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The cranium is widely recognized as the most important skeletal element to use when evaluating
population differences and estimating ancestry. However, the cranium is not always intact or available
for analysis, which emphasizes the need for postcranial alternatives. The purpose of this study was to
quantify postcraniometric differences among South Africans that can be used to estimate ancestry.
Thirty-nine standard measurements from 11 postcranial bones were collected from 360 modern black,
white and coloured South Africans; the sex and ancestry distribution were equal. Group differences were
explored with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test.
Linear and flexible discriminant analysis (LDA and FDA, respectively) were conducted with bone models
as well as numerous multivariate subsets to identify the model and method that yielded the highest
correct classifications. Leave-one-out (LDA) and k-fold (k = 10; FDA) cross-validation with equal priors
were used for all models. ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD results reveal statistically significant differences
between at least two of the three groups for the majority of the variables, with varying degrees of group
overlap. Bone models, which consisted of all measurements per bone, resulted in low accuracies that
ranged from 46% to 63% (LDA) and 41% to 66% (FDA). In contrast, the multivariate subsets, which
consisted of different variable combinations from all elements, achieved accuracies as high as 85% (LDA)
and 87% (FDA). Thus, when using a multivariate approach, the postcranial skeleton can distinguish
among three modern South African groups with high accuracy. | <urn:uuid:bb9ec939-9b9e-423b-ab25-bd10d42aba98> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/51348 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811830.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218100444-20180218120444-00789.warc.gz | en | 0.933779 | 368 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Did you know that kidney disease can affect 1 in 3 American adults? Kidneys are essential parts of the body, and when damaged, can lose the ability to filter the blood and cause wastes and excess fluid to build up.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a gradual loss of kidney function over time, is a major public health concern, which often goes undetected until it is in its advanced stage. Most people are not diagnosed with kidney disease until the kidney function is significantly impaired. Because most symptoms are not apparent in the early stages of this disease, it’s important to understand the risk factors associated with it.
The most common risk factors of kidney disease are diabetes and high blood pressure – responsible for about two-thirds of diagnoses – but they aren’t the only things that can cause kidney disease.
Other common risk factors include:
– Cardiovascular disease
– Family history of kidney disease, diabetes or high blood pressure
– African-American heritage
– Native American heritage
– Age 60 or older
– Low birth weight
– Prolonged use of NSAIDs (medicines that reduce pain, decrease fever, prevent blood clots and decrease inflammation)
– Lupus or other autoimmune disorders
– Chronic urinary tract infections
– Kidney stone
Kidney disease is not only limited to adults. Although relatively uncommon in children, it can also affect children in various ways, ranging from treatable disorders without long-term consequences to life-threatening conditions.
From birth to age 4, birth defects and hereditary diseases are the leading causes of kidney failure. Between ages 5 and 14, kidney failure is most commonly caused by hereditary diseases, nephrotic syndrome and systemic diseases. Between ages 15 and 19, diseases that affect the glomeruli are the leading cause of kidney failure, and hereditary diseases become less common.
Other risk factors affecting children include:
– Infection (Hemolytic uremic syndrome, Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis)
– Urine blockage or reflux
Although most people do not experience symptoms until the later stages, some will notice that they have less energy, a poor appetite, swollen feet and ankles, and an increased urge to urinate. If you begin to feel these symptoms or are at risk of kidney disease, it is important to contact your doctor and get tested because early detection and treatment can slow the progression. Parents of children who are at risk need to look out for these signs, as children may not realize what they are experiencing. This can cause a delay in the diagnosis, which can worsen the damage the kidneys.
To check for kidney disease, your doctor may perform one of the following tests:
– Blood pressure
– Blood test (electrolytes, renal function studies, CBC, albumin)
– Urine test (check for proteinuria)
– Renal ultrasound
– Renal biopsy (glomerular diseases)
While getting tested helps with early diagnosis, it is more important to stay healthy and protect your kidneys. In order to avoid kidney failure, also known as renal failure, follow these guidelines:
– Lower high blood pressure
– Keep blood sugars in control if diabetic
– Reduce salt intake
– Avoid NSAIDs
– Moderate protein intake
– Get flu test annually
– Exercise regularly
– Control weight
– Balance diet
– Stop smoking
– Drink in moderation
– Stay hydrated
– Monitor cholesterol levels
– Get annual physicals
To learn more about this disease or see if you are at risk, contact your healthcare provider today.
National Kidney Foundation www.kidney.org
American Journal of Kidney Disease May 2014, Volume 63, Issue 5
About Dr. Fanny Gonzalez
Dr. Fanny Gonzalez is a pediatric nephrologist in Miami, Florida who has been practicing for over 16 years. She graduated from Universidad Central De Caribe in 2002 and continued her training at Miami Children’s Hospital for Pediatrics and Harvard’s Boston Children’s Hospital for Pediatric Nephrology. Dr. Gonzalez’s main passion and goal is to guide her patients through the sometimes difficult journey and to help them fully understand the condition and disease. For more information about Dr. Gonzalez, click here! | <urn:uuid:0b4efd98-6d99-4e8c-8809-fdbbbf73ddb5> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.toplinemd.com/silent-disease-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583897417.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123044447-20190123070447-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.936183 | 878 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The importance of limiting the average global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels was underscored in an October 8 report by the United Nation’s leading authority on climate change.
Produced by 91 top climate scientists, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report examines the differing impacts of 1.5 and 2 degrees of warming, and outlines what actions are needed to meet the lower temperature target.
The report says countries must stop burning fossil fuels completely by 2030 if the world is to avoid the worst effects of climate change.
It calls for “rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society,” from energy to transport and agricultural systems. This will require an estimated global investment of US$2.4 trillion dollars a year and more ambitious action than many countries committed to under the Paris Agreement.
To gauge the impacts of the report findings on large developing countries that have growing economies – and rising greenhouse gas emissions – chinadialogue spoke to a range of experts.
Jiang Kejun, researcher at the National Development and Reform Commission’s Energy Research Institute, and one of the Chinese authors of the report
The IPCC’s report sets out a clear pathway – to limit temperature increases to 1.5C, the world must achieve carbon neutrality (net zero emissions) by 2050. There is little time to do so and the transition would need to be extremely rapid. So, how to handle such a rapid transition is crucial.
I’m not particularly worried about technical feasibility; existing technology is already able to achieve the 1.5C target. But that rapid transition will cause unemployment and the loss of traditional industries so it needs to be carefully managed.
As stressed in the report, limiting temperature increases will benefit humanity, especially in China’s case. For example, China’s low-carbon businesses are already world leaders, while, global mitigation and adaptation efforts are particularly beneficial for China’s exports and technological and economic development.
Looking forward, China is expected to overtake the US and become the world’s largest economy by 2040. It will be beneficial for China if at that time we have a peaceful and less disaster-prone world, so tackling climate change is in line with China’s long term goals. I hope China will put tougher climate targets in place.
Saleemul Huq, director of the International Centre for Climate Change and Development at Independent University, Bangladesh
The IPCC scientists have laid out what needs to be done to achieve the 1.5 degree target in the short time window left to decarbonise the global economy: stopping use of fossil fuels and switching to 100% renewable energy. I believe that this future will be led by the major developing countries such as China, India and Brazil who are already on track to make the transition, but they need to accelerate their efforts. The report has rung the bell loud and clear on what is now a planetary emergency and everyone needs to heed the call.
Fu Sha, assistant researcher at the Ministry of Ecology and Environment’s National Centre for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation
The report reminds us that temperatures have already risen by 1C and even if we stop emissions today temperatures and sea levels will continue to rise. Achieving the 1.5C target would require a comprehensive transition, affecting everything. But looking at the current Nationally Determined Contributions (national plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, known as NDCs), we are still far from the easier target of limiting increases to 2C by 2030. So while there’s still hope for 1.5C, it would be hugely difficult.
This report takes a global view and does not cover regional or national circumstances. But China should regard the report as a warning; we need to better understand the position we’re in. China will update its NDC in 2020 and will also need to submit a long-term strategy running up to 2050. That scientific research will inform China’s carbon reduction targets and bolster our climate policy efforts.
Climate change is not just a long-term issue – it’s one that all of us need to act on today
Joanna Haigh, professor of atmospheric physics at Imperial College London, and co-director of the Grantham Institute of Climate Change and the Environment, London
China’s economic growth has been remarkable but the associated increase in CO2 emissions means that it now leads the world in this undesirable ranking. While the size of the population makes this understandable it should be noted that China’s emissions per person are now higher than those of EU nations.
Its investment in renewable energy systems has been phenomenal, and the plateauing of CO2 emissions since about 2012 is welcome, so I am sure we can look forward to China playing a leading role in meeting the targets set out in the IPCC report, and particularly the ambition for net zero emissions before the end of the century.
India is at an earlier stage of modernisation, and its per person emissions currently low (about one quarter those of China), but rapid economic development, and a population nearly the size of China’s, will inevitably mean an increase. Nevertheless, it has plans to abandon the build of new coal-fired power stations and significant investment in renewables, particularly solar, so with further political determination could move fast towards its decarbonisation targets.
Brazil is in yet another situation in which its very successful work since 2005 to address deforestation, a major cause of carbon dioxide increases, has stalled and maybe even reversed. This is a serious concern.
Inés Camilloni, professor, Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera and contributor to the impacts section of the IPCC report, Buenos Aires
Developing countries are now on the same level as the big polluters. If they are not involved [in aligning decarbonisation to a 1.5°C pathway] like Europe or the US, it will be difficult to reach [an] agreement.
The discussion of “common but differentiated responsibilities” regarding emissions reductions has to remain in the past. All countries must discuss finance, as developing nations will need support. The report does not tell each country what it has to do, it shows on a global scale the road ahead.
Shyla Raghav, climate change lead, Conservation International, Virginia
The report represents a sobering reminder of why climate change is not just a long-term issue – it’s one that all of us need to act on today.
We’ve seen recently that acting on climate change does not need to come at the expense of economic growth. In fact, it makes financial sense and any kind of development will be impossible without addressing climate change. Large developing countries like China, India, and Brazil must lead the way in creating a new development paradigm that is climate-resilient.
Chen Ying, researcher with the Institute for Urban and Environmental Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and lead author with the IPCC Working Group III, contributing to the IPCC’s Fifth and Sixth Assessment Reports.
The report will certainly improve understanding of this, but there won’t be an immediate impact on climate talks and action. For China the 1.5C target serves to raise our aim – we may not reach it, but in the attempt we are more likely to hit the 2C target.
‘Sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty’ are featured in one of the report’s headings, and it is increasingly necessary to discuss climate change within a framework of sustainability. We can’t look solely at climate change only in terms of climate change – we need to stress sustainable development, fairness, alleviating poverty.
The report states that poor policy could result in trade-offs between tackling climate change and poverty, hunger and energy accessibility targets, and we need to be wary of that. That kind of analysis should be encouraged because it takes everyone’s needs into account, particularly the developing nations.
Liu Bin, Tsinghua University’s Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, former member of the Chinese climate change talks delegation
The report will help the world maintain climate change efforts and promote the creation of a low-carbon and green society, which is all to the good.
The Chinese government’s own climate change targets and commitments have been set scientifically, in line with the country’s stage of development and circumstances, and after rigorous calculations. Those won’t change just because of the new discussion of the 1.5C target. Similarly, if climate targets were relaxed, China would not respond by easing its own efforts. I think the Chinese government will remain steadfast in working towards its own low-carbon development goals.
Luke Harrington, post-doctoral research fellow and college lecturer, The Environmental Change Institute, the University of Oxford
Emerging economies are crucial. I think it’s widely agreed that well-developed countries (in the EU, Australasia and the US) should be setting much more ambitious mitigation targets than low-income nations, which must consider other, often conflicting, requirements for continued economic development.
Emerging economies like China, India and Brazil largely dictate whether or not global temperatures can be conceivably stabilised within the next several decades. | <urn:uuid:9ce5e00a-3355-489a-97ad-8f7fbd0ac9f2> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://chinadialogue.org.cn/article/show/single/en/10856-Roundtable-Will-developing-countries-act-on-latest-climate-warning- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247513661.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222054002-20190222080002-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.932804 | 1,922 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Voter-approved land-use policy measures have been a critical tool used to protect open space and farmland in the Bay Area and stop sprawl development. This type of measure has contributed to Bay Area lands at risk for sprawl development dramatically shrinking over the last three decades.
In 2000, two such measures were put in place. Alameda County voters approved Measure D— the “Save Agriculture and Open Space Lands Initiative”—to limit urban growth and protect open space and agricultural land. And voters in the city of Livermore adopted the South Livermore Urban Growth Boundary to protect and enhance agriculture and open space in the South Livermore Valley.
Overall, these measures have had significant success in ensuring city-centered growth while increasing the preservation of agricultural land in eastern Alameda County.
During that time, agriculture in the area grew, particularly vineyards. This thriving wine industry has since supported both protection of open space and ag-lands along with economic development. However, as these industries evolve, some limitations in the current land use are undermining original goals. Alameda County’s Measure D and Livermore’s Measure P make minor changes to the measures to better achieve their original goals.
Livermore Measure P Overview
Measure P would amend the South Livermore Urban Growth Boundary policies in the City of Livermore’s General Plan to allow the City to extend sewer service to permitted uses within the South Livermore Valley area. The lack of sewer service has caused the stagnation of the wine industry. The County’s South Livermore Area Plan calls for the expansion of agricultural use of wine to 5,000 acres but the total acreage used so far has stalled at around 2,800 acres. The expansion of sewer service is critical for the wine industry to thrive and extending this service will NOT allow for residential or commercial development.
Why We Support It
Conservation of these unique agricultural uses are key to our mission of protecting the greenbelt from sprawl development and supporting working agricultural lands. A vibrant and healthy wine country will support commercial success throughout the region, preserve important agricultural land, and enhance the quality of life for Tri-Valley residents.
Learn more about why we encourage Livermore residents to vote YES on Measure P here.
Alameda County Measure D Overview
In 2000, the approval of Alameda County’s Measure D established an Urban Growth Boundary to prevent sprawl from encroaching on dwindling agricultural lands, open space, watersheds, and wildlife habitat. In turn, it encourages infill and transit-friendly development to help revitalize neighborhoods within existing urban boundaries. Measure D also set standards for development outside the urban growth boundary to protect open space from excessive development.
This year’s Measure D would amend the original one to increase the allowable size of buildings “available to be constructed on land zoned for agriculture uses, including greenhouses, equestrian facilities, and wine production” (Wine Industry Network Advisor, 2022). The proposed changes would allow:
- A maximum floor area ratio of .025 for agricultural buildings in Large Parcel Agriculture areas; and
- A maximum floor area ratio of .025, with a minimum of 20,000 and a maximum of 60,000 square feet, for covered equestrian riding arenas in Large Parcel Agriculture and Resource Management areas.
Learn more about why we encourage Alameda County residents to vote YES on Measure D here.
Why We Support It
The new Measure D would maintain the open space and agricultural lands that are key to our mission of protecting critical landscapes from urban sprawl. With the Bay Area being one of the hottest real estate markets, we recognize that the risk of open space and agricultural lands being converted to residential uses is very high. This measure reaffirms the protections in place while increasing the potential viability of wine and equestrian-related industries. These types of industries are compatible with protected open space and are critical partners with environmentalists in maintaining long-term conservation goals. This measure also helps to continue the focus on infill housing in core areas close to transit and jobs, which decreases the need for cars and in turn reduces overall greenhouse gas emissions.
Other Supporters of These Measures
- Tri-Valley Conservancy (Both Measures)
- Friends of Livermore (Measure P)
- East Bay Times (Both)
- Friends of Open Space and Vineyards (Measure P)
Learn more about the land-use measures Greenbelt Alliance has endorsed here.
Photo: Jay Huang via Flickr | <urn:uuid:564229e8-b3fa-4a64-aca0-04b36969a56d> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.greenbelt.org/blog/changes-in-land-management-measures-will-increase-long-term-protection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943483.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320114206-20230320144206-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.911836 | 920 | 2.8125 | 3 |
With the care of a mother attending her child, Felipe Garcia gently places a baby tamarind into a small clump of soil, where the sapling will be nurtured and slowly take root before being returned to the forest. At the edge of the Amazon, this one life-giving act stands out amid the backdrop of a nation wracked by decades of war and violence.
If the rivers and waterways of Colombia are its arteries, the forest is its beating heart, its fate intertwined with the future of a country grappling with the legacy of its tormented past.
“This is a form of resistance,” says Garcia, 30, gently patting down the soil as he reaches for another sapling, part of a small but growing nursery intended to help restore the surrounding forest.
Colombia’s forests are among the world’s most biodiverse, home to more bird, amphibian, and plant species than almost anywhere else on the planet. The Amazon, which blankets much of the country’s southern region, plays a key role in regulating global weather patterns. Its survival — uncertain amid ongoing threats caused by deforestation and a warming planet — is key to avoiding the worst outcomes of climate change.
Rising rates of poverty and social inequality, which triggered nationwide protests in April, complicate efforts to protect these vital resources. But here, under the canopy of the world’s largest rainforest, where the shadows of Colombia’s half-century long armed conflict continue to loom, Garcia is part of a small team helping to sow the seeds of a more prosperous and equitable future, one tree at a time.
Escuela Bosque, or Forest School, is a modest 40-hectare plot situated in the hills above Florencia, the capital of Caquetá, a largely agricultural region at the juncture of the massive Cordillera Mountains and the Amazon rainforest. It is the vision of Bogotá native and conservation crusader Julio Andrés Rozo.
In 2019, Rozo, who is 40, embarked on a 400 km trek across Caquetá, earning him the moniker “Forest Gump of the Amazon.” The journey was an opportunity to immerse himself in a region known today more for its sprawling cattle ranches, a backbone of the local economy and also a key driver of forest loss. But it was also a publicity stunt of sorts, an effort to draw attention to the plight of Colombia’s Amazon and to the opportunity it presents for Caquetá and the country.
“We Colombians have not been able to apprise ourselves of the treasure that we have in the Amazon,” insists Rozo. “It has not been a priority for us.”
Deforestation in Colombia rose sharply following the signing of the peace accord with leftist FARC guerillas in 2016 as areas once off limits due to the conflict became open to rampant land grabbing. Caquetá and neighboring departments have seen some of the highest rates of deforestation in the country. While a slowing trend appears to be emerging, significant challenges remain, including illegal mining, narcotics, and an expanding agricultural frontier.
Turning that around requires education, a key component of Escuela Bosque’s mission, says Rozo, pointing to various structures across the property which in time will serve as classrooms, workshops, and lodging. Rozo envisions similar projects in other regions of the Colombian Amazon where visitors and local farmers alike can come to experience and learn about the forest’s role as a source of both life and livelihood.
“Education helps to raise awareness. But the kind of education we are aiming for inspires action. If I want to teach sustainability, I can’t be a normal teacher. I have to be a sustainable entrepreneur.”
Pointing to a row of beehives that line a nearby hillside, Rozo says the honey they produce is, like all aspects of Escuela Bosque, an educational tool demonstrating the vital role bees play in the local ecosystem and, critically, their potential to generate a sustainable income for families.
“That is the other half of the battle,” Rozo says. To bring projects like Escuela Bosque to scale, sustainability needs to be economically feasible for local families. “My biggest challenge is not so much engaging with my neighbors here but getting consumers in Bogotá and beyond to recognize their role in preserving these forests.”
EII Colombia Coordinator María Adelaida Fernández has spent the past several years working with local stakeholders and the regional government in Caquetá on the design and implementation of a low-emission, forest-friendly development strategy.
“Sustainable development is a long process. It doesn’t happen overnight,” says Fernández. “We are building a foundation, but to strengthen it we need greater access to national and global markets.”
Fernández and her team are currently involved in several projects in Caquetá, all designed to bring more resources to the region by increasing the value of standing forests. These include efforts to improve access to credit for local cattle ranchers who are transitioning to more sustainable business models, as well as gaining deforestation-free certification for sustainable cacao producers. The latter would ensure access to key markets that are now considering policies to limit their exposure to commodities linked to forest loss.
Fernández is also coordinating a project that aims to help the regional government in Caquetá become eligible to sell carbon credits on the rapidly expanding global carbon market, potentially generating valuable incentives to keep forest standing.
