghettoes, hermetically sealed and pitifully inadequate.”
Because of such warnings, British and American newspapers credited the Vatican with sounding an alert about Nazi persecution of Poles and Jews as early as 1940. In July 1942 Vatican Radio aired a protest by French bishops of the execution of 13,000 Jews “and as a result, international media took note,” Smith said.
But according to her, perhaps no wartime broadcaster was as outspoken about the anti-Semitic acts of the Nazis as Monsignor John Maria Oesterreicher.
Oesterreicher, born a Jew in Austria, became a Catholic clergyman and founded the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall in 1953.
During the war, he broadcast while in hiding with the stated intention to “arouse repulsion for the injustice of Hitler’s rule and…encourage subjugated Austrians to resist Nazi occupation…including the persecution of Jews,” said Smith.
She said the monsignor broadcast one incident of an old Jewish man begging a Nazi border guard to let him escape, saying, “You, too, are a human being.” The Nazi replied, “I am not a human being; I am a German.”
Smith said in another radio broadcast, in 1940, Oesterreicher warned, “The Nazis want to transform the world into one big concentration camp.”
Challenged by an audience member who cited allegations that Pope Pius XII remained largely silent about, and perhaps even supportive of, Hitler’s Nazi regime, Smith called such accusations a “slippery slope.”
Oesterreicher, she pointed out, was “broadcasting anonymously,” she said, “not as a representative of the Vatican” so his warnings would not have been credited to the Church. But, having said that, Smith added, “I still don’t think enough was said and done” by the Catholic Church to fight the Nazis.
In response to another audience member’s claiming, “There is a feeling the pope could have done more,” Smith said, “Sure,” adding that archives have been discovered that have shown that if the Vatican had been more outspoken, it would have led to “more persecution.” The pope, she said, “was trying to walk that balance.”
“The question of Pope Pius XII is very complex,” said Father Lawrence Frizzell, who chairs the Jewish-Christian studies department at Seton Hall. “From our perspective, in hindsight, we think much more could have been done. I always say, ‘Did Pius XII do enough?’ Nobody did enough.”
Tuesday, March 20, 2012
This post was prompted in part by the article written by William Doino in First Things which is a thinly veiled attack on the scholarship of Kevin Madigan, Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard. Somehow, I doubt Madigan has remained in his position for want of historical ability and skill. Doino's article is a clever mix of slightly twisted fact with a heavy handed bashing of historians with whom he disagrees. Doino engages in just enough smokescreening of historical fact to leave a lay audience seriously wondering if Madigan's take on the post-war trials and the Vatican's responses is a poor attempt at smearing the good name of the Catholic Church. For the reader who wishes to make up their own mind, I suggest bypassing First Things and go straight to the books Madigan mentions - David Cymet History vs Apologetics and Gerald Steinacher Nazis on the Run. I have read Steinacher's excellent work and do not understand how Doino cannot accept the fundamental thesis, namely that elements within the Catholic Church were active in helping Nazi war criminals escape justice. But that is part of what I believe is simply another form of denialism.
The phenomenon of denialism is predicated upon the need to denigrate as fiction an historical reality. It stems from a world-view that is fundamentally uncomfortable with empirical history, proven fact and the discipline of scientific rigour, which includes as part of its process, flexibility, reason, loyalty to the historical record and honesty. In short, the denialist is at pains to prove by whatever means, that the received record is not only wrong, it is deliberately false and those who propose it are liars.
In recent years there has arisen a disturbing movement that seeks to apply the above criteria to the pontificate of Pope Pius XII. Beginning from the premise that Pius is innocent of all charges levelled against him by those who hold that his war-time record is problematic, the apologists for the pope have conducted a campaign of misinformation, selective documentation, uncritical acceptance of all positive statements, regardless of the historical provenance of the statements, and uncritical rejection of all contrary positions. And while some apologists may well act from honourable motives, chiefly a belief they are defending the integrity of the Catholic Church, it remains that their methods fail to meet even the most basic tests of historical reliability.
It is also a matter of record that the centre of this movement lies in the English-speaking world, and in the
in particular. The group that has pushed the campaign into
“top gear” has been Gary Krupp’s United
States based Pave The Way (PTW). What began as a genuine philanthropic effort
to work for the resolution of differences between particular groups, has, in
this instance, become the fundamentalist vanguard of a group of Jews and Christians
determined to see Pius XII declared one of the “Righteous Among the Nations” by
Yad Vashem. The parallel movement is to
indirectly support the Catholic process of beatification that would see Pius
declared “Blessed”, the penultimate stage before canonisation. New
Indeed, much of the success of the Pius XII apologist movement has derived from sources close to and inside the
. Both John Paul II and Benedict XVI had given
vocal support to PTW, which is consistent with their public statements praising
Pius XII as a great saviour of the Jews during World War Two. Senior curial officials, such as Cardinal
Bertrone, have also lent considerable support to PTW, praised their work and
written statements expressing the hope that their work would help promote the
cause of Pius XII. Vatican
Surrounding PTW, and not necessarily with PTW’s endorsement, is a gathering of extreme right-wing Catholic groups and individuals who have a very vocal agenda that does not hesitate to criticise anyone with whom they disagree, including bishops and theologians. The CatholicLeague and EWTN are two groups who have regularly pilloried or down-played efforts by historians to research Pius XII and whose conclusions do not match their own, that is, that Pius is a saint. Associated individuals such as William Doino, Ronald Rychlak, Margherita Marchione and David Dalin, are ideological allies of the larger groups and enjoy considerable media coverage of their platforms. Their understanding of history is reductionist – it is either white/true or black/false. The nuances that form the greater part of the work of historians are not important.
Despite their protestations of loyalty to the Magisterium and what they believe are the orthodox traditions of the Catholic Church, both organisations represent a small section of world Catholicism. And though the comments that follow are mostly directed at PTW they are applicable to the other groups mentioned above, and a considerable number that are not.
Groups such as these praise the work of PTW because it is an example of Jews speaking in favour of Pius XII. This creates a very dangerous perception. Who better to speak the “truth” about Pius than Jews? If Jews are saying Pius rescued Jews, how can Catholics suggest otherwise? Quite apart from the simple fact that the number of Jews actively involved in the study of Pius XII is tiny, it allows the perception to develop that there are Jews who are actively in favour of the canonisation of Pius. This is not the stated position of PTW, but perceptions crafted by others often have an insidious power of their own to shape opinion.
The next crucial issue related to PTW lies in its presentation of the “facts” about Pius.
PTW has assembled an impressive collection about Pius XII from many different sources and invested considerable time, energy and funds in making this material readily available to anyone wishing to use it. This is a generous act that should be acknowledged.
However, it is the way the material is used that causes concern. Gathering material is one part of the historical process; interpreting it is quite another. PTW’s considerable archive on Pius XII lacks serious analysis. Much of the material is already available in the public domain and has been analysed by historians. And while there is always room for new analysis and interpretation, that work needs to be done according to the general accepted norms of historical research. A lot of the material is “stand alone”, that is, it does not have corroborative evidence or contextual data to support the claims made. An interview with an elderly Italian bishop who makes a series of claims to the effect that the pope ordered or attempted to get visas for Jews to enter a
country has to be supported with evidence from other sources. There is no suggestion that the bishop is
doing anything other than speaking what he believes to be the truth, but
historians do not accord objective reliability to one source alone.
This problem of establishing context, is consistent throughout much of the work of PTW with regard to Pius XII. The New York Times is a valuable source, but it cannot stand without support from other sources. There is a wealth of published and unpublished material from many archives that have helped the historian establish credible paradigms with which to examine Pius XII. Establishing the conclusion before examining all the available material is a dangerous way to proceed, but this is what PTW has done on more than one occasion.
Historians are craftsfolk trained to study, interpret, analyse and record the human story. They are a diverse group and see the world using multiple matrices. The common thread that unites them is a process of scientific and disciplined treatment of evidence working towards a sustainable and honest conclusion. Studying Pius XII and the history of the Catholic church during World War Two requires a familiarity in several disciplines that include, church history, diplomatic history, ecclesiastical diplomatic history, theology, the history of theology, Italian history, fascism, national socialism, German and European history, communism, military history, languages and so on. The point is laboured to emphasise the complex layers that lie within any serious attempt to come to grips with any moment in human history. Unfortunately, PTW has a history of relying on people whose historical credentials appear to be less than adequate. This has been seen on several occasions over the last few years.
PTW’s reliance on historians of dubious academic qualification is a serious problem the organisation either does not appear to understand or is not willing to address. In July 2011, Michael Hesemann PTW’s German representative, published the story that Pius XII was responsible for saving for 200,000 Jews after the November 1938 pogrom. Quite aside from the fact that the number was simply impossible, there is not one shred of evidence to support it. Hesemann used “newly discovered documents” from the
Vatican archives to back his
claims. The problem lay in the simple
fact that the “newly discovered documents” had been available in published form
since 1972 in Actes et Documents Volume 6.
Another example were the claims made by the Israeli diplomat, Pinchas Lapide. Lapide claimed that Pius XII was responsible for saving the lives of 860,000 Jews. He provided no evidence to support this “fact”, yet it has entered into the mythology of Pius XII and is accepted uncritically. PTW is by no means the only group that endorses Lapide’s story.
It is poor historical effort such as this that weakens PTW as a reliable agent in the study of Pius XII. It opens PTW to criticism that it has an agenda more concerned with finding material that agree with its core aim, namely to see Pius XII named one of the Righteous.
Finally, it is important to recognise that organisations such as PTW enjoy no endorsement from mainstream historians in the fields of study mentioned above. They have not published any academic histories, peer-reviewed journal articles or worked with any recognised tertiary institutions. They have a large number of Pius apologists, fellow-travellers who see Gary Krupp’s organisation as a vehicle they can use to suit their own neo-conservative agendas, but no recognised historians from any creditable university or institute of higher learning. That more than a few of these fellow-travellers appear to delight in publicly denigrating and sneering at qualified and trained historians further erodes their credibility. PTW does not help in this regard because it does not appear to be willing to even entertain the possibility that Pius XII could have made mistakes or been quite simply wrong in some of the decisions he made or did not make during the war. Such refusal to allow the possibility of error on the part of the pope does no service and prevents PTW from being taken seriously as a participant in the historical debate.
Gary Krupp is an unfailingly polite and courteous man, unlike some of the more strident apologists who think a McCarthy approach to their version of history is appropriate, but his unwillingness to accept that there are points of view contrary to his own, that the record on Pius XII is far from complete, that historians are wrestling with the issues surrounding his papacy and conduct through the war, that his archive while impressive is lacking in serious analysis and historiography, that he is quite possibly being used by neo-conservative factions within the Catholic church to push their own world-view, will prevent him from ever being a serious contender in the work to establish the record on Pope Pius XII.
Saturday, March 17, 2012
Earlier this month another cache of “recently uncovered” documents was “discovered.” Zenit published an article describing the latest Pave The Way “discovery.” Regular readers may be tiring of what is a regular pattern of behaviour on the part of PTW. Announcements trumpeting new material from archives are part of PTW’s modus operandi and receive uncritical attention from conservative Catholic organisations, such as Zenit, which has close ties to the Legionaries of Christ, and sometimes from the mainstream media who see an opportunity for a “scoop”. So what is it with this latest “scoop”? It is really very simple. Take a document out of context and you can make it say more or less whatever you like. Put a context around a document and the result may not be what one would like, but it is more likely to be accurate history.
Does this latest "discovery" prove Pacelli to be in favour of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and thus acting contrary to Benedict XV and Pius XI's statements? Based on my reading of the texts, I think the answer is "no". And then there is the document found in ADSS 11 which makes for very disturbing reading. If Pacelli was disposed to supporting a Jewish homeland in 1917 and 1925, he had changed his mind by 1944.
The article from Zenit with my comments inserted in red:
PIUS XII FAVORED A JEWISH HOMELAND IN
Foundation Continues to Unearth Testimony That Pius Was in No Way 'Hitler's Pope' No serious historian asserts this. To keep using the epitaph “Hitler’s Pope” is now a distraction and appears to be a tool used by apologists to mask their inability and unwillingness to recognise that the truth about Pacelli is to be found in via media, through serious critical and contextual scholarship.
NEW YORK, MARCH 8, 2012 (Zenit.org).- An organization researching the history of Pius XII's relationship with the Jews says that a series of documents recently uncovered show a pattern of direct actions by Archbishop Eugenio Pacelli (the future Pope) that culminated in the establishment of the modern State of Israel. This is simply historically inaccurate. To suggest that Pius XII’s actions as nuncio to
(1917-1929) provides a direct link to the establishment of the State of Israel
in 1948 is absurd and totally lacking in credibility. I doubt very much if David Ben Gurion would
agree with such a statement. Germany
The New York-based Pave the Way Foundation explained that in 1917, Archbishop Eugenio Pacelli met with Nahum Sokolow, president of the World Zionist organization and arranged for Sokolow to meet with Pope Benedict XV to discuss a Jewish Homeland. In a passionate report, Sokolow wrote of his audience on May 12, 1917:
“I was first of all received by Msgr. Eugenio Pacelli, Secretary for Extraordinary Affairs, and had a few days later a long conference with Cardinal Secretary of State Gasparri. Both meetings were extraordinarily friendly and positive. I don’t tend towards credulity or exaggerations and still I can’t avoid to stress that this revealed an extraordinary amount of friendship: to grant a Jew and representative of Zionism with such a promptness a private audience which took so long and was of such a warmth and took place with all assurance of sympathy, both for the Jews in general and for Zionism in special, proves that we don’t need to expect any obstacles which can’t be overcome from the side of the Vatican. The Pope asked me, ‘Pacelli told me about your mission; do you want to tell me any more details?’" (File A 18/25 in the Main Archive of Yad Vashem)
A statement from Pave the Way further noted: On November 15, 1917, Nuncio Pacelli acted on a urgent request for his intervention from the Jewish community of
from what was feared
would be an Ottoman Massacre of Jews of Palestine. Pacelli asked the German
government, who was allied with the Ottoman Turks, for protection for the Jews
of Palestine. Pacelli was successful in gaining promised protection of the Jews
from the German government “even with the use of arms.” Switzerland
The citation is accurate. However, there is need for context. Pacelli was Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, the Vatican equivalent of the Foreign Office and responsible for overseeing the Vatican’s relations with sovereign states, monitoring the work of papal representatives and keeping the Secretary of State, Cardinal Gasparri informed and “up to speed”. His role was not one of creating, but executing policy.
In 1916 Benedict XV had made a plea for the protection of Armenian Christians undergoing appalling persecution at the hands of the Turkish government. He had also written a letter in February 1916 that was published in the Jesuit journal, Civilta Cattolica, where he denounced any form of persecution against Jews. What made this published letter so interesting was that it appeared in Civilta, a journal that was more used to publishing viciously anti-Jewish material.
Nahum Sokolow, (1859-1936), secretary general of the World Zionist Congress, visited
to ask for papal support for a Jewish homeland in .
Granted an audience, Benedict’s seemingly favourable response was a
significant break from papal attitudes towards the idea of Jewish home in Palestine . However, after the announcement of the
Balfour Declaration in November 1917 and then the exclusion of the Holy See from
the 1919 Versailles Peace Conference, Benedict’s attitude had reverted to the
traditional suspicion of Jewish intentions in Palestine and a thinly veiled hostility
towards the idea of creating a Jewish state. Palestine
Pacelli met with Sokolow again on Feb. 15, 1925, and arranged another meeting with Cardinal Pietro Gasparri on the subject of a Jewish homeland in
In 1926, Pacelli urged all Catholics to join the pro-Palestine movement in Palestine
with such notable members as Albert Einstein, Thomas Mann, Konrad Adenauer, and
Fr. Ludwig Kaas. Germany
PTWF learned of the existence of one very interesting document, still unpublished, which may show Pius XII’s attitude about a Jewish homeland. In 1944, Pius XII opposed the general feeling of his Secretary of State, when he responded to Monsignor Domenico Tardini’s written warning against helping the Jews establish a homeland. Pius XII wrote by hand, “The Jews need a land of their own.” This document is in the closed section of the Vatican Library and will not be available until the archives are fully open. How can PTW make a statement about a document that has not been released? It is at this point that I direct the reader to an earlier post I made on ADSS 11.333 where the 1944 negative attitude towards a Jewish state was made very clear by the
. Vatican to Winston Churchill
The foundation explained that researchers have also uncovered the 1946 speech Pius XII delivered to a delegation of Arabs who came to
Rome to dissuade the Pope from
endorsing a Jewish homeland in . Palestine
“Uncovered” is something of a misnomer. The delegation was received on 3 August 1946 and the account can be found in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis (the official Vatican commentary) for 1946 from page 322.
Pius XII ended the meeting leaving the Arab delegation greatly disappointed by clearly stating, “As we also condemn several times in the past, the persecution that fanatical anti-Semitism unleashed against the Jewish people.”
According to research by the Raoul Wallenberg Foundation, it was Pius XII who “paved the way” for the Catholic Countries members of the United Nations to positively vote in favor of the partitioning of Palestine in November 1947.
This is not what the Wallenburg foundation says. They point out that it was the efforts of Angelo Roncalli, later John XXIII, and the
Vatican’s Domenico Tardini that were
instrumental in helping to encourage the predominantly Catholic states of Latin America to vote in favour of partition. Selective mis-quoting of publicly available
material does PTW no favours. We
have uncovered news articles about the Vatican
to recognize the Jewish state in 1955. Spain
I have deleted the last paragraph which describes the supposed relationship between Pacelli and Guido Mendes and Pacelli’s familiarity with orthodox Jewish life and practice.
Sunday, March 4, 2012
Racism, Genocide and Holocaust Seminar
Monday, 26 March 2012
Sydney Jewish Museum 0900-1600
I will be presenting at this seminar. This is part of the presentation. Other references will be made to resources that are linked on the homepage of the blog.
Genocide and the Church/es.
Type in the words “genocide and church” into Google and look at the results. My initial search scored 23.9 million hits with these words. And many of the results focused on recent genocidal activity in
, possibly the first genocide
of the digital age. Rwanda
How to proceed with such an unwieldy topic?
There are some basic definitions that need to be made in order to address the topic. The most important one is the word “church”. We must have a clear working definition in order to avoid the pitfalls arising from generalization and misinterpretation.
The word “church” is a Christian term, deriving from the Greek εκκλησία, meaning “assembly” or “congregation” and is applied to any liturgical gathering of Christians, the formal structures or institution of the Christian people/s and the theological and religious beliefs that flow from it. From earliest times there has been a religious profession of faith in one church, but a lived experience of many different ways of being that one church.
Given its size and global spread, the term “church” is often, in the popular imagination, equated with the Catholic Church, and in particular with the Roman Catholic Church, the largest body within the Catholic family of churches. Historically, it has often been difficult for those with a limited understanding of the realities of the different variants within Christianity to discern with accuracy just which part of the Christian Church, which denomination, which cultural variant of a denomination and whether people acting or otherwise were clergy or laity. The potential for confusion is, I hope, self evident.
If we are able to discern which part of the Christian church/es we need to examine, we can then proceed to distinguish the differences between the institutional forms of the church/es and those who claim adherence to them in varying degrees of intensity. It is historical fact that many anti-Christian leaders have used Christian religious language to persuade the Christian leaders to support aspects of policy. Hitler’s “professions” to the Catholic and Lutheran bishops in early 1933 are one typical example. It is also historical fact that the institutions of the church/es and their leaders are as susceptible to the ebb and flow of economic, social and political movements as the rest of the human society. By their own self-definition, the church/es claim a divine mandate and reliance on the grace of God, but this is interpreted through very human agencies, and mistakes are made – sometimes with horrific consequences.
The history behind this topic is, quite, simply, enormous and goes beyond anything I could hope to cover in a short essay. What I propose is to make several points and then provide directions for further reading. If one begins with an idea of the huge scale behind the questions, then one will move carefully. If students are led to discover that the involvement of Christians and aspects of Christian church/es is complex and tangled, it will be a step towards creating a more inclusive and authentic narrative.
What does the Church teaches about genocide?
The Hebrew Bible is held as sacred text by Christians. The prohibitions against unlawful killing – murder – are valid and without exception. Exodus 20.13: “You shall not murder” and its repetition in Deuteronomy 5.17 are unambiguous; murder is wrong and a direct violation of God’s will for humanity. And lest there be any sense that the prohibition could be conditioned by cultural or social norms, the scriptures have multiple references to the care and protection that must be afforded to the stranger and alien (e.g. Deut 1.16-17, 24.17-18, 26.5-11). The evangelist Luke has Jesus tell the parable of the Good Samaritan which makes it beyond doubt that all people are neighbours for the Christian; it is immoral and unethical to not go to the help of someone in need. (Luke 10.25-37)
The high ethical principals contained in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian New Testament have never changed. That parts of the Christian church/es and many Christians have not abided by them is a cause for serious reflection.
John Paul II & Benedict XVI
Pope John Paul II (1920-2005) publicly spoke about the culpability of many Catholics who remained silent or were part of the machinery of the Holocaust in his letter “We Remember – a reflection on the Shoah” (1998). In 2000 he led a service of repentance in St Peter’s Basilica within the Mass asking for forgiveness for the sins of Catholics against Jews throughout Christian history. Perhaps lesser known were his constant appeals for the end of genocidal killing in other places.
1. Condemnation of the killings in
during the 1992-1995 war and “ethnic cleansing” Bosnia
2. Condemnation of the killing in
April 1994. John Paul was the first
world leader to use the word “genocide” to refer to the murders. Rwanda
3. Condemnation of the Armenian genocide in November 2000.
The weakness in John Paul’s condemnations lay in refusal to accept that the Church itself was responsible in any way for the killings, only members of the Church. The stories of professional religious people including nuns, ordained ministers including at least one Anglican bishop, and several priests, engaged in genocidal activity make for disturbing reading.
And there is no shortage of material on line and in print that has attempted to grapple with the issue.
However, I argue that despite the theological nuances over institutional and individual responsibility, the clear papal condemnation of genocides since the Holocaust are positive steps and point to the Catholic church’s preparedness to speak out and speak out loudly. It is a significant movement from the guarded and extremely cautious approach of Pius XII during the 1939-1945 war.
Benedict XVI has had a troubled record on sensitivity to genocide. Comments made during his visit to
Brazil in 2007 suggested a lack of awareness of
the brutal reality of the conquest of Latin America
and the destruction of indigenous civilizations.
Reaction from indigenous groups was understandably less than impressed with Benedict’s Euro-centric world view. The current pope has also refrained from using the word “genocide” with regard to
The Christian church/es are complex realities with equally complex histories. That some Christians participated in genocidal activity is undeniable. It is also undeniable that some Christians took seriously their call to be neighbour to the people they saw in need, and were prepared to risk their own life to try and help. Looking at human history and our blood-spattered record of treating each other, perhaps we should study not only why genocides occur, but why do some Christians seek to prevent them, others participate and most are somewhere on the sidelines.
For information about the Seminar please contact the Museum: +61 2 9360 7999 or email via the website: http://www.sydneyjewishmuseum.com.au/Contact-Us/default.aspx
Saturday, March 3, 2012
Lux in Arcana is one exhibition I would dearly love to see, but
is not called “Down
Under” for nothing! On Wednesday 29
February, a six month exhibition of a selection of texts from Archivio Segreto
Vaticano went on display in Australia Rome’s . Amongst documents which include
the Bull of Excommunication of Martin Luther, the appeal from the English
Parliament for the Annulment of Henry VIII’s marriage to Katherine of Aragon, a
letter from St Teresa of Jesus and the transcripts of the interrogations of the
Knights Templar, there are several documents from the archives of Pius
XII. It is these that are of particular
interest to me. Capitoline Museum
Reading the news reports on the exhibition several things stand out.
Firstly, there is the general level of ignorance in the mainstream media about the archives. They are not “secret” in the sense of hidden or deliberately withheld. The Italian word “segreto” can be translated to mean “private”, which is what in fact, they are. The ASV is the private or personal archive of the pope. The terminology is understandably confusing, but a simple question seeking clarification would remedy the confusion, a point made by one of the exhibition organisers, archivist, Pier Paolo Piergentili, author of TheVatican Secret Archives (2009).
Secondly, there is the oft repeated assertion that the
has been engaged in
“covering up” unpalatable aspects of its past – ancient and modern – and this
exhibition is an example of greater transparency! Journalist, Charlie Angela, needs to do some
research. After making the "revelation" that the Catholic Church put Galileo to death (he died in his bed in
Vatican at the
age of 77) because he “discovered that the earth revolved around the sun” (with
no apology to either Aristotle or Copernicus), she appears to go on to assert that the exhibition is in part a response
to the child abuse scandals and that the Church is doing all this to appease
public opinion “who want the Church to reveal all its secrets”. This is not journalism worthy of the name and
the Daily Mail were Ms Angela’s report was published should be ashamed. Florence
Thirdly, the customary positions taken on Pius XII remain alive and kicking. The media, it seems, has little or no interest in acknowledging the realms of gray about the war-time pope. The old chestnut of “wait until the archives are opened and all shall be revealed” still attracts attention. No acknowledgement was made of the work that has been done so far, or to at least recognise that the exhibition makes new assertions regarding Pius XII.
Fortunately the European Jewish Press has a more nuanced approach. I have copied the relevant section and made notes throughout the text.
The documents are part of an unprecedented exhibition in
Rome of rare Vatican
archives spanning centuries of history and include a report from a papal envoy
on the conditions inside seven internment camps in southern . Italy
There are many documents found in ADSS that record visits made by the Italian nuncio, Francesco Borgongini Duca to internment camps throughout southern
. The internment camp at Ferramonti Tarsia in Italy operated between
June 1940 and September 1943. The nuncio
visited the camp on 31 August 1941 (ADSS 8.142) and maintained contact throughout
the rest of the war. (See ADSS 8.294, 329, 335, 371, 471; 9.55). The nuncio was also involved in interventions
on behalf of converted and stateless Jews throughout Cosenza at times, in order to prevent
their possible deportation into German hands. (See ADSS 6.13,18, 22, 32, 246,
247; 8.473; 9.57, 122, 146, 228) Italy
Another document is a letter from a formerly interned rabbi in 1942 who thanks the then head of the Roman Catholic Church for sending aid to the camp including clothes and linen.
Letters of thanks are found throughout ADSS. They came from individuals, families and communities across Europe, the
UK (ADSS 9.346) and even (ADSS
9.364). The Church, in the person of the
pope, was thanked for efforts made on behalf of the Jews of Europe. Most come from after the summer of 1941 when
news of the mass murder began to reach to the world at large. (This is a
sample: ADSS 8.495 – Rabbi Freiberger, Uruguay Zagreb,
30.09.1942; ADSS 9.52 – Rabbi Alexander Safran, Bucharest,
15.02.1943; ADSS 10.226 – the Jews of Rome, 10.06.1944, 10.288 – Jewish
families in ,
05.08.1944. The archives of the internment camp in Campagna also contain a
number of letters of thanks from internees expressing their thanks to the pope
for material help. Rome
A third document is from former Jewish detainees who met with the pope for an audience in 1944 and expressed their gratitude for his support.
They said the pope had sent "substantial and generous gifts and demonstrated his keen and paternal interest in our physicial, spiritual and moral wellbeing" and said he had saved them from the threat of deportation to
in 1942. Poland
's second in command,
Secretary of State Tarcisio Bertone, visited the opening of the exhibition on
Wednesday and said he had been most struck by the documents relating to the
papacy of Pius XII. Vatican
Bertone said the documents were part of efforts for "historical truth", adding: "The research on the period of Pius XII has so far generated more than two million files and information about prisoners of war".
The head of the
Vatican archives, Sergio Pagano, also said the full
archive from Pius XII would be made available "within one or two
"The final decision however depends on the pope," he told reporters.
Another document included in the exhibition is a letter from the nuncio to the
, Paolo Giobbe, dated
18(?) September 1945 informing Netherlands
of the death of Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (Edith Stein) and her sister,
Rosa. The video on Rome Reports was too
faint for me to read the text in its entirety. Rome
While the selection of documents is interesting, it breaks no new ground, but reinforces what has been known from the available material that Pius XII was not inactive in working to provide help where he could. It is also imperative to remember that the Secretariat of State, the nuncios and other Vatican diplomats acted in the pope’s name, so many of the letters of thanks are expressed to the pope because people may not have known who was directly responsible for getting the relief to the camps. Thanking the pope was a natural thing to do, and Pius should be credited for this basic “work of mercy”. It is also important to recall that the most work of this kind was done in
where Pius had greater ability to act. Italy | <urn:uuid:d1992811-b24f-4246-a53c-ad768b24d279> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://paulonpius.blogspot.co.uk/2012_03_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889567.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120102905-20180120122905-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.963882 | 9,384 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Chemotherapy for neuroblastoma
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- treat spinal cord compression, which is a cancer-related emergency that neuroblastoma can cause
- prepare for stem cell transplant
Chemotherapy is usually a systemic therapy. This means that the drugs travel through the bloodstream to reach and destroy cancer cells all over the body, including those that may have broken away from the primary tumour. The drugs may be given by mouth or by a needle in a vein (intravenous injection). Sometimes a special device called a central venous catheter may be used to safely give the drugs. It is usually placed during surgery at the start of chemotherapy and left in place until treatment is finished. Find out more about central venous catheter.