“Right now, the forest does not provide economic opportunity. This is all people can count on to feed their families,” says Fernández, pointing to Caquetá’s seemingly endless expanse of cattle pasture. “They are doing what they know they can to put money in their pockets every day.”
Ascending a long flight of stairs Garcia disappears into the wall of trees that surrounds Escuela Bosque. Minutes later, sweat falling from his brow, he is crouched over a small sapling, which he carefully removes from the soil and places in a nearby container for transplant to the nursery below.
Under normal conditions saplings must wait for larger trees to fall, creating an opening in the canopy for much-needed sunlight to reach the forest floor, before they can grow. Garcia is accelerating this process, nurturing the saplings before replanting them in previously degraded or cleared forests, bringing life where once death prevailed.
With the right support, Garcia and Rozo maintain Escuela Bosque's model offers as an alternative model to the business-as-usual approach of trading in natural resources for quick injections of cash, a tempting and perilous option as Colombia confronts an array of social and economic challenges.
“There used to be just one house there,” Garcia says, pointing to a small cluster of homes at the foot of the hill below Escuela Bosque. “Now there are 10.”
In Colombia and across much of Latin America, Covid 19 drove thousands to flee their homes in the city, arriving in rural areas like Caquetá where the weight of pandemic restrictions was lessened by greater access to fresh food, open space, and clean air. Patches of cleared forest surround the newly built homes while in the distance a narrow column of smoke rises toward the sky as felled trees are burned to create new pasture.
Standing over the nursery, Garcia tends to what will in time replenish what has been lost. “I feel tranquility here, and for me tranquility is happiness.” | <urn:uuid:58b1e9d1-7b0c-44f1-a314-8184e8bbc3e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://earthinnovation.org/Blog/22733 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334620.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925225000-20220926015000-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.9452 | 1,596 | 2.9375 | 3 |
NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: JAMAICA BAY
NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: JAMAICA BAY; Like Canaries in a Mine, These Oysters Will Test the Waters
By TARA BAHRAMPOUR
Published: December 2, 2001
In recent decades, the marsh grass in Jamaica Bay has dwindled, a shift that threatens to erode the tiny islands that dot the bay and disrupt its delicate ecosystem.
Scientists have not yet found the cause of the problem, which could stem from contaminants, local construction and other factors. But in searching for solutions they have come across a promising ally: a native New Yorker that knows the waters more intimately than any scientist. It is the mighty Crassostrea virginica.
Better known as the American oyster, this three- to four-inch bivalve once thrived in the bay's brackish waters. By the 1920's, industrialization and overharvesting had destroyed the population, along with those of other oysters that once populated New York's waters. Now, a joint project by Kingsborough Community College, Brooklyn College and the Gateway National Recreation Area is reintroducing cages full of oysters and oyster seedlings to the bay, the first formal oyster homecoming there.
But these oysters are not simply retiring in their hometown. They have a job to do.
''They're filter feeders,'' said Arthur Zeitlin, chairman of the biology department at Kingsborough. The oysters, along with clams also put in the cages, nourish themselves by filtering material out of the water. That makes them perfect barometers for what is happening in the bay. Going in, the oysters were free of contaminants. In the coming months, scientists and students will monitor them.
''We'll test for the presence of heavy metals,'' Dr. Zeitlin said. ''If that's confirmed, we'll look further to see where they came from.'' The oysters and surrounding waters will be tested every two weeks, to check for changes at different times of year. In place since July, the oysters have more than doubled in size; preliminary tests show they have taken in large amounts of heavy metals, particularly mercury, Dr. Zeitlin said.
John T. Tanacredi, chief of natural resources at Gateway National Recreation Area, which is part of the National Parks Service, said the oyster project, along with studies of sea vegetation, will help give a broad picture of the bay's health.
Initial financing for the project, which cost around $5,000 to start, came from the parks service. Broader monitoring of the bay was financed by the Army Corps of Engineers, which provided $350,000. Dr. Tanacredi estimates it will cost $10,000 to $15,000 to continue the project for a year.
The ideal goal would be to restore the bay to the point New Yorkers could again eat the oysters. But with 320 million gallons of wastewater pouring into the bay daily, Dr. Tanacredi said he doubted that would happen. Still, if edible oysters cannot be grown in Jamaica Bay, perhaps Jamaica Bay can be used to grow edible oysters. Dr. Tanacredi envisions indoor farms that would grow local oysters using filtered water from the bay. ''It's a lot easier to filter contaminants out of water than it is to get it out once it's inside the oysters,'' he said. TARA BAHRAMPOUR
Photos: Students have been monitoring the oysters' progress. (Photographs by Arthur Zeitlin) | <urn:uuid:7d7a4e78-e986-4407-a25b-77bd652b2351> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/nyregion/neighborhood-report-jamaica-bay-like-canaries-mine-these-oysters-will-test.html?src=pm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375099173.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031819-00180-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956083 | 739 | 2.96875 | 3 |
English at Key Stage 5
We follow the Edexcel two year A level course. Assessment is via 20% coursework and 80% examination at the end of Year 13. The three key areas of Drama, Poetry and Prose are studied.
The following Assessment Objectives are applied across the course:
AO1 - Articulate informed, personal and creative responses to literary texts, using associated concepts and terminology, and coherent, accurate written expression.
AO2 - Analyse ways in which meanings are shaped in literary texts.
AO3 - Demonstrate understanding of the significance and influence of the contexts in which literary texts are written and received.
AO4 - Explore connections across literary texts.
AO5 - Explore literary texts informed by different interpretations.
The texts studied each year may change depending on the group and teacher but throughout the two years, we will study:
Component 1: Drama (either Tragedy or Comedy) 30%
Shakespeare and one other drama text
A Streetcar named Desire by Tennessee Williams
Othello by William Shakespeare
Component 2: Prose 20%
Two novels linked by theme, one of which is pre-1900. Examples of texts are as follows:
The war of the worlds by HG Wells
Never let me go by Kashio Ishiguru
Component 3: Poetry 30%
A selection of poetry by the romantic poets
Coursework. A comparative essay of 2500 to 3000 words comparing two literary texts with one 19th Century | <urn:uuid:f7475128-fa14-425a-a666-510a86ca97e9> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.beaconsfield.school/page/?title=English+at+Key+Stage+5&pid=111 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988828.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507211141-20210508001141-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.926152 | 311 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Summer 1 Maths Focus
SPRING 1 MATHS FOCUS
In maths this half term we shall be looking at many different topics. To start the half term we shall be learning about TIME.
This shall include 5 minutes past and to, 2 minutes past and to, digital and analogue time. If you could help your child at home too by practicing telling the time that would be great practice for your child and we would also be very appreciative for your support.
We shall also be learning about MASS and LENGTH.
This shall include reading scales and measuring equipment, identifying the heaviest, lightest, shortest, tallest and longest and solving word problems involving measure.
This is a great skill for the children to develop for everyday life.
WC 23rd November
This week we are looking at how we can use multiplication and division while renaming. To get 2 housepoints, complete this extra challenge.
James has 26 pencils in a box. His brother has double the amount of pencils, how many pencils does James' brother have?
What is 37 x 2?
WC 16th November
This week we are looking at how we can solve word problems using multiplication and division. To get 2 housepoints, complete this extra challenge.
Charles has boxes for his toys. He can only fit 5 toys in one box but he has 35 toys. How many boxes will he need?
WC 12th October
This week we are looking at how we can represent calculations in bar models. To get 2 housepoints, complete this extra challenge.
Sam has 14 pencils, Harriet has 20 pencils. How many pencils do they have altogether?
Show this using a bar model.
Amira has 42 sweets, she shares 13 with Jacob. How many sweets does Amira have left?
Show this using a bar model.
WC 5th October
This week in maths we are still continuing with simple subtraction which the children have really understood but we shall be moving onto subtracting with renaming also. To calculate this, remember to use a Hundred, Tens and Ones column to help you.
To get 2 housepoints, you can complete these short questions and let me know the answers on the blog.
H T O
3 5 4
1 2 2 -
H T O
7 8 4
5 6 6 -
WC 28th September
This week in Maths we shall be focusing on adding with renaming and simple subtracting. Remember when we are renaming that you are careful which column you need to put your number in.
Draw out your Hundreds, Tens and Ones columns when finding the answer to your problem this will really help.
To get 2 housepoints, you can complete these problems as extra homework and let me know the answers...
WC 14th September 2020
This week in Maths we will be looking at number patterns and 1 more, 1 less, 10 more and 10 less of 3 digit numbers. From today's lesson, it is clear that the children are really getting the hang of this but extra practice would be great so please see the problem below. If the children can complete this and upload to the blog they shall receive 2 housepoints.
What is 1 more?
What is 1 less?
What is 10 more?
What is 10 less?
What comes next in the pattern?
234, 244, 254, ,274, 284
What is the pattern in this sequence? Is the pattern counting up or down and by how many?
Our first few lessons in Maths next week will look at counting in hundreds. This is a really important aspect to the children's learning as they start to recognise and count in larger numbers which can help with some word problems they may need to solve. You will be able to view our maths journey on this page but if you do want to get involved, there are lots of little and exciting ways that you can help to practice counting in hundreds with your children...
- having multiple images of groups of 100 and then getting your child to count them in hundreds e.g. 100 crayons.
- using real life objects - pretending that there are 100 sweets in a bag or jar and then physically touching the objects and counting in hundreds.
Here is a practice...
There are [ ] hundred crayons.
There are [ ] crayons (write in number form). | <urn:uuid:4d811b7c-6327-4c17-8dac-ef912814d5fe> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.olstrose.bham.sch.uk/maths-10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989693.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512100748-20210512130748-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.944603 | 903 | 3.578125 | 4 |
CREATUREPLICA North American Sasquatch
A mythical denizen of the arboreal forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States, the sasquatch figure is created from witness reports and Native American legend at 7 ½” high with 18 points of articulation, and a woodland environmental base.
For hundreds of years, native American folklore has whispered stories of a creature. A creature of flesh and spirit. A giant revered by the native tribes and forest creatures as brother; O’mah, Kushtaka, D’sonoqua, Genowska, Bukwas and later amongst the descendents of the settlers as the booger, skunk ape and bigfoot. | <urn:uuid:1d565937-accc-4340-985f-4164b8e287bc> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://mallfish.com/products/creatureplica-north-american-sasquatch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202471.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320210433-20190320232433-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.911194 | 142 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Translational City 26 de nov. de 2013
The Translational City
Vixésimoterceira Píldora T&P
All cities are multilingual, but all cities are also translational. What is the difference? Multilingualism calls to mind a space of plurality and diversity, with no particular idea of hierarchy or organization. Translation proposes an active, directional and interactional model of language relations. Language interactions are tracked along precise axes: direction (towards the more powerful or the less powerful language, for instance), intensity (showing historic moments of shift), translation zones (where in the city do mediations take place, where do cultural mediators live, where do they construct their institutional lives), and affect (what kinds of emotions are mobilized through translation). Translation becomes a key to understanding the cultural life of cities when it is used to map out movements across language, to reveal the passages created among communities at specific times. The spatial dimension of these passages is important. What perceptions, then, are possible when ‘city’ and ‘translation’ are brought into conversation? Let us outline here some of the ways in which translation can be a key to understanding urban life. Four elements: the sensory landscape of the city, translation zones, cultural mediators, border logics. | <urn:uuid:0d510374-2227-488d-ba95-773d7994d156> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://tv.uvigo.es/video/5b5b7dfc8f420830651d882f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679515260.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211143258-20231211173258-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.887647 | 270 | 2.609375 | 3 |
“Americans have far too little sense for anything but money making and the most essential—one might say the most primitive—of needs.”
Such was the jaundiced assessment of a German resident of Allen County in the early 1850s.
Although the author of a series of letters published in the anthology Atlantische Studien, von Deutschen in Amerika [Transatlantic Studies by Germans in America] is not identified, he may have been an unwilling émigré who fled Germany after the failure of the Revolution of 1848, or a propagandist attempting to discourage Germans from leaving the homeland.
The observations of the displaced intellectual provide a unique portrait of the young Hoosier State and its residents, albeit one that must be considered in the context of the author’s cultivated European background.
Although is not clear why the self-described “dynamic thinker” finds himself in rural Indiana in 1853, he admits that he “prefer[s] life in the wild,” finding it “rewarding…to adapt to savage surroundings while studying, in the perspective of a wilderness, the problem of developing a useful, worthwhile life under these primitive conditions.”
Reporting that the state was “heavily forested” and “thinly populated”, the soil fertile and farming productive—although undertaken on a “very primitive level”–the author states that “this region possesses no great natural beauty.”
He concedes admiration for the state’s revised constitution (the Constitution of 1851), especially in its provision for alien suffrage (a measure that promoted immigration to the state), but laments the document’s prohibition of black settlement in the state.
The essayist reserves the bulk of his contempt for his neighbors’ habits and personal values. “Western Americans are best described,” he summarizes, “not so much simple as uncouth. There is no variation in their lifestyle and enjoyment,” he complains. “Fried salt pork, corn, pancakes prepared with baking soda (hence Yankees’ melodious belching after a hearty meal), together with…weak coffee…that is what American eat day in and day out.”
“Yankee women,” the author contends, “oppose work…a woman often rocks mindlessly in a rocking chair all day long…such is the epitome of pleasure for the Yankee woman of the West. Only in this way she realizes her full dignity and follows her highest calling: idleness and childbearing.”
Ultimately, however, the author admits that the “people in these forests are nonetheless tolerant….The backwoodsman loves freedom and equality above all else, and he will see them observed for friends and neighbors. This axiom passes from father to son and is inviolable around here.”
A Moment of Indiana History is a production of WFIU Public Radio in partnership with the Indiana Public Broadcasting Stations. Research support comes from Indiana Magazine of History, published by the Indiana University Department of History.
IMH Source Article: “‘Life in the Wild’: Three German Letters from Indiana, 1852-1853,” ed. by Frederic Trautmann, 80 (June 1984), pp. 146-65. | <urn:uuid:1b9b4cec-a3b7-44c9-a08e-fdf7d1c16b4c> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/momentofindianahistory/migr-wild/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909040426-00434-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932183 | 697 | 2.75 | 3 |
When the conditions are just right, the remains of an ancient forest can be found on beach in Oregon.
Around 100 of the tree stumps can be seen on the beach at Neskowin, fascinating visitors with their haunting appearance. Locals often refer to the bizarre sight as a ‘ghost forest’
Scientists believe an earthquake or tsunami shifted part of an ancient sitka spruce forest in to the ocean thousands of years ago where it was then covered in sand.
ARTICLE CONTINUES AFTER THIS ADVERTISEMENT
In 1998 a severe storm washed most of the sand away, revealing the preserved tree stumps. | <urn:uuid:3d93f7e3-41c9-4fbe-8992-a76f586777d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.mygc.com.au/video-ghost-forest-occasionally-emerges-on-oregon-beach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016949.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528154416-20220528184416-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.944676 | 127 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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Fate and transmission of prion diseases in the soil environment
Prion diseases are fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, sheep scrapie, cervid chronic wasting disease (CWD), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. The infectious agent of prion diseases is the prion protein (PrPSc). Scrapie and CWD are horizontally transmissible and can remain infectious after years in the environment. Soil reservoirs of prion infectivity may facilitate a sustained incidence of CWD in free-ranging cervid populations and complicate efforts to eliminate scrapie and CWD in captive herds. ^ Maximum PrP adsorption to soil in a competitive brain homogenate matrix requires days or weeks, depending on the soil or mineral, and is two to five orders of magnitude lower than reported in previous studies using purified PrPSc or recPrP. Strain and species differences in PrP adsorption over time and as a function of aqueous concentration were observed, as was variance in PrP adsorption in different adsorption solutions. The N-terminal region of PrP may enhance adsorption to clay but hinder adsorption to sand. ^ Degradation of soil-bound and unbound prions by a subtilisin enzyme was characterized. The enzyme effectively degraded PrPSc adsorbed to a wide range of soils and soil minerals below the limits of western blot detection, indicating prions can be effectively degraded when bound to soil. Additional study results suggest large (104 to >106 -fold) decreases in soil-bound prion infectivity following enzyme treatment, demonstrating a mild enzymatic treatment could effectively reduce the risk of prion disease transmission via environmental surfaces. ^ Prions bound to a silty clay loam soil had a greater than one-log decrease in infectious intracerebral titer and an approximately equivalent decrease in replication efficiency compared with unbound prions. The replication efficiency of soil-bound prions varied with soil type, where prions bound to clay and organic surfaces exhibited significantly lower replication efficiencies compared with sand-bound and unbound controls. Replication potential was conserved for soil-bound prions after incubation for 1 year, although PrPSc levels greatly decreased. Rumen digestion does not degrade unbound or soil-bound PrPSc but does inhibit replication and may alter prion strain properties. ^
Agriculture, Wildlife Management|Biology, Virology|Engineering, Environmental
Saunders, Samuel, "Fate and transmission of prion diseases in the soil environment" (2011). ETD collection for University of Nebraska - Lincoln. AAI3449516. | <urn:uuid:34225eaa-18e3-4d97-a985-8d751939aa1b> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI3449516/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189680.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00161-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914552 | 633 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The competition in the market is relatively high in present market conditions which force the marketers to select the most powerful communication methods. The marketer has to give more concentration on the distribution channels and availability of the products. The pricing also plays an important role in the formulation of buying motive of a consumer. Experts suggest that the frequent advertising of a particular product which is quality based can reduce the competition and creates the condition for monopoly. Aggressive advertising leads to strong brand loyalty that normally creates kind of barriers to the competitors to penetrate into the market. This fuels the monopoly which can bring higher profits and prices.
Total or substantial holding of market by one marketer over certain products and services can be termed as monopoly. A brand or quality becomes the specific for a monopolist which is exclusively supplied by them. The exclusive license to sell a product or the foreign collaboration can be a monopoly. It is a dynamic relationship between advertising and monopoly. Different experts have different opinions about the relationship between both. The first group of experts states that advertising is responsible for creating monopolies adversely affecting the consumer interest on a product. They also opioned that brand image is used to create, expand and maintain demand for product in advertising.
A complete picture of a product in the minds of people can be termed as brand image. The emotional and the aesthetic qualities of the product are affixed as the brand image. By aggressive advertising a producer imprints the brand image in the consumers. The producer can also create a separate and distinct segment of market to which the competitors hesitate to enter. The particular advertiser also gets the privilege to increase the prices due to lack of competition to cover the additional expenses. | <urn:uuid:2dc74afd-dc6b-4ede-b0d5-ca76ef20baf4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://niksag.com.au/impact-of-advertising-on-monopoly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.964046 | 333 | 2.75 | 3 |
On a June day in 1965, a young man walked across a stage to receive his college diploma. Every graduate that day was filled with the hope of a bright future, but this one was different. Hartley Peavey had no aspirations of landing a dream job or working his way up someone else's ladder. In the spirit of the times, he was bound and determined to do "his thing." The previous few years had proven that Hartley's "thing" was building amplifiers (he had already received his first patent by 1964). So on that day, with a few thousand dollars he had scraped together and a logo he had sketched out in high school, Hartley Peavey set up shop in Meridian, MS and Peavey Electronics was born.
This time in the MI industry was the age of the conglomerates, as practically every major player had been purchased by corporations outside of the industry. The end result was increased prices and decreased quality. Every struggling musician sang the same lament - "why can't anybody make good equipment for a reasonable price?" This was all the opportunity that Peavey needed.
Soon after the first Peavey product was launched, musicians began to take notice and the industry was left scratching its collective head. How did he do that? And how did he do it for that price? The finer technical points are all well documented at the U.S. Patent Office, but the one common factor that all Peavey products shared was that they weren't built to make money. They were built to make music.
This philosophy altered the course of the music industry and continues to drive Peavey Electronics today. Consequently, the company has been building amplifiers continuously under the same ownership and management longer than any other major American amplifier manufacturer and is one of the world's largest manufacturers of musical instruments and professional sound equipment. Peavey produces more than 2,000 products sold in 137 countries and has earned more than 180 patents worldwide.