Chemotherapy drugs used for neuroblastoma
The most common chemotherapy drugs used to treat neuroblastoma are:
- cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Procytox)
- ifosfamide (Ifex)
- cisplatin (Platinol AQ)
- carboplatin (Paraplatin, Paraplatin AQ)
- vincristine (Oncovin)
- doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
- etoposide (Vepesid, VP-16)
- topotecan (Hycamtin)
- melphalan (Alkeran, L-PAM)
- busulfan (Busulfex, Myleran)
- teniposide (Vumon, VM-26)
- irinotecan (Camptosar)
- thiotepa (ThioTEPA)
A combination of chemotherapy drugs is more effective than any single drug. Some drug combinations used to treat neuroblastoma are:
- cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine
- carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine
- cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine
- carboplatin and etoposide
- cisplatin and etoposide
- topotecan and cyclophosphamide
- irinotecan and temozolomide (Temodal)
If neuroblastoma does not respond to drugs used in earlier treatments or if it recurs, these drug combinations may be used:
- topotecan and cyclophosphamide
- irinotecan and temozolomide
Side effects can happen with any type of treatment for neuroblastoma, but every child’s experience is different. Some children have many side effects. Other children have few or none at all.
Chemotherapy may cause side effects because it can damage healthy cells as it kills cancer cells. Side effects can develop any time during, immediately after or a few days or weeks after chemotherapy. Sometimes late side effects develop months or years after chemotherapy. Most side effects go away on their own or can be treated, but some side effects may last a long time or become permanent.
It is hard to say exactly which side effects a child will have, how long they will last and when the child will recover. A child’s body seems to handle chemotherapy better than an adult’s body. Children usually have less severe side effects and will often recover from them faster than adults.
Side effects of chemotherapy will depend mainly on the type of drug or drugs given, the dose, how the drugs are given and the child’s overall health. Some common side effects of chemotherapy drugs used for neuroblastoma are:
- bone marrow suppression
- weakened immune system
- low platelet count
- low white blood cell count
- nausea and vomiting
- sore mouth or throat
- loss of appetite
- hair loss
Other side effects can develop months or years after treatment for neuroblastoma. Find out more about late effects for neuroblastoma.
Tell your child’s healthcare team if your child has side effects you think might be from chemotherapy. The sooner you tell them of any problems, the sooner they can suggest ways to help your child deal with them.
Information about specific cancer drugs
The following websites have information about specific drugs used to treat cancer in children.
Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) Drug Formulary is a searchable database of drugs used to treat cancer.
British Columbia Cancer Agency (BCCA) Drug Index (Professional)provides a list of drugs used to treat cancer and basic information about uses and doses.
Questions to ask about chemotherapy
Together we can reduce the burden of cancer
Last year, we only had the resources available to fund 40% of high-priority research projects. Imagine the impact we could have if we were able to fund 100%. | <urn:uuid:ccf5ab82-ed09-416d-987f-0685e67d1158> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/neuroblastoma/treatment/chemotherapy/?region=mb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886108264.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821095257-20170821115257-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.900611 | 1,195 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The TOI-700 star system is home to four planets, including two in its habitable zone that could host liquid water.
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
With more than 5,000 known exoplanets, astronomers are shifting their focus from discovering additional distant worlds to identifying which are good candidates for further study.
Artist illustration of an exoplanet.
dottedhippo/iStock via Getty Images
Billions of galaxies are in the universe, with billions of stars in every galaxy. Could billions of planets be out there too?
Imagined view from Kepler-10b, a planet that orbits one of the 150,000 stars that the Kepler spacecraft is monitoring.
NASA/Kepler Mission/Dana Berry
When NASA first started planning the Kepler mission, no one knew if the universe held any planets outside our solar system. Thousands of exoplanets later, the search enters a new phase as Kepler retires.
Have we really discovered other “Earth-like” planets orbiting around other stars? Understanding what we do and do not know about exoplanets is the key to answering this question.
ESO/L. Calcada/N. Risinger/Reuters
Over the last 20 years, advances in the field of exoplanet discovery have excited the imaginations of scientists and enthusiasts alike. But we’re in position to know yet whether a planet is habitable.
Artist’s impression of the surface of the planet Proxima b, orbiting Proxima Centauri.
Scientists have finally found an Earth-like planet we may actually be able to visit.
Satellite image of California’s San Andreas fault, where two continental plates come together.
NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team
Fifty years on from a groundbreaking paper, geophysicists have progressed from believing continents never moved to thinking that every movement may leave a lasting memory on our planet.
A laser could hide – or broadcast – our existence.
European Southern Observatory
There are technological ways to hide a planet from intergalactic detection – as well as ways to signal that we’re just sitting here, eager for contact.
What secrets will space reveal?
Why the Breakthrough Listen project is a step in the right direction in our hunt for life beyond Earth.
Building a space colony is not easy.
In June, the popular press went wild. A planet had been discovered that was so much like Earth it was heralded as our best bet for supporting life. Positioned 16 light years away, Gliese (or GJ) 832c was…
Let’s hope it’s barren.
NASA Ames/SETI Institute/JPL-CalTech
Last week, scientists announced the discovery of Kepler-186f, a planet 492 light years away in the Cygnus constellation. Kepler-186f is special because it marks the first planet almost exactly the same… | <urn:uuid:f33ce951-48a5-4e9e-8f14-59aa1c686bea> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://theconversation.com/nz/topics/habitable-zone-10054 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510603.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930050118-20230930080118-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.89304 | 641 | 3.53125 | 4 |
COLUMBIA — Air pollution regulations are tightening in the U.S., and the Columbia Municipal Power Plant will need to restrict its emissions to comply.
The city-owned plant on Business Loop 70 faces significant restrictions on emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Allowable levels by 2014 are less than half of the plant's 2010 levels.
Sulfur dioxide, a byproduct of burning coal, contributes to various respiratory illnesses, particularly for children, the elderly and other at-risk groups, according to the EPA. Nitrogen oxides, including nitrogen dioxide, have also been linked to respiratory problems, particularly for those with asthma.
Here's a look at the new regulation and what it means:
The cross-state rule, finalized in July, was expected to take effect on Jan. 1 but was put on hold in December by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, and arguments are scheduled in court for April 13. The EPA believes the rule is legally sound and continues to defend it.
SO WHAT: In 2010, the Municipal Power Plant produced 242.2 tons of nitrogen oxides and 863.1 tons of sulfur dioxide, based on EPA data. In that same year, Missouri produced 58,518.1 tons of nitrogen oxides and 236,231.3 tons of sulfur dioxide.
WHAT'S NEXT: If the rule had taken effect on schedule, the allowance for the city power plant in 2012 would have been 101 tons of nitrogen oxides and 386 tons of sulfur dioxide. By 2014, the city would be limited to 297 tons of sulfur dioxides and 86 tons of nitrogen oxides. | <urn:uuid:7d78a33d-9a2c-4ce8-bb76-fcacd9decd83> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.columbiamissourian.com/a/145693/epa-rule-limits-emissions-particulates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444829.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00250-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95589 | 339 | 2.71875 | 3 |
1635 – John Cotton, a Puritan minister, establishes America’s first public school, Boston Latin, with fewer than 10 students.
1852 – In Massachusetts, Horace Mann helps pass the first compulsory attendance law in the nation for children of elementary-school age. New York follows in 1853.
1857 – The National Education Association, the first national teachers group — and now the largest labor union in the United States — is founded. The Amercan Federation of Teachers follows in 1916.
1897 – The National Parent Teacher Association is founded. It now has about 5.5 million members, down from 12 million in the late 1960s.
1946 – The Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act subsidizes low-cost or free lunches for qualified students.
1946 – The country’s first organized teachers strike begins in St. Paul, Minnesota, in single- digit winter weather. More than 1,000 teachers picket in front of the 77 schools in the district for nearly six weeks. Many students join their teachers.
1954 – With Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court finds that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
1965 – The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provides federal funds to expand educational opportunities for low-income students. It has been reauthorized since, including most recently as part of No Child Left Behind.
1968 – McCarver Elementary in Tacoma, Washington, becomes the nation’s first magnet school, inviting students from anywhere in the city to enroll. This is seen as a way to end de facto segregation.
1970 – Test scores are reported to the government and the public for the first time and become a tool for measuring school performance.
1980 – Several federal offices are combined into the Department of Education.
1983 – A Nation at Risk, a federal report, indicates very low academic achievement and declining American test scores. It spurs most states to mandate curricula and more frequent testing.
1990 – Milwaukee is the first city to offer vouchers to its students to attend schools outside the traditional public-school system.
1991 – Boston’s Thomas Menino becomes the first mayor to assume control over a public-school system. He appoints a seven-member committee, which then names a superintendent. Voters reaffirm mayoral control in 1996.
1992 – The nation’s first charter school, City Academy in St. Paul, Minnesota, opens with roughly 40 students in attendance.
2002 – George W. Bush signs the No Child Left Behind Act, with goals of increasing parental choice and accountability for states and schools.
2007 – On June 1, President Bush signs legislation that hands control of Washington’s public schools to Mayor Adrian Fenty. The following week, Fenty appoints Michelle Rhee to head the D.C. schools. | <urn:uuid:bce467f5-51de-4069-92b7-207dbcbad532> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.fastcompany.com/958575/class-actions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583668324.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119135934-20190119161934-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.94398 | 586 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Table of contents
Sushi. Ramen. Sashimi. Gyoza dumplings. Yakisoba noodles. Miso soup. Yakitori. Kobe beef. Tempura. Takoyaki. Okonomiyaki. The list goes on and on. Japan is a paradise for food lovers, but it has so much to offer it could be overwhelming for first-time visitors to the country, or those less familiar with its delicacies, its many regional specialities, and its subtle dining etiquette and customs. We’ll take you around this breath-taking country to discover Japan’s must-eat dishes, mouth-watering regional variations you have to try, where you can find them, and of course, how to get there with your JR Pass, in this special beginner’s guide.
Japan and Food: A Brief History
Japan’s love affair with food goes back thousands of years and finds its origins in the wet-rice cultivation methods imported around 2,000 years ago, the plentiful seafood, and also the introduction of Buddhism to Japan in the 6th century. The latter led to laws and edicts preventing animals from being eaten and, combined with the rice-based cuisine, inspired a vegetarian style of cooking known as shojin ryori. By the 15th century, many of the foods and ingredients eaten by Japanese people today had become a key part of the country’s food culture. These included soy sauce, miso, tofu, and other products made from soybeans. Also, at this time, a formal and elaborate style of banquet cooking developed that was derived from the cuisine of the court aristocracy. This was known as honzen ryori and is one of the three basic styles of Japanese cooking along with chakaiseki ryori (cuisine of the tea ceremony) and kaiseki ryori. At the end of the Edo period, when Japan ended its self-imposed isolation, it opened its doors to Western influences and techniques (the British allegedly introduced the Japanese to curry for example) and it shared many of its own dishes with the wider world (many of which have gone on to become world-famous), but it also maintained its own unique culinary identity.
Today, Japanese cuisine or ‘Washoku’, which means ‘food of Japan’ is known for its individuality and exceptional quality. Chefs spend years learning their craft and often focus on mastering a single dish or culinary speciality, elevating it to new standards over years of intense practice.
This approach has led to the exceptionally high-standard of culinary excellence in restaurants across Japan, which is reflected in the incredible number of Michelin stars awarded to chefs from the country. Even foods not traditionally associated with fine dining such as ramen and sushi have become gourmet specialities at the very highest level due to Japan’s focus on quality, technique, tradition, and innovation. In the case of sushi for example, the preparation may take decades to master, from making and shaping rice, to perfecting the flavour of fish through aging, massaging, temperature control, and precision of cut.
Foodies from all over the world travel to Japan’s Michelin-starred restaurants in Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto and Hiroshima. However, Japan’s legendary cuisine is not restricted to its major cities, but is spread right across the entirety of the country. And it’s not all fine dining either. Japan is full of small, local producers, street food vendors and stalls, and family-run restaurants. This is a country where regional flavours, locally-sourced ingredients, and ancient culinary traditions come together to create a quality and diversity which has to be tasted to be believed, and that can only be experienced if the whole island is explored.
Japan’s Best Regional dishes (and Where to Find Them)
Thankfully, as well as boasting some of the world’s greatest dishes and culinary experiences, Japan also has a world-leading domestic rail system to connect the length and breadth of the country and transport you from A to B in your Japanese food adventure. A Japan Rail Pass gives you unlimited rail travel and is a smart investment if you want to save time and money on train tickets while sampling Japan’s best regional dishes. You’ll find Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka easily accessible and well-connected by train, but your pass will also help you reach rural locations more off the beaten track, such as traditional post-town of Tsumago in the Kiso Valley which is famous for its fresh regional food. But with so much to choose from and so many places to go, what regional speciality dishes should try and where can you find them? Here is a list of our recommendations:
- Yakisoba Noodles – Egg noodles fried with mixed vegetables and served in gently sweet and savoury Yakisoba sauce, along with meat or vegetables – ideal for newcomers to Japanese cuisine.
- Gyoza Dumplings – Japanese dumplings made from a thin dough filled with shredded vegetables and meat, served with dipping sauces.
- Yakitori – Skewered meat grilled over charcoal.
Takoyaki – Diced octopus encased in a light batter and rolled into a ball with spring onion and ginger and topped with green seaweed, sauce, sliced and dried bonito, and sometimes drizzled with mayonnaise. This delicious dish is famously a speciality of Osaka – a city known as Japan’s kitchen. You can reach Osaka from Tokyo on the Hikari and Kodama trains on the Tokaido Shinkansen lines using the Japan Rail Pass.
- Okonomiyaki – Another specialty of Osaka, Okonomiyaki is essentially a savoury pancake packed with cabbage, egg, seafood and noodles. However, you should definitely check out Hiroshima’s layered twist of this famous dish, which has an equally great reputation. Get to Hiroshima from Osaka using JR Pass by taking the Sakura bullet train on the Sanyo line.
- Nabe – Japan is famous for its use of crab and one of the many dishes it is used in is Nabe. Hokkaido in northern Japan is famous for the quality of its crab and Nabe – a traditional Japanese style hotpot – is known as a warming winter dish and often uses the island’s exceptional crab including king crab, snow crab, hairy crab, and thorny crab. Hokkaido is also famous for Ishikari nabe – a miso-based hotpot filled with a generous amount of salmon, stewed vegetables, and tofu.
- Jingisukan – The famous ‘Genghis Khan barbeque’, this dish is another of Hokkaido’s specialities and features thin slices of lamb or mutton broiled with vegetables on a warrior’s helmet-shaped grill. You can find out more about visiting Japan’s northernmost island and its many regional attractions and specialities in our dedicated Itinerary Tip: A Five-Day Visit to Hokkaido.
- Fugu – The notorious (and highly poisonous) Japanese pufferfish, which contains neurotoxin 1,200 times stronger than cyanide. It can be served a variety of ways by expert and licenced chefs and Fugu capital is the city of Shimonoseki in Yamaguchi.
- Chawanmushi – A savoury egg custard dish served hot in winter and chilled in summer which can include ingredients such as shiitake mushroom, parsley, ginkgo, lily, chestnut, chicken, and seafood. This originated in Nagasaki. You can reach Nagasaki using your JRail Pass by taking the JR Tokaido/Sanyo Shinkansen from Tokyo to Fukuoka’s Hakata Station and transferring to the JR Kamome limited express train to Nagasaki.
- Korokke – The Japanese version of a croquette, the filling (which can be meat, seafood or vegetables) is rolled in wheat flour, eggs, then panko breadcrumbs before being deep-fried to a golden brown.
- Ikasumi Jiru – This is squid ink soup and is a speciality from Okinawa, which is also known for Gooya Chanpuruu (stir fry with bitter melon).
- Unagi – This is freshwater eel. Nagasaki is famous for unagi and boasts a 160-year-old restaurant called Izumiya, which specialises is using this ingredient.
- Zuke – Fish fillets preserved in a soy sauce mixture.
- Kobe beef – Japanese Wagyu beef from Kobe (aka Kobe beef) is regarded as the best in the entire world. Naturally, the best place to try this incredibly tender and marbled beef (if you can afford it!) is the city of Kobe. You can visit Kobe from Tokyo using the JR Pass by taking the JR Tokaido Shinkansen / Sanyo Shinkansen Line to Shin-Kobe Station by Hikari Shinkansen.
- Karaage – Deep-fried meat (often chicken) in a thick, crunchy coating.
- Tempura – Tempura originated in Portugal. It is similar to karaage, but uses a lighter batter made of cold water and soft cake flour and is only fried for a few seconds before being served with a dipping sauce or soup stock.
- Udon – Thick noodles made with wheat flour. Udon noodles can be used in a wide range of dishes.
- Soba – Thin noodles made from buckwheat flour. Similar to above, you’ll find a number of dishes using soba noodles.
- Japanese curry – Reportedly introduced to Japan by the British in the Meiji period, the curry has become one of the country’s most popular and loved dishes. There are many variations, but today the famous Katsu chicken curry is almost as quintessentially Japanese as sushi or ramen.
- Monjayaki – A speciality of the Tsukishima area of Tokyo, Monjayaki translates as ‘cook it yourself’ and is basically a quick and easy mix of available ingredients which could include dried squid, sweetcorn and cabbage which are thrown together and cooked on the hotplate, with a runny batter poured over. When in Tokyo, look out for Tsukishima Monjya Street – an alley dedicated to this dish.
- Sashimi – sliced raw fish such as salmon or tuna. This is distinct from sushi because it is not served with rice.
- Miso Soup – A traditional Japanese soup containing stock mixed with miso paste that is often used as a base or combined with other ingredients such as chicken, tofu, shrimp, seaweed, mushrooms and potatoes.
- Yudofu – A hotpot dish using tofu as the main ingredient, boiled in a kelp-based soup, this vegetarian meal was developed by Buddhist priests in Kyoto who couldn’t eat meat because of their religion.
- Matcha – Matcha green tea powder is a very fashionable ingredient worldwide at the moment thanks to its distinctive flavour and green colouring. Look out for Kyoto’s matcha parfaits and different varieties of wagashi – a traditional Japanese confectionery usually served with matcha. Varieties include youkan – sweet jelly cubes made from bean paste, agar and sugar, and mochi – a Japanese rice cake made from mochigome, a glutinous short-grain rice.
- Kaiseki – Last on the list is not actually a single dish, but a traditional multi-course dining experience with its origins in Kyoto. Take the Shinkansen Hikari bullet train from either Tokyo Station or Shinagawa Station in central Tokyo to reach Kyoto.
Although this is a relatively long list, it’s still only scratching the surface of the hundreds of regional variations and specialities you’ll find right across Japan. We even left sushi and ramen intentionally off the list as we have covered those famous dishes in detail elsewhere. Needless to say, if you are able to work your way through this incredible list of regional specialities above, it will definitely be an amazing introduction to the diversity and genius of Japanese cuisine.
Fine Dining in Japan
Alongside its extraordinary street food, local produce, and regional dishes, Japan is also world-famous as a centre of fine-dining with one of the highest concentrations of Michelin-starred restaurants anywhere in the world. In fact, Tokyo is the No.1 city in the world when it comes to having the highest number of Michelin-starred restaurants. Osaka is also internationally renowned as a world-leading culinary destination for food lovers. Remarkably, many of these restaurants are incredibly affordable too. Here are a few examples:
Sushi Masuda, Tokyo – Awarded two Michelin Stars, this high-end and high-class sushi restaurant is an exclusive dining experience with just six seats and exceptional food. If you’re lucky enough to get a reservation look out for specialities such as shirako with white truffles, sayori (needlefish), hirame (flounder), and surume ika (Pacific squid).
Sukiyabashi Jiro Honten, Tokyo – Thanks to a visit from President Obama and the successful documentary film, Jiro Dreams of Sushi, this exclusive and high-end Tokyo sushi restaurant, run by 93-year-old three Michelin star chef Jiro Ono, has becoming even more exclusive. It is so renowned however, we just couldn’t miss it off the list.
Ajikitcho Horienten – Taste Japan’s history and tradition through Naniwa vegetables (distinct vegetables revived to savour Osaka’s cultural and food history), and fresh fish bought from the hands of the fishermen. Relax at this two-star Michelin sanctuary of tradition, with sukiya architecture and natural gardens, nestled in the city.
Ichiju Nisai Ueno Minoten – Dine amidst the scenic beauty and elegance of Mt. Mino while savouring authentic Japanese cuisine in multi-course kaiseki means, artfully presented, and paired with sake. This restaurant boasts two Michelin stars, and a vibrant and picturesque backdrop that changes with the seasons.
Chiso Sottaku Ito – A true taste of Japan may be found here, where flavours from all over the country are used to create exquisite dishes, and are enhanced by aging techniques. The shop boasts a freshness of spring water and kelp that are used to make soup stock unique to this location.
To find out more about the Michelin Star rating system and for a comprehensive guide to these restaurants across this incredible country, read A Guide To Japan’s Michelin-starred Restaurants.
Japanese Table Manners
Japan’s customs and etiquette may seem daunting if you’ve never been to the country before, but knowing a few simple rules will make navigating the country a breeze. Naturally, there are lots of customs and etiquette around dining given Japan’s reputation for culinary excellence and the nation’s love affair with food. Here are a few top tips for Japanese table manners for beginners:
- Greeting – Bowing is customary when greeting people.
- Ordering – Remember to say ‘kudasai’ or ‘please’ when ordering. If you’re not sure what to order, try using the word ‘Osusume’, which means ‘recommendation’, and ‘Omakase’ which is the ‘chef’s choice’. It can be seen as respectful to ask the chef and most restaurants offer a menu of chef’s recommendations.
- Oshibori – This is a towel specifically for cleaning your hands during a meal and is not for your face, neck or mouth. Using it for the latter is considered a faux pas.
- Chopsticks – They should be used to pass food into your mouth without touching the inside of your mouth. Do not point at food or people with them. Do not stab food with them. If you place them on the table to the side of your dish it signifies you’re still eating, but if you place them together and sideways across the plate or bowl then this means you are finished.
- Eating – Start a meal by saying ‘Itadaki-masu’ which means ‘I gratefully receive’ before you begin. Remember not to put too much on your plate as anything you leave uneaten could be seen as a sign of impoliteness.
- Drinking – The number one rule is to never drink alone. Always wait until all of your guests have a drink before drinking yourself, then say ‘kanpai’ or ‘cheers’.
- Paying – You can end a meal by saying ‘gochisōsama deshita’, which means ‘Thank you for the feast’. Crossing one finger over the other to create an ‘X’ can then also be used to signify you are ready for the bill.
- Tipping – Tipping is not common, necessary or expected in Japan. Leaving money on the table could cause confusion.
Of course, don’t worry if you don’t get everything perfectly right on the first try. The Japanese are known for their hospitality and gratitude, and are often forgiving of travellers who aren’t accustomed to their ways. For a more detailed guide read A Guide to Japanese Table Manners and for more general advice on customs and etiquette check out A Guide to Japanese Etiquette.
- You can read specifically about two of Japan’s most famous foods, sushi and ramen, in our beginner’s guides to both dishes, Japan for Sushi Lovers and A Beginner’s Guide to Ramen.
- You’ll be thirsty after all that food, so how about a nice cold beer? Find out about one of Japan’s other love affairs in A Craft Beer Tour of Japan.
- Japan’s food not only tastes delicious, but it looks beautiful too. You may want to take a photo and upload it to Instagram, but remember to purchase our Pocket Wifi to save on expensive data charges overseas?
- And if you’re a fan of Instagram, you should read our list of the Most Instagrammable Locations in Japan.
- If your culinary adventures take you in the inner city, whether it’s Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, or somewhere else, remember to purchase a prepaid travel card, as well as your JR Rail Pass for subway or bus travel. | <urn:uuid:9b352cee-ab33-4f5f-88a3-a9012e1305aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jrpass.com/blog/guide-to-japanese-food-and-regional-dishes.%C2%A0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.940625 | 3,902 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Linux OS was built on a UNIX-like framework with GNU tools and functions. The basic form of Linux referred to as the kernel processes the I/O, RAM and Central Processing Unit and processes the requests from higher level programs. However, the kernel on its own is not adequate to offer utility to the operating system due to the fact its link is low-level and will seem rubbish to a basic operator. The kernel depends on a host of other program applications like GUIs and file management systems etc to round off the operating system suite. This is the place where the distributions come into play. A distribution type denotes a Linux suite that is modified for a specific type of program or use. Each and every distribution generally consists of the Linux kernel, related libraries and utilities, extra program and applications along with their binary and source codes in order that they can be developed later by the operator, and a Graphical User Interface typically based on a window structure, one of the most typical being the X window structure. Live CD/USB running component of Linux makes it feasible to use the operating system without even mounting it on the PC or netbook. The program repository component of Linux assists the operators to download a plethora of application programs trouble-free.
With numerous distribution bundles available in the free in addition to the commercial market, one of the most tough choice to make while beginning on Linux is to choose the best Distro package. For a beginner, the largest importance must be to choose the best desktop context, because the Graphical User Interface is the item that the worker will be interacting with all the time while using the computer or device. one of the most common ones are – GNOME, KDE, Xfce, Unity, MATE etc. You can find more information in this article about Linux.
While GNOME is one of the most commonplace interface, it might not be user friendly for somebody recently introduced to Linux. KDE is very much like Windows however is a little weighty on the system requirements. Unity of Ubuntu is rather analogous to the Apple iOS. The safest wager is to use some live sample setting like the Hybyrde Linux which does not require installation for trialling different environments.
The following move should be to pick out a distribution that offers the designated desktop setting. Ubuntu is one of the most commonplace with its own program repository. It uses the Debian engineering, so does Linux Mint. The latter is advisable for men and women transitioning from Windows. Fedora has its own repository. OpenSUSE uses comparable to Fedora technologies but is more constant as a consequence of its older stage. | <urn:uuid:35b8786c-eaf2-4524-8879-32c77a0bb8ba> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://outlookpasswordrecovery.us/archives/2016/02.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209980.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815063517-20180815083517-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.94314 | 523 | 2.96875 | 3 |
10 Steps to Passing the AP US History Exam
The AP U.S. History exam, given in May each year, challenges you to synthesize and apply your historical knowledge for a chance to earn college credit. While preparing for this cumulative test can be a daunting process, practicing writing and critical thinking skills, making a study plan and knowing the exam structure can help you prepare with efficiency and focus.
Because the AP exam covers U.S. history from 1492 to the present, reviewing previous course material throughout the year will make retaining and recalling the information easier. This will streamline your study process as you move toward the year-end test.
Take note of recurring themes in U.S. history as you review, such as cultural changes, diversity and political growth. Keeping a chart that traces these themes throughout history can help you see the panorama of America's development.
Practice Textual Interpretation
On the AP exam, the document-based essay question will require you to reference a set of primary source documents, such as political speeches, cartoons and legal decisions. Practice analyzing these texts on your own by identifying the time period, author and the significance of the ideas.
Practice Writing Well Under Pressure
Crafting well-structured historical essays in a limited time frame is a crucial part of the AP exam. Your instructor will probably give you essay prompts to respond to in class. Use these evaluations as practice for writing timed essays.
Survey the Territory
Knowing the exam's structure will make you aware of what to expect on test day. The exam takes three hours to complete, including a 55-minute multiple-choice section and a 130-minute essay section, which also includes a 15-minute reading period for the document-based questions.
Buy a Study Guide
Many educational resource companies publish AP study guides and test preparation resources with tips for making a study plan, full-length exams and a review of major course concepts.
The best study plan continues through a full school grading period, or approximately nine weeks, according to the Peterson's AP exam guide. Make a study schedule that covers what historical periods you'll review each week.
Taking a practice test can both give you an idea of how you'd score on the exam and lessen your anxiety. Complete the practice test under the same conditions as the real exam, in a quiet room free from distractions with only a pencil and the test.
Make Use of Class Time
Use your AP class meetings as a chance to ask questions and engage in discussions with your peers. Take note of any advice or tips your teacher has for exam preparation.
Resist the urge to attempt a comprehensive review the night before the exam. Instead, review a few concepts you've struggled with, then get plenty of sleep.
Kori Morgan holds a Bachelor of Arts in professional writing and a Master of Fine Arts in creative writing and has been crafting online and print educational materials since 2006. She taught creative writing and composition at West Virginia University and the University of Akron and her fiction, poetry and essays have appeared in numerous literary journals. | <urn:uuid:978d98f4-4079-4afa-b25e-1d624fdff73a> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://education.seattlepi.com/10-steps-passing-ap-history-exam-4016.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153223.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727072531-20210727102531-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.931078 | 625 | 2.953125 | 3 |
We describe how fast an object is moving as the 'speed' of the object. When we can measure how much distance an object covers in a certain period of time, we know the 'speed' of the object. Say a man cycles 1000 meters in one hour, his 'speed' will be one kilometer per hour and is written as 1KMph.
When we talk about the direction and the speed of the object, we are referring to its 'velocity'. So, we can describe the 'velocity' of an object as its 'speed' towards a certain place or in a certain direction. Therefore, an airplane traveling at 500 miles an hour towards the west will be said to have a 'velocity of 500 miles per hour due west. If we can measure any quantity as well as determine the direction of the quantity, we call that quantity a 'vector'. Velocity is, therefore, a 'vector.'
The speed and direction of an object is always changing. The speed of the rider on the cycle may change from 1KMph to 2KMph and back again to less than 2KMph. Generally speaking physics refers to the rate of change of 'velocity' as 'acceleration'. Let us say that the rider on the cycle changed his speed from 1KMph to 2KMph and that it took him 1 hour to attain the speed of 2KMph. This means that he increased his speed by 1KMph in 1 hour; therefore, we will say that his 'acceleration' or rate of change in velocity was 1KMph. Acceleration not only refers to speeding up, but also slowing down.
You can summarize if you'd like.
1. The first law of motion states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line ,unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force.
2. The second law of motion explains how the velocity will change. The law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum ( mass times velosity ) per change in time.
3. The third law of motion states that for every action ( force ) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. | <urn:uuid:88142903-e88a-45e2-8c7e-2c9d9f619521> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1265845536 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445080.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00110-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956653 | 456 | 4.28125 | 4 |
When we speak of martyrs we are probably thinking of people who suffered for the Faith in ancient times. But in every age of Christianity, even our own, Christ has continued to call on some men, women and children to die for Him and with Him.
A Christian martyr is one killed out of hatred for his Faith or its teachings. Thus Pope Pius XI said of the thousands of Catholics brutally killed in the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939, that they were “genuine martyrs.”
This terrible civil war has often been called a rehearsal for World War II, because international Fascism and Communism became involved in it. Nevertheless, it remained a typically Spanish conflict, the culminating struggle in a century-long series of contests between anti-Catholic and Catholic Spaniards in this traditionally Catholic but very diversified country.
In 1931, the Spanish Liberal elements (including rationalists, Freemasons, and various socialist groups) succeeded in ousting King Alfonso XIII and establishing a republic. While any nation has a right to choose its own form of government, the foundation of the Spanish Republic was ominous, because it was accompanied by anti-Catholic legislation and the burning of convents by anarchist groups. A Catholic reaction reversed this tendency in 1933-1936, but the fire was by no means extinguished.
In 1936, General Francisco Franco, a staunch Catholic, formed a national movement to restore legality and order in Spain. The opposition, under the banner of the Republic, sent its army against Franco’s army. A bitter contest followed, in which most Protestant countries of the West were inclined to favor the Republican Loyalists (supported by international Communism) against Franco (who received some aid from Hitler and Mussolini). In a sense, therefore, the Spanish Civil War became an ideological contest.
Especially at the start, however, the Loyalists renewed the attack on the Catholic Church, its property and its representatives. Critics of the modern Spanish Church sometimes claimed that the Spanish clergy and religious were unworthy and decadent. But it stands to reason that not all the many church victims could be that worthless. The number of bishops killed was 12; of secular priests, 4100; of religious-order clergy, 2300; and of nuns, 382. Records were kept of these victims, who died particularly in 1936 and 1937. It was impossible to keep a record of the countless laymen and laywomen executed, sometimes simply because they were caught with a crucifix, medal or rosary.
General Franco eventually won the war and restored the rights of the Church. He was succeeded in 1975 by a revived and modernized monarchy, headed by King Juan Carlos I, who is still reigning. While Catholicism has lost some of its prerogatives in our day, it still retains a favored position in Spain.
Once the wounds of the Civil War were healed, the popes were able to entertain the proposal to declare its noblest victims, martyrs. This is now being done gradually. Thus on October 1, 1991, Pope John Paul II beatified the Spanish Passionist Father, Niceforo de Jesus, and 25 of his confreres at the monastery of Daimiel.
Their story is brief but moving. The Passionist monastery at Daimiel specialized in training its young members in missionary methods. It housed six priests, four lay brothers, and 15 students, aged 18 to 21.
At midnight on July 21, 1936, when the anti-religious campaign was at its height, a crowd of some 200 armed men surrounded the Passionist house and demanded that all leave immediately. Father Niceforo, the provincial superior, first gathered his men together. He gave them general absolution and Holy Communion. All of them agreed to be faithful to God and to their vocation, no matter what. Then they were herded off to the local cemetery and charged with being members of a religious order. The local mayor intervened to prevent their being buried alive, or shot right there; so, having said farewell to each other, they were led off in different directions, like sheep to the slaughter. Niceforo and five of the students were killed on July 23 at Manzanares; nine others at another place on the same day. The rest were shot in groups on July 25, September 25, and October 23. That was their earthly end. It was also their heavenly beginning.
The ready acceptance of death by these young men revives, as does any such martyrdom, the questions: If your faith and my faith were to be challenged in this way, how would we respond?
–Father Robert F. McNamara | <urn:uuid:8a3404b8-1a2c-4450-a0a9-e94044090175> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.kateriirondequoit.org/resources/saints-alive/nativity-of-our-lord-notker/bl-niceforo-and-companions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648205.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323083246-20180323103246-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.985614 | 943 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Fair Use, Copyright, and Risk
I am not a lawyer!
(I.e., this is not valid legal advice)
The best place for information on copyright
can be found at the Library of Congress
' web site for copyright
The Library of Congress Fact Sheet (FL 102) on fair use states: "The distinction between 'fair use' and infringement may be unclear and not easily defined. There is no specific number of words, lines, or notes that may safely be taken without permission." According to Title 17, sec. 107 of the United States Code, the four elements to be considered in determining fair use are:
- the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
- the nature of the copyrighted work;
- the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
- the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
Since the wording in the United States Code on fair use is undeniably ambiguous, it is only through litigation that specific cases of copyright infringement are resolved. Anyone can claim the application of fair use, but whether such a claim is valid or not is only resolved by litigation from an aggrieved copyright holder. It is via the judiciary that the fair use provisions actually get weighed and applied. Inspection of such cases indicates that financial damage to the copyright holder is the most probable cause of litigation.
This leads to an interesting conclusion:
The application of fair use is related to the claimant's level of risk tolerance.
Whether they understand it, or not, the potential fair user
considers these two questions:
- To what extent does a claim of fair use actually satisfy the ambiguous wording of the law?
- What is the likelihood that the copyright holder will litigate?
Copyright lawyers get paid beaucoup bucks
to advise individuals
on these issues. | <urn:uuid:16ddd8be-4302-4562-a181-b1577a10f3a5> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://everything2.org/index.pl?node_id=1248815 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246649738.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045729-00151-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920093 | 399 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Daha Asian Games silver medallist Santhi Soundarajan of India had failed a sex test .
At the Olympic Games in Atlanta, about 3,500 women athletes had to undergo a diagnostic procedure that most medical authorities have characterised as misleading and unnecessary: a sex test aimed at verifying that they are not males masquerading as females. The aim, obviously, is to ensure that males, with their naturally androgen-enhanced muscular strength, don't compete against females in women-only contests. But most medical experts say that the test is far more likely to bar unfairly from competition women with genetic abnormalities that confer no such advantages.
Sex testing was hardly an issue in early Olympic Games when the competitors, all men, walked naked through the gates. But doubts about the gender of participants in women's events occasionally arose after the games were opened to women in 1912.
The only well-documented case of a male impostor competing against women in the modern Olympics involved a German athlete named Hermann Ratjen, who bound up his genitals, assumed the name 'Dora' and competed in the high jump in the 1936 Olympics. The deception wasn't discovered until 1955, when Ratjen, who came fourth in the event, blamed the deception on Nazi officials.
Sex testing was introduced in competitive sports in the mid-1960s, amid rumour that some competitors in women's events were not truly female - especially two Soviet sisters who won gold medals at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics, and who abruptly retired when gender verification testing began.
The first tests, at the European Championships in 1966 and the Pan-American Games in 1967, required female competitors to undress before a panel of doctors. Other methods used during this period included manual examination or close-up scrutiny of the athlete's genital region.
When athletes complained that these tests were degrading, the IOC at the Mexico City Olympics in 1968 introduced genetic testing in the form of a sex chromatin (Barr body) analysis of cells from a buccal smear. The procedure was further modified at the Barcelona games, using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify the DNA extracted from a specimen to allow detection of a Y chromosome gene, SRY, that codes for male determination. | <urn:uuid:20185c61-a7c5-4d35-b620-a8eaf550a508> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://language.chinadaily.com.cn/2007-09/05/content_6083293.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525414.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717221901-20190718003901-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.916771 | 454 | 2.734375 | 3 |
“Your mind's always on food!”
You're having a conversation about something with your boyfriend, and he interrupts to ask what's for dinner. You're annoyed that he always talks about food. You say this.
Your mind's always on food!
Use this expression to talk about a topic that someone thinks about a lot. Aside from food, here are some of the most common topics that people's minds are "always on":
His mind is always on work.
Your mind is always on sex.
Her mind was always on other things.
Most of the time, when you say that someone's mind is "always on" something, it's a complaint. You want to say that they think about that topic too much.
You can also use the phrase "get your mind off of ___":
It's nice to take some time off and get your mind off of work for a few days.
The speaker in the example says "Your mind's..." This means "Your mind is..."
"Is" can be contracted to "'s" on the end of a noun:
The refrigerator's broken.
Patty's nineteen now.
But the same form is also used to show that something belongs to a person or thing:
The refrigerator's handle is broken.
Patty's brother goes to my son's school.
English speakers have to figure out which way "'s" is being used based on the situation. | <urn:uuid:d4fb0c00-0625-4bb4-bcfd-edc5da658e7d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.phrasemix.com/examples/your-minds-always-on-food | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585381.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021040342-20211021070342-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.974311 | 300 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Over the recent past Green buildings and green technology have taken a trending part in construction and building. The architects and civil and structural engineers are now demanded to build nature constructive nature preservative buildings that are energy efficient and are environmental friendly.
The diversity of nature had been affected very badly by the construction industry but to limit its devastation the engineers and construction professionals are now on track.
One such story has been reported in Glasgow\’s Strathclyde University where architecture students have build a unique cabin that blends itself with the surrounding nature. This building is designed to blend in perfectly with Scotland\’s Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park.
The cabin is constructed using wood structure covered by mirror that gives different looks when seen from different angles and directions and almost disappear when seen from distant.
Here are some of the views;
Photographs courtesy of Strathclyde University. | <urn:uuid:577f821f-ddaa-4ba5-a8d1-6d69bcc2c28b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.iamcivilengineer.com/2014/08/first-ever-strange-invisible-house-build-interesting-construction.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.960462 | 186 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Deciduous Oak Trees
Oak trees are one of the most widely observed trees worldwide, according to the Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. There is an abundance of deciduous oak tree species. For example, in Oklahoma alone there are 21 different oak species. Diverse characteristics from species to species make the deciduous oak tree a versatile addition to the home landscape.
Deciduous oak trees are those trees with leaves that change color during the fall season and often drop from the tree. In contrast, evergreen oaks have foliage that remains dark green and stays on the branch year round. Deciduous oaks, or the Quercus species, are known for their large size and pleasing aesthetic impact. Growth rate and height is variable depending on the particular species. Some oaks grow up to 100 feet tall, according to the Clemson University Extension in Clemson, South Carolina.
Deciduous oak trees are often used to provide shade. Due to their great size they are not ideal for small residential spaces. You must provide your trees with a large enough area for their wide-spreading canopies and root systems. Deciduous oak trees thrive in full sun exposure to partial shade and should be grown in moist, acidic, well-drained soil rich in nutrients, according to the Clemson University Extension. Though some deciduous oaks tolerate wet or dry soils, alkalinity will cause problems like iron deficiency.
Widely planted species are all similar but vary in particular traits. Water oak (Q. nigra) is an oak tree with a rapid growth rate of 25 feet per 10 years, reaching an overall height and width of 50 to 60 feet, according to the Clemson University Extension. Water oaks display shiny green leaves that turn yellow during the fall. White oaks (Q. alba) have a slow growth rate of up to 15 feet per 12 years, reaching a mature height and spread of approximately 50 to 100 feet. These oaks display vivid green leaves that become deep red to purple in the fall.
Common pests and insects of the oak tree include oak leaf blister, powdery mildew and galls. Oak leaf blister is a fungal infection that causes blistered spots on leaf surfaces. Damage is usually mild and cannot be treated once infection occurs. Maintain vigorous trees for resistance. Powdery mildew is another fungal infection. This disease causes white patches on leaves that resemble mildew, as the name suggests, according to the Clemson University Extension. Powdery mildew is not usually severe enough for chemical control. However, with extreme infection apply myclobutanil or other appropriate fungicides for management. Galls on oak trees are abnormal growths of plant tissue that occur as a hormonal response to the presence of insects on plant surfaces. For control, no chemical treatment is advised. Remove and destroy galls and affected plant parts.
Consider adding a layer of mulch to the area of soil surrounding your deciduous oak trees. Since oaks prefer consistently moist soil and are susceptible to a wide variety of diseases and insect pests, the addition of organic matter like mulch increases water retention and lessens the potential for weed growth, advises the University of Florida IFAS Extension. Weeds often act as hosts to diseases and pests that spread to oak trees. | <urn:uuid:7b93447b-f85f-4f97-8699-3e47705a0f77> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.gardenguides.com/127375-deciduous-oak-trees.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419593.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601180335-20200601210335-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.937446 | 668 | 3.859375 | 4 |
A name used for mathematical objects that arise as a result of completing so-called constructive processes. For the description of some constructive process or other "… it is usually assumed that the objects which figure in a given consideration as indecomposable initial objects are clearly characterized; it is assumed that a list of the rules for forming new objects from already constructed objects that figure in the given consideration as descriptions of allowable steps of constructive processes is given; it is assumed that the formation processes are realized by separate steps, where the choice of a new step is carried out under the restrictions determined by the already constructed objects and by the collection of those formation rules that actually can be applied to the already constructed objects" (cf. ). This description of a constructive process, and thus of a constructive object, cannot, of course, have the pretension of being an exact mathematical definition. However, concrete mathematical theories always deal only with those concrete types of constructive objects that have an exact characterization. The description of a constructive object given above may serve in those situations as a means for choosing corresponding exact definitions.
Words over a fixed alphabet provide an example of an exactly defined type of constructive objects (the letters in this alphabet play the role of initial objects; new words are obtained from already constructed ones by the addition on the right (cf. , Sect. 17) of letters of the alphabet considered). Other examples of types of constructive objects are finite graphs (cf. Graph), finite abstract topological complexes (cf. Complex), and relay-contact schemes (the choice of the corresponding initial objects and formation rules present no difficulties). Also, rational numbers, algebraic polynomials, algorithms, and calculi of various well-defined types (cf. Algorithm; Calculus), finitely-presented groups and other analogous mathematical objects may be defined as constructive objects.
Constructive objects play an important role in those mathematical theories in which the need arises to consider objects that allow for a clear individual specification by means of some mathematical symbolism. Within set-theoretical mathematics, with its unlimited use of the abstraction of actual infinity, constructive objects and arbitrary sets of constructive objects are considered along with, and on the same level as, simple mathematical objects, among which the constructive objects are distinguished only by their higher "tangibility" . Within constructive mathematics, constructive objects (or objects determined by them) form the naturally admissible type of mathematical objects for consideration. Their consideration here is based on a rejection of the abstraction of actual infinity as well as on a special constructive logic, taking the features of the definition of constructive objects into account. See also Constructive mathematics.
|||A.A. Markov, "On constructive mathematics" Amer. Math. Soc. Translations (2) , 98 (1971) pp. 1–9 Trudy Mat. Inst. Steklov. , 67 (1962) pp. 8–14|
|||A.A. Markov, "On the logic of constructive mathematics" Vestnik Moskov. Univ. Ser. I Mat. Mekh. , 25 (1970) pp. 7–29 (In Russian)|
|||A.A. Markov, N.M. [N.M. Nagornyi] Nagorny, "The theory of algorithms" , Reidel (1988) (Translated from Russian) Zbl 0663.03023|
|||N.A. Shanin, "Constructive real numbers and constructive function spaces" , Transl. Math. Monogr. , 21 , Amer. Math. Soc. (1968) (Translated from Russian)|
Constructive object. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Constructive_object&oldid=36876 | <urn:uuid:095268ba-16f1-4807-af40-1641cb57e855> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Constructive_object | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258439.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525184948-20190525210948-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.905193 | 776 | 3.15625 | 3 |
This week we celebrate Real food for our Journey. This is the familiar feast of our Catholic Faith. When we celebrate Corpus Christi Sunday, it brings back fond memories of the smells and bells. Eucharistic 40 hour devotions and adoration to great Eucharistic processions. There are memories of the beautiful canopies, the monstrance and elaborate vestments.
What is this feast all about. The scriptures teach us that Jesus is our real food for our journey. The scriptures are linked as we look at the journey and the daily walk of the people of Israel. A people who had lived in bondage and walking in freedom, find themselves hungering in the desert of their journey. Their hunger draws them to a desire to return to the familiar place of slavery, that place where although enslaved it was familiar to them, and they were physically satisfied. But God desires to continue to provide for them on their journey. Just as He had led them out of slavery with a mighty hand so to he would feed them. Manna, referring to what they saw falling from heaven, “what is it?” the people gathered and had sustenance each Day.
“Do not forget the LORD, your God,
who brought you out of the land of Egypt,
that place of slavery;
who guided you through the vast and terrible desert
with its seraph serpents and scorpions,
its parched and waterless ground;
who brought forth water for you from the flinty rock
and fed you in the desert with manna,
a food unknown to your fathers.”
As the people of Israel sought freedom and hungered in their traveling to that place promised by God they cried out to the Lord and God heard them. You see we too continue to Journey and in the midst of our sojourn, a moving from Racism and Hatred, to equality and love, find ourselves in need of food. This spiritual journey is very much a real one for us. This has been a long trek, for 500 years we’ve suffered under racism and oppression. Our journey has been perilous, we must walk this way together.
This celebration of Corpus Christi must be a celebration that reminds us and encourages us that we are not alone on this great trek. We’ve embarked on a voyage pressed upon us because we could not live in slavery, we could not live under segregation and degradation, we can no longer live in fear for the lives of our young people today. The Body of Christ and His ever presence with us is Real food for a perilous journey.
Jesus reminds teaches the people:
“I am the living bread that came down from heaven;
whoever eats this bread will live forever;
and the bread that I will give
is my flesh for the life of the world.”
The people of Jesus’ day suffered under oppression and tyranny, and he offered Himself as the food for their struggle. We must find in Jesus, the sole source of strength and ability to transfer the dark days we find ourselves in to bright tomorrows. To see in the precious body and blood of Jesus the divine presence united to us to face the perils of our time.
Again and again, even after Mr. Floyd’s death, we continue to see in some cities a few police officers subjugating and denying people of color their rights. From young men hand cuffed for simply walking down a street with no sidewalks, some just targeting young black youth and then fined for Jaywalking, another man found hanging from a tree in Palmdale, California. Attitudes of disregard, disrespect and indifference link themselves, to hatred and disdain for the person who is black or brown. As I ate for the first time breakfast in a local restaurant, an indifferent man, walked by with no mask and coughs. He’s clueless and doesn’t care about others. When confronted by one of our youth, he was again disrespecting seeing the youth simply as a nuisance. Giving a dishonorable and disrespectful gesture to the young man.
Just as it took the ten plagues to loosen the heart of Pharaoh it will take much to change the hearts of so many indifferent people from our halls of governance, to our suburbs to our heartland. Across our nation and our would the masses are rising. Young People, take your rightful place, stand for what is right. Not only stand against unjust policing, and racism, but examine your lives and make sure you are doing and being the very best you can be. Seek self determination and better yourselves in seeking excellence each day. Don’t settle for the scraps thrown from the tables of justice, rather take your rightful place at the table.
Sharing in the Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ gives us strength to face our journey, to step forward empowered by the Divine life within us.
“I know you are asking today, “How long will it take?…How long will prejudice blind the visions of men, darken their understanding, and drive bright-eyed wisdom from her sacred throne?”
…How long? Not long, because no lie can live forever.
How long? Not long, because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.
Matin Luther King Jr Montgomery Alabama 1965 | <urn:uuid:2de6b37f-2a0f-47bb-af84-f1d365c04270> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://stjosephstpete.org/2020/06/13/real-food-for-your-journey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621519.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615180356-20210615210356-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.954078 | 1,100 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Warp knitting is a term used to describe a type of machine knitting used in the commercial knitting world. Although it is still considered a form of knitting, it is very difficult to do by hand; therefore the warp knitting fundamentals are not the same as the fundamentals of hand knitting. If you aren’t accustomed to knitting on a machine, the warp knitting fundamentals can seem rather confusing but really, it is a pretty straightforward technique.
What is Warp Knitting?
Warp knitting is a type of knitting done almost exclusively on a knitting machine, due to the fact that each needle requires its own thread, which can be very cumbersome during hand knitting. It creates parallel rows of stitches that are interlocked to form a knit fabric that is very elastic and flexible, making it a perfect fabric for women’s garments.
Warp knitting is much faster than other types of machine knitting. In fact, it is considered the fastest method of producing bulk knitting fabric. The fall back is that it can only create fabric yardage, rather than fitted or shaped garments. The knitted fabric by the yard that you find in many craft stores is created using warp knitting. This is handy for those that would like to create a sweater out of knit fabric but cannot knit. With this fabric you can sew a sweater that looks knitted and can be washed in the washing machine without the risk of shrinkage.
The downfall to warp knitting is that while it is fast, the fabric created from this technique can be fairly course and thick if you’re not careful, unlike other types of machine knitting where you can get smooth, elastic fabric with much better drape. Still, if time is of importance, warp knitting is ideal since you can create fabric in bulk.
Basic Warp Knitting Fundamentals
There are two main parts to a warp knitting structure. You first have the stitch itself, which is created similarly to a hand knit stitch, by wrapping yarn around the needle and then pulling a loop through an existing stitch. This wrapped yarn is called an overlap, which is an important aspect in warp knitting fundamentals.
The second part to a warp knitting fabric is the under lap, which is the length of yarn linking together the stitches. The length of this under lap is dependent on how far apart the needles are on the machine. A short under lap creates less stability in the fabric, while long under lap creates more stability. However, this can also affect the fabric’s weight, since a longer under lap requires more yarn, which makes the finished fabric heavier and thicker.
Warp Knitting Stitches
There are six fundamental stitches in warp knitting. They are the tricot knit, Milanese knit, Simplex knit, Raschel knit, Ketten Raschel knit, and crochet knit. Each stitch is used for different garments and different looks.
The Tricot knit stitch, for example, is very soft and less prone to wrinkles than other knit fabrics. Tricot knit fabrics are the most delicate and are often used in women’s lingerie such as slips, panties, bras, and nightgowns. Milanese knits, while not used as much anymore, are more stable and strong. They used to be used often to make the more expensive and high-end underwear. Another warp knitting style that is still used often is Raschel knitting, which creates thick, bulky fabric without much stretch. These fabrics are often used for making bulky items like jackets, skirts, dresses, and coats. These three fabrics are the most used fabrics in warp knitting, although there are others that are less common. The other warp knitting fundamental stitches include:
• Simplex knit, which is pretty thick and dense.
• Ketten raschel knit, which creates a raised pattern on the fabric.
• Crochet knit, which is the basic hand-crochet stitch.
Machine knitting is a great way to quickly make fabrics that are more elastic and flexible than woven fabrics. This is great for fitted garments and garments that require a lot of drape. Things like women’s lingerie would be a lot different today if warp knitting fundamentals had not been discovered. By understanding the basic warp knitting fundamentals, you can understand more about the fabric you’re using, or even attempt machine knitting yourself. | <urn:uuid:3c69df6a-3d47-45f7-ab4e-8c06a1362783> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://machineknittingadvice.com/basic-warp-knitting-fundamentals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671260.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122115908-20191122143908-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.940836 | 878 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic form of arthritis known to affect around 1 in 200 people (over 1 million sufferers in the USA alone). No cure has yet been found for the disease, however, early diagnosis and proper medical management can be important in reducing the risk of disability and deformity.
Ankylosing Spondylitis in Clinical Practice is a concise, practical guide on the diagnosis and management of this debilitating condition. The chapters cover all relevant issues including:
* Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis
* Genetics of ankylosing spondylitis
* Clinical manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis
* Diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis
* Imaging in ankylosing spondylitis
* Management of ankylosing spondylitis including non-drug and drug treatment options
* Socioeconomic aspects of ankylosing spondylitis
This book is aimed at clinicians who treat ankylosing spondylitis. It provides an authoritative, accessible guide to the diagnosis, management and treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. | <urn:uuid:89ff2e2f-b82e-4720-b6b0-9edf563502b0> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.frohberg.de/product/euroSales179861/ankylosing-spondylitis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107898577.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028132718-20201028162718-00613.warc.gz | en | 0.858665 | 240 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Gavin Schmidt and Stefan Rahmstorf
John Tierney and Roger Pielke Jr. have recently discussed attempts to validate (or falsify) IPCC projections of global temperature change over the period 2000-2007. Others have attempted to show that last year’s numbers imply that ‘Global Warming has stopped’ or that it is ‘taking a break’ (Uli Kulke, Die Welt)). However, as most of our readers will realise, these comparisons are flawed since they basically compare long term climate change to short term weather variability.
This becomes immediately clear when looking at the following graph:
The red line is the annual global-mean GISTEMP temperature record (though any other data set would do just as well), while the blue lines are 8-year trend lines – one for each 8-year period of data in the graph. What it shows is exactly what anyone should expect: the trends over such short periods are variable; sometimes small, sometimes large, sometimes negative – depending on which year you start with. The mean of all the 8 year trends is close to the long term trend (0.19ºC/decade), but the standard deviation is almost as large (0.17ºC/decade), implying that a trend would have to be either >0.5ºC/decade or much more negative (< -0.2ºC/decade) for it to obviously fall outside the distribution. Thus comparing short trends has very little power to distinguish between alternate expectations.
So, it should be clear that short term comparisons are misguided, but the reasons why, and what should be done instead, are worth exploring.
The first point to make (and indeed the first point we always make) is that the climate system has enormous amounts of variability on day-to-day, month-to-month, year-to-year and decade-to-decade periods. Much of this variability (once you account for the diurnal cycle and the seasons) is apparently chaotic and unrelated to any external factor – it is the weather. Some aspects of weather are predictable – the location of mid-latitude storms a few days in advance, the progression of an El Niño event a few months in advance etc, but predictability quickly evaporates due to the extreme sensitivity of the weather to the unavoidable uncertainty in the initial conditions. So for most intents and purposes, the weather component can be thought of as random.
If you are interested in the forced component of the climate – and many people are – then you need to assess the size of an expected forced signal relative to the unforced weather ‘noise’. Without this, the significance of any observed change is impossible to determine. The signal to noise ratio is actually very sensitive to exactly what climate record (or ‘metric’) you are looking at, and so whether a signal can be clearly seen will vary enormously across different aspects of the climate.
An obvious example is looking at the temperature anomaly in a single temperature station. The standard deviation in New York City for a monthly mean anomaly is around 2.5ºC, for the annual mean it is around 0.6ºC, while for the global mean anomaly it is around 0.2ºC. So the longer the averaging time-period and the wider the spatial average, the smaller the weather noise and the greater chance to detect any particular signal.
In the real world, there are other sources of uncertainty which add to the ‘noise’ part of this discussion. First of all there is the uncertainty that any particular climate metric is actually representing what it claims to be. This can be due to sparse sampling or it can relate to the procedure by which the raw data is put together. It can either be random or systematic and there are a couple of good examples of this in the various surface or near-surface temperature records.
Sampling biases are easy to see in the difference between the GISTEMP surface temperature data product (which extrapolates over the Arctic region) and the HADCRUT3v product which assumes that Arctic temperature anomalies don’t extend past the land. These are both defendable choices, but when calculating global mean anomalies in a situation where the Arctic is warming up rapidly, there is an obvious offset between the two records (and indeed GISTEMP has been trending higher). However, the long term trends are very similar.
A more systematic bias is seen in the differences between the RSS and UAH versions of the MSU-LT (lower troposphere) satellite temperature record. Both groups are nominally trying to estimate the same thing from the same data, but because of assumptions and methods used in tying together the different satellites involved, there can be large differences in trends. Given that we only have two examples of this metric, the true systematic uncertainty is clearly larger than the simply the difference between them.
What we are really after is how to evaluate our understanding of what’s driving climate change as encapsulated in models of the climate system. Those models though can be as simple as an extrapolated trend, or as complex as a state-of-the-art GCM. Whatever the source of an estimate of what ‘should’ be happening, there are three issues that need to be addressed:
- Firstly, are the drivers changing as we expected? It’s all very well to predict that a pedestrian will likely be knocked over if they step into the path of a truck, but the prediction can only be validated if they actually step off the curb! In the climate case, we need to know how well we estimated forcings (greenhouse gases, volcanic effects, aerosols, solar etc.) in the projections.
- Secondly, what is the uncertainty in that prediction given a particular forcing? For instance, how often is our poor pedestrian saved because the truck manages to swerve out of the way? For temperature changes this is equivalent to the uncertainty in the long-term projected trends. This uncertainty depends on climate sensitivity, the length of time and the size of the unforced variability.
- Thirdly, we need to compare like with like and be careful about what questions are really being asked. This has become easier with the archive of model simulations for the 20th Century (but more about this in a future post).
It’s worthwhile expanding on the third point since it is often the one that trips people up. In model projections, it is now standard practice to do a number of different simulations that have different initial conditions in order to span the range of possible weather states. Any individual simulation will have the same forced climate change, but will have a different realisation of the unforced noise. By averaging over the runs, the noise (which is uncorrelated from one run to another) averages out, and what is left is an estimate of the forced signal and its uncertainty. This is somewhat analogous to the averaging of all the short trends in the figure above, and as there, you can often get a very good estimate of the forced change (or long term mean).
Problems can occur though if the estimate of the forced change is compared directly to the real trend in order to see if they are consistent. You need to remember that the real world consists of both a (potentially) forced trend but also a random weather component. This was an issue with the recent Douglass et al paper, where they claimed the observations were outside the mean model tropospheric trend and its uncertainty. They confused the uncertainty in how well we can estimate the forced signal (the mean of the all the models) with the distribution of trends+noise.
This might seem confusing, but an dice-throwing analogy might be useful. If you have a bunch of normal dice (‘models’) then the mean point value is 3.5 with a standard deviation of ~1.7. Thus, the mean over 100 throws will have a distribution of 3.5 +/- 0.17 which means you’ll get a pretty good estimate. To assess whether another dice is loaded it is not enough to just compare one throw of that dice. For instance, if you threw a 5, that is significantly outside the expected value derived from the 100 previous throws, but it is clearly within the expected distribution.
Bringing it back to climate models, there can be strong agreement that 0.2ºC/dec is the expected value for the current forced trend, but comparing the actual trend simply to that number plus or minus the uncertainty in its value is incorrect. This is what is implicitly being done in the figure on Tierney’s post.
If that isn’t the right way to do it, what is a better way? Well, if you start to take longer trends, then the uncertainty in the trend estimate approaches the uncertainty in the expected trend, at which point it becomes meaningful to compare them since the ‘weather’ component has been averaged out. In the global surface temperature record, that happens for trends longer than about 15 years, but for smaller areas with higher noise levels (like Antarctica), the time period can be many decades.