Hartley's belief that to make something better, you have to make it differently also changed the way musical instruments were manufactured. Peavey brought the industry into the 21st century 25 years early by employing computers on the production line. By adapting the CNC routing and copy lathe methods that had previously only been used in furniture and gun making, Hartley produced the first truly computer machined, precision made musical instruments. Although Peavey was the first to employ these production techniques, today they are industry standards.
2010 has seen Hartley Peavey honored with the MIPA Hall of Fame Lifetime Achievement Award, the highest honor given in the global music-products industry. Winning the lifetime achievement award hasn't slowed Hartley down - he is still looking ahead and dreaming up his company's next big innovations. Stay tuned to see what's next from Hartley Peavey and his revolutionary brands. | <urn:uuid:91c005f0-90eb-42dd-a084-800ea3293b36> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://peavey.com/news/index.cfm/id/484/Peavey%20Electronics%20Celebrates.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648178.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323044127-20180323064127-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.986341 | 585 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This brief and simplified discernment is to suggest exploration process and mechanism of intertwinement and entanglement in nature:
The process of intertwinement and entanglement have been illustrated in this recent discernment https://www.epistemologyontologyfoundationinstitute.org/philosophy-and-science-beyond-the-macro-world/may-07th-2019. And which implied that the essence of nature are in and nature spectra-field permeates everything. In other words, there are immaterial or unobservable (or undetectable as has suggested in past discernment) nature essence and spectra-field that are the basis of unified matrix spectra-field as part of nature underlying wholeness process and mechanism as had suggested in past discernment (as in the case of dark matter and energy). And therefore, interaction polarization can cause entanglement not only at the observable or detectable spectra field but also at the underlying nature process and mechanism spectra-field.
For example, when polarization entanglement tests between element particles on earth and with cosmic entities many billions years away, since the subtle or hidden underlying spectra-field interconnectivity for potential intertwinement and entanglement is already set-up or existed, the polarization or interaction that trigger entanglement would actually result in observation between entangled elements distance on earth by the detectors rather than cosmic entities many billions (or even further beyond that are within reach of instruments) light years away (i.e. observable cosmic entities spectra-field are also intertwined and entangled with immaterial or unobservable spectra-field. In addition, even if equipment and apparatus are indoor and shielded, the immaterial or underlying spectra-field still permeates them). This is not to say that the speed of light cannot be exceed (i.e. depending on the types of intertwinement and entanglement) Rather, to state that there are immaterial spectra-field as part of nature underlying unified wholeness process and mechanism since this would be far more dynamic, transformative, practical, robust, and efficient way of wholeness intertwined and entangled mechanism between realms and worlds (in other or simple words, entanglement between entities, in particularly elements particles billions light years away and beyond would not be possible due to many cosmic interactions and causalities along the path). And this can be verified through entanglement of particles with cosmic entities at different entanglement distances on earth or in earth orbit.
And therefore, the subtle or hidden parameters or variables are nature immaterial essence and spectra-field. And which can be derived from the universal process of "Dependent and Interdependent Origination" and Dependent and Interdependent Arising" as had discerned in diverse ways in the pasts.
Recent empirical data:
Epistemology of Life and Ontology of Existence Foundation and Institute | <urn:uuid:72179717-ec3a-469d-a92f-76a2d3dbdabe> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.epistemologyontologyfoundationinstitute.org/nature-decode/may-15th-2019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729234313-20210730024313-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.899766 | 594 | 2.8125 | 3 |
When Israel became independent in 1948 it was attacked by FIVE Arab nations. Israel did NOT fight or attack Arabs already in Israel, but defended itself AGAINST the invading Arab armies.
Nearly 1 million Jews, expelled from Arab and Persian lands and absorbed by Israel, are not considered ‘refugees’ because of Israel’s law granting a ‘right of return’ of all Jews to Israel. Nor are the 300.000 Arab and Persian Jews who went to countries OTHER THAN Israel considered ‘refugees’.
Jews and other ethnic groups had lived in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Persian Gulf region for more than 2.500 years, more than 1.000 years before the advent of Islam. A greater number of Jews (1.160.000) were displaced than Palestinians (600.000) as a result of Israel’s establishment and wars against the Jewish state. According to the American Sephardi Federation, less than 4.000 Jews remain in these areas today.
Jordanian law includes to this day a ‘right of return’ to Jordan for the 450-600.000 non-Jewish ‘Palestinian’ displaced persons and their descendants. Yet these ‘Palestinians’ (Jordanians) are considered ‘refugees’ despite the Jordanian law. (Jordanian Nationality Law, Official Gazette, No. 1171, Article 3 (3) of Law No. 6, 1954, 16 February 1954, p. 105. [reactivated in law no. 7, sect. 2, of 1 April 1963. When Jordan made peace with Israel in 1994, this judenrein legislation remained])
THE UNHRC removes names from refugee rolls everywhere in the world after refugees are resettled. Yet UNRWA ensured that ‘Palestinians’ retained ‘refugee’ status despite their Jordanian citizenship and despite the fact that 3/4 of these displaced persons have never resided in camps (i.e., they are effectively resettled).
Why were ‘Palestinians’ the only refugee group in the world, despite being one of the smallest groups after WWII, entitled to a separate UN agency( UNRWA)? And if this group was somehow so special, why was a separate refugee agency NEVER provided for the larger Jewish refugee group (Arab and Persian Jews), not to mention the Jewish survivors of the Holocaust?
The UNHCR defines refugees as those persons having lived in an area ‘habitually’ for at least 10 years. The UNRWA shortened that definition to 2 years, because they otherwise could not enroll the vast majority of displaced persons, who otherwise failed to meet global refugee criteria:
UNRWA Director Howard Kennedy on 1 November 1 1950, reported to the United Nations Ad Hoc Political Committee that “a large group of indigent people totalling over 100.000 … cannot be called refugees, but … have lost their means of livelihood because of the war and post-war conditions … The Agency felt their need was even more acute than that of the refugees who were fed and housed.” -Joan Peters, From Time Immemorial, p. 18n
The UN eligibility officer, George B. Vinson, reported that the refugee rolls were inflated by as much as 30%. UNRWA stated in it’s 1951 report that refugees “eagerly report births and …reluctantly report deaths” and that it was impossible to exclude nomadic Bedouins and impoverished migrant workers for “humanitarian” reasons. | <urn:uuid:31e92287-33e5-477c-be55-1dd0f5dcf5a4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://smoothstoneblog.net/double-standard-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371829677.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409024535-20200409055035-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.955163 | 741 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Humans have long been able to affect the environment, but never before on such a scale. We are now altering the Earth’s carbon cycle, which has led to climate change; we have replaced green space and farmland with expanding towns and cities, which has not only resulted in the decline of once common species like monarch butterflies, but has made us more vulnerable to climate change impacts as well — such as catastrophic flooding and extreme heat.
Given our impacts around the planet, Nobel Prize-winning chemist Paul Crutzen has declared that the current geologic period should be called the Anthropocene Epoch to reflect our new status as a global force in driving ecological change.
Join Dr. Faisal Moola in this opening keynote as he addresses the issues of “the Human Age”.
Before joining the University of Guelph, Professor Faisal Moola worked for the David Suzuki Foundation for over 15 years, where he was the organization’s Director General for Ontario and Northern Canada.
Holding a PhD in biology from Dalhousie University, Moola has published widely in scientific journals on the topics of ecology, conservation biology, and environmental policy. He has contributed to a number of significant conservation and sustainability policy outcomes in Canada, including the protection of over 2 million hectares of temperate rainforest in British Columbia, the expansion of the internationally renowned Greenbelt in Ontario, and the creation of Canada’s first Urban National Park on the edge of Toronto.
Moola works closely with a number of First Nations communities in defense of their lands and Treaty Rights, including the Dunne-za and Cree Treaty 8 First Nations in British Columbia, and Grassy Narrows First Nation in Ontario.
Moola is a regular contributor to the Toronto Star, Vancouver Sun, Globe and Mail, CBC and other media outlets as an opinion writer and political analyst on conservation, Indigenous Rights and other environmental and social issues. | <urn:uuid:57c4c0f7-a0da-4a9c-9912-1cb5b00d185b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://climateconnections.ca/keynote-faisal-moola/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474523.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224044749-20240224074749-00771.warc.gz | en | 0.948254 | 393 | 2.90625 | 3 |
History of the Council
A History of the Council
Before 1894, the affairs of the parishes had been administered by a vestry, or meeting of the village inhabitants. These meetings were dominated by the Lord of the Manor, the parson or parish priest and the principle rate payers and some became ‘select vestries,’ only open to those people deemed ‘suitable’ to serve.
By 1601, Church Vestry Meetings were given responsibility for levying the poor rate. These were the first effective local taxes. Everyone in the parish was entitled to attend Church Vestry Meetings but in practice the work fell to a few individuals, rather like Parish Councils today.
In 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act removed Parish Vestries the responsibility for poor relief and handed it to Poor Law Unions (the origins of our present District Councils) parishes had naturally accumulated responsibility for administering local charities, managing commons under distribution of land as a consequence of the 18th Century Enclosure Acts.
In 1894 although the Squire, the Parson and sometimes the Schoolmaster were still leaders in the village, popular education was spreading and more people wanted a say managing local affairs. W. E. Gladstone, piloted the 1894 Local Government Act proposing the creation of Parish Councils through the House of Commons. It met a lot of opposition, there were over eight hundred amendments moved during its passage through the House of Commons. Nevertheless, the Act became law and Parish Councils were formed.
In 1894 on Friday the 14th December, the first Parish Council Meeting of Sutton was held at the Holme Bridge Board School. It was convened by Mr. John Bairstow Spencer and Mr. Alfred Clough, the Chairmen of the respective ward meetings of the Parish held for the election of Parish Councillors. Councillors duly elected were: James Bairstow, Ishamel Clough (junior), James Clough (Senior), Alfred Edwin Hopkinson, Nicholas Ogden, Arthur Smith, Isaac Thompson and Jonas Thompson. All the members signed the declaration of acceptance of office.
Under the 1894 Act, Parish Councils were to receive their income from rates levied on agricultural land, but this was a time of agricultural depression and money raised was so low that soon this system was abandoned. Householders were then rated for the first time, this lead to opposition to Parish Councils. It wasn’t until after the First World War that Central Government began to give serious responsibilities to Parish Councils the earliest amongst them being the provision of allotments and playing fields.
After the Second World War the National Association of Parish Council was formed, and by 1952 half of all parishes in the country were members. The Association became a national force and raised the profile and consequently the activity of parish councils.
The 1965 Royal Commission on Local Government recommended that local councils should be empowered to do what they pleased for the benefit of their residents. The Royal Commission Report resulted in the 1972 Local Government Act, which removed many of the restrictions on the activities of the Parish Councils.
Much has changed since 1894, Parish Councils are closely regulated and the amount of administrational bureaucracy and red tape has increased exponentially in the past few years, with an accompanying rise in costs of audit and insurance. The lines of responsibility are more clearly drawn now though.
Parish Councils may only spend public money on projects or actions for which they have a Statutory Power. Breaking this rule is likely to result in a Parish Councils accounts being refused by the auditor and, possibly, the individual councillors being required to repay the money illegally expended. | <urn:uuid:b93b5f06-4cf1-4fef-a947-5703d5234a1a> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://suttonincravenpc.org.uk/history_ofthecouncil.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589573.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717051134-20180717071134-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.981358 | 746 | 3.46875 | 3 |
A moment of silence - 500,000 American lives lost to COVID-19
The U.S. death toll from the coronavirus topped 500,000 on Sunday. This number of deaths represents the population of Atlanta or Sacramento. President Biden ordered the flag of the United States to half-staff from February 22-26, 2021 in honor of the 500,000 Americans lost to COVID-19. He is also encouraging Americans to join in a moment of silence at sunset. The Presidential proclamation reads, in part:
As of this week during the dark winter of the COVID-19 pandemic, more than 500,000 Americans have now died from the virus. That is more Americans who have died in a single year of this pandemic than in World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War combined. On this solemn occasion, we reflect on their loss and on their loved ones left behind. We, as a Nation, must remember them so we can begin to heal, to unite, and find purpose as one Nation to defeat this pandemic. Read the full proclamation - https://flagsexpress.com/flags-half-staff/february-2226-2021-halfstaff-alert-entire-united-states/
Photo: Thank you to the City of Pacific Grove and their community partners for this lovely memorial at Lover's Point Park. | <urn:uuid:3ecf83eb-8914-4e82-b764-38a6f4bee91e> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://haveyoursaymonterey.org/covid-19-response-and-resources/news_feed/a-moment-of-silence-500-000-american-lives-lost-to-covid-19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988986.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509122756-20210509152756-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.945246 | 283 | 2.65625 | 3 |
It's a century since the outbreak of the First World War but British taxpayers are still paying for their country's part in it – and a handful of banks is cashing in on hundreds of millions of pounds.
Every year £136m is shelled out in coupon payments to holders of the government debt – War Loans – used to fund the role of troops from the British Empire in WWI.
And the owners of 99% of the £1.94bn (€2.4bn, $3.26bn) WWI debt still around are a secret group of financial institutions.
The UK government's Debt Management Office (DMO) told IBTimes UK that there are over 120,000 War Loan holdings in existence yielding their 3.5% bi-annual coupon payments.
Over 100,000 are worth less than £1,000 in nominal value and held by ordinary members of the public.
"But this large number of holders accounted for only around 1% of the total nominal in issue. So, most of the nominal amount in issue is held by a relatively few financial institutions," said a DMO spokesman.
The DMO declined to reveal the names of the institutions with the five largest holdings of the 3.5% War Loan following a Freedom of Information request, citing various exemptions under the law.
But it did say that the top five holders are nominee companies that own 47.6%, or £923m, of the amount outstanding.
Between 1914 and 1918, the British public were asked to fund the country's war efforts with their savings.
They bought up bonds by the millions, called War Loans, as the government went cap in hand to the people to fund the hugely expensive cost of battle. Arms, ammunition, pay for soldiers – the rhetoric of war is cheap, but the reality of it is not.
The first two lots of War Loans were issued in 1914 and 1916 and matured in the following decade.
Then came the third push in 1917. These bonds paid out twice a year on coupons worth 5% of the loan's total value. Around 3,000,000 Britons invested.
The bonds were supposed to be redeemed by 1947, having given Britons three decades of half-decent returns in exchange for their financial support in the war.
But in 1932, concerned about the cost of servicing its War Loan debt and unable to redeem it all because of the economic depression, the then chancellor Neville Chamberlain changed the terms.
He redeemed the loans of all those holders who wanted to cash in, even giving a financial bonus to those who acted early.
And for those who wanted to carry on, he cut the coupon payment to 3.5% and converted them to a perpetual maturity date, to be redeemed at some point by a government in the future.
That is why the government is still paying out millions of pounds every year to people and institutions still in possession of these century-old bonds, because it has left them untouched.
The problem for holders of War Loans is that their nominal value stays the same. So with every year of inflation, the less valuable the bonds become.
Ordinarily, bonds are relatively short term. So as long as the coupon payments beat inflation, and the nominal amount is redeemed after a few years, the investment is sound.
Over a century, however, inflation has destroyed much of the War Loan's original value.
As it stands, War Loans are being traded at around 85p each – well under their nominal £1 value.
Now seems like the best opportunity for the government to refinance this war debt. Gilt yields are near to record lows.
This is in part thanks to the Bank of England's massive quantitative easing programme, which saw it buy up £375bn worth of UK sovereign debt from the markets.
And investors have flocked to reliable UK gilts, a safe haven in the markets, to protect their money from the global financial and economic turmoil around them.
Britain's government can sell 20-year gilts at a rate of 3.34%, at the time of writing. On 30-year gilts, it's 3.45%.
So why not raise the £1.94bn needed to redeem War Loans and pay a lower rate on the debt – cutting the coupon cost for taxpayers – until the bonds come to their natural end years down the line?
The UK Treasury told IBTimes UK it has no plans to refinance War Loans, though it keeps them under review.
"Any such decision to redeem undated gilts would be taken in accordance with the government's debt management objective, which is to minimise over the long term the costs of meeting the government's financing needs, subject to risk," a spokesman for the UK Treasury said.
"Presently, the government's stock of undated gilts offers relatively low-cost long-term financing with no refinancing risk to the taxpayer.
"Consequently, HM Treasury would need to make a long-term value-for-money judgment that the yields at which it could refinance the War Loan would be likely to remain below the coupon rates on these undated gilts for a sustained period of time." | <urn:uuid:52616e4a-655a-470c-9e46-aba388c3c065> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/wwi-100th-year-anniversary-banks-squeeze-uk-taxpayers-millions-every-year-first-world-war-loans-1455802 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120092.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00176-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968203 | 1,063 | 2.703125 | 3 |
English 10 (ENG201) Master Course
"Hey, Boo" American Masters Video Clips
Outtakes: James McBride
James McBride, author of the memoir The Color of Water, discusses how Harper Lee used the voice of her protagonists in To Kill a Mockingbird to bravely provide an accessible and radical point of view about racism in 1960. He describes and how today’s authors can expand upon Lee’s views. | <urn:uuid:0cfc31c4-f362-404c-8c41-e7969498e13e> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://studentmoodlearchive.bismarckschools.org/mod/book/view.php?id=34977&chapterid=10636 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362923.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204003045-20211204033045-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.798 | 92 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Description of Historic Place
Standing five storeys tall at an important intersection in Winnipeg's Exchange District, a national historic site of Canada, the Bate Building is one of the district's oldest structures, completed in 1883. The City of Winnipeg's designation applies to the building on its footprint and public areas inside.
The Bate Building was one of the first substantial brick warehouses that came to define Winnipeg's Exchange District, a dense collection of warehouses that was the basis for wholesale trade in Western Canada from about 1885 to 1920. Before 1885, the district was more typically composed of smaller brick buildings that contained manufacturing and small warehouse operations. After that date, buildings like the Bate Building (originally called the Lyon Block) came to predominate, many designed with reference to the Romanesque Revival style, an architecture whose muscular form and detailing made it suitable for massive brick buildings. The Bate Building is a good example of the style, and boasts high levels of architectural integrity inside and out. In its functional evolution from warehouse to offices, and in the two-storey addition made in 1905, the building also recalls the changing economic face of the district, as the demand for premium downtown commercial space spread beyond the traditional Main Street business centre. The Bate Building is also an important element in maintaining the historical continuity of the streetscape at the McDermot Avenue-Albert Street intersection.
Source: City of Winnipeg Council Meeting Minutes, May 19, 1981
Key elements that define the Bate Building's landmark qualities include:
- its location at the northeast corner of McDermot Avenue and Albert Street in the Exchange District, with its south and west walls aligned with other adjacent buildings
- the historical and visual connections to other notable buildings at the same corner, including the Telegram and Silvester-Wilson buildings and the Albert Block
Key elements that define the exterior of the Romanesque Revival-style building, and its modification on the first floor for retail/commercial space in 1905, include:
- the bulk of the building's five-storey height, with its two main facades (west and south) defined by their brick walls and stone accenting, the division of the elevations made with brick pilasters with stone capitals, etc., and the utilitarian north wall and east wall, which is of unrelieved brick and which also features a large painted sign at the southern topmost edge
- the large number of arched windows (first to fourth floors) arranged in pairs, the flat-headed windows of the fifth floor, the arched doorways on the west side and the delicate brick hood-moulding and ornamental brickwork accenting openings on the first three floors
- the complete entablature featuring a heavy overhanging modillioned metal cornice
- the 1905 stone-clad ground-floor retail and office entrances on the south side (wrapping around to the west side), including the recessed and columned double entrance at the southwest corner, the recessed entrance at the southeast corner, the large display windows, the modillioned cornice above, etc.
- the narrow fire escape on the west wall
Key elements that define the Lyon Block's office function, dating to 1905, and continuing in 1942 and renamed as the Bate Building, include:
- floor plans on levels two through five that feature on each floor a long hallway with high ceiling, numerous sturdy doors that open off the hallway, with glass panels and tall glassed transoms, interior windows in south-facing offices, decorated safe doors along each hallway, etc.
- finishes and details in each hallway and offices, including heavy, dark baseboards, railings, casings around doors and windows, opaque patterned glass in most doors and windows, decorative pressed metal ceilings in many offices, etc.