Are people going back to the earliest projections and assessing how good they are? Yes. We’ve done so here for Hansen’s 1988 projections, Stefan and colleagues did it for CO2, temperature and sea level projections from IPCC TAR (Rahmstorf et al, 2007), and IPCC themselves did so in Fig 1.1 of AR4 Chapter 1. Each of these analyses show that the longer term temperature trends are indeed what is expected. Sea level rise, on the other hand, appears to be under-estimated by the models for reasons that are as yet unclear.
Finally, this subject appears to have been raised from the expectation that some short term weather event over the next few years will definitively prove that either anthropogenic global warming is a problem or it isn’t. As the above discussion should have made clear this is not the right question to ask. Instead, the question should be, are there analyses that will be made over the next few years that will improve the evaluation of climate models? There the answer is likely to be yes. There will be better estimates of long term trends in precipitation, cloudiness, winds, storm intensity, ice thickness, glacial retreat, ocean warming etc. We have expectations of what those trends should be, but in many cases the ‘noise’ is still too large for those metrics to be a useful constraint. As time goes on, the noise in ever-longer trends diminishes, and what gets revealed then will determine how well we understand what’s happening.
Update: We are pleased to see such large interest in our post. Several readers asked for additional graphs. Here they are:
These graphs illustrate that the 8-year trends in the UK Met Office data are of course just as noisy as in the GISS data; that 7-year trend lines are of course even noisier than 8-year trend lines; and that things start to stabilise (trends getting statistically robust) when 15-year averaging is used. This illustrates the key point we were trying to make: looking at only 8 years of data is looking primarily at the “noise” of interannual variability rather than at the forced long-term trend. This makes as much sense as analysing the temperature observations from 10-17 April to check whether it really gets warmer during spring.
And here is an update of the comparison of global temperature data with the IPCC TAR projections (Rahmstorf et al., Science 2007) with the 2007 values added in (for caption see that paper). With both data sets the observed long-term trends are still running in the upper half of the range that IPCC projected. | <urn:uuid:6b2f0b32-148d-4365-99e4-c8759a4e9670> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2008/01/uncertainty-noise-and-the-art-of-model-data-comparison/comment-page-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860126502.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161526-00210-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951022 | 2,431 | 2.859375 | 3 |
By Glen C. Strathy
The final stage of preparation - writing an outline for your novel - builds on everything you have done so far. So if you haven't yet read the following articles, you may want to do so before we go further:
Part 1: Choosing an Idea.
Part 2: Choosing a Story Goal.
Part 3: Creating a Plot Outline in 8 Easy Steps.
Part 4: Plot Development
Part 5: Creating Archetypal Characters.
Part 6: Making Characters Memorable and Believable.
Part 7: Choosing Your Main Character and His/Her Essential Counterpart
Part 8: Choosing a Setting
Part 9: Choosing a Theme
Naturally, you don't have to follow these articles step-by-step in order. They are just a guide. But if you do, you will know a lot about your story, and will be well prepared to begin writing an outline – which will make the process of writing the first draft of your novel much easier.
Note that writing an outline may take some time. Don't try to do it in one afternoon. You may need to ponder, brainstorm, go for walks, play with ideas, etc. for many days until you discover the right plot events and the right sequence to put them in. And even after that, better ideas may still occur to you in the course of writing and revising your novel.
Also, don't take the following procedure for writing an outline as carved in stone. It is designed to help you with writing an outline that is dramatically sound, but not to dictate or constrain your creativity. Let your passion for your story be your ultimate guide.
Ready? Let's begin...
Classical story theory, set down by Aristotle, goes as far as saying a good story will have 3 main events:
An inciting incident
A climax, crisis, or turning point
For this reason, most writers have traditionally followed a 3-act structure for their stories, with some exceptions. (Shakespeare preferred five acts; most modern playwrights prefer two.)
In this model, the major turning points in a story are called "drivers," and there are five of them: Each of these is an "event," defined by Armando Saldana-Mora, author of Dramatica for Screenwriters, as an irreversible change in the characters' circumstances that is meaningful to them and gives them new and more important purposes.
1st or Initial Driver: also known as the inciting incident. This is the event, without which, the rest of the story wouldn't happen. Sometimes it is told in flashback or in a prologue if it happens long before the main character enters the story.
2nd Driver: this is the event that typically gets the main character involved in the story. Think of it as the moment the main character sets foot on the journey.
3rd Driver. Often this is a "point of no return" for the main character. From here on, turning around would be impossible.
4th Driver (Crisis). In a story with a happy ending, this is the moment when disaster seems eminent. In a tragedy, it is the moment when the protagonist is on top of the world, right before things change for the worst.
5th and Final Driver: the moment when the outcome (happy or tragic) is decisively determined.
Once you have a sense of what the five drivers will be, you can start to map out the events that will happen in between the drivers. These events will make up the act.
So each act will be a series of events (or scenes) that show the characters reacting to the previous driver and set the stage for the next driver. The four acts follow the basic pattern of a dramatic arc, which is...
setup --> complication --> crisis --> resolution
Dramatica calls each of these four parts "signposts," which is a little misleading since they are usually a sequence of events rather than a single event.
So the overall or external plot of a story looks like this...
1st or Initial Driver
Act 1: Overall signpost #1: Setup
Here the story problem is established (the threat or opportunity that presents itself). The main character will be introduced here, along with the setting.
Act 2: Overall signpost #2: Complication
In act two, obstacles and complications arise as the main character pursues the story goal.
Act 3: Overall signpost #3: Move to Crisis
In act 3, everything builds towards a crisis. The characters may start to run out of time or options to solve the problem.
4th or Crisis Driver
Act 4: Overall signpost #4: Move to Resolution
In a story with a happy ending, this is the point where the main character takes control of the situation and starts working towards a victory. In a tragedy, all the main character's achievements will unravel in this act as it moves towards the final catastrophe.
5th or Final driver
If you have previously created a brief outline of your story using the 8 Plot Elements, you should review that outline and imagine how you can incorporate these elements into the above structure. For instance, some writers like to include each of the 8 elements once per act. Each act might have a forewarning, a requirement, a cost, a dividend, etc. Or you might just include each element once, it's up to you.
As you know by now, in the course of the story, your main character will face a dilemma of whether or not to change the way he handles whatever problems life throws at him. (See the articles on Plot Development and Main Characters.) In fact, his choice determines the success or failure of the effort achieve the Story Goal. As with the overall story, the main character's arc will consist of four parts or signposts...
Main Character Signpost #1: Initial Approach
This signpost demonstrates who the main character is when the story begins. In particular, it shows his/her habitual way of dealing with problems. It may or may not be a successful way, but it is his way. As with the other signposts, this event should be a meaningful, irreversible change that sets up the main character's inner conflict. It challenges his old way of doing things and puts him on the path towards change.
Main Character Signpost #2: Growth
The second signpost show the main character increasingly pressured to change, to adapt a new approach.
Main Character Signpost #3:
The main character's personal crisis arises at the third signpost. He will be put in a position where he must either change or not change. There is no turning back or delaying the moment any longer. This is his personal turning point
Main Character Signpost #4:
The final signpost shows whether the main character's decision was good or bad. It reveals fate at the end of the story, one that either rewards or punishes his choice.
Of course, if you've read the article on, Main Characters you'll know that the second most important character is the Impact Character. In fact, the impact character is so important that the next step in writing an outline is to create a separate throughline to show his/her influence...
The impact character's story is important because of the influence it has on the other characters, especially the main character. The impact character shows the main character an alternative way to deal with problems. It may or may not be the best way, but it gives the main character a reason to doubt himself. The impact character's story will also be marked by four signposts ...
Impact Character Signpost #1:
This is an event that introduces the impact character and gives the main character and the reader a glimpse of a different approach to dealing with problems. Again, the impact character's approach may or may not appear successful at first.
Impact Character Signpost #2:
second signpost of the impact character's story shows his deepening influence on the main character.
Impact Character Signpost #3:
The impact character's personal crisis has the biggest impact on the main character. In a story where the main character changes, the impact character will usually stay the same. If the main character stays the same, the impact character will usually be forced to change his ways. Either way, you need an event that shows what the impact character does when the pressure is at its height.
Impact Character Signpost #4:
The last signpost in this throughline will show the impact character's fate at the end of the story. What happens here may confirm or deny the validity of the main character's choice.
The fourth throughline to be addressed when writing an outline concerns the relationship between the main and the impact characters. Whether the impact character is the main character's friend or foe, romantic interest or rival, mentor or pupil, this relationship also needs its own arc.
Relationship Signpost #1:
The first event in this throughline establishes the relationship between the main and impact characters at the start of the novel. Remember that it too is an irreversible and meaningful change that puts their relationship on a particular path. (In a romance novel, this may be the moment when the two lovers meet for the first time.)
Relationship Signpost #2:
The second event complicates or deepens this relationship, taking it in a new direction (which can be negative or positive). (In a romance, this may be when the relationship first becomes romantic.)
Relationship Signpost #3:
The climax of the relationship occurs here. It is the most difficult test of the relationship, and the outcome will determine where this relationship is going. (In a romance, this may be the “black moment” when the relationship seems to break down and the couple separate. It is the dark before the dawn.)
Relationship Signpost #4:
This final event reveals how the relationship between the main and impact characters stands at the end of the story. (In a romance, it will be when the couple realize their love for each other.)
Writing an outline composed of the four throughlines – Overall, Main Character, Impact Character, and Relationship – will ensure you have a novel that is rich and satisfying. Of course, you may also have subplots which will to be mapped separately with their own 4-part structure. Also, we should note that some novelists give their main characters more than one impact character – so that the main character's dilemma isn't so much between his approach and someone else's but which of two people he should emulate.
Nonetheless, if you reach this point you will have have a minimum of 16 key signposts for your novel. As you may guess, the four “Signpost #1s” will make up your first act. The Signpost #2s will go into Act 2, etc. That gives you four Acts, and four key events for each one.
Your next step in writing an
outline will be to decide what order to put the signposts within each
act. This is entirely up to you. The important thing is that all the setups are in act 1, all the complications in act 2, etc. Each act therefore covers a different type of material. This principle, combined with the drivers, is what makes each act distinct.
If your outline feels detailed enough at this point, you can stop here and start the actual novel writing. As you write, you will of course need to create additional events to take the reader from one signpost to the next. But the advantage is that will always know what signpost you are building towards. That's a big improvement over Aristotle's three events, which leave a lot of empty space to be filled in.
However, if you are interested in writing an outline that is even more complete, you can go to the next level and flesh out the signposts a little more.
In essence, a novel can be described as one big event – a major change in the lives of the characters. In the telling, however, we break it down into a sequence of acts, each of which is composed of signposts.
Similarly, each signpost is an event that may be subdivided into three or four smaller events, becoming thus a sequence itself. Each signpost can have its own ...
Scene 1: Inciting event
Scene 2: Complication
Scene 3: Conflict
Scene 4: Resolution
Turning your 16 signposts into sequences will give you as many as 64 events or scenes for your novel - a well-planned roadmap indeed. What's more, these scenes will not be randomly chosen. Each scene will be a crucial part of a signpost, which in turn is crucial event in your story. Writing an outline this detailed helps ensure the first draft of your novel will be very tight, with few extraneous scenes and no missing steps. This saves you a lot of editing when preparing your final draft.
Of course, you may also want/need to include subplots or a few transition scenes. But generally, every chapter of your novel will lead compellingly to the next, with no sagging middle or unnecessary detours.
Now for the final step...
Now that you have 50-60 events for your story (the exact number doesn't matter), your next step is to arrange them in order.
You already know which signposts go into which acts. If you have broken each signpost into four events, each act will contain roughly 16 events.
The easiest way to decide on an order for each act is to write a summary of each event on an index card and lay out the cards for each throughline in order from start to finish in four parallel rows or columns. You may want to use a different colour of index card for each throughline.
Taking each act in turn, you then decide the order your events will occur in your story.
You can put the events in the order that feels best to you, jumping from one throughline to another whenever you like. The only requirement is that you tell each throughline's events in their proper order. For instance, you can interrupt one throughline to tell a bit of another, or a bit of all the others, but don't put the climax of a signpost before its inciting incident.
Later on, when you're writing your actual novel, you may decide to tell the end of the story before the start. But it is better to get the sequence of events clear in your outline first.
That's about as much detail as we should go into in one article. Further information and help on Writing an Outline will be added later.
Do you have a question about writing an outline or any other aspect of novel writing? If so, visit our Questions About Novel Writing page to get the answers you need. | <urn:uuid:2329e686-a6cc-420d-8138-cc0be4c1800a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.how-to-write-a-book-now.com/writing-an-outline.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655883961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704011041-20200704041041-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.952858 | 3,053 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Packy, 54, made history as first elephant born in Western Hemisphere in 44 years
Packy, who made headlines during the Kennedy era as the first elephant born in the Western Hemisphere in 44 years, was humanely euthanized at the Oregon Zoo today. At nearly 55, he was the oldest male of his species in North America.
"We loved Packy so much," said Bob Lee, who oversees the zoo elephant program and worked with Packy for the past 17 years. "He was my favorite — the most impressive animal I've ever known. It's hard to think about coming in to work tomorrow and not seeing him. There will never be another like him."
The decision to euthanize came following a lengthy search for alternative treatment options after test results last fall indicated Packy was suffering from a drug-resistant strain of TB.
"We'd run out of options for treating him," said Dr. Tim Storms, the zoo's lead veterinarian. "The remaining treatments involved side effects that would have been very hard on Packy with no guarantee of success, plus a risk of creating further resistance. None of us felt it would be right to do that. But without treatment, his TB would have continued to get worse. We consulted other experts — veterinarians and pharmacists — and a lot of people were involved in this decision, but that didn't make it any easier. Anybody who's had a sick or elderly pet knows how painful this can be, even if you know it's the best thing for the animal."
"This is a tremendous loss for the entire community," said Dr. Don Moore, zoo director. "Packy was one of the most famous animals in the world, but to the people who live here, the people who grew up with him, he was family."
Packy arrived shortly before 6 a.m. on April 14, 1962, earning international attention, including an 11-page feature in Life magazine. He would become one of the best-known animals in the world — inspiring books, records, Rose Parade floats — and much of what we now know about elephant care can be traced back to him.
His birth, and those that followed over the next 20 years in Portland, helped scientists better understand Asian elephants and ushered in a new era in the species' care and welfare.
"These were completely uncharted waters," Lee said. "Before Packy arrived in 1962, just one elephant had been born in any North American zoo — that one was born almost 100 years ago and only lived a for few weeks."
In the late 1950s, the zoo's first veterinarian, Matthew Maberry, was part of a team working to design facilities that provided elephants with much more freedom than was common in zoos at the time. These facilities, built in 1960, allowed for normal social interactions and natural breeding among the elephants, which led to a string of successful pregnancies and births over the next two decades. From the time of Packy's birth in 1962 to his daughter Shine's birth in 1982, more than 75 percent of the Asian elephants born in North America — 21 out of 27 — were born in Portland.
Packy's spirit is said to live on in the personality of his daughter Shine, as well as in the zoo's state-of-the-art Elephant Lands habitat, the design of which he helped inspire.
"Packy's birth started it all," Lee said. "The focus on elephant welfare, the knowledge about elephants. If you think about the time when he was born, it's mind-boggling — Kennedy was president, the Beatles hadn't made any records yet, cigarettes didn't have warnings from the Surgeon General. We've learned so much about elephants since then, and it never could have happened without Packy."
A memorial event for Packy will be announced as soon as plans are finalized. Until then, people can offer condolences or share favorite memories of him on the zoo's Facebook page.
The Oregon Zoo is recognized worldwide for its Asian elephant program, which has spanned more than 60 years. Considered highly endangered in their range countries, Asian elephants are threatened by habitat loss, conflict with humans and disease. It is estimated that just 40,000 to 50,000 elephants remain in fragmented populations from India to Borneo. The zoo supports a broad range of efforts to help wild elephants, and has established a $1 million endowment fund supporting Asian elephant conservation. | <urn:uuid:df965bc6-30e3-405d-9fb6-41702e025880> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.oregonzoo.org/news/2017/02/zoo-mourns-asian-elephant-packy-oldest-male-his-species | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347411862.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531053947-20200531083947-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.985611 | 911 | 2.75 | 3 |
This morning we checked out of our hotel, Fort Nelson Hotel in Fort Nelson, British Columbia.
This was the view from our room window. We saw the indoor pool. Look at the carving on the balcony to our right. This morning was different. Our moms said we needed to hurry, we had a long drive today. What? We have never known how far we would get any day. We just drove and stopped to look and explore where ever we wanted. Something is different today. We have traveled a little over 1,000 miles in more than one week. Not traveling very fast or very far each day. Now, the moms tell us we have to drive about 2,000 miles in three days. OK, we can do this, but why?? Soapy and his mom have flights to visit a friend in Tampa, Florida. OK, let’s get going. We are still driving through and admiring the gorgeous scenery, of course. First stop is in Dawson Creek, British Columbia. This is the official beginning (or for us, the end) of the Alaska Highway.
We enjoyed our trip, but why was the Alaska Highway built, and why did it need to be completed so fast? The tourist information says this: The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 forced the America and Canadian governments to re-evaluate the security of North America. They needed a secure supply route to haul military goods and materials from the lower states to Alaska and it had to be completed in less than one year. The story of the men, the equipment, and their triumphs over nature to open the northern passage is as legendary as the men who risked their lives to build the highway. Next to the official beginning of the Alaska Highway is another sign explaining things, but it is covered with bumper stickers now. But you can see it is mile 0 here.
This is an exciting drive for many motorists. Across the street, we saw the Surveyor Statue.
This statue is a tribute to the tens of thousands of men who arrived in Dawson Creek in the spring of 1942 to build the Alaska Highway. The Iron Surveyor statue stands as a reminder of the amazing feat and of those who lost their lives in the effort. Standing above the traffic circle that leads you onto the famous highway, the surveyor points northwest along the path that became first a mud track and finally the paved highway we have today. Created by local sculptor, Karl Mattson, whose family has ranched in the region for generations, the statue is welded from scrap metal from local farms. The clothing and surveyor’s transit are true to the style of the 1940’s. If you go to Dawson Creek, spend some time here to visit museums and walk around the town. There is so much history and so many interesting things to see here. But we have to keep driving for the next there days. Our next stop was for a beaver.
Here we are in Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada. In 2004 this giant statue of a beaver was built here, next to the Visitor’s Center. Each town along the Alaska Highway and roads leading to Dawson Creek, try to have a reason for travelers and tourists to stop. Beaverlodge has, according to Roadside America, the world’s largest beaver. This beaver is 15 feet tall, 18 feet long and sits on a log that is 20 feet long. And, weighs 3,000 pounds. The beaver was built to commemorate the town’s 75th anniversary. This was our last photo stop. We drove to Edmonton, Canada tonight. The next day we drove south through Calgary, Canada and into Great Falls, Montana, USA. Another long drive and we arrived home, west of Denver, Colorado. This was a great trip, but of course, we did not see everything. Some day we would like to drive leisurely, through the USA and Canada to Dawson Creek. There is so much more to see, but maybe??? So many place to see, so little time to travel and explore. We hope you drive all or part of the way to Fairbanks, Alaska. It was beautiful and fun. | <urn:uuid:3b428f8a-ccb0-4416-a8f9-5b20f58c4430> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://coloradotravelingducks.com/category/canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527148.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419061412-20190419083412-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.975726 | 853 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Philistines Capture the Ark
1 Now the Israelites went out to fight against the Philistines. The Israelites camped at Ebenezer, and the Philistines at Aphek.
2 The Philistines deployed their forces to meet Israel, and as the battle spread, Israel was defeated by the Philistines, who killed about four thousand of them on the battlefield.
3 When the soldiers returned to camp, the elders of Israel asked, “Why did the Lord bring defeat on us today before the Philistines? Let us bring the ark of the Lord’s covenant from Shiloh, so that he may go with us and save us from the hand of our enemies.”
4 So the people sent men to Shiloh, and they brought back the ark of the covenant of the Lord Almighty, who is enthroned between the cherubim. And Eli’s two sons, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with the ark of the covenant of God.
5 When the ark of the Lord’s covenant came into the camp, all Israel raised such a great shout that the ground shook.
Hearing the uproar, the Philistines asked, “What’s all this shouting in the Hebrew camp?”
When they learned that the ark of the Lord had come into the camp,
8 We’re doomed! Who will deliver us from the hand of these mighty gods? They are the gods who struck the Egyptians with all kinds of plagues in the wilderness.
9 Be strong, Philistines! Be men, or you will be subject to the Hebrews, as they have been to you. Be men, and fight!”
10 So the Philistines fought, and the Israelites were defeated and every man fled to his tent. The slaughter was very great; Israel lost thirty thousand foot soldiers.
11 The ark of God was captured, and Eli’s two sons, Hophni and Phinehas, died.
Death of Eli
Death of Eli
Top 10 sermons on 1 Samuel 4
- Listening to God
- The Big Bounce
- The Raiders of the Lost Ark
- From Ichabod to Ebenezer
- Out of the Box (The revival of Samuel)
Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.®
Used by Permission of Biblica, Inc.® All rights reserved worldwide. | <urn:uuid:9e08cbd8-b431-41ba-8d33-aa0b1258765d> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.sermoncentral.com/bible/NIV/1-Samuel-4.asp?passage=1+Samuel+4%3A1-4%3A11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987171.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00184-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951292 | 526 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In Part 1, Lesa McIntosh explored how African Americans first arrived in Richmond. Now, in Part 2, Lesa explores the next saga of African Americans in the city.
Onward . . . African American Lives in Post War Richmond — The 50's.
Pardon me while I take this, my personal ruminating, on a journey into the 1950's. From speaking to family and friends, the 50's held a certain spark — a palatable excitement where possibilities were evident and prevalent. Mind you, this series of articles is not about researching history, but rather it represents the thoughts and feelings of some of those who actually experienced it. I am attempting to capture a feeling in time that should be shared.
After the war was over and the shipyards closed in 1945, the community, whether black or white, had to readjust and re-imagine their lives. What was seen as a boon was now a bust — no work, war housing. Jobs were scarce for all, but they were even more so for African Americans. They did have a choice — turn tail and run back to the Jim Crow South (many did) or remain and deal with Jim Crow right here in Richmond, California. Those who stayed after the war was over found themselves in a new kind of struggle — one that required courage, imagination and hope.
The 50's were about ingenuity in the black community. Early on few white employers were hiring African Americans so they had to reinvent themselves to survive — and they did! Many became entrepreneurs. Starting their own businesses and juggling numerous jobs.
In the early 1950's doors began to open for African Americans. Jobs were available for some in retail stores downtown Richmond. White property owners began selling houses to African Americans, too. My parents, brother, and grandmother lived in the Pullman War Housing which were also known as the “Projects.” However, in 1952, my parents, Jewell and Lovie McIntosh, were able to purchase a home on the South Side of Richmond, and thereafter my sister, Leah, and I were born. My brother, Robert Harrison, was 16 years old and a student at El Cerrito High School when they moved in to their brand new home. It ended up serving as the family home for many, many years to come.
During this time, my grandmother, Pearlie Francis Browning, lived with us and became our surrogate mother while our parents worked. What a blessing! “Gran” (as we lovingly called her) also became a housekeeper for the Warren family in Point Richmond while my father became their gardner and all around handyman. My mom told us that she tried her hand at housekeeping, but that she ended up spending most of her time chatting it up with the lady of the house instead of working. Needless to say, that particular profession did not work for her. However, education ultimately did!
Education was always important to my mother. My brother fondly remembers her forcing him take the more difficult classes at El Cerrito High School in preparation for college, even though his white counselors discouraged him from doing so. My mother’s response was to march him back up to the school and “force their hand” as she called it. They did as she requested!
You see, college for her was the only option for her kids, and so my brother received a full scholarship to run track at San Jose State University. Mom also began participating in the PTA (Parent Teachers Association) at that time. I really believe that was where she first caught the activism bug. Believe it or not, the 1950's PTA was a starting point to get things done. I found it fascinating to get a different glimpse of her while reading the book entitled “Abiding Courage” by Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo about African American migrant women. She was one of many African American women that blossomed in 1950's Richmond. My dad’s role was also essential, but his wise philosophy was that age old maxim “Happy Wife . . . Happy Life.” He was supportive in all aspects of our lives.
My father, Jewell Lincoln McIntosh worked off and on in the lumberyards (Anchor Bay Lumber Company), as did my brother, Robert Harrison, after he graduated from El Cerrito High School and before attending San Jose State University. My brother, “Bob”, is twenty years older than me, and his oldest son, Lloyd, is one month older than me! Obviously, Mom took a very long break in between her children.
At the same time, Mom and (what now would be called her BFF) Mary Sullivan, or Cousin Det, as I knew her, opened their own variety store in 1952. They were also seamstresses, caterers, and bartenders for “fancy parties” in San Rafael. Most people had numerous jobs to make ends meet, but it seemed as if there was an excitement in the air because there were so very many possibilities.
There was a certain rhythm about the 50's where one felt like the sky is the limit. Possibilities were endless in spite of overall conditions. African Americans were busy striving but also took time to relax and hear the music. Juke joints sprang up around town with jazzy music billowing from the doors and well dressed black men and women sat sipping cocktails on black Formica tables. The country was feeling it too — there was a certain rise. On May 17, 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court announced their unanimous decision in what became collectively known as Brown vs. The Board of Education, holding that racial segregation of children in public schools hurt minority children. With this there was an air of hope and change.
And then . . . stay tuned for what happened next!
By: Lesa McIntosh, Richmond Resident | <urn:uuid:a898690d-c5f1-4b70-80f0-1aab87c3a645> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.radiofreerichmond.com/lesa_mcintosh_african_american_lives_in_richmond_part_2_the_1950_s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428300.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727142514-20170727162514-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.989204 | 1,208 | 2.75 | 3 |
Dipsacaceae, or the teasel family contains 350 species of herbs and shrubs in Europe, Africa and Asia. Some of these have already reached other continents.
The Fuller’s Teasel (Wilde Karde), Dipsacus fullonum, is common here, as in the UK, and is an attractive plant – but do not let it go to seed near your garden!
The Scabious (Skabiosa) is also in the teasel family, as well as the similar Knautia. They can be pretty invasive too.
But I also have another member of this family in my garden – the relatively unknown (here, at least!) Succisella inflexa (Moorabbiss), almost the same as Succisa inflexa.
It starts flowering in July and hangs around till the first frosts. Like Scabious, the bees and butterflies love it…
(Summer Map Butterfly -Landkärtchen – Araschnia levana)
The buds are slightly pink, the flowers icy white, with just a tinge of violet to them.
The common name for the Succisa plants is Devil’s Bit, since the tubers appear to have a bite in them! They are supposedly happiest on damp ground or wet meadows… well, I have three beautiful, healthy plants thriving on dry, well-drained soil in the full sun! However, I should point out that mine is a cultivated specimen: Succisella inflexa “Frosted Pearls”, which differs from the wild ones in that it is a little shorter (about 2ft high), and has longer leaves.
My reasons for loving this plant are:
It is very pretty.
It attracts bees and butterflies.
It is not invasive.
It overwinters with no problem whatsoever.
It tolerates heat and drought.
It likes poor soil.
It needs no attention and is not tempting to snails and slugs.
Have you ever seen this plant before? I’d love to hear if you have! | <urn:uuid:b9b88bcb-a824-4f74-b0a9-82a64e0c5eb0> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://wordsandherbs.wordpress.com/2012/08/18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335424.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930020521-20220930050521-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.956095 | 441 | 3.0625 | 3 |
One of the most significant contributions that Tadashi Fukao has made in the power industry is on “Super High Speed Electric Drives and Bearingless Drives.” The impact of Tadashi Fukao’s work on high-speed drives can be seen in today’s acceptance of high rotational speed drives used in hybrid vehicles, mobile power generators and vacuum cleaners. He studied high-frequency cycloconverters, which convert 50-Hz commercial energy into 400- or 500-Hz electrical power, and proposed generator and distribution systems with reduced physical dimensions.
Dr. Fukao researched bearingless motors to overcome the problems that occur when motors with bearings operate at super high speeds. Bearingless motors allow alternating current motor drives to be used in space applications, harsh environments, food and pharmacy processes and very high- and low-atmosphere environments where bearing maintenance and use of lubrication oil would present problems.
An IEEE Fellow, Dr. Fukao is currently an independent consultant to the Tokyo University of Science and professor emeritus at Tokyo Institute of Technology. | <urn:uuid:7c1a0a98-51ba-4985-88ed-732b843deb8f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://ethw.org/Tadashi_Fukao | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578655155.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424174425-20190424200425-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.918435 | 217 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A Christmas Carol4th - 6th grades
Author : Charles Dickens
Edition : Aisopos
During “Library Time,” students have an opportunity to select and borrow books of interest to them, as well as to participate in information literacy lessons and complete small projects. Students can also visit the library and make use of its equipment during breaks in their timetable.
The library participates in the International Baccalaureate PYP (Primary Years Programme), currently in a pilot stage at the elementary schools, through corresponding thematic units and literacy programs aimed at raising children’s awareness of books and reading.
At the Athens College Elementary School Library, we have: | <urn:uuid:c726af50-9ba6-4c26-a154-01dd5bad8ded> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.athenscollege.edu.gr/en/academics/our-libraries/athens-college-elementary-school-library | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057857.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926083818-20210926113818-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.948923 | 139 | 2.65625 | 3 |
"We Envision Growth Strategies Most Suited
to Your Business"
September 12, 2019 | Information & Technology
Since the 18th century, world economy has undergone major transformations, particularly in the manufacturing sector. Erupting in England, the first industrial revolution heralded a new era which led to fundamental changes in the traditional manufacturing and production processes. The economy metamorphosed from agriculture-based to factory-based and the winds of industrialization rapidly swayed the rest of Europe.
Thereafter, technological developments characterized the changes in the European and American socio-economic structures well into the 21st century. Today, the world is experiencing “the fourth industrial revolution”, the eponymous title of a groundbreaking book written by Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum. This version of the industrial revolution is driven by rising application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the form of Internet of Things (IoT).
The 21st Century Technology Odyssey
Imagine this: You get up in the morning after switching off the alarm on your phone, triggering the water heater in the bathroom to heat up the water to your desired temperature. You put clothes in the washing machine, it automatically detects the quantity of clothes, and proportionately uses the washing powder and water.
You lock the house and leave for work and the car warms itself up, since the lock and the car are connected. You suddenly realize that you have forgotten to switch of all the appliances (except the refrigerator, obviously), but then it strikes you that the appliances would have gotten switched off automatically the moment you locked the door.
This is the magic of the IoT. Thus, the Internet of Things (IoT) can be understood as a fusing of digital and physical worlds wherein any device can be connected to the internet and to other devices. The extraordinary number of areas where IoT can be utilized is nothing short of a scientific marvel. From wearable fitness devices to driverless cars, IoT has become a ubiquitous entity in the world of technology.
The Race for a Place in the Virtual World
The advent of AI and IoT has had a disruptive effect on the economic fabric of the world. Like evergreen trees engaged in a growth race to catch whatever sunlight they can get, companies have been forced to innovate to maintain their presence amidst fierce competition. Competition and adversity are two of the greatest motivating factors that can propel one to invent and/or innovate. IoT has created the same ripple effect across industries.
At the AI World Event held in Boston in 2018, public and private sector organizations enthused over their strengthening conviction and commitment towards advancing AI tools and machine learning through greater investments in the technology. However, the real shot in the arm was given by the White House in 2019 when it announced the launch of its AI.GOV with the aim of bringing all of the US government’s initiatives on one common platform.
Private Sector at the Fore
The government efforts notwithstanding, it is the attempts made by the private sector to sophisticate the technology that will enrich the world of IoT. Let’s take the example of Google. The company announced the much-awaited Google Home Hub in late 2018. It was rebranded, redesigned, and relaunched as the Google Nest Hub.
The technology is essentially a 7-inch smart display device that has the Google Assistant in-built. Its aim to ensure a smooth interconnectivity of all home appliances such as TV, refrigerator, microwave, et al. More importantly, the device only cost $59, which makes it affordable for the average income earner. Even in India, it costs roughly ₹10,000, which is not much, given the rising incomes of Indian households.
Similar efforts are being made by other technology giants such as Samsung and Vodafone. Both companies are making heavy investments in the 5G technology, with Samsung having launched 5G enabled high-end phones. Vodafone, too, has recently rolled out 5G services in countries such as Ireland. These advancements go hand-in-hand as 5G technology, with its exceptional speeds, is expected to complement and augment IoT capabilities.
The Future Lies with IoT
Economists and other technology aficionados are viewing the Internet of Things as the nucleus of the industrial atom. The future of the human race lies in the invisible and the complex web of interconnected networks. Smart devices have become game-changers and IoT is the lovechild of human creativity and AI. As companies infuse more and more of their investment energies into research and development, IoT will soon dictate every aspect of our lives. How much of a boon and how much of a bane it will be remains to be seen?
About the Author
Name: Shantanu Ayachit
Shantanu Ayachit is part of a talented team of content writers working in Fortune Business Insights, one of the most promising market research firms in the industry. He has experience in developing quality content and is currently involved in writing articles, press releases, and blogs for the company. He is highly motivated and enjoys putting ideas and thoughts into words to enable the reader to experience a seamless perusal. | <urn:uuid:ae288a45-9ffe-43f8-80ce-ec77b0fd8c1c> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/blog/internet-of-things-9267 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986682998.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018131050-20191018154550-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.94325 | 1,055 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Getting Stirred Up About Tank Mixing
The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (which is synonymous with the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci B biotype) and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, are major arthropod pests in greenhouses. Silverleaf whitefly and twospotted spider mite can cause extensive damage and economic loss if populations are not managed in a timely manner. Greenhouse producers typically use pesticides to control these pest species. However, to increase the activity of spray applications and manage the diversity of insect and mite pests, growers typically mix different insecticides and miticides.
Tank mixing involves combining two or more pesticides into a single spray solution, which reduces the number of applications and decreases labor costs. Mixing two or more pesticides may result in synergism or potentiation, which means there may be greater pest mortality than if either pesticide were applied individually. Pesticide mixtures may also be more effective on certain developmental stages of insect and mite pests. Previous research has demonstrated that mixing two insecticides increases efficacy against insect pests such as western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis and whiteflies compared to when each pesticide is applied separately.
Although there are benefits of pesticide mixtures, problems may occur when two or more pesticides are mixed together, such as plant injury (phytotoxicity) and pesticide incompatibility. However, a greater concern is antagonism, in which mixing two or more pesticides results in decreased pest mortality compared to efficacy when pesticides are applied separately.
Previous studies involving the control of insect pests using pesticide mixtures have been primarily conducted on lepidopteran larvae including the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis), European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and tobacco budworm (Helicoverpa virescens). Relatively minimal, if any, information is available on the effect of pest-icide mixtures in controlling greenhouse insect and mite pests such as the silverleaf whitefly and twospotted spider mite.
Research conducted at the University of Illinois reported that combinations of Conserve (spinosad), an insecticide used by greenhouse producers to control western flower thrips, with other pesticides labeled for control of twospotted spider mite and whiteflies did not affect the efficacy of spinosad in controlling western flower thrips. However, there are no reported studies demonstrating the effects of the same pesticides in mixtures against two different insect or mite pests.
This study's objective was to determine if mixtures of selected pesticides labeled for control of the silverleaf whitefly and twospotted spider mite result in reduced or enhanced efficacy or efficacy that remains the same against both pests.
Materials And Methods
Two experiments were conducted to determine whether tank mixing selected insecticides and miticides affects their ability to control silverleaf whitefly and twospotted spider mite. The four pesticides evaluated were Talus (buprofezin), TriStar (acetamiprid), Pylon (chlorfenapyr) and Floramite (bifenazate). Buprofezin and acetamiprid are labeled for control of silverleaf whitefly, whereas chlorfenapyr and bifenazate are labeled for control of twospotted spider mite.
Silverleaf Whitefly Experiment
Seventy-five Salvia x superba were transplanted into 0.94-liter containers in a growing medium (Metro-Mix 700) consisting of 50-60 percent composted pine bark, 20-30 percent Canadian sphagnum peat moss, 5-15 percent medium-grade horticultural vermiculite and 5-15 percent horticultural perlite. No pesticides were applied to test plants before conducting the experiment. Test plants were fertilized after planting with 5 grams of 14-11.6-6.1 (N-P-K) Osmocote granular fertilizer. The test plants were placed in a greenhouse-maintained silverleaf whitefly colony to initiate an infestation.
Silverleaf whitefly populations were sustained on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) and speedwell (Veronica officinalis) plants enclosed in an infestation chamber. The silverleaf whiteflies were originally obtained from Bohn Nursery and AllTech Research and Development. The whiteflies in the colony were identified as silverleaf whitefly or sweet potato whitefly B biotype by Frank Byrne, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside.
The enclosed chamber was 61Ú2 ft. wide and roughly 161Ú2 ft. long with an A-frame roofline measuring 56 inches at point with roughly 36-inch-tall sides. There was a single wire-mesh bench in the chamber. The bench height from the floor was roughly 36 inches.
The roof and ends were covered with clear 8-mm corrugated polycarbonate, and the sides and bottom were covered with antivirus insect screening 50×24 (0.2×0.8 mm) obtained from GreenTek. The sides were rolled up and secured with Velcro when closed. The poinsettia and speedwell plants, obtained from H. M. Buckley and Sons and AllTech Research and Development, were rotated and replaced with fresh plants approximately every two weeks to maintain the silverleaf whitefly colony which at the time the experiment was initiated was six months old.
Based on daily observations, we allowed the test plants to remain in the chamber for approximately 10 days to obtain a similar cohort of silverleaf whitefly nymphs. Once the test plants were infested, each plant was removed from the chamber and individual, 2-way and 3-way treatment combinations were applied. The pesticides and rates used are shown in Figure 1, page 32. There were 11 pesticide treatments, which included the individual, 2-way and 3-way treatments with five replications per treatment. There was also an untreated check and water control.
The test plants were about 5 inches tall, and the number of silverleaf whitefly nymphs was approximately 3 per sq.cm. of leaf tissue at the time of application. Each plant's upper and lower leaf surfaces were thoroughly sprayed with a fine mist to ensure all whitefly nymphs present were in contact with the spray solution.
Applications were made using a carbon dioxide backpack sprayer. After the appropriate treatments had been applied, each replicate (plant) was individually placed into a wire-mesh cage (12×30 inches) covered with the same anti-virus insect screening as the infestation chamber. Test plants were then placed into a greenhouse on a wire-mesh raised bench and arranged in a completely randomized design. Environmental conditions in the greenhouse ranged from 72-88¼ F and 70-80 percent relative humidity (RH). Test plants received natural illumination during the experiment and were irrigated as needed with a handheld sprinkler; no overhead irrigation was used.
Plants were evaluated before application and seven and 14 days after treatment. Five leaves were randomly selected and harvested from each replicate. The numbers of live and dead whitefly nymphs were recorded. Based on previous observations, there were no escapes (live nymphs crawling or dead nymphs falling off plants).
Spider Mite Experiment
Seventy-five African marigold, Tagetes erecta, plugs were transplanted into 0.47-liter containers in a growing medium consisting of 35-percent peat, 45-percent aged pine bark, 15-percent aged rice hulls and 5-percent composted hardwood. No pesticides were applied to the test plants before conducting the experiment. The plants were placed on a flood floor table in a greenhouse. The flood floor system was a ç Netafim flood mat programmed for two 10-minute cycles during a 24-hour period. This system was used to maintain our twospotted spider mite colonies on African marigold and butterfly bush (Buddleia spp.).
Leaves from marigold plants infested with twospotted spider mites (larvae, nymphs and adults) were removed and placed onto the test plants on two consecutive days to help ensure the nymphs and adults would be evenly distributed on the test plants.
Once the test plants were infested with twospotted spider mites, treatments were applied. The plants were approximately 4 inches tall at application time. We used the same application equipment as in the first experiment.
Following application of all treatments, the plants were placed in a greenhouse on a wire-mesh raised bench equipped with a flood floor system in a completely randomized design with one plant equivalent to one replicate. The flood floor system prevented the twospotted spider mites from migrating onto other test plants. There were 11 treatments with five replications per treatment, which included the individual, 2-way and 3-way treatments. There was also an untreated check and water control. Environmental conditions inside the greenhouse during the experiment ranged from 72 to 86¼ F and 40-80 percent RH. Plants received natural illumination for the duration of the experiment and the same watering regime as the first experiment.
Plants were evaluated before application and seven and 14 days after treatment. Five leaves were randomly selected from each replicate. The numbers of live and dead twospotted spider mite nymphs were counted and recorded. As with the whitefly experiment, there were no escapes.
For both experiments, data were subject to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with treatment as the main effect. Percent mortality for each treatment was calculated by dividing the number of dead silverleaf whitefly or twospotted spider mite nymphs by the total number of nymphs for each pest recovered per plant. Percent mortality values were normalized by arscine square-root transformation and subject to a 1-way analysis of variance with treatment as the main effect. Significant mean percent mortality values for the treatments were separated using a Tukey's standardized range (HSD) test.
For the silverleaf whitefly experiment, there was no statistical difference among treatments before application. There was a significant difference in percent whitefly nymphal mortality seven and 14 days after treatment (see Figure 2, page 34).
For the twospotted spider mite experiment, there was no statistical difference among treatments before application. Percent nymphal mortality was significantly different seven and 14 days after treatment (see Figure 4, page 38).
The pesticide mixtures, in general, were not antagonistic based on the percent mortality values of silverleaf whitefly nymphs 14 days after treatment, with most of the mixtures resulting in greater than 75 percent mortality; however, the buprofezin and chlorfenapyr mixture and the acetamiprid, chlorfenapyr and bifenazate mixture provided insufficient control of silverleaf whitefly nymphs (37 and 35 percent mortality, respectively) (see Figure 2, page 34).
The individual applications of acetamiprid and bifenazate resulted in significantly lower percent mortality values of silverleaf whitefly nymphs seven days after treatment (18 and 44 percent, respectively) than the mixture (81 percent), which suggest potential synergistic or additive effects when these two pesticides were mixed together.
The buprofezin and chlorfenapyr mixture may have been antagonistic 14 days after treatment based on the difference in percent mortality values of silverleaf whitefly nymphs between the single buprofezin treatment (77 percent) and the mixture (37 percent). Both chlorfenapyr and bifenazate provided minimal control of silverleaf whitefly nymphs with percent mortality values less than or equal to 7 percent (see Figure 2, page 34), which was not surprising because neither pesticide is registered for use against the silverleaf whitefly.
None of the pesticide mixtures appeared to be antagonistic in controlling twospotted spider mite, with greater than or equal to 90 percent nymphal mortality seven days after treatment for four of the mixtures and 100-percent nymphal mortality for all of the mixtures 14 days after treatment (see Figure 4, page 38). Moreover, there were no live twospotted spider mite nymphs present on any of the plants treated with the mixtures as well as the plants that received the individual applications of chlorfenapyr and bifenazate. Both buprofezin and acetamiprid provided no control of twospotted spider mite nymphs with percent mortality values less than or equal to 6 percent and greater than or equal to 32 live twospotted spider mite nymphs per plant, which was not surprising because neither pesticide is registered for twospotted spider mite.
Many studies evaluating pesticide mixtures have been conducted under laboratory conditions. However, there are relatively very few studies that have evaluated pesticide mixtures under greenhouse conditions. We assessed pesticide mixtures in a greenhouse environment and detected minimal indications of antagonism occurring among the 2- and 3-way mixtures. This study has demonstrated that, in general, greenhouse producers may tank mix the evaluated pesticides without compromising control of either the silverleaf whitefly or the twospotted spider mite. | <urn:uuid:2320311b-457f-4cd8-94a7-3369d718e450> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.gpnmag.com/article/getting-stirred-about-tank-mixing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550969387.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728143709-20170728163709-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.953249 | 2,741 | 2.96875 | 3 |
EVENING IN ENGLAND
FROM its blue vase the rose of evening drops.
Upon the streams its petals float away.
The hills all blue with distance hide their tops
In the dim silence falling on the grey.
A little wind said "Hush!" and shook a spray
Heavy with May's white crop of opening bloom,
A silent bat went dipping up the gloom.
Night tells her rosary of stars full soon,
They drop from out her dark hand to her knees.
Upon a silhouette of woods the moon
Leans on one horn as if beseeching ease
From all her changes which have stirred the seas.
Across the ears of Toil Rest throws her veil,
I and a marsh bird only make a wail.
SAINT GEORGE OF ENGLAND
SAINT GEORGE he was a fighting man, as all the tales do tell;
He fought a battle long ago, and fought it wondrous well.
With his helmet, and his hauberk, and his good cross-hilted sword,
Oh, he rode a-slaying dragons to the glory of the Lord.
And when his time on earth was done, he found he could not rest
Where the year is always summer in the Islands of the Blest;
So back he came to earth again, to see what he could do,
And they cradled him in England—
In England, April England—
Oh, they cradled him in England where the golden willows blew!
Saint George he was a fighting man, and loved a fighting breed,
And whenever England wants him now, he's ready at her need; | <urn:uuid:fb4878b5-a353-4372-ac48-74e3eb44a537> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:A_treasury_of_war_poetry,_British_and_American_poems_of_the_world_war,_1914-1919.djvu/46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277091.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00209-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958154 | 354 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How I Use It
Storyboard App can be used to create dynamic presentations by incorporating graphics, and text. This App can assist students to present their understanding of what they read or express their ideas and thoughts instead of answering questions in a written or verbal format. It also can be an attractive tool to create a scenario, solve problems or great a project based on assigned readings or give information.
The versatility, feasibility, and simplicity are the features that can make this App attractive for attractive for dyslexic students. I also have been using it with high functioning Autism students and they were very engaged. | <urn:uuid:2e414020-bf12-4c04-98d5-38ad867b0e6b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.commonsense.org/website/storyboardthat-teacher-review/4819567 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704832583.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127183317-20210127213317-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.958612 | 120 | 2.75 | 3 |
Punakha Dzong ( fortress )
Punakha Dzongkhag has been inextricably linked with momentous occasions in Bhutanese history. It served as the capital of the country from 1637 to 1907 and the first national assembly was hosted here in 1953. It is the second oldest and second largest dzong in Bhutan and one of the most majestic structures in the country.
On October 13, 2011, the wedding of the King of Bhutan, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, and his fiancé, Jetsun Pema, was held at the Punakha Dzong.
Punakha valley has a pleasant climate with warm winters and hot summers. It is located at an average elevation of 1200 meters above sea level. Owing to the favorable climatic conditions, rice grows very well in this region and is the main cash crop cultivated here.
Two major rivers in Bhutan the Pho Chhu and Mo Chhu converge in this valley. Punakha Dzong is built at the confluence of these two rivers and is an especially beautiful sight on sunny days with sunlight reflecting off the water onto its white-washed walls.
In addition to its structural beauty, Punakha Dzong is notable for containing the preserved remains of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the unifer of Bhutan as well as a sacred relic known as the Ranjung Karsapani. This relic is a self-created image of Avalokiteswara that miraculously emerged from the vertebrae of Tsangpa Gyarey the founder of the Drukpa School when he was cremated.
Chimi Lhakhang, also known as Chime Lhakhang or Monastery or temple, is a Buddhist monastery in Punakha. Located near Lobeysa, it stands on a round hillock and was built in 1499 by the 14th Drukpa hierarch, Ngawang Choegyel, after the site was blessed by the “Divine Madman” the maverick saint Drukpa Kuneley (1455–1529) who built a Chorten on the site.
In founding the site it is said that Lama Kunley subdued a demon of Dochu La with his “magic thunderbolt of wisdom” and trapped it in a rock at the location close to where the chorten now stands. He was known as the “Mad Saint” or “Divine Madman” for his unorthodox ways of teaching Buddhism by singing, humour and outrageous behaviour, which amounted to being bizarre, shocking and with sexual overtones. He is also the saint who advocated the use of phallus symbols as paintings on walls and as flying carved wooden phalluses on house tops at four corners of the eaves. The monastery is the repository of the original wooden symbol of phallus that Kunley brought from Tibet. This wooden phallus is decorated with a silver handle and is used to bless people who visit the monastery on pilgrimage, particularly women seeking blessings to beget children. The tradition at the monastery is to strike pilgrims on the head with a 10-inch (25 cm) wooden phallus (erect penis). Traditionally symbols of an erect penis in Bhutan have been intended to drive away the evil eye and malicious gossip.
Khamsum Yulley Namgyel Chorten
Standing regally on the hill above the Punakha valley, Khamsum Yulley Namgyal Chorten is a classic example of gorgeous traditions and architecture of Asian country. This chorten, however, is unique. It is not designed for community worship or for monastic retreat or education like other Buddhist Institute and Colleges. It is designed as a magical tool. It was built by the Queen Mother for heading off the negative forces and transporting peace and harmony for all the living beings. The thing that sets this Chorten apart is that it was designed on the principals delineate within the Holy Scriptures instead of trendy engineering manuals. The golden spire and labyrinthine wall patterns square measure fine example of art and traditions of Asian country.
Festival in Puankha
PUNAKHA TSHECHU AND DRUBCHEN
Punakha is located in the western part of Bhutan is the winter home of the Je Khenpo, the Chief Abbot of Bhutan. Punakha has been of critical importance since the time of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel in 17th century.
Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal is known as the unifier of Bhutan as a nation state and he was the one who gave Bhutan and its people the distinct cultural identity that identified Bhutan from the rest of the world.
During 17th century Bhutan was invaded several times by Tibetan forces seeking to seize a very precious relic, the Ranjung Kharsapani. Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal led the Bhutanese to victory over the Tibetans and to commemorate the triumph he introduced the Punakha Drubchen. Since then Punakha Drubchen (also known as Puna Drubchen) became the annual festival of Punakha Dzongkhag.
The Punakha Drubchen is a unique festival because it hosts a dramatic recreation of the scene from the 17th century battle with Tibetan army. The ‘pazaps’ or local militia men, dress in traditional battle gear and reenact the ancient battle scene. This reenactment harkens back to the time when in the absence of a standing army, men from the eight Tshogchens or great village blocks of Thimphu came forward and managed to expel the invading forces from the country. Their victory ushered in a period of new-found internal peace and stability.
In 2005 another festival known as Punakha Tshechu was introduced by the 70th Je Khenpo Trulku Jigme Choedra and the then Home Minister His Excellency Lyonpo Jigme Yoedzer Thinley. The Tshechu was introduced in response to the requests made by Punakha District Administration and local peopleto host a Tshechu in order to better preserve Buddhist teachings and keep alive the noble deeds of Zhabdrung Rimpoche.
These two festivals not only play an important role in preserving Bhutan’s rich culture and traditions but also provide devout Buddhists with an opportunity for prayer and pilgrimage. They reflect the richness of the Bhutanese cultural heritage and are very special in the eyes and hearts of both Bhutanese and tourists who visit Bhutan. | <urn:uuid:1723bfb6-98c8-4bcc-a559-af8ca12c3ae7> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://www.journey2shangrila.com/destination/western-bhutan/punakha-valley/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334992.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927064738-20220927094738-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.951226 | 1,399 | 2.71875 | 3 |
DISCOVER THE WORLD OF APPLAYDU WITH YOUR CHILD!
An edutainment app for children between 4-9 years, with the aim to help them develop skills through fun family activities.
The World Of Applaydu
Applaydu is a FREE edutainment app for the whole family! Together you can create stories and craft a unique creative world. Bring the toys to life and experience the joys of gaming whilst along the way.
The app includes:
🦄 Edutainment mini-games
🚀 Augmented reality experiences
🎨 Visual arts & crafts
📚 Storybook builder
🌜 Bedtime stories to read
And much more...
Benefits of Digital Play
Today’s children are digital natives. There are many benefits to digital play: it can help promote creativity, imagination skills and language development. Check out the video to learn more from Dr. Elizabeth Kilbey.
Bringing together physical and digital play is an advantage in your children’s development. Applaydu is a new mobile app that brings the toys to life in an exciting world of discovery through augmented reality. Find out what Dr. Elizabeth Kilbey thinks.
How do you unlock the virtual toys?
There are different ways that you and your child can unlock virtual toys within the app, if you have a leaflet follow these instructions:
1. Open the app
2. Tap on the camera icon
3. Scan the leaflet
If you don't have a leaflet, you can still unlock an augmented reality version of the toy.
Your child will complete multiple scenarios within the app where they can unlock an augmented reality version of the toy, for example:
- The first time the app is opened
- When certain experiences are completed
- Plus, in the camera section, you can print off a code and scan it to get an augmented reality version of the toy
Edutainment Supports your child's growth with fundamental skills
Oxford University's Department of Education provided Kinder with a set of guidelines to help Kinder's development of the App, aimed at helping children's progression by creating and developing a game that utilises and develops cognitive skills including mathematics, motor skills, reading & writing and memory.
Stimulating games & activities
Numbers, shapes, colouring, words, animals, food and more… with the aim to keep their minds stimulated
An adaptive modality that ensures your child's experience is adapted to their age and ability
Themes covered: maths, geography, language and more...
A playful experience to utilise and develop fundamental skills such as organisation, focus, multitasking and analysis
You and your child can discover their unique adventures in personalised books.
From Savannah Safari to Ocean Adventure and Mystery Jungle, there are unique story themes for you and your child to get immersed in.
BRING THE TOYS TO LIFE
Use Applaydu's AR function to scan the toys, bring them to life and interact with them through play and fun activities.
Together with your kids you can take photos using the virtual toy selfie mask!
Child Friendly Environment
Our app has an intuitive interface, which helps lead children through their creative journey. We believe in stress-free environments and therefore no competitive formats are presented at any point.
The app has absolutely no ads or in-app purchases. And best of all, they can play offline without an internet connection.
Be in control and follow your child's development and progress
PIN-protected options to keep children safe and parents in control
Progress reports help with tracking the progress of your child
Multiple profiles can be created to customise each child's experience
The experiences inside the app are designed to be completed together as a family or independently by your child.
Each game or topic covered can be a theme of discussion and knowledge intake.
These assessors have scrutinised both the level of edutainment value of the content as well as the privacy and data safety of the app. | <urn:uuid:da40a1b2-27fc-429a-90c0-40c8a6f54322> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.kinder.com/il/en/applaydu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153857.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729105515-20210729135515-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.923105 | 821 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The clocks went back one hour on November 5, ending Daylight Saving Time (DST)–which runs from March to November–for another year. With the exception of Arizona, Hawaii, and some island territories, which don’t recognize DST, most Americans got a little more sleep and a little less sunlight.
But is this annual spinning of the clocks actually a good idea? Is DST worth all the confusion over what time it is, the inconvenience?
DST dates back to Ben Franklin’s time and has been championed by everyone from energy conservation experts to barbecue salesmen. Generally, the idea is to maximize sunlight hours when the weather’s best, and to encourage commercial activity by keeping us spending longer into the evening. Lobbyists for retailers and the golf industry have been some of the most enthusiastic backers, according to this interesting history.
It may be that DST’s commercial value is overplayed, though. An analysis by the JPMorgan Chase Institute (JPMCI), based on extensive credit card data, finds that DST spending increases when the period starts but falls by a greater amount when the period ends. The net spending effect is therefore negative, challenging the idea that DST is good for store owners and the leisure industry.
“There does seem to be some impact of an additional hour of sunlight on spending. But it ends up being a net negative impact,” says Diana Farrell, CEO of the Institute.
JPMCI compared spending by 450,000 anonymized customers in Los Angeles (which observes DST) and Phoenix (which doesn’t). In the 30 days following the start of DST, L.A. saw a 0.9% average increase over four years compared to Phoenix. But in 30 days following DST, it saw a 3.5% decline. The November drop-off was greatest on weekdays, presumably because opportunities to shop are greater on weekends, compensating for fewer daylight hours.
California’s state Senate considered a bill to end DST earlier this year, but it was defeated. Research shows that switching over in March increases workplace injuries (because people are sleepier). But critics of the measure complained that unilaterally annulling DST would put California out of step with other states.
It may be that the commercial argument for DST doesn’t hold up as well as people think, even if there are other reasons for keeping it. For one, it’s nice to have longer summer evenings, shopping or not. | <urn:uuid:bdabb184-b997-4e1d-94a0-16c8f721c7dc> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.fastcompany.com/3065410/please-stop-with-the-daylight-saving-time-its-bad-for-the-economy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426372.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726182141-20170726202141-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.94797 | 518 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Australian Government is providing a new round of funding for the establishment of Maker Spaces in schools with up to $5000 available for primary or secondary schools.
Maker Projects aims to foster creativity and inquiry based learning in Australian schools and communities through the establishment of:
- maker spaces in schools where students can apply their STEM knowledge, develop entrepreneurial skills, and gain experience in working with emerging and advancing technologies (Stream A)
- STEM-related events and education activities delivered in partnership with industry for youth under 18 years of age. These will build capability and leverage off the skills gained by organisations who have previously participated in delivering innovation, entrepreneurship and enterprise focused education activities for young people
The program is extremely popular and likely to be well subscribed. Please be ready to apply when applications open on 8 November and submit your application as soon as possible to avoid disappointment.
Applications will be processed in the order they are received. Applications close when the funding for this year runs out.
To register your interest please click HERE. | <urn:uuid:0c028761-2af6-4461-8855-19f24d3ab29f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://stemx.edu.au/new-round-of-makerspace-funding-available/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618183446-20190618205446-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.958362 | 202 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In Mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular table of cells of numbers, with rows and columns. The rows are each left-to-right lines, and the columns go top-to-bottom. It is not surprising that the beginnings of matrices should arise through the study of systems of linear equations. This video series is based on Matrices for Class 12 students for Board level and IIT JEE Mains.
These video classes have been designed for Class 12 students (non-medical students and commerce students with Mathematics), and those who are preparing for CBSE and other Board Exams for Intermediate, +2 and IIT JEE entrance exams. These classes will also be helpful for students in preparing them for Competitive Examinations (like IIT JEE) for Engineering Institutes.
The instructor, Ridhi Arora is an outstanding teacher! She explains all topics exceptionally well and you are very clear about the concepts after watching her videos. I have finished the course and I would highly recommend taking it. | <urn:uuid:96bf8a6e-41d6-4e24-a33d-8806f2cf66df> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.tutorialspoint.com/matrices/index.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949533.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331020535-20230331050535-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.951466 | 210 | 3.390625 | 3 |
online high school, virtual high school, distance education, secondary education, online learning;
Current research indicates that distance education courses can be as effective as traditional courses when the method and technologies used are appropriate to the instructional tasks. The number of states, counties, and school districts that provide online courses for high school students has rapidly expanded during the last ten years. The number of students, who enroll in these courses, has often grown by double digits each year. Understanding K-12 students' experiences in, and expectations of, online learning is important for many reasons. Online learning is certainly growing and may become a graduation requirement in more states. Currently Michigan requires every student must participate in some form of online learning as a high school graduation requirement. High school students enrolling in online courses may have a measurable influence on higher education courses in the future, as students become more experienced with online learning. A great deal has been written about the development of virtual high schools, some of the issues surrounding them and basic student demographics. There are only a few studies that have interviewed students in detail as to why they have chosen to participate in a virtual school and examined how this choice has impacted them. The purpose of this study was to describe from the student's perspective, why they had enrolled in online courses and allowed them to characterize their experiences. Further, this study sought to identify the personality types and traits of the students enrolled in online high school courses and reported on one measure of the student's cognitive style or cognitive tempo. Forty-three students who were enrolled in a state sponsored virtual high school participated in this study. The study used three online instruments to collect data. The Matching Familiar Figures Test-20 was used to measure the impulsive or reflective responses of the students. The Long-Dziuban Reactive Behavioral Survey was used to determine the students' personality types. The third instrument was an online questionnaire of open-ended questions asking the students about their online experiences. In addition, twelve students participated in follow-up interviews. The study found that the students enrolled in online courses for a variety of reasons; students were concerned about and wanted control over the timing and pacing of their learning. Students' comments suggested that there may be a relationship between cognitive tempo as classified by the MFFT-20, and the students' preference for pacing through the online course materials. In addition, the distribution of personality types and cognitive styles represented in this sample were different from the general school population suggesting that perhaps some students are more interested in online learning than others are. After reviewing the results of the students responses to the MFFT-20, it may be that students may are becoming faster at processing visual information with fewer errors. More research is needed in this area. There does seem to be a trend in this direction and this could have implications for students enrolled in virtual high school courses. Finally, the students in this study characterized their online learning experiences as positive but did not feel that online learning should be a high school graduation requirement for all students.