- the tall-ceilinged, airy spaces of the ground floor with elaborate pressed tin ceilings
- the wooden staircase, with plain wooden railing and balusters, the delicately detailed steel cage passenger elevator, the hand-operated elevator in the northwest corner, etc.
- the words 'BATE BUILDING' in the frieze on the south facade and the signage on the building's east facade | <urn:uuid:7e110ff2-b38d-47f5-9974-403a8ce1371d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=8491 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887024.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117232418-20180118012418-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.943043 | 862 | 2.65625 | 3 |
If you haven’t already, you should really read Biologists’ Consensus on ‘When Life Begins’, a dissertation by Steve Jacobs out of the University of Chicago. This blog post is going to be long, so here’s the summary:
- Most Americans think “When does human life begin?” is an important question that people deserve to know the answer to so they can be informed about their reproduction decisions.
- Most Americans think the group best suited to answer this question is biologists because Americans view this as an objective issue that can be informed by scientific knowledge.
- Over 90% of biologists, including 69% of “very pro-choice” biologists and 80% of “pro-choice” biologists, affirm a human life begins at fertilization.
There’s a lot of communication breakdown in the abortion debate because “when life begins” can be either a scientific or philosophical question (or, as Jacobs puts it, a descriptive or a normative question). Often, people switch between these two approaches without even noticing. For example:
A human life begins at fertilization, so fetuses deserve legal protection throughout all of pregnancy.
This argument starts with a scientific fact and ends with a philosophical position without explaining how the speaker went from the first to the second. Here is sort of the reverse:
No one has the right to use another person’s body, so the fetus isn’t really a separate life until viability.
The speaker starts with a philosophical position and tries to use it to assert a scientific claim. Both examples are sloppy, slipping between science and philosophy without noticing or talking about it.
Jacobs decided to dig deeper into this communication breakdown. Do most Americans think the beginning of human life is a biological question or a philosophical one? Do they think the question matters in terms of the abortion debate? Who would they consider authoritative sources on this question? And what do those in authority (according to American opinion) think the answer is?
Our philosophical views stem from our scientific understanding
Before Jacobs explains his methodology and results, he does a great job reviewing how our society has traditionally viewed the interplay between science and philosophy on this issue. He cites historical examples demonstrating that people have generally believed that the philosophical (normative) flows from the biological (descriptive): whenever we know, scientifically, that we are dealing with a human life, we should protect that human. This was true even when people weren’t sure about fetal life until they could feel the baby kick: once they could feel that kick, they thought that life should be protected. And when we learned the human in the womb was alive quite a bit earlier, we outlawed abortion quite a bit earlier.
Even in Roe v. Wade, this connection between science and philosophy didn’t change: SCOTUS didn’t say “Yes, of course the embryo is a human life but abortion should be legal anyway for XYZ reasons.” Instead SCOTUS asserted that we can’t know when human life starts, and only with that lack of knowledge can we justify abortion. During oral arguments the justices and attorneys involved openly acknowledged that if we recognized the fetus as a human person, Roe v. Wade would have been “almost an impossible case”:
Justice Potter Stewart: Well, if it were established that an unborn fetus is a person within the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment, you would have almost an impossible case here, would you not?
Ms Weddington [attorney representing Jane Roe]: I would have a very difficult case.
Justice Potter Stewart: You certainly would because you’d have the same kind of thing you’d have to say that this would be the equivalent to after the child was born.
Ms Weddington: That’s right.
Justice Potter Stewart: If the mother thought that it bothered her health having the child around, she could have it killed. Isn’t that correct?
Ms Weddington: That’s correct.
As Jacobs summarizes:
Courts and lawmakers have a long and consistent history of using a fetus’ developmental landmarks to form their view on when a fetus is classified as a human, which they then use as the bright line that separates legal abortions from illegal abortions.
In other words, historically the biological question of when human life begins has mattered a lot to society, especially in terms of abortion. But does it still?
Yes, it does.
Most Americans think “When does a human’s life begin?” is an important question, best answered by biologists.
Jacobs surveyed 2,899 American adults. Here’s a quick overview of the questions and results:
- “How important is the question ‘When does a human’s life begin?’ in the US abortion debate? (1 = unimportant, 10 = important)” 87% rated the question as important
- “Americans deserve to know when a human’s life begins so they can be informed in their abortion positions and reproductive decisions. (1 = do not agree, 10 = agree)” 84% agreed
- “Which group is most qualified to answer the question ‘When does a human’s life begin?’”
- Biologists (81%)
- Religious leaders (7%)
- Voters (7%)
- Philosophers (4%)
- Supreme Court Justices (2%)
- “Why do you think they are most qualified?” 91% of those who chose biologists argued that when life begins is an objective issue and biologists’ scientific knowledge makes them best suited to resolve the issue
The vast majority of biologists—even most pro-choice biologists—affirm a human life begins at fertilization.
- 63% were non-religious,
- 85% were pro-choice, and
- 95% held a PhD.
- Implicit statement A: The end product of mammalian fertilization is a fertilized egg (‘zygote’), a new mammalian organism in the first stage of its species’ life cycle with its species’ genome.
- Implicit statement B: The development of a mammal begins with fertilization, a process by which the spermatozoon from the male and the oocyte from the female unite to give rise to a new organism, the zygote
- Explicit statement: In developmental biology, fertilization marks the beginning of a human’s life since that process produces an organism with a human genome that has begun to develop in the first stage of the human life cycle
- 92% of very pro-life biologists
- 92% pro-life
- 86% neutral
- 80% pro-choice
- 69% very pro-choice
|Figure 3 from the dissertation. Click to enlarge.|
Most participants wrote about various points during pregnancy: when the sperm fertilizes the egg, when the zygote implants in the uterus, cell differentiation, neurogenesis, the first heartbeat, the first brain waves, the first pain response, fetal viability, and birth.
Jacobs categorized every answer that was after fertilization but before viability as “pre-viability.” The results, broken down by the biologists’ abortion stances, are as follows:
|Figure 5 from the dissertation. Click to enlarge.|
Unsurprisingly, very pro-choice biologists were more likely to choose an answer other than fertilization, and significantly more likely to say that—again, from a biological perspective—life begins at birth (can’t decide if this is hilarious or sad). Still, the strong majority of all biologists—even very pro-choice biologists—affirmed that a human’s life begins at fertilization.
I assume this means we can now add “life begins at conception” to the pro-science memes, right?
- The Fundamental Question of the Abortion Debate: A Response to Nathan Nobis
- Human Beings Begin as Zygotes: Refutations to 8 Common Pro-Choice Arguments
- When we say “heartbeat” we don’t mean “fetal pole cardiac activity.” We mean “heartbeat.”
- Pro-choice embryologist contradicts his own biology textbook
- Embryologist Moonlights as Philosopher. SPL calls BS.
- Biology textbook writer claims we need emotion to answer “When does human life begin?”
- Dear Bill Nye: Where’s the science, guy?
- The Scientific Consensus On When Life Begins (scientific articles and texts affirming a human life begins at fertilization) – Illinois Right to Life
- A pro-life response to “The unscientific nature of the concept that ‘human life begins at fertilization,’ and why it matters” – The Fetal Position
- A Scientific View of When Life Begins – The Charlotte Lozier Institute
- Pro-Choice Concedes – quotes from abortion providers and other PC organizations acknowledging abortion destroys live humans – Human Defense | <urn:uuid:eff1c9ab-fa31-4589-a7fd-4bd9d82ee550> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://secularprolife.org/2020/02/very-pro-choice-biologists-agree/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103360935.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628081102-20220628111102-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.93588 | 1,902 | 2.625 | 3 |
Learn git in less than 5 minutes and use it for 5 years
3 min read
Git is a version control system that is widely used by developers to track changes to their codebase. It allows developers to collaborate on projects, revert back to previous versions, and maintain a clear history of their work.
Git has a number of commands that are essential for working with it effectively. In this blog post, I'll cover some of the most common git commands that every developer should know and you'll use the thousands of times during the course of your career.
Before we move on, you can see an actual example of a git repository at https://github.com/dotenx/dotenx and the end result at https://dotenx.com. Make sure to check them out as both the repository and the tool can come in handy someday.
Now, let's take a look at the commands.
First, create a new directory for your project and navigate into it:
mkdir myproject cd myproject
Initialize a new Git repository in this directory:
Create some files for your project and make some changes to them:
echo "Initial version" > file.txt echo "This is a new line" >> file.txt
git status to check the status of your repository:
git status # On branch master # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: file.txt # # no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
git add to add new files or changes to files in the staging area:
git add file.txt
This time, if we run
git status, this is what we'll see:
git status # On branch master # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # modified: file.txt #
Now it's time to commit the changes to the local repository with a commit message:
git commit -m "Add a new line to file.txt"
To view the commit history, use
git log # commit 2f1e3c5d5e4f3e2d1c0b9a8f7e6d5c4b3a2b1a0b (HEAD -> master) # Author: Your Name <firstname.lastname@example.org> # Date: Fri Dec 17 14:00:00 2022 +0000 # # Added a new line to file.txt # # commit a1b2c3d4e5f6a7b8c9d0a1b2c3d4e5f6 (initial commit) # Author: Your Name <email@example.com> # Date: Fri Dec 17 13:00:00 2022 +0000 # # Initial commit #
Create a new branch called "dev" with
git branch dev
We can use
git checkout to switch between branches:
git checkout dev
You can add the remote repository as the "origin" to your local repository with
git remote add:
git remote add origin https://github.com/user/myproject.git
Now, if you make some more changes, and commit them you can push them to the remote repository.
echo "This is another new line" >> file.txt git add file.txt git commit -m "Add another new line to file.txt" git push origin dev
Now if your teammate wants to get this repository, all they need to do is:
git clone https://github.com/user/myproject.git
If they make any changes to the repository and you want to get their changes, you can use
Git is a very powerful tool that you'll use daily as a software developer and these commands are amongst the most common commands you'll use when working with git. Each of these commands gets multiple options that help you achieve what you need. In another post, I'll focus only on merging branches and how you can do it in multiple ways. | <urn:uuid:e2ee4ca8-c918-4b15-84fa-8e4628224147> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://blog.dotenx.com/learn-git-in-less-than-5-minutes-and-use-it-for-5-years | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607010703-20230607040703-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.861407 | 918 | 3.296875 | 3 |
PSYC 202 Study Guide - Final Guide: Dopamine Hypothesis Of Schizophrenia, Henry Molaison, 5-Ht2A Receptor
Course CodePSYC 202
This preview shows page 1. to view the full 4 pages of the document.
1. Discuss how studying patient H.M. has contributed to our understanding of the
temporal nature of memory and to the differences between “types” of memory.
How was H.M.’s brain different? Be sure to explain what types of tests were used
and explicitly state how the results justify the conclusions.
a. Background: had severe epilepsy in youth, had surgery to remove tissue
(anterior portions of temporal lobe also removed)
b. Anterograde amnesia: can’t form new memories
i. Damage to hippocampal region and cortical areas surrounding the
ii. Cerebellum shrunken
c. Showed us memory is not a unitary phenomenon temporally or qualitatively
i. Short term memory remained intact, but long term memory was deficient
ii. Types of memories formed: verbal bad, implicit good
d. Performed memory tracing test: trace outline of a shape on paper, but see hand
in mirror because it is blocked by an object between face and hand.
i. No episodic memory of event, but skill learning still normal (significant
progress made over the course of the experiment)
H.M. was a patient who suffered with severe epilepsy in his youth. As a result, he underwent
surgery to remove brain tissue, including anterior and medial portions of the temporal lobe,
which included a part of the hippocampus, a brain structure that is extremely important for
memory, and the entorhinal cortex. These lesions resulted in anterograde amnesia in H.M.- he
was unable to form new declarative memories. This was tested through a memory tracing test.
H.M. was told to trace the outline of a shape on paper, but he was unable to see his hand in a
direct line of vision- he had to see his hand through a mirror’s reflection. The direct line of vision
was blocked by an object between his body and his hand. After each day of the test, H.M. was
asked if he remembered performing this task. He said no, but after each time, his skill continued
to improve. This suggested that H.M. was unable to explicitly remember and verbalize
experiences he had recently, but his long term procedural memory remained intact.
2. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that schizophrenia results
from abnormal brain dopamine levels. Explain/define the hypothesis (what
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You are probably familiar with the risks associated with natural disasters, particularly floods because you live in Los Angeles. Did you know that mold growth in homes and other structures is not only a result of flooding? In fact, even without a flood, mold can grow in any moist or humid environment. For this reason, early mold prevention is essential to keeping a home or workplace safe and healthy.
What is Mold?
Mold is a type of fungi that thrives in moist, humid environments and can be a risk to your health. It spreads quickly and is challenging to eradicate because it reproduces by way of microscopic spores that float in the air. Mold comes in many varieties and can develop on a range of materials, including wood, drywall, carpet, and even food.
What is Black Mold?
Black mold, also called Stachybotrys chartarum, is a kind of mold that is often seen in wet, high-humidity locations like bathrooms, kitchens, and basements. It is a slowly expanding mold that grows best in damp, dark environments. Usually black or greenish-black in hue, black mold has a slimy feel (best not to touch it!).
How does black mold disperse?
It disperses airborne spores that may harm people’s health in a number of ways, including triggering allergic responses, respiratory difficulties, and neurological concerns. In order to avoid any potential health problems, it’s highly recommended to act quickly to remove any suspected black mold from your house.
Mold & Your Health
Numerous health problems can be brought on by mold, especially in people who already have allergies, asthma, or compromised immune systems. Mold exposure symptoms can include:
- Respiratory problems such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath
- Allergic reactions, including nasal congestion, runny nose, and itchy eyes
- Headaches and fatigue
- Skin irritation or rashes
- Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat
- Aggravation of asthma symptoms
- Fungal infections, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems
- Neurological problems, including memory loss and difficulty concentrating
- Lung infections, especially in individuals with chronic lung diseases
Mold can also weaken the structure of your house or other structure, necessitating expensive repairs and lowering the value of your property. It’s important to contact a removal company if you suspect mold as soon as possible before the problem grows.
Read More: Mold Exposure Symptoms: A Complete List
Early Prevention of Mold
The best way to stop mold from growing in your home or building is to manage the moisture there. For early mold prevention, consider the following advice:
- Eliminate any leaks or water damage right away.
- To lessen moisture, use exhaust fans in the kitchen and bathrooms.
- Lower the indoor humidity to no more than 60%.
- In humid areas of your house or building, use a dehumidifier.
- Make sure that attics and crawl spaces have adequate ventilation
In addition to adhering to what was listed above, you should regularly inspect your house or other structure to identify any potential mold growth.
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Mold Zero Services LLC removes mold efficiently from your home or structure using a specialized and patent-approved dry-fog removal technique. Our experts employ a specialized device that generates a fine mist of dry-fog particles that can reach even confined spaces, such as beneath flooring or behind walls.
The dry-fog method leaves no to very little residue or chemical odors and requires no invasive deconstruction of your property to get into the spots in contrast to conventional mold removal techniques like scrubbing or sanding. Our certified and trained technicians have experience removing mold using dry-fog quickly and effectively.
Removing Mold Professionally
It’s recommended to work with a Los Angeles mold remediation company that has years of experience if you do discover mold in your house or building. Because it could be harmful to your health and spread mold spores to other parts of the building, mold removal is not a DIY project.
Mold Zero Services LLC provides experts with decades of combined experience that can help you make your home or business a more safe and healthy place to live. Mold can be safely and successfully removed from your property using the most up-to-date methods and tools by our highly-trained mold experts. Contact us today for a free inspection and quote.
Questions & Answers
Here are a few questions we get about early mold prevention and removing it:
How can I tell if my home or building has mold?
The musty smell of mold or its obvious growth on surfaces is two ways to identify it. However, some mold might be concealed in hard-to-reach places like behind walls. It’s crucial to conduct routine inspections in order to stop any potential mold growth in its tracks.
Can I remove mold by myself?
No, mold removal is a risky procedure that calls for specialized tools and training. Mold spores can be spread to other parts of the building when you try to remove it yourself, which will only exacerbate the issue. To remove mold from your property effectively and efficiently, you should work with a Los Angeles mold remediation specialist.
How long does it take to get mold removed?
That will depend on the size of the affected area and the extent of the mold growth to determine how long the mold removal process will take. While a larger area might require several weeks to remediate, a smaller area might only take a few days. Based on a thorough evaluation of your property, Mold Zero Services LLC will offer a timeline for the remediation process.
Is mold always apparent?
No, mold can be concealed in hard-to-reach places like behind walls, under carpeting, and on other surfaces. This is why it’s crucial to conduct routine inspections to stop any potential mold growth in its tracks.
Free Inspection and Quote
Waiting for a flood or other disaster to occur is a bad idea if you want to stop the growth of mold. For a free inspection and quote, get in touch with Mold Zero Services LLC right away. Feel free to call an expert to discuss your situation at (626) 671-8885.
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Earthquakes can cause serious damage depending on their magnitude. In this article, we’ll help you understand more about earthquakes, the Richter scale, and how they are measured.
Table of Contents
- 1 Understanding Earthquake Measurement
- 2 How are Earthquakes Measured?
- 3 Do Scientists Predict Earthquakes?
- 4 What is the Richter Scale?
- 5 How was the Richter Scale Used in the Past?
- 6 How does the Richter Scale Work?
- 7 What does this Mean?
- 8 About Magnitude Calculations
- 9 Advanced Richter Scales
- 10 About the Surface-Wave and Body Wave Magnitude Scales
- 11 Understanding the Moment Magnitude Scale
- 12 How the Moment Magnitude Scale Overcame Challenges
- 13 Earthquake Magnitudes
- 14 The Significance of Depth in Determining the Magnitude of Earthquake
- 15 Finally
Understanding Earthquake Measurement
Earthquake intensity is documented by a seismographic system where each seismic station within the system calculates the movement with the ground on the site.
Earthquakes cause rocks beneath the earth’s surface to tumble over each other and this discharges energy which in turn causes vibrations on the ground.
These vibrations push the adjacent ground which triggers vibrations.
Eventually, the energy exits from the hypocenter in the form of a wave.
Resource: Earthquake Survival Kit
How are Earthquakes Measured?
There are various ways of measuring various aspects of earthquakes – with the magnitude being one of the most popular earthquake scale measures.
The earthquake magnitude scale is the calculation of the expanse of an earthquake source.
Regardless of the intensity of the earth vibrations, the magnitude remains the same number.
The earthquake intensity depends on the intensity of the fault and the tumble on the slip.
However, scientists can’t rely on the fault to determine the intensity of an earthquake – seeing that faults are found deep underneath the earth’s surface.
As mentioned above, scientists rely on seismogram recordings captured on the seismographs at the earth’s surface to determine the magnitude of the earthquake.
Do Scientists Predict Earthquakes?
While scientists have attempted to predict earthquakes before, they haven’t been tremendously successful.
In any specific fault, scientists can be certain that there will be a subsequent earthquake even though they may not be in a position to tell when it will occur.
What is the Richter Scale?
The Richter scale is a numeric measure of the magnitude of an earthquake.
Beno Gutenberg and Charles F. Richter, both of whom were American seismologists in the year 1935, created it.
The magnitude of an earthquake is measured by determining the height of the biggest seismic wave shown on a scale by a seismograph.
With the continued technological evolution, improved scientific practices have replaced the traditional Richter scale with more advanced and accurate scales.
Still, the earthquake Richter scale is often erroneously mentioned in news broadcasts every time an earthquake happens as the main logarithmic scale which is used to measure earthquakes.
How was the Richter Scale Used in the Past?
Initially, the Richter scale was created to calculate the size of moderate earthquakes; those with the magnitude of between 3 and 7.
This is done by designating a number that would allow a comparison of more than one earthquake.
The scale was specially designed for tremors that occurred within the Southern California region and which were documented using the Wood-Anderson seismograph.
Its epicenter was smaller than 600 kilometers from the seismograph’s location.
Modern-day seismographs can be adjusted to evaluate the Richter scale formula.
Advanced methods of calculating the magnitude of earthquakes have been innovated to generate results that are coherent with those that are obtained while using the Richter scale.
How does the Richter Scale Work?