If this is your thesis or dissertation, and want to learn how to access it or for more information about readership statistics, contact us at STARS@ucf.edu
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
College of Education
Educational Research, Technology, and Leadership
Length of Campus-only Access
Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access)
Scheick, Amy, "Virtual Vistas: High School Students Describing Their Experiences In Online Courses." (2007). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3336. | <urn:uuid:b06a3167-6812-4ae6-a77f-87e28d1ff6c8> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3336/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161098.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925044032-20180925064432-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.960339 | 720 | 3.234375 | 3 |
- Mathematics, Logic. a symbol in an expression that may be replaced by the name of any element of the set.
- a person who holds a government office, especially one appointed to the position in return for political support or favors.
Origin of placeholder
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018
Examples from the Web for place-holder
Historical Examples of place-holder
His instructions were to break up a red-tape system, and such a task converted every place-holder into his enemy.The Life of Gordon, Volume II
Demetrius Charles Boulger
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper | <urn:uuid:f58d87f3-f52b-4c36-b102-4e8c0ee2c072> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.dictionary.com/browse/place-holder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743732.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117185331-20181117211331-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.886669 | 148 | 2.890625 | 3 |
NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Friday, May 24, 2013
How often are root canals performed on kids?
My 5 year old son went to the dentist for an abcess tooth and the dentist said he needs 3 root canals on his molars. I didn`t think children even had roots in their baby teeth.Is this a common thing? and how long will it take for his pain to go away after surgery?
Thanks for a worried Mom
Baby (primary) teeth do have roots. If they didn't they would fall out right away. The roots get resorbed as the permanent teeth begin to grow below them.
Baby teeth do require a type of root canal called a pulpotomy when the teeth get really deep cavities. The dentist removes the decay and the top part of the "nerve" in the crown of the tooth. The dentist then restores the tooth, usually with a stainless steel crown. If the tooth is badly infected, the tooth may have to be taken out.
Baby teeth don't get the same root canal treatment that adult teeth receive because they will eventually need to come out as the permanent teeth erupt into place. There is no surgery involved with the pulpotomy. The only surgery would be to take the affected tooth out. Post-treatment pain should decrease within a couple days of the treatment, but every case and child is different.
The key to avoiding having to go through these procedures is good brushing and flossing by the child (with the parents supervision) and keeping the amount of sweets the child eats to a minimum.
John M Nusstein, DDS
Associate Professor of Endodontics
College of Dentistry
The Ohio State University | <urn:uuid:8fea1cd2-4276-43d5-97e5-fda0b7b87917> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.netwellness.org/question.cfm/40824.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704933573/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114853-00067-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968077 | 380 | 2.65625 | 3 |
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name: Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada
Alhambra, Court of the Lions
The Court of the Lions – Fountain- Water Jet
The Palace of the Lions was the architectural pinnacle of the Alhambra. Its celebrated fountain was a symbol of its decorative richness and an example of the complex water system.
In addition to its symbolic function the fountain also had a practical purpose. The complex water system allowed the water to flow out in the form of a shallow surface. The central cylindrical unit of the fountain basin allowed the water to flow in and out thus preventing it from spilling out of the fountain.
On a small scale, the Fountain of the Lions represents the entire technical concept behind the creation of the Alhambra, a structural conception rooted in human and constructive experiences developed creatively over many centuries.
Muhammad V was responsible for the construction of the beautiful palace during his second mandate, between 1362 and 1391, his first mandate having only lasted five years. During his mandate the Nasrid Sultanate reached its pinnacle: the Palace of the Lions was a synthesis of the finest Moorish artistic styles developed over the years.
The architectural pattern of the Palace of the Lions was similar to that of the Palace of Comares, although with the traditional design of the Spanish-Moorish houses, i.e. a central open air courtyard as the centre of family life was flanked by a number of polyvalent rooms consisting of a ground floor and at least one upper floor or loft.
The Court had a cross ground floor design with a central fountain, following the same pattern as other earlier and later constructions used in Muslin Spain and elsewhere. The proportional and visual perfection of the surrounding arched gallery supported by columns converted this Court into one of the most celebrated and admired of architectural structures.
Its fame has caused an intense debate over whether the four sides of the cross were originally paved or covered with bushes placed at a lower level than the galleries and walkways. There are examples of both
Critiques | Translate
worldcitizen (7057) 2013-09-17 10:31
Thanks for showing us part of this architectural masterpiece. The Moorish details are beautiful, and the fountain is certainly unique. I like all of the arches, and the two small bushes that are placed symmetrically in the courtyard.
fabbs99 (16447) 2013-09-17 21:44
Great view of the Court of Lions.Excellent architecture and designs.Very nice perspective and good framing, nice colors and depth of field and an excellent overall quality.Excellent composition, very well done, TFS. Keep sharing.
- Copyright: Csaba Witz (csabagaba) (6558)
- Genre: Places
- Medium: Color
- Date Taken: 2013-07-07
- Categories: Architecture
- Camera: Sony DSC R1, ZeissVario-SonnarT*14,3-71,5 f/ 2,8-4,8, Soligor Blueline UV 67mm
- Exposure: f/6.3, 1/400 seconds
- More Photo Info: view
- Photo Version: Original Version
- Date Submitted: 2013-09-17 1:22 | <urn:uuid:571ef44f-f81c-4400-9c63-dfc01c2a4ee4> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Europe/Spain/photo1433815.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462313.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00120-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930022 | 684 | 3.125 | 3 |
[permalink] [id link]
The dadaists imitated the techniques developed during the cubist movement through the pasting of cut pieces of paper items, but extended their art to encompass items such as transportation tickets, maps, plastic wrappers, etc.
Some Related Sentences
dadaists and art
The cubists, dadaists, Stravinsky, and many later art movements struggled against this conception that beauty was central to the definition of art, with such success that, according to Danto, " Beauty had disappeared not only from the advanced art of the 1960 ’ s but from the advanced philosophy of art of that decade as well.
In the early 20th century, several avant-garde movements, including the dadaists, surrealists, and futurists began to argue for an art that was random, jarring and illogical.
dadaists and .
The dadaists believed those ideas to be a byproduct of bourgeois society, a society so apathetic it would rather fight a war against itself than challenge the status quo.
More recent poets sometimes cited as influences by concrete poets include Guillaume Apollinaire, E. E. Cummings, for his various typographical innovations, and Ezra Pound, for his use of Chinese ideograms, as well as various dadaists.
He also studied at the Bauhaus and met some of the dadaists, setting Kurt Schwitters's poem Anna Blume to music.
At the outbreak of World War I he escaped to Switzerland to avoid conscription, and became friends with the dadaists of Zurich's Cabaret Voltaire, in particular Hans Arp.
Examples might range from the collages of the dadaists and Robert Rauschenberg to many contemporary music videos.
In Zurich in 1918, he re-connected with Hans Arp and took part in several Dada activities, befriending Marcel Janco, Richard Huelsenbeck, Sophie Taeuber, and the other dadaists connected to the Cabaret Voltaire.
imitated and techniques
His techniques are widely imitated by knappers, and ethnographic accounts of his toolmaking are considered to be the Rosetta Stone of lithic tool manufacture.
imitated and developed
The album further developed ideas established on their debut album, creating a work with a direct sound that was " heavy and hard, brutal and direct " and which would be highly influential and frequently imitated.
Nevertheless, variants of the sestina were imitated and developed by Daniel's contemporaries – such as Guilhem Peire Cazals de Caortz – and by subsequent troubadours.
In contemporary times, Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic-language literature, and the forms they developed have been widely imitated.
Hans Christian Andersen made his " Ahasuerus " the Angel of Doubt, and was imitated by Heller in a poem on " The Wandering of Ahasuerus ", which he afterward developed into three cantos.
Lens flare was one of the first special effects developed for computer graphics because it can be imitated using relatively simple means.
In the Byzantine world the technique was developed into the thin-wire style suitable only for enamel described below, which was imitated in Europe from about Carolingian period onwards.
Other notable painters, such as Hans Holbein the Elder and Jean Fouquet, retained a Gothic influence that was still popular in the north, while highly individualistic artists such as Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Bruegel the Elder developed styles that were imitated by many subsequent generations.
Londo's accent was developed independently by actor Peter Jurasik and was imitated by William Forward, who played Lord Refa.
Under Josetsu's influence, Shūbun started studying Chinese Song Dynasty painting by masters such as Xia Gui and Ma Yuan ; consequently, Shūbun's style was an intermediate step between early Japanese artists who imitated Chinese models very closely, and later artists, who developed a national style.
imitated and during
Classicizing architectonic structure and decor all ' antica, in the " ancient mode ", became a fashionable way to frame a painted or bas-relief portrait, or protect an expensive and precious mirror during the High Renaissance ; Italian precedents were imitated in France, then in Spain, England and Germany during the later 16th century.
Thus late medieval Guilds of St Luke in the cities of Flanders, or the " Accademia di San Luca " ( Academy of St. Luke ) in Rome — imitated in many other European cities during the 16th century — gathered together and protected painters.
Launched as a comic book before it became a magazine, it was widely imitated and influential, impacting not only satirical media but the entire cultural landscape of the 20th century, with editor Al Feldstein increasing readership to more than 2, 000, 000 during its 1970s circulation peak.
Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry.
The album artwork imitated the visual style of classic " girlie " and fashion magazines, featuring high-fashion shots of scantily-clad models Amanda Lear, Marilyn Cole and Jerry Hall, each of whom had romances with Ferry during the time of their contributions, as well as model Kari-Ann Muller who appears on the cover of the first Roxy album but who was not otherwise involved with anyone in the band, and who later married Mick Jagger's brother Chris.
The saints are seen as models of holiness to be imitated, and as a ' cloud of witnesses ' that strengthen and encourage the believer during his or her spiritual journey ().
* The seated Madonna and Child is a style of image that became particularly popular during the 15th century in Florence and was imitated elsewhere.
The Panegyric of Maximian, dating to 289 and attributed to Claudius Mamertinus, relates that during the bagaudae uprisings of 284 – 285 in the districts around Lugdunum ( Lyon ), " simple farmers sought military garb ; the plowman imitated the infantryman, the shepherd the cavalryman, the rustic harvester of his own crops the barbarian enemy ".
It was also mentioned that Blair passed his audition for the band primarily because he was the only auditionee who knew all the words to the song he was asked to sing, "( I Can't Get No ) Satisfaction " by Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones, whom he imitated during his performances.
Silver coin of Chandragupta II the Great, minted in his Western territories, in the style of the Western Satraps. Obv: Bust of king, with corrupted Greek legend " OOIHU ".< ref >" Evidence of the conquest of Saurashtra ( region ) | Saurastra during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps ... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type ( a peacock ) for the chaitya with crescent and star.
A stray lock of her shoulder-length, blonde hair during a publicity photo shoot led to her iconic " peekaboo " hairstyle, which was widely imitated.
It refers to the nickname given to young recruits, who imitated the sound of the raven when first wearing their blue uniform during mustering.
Many Baali during this time imitated their legendary creation by embracing mortals in a similar fashion.
Brazilian president Lula is widely known for addressing his political mates and supporters as " companheiro ", however this usage has been falling shorter during the last years of his presidential term, while it was very popular during the elections, often imitated by comedians who satirized Lula's idiosyncratic manners.
When he imitated Kirkpatrick's voice, he could give orders to lesser policemen during a stake-out, even during one intended to capture the Spider, so he could himself escape.
He came to be regarded as the master of ukiyo-e during these last years of his life, and was widely imitated until, a number of years after his death, his style was eclipsed by that of new artists, including Katsukawa Shunshō and Torii Kiyonaga.
His style, elaborate plots, and stock characters were imitated by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence, whose comedies were widely known and copied during the Renaissance.
Then little-known newsman Dan Rather reported live from the Galveston Seawall during the storm, an act that would be imitated by later reporters.
The act was so well received that during the next kickoff, more members of the 12th man kickoff squad took their towels onto the field as well and imitated Pollacia's action.
Initially, however, he imitated his father, an infantry colonel who served in the French colonies: enlisting with the naval academy in 1894, he was made lieutenant in 1906 and was promoted to captain during 1918.
But each of these statements seems open to doubt ; and although it is obvious that the style of Heusch is identical with that of Both, it may be that the two masters during their travels in Italy fell under the influence of Claude Lorraine, whose Arcadian art they imitated. | <urn:uuid:2b8ef771-e9b9-4987-bc1c-abe17470d4dd> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.altsci.com/3/s/The-dadaists-imitated-the-techniques-developed-dur | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500482.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331115844-20200331145844-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.983294 | 1,972 | 2.828125 | 3 |
government: Parliamentary democracy
state of civil and political rights: Free
constitution: 1 January 1962
legal system: based on English common law and local customs, judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen
legislative system: Unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono)
judicial system: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal
religion: Congregationalist 34.8%, Roman Catholic 19.6%, Methodist 15%, other
year of last executions: 0-0-0
death sentences: 0
international treaties on human rights and the death penalty:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Statute of the International Criminal Court (which excludes the death penalty)
Samoa commenced formal measures to abolish the death penalty on January 15, 2004 and on January 21, 2004, the Head of State, Susuga Malietoa Tanumafili II, gave his assent to the removal of the death penalty from the statute books. The abolition bill was introduced in parliament by Prime Minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi and had the support of the leaders of the opposition. It won quick passage.
The last execution in Samoa took place in 1952. Although the death sentence was still delivered by judges, it was always commuted to life imprisonment.
The last time the death penalty was carried out in Samoa - when a man was hanged for axing his wife to death - the country was still under New Zealand control. New Zealand abolished capital punishment in 1961, but when Samoa gained independence in 1962 it retained the former New Zealand law to punish crimes of murder and treason.
On December 18, 2008 Samoa co-sponsored and voted in favour of the Resolution on a Moratorium on the Use of the Death Penalty at the UN General Assembly.
On December 21st, 2010 Samoa voted in favour of the Resolution on a Moratorium on the Use of the Death Penalty at the UN General Assembly. On December 20, 2012, Samoa co-sponsored and voted in favour of the Resolution.
On December 18, 2014, Samoa co-sponsored and voted in favour of the Resolution.
On December 19, 2016, Samoa voted in favour of the Resolution, but did not co-sponsored. | <urn:uuid:f16f3f09-13af-4fcd-bdd2-fd72b9ce8dad> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://english.nessunotocchicaino.it/bancadati/asia-middle-east-australia-and-oceania/samoa-30000495 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743960.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118011216-20181118033216-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.964243 | 464 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Mathematics AS & A Level at Queen Elizabeth's School
AS and A2 Mathematics are popular courses. Students will be expected to engage in discussions, group work, note taking and independent practice. Success in this course depends as much on hard work as ability and a high degree of self-motivation is required.
The AS course consists of three modules: C1, C2 and S1.
C1 and C2 cover Core Mathematics. They include topics such as algebra, trigonometry and calculus. S1 is a Statistics module, covering different techniques for analysing data.
Students continuing to A2 will study three more modules: C3, C4 and M1. C3 and C4 extend the Core Mathematics introduced at AS level. M1 is a Mechanics module covering the Mathematics of forces and motion
GCSE Grade B in Mathematics.
- Core Mathematics 1
Examination (No Calculator)
- Core Mathematics 2
- Core Mathematics 3
- Core Mathematics 4
With an AS or A2 qualification in Mathematics students are well placed to enter the world of work or go on to higher education.
How to apply
If you want to apply for this course, you will need to contact Queen Elizabeth's School directly. | <urn:uuid:bf8195c3-7595-4951-a484-74c7e8cd376e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.ucasprogress.com/course/2310589/mathematics-as-amp-a-level | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589726.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717125344-20180717145344-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.898781 | 255 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Published on May 8th, 2019 | by Sarah Dephillips0
How to Increase Biodiversity in Your Own Backyard
Earlier this year, the United Nations came out with the most alarming report to date about the state of the world’s biodiversity. In short, it’s decreasing at unprecedented rates. And while this may not be a huge surprise, the report is another shocking warning that we must act now. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Chair, Sir Robert Watson, summarized that “The health of ecosystems on which we and all other species depend is deteriorating more rapidly than ever. We are eroding the very foundations of our economies, livelihoods, food security, health and quality of life worldwide.”
The report cited five major causes of massive biodiversity loss: “(1) changes in land and sea use; (2) direct exploitation of organisms; (3) climate change; (4) pollution and (5) invasive alien species.” On a more hopeful note, the report also claims that “it is not too late to make a difference, but only if we start now at every level from local to global…” And while most of us have no control at the global level, many of us DO have the power to combat biodiversity loss at the most local level – our own backyards. So if the UN report has you in the biodiversity blues, why get outside and make your own space a safe haven for local species? Here’s 6 ways to increase biodiversity in your own backyard.
1. Quit the chemicals.
Not only do lawns contribute to climate change, the EPA reports that in 2012, Americans used 28 million pounds of herbicides and 14 million pounds of insecticides, just on their lawns and gardens! Everyone wants to have a beautiful lawn and garden, but there are some detrimental environmental impacts that come with these products. For instance, chemical pesticides are killing off bees and other pollinators. Chemical fertilizers and herbicides can wash into waterways and wreak havoc on marine ecosystems. Switching to organic lawn care will make a huge difference for your local ecosystem.
2. Landscape with native trees, shrubs, and flowers
Invasive species spread was one of the five issues cited by the UN report, and this often happens as a result of people’s landscaping preferences. Invasive species can spread rapidly and unexpectedly, having unintended consequences for the local environment. But avoiding invasives isn’t enough. Native ecosystems evolve together, so removing native plants to create developments takes away the preferred homes and food sources of native animals and birds. Intentionally planting native species will make other native species feel at home.
3. Befriend the bugs
In the developed world, we’ve developed a phobia of bugs. And while some bugs can be harmful to your health or property, like ticks or termites, the vast majority of bugs are harmless and play critical roles in the local ecosystem. Some are even beneficial to humans, eating the bugs we consider to be “pests.” Keeping your yard perfectly bug-free is a good way to drive away lots of other species who eat or have symbiotic relationships with bugs. Do the minimum amount of bug control that’s necessary.
4. Create a pollinator garden
What’s a pollinator garden? It’s a buffet for beneficial insects like bees, butterflies, and others who pollinate fruits and vegetables so that we and other species have food to eat. If the pollinators fail, the food systems fail. They need pesticide-free places to find food and shelter so they can keep playing their critical ecosystem rolls. Here’s a resource on planting a pollinator garden from the UDSA: https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/gardening.shtml
5. Create habitats for other native species.
This goes a step beyond just planting native plants. Do you have a mosquito problem? Consider putting in a bat house or bird house. Be sure to research what is native to your area and what those species like, or else you might just be creating more habitat for invasive competitors!
6. Grow an organic garden, or buy from local organic farmers.
One of the major contributors to habitat loss, pollution, and climate change is industrialized agriculture. While a third of the world’s land and nearly 75% of the fresh water is being used on crops and livestock, we grow grass in our yards. Why not use some of that vast green lawn space to feed ourselves, rather than seizing it from declining plant and animal populations all over the world?
Attribution-free images courtesy of Pixabay. | <urn:uuid:98bb1cac-fe06-4d9c-93c0-5dd3944c63f8> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://greenlivingideas.com/2019/05/08/how-to-increase-biodiversity-in-your-own-backyard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510287.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403030659-20200403060659-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.912088 | 985 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The shaft and ring system consists of five-axis four-rings, which are N-axis (n-ring), H-axis (h-ring), K-axis (k-ring), M-axis (m-ring), and I-axis from the inside to the outside. The four-axis table has no K-axis.
The N-axis is the inner upright axis, which is the axis of rotation of the inner ring n, which is perpendicular to the plane of the sheet. There is a 0°-360° scale circle on the outside of the n-ring, which can read the angle of the N-axis rotation. The inside of the n-ring is inlaid with another metal ring, which carries a round glass piece for placing a thin piece and a hemisphere thereon. The metal ring has a spiral ring on the back side, and the four small teeth on the upper side are adjusted to adjust the hemisphere. The height of the system (including the sheets). There is a metal rod on the lower right side of the n-ring (there is no such rod on the table), and it can be locked by locking it, but it does not need to be locked during normal operation.
The H-axis is the north-south axis, which is the horizontal axis of the north-south direction and is in the same plane as the corresponding h-ring. Rotate the H-axis so that the h-ring (and carrying the n-ring) is tilted east or west, and the corner can be read by the scale arc on the east and west sides. The north end (or the south end) of the H-axis has a brake screw that locks the H-axis.
The K-axis is the inner east-west axis, which is the horizontal axis in the east-west direction and is in the same horizontal plane as the corresponding k-defect. By rotating the K-axis, the k-ring can be aligned with the N, H-axis and the corresponding n, h-rings to the south or north, and the angle of inclination can be read on the scale arcs at the north and south ends. The right shaft of the K-axis is equipped with a lock shaft screw for the shaft. When working on a five-axis table using the four-axis method, it needs to be locked at 0°. The four-axis table does not have this axis.
The M-axis is an external upright axis that is perpendicular to the corresponding m-ring. When the m-ring is horizontal, the M-axis coincides with the microscope axis. The m ring is engraved with a 0°-360° scale to read the angle of rotation of the M-axis. When the m-ring is at 90°, the original position of the M-axis is zero (the original Soviet-made rotary table 0° is the original position) . Rotating the M-axis will drive the internal shaft and ring to rotate together, affecting the position of the H and K axes. The fixing screw of the M-axis is on the right-hand shaft drum.
The I axis is the outer east and west axis, and this axis is also the horizontal axis in the east-west direction. Rotating the I axis can make m bad and carry the k, h, n rings to the south or north. The I-axis rotation angle is read by the scale and vernier on the right end drum. There is a fixing screw for the shaft at the north end of the drum. | <urn:uuid:32a5e627-75dc-48a0-9124-ce27ee7d1bc5> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://m.gigager.net/info/rotary-table-shaft-and-ring-system-32179353.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400274441.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927085848-20200927115848-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.942084 | 734 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Jul 06, 2022
ECON 201 - Principles of Economics Micro
Introduction to standard economic models used to examine how individuals and firms make decisions under different market structures; role of government in the economy in addressing market failure and efficiency equity tradeoff. SB-Perspectives on Cultures and Experiences of U.S. Course will be offered every year (Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer).
General Education Category: SB-Perspectives on Cultures and Experiences of U.S. K6 - Individual & Society
General Education Pathways: P3 Perspectives on Current Issues, P5 Sustainability, P6 Ways of Knowing
Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Describe how individuals and businesses interact in various market structures to determine price and quantity of a good produced
- Identify major characteristics of different market structures and the implications for the behavior of the firm.
- Articulate the difference between efficiency and equity, and implications of this tradeoff on government policy such as social welfare, environmental policy, health insurance, retirement.
- Analyze the difference between economic systems such as capitalism and socialism.
- Apply both theoretical and empirical economic reasoning to individual and firm behavior.
Learner Outcomes Approval Date:
Anticipated Course Offering Terms and Locations:
Add to Portfolio (opens a new window) | <urn:uuid:856a6de7-cde0-468b-a149-40bed17947b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://catalog.acalog.cwu.edu/preview_course_nopop.php?catoid=64&coid=146809 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683020.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707002618-20220707032618-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.88273 | 324 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) continues to cause significant numbers of human infections and fatalities despite the availability of efficacious vaccines. It is regarded as an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen with the potential of introduction into many countries. In 2022, JEV was detected in Australia on a hitherto unprecedented scale, with local transmission by indigenous mosquitoes to amplifying swine hosts and to humans. In this study, we review this recent disease activity, propose possible routes of virus movement, ecological drivers of activity, and consider possible future transmission scenarios. Measures to enhance current surveillance systems and potential strategies for health authorities to minimize future risks are discussed.
Keywords: Australia; Japanese encephalitis; clinical importance; outbreak; surveillance; virus ecology. | <urn:uuid:bea9c88d-da9e-4b7b-b57b-598cdd712db6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36354964/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.905692 | 148 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Astute observers, and wide-ranging park travelers, easily identified this week's Mystery Photo as the seismograph station at Lassen Volcanic National Park in northern California.
The station, officially known as the Loomis Seismograph Station, stands across from the Loomis Museum at Manzanita.
"Loomis" was Benjamin F. Loomis, who snapped some spectacular photos of Lassen Peak erupting in 1914 and against in 1915. Mr. Loomis built the station, which he "faced in volcanic rock, including random chunks of obsidian and pumice," in 1926 to monitor Mount Lassen.
The station was given to the National Park Service in 1929. | <urn:uuid:21a30d60-16b3-4a89-a9c7-43250b3977cd> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2014/08/mystery-photo-solved-its-loomis-seismograph-station25539 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736679756.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215759-00132-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954695 | 148 | 2.703125 | 3 |
On June 13, 2013 at 3:27PM, a tsunami of mysterious origins swept through Cape Cod. “It was the strangest thing I’d ever seen,” said one 60-year-old Falmouth native and restaurant owner. The water in front of his restaurant seemed to be retreating out of the harbor, “…almost like a riptide,” he said. “Then suddenly surged back in,” a slush which continued for roughly an hour.
Measuring in at only one and a half feet, the June tsunami was merely a distant cousin of Japan’s 2011, 45 foot giant, but it was a tsunami none-the-less. So what triggered this pint-sized harbor wave? A variety of factors can perpetrate tsunamis: underwater earthquakes caused by tectonic plate motion (as in the case of Japan), submarine landslides, asteroid impacts and even volcanic eruptions. But there is another tsunami, provoked not by brute force, but by atmospheric pressure (hence “meteo”) At the center of a storm, the pressure is much lower than the surrounding air which can cause the water beneath it to “mound up.” Coupled with other oceanic and atmospheric processes, that mound can gain tsunami momentum, and when encountering a funnel-like harbor (tsu=harbor, nami=waves) can become amplified.
While the world of science adopted the term “meteotsunami” only in 2006, the phenomenon has been christened by many names in the locals it visits most frequently. In the Balearic Islands, they are rissaga, in Sicily-marubbio, milghuba in Malta, abiki in Japan’s Nagasaki Bay and in the Baltic Sea-seebar. The waves have also graced the Yellow Sea, the Adriatic, the Aegean, the English Channel and even the Great Lakes among others.
Though meteotsunamis have remained in the shadows of their havoc-wreaking quake-instigated brethren, they do not always pass as surreptitiously as our Cape Cod sneak. The Balaeric Islands tsunami, circa summer 2006, did tens of millions of Euros worth of damage and packed a punch to 40 boats. A 10-foot wave killed seven people in a 1954 metotsunami off the coast of Lake Michigan in Chicago. And in 1979, a 13-foot wall of water hit Nagasaki Bay in Japan.
Is Cape Cod joining the ranks, with Balaeric and Nagasaki, as a meteotsunami destination due to last months wave? It’s tough to say. Seismographically speaking, meteotsunamis and quake-caused ones can bare similar signatures. While the tsunami could be meteo-related, another source, several states southwest, may hold the key. The underwater Hudson Canyon, at the mouth of the Hudson river between New Jersey and Long Island could also quarter the trigger in the form of a submarine landslide. However, submarine landslides, often spark only local tsunamis with waves that quickly dissipate with distance. Not the case with our June 13th wave which was measured from buoys as far north as Massachusetts and as far south as North Carolina. Scientists next step is to investigate potential scenes of the crime. On July 7th NOAA, who mapped the area in 2012, will head back with an ROV to investigate. Presumably, differences in the Canyon’s topography may help give away the perpetrator. Stay tuned…
“Weather creates rare Cape Cod tsunami,” capecodonline.com, 6/15/13
“Investigation of Great Undersea Earthquakes and Tsunamis” Lecture by Jian Lin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 7/3/13
“Meteotsunamis: atmospherically induced destructive ocean waves in the tsunami frequency band” Monserrat et al. 2006
“These Freak Waves Can Attack Anytime Without Warning” bussinessinsider.com
“East Coast Tsunami: What’s the Risk?” news.discovery.com 6/28/13 | <urn:uuid:d6e52673-f135-4ac7-8c22-3c1d4430be61> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://theraptorlab.wordpress.com/2013/07/05/last-months-mysterious-cape-cod-tsunami/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020211313-20171020231313-00839.warc.gz | en | 0.94506 | 879 | 3.5625 | 4 |
This McKinsey report The Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap in America's Schools is odious in the way it shifts between comparing US schools to foreign schools, and comparing the achievement gaps within the US, without comparing the amount of inequality in the US to that in high-achieving countries, or looking at measures of child welfare in the US vs. high-achieving countries. If you point out that the amount of variance in achievement based on income in Iceland, Finland and Canada is much less than that in the US, without pointing out that the reason for that is that there is less variation in income, you are peddling propaganda.