In the traditional Richter scale, the lowest earthquakes measured then were allocated near-zero values on the conventional seismograph.
Today, advanced seismographs can diagnose seismic waves that are smaller than those that were previously allocated a zero size.
The advanced Richter scale today can easily measure earthquakes with negative size.
A one-unit increase in the scale is equivalent to a 10 times increase in the size of an earthquake.
This means that the numbers found on the Richter scale are comparable to the general logarithms of maximal wave magnitude.
Every one-unit increase still indicates the discharge of approximately 31 times more energy compared to the one indicated by the preceding whole number available on the scale.
What does this Mean?
This means that an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 discharges more energy compared to a 4.0 size earthquake.
It’s worth noting that the Richter scale doesn’t feature an upper limit in terms of theory.
In terms of practice, no earthquake has ever been documented on the scale with more than 8.6 magnitude, even though there have been greater earthquakes before – such as the 1960 Chilean earthquake which measured 9.5.
The Richter’s previous approach has been rendered unreliable when it comes to earthquakes with a 6.5 magnitude and above.
About Magnitude Calculations
Magnitude calculations rely on the location of the earthquake and the use of a specific type of seismograph.
Further, the Richter scale may not be ideal for calculating the entire energy discharged by an earthquake or even determine the magnitude of damage it caused.
Due to restrictions inflicted by seismographs and the reliance on calculating individual maximum amplitude, the Richter scale underrates the energy produced by earthquakes with a 6.5 magnitude and above, seeing that the values determined following the evaluation of very big seismic waves often form groups close to one another.
Advanced Richter Scales
The structural faults with the traditional Richter scale required Richter and Gutenberg to innovate a new and more advanced Richter scale.
Years after the initial Richter scales was released in the market, the body wave magnitude scale, which measures the size of both primary and secondary seismic waves traversing across the earth, was developed.
The surface wave magnitude scale, which measures the size of Love and Rayleigh waves traversing across the surface of the earth was also developed along that time.
While both scales continued to use peak wave amplitudes and seismographs, they were viewed as more reliable methods of measuring the strength of all earthquakes save for the greatest ones.
About the Surface-Wave and Body Wave Magnitude Scales
One notable factor about the surface wave magnitude scale is: it didn’t have distance limitations between the location of the seismograph and the earthquake epicenter.
The body wave magnitude scale on the other hand which had an almost 1,000 km range was said to be capable of calculating the smaller earthquakes that took place in North America accurately.
One thing, however, that was common among both scales was: they were unable to measure earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 and above.
Understanding the Moment Magnitude Scale
The moment magnitude scale often denoted with M or MW was innovated by Hiroo Kanamori a Japanese seismologist in collaboration with Thomas Hanks, an American seismologist.
It would later become a popular calculator for earthquake magnitude across the world sometime between the 20th and 21st centuries.
It was specially designed to deliver a more precise measure of the entire energy discharged by an earthquake.
Unlike the previous scales, the moment magnitude scale didn’t utilize maximal wave amplitudes and its measurements.
Rather, it relied on measuring the seismic moment of the earth, which means the movement of the fault along the whole of its surface, and multiplied by the force utilized in dispatching the fault.
How the Moment Magnitude Scale Overcame Challenges
The Richter scale’s process had no impact on the moment magnitude scale’s process.
This is why the latter managed to counter the saturation challenges allowing it to be used in measuring the magnitude of the greatest earthquakes.
Still, moment magnitude measurements display earthquake size with a logarithmic scale.
This means that its results can still fairly compare with results from the other scales mentioned herewith.
Earthquakes can vary in terms of magnitude from zero emerging from a few centimeters fault to the greatest measuring more than 9.0.
How strong are earthquakes?
An earthquake measuring 2.5 and lee will hardly be felt. However, it will be recorded by the seismograph while an 8.0 and above earthquake is not only great, but it can cause major havoc on the communities living near the epicenter.
The magnitude of an earthquake is not only a result of the amount of movement but also the fault plane location that splits.
Therefore, a greater earthquake will cause a major split.
A 7.0 magnitude earthquake can split a fault area measuring approximately 1000 kilometers per square which is almost 20 kilometers wide and 50 kilometers long.
The Significance of Depth in Determining the Magnitude of Earthquake
Depth is a critical factor that has an impact on the magnitude of earthquakes.
It’s worth noting that earthquakes can emanate from different depths in the earth’s core.
An earthquake emanating from deep within the earth is usually more robust.
However, its chances of reaching the surface of the earth are usually limited.
This explains why shallow earthquakes are not only common, but they’re also quite hazardous.
The largest earthquakes in the recent past that took place in Japan measured 9.0.
This took place in the year 2011 and was one of the biggest earthquakes ever experienced in the country.
Earthquakes can be hazardous and fatal.
However, the good news is that a big percentage of these tremors register a magnitude of three and below.
Often, these are referred to as micro-earthquakes and many people hardly feel them even though they’re registered on seismographs.
An earthquake with an 8.0 magnitude or even higher is said to be a large earthquake with scientists saying that such tremors take place in some parts of the world at least once a year.
As technology evolves, more advanced magnitude measuring scales will be developed.
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Insights from a Dentist in Astoria and Queens, New York, Regarding the Effects That Your Diet Has On Your Teeth
Brushing and flossing aren't the only things you need to do to keep your mouth in good health. The health of your teeth and gums is directly influenced by the foods and beverages that you consume on a regular basis. Your oral health can either be improved or deteriorated as a direct result of the foods and beverages that you consume throughout the day. As a result, it is essential to make certain that you consume a diet that is both nutrient-dense and well-balanced in order to maintain healthy teeth and gums. As a dentist practicing in Astoria and Queens, New York, I have direct experience with the impact that diet has on the oral health of patients. In today's post, we are going to talk about the effect that your food has on your teeth as well as several methods that you may keep your smile bright and healthy.
1. Sugar and Its Effects on Your Teeth Sugar is a ubiquitous component that is found in a wide variety of foods and beverages. It is the key factor in the development of tooth decay. When you eat sugar, the bacteria in your mouth use it as a food source and create acid as a byproduct. These acids will eventually wear away the enamel that protects your teeth, resulting in cavities and dental decay. It is best to decrease the amount of sugar you consume and wash your teeth on a consistent basis in order to avoid the bad effects that sugar can have on your teeth.
2. Acidic Foods and Drinks Acidic foods and drinks can also have a negative effect on your teeth. Acidic foods and drinks can cause tooth decay. Some of the most typical offenders include citrus fruits, vinegar, carbonated soft drinks, and sports drinks. The enamel of your teeth can be weakened by the acids found in many meals and drinks, which makes your teeth more prone to cavities. If you want to lessen the negative effects of consuming acidic foods and beverages, cut back on how much you have and then rinse your mouth out with water afterward.
3. Foods High in Calcium Calcium is an essential mineral for strong bones and enamel, both of which are necessary for healthy teeth. Consuming foods that are high in calcium, such as milk, cheese, and green leafy vegetables, is therefore absolutely necessary. These foods may be beneficial in warding off gum disease as well as tooth decay. Additionally, calcium has the ability to assist in the neutralization of potentially damaging acids that may be found in the mouth.
4. Foods That Stimulate the Production of Saliva Saliva play a crucial role in maintaining good oral health since it helps neutralize the acid in the mouth and washes away food particles. Carrots, apples, and celery are just some of the foods that have been shown to help stimulate saliva production. Chewing gum is another fantastic option for kickstarting your salivary glands in a healthy way.
5. Water: A sufficient intake of water is necessary for maintaining proper dental health. The food particles and the acid in the mouth are washed out and neutralized by this process. Consuming water that has been fluoridated can also assist in strengthening teeth and preventing tooth decay. To maintain a healthy mouth, it is important to stay hydrated throughout the day by drinking lots of water.
Your diet is one of the most important factors in determining the health of your gums and teeth. Consuming foods and beverages that are high in sugar and acid can cause damage to your teeth. On the other hand, eating foods high in calcium and foods that stimulate saliva production can help protect your teeth. Additionally necessary for maintaining good dental health is the use of water. Talk to your dentist in Astoria and Queens, New York, if you are seeking for strategies to improve your oral health. Your dentist will be able to provide you with individualized guidance that is catered to your specific requirements. Always keep in mind that the key to a healthy smile is eating a diet that is both nourishing and well-balanced. | <urn:uuid:cbf5e6b5-0647-4b79-8331-2e2ed4c4237e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.medidentalcare.com/blog/969583-the-essential-importance-of-flossing-every-day-medidental-care-in-astoria-new-york | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923162848-20230923192848-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.958949 | 841 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (2007 Revision)
PMO references not in Appendix K can be found in the References for NCIMS HACCP Audit Form per 2005 NCIMS Documents
History of HACCP: The use of the HACCP System is not new to the dairy industry. HACCP is a logical, simple, effective, but highly structured system of food safety control.
The HACCP System was introduced to the food industry as a spin-off of the space program during the 1960's. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) used HACCP to provide assurance of the highest quality available for components of space vehicles. This program, to develop assurance of product reliability, was carried over into the development of foods for astronauts.
The U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, in conjunction with NASA, began to develop the foods needed for manned space exploration. They contracted with the Pillsbury Company to design and produce the first foods used in space. While Pillsbury struggled with certain problems, such as how to keep food from crumbling in zero gravity, they also undertook the task to come as close as possible to one-hundred percent (100%) assurance that the foods they produced would be free of bacterial or viral pathogens.
Using traditional quality control methods for the food industry was soon proven to be unworkable for the task Pillsbury had undertaken. The degree of safety desired was not provided by the current programs, and the product sampling necessary to provide an adequate degree of safety would have been prohibitive to commercialization of space foods. Pillsbury discarded its standard quality control methods and began an extensive evaluation, in conjunction with NASA and Natick Labs, to evaluate food safety. They soon realized that to be successful they would have to have control over their process, raw materials, environment, and their people. In 1971, they introduced HACCP as a preventive system that enables manufacturers to produce foods with a high degree of assurance that the foods were produced safely.
Background: HACCP is a management tool that provides a structured and scientific approach to the control of identified hazards. HACCP is a logical basis for better decision-making with respect to product safety. HACCP has international recognition as an effective means of controlling food safety hazards and is endorsed as such by the joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the World Health Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Codex Alimentarius Commission. The U.S. National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods (NACMCF) has also endorsed it.
The HACCP concept will enable those operating under and regulating under a HACCP Plan to move to a preventive approach, whereby potential hazards are identified and controlled in the manufacturing environment, i.e., prevention of product failure. HACCP allows for a preventive, systematic approach to food safety.
Voluntary Participation: This Appendix describes a voluntary, NCIMS HACCP Program alternative to the traditional inspection system. No milk plant, receiving station or transfer station may participate in the voluntary NCIMS HACCP Program unless the Regulatory Agency responsible for the oversight of the facility agrees to participate with the dairy plant(s), receiving station(s) and transfer station(s) in the NCIMS HACCP Program. Both parties must provide written commitment to each other that the necessary resources to support participation in the NCIMS HACCP Program will be made available. Management responsible for both the State and dairy plant, receiving station or transfer station must be willing to provide the resources needed to develop and implement a successful HACCP System.
HACCP Principles: Following are the seven (7) HACCP principles to be included in a HACCP Plan:
- Conduct a hazard analysis;
- Determine the critical control points;
- Establish critical limits;
- Establish monitoring procedures;
- Establish corrective actions;
- Establish verification procedures; and
- Establish record-keeping and documentation procedures.
Prerequisite Programs (PPs): Prior to the implementation of a HACCP Plan, there is a requirement for dairy plants, receiving stations and transfer stations to develop, document and implement written PPs. PPs provide the basic environment and operating conditions that are necessary for the production of safe, wholesome food. Many of the conditions and practices are specified in Federal and State regulations and guidelines.
PPs, and the HACCP System in total, address public health concerns such as those identified in 21 CFR Part 7, Recalls; Part 110, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs); Part 113, Thermally Processed Low-Acid Foods Packaged in Hermetically Sealed Containers; Part 131, Milk and Cream; the Grade "A" PMO; and the current edition of the NACMCF HACCP Principles and Application Guidelines.
Summary: The seven (7) principles of HACCP are also called the HACCP Plan. When combined with the PPs, they constitute a HACCP System. The NCIMS HACCP Program described in this Appendix includes the HACCP System and other prescribed Grade "A" PMO criteria, such as drug residue testing and traceback; use of milk only from supplies that have been awarded a milk sanitation compliance rating of ninety percent (90%) or better or from an acceptable IMS HACCP listed source; and the labeling requirements of Section 4. When properly implemented, the HACCP program described in this Appendix will provide assurance of milk and milk product safety that is equivalent to that provided under the traditional inspection system.
Note: The superscripted section numbers appearing below are linked to PMO text that applies to Sections of the Milk Plant, Receiving Station, or Transfer Station NCIMS HACCP System Audit Report, Form FDA 2359m (also available in PDF.)
(1A) Preliminary Steps: Preliminary steps as listed in the NACMCF document should be followed when producing a HACCP Plan. Complete, up-to-date process flow diagrams are required for all milk and milk products manufactured. Flow diagrams may be combined when processes, products and hazards are similar. (1A)
Prerequisite Program: HACCP is not a stand-alone program, but is part of a larger control system. PPs are the universal procedures used to control the conditions of the milk plant environment that contribute to the overall safety of the milk or milk product. They represent the sum of programs, practices and procedures that must be applied to produce and distribute safe milk and milk products in a clean, sanitary environment. They differ from CCPs in that they are basic sanitation programs that reduce the potential occurrence of a milk or milk product safety hazard. Frequently, both HACCP Plan CCPs and PPs control measures are necessary to control a food safety hazard.
(10I)HACCP may be implemented only in a facility that is constructed and operated to provide a sanitary environment. Milk plant, receiving station or transfer station premises, building construction, maintenance, and housekeeping shall be maintained in a manner sufficient to provide such an environment. These factors shall be controlled by effective milk plant, receiving station or transfer station programs or by PPs, as the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station chooses.(10I)
(9F)The exact set of PPs will vary since their application is milk or milk product and process specific. The existence and effectiveness of PPs should be assessed during the design and implementation of each HACCP Plan. PPs should be documented and regularly audited. An audit review consists of verifying that the company has a program implemented that indicates how the company monitors and controls each of the PPs.(9F) PPs are established and managed separately from the HACCP Plan.
(9A) Required PPs: The following required PPs shall have a brief written description or checklist that the PPs can be audited against to ensure compliance. PPs shall include procedures that can be monitored; records that specify what is monitored; and how often it will be monitored.
Each milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall have and implement PPs that address conditions and practices before, during, and after processing. The PPs shall address:(9A)
- (9A1)Safety of the water that comes into contact with milk or milk products or product-contact surfaces, including steam and ice; (9A1)
- (9A2)Condition and cleanliness of equipment product-contact surface; (9A2)
- (9A3) Prevention of cross-contamination from insanitary objects and or practices to milk or milk products or product-contact surfaces, packaging material and other food-contact surfaces, including utensils, gloves, outer garments, etc., and from raw product to processed product; (9A3)
- (9A4)Maintenance of handwashing, hand sanitizing, and toilet facilities; (9A4)
- (9A5)Protection of milk or milk product, packaging material, and product-contact surfaces from adulteration with lubricants, fuel, pesticides, cleaning compounds, sanitizing agents, condensate and other chemical, physical and biological contaminants; (9A5)
- (9A6)Proper labeling, storage, and use of toxic compounds; (9A6)
- (9A7)Control of employee health conditions, including employee exposure to high risk situations, that could result in the microbiological contamination of milk or milk products, packaging materials, and product-contact surfaces; (9A7) and
- (9A8)Pest exclusion from the milk plant.(9A8)
(9B)In addition to the required PPs specified above, any other PPs that are being relied upon in the Hazard Analysis to reduce the likelihood of hazards such that they are not reasonably likely to occur, shall also be monitored, audited, and documented as required PPs.(9B)
- (9C, 9D, 9E) Monitoring and Correction: The milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall monitor the conditions and practices of all required PPs with sufficient frequency to ensure conformance with those conditions and that are appropriate both to the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station and to the safety of the milk or milk product being processed. Each milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall document the correction of those conditions and practices that are not in conformance. Devices, such as indicating and recording thermometers that are used to monitor PPs shall be calibrated to assure accuracy at a frequency determined by the milk plant, receiving station, or transfer station.
- Required Records: Each milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall maintain records that document the monitoring and corrections required by this Appendix. These records are subject to the record keeping requirements of this Appendix. (9C, 9E)
(1A)Hazard Analysis: Each milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall develop, or have developed for it, a written hazard analysis to determine whether there are milk or milk product hazards that are reasonably likely to occur for each type of milk or milk product processed or handled by the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station and to identify the control measures that the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station can apply to control those hazards.(1A)
(1B)The hazard analysis shall include hazards that can be introduced both within and outside the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station environment, including hazards that can occur during handling, transportation, processing and distribution.
A hazard that is reasonably likely to occur is one for which a prudent milk plant, receiving station or transfer station operator would establish controls because experience, illness data, scientific reports, or other information provide a basis to conclude that there is a reasonable possibility that, in the absence of these controls, the hazard will occur in the particular type of milk or milk product being processed. The hazard analysis shall be developed by an individual(s) trained in accordance with this Appendix and shall be subject to the record keeping requirements as described in this Appendix.
- In evaluating what milk or milk product hazards are reasonably likely to occur, at a minimum, consideration should be given to the following:
- Microbiological contamination;
- Chemical contamination;
- Unlawful drug and pesticide residues;
- Natural toxins;
- Unapproved use of food or color additives;
- Presence of undeclared ingredients that may be allergens; and
- Physical hazards.
- Milk plant, receiving station or transfer station operators should evaluate product ingredients, processing procedures, packaging, storage, and intended use; facility and equipment function and design; and milk plant sanitation, including employee hygiene, to determine the potential effect of each on the safety of the finished milk or milk product for the intended consumer.(1B)
- (2A, 2B) HACCP Plan: Every milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall have and implement a written HACCP Plan whenever a hazard analysis reveals one (1) or more hazards that are reasonably likely to occur.(2B) The HACCP Plan shall be developed by an individual(s) who has been trained and shall be subject to record keeping requirements in accordance with this Appendix. A HACCP Plan shall be specific to each location and milk or milk product. The plan may group similar types of milk and milk products together, or similar types of production methods together, if the hazards, CCPs, CLs, and procedures required to be identified and performed by 2. of this Section are essentially identical, provided that any required features of the plan that are unique to a specific milk or milk product or method are clearly delineated in the plan and are observed in practice.(2A)
- (1A) Contents of the HACCP Plan: The HACCP Plan shall, at a minimum:
- Include complete up-to-date process flow diagrams for all milk and milk products manufactured. Flow diagrams may be combined when processes, milk and milk products and hazards are similar. (1A)
- (2C)List all hazards that are reasonably likely to occur as identified in the hazard analysis specified above, and that must be controlled for each type of milk or milk product.(2C)
- (3A, 3B, 3C) List the CCPs for each of the identified hazards, including the appropriate:
- (1) CCPs designed to control hazards that could occur or could be introduced in the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station environment;
- (2) CCPs designed to control hazards introduced outside the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station environment, including hazards that occur before arriving at the milk plant, receiving station and/or transfer station;(3A, 3B, 3C) and
- (4A, 4D) (3) List the CLs that shall be met at each of the CCPs.(4A, 4D)
- (4C, 5A) List the procedures and the frequency with which they are to be performed that will be used to monitor each of the CCPs to ensure compliance with the CLs;(4C, 5A)
- (6A)Include any corrective action plans that have been developed in accordance with the corrective action requirements as described in this Appendix, and that are to be followed in response to deviations from CLs at CCPs;(6A)
- (7A)List the verification and validation procedures, and the frequency with which they are to be performed, that the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station will use in accordance with verification and validation requirements as described in this Appendix;(7A) and
- (5D, 5B)Provide a record keeping system that documents the monitoring of the CCPs in accordance with the record requirements as described in this Appendix. The records shall contain the actual values and observations obtained during monitoring.(5D, 5B)
- (2C)Sanitation: Sanitation controls may be included in the HACCP Plan. However, to the extent that they are monitored in accordance with the PPs, they need not be included in the HACCP Plan.(2C)
(6A-6G)Corrective Actions: Whenever a deviation from a CL occurs, a milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall take corrective action by following the procedures set forth in 1. or 2. of this Section.
- Milk plants, receiving stations or transfer stations may develop written corrective action plans, which become a part of their HACCP Plan(s), in accordance with this Appendix. These corrective action plans may predetermine the corrective actions that milk plants, receiving stations and transfer stations will take whenever there is a deviation from a CL. A corrective action plan that is appropriate for a particular deviation is one (1) that describes the steps to be taken and assigns responsibility for taking those steps, to ensure that:
- No milk or milk product is allowed to enter commerce that is either injurious to health or is otherwise adulterated as a result of the deviation; or
- If such milk or milk product has entered commerce, it is expeditiously removed; and
- The cause of the deviation is corrected.
- When a deviation from a CL occurs, and the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station does not have a corrective action plan that is appropriate for that deviation, the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall:
- Segregate and hold the affected milk or milk product, at least until the requirements of paragraphs 2.b and 2.c of this Section are met;
- Perform or obtain a review to determine the acceptability of the affected milk or milk product for distribution. The review shall be performed by an individual or individuals qualified by training or experience to perform such a review;
- Take corrective action, when necessary, with respect to the affected milk or milk product to ensure that no milk or milk product is allowed to enter commerce that is either injurious to health or is otherwise adulterated as a result of the deviation;
- Take corrective action, when necessary, to correct the cause of the deviation; and
- Perform or obtain timely validation by a qualified individual(s), as required in this Appendix, to determine whether modification of the HACCP Plan is required to reduce the risk of recurrence of the deviation, and modify the HACCP Plan as necessary.
- All corrective actions taken in accordance with this Section shall be fully documented in records that are subject to verification.(6A-6G)
Verification and Validation:
- (7B)Verification: Every milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall verify that the HACCP System is being implemented according to design, except that critical factors for aseptically processed Grade "A" milk and milk products, as determined by the process authority and listed on the scheduled process under 21 CFR 113 shall be managed separately from the NCIMS HACCP System, even if identified as a CCP in the hazard analysis. Critical factors shall be monitored under the operating supervision of an individual who has successfully completed an approved course of instruction in low-acid canned foods as required under 21 CFR 108.35. Compliance with the provisions of 21 CFR 113 shall satisfy the requirements of this Section, regardless of whether a critical factor has also been designated as a CCP.
- Verification activities shall include:
- (1) The calibration of CCP process-monitoring instruments, i.e., pasteurization tests, etc.;
- (2) At the option of the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station, the performance of periodic end-product or in-process testing; (7H, 11C)
- (3)A review, including signing and dating, by an individual who has been trained in accordance with the training requirements of this Appendix, of the records that document:(7H, 11C)
- (7E)The Monitoring of CCPs: The purpose of this review shall be, at a minimum, to ensure that the records are complete and to verify that the recorded document values are within the CLs. This review shall occur at a frequency that is appropriate to the importance of the record and as specified in the HACCP Plan;(7E)
- (7F)The Taking of Corrective Action: The purpose of this review shall be, at a minimum, to ensure that the records are complete and to verify that appropriate corrective action(s) was taken in accordance with the corrective action requirements cited before. This review shall occur at a frequency that is appropriate to the importance of the record. A centralized deviation log is required;(7F) and
- (7G)The calibrating of any process monitoring instruments used at CCPs and the performance of any periodic end-product or in-process testing that is part of the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station's verification activities.(7G)
The purpose of these reviews shall be, at a minimum, to ensure that the records are complete and that these activities occurred in accordance with the milk plant's, receiving station's or transfer station's written procedures. These reviews shall occur within a reasonable time after the records are made.
- (4) The taking of corrective action procedures whenever any verification procedure establishes the need to take a corrective action.(7B)
- (7D)The calibration of CCP process-monitoring instruments, and the performance of any periodic end-product and in-process testing, in accordance with 1.a.(3)ii) and 1.a.(3)iii) of this Section, shall be documented in records that are subject to the record keeping requirements in this Appendix.(7D)
- Verification activities shall include:
- (7C) Validation of the HACCP Plan: Every milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall validate that the HACCP Plan is adequate to control hazards that are reasonably likely to occur. This validation shall occur at least once within twelve (12) months after implementation and at least annually thereafter or whenever any changes in the process occur that could affect the hazard analysis or alter the HACCP Plan. Such changes may include changes in the following:
- Raw materials or source of raw materials; product formulation; processing methods or systems, including computers and their software; packaging; finished product distribution systems; or the intended use or intended consumers of the finished product and consumer complaints.
(11B)The validation shall be performed by a qualified individual(s) trained in accordance with the requirements described in this Appendix and shall be subject to the record keeping requirements cited below. (11B)The HACCP Plan shall be modified immediately whenever a validation reveals that the plan is no longer adequate to fully meet the requirements of this document.(7C)
- (1C) Validation of the Hazard Analysis: Whenever a milk plant, receiving station or transfer station does not have a HACCP Plan, because a hazard analysis has revealed no hazards that are reasonably likely to occur, the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall reassess the adequacy of the hazard analysis whenever there are any changes in the process that could reasonably affect whether a hazard exists. Such changes may include changes in the following:
- Raw materials or source of raw materials;
- Product formulation;
- Processing methods or systems, including computers and their software;
- Finished product distribution systems; or
- The intended use or intended consumers of the finished product; and
- Consumer complaints.
- (1D), (2D), (9H), (8E)Required Records: It is essential that milk plants, receiving stations and transfer stations use consistent terminology to identify each piece of equipment, record, document, or other program throughout their written HACCP System. A milk plant, receiving station or transfer station shall maintain the following records documenting the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station's HACCP System:(8E)
- Records documenting the ongoing application of the PP, including a brief written description, monitoring and correction records;
- The written hazard analysis;
- The written HACCP Plan;(1D), (2D) , (9H)
- (8A)Required HACCP documents and forms specified in 1.a. through c. of this Section shall be dated or identified with a version number. Each page shall be marked with a new date or version number whenever that page is updated;
- A Table of Contents and centralized list of the HACCP program records, by title, documenting the ongoing application of the HACCP System shall be maintained and provided for review;
- A document change log;
- Records documenting the ongoing application of the HACCP Plan that include:
- (5D)(1) Monitoring of CCPs and their CLs, including the recording of actual times, temperatures, or other measurements, as prescribed in the milk plant's, receiving station's or transfer station's HACCP Plan;(5D)
- (2) Corrective actions, including all actions taken in response to a deviation;
- (3) A centralized deviation log is required; and
- (4) Plan validation dates.
- Records documenting verification and validation of the HACCP System, including the HACCP Plan, hazard analysis and PPs.
- General Requirements: Records required by this Section shall include:
- The identity and location of the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station;
- The date and time of the activity that the record reflects;
- The signature or initials of the person(s) performing the operation or creating the record; and
- (8B, 9G) Where appropriate, the identity of the milk or milk product and the production code, if any. Processing and other information shall be entered on records at the time that it is observed. The records shall contain the actual values and observations obtained during monitoring.(8A) (8B, 9G)
- (1D, 2D), (9H)Documentation:
- The records in paragraphs 1.a. through c. of this Section shall be signed and dated by the most responsible individual onsite at the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station. This signature shall signify that these records have been accepted by the firm.
- The records in paragraphs 1.a. through c. of this Section shall be signed and dated:
- (8C)Record Retention:
- All records, required by this Section, shall be retained at the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station for perishable or refrigerated products, for at least one (1) year after the date that such products were prepared, and in the case of frozen, preserved, or shelf-stable products, for two (2) years after the date that the products were prepared or the shelf-life of the product, whichever is greater, unless longer retention time is required by other regulations.(8C)
- (8D)b. Records that relate to the adequacy of equipment or processes used, such as commissioning or process validation records, including the results of scientific studies and evaluations, shall be retained at the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station facility for at least two (2) years after the date that the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station last used such equipment or process. (8D)
- (8E)Off-site storage of processing records is permitted after six (6) months following the date that the monitoring occurred, if such records can be retrieved and provided on-site within twenty-four (24) hours of a request for official review. Electronic records are considered to be on-site if they are accessible from an on-site location.
- If the processing facility is closed for a prolonged period, the records may be transferred to some other reasonably accessible location(s) but shall be immediately returned to the processing facility for official review upon request.
- Official Review: All records required by this Section shall be available for official review at reasonable times.
- Records Maintained on Computers: The maintenance of records on computers, in accordance with the requirements cited above, is acceptable.(8E)
(11A, 11D)The success of a HACCP system depends on educating and training management and employees in the importance for their role in producing safe milk and milk products. This should also include information in the control of milk borne hazards related to all stages of dairy production and processing. Specific training activities should include working instructions and procedures that outline the tasks of employees monitoring specific CCPs and PPs. (11A, 11D)
(11A)HACCP training for industry and regulatory personnel will be based on the current "Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Principles and Application Guidelines" of NACMCF, the current FDA HACCP recommendations, and the regulatory requirements of this Appendix and related Sections of this Ordinance.(11A)
Regulatory Agency personnel responsible for the evaluation, licensing and regulatory audits of facilities using the NCIMS HACCP Program will have equivalent training to the training required to perform traditional NCIMS functions. They shall also have specialized training in conducting HACCP System audits.
Industry, State and Federal regulatory and listing personnel should be trained together.
- Core Curriculum: The Dairy HACCP Core Curriculum consists of:
- Basic HACCP training; plus
- An orientation to the requirements of the NCIMS HACCP Program.
Basic HACCP training consists of instruction in the application of the NACMCF Principles of HACCP to Food Safety. This training includes practical exercises in conducting a hazard analysis and evaluating potential hazards; in writing a HACCP Plan; and in the validation of the plan. It should be taught by experienced instructors.
The orientation component ideally is coupled with the basic HACCP training, but can be taught separately. The content of the orientation will be conducted under the guidance of the NCIMS. It is intended to familiarize industry and regulatory personnel with specific dairy HACCP concerns and the regulatory requirements under the NCIMS HACCP Program. It is to be taught by instructors experienced in the application of HACCP under the NCIMS HACCP Program.
The industry individual(s) performing the functions listed in Part 2 of this Section shall have successfully completed appropriate training in the application of HACCP principles to milk and milk product processing at least equivalent to that received under the Dairy HACCP Core Curriculum. Alternatively, job experience may qualify an individual to perform these functions if the experience has provided knowledge at least equivalent to that provided through the standardized curriculum.
- Industry Personnel: Only industry individuals who have met the requirements of Part 1 of this Section shall be responsible for the following functions:
- (1A)Developing the hazard analysis, including delineating control measures, as required;(1A)
- (2A)Developing a HACCP Plan that is appropriate for the specific milk plant, receiving station or transfer station, in order to meet these requirements;(2A)
- (11B)Validating and modifying the HACCP Plan in accordance with the corrective action procedures and the validation activities as specified;(11B) and
- (11C)Performing required HACCP Plan records reviews. (11C)
- (12C)Regulatory Personnel: Regulatory personnel performing HACCP audits shall have successfully completed appropriate training in the application of HACCP principles for milk and milk product processing at least equivalent to that received under the Dairy HACCP Core Curriculum.
State Regulatory Audits, Enforcement Audits, Actions and Follow-up: Audits shall be conducted of the milk plant, receiving station, or transfer station facility, and NCIMS HACCP Program to ensure compliance with the HACCP System and other associated NCIMS regulatory requirements.
The audit may be announced at the discretion of the auditor under certain circumstances, i.e., initial audit, follow-up audit, new construction, pasteurizer checks, etc. When unannounced audits are conducted, the audits shall not be completed until appropriate milk plant personnel have had an opportunity to make all pertinent records available for review by the auditor.
- Pre-Audit Management Interview: Review and discuss the milk plant HACCP System including:
- Changes in the management structure;
- The Hazard Analysis - Ensure that all milk or milk product hazards are addressed;
- Changes in the HACCP Plan;
- Changes in the PPs;
- Changes in the flow diagram; and
- Changes in milk or milk products or processes.
- Review past Audit Reports(AR) and corrections of deficiencies and non-conformities, if any;
- n-milk plant review of the implementation and verification of the HACCP System;
- Review records of the HACCPSystem;
- Review compliance with other applicable NCIMS regulatory requirements*;
- Discuss findings and observations;
- Prepare and issue an AR based on findings of deficiencies and non-conformities. The AR shall include timelines for the correction of all identified deficiencies and non-conformities; and
Conduct the exit interview.
*Note: Examples of Other Applicable NCIMS Requirements:
State Regulatory Enforcement Action/Follow-up: The State Regulatory Agency shall:
- Prepare and issue ARs based on findings of deficiencies and non-conformities and other NCIMS requirements;
- Review the AR with the milk plant and establish time lines for the correction of all identified deficiencies and non-conformities and other NCIMS requirements;
- (12A)Follow-up to ensure corrections are made as a result of the issuance of the AR;(12A)
- Take immediate action when an imminent health hazard is observed to prevent further movement of milk and milk products until such hazards have been eliminated and
- (12B)Initiate regulatory enforcement action, such as permit suspension, revocation, hearings, court actions, and/or other equivalent measures when the milk plant, receiving station or transfer station has failed to recognize or correct a deficiency(ies) or nonconformity(ies).(12B)
|First Year after Initial Regulatory Audit:||Initial audit; Next audit in thirty (30) to forty-five (45) days; and four (4) month intervals thereafter, unless the Regulatory Agency determines that a greater frequency is warranted.|
|Subsequent Audits||Every six (6) months unless the Regulatory Agency determines that a greater frequency is warranted*.|
|Compliance Follow-Ups||Compliance follow-ups shall be made as frequently as necessary to assure that problems observed by the Regulatory Agency have been resolved.|
*The Regulatory Agency may elect to extend the minimum audit frequency from four (4) to six (6) months as long as the following conditions exist:
- Item 12b on FORM FDA 2359m MILK PLANT, RECEIVING STATION OR TRANSFER
STATION NCIMS HACCP SYSTEM AUDIT REPORT is not marked on the regulatory audit for the current HACCP audit;
- No current two (2) out of four (4) warning letter(s) or three (3) out of five (5) violation letter(s) for finished milk or milk product, or violative water sample results; and
- No CLEs on the current or prior audit.
Audit Report Form: | <urn:uuid:633d7138-a1d4-4825-abed-e116fdc46e75> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/ucm064412.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170562.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00041-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938392 | 7,360 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The natural habitat for bacillus is officially considered the soil. It has even been named as "normal flora" of the soil. However, the spores seem to live happily in a variety of sources, and they thrive under some pretty adverse conditions. This remedy is of significance on many levels. Bacillus is the genre of bacteria where the deadly Anthrax is found. While this remedy is designed to antidote anthracis (the cause of anthrax) and all of the species in the Bacillus genre, it is even more effective for one of the following bacterial strains and the toxins produced / harvested from them:
- B. amyloliquefaciensis and the antibiotic protein barnase harvested from it as well as alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis, the protease subtilisin used with detergents, and the BamH1 restriction enzyme used in DNA research.
- A portion of the B. thuringiensis genome was incorporated into corn (and cotton) crops. The resulting GMOs are therefore resistant to some insect pests. This remedy is often used as a GMO detox.
- B. thuringiensis is an insect pathogen so is sometimes used as a biological pesticide, also used as insecticides and genetically modified crops.
- B. coagulans can be found in food spoilage of highly acidic, tomato based products.
- B. cereus, which causes a foodborne illness (food poisoning) similar to that of Staphylococcus. It is the cause of "Fried Rice Syndrome," as the bacteria is classically contracted from fried rice dishes that have been sitting at room temperature for hours (such as at a buffet). Certain strains are used as probiotics, so a contaminated supplement might have introduced this to your system. Toxicity of this bacteria can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It is also known to cause chronic skin infections.
- The notable anthracis and all of its toxic forms is also included. Three forms of anthrax disease are recognized based on their form of inoculation. Cutaneous, the most common form (95%), causes a localized inflammatory black necrotic lesion (eschar). Pulmonary, highly fatal and characterized by sudden massive chest edema followed by cardiovascular shock. Gastrointestinal, rare but also fatal (causes death to 25%) type results from ingestion of spores
PREVENTION: It has been noted that resistance to the B. anthracis bacteria can be achieved by drinking polyphenols, such as found in black tea. This does not counteract the spores, so it works more as a preventative agent than a treatment option. Tea must be consumed without milk.
This Quantum Formula antidotes for the various species in the Bacillus genus, as well as catalase, barnase, alpha amylase, subtilisin, BamH1 restriction enzyme, cereulide, cereolysin, phospholipase C, Hemolysin BL Hbl, Nonhemolytic Enterotoxin Nhe, Cytotoxin K CytK, 5-HT3>serotonin, Plasmid pBCE4810, plasmid pXO1, D-glutamate, exotoxin calmodulin-dependent Adenylate Cyclase, edema.factor, siderophore proteins IsdX1 and IsdX2. | <urn:uuid:3915597f-325a-4078-acf8-99dfa91d0394> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.hcmionline.com/bacteria/bacillus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.946996 | 694 | 3.09375 | 3 |
This articles describes the principle of working of refrigeration and air conditioning reciprocating compressors.
Reciprocating Compressors are one of the most widely used types of compressors for refrigeration and air conditioning applications. The reciprocating compressors comprise of the piston and the cylinder arrangement similar to the automotive engine. While the engine generates power after consuming fuel, the reciprocating compressor consumes electricity to compress the refrigerant. Inside the cylinder the piston performs reciprocating motion which enables the compression of refrigerant inside it.
Principle of Working of the Reciprocating Compressors
Apart from the piston and the cylinder arrangement, the reciprocating compressor also comprises of the crankshaft, connecting rod and other small connecting elements. The crankshaft is connected to the electric motor directly by coupling or by belt and driven by the pulley arrangement. The rotary motion of the crankshaft is converted into the reciprocating motion of the piston inside the cylinder via the connecting rod. Let us see the various strokes of the piston inside the cylinder (refer the figures below):
Working of Reciprocating Compressor
1) Piston at Top Dead Center (TDC) Position:
Let us suppose that initially the piston is at the top position inside the cylinder; this is called as the top dead center (TDC) position of the piston. At this position the refrigerant that has already been compressed is delivered from the discharge valve. From the top dead center position the piston starts moving towards the downward direction. At this instance the discharge valve is already closed, while the suction valve opens due to suction pressure of the refrigerant from the suction pipeline. The refrigerant from the suction pipeline is taken inside the cylinder of the compressor via the suction valve. As the piston moves downwards, the amount of the refrigerant taken inside the cylinder increases. When the piston reaches bottom most position it is said to be in bottom dead center position (BDC). At this position the maximum amount of the refrigerant is sucked by the cylinder or compressor.
2) Piston at Bottom Dead Center (BDC) Position:
At the BDC position the maximum amount of the refrigerant has been taken inside the cylinder from the suction line of the refrigeration or air conditioning system. The piston now starts moving in the upward direction due to which the volume of the refrigerant inside the cylinder starts reducing, that means the refrigerant starts getting compressed and its pressure starts increasing. Due to high pressure of the refrigerant inside the cylinder, its suction valve closes. Due to crankshaft motion the piston continues moving upwards and compressing the refrigerant. The pressure of refrigerant goes on increasing as it gets more and more compressed. At the end of the compression stroke the discharge valve opens and the refrigerant is delivered to the discharge pipeline or tubing of the refrigeration or the air conditioning system. Due to the rotary motion of the crankshaft the reciprocating motion of the piston continues inside the cylinder and it finally reaches the TDC position, where all the compressed refrigerant inside the cylinder is delivered to the discharge line and the discharge valve closes. From here on the piston starts moving again to the BDC position and the operation of the compressor continues.
When moving from BDC to the TDC position, the piston does not touch the cylinder at the top position, rather some volume is remains vacant between the top position of the piston and the cylinder, this volume is called as the clearance volume. Such clearance volume is also present at the bottom BDC position.