Of course, these comparisons are difficult to make, because there isn't another advanced country that does not provide health care to all its children, so we don't know if they do a better job of education sick kids than we do. You can't check to see if another country does a better job of educating a population that was brought to the continent in bondage, enslaved until 150 years ago and not granted full voting rights until 45 years ago, because we're the only ones who have done that. You can't see if other countries have higher achievement with similar incarceration rates for low-income populations and minorities because nobody else matches us. You can't compare how we do with other countries that rely primarily on local property taxes to fund education because there aren't any.
On the other hand, the Czech Republic beats us on PISA scores, but as of 1995 "In the Czech Republic, 46.4% (other estimates place this at around 75%) of Roma children are in special schools for the mentally handicapped" and "The German education system fails to provide adequate language training for children who speak non-native mother languages and shows a strong tendency to reproduce social inequality." These comparisons are much more complex than McKinsey would lead you to believe.
I could go on and on of course. You can say:
By comparing several neighboring-state pairs with similar demographics, we can see how dramatic this disconnect can be between overall achievement and the racial gap. New Hampshire and Connecticut, for example, have similar overall fourth grade reading scores; yet the gap between white and black scores in Connecticut is more than twice what it is in New Hampshire.... State variations in the racial achievement gap cannot be explained by the proportion of blacks and Latinos in a state’s educational system, furthermore, although school-level segregation may play a role in influencing outcomes.
Well... yes, but what are you supposed to do with that. Connecticut is an extremely inequitable and segregated state (I lived there for a while):
Between 1991 and 2002, the increase in the average annual income of Connecticut’s wealthiest 20% of families ($35,093, i.e., from $109,867 to $144,960) was nearly double the average total annual income of Connecticut’s poorest 20% of families ($21,003). Indeed, the growth in the gap in income between the top 20% of Connecticut families and the bottom 20% of families (as measured by the change in top-to-bottom ratio) was greater in Connecticut than in every state except Tennessee.
Even Connecticut’s middle income families (those in the middle 20% of families) have experienced income growth that pales beside the growth experienced by the top quintile. Over the 1980s, middle-income families saw their incomes increase by 15%, compared to an increase of 44% for very high-income families. By comparison, between 1991 and 2002, middle-income families again saw their incomes increase by 15% while the incomes of very high income families increased by more than twice this amount (a 32% increase).
And that's before the Connecticut hedge funds started their pillage of the past seven years. So you can scratch your head and imply that Connecticut's schools are to blame, but presumably McKinsey are paid to do deeper thinking than this.
Last point -- the premise here is that the achievement gap(s) cost us money -- which I'm sure they do. But if the effect was as strong as this report argues, wouldn't there be a bigger economic upside to individual states that seem to be doing better on closing the gap in test scores? Why are DC and Connecticut at the top in per capita income, with Florida and Texas sitting at 18 and 32?Ultimately, the bottom line here is that McKinsey sees educational attainment, or lack thereof, as simply the cause of social problems -- lack of education causes health problems. The real world is considerably more complex. | <urn:uuid:aca367c4-c3da-457e-ba04-bca3d3ba256b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.tuttlesvc.org/2009/04/mckinsey-goes-skin-deep.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823260.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019084246-20171019104246-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.966401 | 932 | 2.796875 | 3 |
© Al Schneider, www.swcoloradowildflowers.com
Used by Permission
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
Scientific Name Synonyms:
Carduus arvensis (L.) Robson
Life Span: Perennial
Growth Characteristics: A colony-forming weed, growing from deep and extensive horizontal roots, and forming dense clones. Stems are 1 to 6 ½ feet tall, rigid, and branching above. Flowering occurs during July and August. It reproduces mainly from rhizomes, but can also reproduce by seed.
Flowers/Inflorescence: Flowers are unisexual (found on separate plants). Flowers are purple, occasionally white, in head ½ to ¾ inch in diameter, clustered at the top of the stems. Bracts below flower are spineless, and not painful to touch.
Fruits/Seeds:Seeds are somewhat flattened, brownish, with a tuft of hairs at the top. They grow to 1/8 long.
Leaves: Alternate placement on stem, lacking petioles, oblong or lance-shaped, divided into spiny-tipped irregular lobes.
Canada thistle establishes and develops best on open, moist, disturbed areas, including ditch banks, overgrazed pastures, meadows, tilled fields or open waste places, fence rows, roadsides, and campgrounds; and after logging, road building, fire and landslides in natural areas. It differs from other species of the true thistles in that there are male and female flower heads, and these are on separate plants.
Soils: Adapted to a broad range of soils.
Associated Species: Widespread
Uses and Management:
Canada thistle has little or no forage value for livestock. It can be a minor component of the winter and spring diet of mule deer, and is used somewhat by bears.
Canada thistle is a listed noxious weed in Utah. It is very aggressive and difficult to control. Breaking up the roots by plowing only increases the number of plants.
When reproducing asexually, it is possible that a colony of male plants could produce no fruit, but still maintain itself. | <urn:uuid:e0622104-d96b-435c-bd82-a92dc8d00e54> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/htm/canada-thistle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122122092.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175522-00242-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899115 | 465 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Soon, new power plant to turn unwanted carbon dioxide into electricity
Scientists are developing a new kind of geothermal power plant that will lock away unwanted carbon dioxide (CO2) underground and use it as a tool to boost electric power generation by at least 10 times compared to existing geothermal energy approaches.
Washington: Scientists are developing a new kind of geothermal power plant that will lock away unwanted carbon dioxide (CO2) underground and use it as a tool to boost electric power generation by at least 10 times compared to existing geothermal energy approaches.
The new power plant design resembles a cross between a typical geothermal power plant and the Large Hadron Collider: It features a series of concentric rings of horizontal wells deep underground. Inside those rings, CO2, nitrogen and water circulate separately to draw heat from below ground up to the surface, where the heat can be used to turn turbines and generate electricity.
The design contrasts with conventional geothermal plants, explained study co-author Jeffrey Bielicki from Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering and the John Glenn School of Public Affairs at The Ohio State University.
"Typical geothermal power plants tap into hot water that is deep under ground, pull the heat off the hot water, use that heat to generate electricity, and then return the cooler water back to the deep subsurface. Here the water is partly replaced with CO2 or another fluid - or a combination of fluids," he said.
CO2 extracts heat more efficiently than water, he added.
This approach, using concentric rings that circulate multiple fluids, builds upon the idea to use CO2 originally developed by Martin Saar and others at the University of Minnesota, and can be at least twice as efficient as conventional geothermal approaches, according to computer simulations.
The Researchers believe that the resulting multifluid design will enable geothermal power plants to store energy away - perhaps hundreds of gigawatt hours - for days or even months, so that it is available when the electricity grid needs it.
The underground geothermal formation could store hot, pressurized CO2 and nitrogen, and release the heat to the surface power plant when electricity demand is greatest. The plant could also suspend heat extraction from the subsurface during times of low power demand, or when there is already a surplus of renewable power on the grid.
The study was presented at the American Geophysical Union meeting. | <urn:uuid:f01e8464-38e3-415b-8364-002a78a9ec17> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://zeenews.india.com/news/science/soon-new-power-plant-to-turn-unwanted-carbon-dioxide-into-electricity_896462.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891705.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123012644-20180123032644-00742.warc.gz | en | 0.927581 | 490 | 3.734375 | 4 |
William Shakespeare, a well known author during the 1500s and was considered England’s national writer and thought to be the best playwright. From comedies to tragedies and so much more, Shakespeare has written and create a new world of the English language in his stories. One well known tragic story Shakespeare has written is ‘Othello’. There are three main themes in ‘Othello’ which are deception, manipulation and control, and appearance vs reality.
One may promptly see the theme of Shakespeare's "Othello" as deception. Deception seems ordinarily in Othello, yet in relatively every occurrence the level of trickiness is unique. The first demonstration of trickiness is finished by the character Desdemona. Desdemona conceals her association with Othello from her dad, knowing he will object because of Othello's race.” How didst thou know ‘twas she? -O, she deceives me” (1.1.163-164). Although her reasoning from hiding her marriage was due to good intentions, she knew that their marriage would still give her father inevitable pain in the end. Another incident of deception has to deal with the character Iago who is constantly deceiving people for his own good. Iago sets up numerous traps to deceive people especially Othello. He somehow managed to convince Othello that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him with his general Cassio. The level of deception Iago had to use against Othello wasn’t hard since Othello trusted Iago a lot. So when Iago reveals to Othello that Desdemona gave Cassio his cloth, Othello naturally made a hasty judgment about Desdemona tricking. “ I know not that; but such a handkerchief - I am sure it was your wife’s - did I today see Cassio wipe his beard with”(3.3.434-436). This leads to major complications in Othello and Desdemona’s marriage and even leads to Othello strangling Desdemona.
Manipulation is also a theme of Othello. In the play Othello by William Shakespeare, Iago, an ace of control, causes the hero, Othello, to lose confide in his dependable spouse, Desdemona. Look to your significant other; watch her well with Cassio; wear your eyes subsequently: not envious nor secure.(3.3.197-198). Iago effectively persuades Othello to question Desdemona and later murder her through his genius utilization of talk and control. Iago's utilization of clear symbolism and narrating gives Othello the feeling that Desdemona is unfaithful. “I will in Cassio’s lodging lose this napkin and let him find it. Trifles light as air are to the jealous confirmations strong as proofs of Holy Writ”(3.3.318-321). Iago utilizes this obscene correlation with influence Desdemona to appear like an unquenchable animal. When he says this, Othello promptly considers creatures and a need control over physical activities. He connects this with Desdemona, accordingly making him trust Desdemona a prostitute.
The play 'Othello' is a bombshell of a definitive fight between appearance versus reality in the regard that Iago is the direct inverse of what he seems to be. I tail him to serve my turn upon him. We can't be all experts, nor all bosses can't be really taken after(1.1.40-41). Throughout the story of Othello, Iago is portrayed as the most honest man alive. Unfortunately for Othello, this fills in as his inevitable ruin helping Iago play Othello like a harp, which brings about Desdemona's passing. Iago's two-sided confront and the other characters' availability to trust him before reconsidering is the main thrust of the play and its plot. “Men should be what they seem,or those that be not ,would they seem none!”(3.3.128-129). Iago has intended to influence himself to show up along these lines, so he can get to Othello and control him into trusting lies.
The themes of deception, manipulation and control, and appearance vs reality that are shown in Shakespeare’s Othello are often shown in real life as well. Whether we recognise it quickly or not, theses themes surround our daily lives everyday. | <urn:uuid:82eeb151-633e-4dab-9b2b-3a1832cf880c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://eduzaurus.com/free-essay-samples/three-main-themes-in-othello/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.971212 | 956 | 3.515625 | 4 |
I feel a little unqualified to write about this topic as I have very little personal experience or knowledge about poverty (aside from when you’d go to school in the cheaper looking sports shoes and all your mates would look at you and say you’re ‘pov’ 🙂 )
So when Blog Action Day came around again this year (the one day a year where thousands of bloggers unite to discuss a single issue… this year the issue being poverty) I wasn’t exactly sure what to say.
So I started doing some research and discovered that half of the worlds population is suffering from poverty. That’s a LOT of people. But what exactly is ‘poverty’?
According to Wikipedia – Poverty can be measured in terms of absolute or relative poverty. Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries. An example of an absolute measurement would be the percentage of the population eating less food than is required to sustain the human body (approximately 2000-2500 calories per day for an adult male).
The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US$ (PPP) 1 per day, and moderate poverty as less than $2 a day, estimating that “in 2001, 1.1 billion people had consumption levels below $1 a day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day.”
They say a picture tells a thousand words, so to save me a lot of typing and to give you a graphical indication of these figures, here’s a world map showing the percentage of people who are undernourished followed by a map showing the percentage of people living on less than 1 dollar day in 2007/2008:
I also learnt about The Gini coefficient which is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. It is defined as a ratio with values between 0 and 1: A low Gini coefficient indicates more equal income or wealth distribution, while a high Gini coefficient indicates more unequal distribution. 0 corresponds to perfect equality (everyone having exactly the same income) and 1 corresponds to perfect inequality (where one person has all the income, while everyone else has zero income). Here is a map showing the Gino coefficient ratios across the world in 2007/2008:
For more information, World Vision have put together a great resource where you can Learn About Poverty
All this information, data, statistics really blew me away because I knew that poverty was a serious issue, I just had no idea of the actual numbers and percentages of people affected by it.
So next time you’re thinking how little money you have, or when you look in the fridge and think “there’s nothing to eat” or open your closet and say “I’ve got nothing to wear”… spare a thought for the people millions of people around the world that this is a reality for. | <urn:uuid:4ff68cfe-2bf2-4a3d-a092-c6d92d39f5fd> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://dodgypete.com/blogging/some-statistics-on-poverty | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255943.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520101929-20190520123929-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.944635 | 610 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The history of the Sultanate of Deli and also the Sultanate of Serdang is closely related to the heyday of the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam during the administration of Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636). Aceh Darussalam started its expansion in 1612 by invading the cities along the East Coast of Sumatra (Denys Lombard, 2007:134). Deli harbor was conquered just in six weeks, while the Kingdom of Aru surrendered in early 1613 AD. In some other sources, the Kingdom of Aru, located in East Sumatra, was called the Kingdom of Haru, as in the works Tuanku Luckman Sinar Basarshah II who frequently writes about the history of the kingdoms of East Sumatra.
Sultan Iskandar Muda granted Aru territory to Sri Paduka Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan as a retribution. In 1632, Sri Paduka Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan was appointed the vice of Sultan Iskandar Muda to rule the former territory of Aru successfully subjugated to Aceh (Tuanku Luckman Sinar Basarshah II, 2003:2). Acehnese interests in the occupation of the former Kingdom of Aru territory are
(1) To destroy the remaining resistance of the Kingdom of Aru which was aided by Portuguese;
(2) Spread the teachings of Islam into interior areas, and
(3) Set the rule that was part of the Aceh Darussalam (Basarshah II , nd: 49).
Shortly after being appointed ruler of Aru territory representing the Sultan of Aceh, Sri Paduka Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan was appointed by the four kings of the Batak Karo urung (country) as a Datuk Tunggal or Ulon Janji, which was a position with an authority equivalent to the position of prime minister or grand vizier (Basarshah II , nd: 50). In the coronation, an oath to obey was pronounced by the Orang-orang Besar and people for Sri Paduka Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan. At the same time, Lembaga Datuk Berempat was also established that served as an advisory council for the government of Sri Paduka Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan. The four Batak Karo kings became members of this institution.
The four kings of Batak Karo were the leaders of the four kingdoms in the Batak Karo region that had accepted the teaching of Islam and conquered by the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam in the conquest led by Sri Paduka Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan. One of the four Batak Karo kings is King Undo Sunggal who is also father-in-law of Sri Paduka Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan. In 1632, Sri Paduka Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan married King Undo Sunggal`s daughter, named Princess Nang Baluan Beru Surbakti.
Sri Paduka Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan died in 1641, and the control over Deli was bequeathed to his son, Tuanku Panglima Perunggit titled Panglima Deli. Meanwhile, Sultan Iskandar Muda had died in 1636 AD in Aceh. The leadership of Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam was passed to Sultan Iskandar Muda son-in-law, Sultan Iskandar Thani, who was on the throne until 1641 (Djoened Marwati Poesponegoro & Nugroho Notosusanto, 1982:70).
Aceh Darussalam weakened after Sultan Iskandar Thani died. His successor was also his wife and the daughter of Sultan Iskandar Muda, Sultanah Safi al-Din Taj al-Alam (Puteri Sri Alam). The unstable Aceh Darussalam was an opportunity for Tuanku Panglima Perunggit. In 1669, Tuanku Panglima Perunggit proclaimed independence from the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam and established a connection with the Dutch in Malacca (Basarshah II, nd: 50). Thus, officially the Sultanate of Deli established a sovereign government with the capital in Labuhan, located approximately 20 kilometers from Medan, the capital of North Sumatra province today.
After Indonesia gained its independence in 1945 and continued with the recognition of sovereignty by the Netherlands in 1949, the Sultanate of Deli, which was originally included in the territory of East Sumatra, since 1950 had been merged into the province of North Sumatra until now. On the other hand, in those days situation in Deli and North Sumatra have not been in a truly peaceful state. Royal families in northern Sumatra, including the Deli family, were threatened because of the opposition from the parties which declared as anti-royalties. The royal family at that time was considered as Dutch stooges and belonging to the feudal class.
Still in the same book, Tengku Luckman Sinar also writes that the rebellion incitements had been rumored since June 1942 during the era of Japanese occupation in Indonesia. The rebellion was started when the farmers harvested the rice, which was done with mutual cooperation and ended with the harvest feast (Sinar, 2007:121).
Acts of violence against the nobility reached its peak during the bloody incident known as the Social Revolution in 1946. Many kings and royal family in North Sumatra were murdered and robbed of property and belongings, including Tengku Amir Hamzah, the Indonesian poet who was beheaded in Kuala Begumit. The family of the Sultanate of Deli and Serdang survived thanks to the preservation of the Allied soldiers who were on duty in the field to accept the surrender of the Japanese (KESULTANAN ASAHAN). After the tragedy of the Social Revolution ended in 1946, the family and heirs of the Sultanate of Deli occupied Maimoon Palace as a residence since almost all the palace there had been destroyed or burned. Maimoon Palace was the only remaining palace because at the time of the Social Revolution it was guarded by Allied soldiers.
At the time of independence, Physical Revolution, and the next periods, the Sultanate of Deli still exists despite no longer have the political authority because it has become part of the Republic of Indonesia. Entering the New Order era, the sultanate was ruled by Sultan Azmy Perkasa Alam Alhaj who was on the throne from 1967 until 1998. Since 5 May 1998, Sultan Otteman Mahmud Perkasa Alam served as functionary of the sultanate. However, the 13th sultan of Deli who was a lieutenant colonel in Indonesian Army died in an Army CN235 plane crash at Malikus Saleh Airport, Lhokseumawe, Aceh, on 21 July 2005. On 22 July 2005, the Crown Prince inherited the throne as the 14th sultan of Deli and assumed the title as Sultan Mahmud Lamanjiji Perkasa Alam.
The lineage of the kings
Here are the names of the leaders of the Sultanate of Deli since its inception until now:
Tuanku Panglima Gocah Pahlawan (1632-1669).
Tuanku Panglima Parunggit (1669-1698).
Tuanku Panglima Paderap (1698-1728).
Tuanku Panglima Pasutan (1728-1761).
Tuanku Panglima Gandar Wahid (1761-1805).
Sultan Amaluddin Mangendar (1805-1850).
Sultan Osman Perkasa Alam Shah (1850-1858).
Sultan Mahmud Al Rashid Perkasa Alam Shah (1858-1873).
Sultan Ma`mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alam Shah (1873-1924).
Amaluddin Sultan Al Sani Perkasa Alam Shah (1924-1945).
Sultan Osman Al Sani Perkasa Alam Shah (1945-1967).
Sultan Azmy Perkasa Alam Alhaj (1967-1998).
Sultan Otteman Mahmud Perkasa Alam (5 May 1998-21 July 2005).
Sultan Mahmud Lamanjiji Perkasa Alam (since July 22, 2005).
1.Maimoon Palace,The Second Palace Of Sultan Deli.the Palace is Still Exist
2.The Sultan and his good people
3.H.R.H Seripaduka Baginda Tuanku Sultan Mahmud Arya Lamantjiji Perkasa Alam (Sultan Deli 14th reign from 2005-NOW)
4.The Coat of Arm of Sultanate of Deli
5.Puri Palace,the first Palace of Kesultanan Deli was attacked by the people who hate the Sultan in that era
6.the Great Hall of Maimoon Palace,2nd Palace of Sultan Deli
7.the Great Hall of Maimoon Palace,2nd Palace of Sultan Deli
Your introduction post was so interesting, and i had only just recently left a post on returning Sultans in Indonesia in the "Other Non-Reigning Royals" section, in "The Malay and Indonesian Sultanates & Royals" thread.
You may enjoy this Link on Returning Indonesian Sultans article that my friend in Canada recently sent me: - | <urn:uuid:b18e1dde-6ccc-4268-b51b-e92292b1dc25> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/f131/hi-from-sultanate-of-deli-indonesia-32770.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224651815.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605085657-20230605115657-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.94499 | 2,036 | 2.921875 | 3 |
FBI Norfolk History
A week after the U.S. entered World War II—on December 15, 1941—the Norfolk Division opened for business under the leadership of Special Agent in Charge Charles E. Hennrich.
Given the Bureau’s central role in homeland security during the war and the presence of the Hampton Roads naval facility in the Norfolk Division, the new office initially concentrated on national security issues. That included not only countering sabotage and espionage, but also addressing more mundane war-related matters like Selective Service violations, desertion, and theft of government property.
It was the significant number of these cases that convinced FBI Headquarters to keep the office open following the end of the war in August 1945. And with the onset of the Cold War, the division continued its national security work. Like other offices, though, the division also pursued serious violent and white-collar crimes. In 1949, for example, Norfolk investigators responded to the sexual assault and murder of a six-year-old. A man named Lawrence Markham was quickly identified, captured, and convicted for the crime. Throughout such investigations, whether national security or criminal in nature, the division worked closely with U.S. naval personnel and state and local law enforcement agencies within its jurisdiction.
1950s and 1960s
Although there were many important cases in the division through the 1950s and early 1960s, several fugitive matters stood out. In 1959, agents arrested John Roe Priester in Accomack after tracking him through densely wooded terrain and marsh land. A local citizen had noticed Priester’s identification order in a local post office and alerted us. Not long after that, Director Hoover commended the division for its work in the capture of a number of other fugitives wanted for robbery.
Fugitives weren’t the only crime problem facing the Norfolk Division—federal crimes committed by naval personnel also kept the office busy. In a 1960 case, for instance, the division worked with the FBI’s office in Detroit to investigate the possible bribery of a government inspector at the naval base. And in 1964, Norfolk agents arrested an enlisted naval man for the assault of his wife and the murder of her lover.
Special Agent in Charge Robert Hicks (1944-1945)
Bank robberies were an ongoing concern in the 1960s. In 1965, Norfolk agents arrested several naval enlisted personnel for bank robberies in North Carolina. In this and similar cases, the Bureau was ably assisted by U.S. Navy law enforcement personnel. Norfolk investigators made key arrests in violent bank robberies during the next two years. By 1969, the division’s work against such criminals was having an impact. In January, FBI Headquarters commended Norfolk agents for their success in substantially reducing bank robberies in the division’s territory. During 1966, the Norfolk area had experienced 18 bank robberies. The next year, there had been 10 fewer, and in 1968, there were only seven bank robberies. All seven bank robbery investigations in 1968 resulted in the identification of the responsible subjects.
The growing activity of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the area also had a major impact on the division’s work. In 1966, the Norfolk special agent in charge informed FBI Headquarters that his workload had increased from 850 to 1,102 cases over the course of a year, largely due to increased Klan activity in his jurisdiction. In one of many successful investigations, Norfolk agents arrested a local KKK member, who was later sentenced to prison for destruction of government property. The man had let the air out of a tire on a Bureau car at the scene of an FBI surveillance of a KKK meeting. Norfolk’s close monitoring of the Klan’s activities had clearly struck a nerve.
Throughout the 1970s, the investigation of espionage, organized gambling rings, and wanted fugitives remained priorities.
In March 1974, for example, Norfolk agents arrested Carl Dante Napoli— a member of the Confederate Angels, a motorcycle gang from Richmond, Virginia. Napoli, a fugitive wanted for murder, was located and arrested at a funeral home where 50 members of the gang had gathered to mourn the death of one of their own, who was killed in a shoot-out with a rival gang. That same year, Norfolk agents captured Ten Most Wanted Fugitive Melvin Walker. Walker had escaped from the federal penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania in August 1974 along with Richard McCoy. McCoy had been serving a 45-year sentence for hijacking a commercial airliner and then bailing out over Provo, Utah with a half-million dollars in ransom money. A few months later, McCoy fired on agents who were attempting to arrest him and was killed with return fire. He was thought by some to be the elusive hijacker D.B. Cooper, but subsequent investigation has shown that he was not.
Changes in FBI policy and practice—especially the cultivation of long-term undercover operations—were as important in Norfolk as they were across the Bureau. In Operation SEAWALL, division personnel and Norfolk Police Department officers targeted organized crime in the area. Undercover investigators made 175 drug buys during the case, leading to 13 federal indictments. Another 46 subjects were also indicted on local charges, and more than $16 million in stolen property was recovered, including late-model luxury automobiles, motor homes, boats, and motorcycles. Investigators also obtained confessions to two murders and a bank robbery. A 1978 white-collar sting operation was a success as well, resulting in the arrest of 19 people on procurement fraud and bribery charges.
1980s and 1990s
Major drug enterprises, organized crime, espionage, and white-collar and violent crimes were a major focus of the Norfolk Division in the next two decades.
In 1980, for instance, the division participated in a joint federal/state task force that targeted narcotics trafficking in southeastern Virginia. The investigation eventually involved more than a dozen federal, state, and local agencies and produced dozens of convictions.
Another major case for the division during this time was UNIRAC—short for union racketeering. This organized crime investigation rooted out corruption along East Coast waterfronts. Norfolk agents pursued corruption at Hampton Roads, one of the largest seaports in the United States. In the end, the UNIRAC cases yielded more than 100 convictions from New York to Miami.
Espionage remained a key concern as well. In 1985, Norfolk agents identified and arrested an intelligence specialist named John Walker who sought to enter into a clandestine relationship with the Soviet Union. The Norfolk Division soon found itself deeply involved in the investigation of one of the most damaging spy rings in U.S. history. Walker had revealed U.S. naval cryptographic secrets for decades before his former wife’s anger at his attempt to recruit his daughter prompted her to contact the FBI.
White-collar and violent crime continued to provide significant cases for the division. An investigation with the Naval Investigative Service and the Internal Revenue Service into allegations of fraud by officials working on a contract to install non-tactical computer systems aboard U.S. Navy ships led to the December 1989 conviction of three men. The potential value of the contract was estimated at $1 billion. In a major property theft case, the Norfolk Division recovered 11 stolen government-owned jet engines and hundreds of other parts valued at over $6 million. The division also assisted local police on a number of murder and fugitive cases in the 1980s.
In 1990, Norfolk agents participated in an investigation that resulted in a major organized crime takedown in the Hampton Roads area. The case led to the seizure of a number of pizza parlors, an Italian restaurant, and beverage company. Mobsters like Pietro Cottone, Baptista Pirrone, and Salvatore Cottone were convicted.
Less than a decade later, the division followed up with other noteworthy criminal enterprise cases. One investigation conducted by the Norfolk Division’s Safe Streets Task Force—which was created in the early 1990s and includes detectives from the Portsmouth Police Department and other law enforcement and prosecutorial officials—involved Richard Thomas Stitt and his gang. Stitt and 12 co-defendants, known as “the Miami Boys,” were charged in 1998 with various narcotics, criminal enterprise, murder, and firearms violations. They used violence and execution-style murders to gain control of rival drug territories and silence other gang members accused of cooperating with law enforcement. Stitt was the first federal defendant from Virginia sentenced to death in more than seven decades on account of the severity of his crimes. In 1999, the division probed another organized criminal enterprise—the Renegade Outlaw Motorcycle Club—resulting in dozens of arrests and seizures of weapons, explosives, and drugs.
On the morning of 9/11, Special Agent in Charge Michael E. Varnum held his first all-hands meeting, one day after he had taken charge. The gathered agents and professional support staff knew their responsibilities had immediately changed—that preventing terrorist attacks was now the overriding priority for them and for the entire Bureau.
In response, the Norfolk Division stood up the Tidewater Joint Terrorism Task Force in December 2001 and its Field Intelligence Group (FIG) in September 2003. The task force brought together area law enforcement and intelligence partners from federal, state, local, and military agencies to investigate terrorism leads, share information, support special events, and proactively identify threats that might impact the Norfolk area and the nation. The FIG supports both this national security work and the office’s criminal responsibilities, analyzing and sharing intelligence and making sure that the division remains aware of and responsive to national information collection and analysis needs.
Even with the focus on terrorism, the Norfolk Division continues to investigate a wide variety of criminal threats. In 2003, for example, the division broke up a “phishing” operation that attempted to trick Internet users into revealing personal information. One of the intended victims, however, was a Norfolk agent who specialized in cyber crime. The division quickly identified the perpetrators and arrested them.
As the FBI enters its second century, the Norfolk Division continues to build on a history of innovation and dedication as it works to protect southeastern Virginia and the nation as a whole. | <urn:uuid:ee1606ed-559e-43c3-9ed5-9bb583cd2d62> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.fbi.gov/history/field-office-histories/norfolk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818692236.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925164022-20170925184022-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.966241 | 2,072 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Hundreds of marine life - including giant whales and sharks – passed through Firth of Clyde last year.
Data compiled by the Clyde Marine Mammal Project in 2016 reveals 1157 animals swam past our shores, in 366 reports made by members of the public.
The jaw-dropping humpback whale was sighted over 20 times last year, with two killer whale sightings reported too.
One humpback spotted in the area was dubbed Hamish and cruised along the North Ayrshire coastline, popping up at Largs and Arran.
The humpback, a whale that typically weighs around 36,000kgs and can grow up to 16m long, was one of the biggest sightings of the year, along with an orca being spotted off the coast of Arran.
Along with whales and seals being reportedly spied in our waters, minke whales and unidentified baleen whales have been spotted as well as basking sharks.
A spokesperson for Clyde Marine Mammal Project said: “2016 was a fantastic year for spotting marine mammals on the Clyde. We had 366 reports totalling 1157 animals.
“The humpback whale ‘Hamish’ who appeared early in the year helped to galvanise awareness of the project.
“We are encouraged by the number of porpoise and minke whales that have been sighted.