Thus there are two strokes of the piston inside the cylinder, the suction stroke and the compression stroke. For each revolution of the crankshaft one suction and one discharge stroke of the piston inside the cylinder is produced. | <urn:uuid:fd4152d9-f0b7-4cfa-9f12-75ee2b07cfef> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/51688-principle-of-working-of-refrigeration-reciprocating-compressors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438044160065.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728004240-00242-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880055 | 778 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Students became interested in the concept of guerrilla gardening after doing a different unit involving guerrilla style sticker campaigning around issues that they cared about. Something about doing something that you’re technically not really supposed to do speaks to a certain part of the teenage soul. 10th grade students worked with Anna Herman and the AFNR seniors to learn how to make pollinator seed balls. Read more
We had discussions about how, while growing things and connecting with nature should be a happy and positive experience, because of this country’s violence against people and the earth, those relationships can actually be very traumatic.
We looked at different groups of people’s historically traumatic relationships with land. We included US mainland indigenous people, native Hawaiians, descendants of enslaved Africans, Puerto Rican people, poor white mine/extraction workers, and Black Philadelphians. Read more | <urn:uuid:3a5d5edb-572d-4e30-9483-bd32b29fbe63> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.efsphilly.org/author/freda-or-frankie/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335530.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001035148-20221001065148-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.956619 | 174 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Future Foresters is an ongoing after-school program that serves students at Waikōloa Elementary and Middle School. We have 42 Future Foresters and our group is comprised of new and returing 4th and 5th grade students as well as several Forest Leaders who are middle school students that return to the program to help mentor our younger students.
Each week, our students learn in nature whether in the Waikōloa Dry Forest Preserve or at another inspiring place in our region. These field trips are fun, educational, and impactful; not only do students connect with the environment and their communities, but they also give back!
Our curriculum is science-based and presented within the biocultural context of our dryland forests and storied places within our region. Our students learn through exploration and connect to place through stewardship.
Future Foresters plant trees, monitor outplanting health, build trails, pull weeds, care for seedlings in our plant nursery, and teach others about the dry forest and their efforts to help conserve it. They also provide volunteer service at our partnering sites around the island.
Future Foresters is a free program sponsored by WDFI and our supporters. The program is offered to students based on need and interest. Applications are distributed to classrooms in early August. Our program fills up quickly and a waiting list is maintained throughout the year. If you have any questions, or would like to support our haumana, please contact us.
“It is a great place to learn about native plants and Hawaiian culture. You get to plant these plants with an awesome teacher Auntie Jackie.”
– Aileana Pajimola, 4th Grade, Age 10
“For years I heard that there was a green huge forest and I want to see that again.”
-Trey Thomas, 6th Grade Age 12
“Future Foresters has influenced my view of the environment in a positive way because being out in nature and helping out the forest helps me see that we can make a difference in the environment.”
– Shaniah Spear, 7th Grade, Age 13 | <urn:uuid:624d08b2-7c66-4877-9a3c-d8fa7e29edef> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.waikoloadryforest.org/inspiring-the-next-generation-future-foresters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711475.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209181231-20221209211231-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.964885 | 439 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Fallacy of composition
From Iron Chariots Wiki
Revision as of 07:50, 24 October 2011 by DukeTwicep
The Fallacy of composition is the fallacy of concluding that something that is true of the parts is also true of the whole, or that something that is true of the whole is also true of the parts.
- If a man's genes are selfish, the man is also selfish.
- Every atom in my body is invisible to the naked eye. Therefore, I am invisible to the naked eye.
- In the Book of Acts, Luke's description of cities, countries and various customs is historically accurate. Therefore, everything in the Book of Acts is historically accurate.
- In 2011, presidential candidate Mitt Romney said that "corporations are people", and defended this argument by saying that corporations are composed of people. | <urn:uuid:d8d17901-bafe-4ea3-a487-63f614c28a16> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://wiki.ironchariots.org/index.php?title=Fallacy_of_composition&oldid=18536 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828282.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00142-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961916 | 175 | 2.859375 | 3 |
By Christina Spires
CatlinSpeak (Portland, Oregon)
Barbara Thompson, a sixty-seven year old school teacher retiree, resides in suburbs of Flint, MI., just outside of downtown. As a retiree, she receives social security to provide for herself, but also is an emergency substitute for the high school she used to work at. Unfortunately, Thompson’s home has been struck by the current water crisis in Flint, and she suffers from headaches, memory loss and high blood pressure. Although these are all symptoms of old age, Thompson leads a very healthy lifestyle, leading to the conclusion that it is the water. Thompson wants to move to a neighborhood with a better tap water system, but because she only has social security as means for support, she cannot afford to live elsewhere in Michigan, keeping her bound to the suffering due to poor water quality in Flint.
Similar to Thompson, thousands of other people in Flint are experiencing the the injustice of not having access to clean water, which should be a basic human right. Despite the quality of water, homeowners are still paying water bills, putting a dent in the livelihoods of those residing in Flint.
Despite the impact of the Water Crisis, Flint is a city that had been suffering for years, especially as the auto industry began to decline.
Another Michigan city affected by the fall of the Auto Industry and environmental injustice is none other than the city of Detroit.
Victoria Green is a 5th grade student at the Spain Elementary-Middle School in the heart of Detroit. As an Elementary student, whether she is learning long division or reading, she spends her entire day learning in one classroom. Her classroom is amongst the many throughout the school suffering from leaking pipes from the bathrooms and black mold on the walls. When she isn’t in class, she likes to run with her friends, which she now does in the hallways due to buckled flooring and fungus in the gym, and gas vents polluting the air in the playground.
Due to the poor maintenance of the school facilities, Green is constantly gets sick, with multiple headaches and trouble breathing, inhibiting her mother to go to work at her minimum wage job.
These symptoms are not only affecting students in schools across the city of Detroit, but the teachers as well.
“The odorous smell of mold and mildew hits you like a brick wall when you step through the front doors,” writes Lakia Wilson, a counselor at Spain Elementary-Middle School, in the PBS NewsHour Teachers’ Lounge Blog.
When Wilson began working at Spain Elementary-Middle School, she recalls being overjoyed by the quality of the facilities and the education the students were receiving. 19 years later, she describes the school she once loved as “the poster child for neglect and indifference to a quality teaching and learning environment.”
Because these conditions are so extreme, teachers from ninety out of the hundred schools within the DPS are on strike. According to the Washington Post, it is illegal for teachers to strike, but to combat this, these hundreds of teachers are calling in sick to get around this law.
Detroit and Flint are among the poorest cities in the United States, with 40 percent of persons below the poverty level and household incomes of $25,000 a year, according to the Census Bureau. In addition this low income, less than 15 percent of residents with a high school diploma or a GED have a Bachelor’s degree, and no experience in higher education. Unfortunately, these shocking numbers correlate with the racial demographics of the two cities. In these cities, the black population makes up over half of the city’s population, with Detroit at 82.7 percent and Flint at 56.6 percent.
Among one of the richer neighborhoods in Michigan is Beverly Hills. Although the population of Beverly Hills is drastically smaller than these major cities, the median income of Beverly Hills residents are four times that of a Detroit resident at $106,847. The major differences between these demographics are that 68.2 percent of Beverly Hills residents have a Bachelor’s degree, proof of more success and a larger generated income. The poverty level is 2.5 percent, which is significantly different from Flint’s 41.5 percent. Along with this information 90 percent of the population is White, whereas Blacks make up only 6.6 percent.
Although Detroit and Flint are on opposite sides of the spectrum from Beverly Hills, there are substantial differences between the two cities and statewide demographics. These differences are seen most dramatically in the median household income of $48,411, and the persons below poverty level of 16.8 percent.
From these demographics, it is obvious that Detroit and Flint are being neglected by the state and multiple forms of Environmental injustice.
According to Organizing People/Activating Leaders’ (OPAL) Principles of Environmental Justice, public policy should “be based on mutual respect and justice for all peoples, free from any form of discrimination or bias.”
Along with this, one principle explicitly writes, “Environmental justice calls for universal protection from nuclear testing, extraction, production and disposal of toxic/hazardous wastes and poisons and nuclear testing that threaten the fundamental right to clean air, land, water and food,” a principle violated in the Flint water crisis.
In relation to Detroit teachers, one principle states that “Environmental justice affirms the right of all workers to a safe and healthy work environment, without being forced to choose between an unsafe livelihood and unemployment,” explaining the rights of the teachers to leave the schools for the sake of their health.
From these principles, it is obvious that the state of Michigan has infringed on the principles of Environmental justice, putting both Detroit and Flint at risk.
Although the magnitude of these problems are extreme, action is now being taken to better the lives of the suffering residents.
Flint has received major assistance from Obama as he provided the city with over $80,000,000 in aid, along with $367,000 from rock band Pearl Jam. With help from the American Red Cross and outside donations, residents of Flint also have access to clean, bottled water.
In Detroit, the “Sick-out” rallies held by teachers have proven successful in gaining nationwide attention, resulting in district-wide investigations and corrections, according to the Detroit Free Press.
“I’m sorry most of all that I let you down,” apologizes Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder in a state address in response to the recent hardships in Detroit and Flint. “You deserve better. You deserve accountability. You deserve to know the buck stops here with me,” looking to the future of equality and Environmental Justice with optimism.
Image Credit: NBC News | <urn:uuid:5b7a12f5-c814-46d7-b883-ffa5537bc1c5> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://wantnewsforteens.com/2016/02/10/the-lack-of-environmental-justices-in-detroit-and-flint-mi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368431.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304021339-20210304051339-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.959062 | 1,385 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A new study has found that the way you style your hair, along with the styling tools you use, can cause significant hair damage.
This damage can cause your hair to look brittle, frizzy and lackluster or even fall out.
The good news is that you can prevent damage by following tips from dermatologists.
“Hair myths, such as brushing your hair one hundred strokes each day, can cause split ends,” board-certified dermatologist Paradi Mirmirani, MD, FAAD, assistant clinical professor of dermatology at the University of California, San Francisco, said.
“Having healthy hair is possible if you know how to care for your hair before and after styling,” the dermatologist said.
To prevent hair damage and hair loss, Dr. Mirmirani recommends people follow these simple tips:
Dry your hair by wrapping it in a towel after a shower or bath. Another alternative is letting your hair air-dry.
Most people should handle wet hair as little as possible as wet hair breaks more easily when combed or brushed. However, people with tightly curled or textured hair should brush their hair when wet to decrease the chances of hair breakage.
Keep brushing to minimum. Brushing your hair 100 strokes each day can cause split ends.
Reduce the use of “long-lasting hold” styling products. Using a comb to style your hair after you apply the product can cause the hair to break and can lead to hair loss over time.
Allow your hair to partially air dry before you style or comb. Decreasing the number of times per week that you blow dry also helps limit damage.
Flat irons should be used on dry hair on a low or medium heat setting, no more often than every other day. If you use a curling iron, only leave it in place for a second or two. No matter your hair type, excessive heat can damage your hair.
Do not continuously wear braids, cornrows, ponytails and hair extensions.
These styles pull on the hair and can cause tension that leads to breakage. If the tension continues, permanent hair loss can develop.
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Depression truly sucks, impacting every aspect of our lives and making even the simplest tasks feel insurmountable. It’s crucial to remember that you’re not alone in your struggle with depression, as millions worldwide face this challenge daily.
This blog post will explore 16 coping strategies for when life gets rough, offering valuable insights from mental health experts and inspiring stories from celebrities who have battled depression themselves.
Through these powerful tools and techniques, you’ll be empowered to persevere during even the darkest times.
Recognizing the symptoms of depression, such as persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite or weight, difficulty sleeping, and thoughts of death or suicide, is crucial for seeking professional help and beginning the journey toward healing.
Coping strategies for managing depression include incorporating exercise into your routine, utilizing therapy and medication, staying connected with loved ones, and practicing mindfulness and self-care. Engaging in regular self-care activities such as getting enough sleep, eating a balanced diet, and engaging in physical activity can help combat depression during difficult times.
Practicing positive thinking and gratitude can have physical and psychological benefits, such as reducing stress levels and improving sleep quality while seeking emotional support when needed is important since it makes a big difference in managing symptoms of depression while improving overall mental health.
Table of Contents
Recognizing the symptoms of depression, exploring its causes, and seeking professional help are crucial steps toward understanding depression.
Recognizing The Symptoms Of Depression
Recognizing the symptoms of depression is a crucial step in seeking help and beginning the journey toward healing. Symptoms can vary among individuals, but common signs include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness; loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed; changes in appetite or weight; difficulty sleeping or oversleeping; fatigue or lack of energy; difficulty concentrating or making decisions; and thoughts of death or suicide.
For example, after sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI), an individual may experience emotional changes and difficulties that resemble depressive symptoms. In any case, recognizing these warning signs is essential for taking proactive measures toward improving your mental health.
Exploring The Causes Of Depression
Depression is a complex condition resulting from various factors that often intertwine to contribute to its onset. Biological influences, such as an imbalance in brain chemistry, can significantly affect depression.
For example, an unbalanced level of serotonin – a neurotransmitter associated with “feel-good” effects – may make individuals more prone to experiencing depressive symptoms.
Genetic predispositions can also increase the likelihood of depression, as it tends to run in families.
Other contributing elements include environmental and psychological factors such as life events or traumas —losing a loved one, undergoing a divorce or break-up— chronic stress, or underlying mental health conditions like anxiety disorders or autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
People with ASD are known to be four times more likely than their neurotypical peers to experience depression. It’s essential for those struggling and family members and friends to observe any depressive signs and symptoms close by.
Lastly, lifestyle choices and physical health conditions can cause or exacerbate depression; poor diet, lack of exercise, and substance abuse further underscore this difficult ailment’s multifaceted nature.
The Importance Of Seeking Professional Help
Seeking professional help is crucial in managing and overcoming depression, as mental health professionals possess the necessary expertise to properly diagnose, treat, and support individuals experiencing this debilitating condition.
Often, those suffering from depression may feel overwhelmed by guilt or self-stigma, which can be difficult to overcome without guidance.
One compelling example involves veterans and military servicemembers who may struggle with depression due to their unique experiences in combat situations. By seeking professional help through specialized resources like SAMHSA’s National Helpline for substance abuse-related concerns or veteran-focused mental health services that provide targeted CBT interventions tailored to their specific needs – these individuals can find lasting relief from depressive symptoms that are often exacerbated by feelings of shame or isolation.
Coping Strategies For Depression
Incorporating exercise into your routine, utilizing therapy and medication, staying connected with loved ones, and practicing mindfulness and self-care are effective coping strategies for managing depression.
Incorporating Exercise Into Your Routine
Regular exercise can be an effective way to boost your mood and reduce symptoms of depression. Here are some tips for incorporating exercise into your routine:
- Start small: If you’re not used to exercising regularly, start with just a few minutes daily. Gradually increase the amount of time you spend exercising as you build up your endurance.
- Find activities you enjoy: You’re more likely to stick with an exercise routine if you find activities you enjoy. Try different types of exercises, such as yoga, running, swimming, or dancing, until you find something that feels good.
- Make it a habit: Schedule exercise into your daily routine so that it becomes a habit. Set aside time each day for physical activity, even if it’s just a short walk around the block.
- Stay accountable: Find an exercise buddy or join a group fitness class to help you stay motivated and accountable.
- Mix it up: Varying your exercise routine can help prevent boredom and keep things interesting. Try different types of exercises or switch up the intensity levels to challenge yourself.
Remember, any level of physical activity is better than none at all. Incorporating regular exercise into your routine can significantly benefit your mental and physical health.
Utilizing Therapy And Medication
Utilizing therapy and medication can be incredibly helpful in managing depression. Therapy can help you uncover the root causes of your depression, develop coping strategies, and learn new ways to think about yourself and your life.
Medication can also be a valuable tool in managing symptoms of depression. Antidepressants work by altering the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain involved in mood regulation, such as serotonin or norepinephrine.
If you’re struggling with depression, seeking professional assistance or treatment is crucial.
Staying Connected With Loved Ones
Staying connected with loved ones is a crucial coping strategy for managing depression. It can be tough to reach out and ask for help, but connecting with family and friends can make all the difference in your mood and overall well-being.
Talking about what you’re going through can feel daunting, but it’s an excellent place to start.
Research shows that social support from loved ones is linked to lower rates of depression symptoms. Try reaching out to friends or family members you trust and feel comfortable talking with when you need someone to talk to or want some company.
Consider joining a support group where people share similar experiences, as it increases feelings of validation, understanding, and acceptance, reducing isolation caused by others not knowing what they are going through.
Practicing Mindfulness And Self-care
Taking care of yourself is essential when you’re dealing with depression. Here are some ways to practice mindfulness and self-care:
- Take breaks when you need them. It’s okay to step away from what you’re doing.
- Practice deep breathing exercises or meditation daily.
- Get enough good quality sleep each night. Your body and mind need rest to function at their best.
- Eat healthy foods that fuel your body and brain.
- Engage in physical activities that you enjoy – even if it’s just a walk around your neighborhood.
- Make time for hobbies or activities that make you happy.
- Journaling can be a great way to process your emotions and thoughts.
- Seek out positive social interactions, such as spending time with supportive friends or family members.
- Set realistic goals for yourself – big and small – and celebrate your accomplishments.
Remember, taking care of yourself is not selfish but rather necessary for your mental health and well-being.
Coping Strategies For Difficult Times
During challenging times, incorporating regular self-care activities such as exercise, practicing positive thinking and gratitude, seeking emotional support when needed, and setting small achievable goals can help combat depression.
Engaging In Regular Self-care Activities
Taking care of yourself is an essential part of coping with depression. Here are some self-care activities you can incorporate into your routine:
- Getting enough sleep: Make sure to establish a consistent sleep schedule and aim for at least 7-8 hours of sleep per night.
- Eating a balanced diet: Eat nutritious foods that give your body the nutrients it needs, and avoid junk food or excessive alcohol consumption.
- Engaging in physical activity: Exercise can boost your mood and reduce stress, so try incorporating regular workouts into your routine.
- Spending time in nature: Walking outside or in green spaces can positively impact mental health.
- Practicing relaxation techniques: Try meditation, deep breathing exercises, or yoga to help calm the mind and reduce stress levels.
- Pampering yourself: Take time to engage in activities that make you feel good, whether that’s taking a bubble bath, getting a massage, or indulging in a favorite hobby.
- Building social connections: Nurturing relationships with friends and family members can provide emotional support during difficult times.
By engaging in regular self-care activities, you can improve your overall well-being and better manage symptoms of depression. Remember that caring for yourself is not selfish but essential to living a healthy life.
Practicing Positive Thinking And Gratitude
One powerful way to combat the negative effects of depression is by practicing positive thinking and gratitude. Here are some ways you can incorporate these practices into your daily routine:
- Start each day by thinking of one thing you’re grateful for.
- Keep a gratitude journal and write down things you appreciate daily.
- When negative thoughts come up, challenge them with positive affirmations or counter-thoughts.
- Surround yourself with positivity, whether it’s through uplifting music or motivational quotes.
- Practice self-compassion and kindness towards yourself. Forgive yourself for mistakes and focus on your strengths instead of weaknesses.
- Keep a list of accomplishments and review them when you need a reminder of your worth.
Research has shown that practicing gratitude can have physical and psychological benefits, such as reducing stress levels, improving sleep quality, and increasing happiness. Incorporating positive thinking and gratitude into your coping strategies can help improve your mood and overall well-being.
It’s important to note that practicing positive thinking doesn’t mean ignoring or suppressing negative emotions. It’s okay to acknowledge difficult feelings and work through them in a healthy way. Seeking professional help through therapy or medication may also be beneficial in managing depression.
As we navigate uncertain times, prioritizing our mental health is more important than ever. By incorporating practices like positive thinking and gratitude into our daily routines, we can better cope with stress and anxiety while improving our overall outlook on life.
Seeking Emotional Support When Needed
It’s important to remember that you don’t have to struggle with depression alone. Seeking emotional support can make a big difference in managing your symptoms and improving your overall well-being.
This can come from talking to a trusted friend or family member, joining a support group, or seeking professional counseling from a licensed therapist.
Don’t be afraid to ask for help when you need it. Depression can feel isolating, but there are people who care about you and want to see you thrive.