“It seems 2016 was not a good year for basking sharks on the Clyde but excellent to see some visiting pods of bottlenose and common dolphins.
“We have learned a lot and will be making some improvements to the online reporting form which should make things easier.”
Clyde Marine Mammal Project is a not- for-profit organisation that is committed to carrying out community-led marine mammal research.
Last year Irvine was inundated with dead marine life washing up on the beach.
Within a period of four weeks, two dead seals and a baby minke whale were found on the coastline.
A spokesperson added: “We cannot do it without you. Please keep an eye on the water and sightings coming in 2017.
“A big thanks to everyone that has made a huge effort and contributed sightings over 2016.
“The influential sightings data you have gathered has been forwarded to relevant environmental databases and made freely available to students, research and conservation groups.
“The information is already helping to raise awareness and importance of the Clyde environment to mobile species.”
For more information on the Clyde Marine Mammal Project, visit here. | <urn:uuid:a9c89928-47ca-464c-8250-8ab945bd5748> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/spot-humpback-whales-orcas-scotlands-9614377 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171936.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00515-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956959 | 521 | 2.71875 | 3 |
2.8 Effects of Drug Abuse on Health
2.8.1 What are Drugs?
1. Drugs are chemical substance which can affect a person’s mind, emotion and body functions.
2. Useful drugs are used to treat patient in medicine.
3. Drug abuse occurs if it is used not for medical purposes.
4. Drug abuse can lead to addiction and health deterioration.
Types of drug and their characteristics
2.8.2 Effects of Drug Abuse on Body Coordination and Health
Drugs and their adverse effects | <urn:uuid:b571698a-2fbd-4bab-a012-9bc45a1ceecb> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://spmscience.blog.onlinetuition.com.my/2017/08/28-effects-of-drug-abuse-on-health.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575515.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922135356-20190922161356-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.909089 | 112 | 3.09375 | 3 |
President Obama has finally stopped ignoring the Declaration of Independence altogether, but he still seems averse to certain elements of the founding document. In his remarks to the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute annual awards gala, President Obama stressed the importance of Hispanics in American history, and declared that what “made us all Americans” was “faith and fidelity to the shared values that we all hold so dear.”
He continued: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, endowed…with certain inalienable rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”. These are indeed unifying truths, but President Obama has taken artistic license with the Declaration. He conspicuously omits “endowed by their Creator”—and instead pauses, scowls, and seems to wait a moment (perhaps until the teleprompter rolls onto the next phrase?).
This omission should not be surprising. It is consistent with the progressive understanding of government as the true source of rights – a role which validates expanding welfare, universal health care, and, generally, a government that knows what is best for the people. The “living” theory of the Constitution follows directly from the evolving concept of rights advanced by progressives over the course of the twentieth century. The president ought to brief his speech writers regarding the progressive idea of rights. It would save him from such awkward moments. | <urn:uuid:da308dbc-022b-4b62-a35a-2160da4cf1bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://dailysignal.com/2010/09/21/a-living-declaration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258937291.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072857-00014-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958568 | 291 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Some time ago I chatted with a parent about the concept of copyright. Both of us were concerned that digital kids understand very little about intellectual property. The free-for-all digital information climate ensures that children have considerable ease accessing information and considerable difficulty comprehending what belongs to whom. Given this easy access parents and educators need to spend time helping children understand the basics.
Copyright laws are arcane, and even a bit crazy, but it’s critical to teach kids that protecting the intellectual property of others is a necessary 21st Century skill. With your child take the Copyright Challenge quiz at Copyright for Kids to see how much you know. When you finish the quiz check out these frequently asked questions about copyright.
Originality matters when digital children write and learn, but many 21st Century students have considerable difficulty understanding what the idea of original content really means.
Check out How the Internet Affects PlagiarismatKQED Mindshift, a blog post that describes how plagiarism is evolving in today’s digital world. According to the article, students today do less looking for “unoriginal content” at sites that sell papers or other pre-written documents (compared to the past), and they use lots more content from the almost unlimited digital resources that are available on the Internet.
The beginning of a school year is a good time for families to set limits, explain rules, and in general, clarify expectations about technology use. Getting started in the fall, when everyone is off to a new grade and a fresh beginning, encourages healthy tech habits.
Depending on the age of your children, you may want to accomplish some or even all of the tasks on this list, encouraging everyone to think responsibly and become committed digital citizens.
Nine Back-to-School Technology Tasks
1. Place computers in central, well-traveled locations — away from bedrooms and private spaces.
When I was in what we used to call junior high, working on my first bona-fide school research projects, mired down with things to read, and wishing to be finished, my father reminded me over and over again, “… you cannot attribute too much, only too little.” Even now, years later, with only a few words written on a page, I start thinking about Dad’s attribution credo.
Every parent of digital kids needs to share Dad’s strategy whenever children are working on school projects and papers. It is way too easy, in this age of Google, Wikipedia, and easy instant access to digitized scholarly articles, to write about another person’s ideas without giving credit.
Are you thinking about the children and adolescents in your family and how they effortlessly use digital information but don’t always manage it as well as they might?
John Palfrey, Harvard Law Professor and a co-author of Born Digital: Understanding the First Generation of Digital Natives spoke at the University of Washington’s Project Information Literacy(an organization that deserves its own post sometime). Palfrey shared his thoughts on plagiarism, content evaluation, and the role of librarians and teachers. He also pointed out that even in this age of the digital native, plenty of young people around the world do not have enough access to information.
When he spoke about plagiarism in today’s digital world Palfrey commented, “One of the big mistake is to think that “…this time it’s different and then fail to look carefully into what’s really changed and what’s ultimately the same.”
Some Important Points
“Plagiarism is still plagiarism – using someone’s work and passing it off as your own — but we do need to teach students how to deal with the huge amount of digital information at their fingertips”
The concept of remixing information is confusing because a person is allowed to take another person’s work and do things with it, however attributing the work to the original author is paramount.
Digital natives are not all adept as sorting through and evaluating the information they find. | <urn:uuid:5de15cd5-6d58-43de-b44f-731409be239c> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://mediatechparenting.net/category/plagiarism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530176.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421040427-20190421062427-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.942216 | 845 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The goal of this curriculum is to introduce students to the wondrous biodiversity of flora, and the connections between plants and their ecosystems. It is designed to serve as a general template for any ecoregion in the United States, with guidance provided to make the lessons place-based for your specific ecoregion. The lessons encourage students to study what is outside their door and in the surrounding region. Along with the knowledge gained through these lessons, students will gain the skills to be informed and active citizens in local natural area issues and decisions in their future.
Project Botany: Exploring Native Plants of the United States
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Extinction rates are expected to increase as we move through the Anthropocene (our current geologic era), yet we have a...READ MORE | <urn:uuid:b39a9595-e10a-4127-981c-b76d0d15909c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.publicgardens.org/resource/project-botany-exploring-native-plants-united-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100599.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206130723-20231206160723-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.924445 | 244 | 3.546875 | 4 |
This is something done by those connecting to the internet on a network which limits one's daily bandwidth usage. It is the practice of not using one's internet connection for a given day until shortly before the daily bandwidth cap reset time, at which point one would start a data transmission and allow it to continue into the next day. This is done in order to complete a data transmission that would normally breach one's daily limit. By running said transmission across two days, one can harness the the combined bandwidth cap of both days.
Eric wanted do download a 4GB game demo, but his university only allowed him 3GB of bandwidth a day. So he started bandwidth fasting this morning. That way he can start the download just before midnight and let it continue past midnight, into early tomorrow morning. He'll use all of his 3GB allotment for today, and 1GB of his 3GB allotment for tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:89cc0313-170b-4f34-abcb-3ccb8636ab08> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Bandwidth%20Fasting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537376.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00593-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973238 | 183 | 2.546875 | 3 |
By Becky Stoll, Centerstone
“April is the cruelest month,” wrote T.S. Eliot about his own experience with depression. For some depressed individuals, April is not only cruel, it is deadly.
The myth that most suicides occur during the winter months is just that – a myth. It persists with the notion that lonely people become despondent during the holidays and take their lives. However, the incidence of suicide actually rises in the spring, peaking during the month of May, with a suicide rate 4 to 6 percent higher than the average for the rest of the year.
The ninth leading cause of death in Tennessee, suicide is the second leading cause of death for adults ages 25-34 and is the third leading cause of death for youth ages 15-24. The highest suicide rates occur in the elderly, particularly white males 65 and older. Women attempt suicide three times more often than men, but men are four times more likely to complete suicide.
In Lincoln County, there were three resident suicide deaths in 2011, the latest year with released statistics.
Doctors first observed the spike in spring suicide rates in the 1820s. Explanations for this phenomenon vary. Some experts say people can chalk up their depression to the winter blues during darker months. However, when spring arrives and their spirits do not lift, those who are still depressed must confront their unhappiness. Other experts say that the increase in sunshine, which brings a natural energy boost, gives depressed individuals the drive to end their lives.
Whatever the cause, suicide is a serious epidemic in our country, and the number of suicides has continued to rise, reaching almost 37,000 in 2009 (Centers for Disease Control). Frightening statistics indicate that for every suicide there are 8 to 25 attempts.
The reasons for suicide are numerous, but relationship issues are usually at the core. Lack of meaningful connections, strained relationships, or the perception of being a burden can lead depressed persons to end their emotional pain. Other factors leading to suicidal behaviors include chronic pain, terminal illness, financial difficulties and alcohol/drug use.
Improperly stored firearms can also play a factor in suicide. Once individuals begin to contemplate taking their lives, the availability of firearms increases the likelihood that the individual will follow through. If someone is depressed, firearms should be removed from the home.
The internet has also become a culprit in suicide assistance. An integral part of our culture, it provides sites containing information on “the quickest, least painful” ways for taking one’s life.
Approximately 90 percent of people who complete suicide have a mental health disorder. Because of the stigma associated with it, many people already isolated by mental illness do not seek help. The most important thing you can do is be aware, know the warning signs and get help as soon as possible. Most people who contemplate suicide give some warning of their intention. Signs that someone might be contemplating suicide include withdrawal from friends/family, sadness, hopelessness, easily agitated and mood changes.
It can be hard to ask the tough questions, such as “Are you considering killing yourself?” or “Are you having thoughts of suicide?” You may seem unsure or feel awkward in the moment, but those few words, and showing you care, can be the invitation your loved one needs to seek help – and it may even save a life.
If you are concerned that a loved one is considering suicide, or if you are contemplating taking your own life, there are numerous support services that can help. Centerstone’s crisis line is staffed 24 hours a day (800-681-7444) as is the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (800-273-TALK). Our Crisis Chat service can also be accessed via the internet through http://www.Centerstone.org/get-help-now.
Becky Stoll, vice president of Crisis and Disaster Management, oversees the continuum of Centerstone’s Crisis Services. She is a Licensed Certified Social Worker and is Board Certified in Traumatic Stress and is a Certified Trauma Specialist. Ms. Stoll can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:8d5c7320-b551-44a0-9f13-f1735664bcba> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.elkvalleytimes.com/spring-sees-suicide-rates-rise/?wpmp_switcher=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948567042.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215060102-20171215080102-00779.warc.gz | en | 0.955042 | 856 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Although it’s often thought of as a condition on its own, “Colic” is actually blanket term that covers several different types of gastrointestinal upset in equines. While colic is sometimes just a small issue (comparable to “tummy trouble” or indigestion in humans), there are times when colic is a sign of a serious, life-threatening medical issue. Read on for more information on this common threat to your horse’s health!
Causes of Colic
All horses can get colic, regardless of their breed, lineage, age, or current health status. It’s not a disease that you can vaccinate against, nor are there any medications that you can give preemptively to prevent the condition from occurring. Thus, the best thing you can do for your horse is to catch any episodes of colic early. Quick treatment can, quite literally, be a lifesaver!
When a horse has colic, there are usually four common causes, and they all have something to do with the digestive tract:
• A buildup of gas that the horse has difficultly passing.
• Some kind of blockage in the horse’s stomach or intestines.
• Parasites, such as strongyles and roundworms.
• The ingestion of antibiotics, which can disrupt the beneficial bacteria in the horse’s gut.
Sometimes, whatever ails poor Buttercup can be relieved with a single dose of medication. In other cases, though, more drastic medical treatment (including surgery) might be needed.
Here are the most common signs of colic in horses:
• Pawing at the ground.
• Acting anxious or depressed.
• Little or no appetite.
• Rolling around on the ground or lying down. The horse may also stand up, lie down, and then stand up again repeatedly.
• Racing heartbeat.
• Visible bloating in the stomach region.
• Straining to urinate.
• Unusual noises originating from the gut.
• Unusually dark mucus membranes.
• Turning his head towards his flank.
• Listlessness or excessive leaning on walls or fences.
Now, a horse who exhibits any of these symptoms does not necessarily have colic; the issue could be something else entirely. However, these behaviors are definitely not something to regard as “no big deal”!
How to Respond
If you think that Buck is having an episode of colic, call an equine vet immediately. It’s very difficult to tell, just by looking at a horse, whether or not the problem has an easy fix (e.g., he just needs to be walked around the pasture until he finally defecates/farts) or requires aggressive treatment. Only a licensed veterinarian—one with the proper tools, knowledge, and experience with sick horses—can make that call.
Conventional wisdom dictates that, when a horse has colic, a person should gently walk with her until the vet arrives; this is to prevent the horse from rolling (potentially endangering herself and the people/horses around her), encourage her digestion to start working normally again, and keep her calm. However, there’s some debate among experts as to how helpful walking actually is, so ask your vet for their recommendation before you insist that Maggie gets up off the floor of her stall. Do not give your horse any medicine before the vet arrives; this can mask her symptoms and make her illness harder to diagnose!
Once the vet arrives, they’ll give your horse a look-over; the goal is to find out what is causing the colic and how the condition can be relieved. A nasogastric tube (that is, a tube that’s inserted into the stomach by way of the nose) is often utilized to release trapped gas or administer fluids or medication, and a rectal exam can reveal evidence of the colon being blocked, distended, or twisted.
Once the vet has an idea of what, exactly, is wrong with Comet, they’ll also come up with a course of treatment. Minor cases can sometimes be resolved by giving the horse laxatives and mineral oil; if a blockage is to blame, then this can help him to “pass” the obstruction. Major cases, on the other hand—especially ones that involve twisted or looped entrails, severe inflammation of the GI tract, or even a ruptured stomach—will usually require surgical intervention.
Again, there’s nothing that a horse owner can do to “guarantee” that their four-legged friend will never get colic. There are, however, some things that you can do to reduce your horse’s risk. For example:
• Avoid any sudden changes in feeding. Dogs and cats often experience stomach problems when their diet is altered abruptly, and in this regard, horses are no different. If you need to change the type of feed you’re giving your horse or the amount of food she’s getting, do it as slowly and gradually as possible. On a related note…
• Mind your horse’s diet. Colic is more likely to occur in horses that eat high-grain, low-forage diets and are allowed to ingest dirt, clay, or sand. It can also be a result of eating moldy feed or food tainted with parasites. While you don’t necessarily need to monitor every gram of material that goes into your horse’s mouth, make sure that you’re giving them high-quality, nutritious food, and see to it that they always have access to fresh, clean water.
• Keep his “smile” healthy. Broken, missing, or abscessed teeth can make it difficult or painful for a horse to chew, and large amounts of improperly chewed food can wreak havoc on their digestion. Examine your horse’s mouth for dental issues from time to time, and speak to your vet about having his teeth floated regularly.
One more thing: it’s critical that you know what constitutes “normal” behavior for your horse. No two creatures are exactly alike in mannerisms and personality, and when you’re aware of how Brownie usually acts, it’ll be much easier to spot when something’s wrong. As prey animals, horses often try their best to hide any signs of illness; this is a survival adaptation to prevent predators from “picking them off.”
But colic is much easier to treat when it’s caught early, so if you notice any odd behavior (especially one of the symptoms we discussed earlier), don’t just brush it off. | <urn:uuid:d4acf3ad-522d-448f-9629-b0ce5e273a90> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://muenstermilling.com/important-warning-signs-indicate-horse-life-threatening-colic-episode/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510846.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403092656-20200403122656-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.953913 | 1,396 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Human face is a Science game for preschoolers. The game begins with an educational lesson in which the names and function of parts of face is explained through animation. Two practice games of level One and Two follows the lesson. This will allow kids to test their knowledge of human face. The objective of this lesson is to introduce kids to their own body parts. | <urn:uuid:0d7b373c-12c5-48fc-9517-cffbbe6ba6c3> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.turtlediary.com/game/human-face.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541319511.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216093448-20191216121448-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.961984 | 71 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Alkalize Your Body And Fight Disease With These 10 Healing Foods
Our body tends to maintain the proper pH level, temperature and hormonal balance.The body has important tool for achieving this balance and it is known as homeostasis. But, our body’s efforts are obstructed with the unhealthy lifestyle that we all live today. Most of the people are eating diet rich in sugar and fats, which are acidic foods and your organism draws out the minerals from your bones in order to normalize your blood’s pH value.
Chronic acidosis or high acidity can cause multiple sclerosis, increased cholesterol levels, immunodeficiency disarrays, arrhythmia, lethargy, joint pain, heart disease and diabetes.
Acidity triggers inflammation, which enables the cancer cells to develop and expand throughout the whole body.
Cancer cells will have nothing to eat in alkaline environment.
Acidic body experiences muscle cramps or muscle pain, continuous fatigue, shortness of breath and difficult filling of lungs with air.
10 Alkaline Foods to Eat Every Day
The following foods are rich source of minerals such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, which are the minerals that your organism draws out from the bones in order to normalize the pH.
- Ripe Bananas
Unripe bananas are rich in resistant starch that is hard to digest, while the ripe bananas are alkaline and include increased levels of antioxidants.
The older bananas are, the better. This is because the concentration of anti-cancer Tumor Necrosis Factor increases. TNF is a cytokine that destroys damaged or cancerous cells.
Asparagus includes anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory substances known as saponins. According to studies, these substances disable the development of tumors in colon, breast and pancreas.
In addition, this vegetable includes glutathione, an anti-cancer antioxidant. It is rich source of folate, vitamin A, vitamin K, vitamin C, selenium and thiamin.
This fruit includes anti-inflammatory fatty acids that mend stem cells of acute myeloid leukemia. Some experts claim that eating avocado on a regular basis reduces the possibility of cancer by incredible 50%.
This fruit relieves osteoporosis, reduces high cholesterol, skin inflammations and speeds up wound healing due to the high concentration of magnesium, potassium and vitamin K.
This cruciferous vegetable includes anti-cancer glucosinolates. This compound is capable of protecting cells from DNA damage, disabling carcinogens, fighting viruses and bacteria, stimulating apoptosis of harmed and cancerous cells, diminishing inflammation and disabling angiogenesis and metastasis.
Garlic is very effective in reducing blood pressure. It protects us from heart disease by reducing serum levels of LDL cholesterol and suppresses even the most resistant bacteria.
Garlic is also valuable fighter against cancer.
Almonds are rich in fats and proteins. They also include various anti-cancer substances, like vitamin E, that work together for prevention of cancer caused deaths.
Consummation of handful of nuts on a daily basis will keep you safe from pancreatic and colorectal cancer, respiratory disease, neurodegenerative diseases and diabtes.
It is a well-known fact that lemons are rich in citric acid, but it is also a well-known fact that this acid is alkaline. Actually, lemons are loaded with alkalizing compounds like magnesium, potassium, naringenin and eriocitrin, compounds that keep your liver safe from inflammation and oxidative stress.
Watermelon is very alkaline and it is rich in electrolytes, vitamins and detoxifying fiber.
It also includes anti-cancer lycopene and citrulline, a substance that enhances exercising abilities.
- Organic Papaya
This fruit lowers the possibility of heart disease, diabetes and cancer. It improves the digestion, regulates blood sugar levels, reduces blood pressure and speeds up the wound healing.
It also includes potent antioxidants such as zeaxanthin, which is very important for your vision.
- Cayenne Pepper
This spice has very strong antibacterial characteristics. It is loaded with vitamin A, a potent antioxidant.
It is also capable to lower oxidative stress, enhance metabolism, relieve chronic pain, diminish inflammation and improve your heart’s health. | <urn:uuid:a94a30a4-51b1-4b20-a1f8-e4df7cf09ebf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://timeforhealthyfood.com/alkalize-body-fight-disease-10-healing-foods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282631.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00076-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904619 | 895 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In honor of Women’s History Month, we pay tribute to the women of the SHOUHARDO and SHOUHARDO II programs, USAID-funded food security initiatives in Bangladesh.
The Strengthening household Ability to respond to Development Opportunities (SHOUHARDO) program, designed and implemented by CARE with funding from USAID, was launched in 2004 with the hope of reducing malnutrition and vulnerability to food insecurity in Bangladesh’s poorest communities. The follow-on, SHOUHARDO II, continues the work and progress of the earlier SHOUHARDO program.
While the project targets poor men and women, its focus is mainly on the women, empowering them to actively engage in initiatives related to reducing food insecurity in their communities. For example, SHOUHARDO offers women self-help groups to address the unique challenges they face in their communities, such as early marriage, violence, and sexual harassment, all of which restrict women’s freedom and decision making. The women who join these groups find the courage to move through the community more freely, to buy and sell goods at the markets without fear of intimidation, to contribute to their family’s income. They see doctors more frequently when they are pregnant and they have increased say in their children’s future. Their families start eating healthier diets, learn about nutrition, and improve their overall well-being. SHOUHARDO is also improving water infrastructure networks by developing more constant access to a close water supply, which decreases the burden on women for collecting water and maintaining household sanitation.
The idea that educating and encouraging women to actively participate in their communities to transform their livelihoods is not new. When the political, economic, and social barriers holding back women are eliminated, the fight against poverty and food insecurity becomes more powerful. children learn from their mothers. By educating women on nutrition, health, hygiene, and agriculture, their families grow up with these best practices.
SHOUHARDO is promoting women’s empowerment as a transformative strategy against poverty, and it’s working. By focusing on women, lasting and measurable results are achieved that benefit future generations.
Last updated: September 20, 2013 | <urn:uuid:43b6e09d-5046-4497-aa3b-7d235655e7eb> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.usaid.gov/global-waters/march-2012/empowered-women-bangladesh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375093400.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031813-00127-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956221 | 453 | 2.578125 | 3 |
How to Diagnose Hypothyroidism in Golden Retrievers
Hypothyroidism is a common condition in golden retrievers, and affects about 25% of this breed. The hypo in hypothyroidism stands for “low”, and this condition occurs when your dog’s body produces a low amount of the thyroid hormone. As a dog owner, it is important that you recognize the signs of this condition in your goldie and have your vet confirm the condition in your dog, as a definitive diagnosis will be needed to treat this condition properly. Most goldies recover well from hypothyroidism with the right treatment.
Recognizing the Symptoms of Hypothyroidism
1. Be aware of how hypothyroidism develops in your golden retriever.
Hypothyroidism is caused by a low amount of thyroid hormone in your dog’s body. Your dog’s thyroid glands sit on your dog’s neck on either side of his windpipe. They produce the thyroid hormone, which helps to control your dog’s metabolic rate. If your dog’s thyroid glands are underactive, the thyroid will be attacked by your dog’s immune system, leading to health issues.
- Golden retrievers are prone to hypothyroidism, and it most commonly occurs at 4-10 years of age. Other breeds such as Doberman, Old English sheepdog, miniature schnauzer, boxer, and Cavalier King Charles spaniel are also prone to hypothyroidism.
2. Note if your dog has low energy.
One of the major symptoms of hypothyroidism in dogs is the dog starts to display a lack of energy and mental dullness. Your dog may choose sleeping beside a heater or a warm area of the house rather than going outside for a walk. He may also display mental dullness, where he is not as energized and playful as he once was and does not make much of an effort to move around or respond to your commands.
- Dogs with hypothyroidism are sensitive to cold so you should note if your dog moves from his normal sleeping spot to a spot that is warmer or close to a heat source.
- Some retrievers with hypothyroidism have been known to display a “tragic” facial expression where they always appear sad or in distress.
3. Check if your dog starts to gain weight.
Your dog may start to gain weight as a result of his low energy and mental dullness. He may also start to gain weight due to his thyroid issues, as he is burning calories less quickly and this can lead to a weight gain.
- You can determine if your dog has gained weight by weighing him on a scale. If you note any major weight gain (5-10 pounds) over a short period of time, this may be a sign of hypothyroidism.
4. Look at your dog’s coat for any dullness or patchiness.
Dogs with hypothyroidism usually develop a brittle and dull coat, with patches of fur or hair falling out. Your dog’s coat may have a “rat’s tail”, where hair falls from his tail and exposes the skin underneath. It may appear as whip-like and rat-tail like.
- If the vet ends up clipping patches of your dog’s coat to run blood tests to determine if he has hyperthyroidism, the patch may not regrow for a few months.
- You may also notice that your dog’s skin appears greasy. It may feel greasy to the touch. There may also be hyper-pigmentation, where areas that were once buff colored have a blue-grey appearance. Your dog may also itch his skin and may develop a bacterial infection or a yeast infection that leads to itchiness, which is due to his poor immunity.
5. Check your dog’s heart rate.
A dog with hypothyroidism may develop a slow heart rate, where his heart rate is below the normal rate for a golden retriever, usually around 60-100 beats per minute. Your goldie may have a heart rate that is at the bottom of this range or below it.
- You can check your dog’s heart rate by using a stopwatch or a watch with a second hand. You can also use the stopwatch option on your smartphone, if available.
- Hold one hand over your dog’s left side, just behind his front leg. Use the stopwatch or the watch with a second hand to count the number of beats in 15 seconds. Multiple this number by four to get his heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). If it is 60 bpm or lower, this may be a sign of hypothyroidism.
6. Look for enlarged nipples and shrunken testicles on a male retriever.
If your retriever is male, you can check his nipples and his testicles. Note if his nipples appear enlarged or larger than usual, also known as gynecomastia. You should also note if his testicles look shrunken.
Taking Your Retriever to the Vet
1. Let your vet perform a physical exam of your dog.
If you note your dog’s symptoms are getting worse and you want to confirm his condition, you should take him to the vet. Your vet will do a physical exam to assess his health.
- She should check if your dog has another illness that is suppressing his thyroid hormone production, a phenomena known as “sick euthyroid syndrome”. This will prevent a misdiagnosis, as your dog’s thyroid levels can be low due to a secondary problem that is not hypothyroidism. Treating his illness should bring your dog’s thyroid levels back to normal if he is sick due to another illness or condition.
2. Tell your vet if your dog is on any medications.
Your vet should be told if your dog is on any medications, as one the side effects of pet medication can be the suppression of thyroid function.
- Medication that can cause thyroid suppression include corticosteroids and trimethoprim-sulphonamide antibiotics. Your vet may recommend not giving your dog this medication and allowing it to wash out of your dog’s system. This can then help your dog’s thyroid levels bounce back to normal.
3. Allow the vet to run blood tests on your dog.
Your vet may run screening blood tests and blood tests specifically made to examine your dog’s thyroid hormone levels. The screening blood tests may note nonspecific changes in your dog like mild anemia and high cholesterol levels. But these are not specific enough on their own to confirm a hypothyroid diagnosis in your dog.
- Specific blood tests for thyroid hormone levels and the presence of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are more conclusive. If your dog’s levels of TSH are high and his thyroid hormone levels are low, your vet can make a clear diagnosis of hypothyroidism in your golden retriever.
4. Have your vet run a thyroid stimulation test.
This test is often done by vets if the blood results are inconclusive but your dog has clear symptoms of a medical issue.
- The thyroid stimulation test requires an injection of a form of TSH through an IV into your dog. The vet will then measure the amount of thyroid hormone produced in response to the TSH about six hours after the injection. If your dog’s thyroid glands do not produce extra thyroid hormone in response to the TSH in your dog, this is a clear sign of hypothyroidism.
5. Discuss your dog’s treatment.
Once your vet confirms your dog’s diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, the treatment is relatively simple. You will need to give your goldie a thyroid supplement twice a day in tablet form.
- Within four to six weeks of treatment, your goldie should start to recover and be the healthy, energetic dog he was before. He should enjoy walking, running, and playing again. His coat should also grow back. | <urn:uuid:4e5b7905-68b5-4292-abd5-21cfbe61fe15> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.pettopi.com/dogs/dogs-health/dog-preventative-care/diagnose-hypothyroidism-in-golden-retrievers-az3d189d613ae98913 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710926.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203075717-20221203105717-00708.warc.gz | en | 0.949631 | 1,694 | 2.84375 | 3 |
On Sunday, March 13, change the batteries in your smoke alarms and other detectors! SVFC encourages you to make a habit of changing the batteries in your smoke detectors at least twice a year – at the beginning and end of daylight savings time.
“Smoke alarms are the first warning sign of a fire. These devices give you potentially lifesaving seconds to escape, however, the alarms have to be working on order to warn you. That’s why testing them is an important first step in preparing for a fire.”
For the greatest protection, install a smoke detector on every level of your home and inside and outside of each sleeping area. In addition, you are encouraged to develop an escape plan with two ways out and make sure every family member knows what to do and where to meet outside if the fire alarm sounds. Take time to practice both a primary and secondary escape plan, so that if a real emergency occurred, you and your family know what to do.
- Test smoke alarms at least once each month to ensure that they are working properly.
- Vacuum the dust from inside the detector at least once every year.
- Never “borrow” a smoke detector’s battery for another use.
- Change batteries twice a year or if a detector “chirps” to signal low battery power.
- If you have a smoke alarm that was installed before March 13, 2006, replace the entire unit this weekend! | <urn:uuid:911369b2-32b8-4435-bd24-608b458460ad> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://sharpsburgvfc.org/change-your-clocks-change-your-smoke-detector-batteries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506676.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925015430-20230925045430-00880.warc.gz | en | 0.935731 | 301 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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