Setting Small, Achievable Goals
It can be overwhelming to think about everything we want to accomplish, especially when we’re struggling with depression. That’s why setting small, achievable goals can be a helpful way to build momentum and feel accomplished. Here are some ideas for small goals you can set for yourself:
- Get out of bed and shower before noon
- Go for a 10-minute walk outside
- Spend 5 minutes cleaning or organizing your living space
- Call or text one friend each day
- Cook a healthy meal at home
- Read for 15 minutes before bed
- Practice deep breathing or meditation for 5 minutes each day
- Write down three things you’re grateful for each morning
- Complete one task on your to-do list
- Listen to uplifting music or a guided meditation
Remember, it’s important to start with small goals and build from there as you gain confidence and momentum. Celebrate your progress, no matter how small it may seem, and give yourself grace on days when you struggle to meet your goals.
Coping Strategies For High-Functioning Depression
Acknowledge the issue and seek help, prioritize daily self-care, find ways to manage stress, and seek support from a therapist or support group when dealing with high-functioning depression.
Acknowledging The Issue And Seeking Help
One of the most challenging aspects of dealing with depression is acknowledging that there is an issue and seeking help. It’s easy to fall back into the deep, dark hole and feel hopeless about ever getting out, but it’s important to remember that you’re not alone in your struggle.
It might be helpful to think of depression as a package deal- if you don’t address it, other issues may arise, such as anxiety, guilt, or even substance abuse problems. By acknowledging the issue and seeking help early on, you can prevent these additional struggles from happening.
Remember that asking for help is not a burden on others- it’s an act of self-care and compassion for yourself. Reach out to family members or friends who may have experience with mental health challenges and utilize resources like the National Helpline for support.
Making Daily Self-care A Priority
Taking care of yourself is crucial, especially when dealing with depression. Here are some strategies to make self-care a daily priority:
- Start your day off with a healthy breakfast: Eating a nutritious meal will fuel your body and mind, setting you up for success later in the day.
- Get enough sleep: Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep each night to give your brain and body the rest it needs.
- Practice good hygiene: Taking a shower, brushing your teeth, and getting dressed can boost your mood and self-esteem.
- Engage in physical activity: Exercise releases endorphins that can improve your mood. Find an activity you enjoy, such as yoga or going for a walk.
- Create a routine: Establishing structure in your day can increase feelings of control and decrease stress levels.
- Do something you enjoy every day: Whether it’s reading, painting, or listening to music, taking time for activities you enjoy is important for overall well-being.
Remember that self-care looks different for everyone, and it’s okay if what works for others doesn’t work for you. It’s important to find what makes YOU feel better on a daily basis while also seeking professional help if needed.
Finding Ways To Manage Stress
Managing stress is a crucial part of coping with depression. Here are some effective strategies to try:
- Practice deep breathing exercises or meditation to help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.
- Engaging in physical activity, such as yoga or running, can boost mood and release endorphins.
- Connect with nature by taking a walk outside or spending time in a park to help calm the mind.
- Write in a journal or talk to a trusted friend or therapist about your feelings to release pent-up emotions.
- Limit exposure to stressful situations and people who trigger negative emotions when possible.
- Prioritize self-care activities like taking a warm bath, listening to relaxing music, or getting enough sleep.
- Set realistic goals for yourself and break them into manageable tasks so you don’t feel overwhelmed.
- Use positive affirmations and focus on the good things in life instead of dwelling on negativity.
- Try visualizing yourself in peaceful, happy situations when feeling stressed or anxious.
- Consider seeking professional help from a therapist who can provide guidance and support in managing stress and depression symptoms.
Remember that managing stress is an ongoing process, and what works for one person may not work for another. Be patient with yourself and be willing to try new strategies until you find what works best for you. Don’t hesitate to seek professional help if your stress levels become unmanageable, as many effective treatment options are available for depression and anxiety disorders.
Seeking Support From A Therapist Or Support Group
It’s easy to feel alone and overwhelmed when struggling with depression, but seeking support from a therapist or support group can be an incredibly helpful coping strategy.
Talking to a professional can provide valuable insight into your mental health challenges and help you develop healthy coping mechanisms.
Research has shown that therapy can be effective in treating depression, with some studies indicating that it’s just as effective as medication. The National Helpline by SAMHSA is a resource for individuals seeking information about substance abuse and its symptoms, but they also offer support for those struggling with mental health challenges like depression.
Remember, there is no shame in seeking help or relying on others during difficult times.
Coping Strategies For Depression At Work Or School
Learn how to communicate with your employer or teacher about your needs, improve your daily routine to support your mental health, and utilize workplace or school resources for support.
Communicating With Your Employer Or Teacher About Your Needs
It may feel daunting to communicate with your employer or teacher about your depression, but it can be helpful in creating a supportive environment. Start by identifying what accommodations or support you need to perform well at work or school, such as flexible hours or extra time on assignments.
Then, schedule a meeting with your supervisor or teacher and calmly explain how you’ve been feeling and what specific supports would be helpful for you.
It’s important to remember that seeking support from employers or teachers is protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This means they are legally required to provide reasonable accommodations for individuals with disabilities, including mental health conditions like depression.
Improving Your Daily Routine To Support Your Mental Health
Improving your daily routine can significantly impact your mental health and help you cope with depression. Here are eight strategies to incorporate into your day-to-day life:
- Get enough sleep: Lack of sleep can exacerbate feelings of depression. Aim for 7-8 hours of restful sleep each night.
- Eat a healthy diet: Eating junk food can make you feel lethargic and unwell, which can worsen symptoms of depression. Instead, focus on eating whole foods that nourish your body.
- Exercise regularly: Exercise releases endorphins, improving mood and reducing stress levels. Find an activity that you enjoy and make it a regular part of your routine.
- Create a morning ritual: Start the day off on the right foot by creating healthy habits in the morning, like meditating or reading something uplifting.
- Set goals for yourself: Small, achievable goals can provide a sense of purpose and accomplishment, boosting mood.
- Practice self-care: Take time to do things you enjoy, whether that’s taking a bubble bath or going for a nature walk.
- Connect socially: Spending time with loved ones who support and uplift you is crucial when coping with depression.
- Seek professional help when needed: If your depression interferes with your daily life, seek help from a therapist or medical professional who can guide you toward healing.
Remember that improving your daily routine takes time and effort but sticking to it will be highly beneficial to managing depression symptoms in the long run!
Utilizing Workplace Or School Resources For Support
It can be challenging to cope with depression while juggling work or school commitments, but there are resources available that can offer support and assistance. Many employers and schools have mental health services and accommodations in place to help individuals manage their mental health needs.
Contact your HR department or student services office for information if you’re unsure what resources are available. Additionally, the National Helpline (1-800-662-HELP) can provide guidance on substance abuse treatment options and support for those coping with depression.
Frequently Asked Questions (About How Much Depression Sucks)
How can coping strategies help with depression?
Coping strategies are important because they help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their overall well-being. These techniques may include relaxation, therapy, or other self-care practices promoting mental and emotional health.
What are some effective coping strategies for dealing with depression?
Some effective coping strategies for managing depression include engaging in regular exercise, practicing mindfulness meditation, journaling about feelings and experiences, seeking support from loved ones or a mental health professional, and developing healthy habits such as eating a balanced diet and getting enough sleep.
Can medication be helpful in treating depression?
Yes. Depending on the severity of one’s depressive symptoms, medication may be recommended by a healthcare provider to assist with symptom management along with psychotherapy or other treatments.
Is it necessary to seek professional help when dealing with depression?
It is highly recommended to seek professional help when experiencing persistent symptoms of depression as this will not only allow you to get treated but also avoid more severe complications that could arise if left untreated, like suicidal ideation & substance abuse issues. A qualified therapist can work closely with patients to create personalized treatment plans that effectively address their unique needs while working towards achieving achievable goals at an appropriate pace guided by individual patient preferences & lifestyle considerations such as availability for appointments, etcetera which means people need not worry about fitting therapy into pre-existing schedules/lifestyles even though seeing result might take time initially.
Conclusion: You Are Not Alone In Your Struggle With Depression
In conclusion, depression can be overwhelming and debilitating, but it doesn’t have to control your life. You can take small steps towards feeling better by incorporating coping strategies such as exercise, therapy, self-care, and setting achievable goals into your daily routine.
Remember that seeking professional help is crucial, and there is no shame in asking for support. You are not alone in this struggle with depression, and it’s important to remind yourself of that daily.
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One of world's most advanced sustainable construction studies is reviewing an interesting application of concrete construction. Students at the British Columbia Institute of Technology's Centre for Advancement of Green Roof Technology are measuring the performance of various materials for green roof structures, including insulating concrete forms (ICFs).
During the next two years, students will measure key performance qualities of several 6x6-foot test structures called Roofing Evaluation Modules (REMs). First, they will track the amount and quality of stormwater runoff from the roofs. Then they will record thermal performance. Most of the REMs are wood frame structures, but one is made with insulated concrete panels.
Quad-Lock, an ICF manufacturer based in Surrey, British Columbia, has supplied wall and roof ICFs for the project. Its Quad-Deck product, a pan-form for suspended concrete floors, is well-suited as a green roof substrate. The system forms one-way, T-beam suspended spans that hold live loads of more than 100 pounds per square foot. Two integral steel beams molded into the product from end to end support and reinforce its expanded polystyrene panels.
The T-beam configuration can reduce a structure's steel consumption by 50% and its weight by 40%. It also reduces shoring requirements by 50% compared to hand-set suspended forms. On the flip side, the panels are insulated with R-values up to R34, and owner ready for drywall or a suspended ceiling to be installed.
The concrete decking also addresses a major concern with green roofs: leakage. Concrete resists damage from wet soil and insects, and with the help of crystalline admixtures, provides a waterproof surface.Getting results
While the study's results could increase market share for ICF roofs, ICF customers could benefit most. “We know there is a 40% to 70% increase in thermal performance for concrete versus wood construction,” says Douglas Bennion, Quad-Lock's senior training consultant. “We may be able to add a 25% improvement in the thermal performance of a concrete roof and extend the life of the roofing materials. If we can demonstrate reduced water runoff with an engineering study, a commercial building's permit impact fees could drop thousands of dollars, offsetting the cost of installation.”
Keith Miles, owner of Northern Hills Redevelopment in Orange, N.J., has seen another type of savings. His Alpha Lofts feature green roofs for the environmental benefits, as well as much-needed green space on the commuter line to New York City. “Using insulated Quad-Deck panels allowed us to find efficiencies, and sharpen our pencils to come up with a better bottom line,” says Miles.
Ken Branyan, owner of Ken's Konstruction in National Park, N.J., recently completed the Wat Mongkoltepmunee Buddhist Temple in Bensalem, Pa., where a Quad-Deck green roof covers the 4000-square-foot terrace. “It allowed us to put the job together quickly and still give the customer a good quality product,” says Branyan. He also plans to put a Quad-Deck green roof on his house, creating more usable space and a showcase for customers.
Quad-Lock will use the study to educate architects and designers on the sustainable aspects of ICFs, including green roofs. They also want to educate producers to become green roof experts.
“ICFs are the perfect entry into green construction for ready mix producers," says Bennion. "Our dealers can provide the tools they need to create a green roof, from start to finish.” This includes consulting with Quad-Lock on building designs, and working with their suppliers, such as agronomists who design special growing medium (dirt) for each green roof's environment.[WEB EXTRA]
Check out the BCIT researchers in action
See how Quad-Lock products were used in these green roof projects:
Northern Hills Redevelopment, Orange, NJ
Wat Mongkoltepmunee Buddhist TempleKen's Konstruction, National Park, NJ
For more on the green roof research, see www.greenroof.bcit.ca. Visit the manufacturer at www.quadlock.com. | <urn:uuid:bd2bd133-3f2a-40e8-bdc7-3959c3af4b93> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.theconcreteproducer.com/concrete/overhead-benefits.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398450762.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205410-00347-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937408 | 885 | 2.890625 | 3 |
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. Having a matching arrangement on each of two sides.
- n. The policy of having bilateral agreements between two countries (as opposed to unilateralism and multilateralism).
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. The state or quality of being bilateral; bilateral symmetry.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. the property of being symmetrical about a vertical plane
Sorry, no etymologies found.
There is ample evidence to support this hypothesis, including recent genomic discoveries concerning the evolution of fundamental structures including bilateralism which is now know to precede the Precambrian.
It is that bilateralism which is beginning to polarise South Africa.
China's mind-boggling rise to a world diplomatic and economic superpower has created a 21st century that will be defined by bilateralism between the United States and China.
But Japan's new orientation toward bilateralism signals an increasingly activist foreign policy, particularly in the case of North Korea, where it must believe it has little to lose by attempting to influence the resumption and outcome of Six Party talks.
Donors need to stop the rampant bilateralism‟ and the often-contradictory policies and priorities that plague the IHRC.
The British reportedly are supplying the special forces working with the CIA, an exercise in bilateralism that may have limitations.
Sadly, it will probably be a return to military bilateralism, as the US forsakes real business inside formal alliances.
It also blamed the sometimes unnecessary inclusion of Mexico from preventing more meaningful Canada-U.S. bilateralism.
Some would like to see more focus placed on Canada-U.S. bilateralism while others believe that trilateralism should always be the way to go.
The report called for Canada to pursue a NAFTA policy of trilateralism when necessary, but on certain matters, Canada-U.S. bilateralism should be the priority. | <urn:uuid:ee3f0647-74aa-41ea-9c5e-3216eed04d33> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/bilateralism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861831994.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164351-00124-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898575 | 421 | 2.96875 | 3 |
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Geckos are a unique variety of lizard known for their more than 2,000 species that can be found worldwide. While geckos thrive in warm and tropical habitats and have for approximately fifty million years, these diverse lizards are also often kept as pets. In this article, we will cover a number of gecko species commonly kept as pets including the giant day gecko, the white lined gecko, the Central American banded gecko, the Madagascar Ocelot gecko and more.
Why Keep a Pet Gecko?
Before we begin to cover the numerous species of gecko that are kept worldwide we will first try to understand why lizard lovers choose to keep these lizards as pets. Geckos are particularly versatile pets and there are so many species that even the most advanced herpetologist can find a challenge in certain species of gecko. In general, the most commonly kept species of “pet” gecko are species which thrive in a glass aquarium and are species that are gentler in nature. These gentle lizards make for unique and beautiful pets that are not only fun to observe but fun to learn from as these tropical lizards are not native to most non-tropical climates. As important members of the ecosystem, it is important to be able to learn from the various gecko species in order to fully understand their function as well as their importance to the natural ecosystem.
Geckos are not only fun and important in terms of providing educational opportunities, but these lizards are considered by many to be one of the most interesting varieties of lizard in the reptile community. With an incredibly diverse population of species that make them the largest of the lizard families, the gecko is one of the most unusual lizards for any herpetologist to learn from.
The Different Species of Gecko
As mentioned above the gecko is the single largest group of lizards in existence. In fact, there are over 2,000 gecko species currently recognized worldwide with many more expected to be discovered in the future. Of all of the species of gecko in existence, not all of these species are considered to be suitable for life in a glass aquarium. It is important for herpetologists of all skill levels to understand that while most species of gecko could be kept in captivity, not all of them should be because not all species will thrive. Of all gecko species however, there are a handful of species that are more commonly selected for life as a pet gecko due to a number of characteristics.
The Giant Day Gecko
The giant day gecko is a diurnal species of gecko meaning that they are active during the day rather than at night. This particular species of gecko is native to Madagascar and is considered to be a particularly hardy variety of gecko. The bright coloration of this gecko (bright green and red) makes it a particularly pleasurable gecko to observe. The giant day gecko has been known to grow as long as 12 inches long when kept in captivity and can live for as long as 30 years! The long lifespan of this particular gecko species is just one of the most appealing factors that make it the perfect pet for herpetologists worldwide. While not all gecko species are capable of the glass climbing that many herpetologists like to observe in pets, the giant day gecko is something of an acrobat and can easily climb the sides of a glass terrarium. When kept as pets these geckos prefer to live in solitary or in mating pairs (they do not thrive when kept in communal terrariums).
The giant day gecko prefers to live in a terrarium that is filled with plants and full spectrum lighting and it should be noted that these lizards prefer taller rather than wider tanks. It is important with most gecko species to ensure that the terrarium has higher levels of humidity in addition to having an adequate food supply and clean water source. The food supply that your gecko requires will vary depending upon the species of gecko you select. The giant day gecko prefers to feed on crickets, mealworms, wax worms, large fruit flies and fruit puree.
The White Lined Gecko
The white lined gecko is a somewhat docile gecko in comparison to various other gecko species. This thin but large green or brown gecko is so named after the white line that runs the length of its back and is native to the Indo-Australian Archipelago. This uniquely colored gecko is not only attractive to look at but it also possessed some of characteristics that herpetologists look for in pet lizards including the ability to climb, unique behavioral characteristics (curling of the tail when disturbed) and the ability to live in small communities. While most geckos prefer to live in solitary environments, the white lined gecko is capable of thriving in a communal tank if the tank is large enough.
When keeping the white lined gecko, it is recommended that a tank is around twenty gallons in order to accommodate a pair of lizards or thirty five gallons or larger to accommodate three individuals of the species. This particular species of gecko can grow to approximately ten inches long which is why the size of the tank being used is an important consideration. Like most geckos, the white lined gecko requires a high level of humidity in its tank in addition to high temperatures. In comparison to some other species of gecko, the white lined gecko is relatively easy to care for in addition to being mild-mannered which is what makes this the perfect choice for newcomers to gecko keeping.
The Central American Banded Gecko
The Central American banded gecko is a variety of gecko that actually spends the majority of its life on the forest floor rather than in trees. This gecko variety is also known for being a nocturnal species rather than a diurnal species and as such it should be expected to make the majority of its movements during the night. Due to the fact that this gecko species is nocturnal, it is not always the best choice for amateur herpetologists who want to see a lot of activity from their pet gecko. The Central American Banded gecko is native to Guatemala southward towards Costa Rica and can grow to around seven inches long. While the fact that this gecko species is nocturnal may be a turn off for some, this species is also very beautiful in terms of patterning and can make it irresistible to some herpetologists.
The Central American Banded Gecko is one of the hardiest species of gecko to keep, but it should also be noted that they are not fond of being frequently handled particularly since the majority of handling occurs during the day when these reptiles prefer to rest. This gecko species is happy to live in a plastic shoebox type aquarium or a more traditional glass aquarium set up with a ten gallon aquarium being the perfect size for a breeding pair. While these reptiles are beautiful and hardy many herpetologists prefer not to keep them because they are not only nocturnal but they also do not exhibit the climbing skills of many other gecko species. For other herpetologists however, the fact that these geckos cannot climb is a drawing factor because it reduces the risk of escape from a glass terrarium. It is also important to note that for this nocturnal species of gecko it is particularly important to offer a selection of hiding places that can provide security. Not only do Central American banded geckos like to hide out during the day while they rest but these lizards also utilize seclusion when laying eggs and shedding skin. This particular gecko prefers to feed on young crickets a few times a week and wax worms occasionally. It is also important to ensure that the Central American banded gecko has a fresh daily water supply.
Geckos as Pets [VIDEO]
This is from a Pets 101 segment courtesy of Animal Planet TV. If you’re not squeamish, geckos are a cool and exotic pet!
The Madagascar Ocelot Gecko
The Madagascar ocelot gecko is a nocturnal gecko that prefers to live in arid regions of South Madagascar. These geckos can grow up to five inches long and are recognizable by their rather large heads. The Madagascar ocelot gecko can be either striped or banded in pattern and during the day prefers to hide under leaves, sand or rocks in order to rest before nocturnal hunting. One of the most recognizable features of this particular gecko is the large head that it utilizes to dig under sand and cover itself during the day which is why many people refer to this lizard as the “big headed gecko.”
The Madagascar ocelot gecko is much like the Central American banded gecko in that it prefers to live as part of a breeding pair or as a single male with two females in a larger aquarium. Unlike many other geckos because of its natural arid environment, this gecko prefers to live in a lower humidity aquarium with a higher temperature of between 82 to 88 degrees Fahrenheit. While this gecko does require lower humidity levels, it is still recommended that the sides of the terrarium be sprayed with water daily to provide adequate moisture. The Madagascar ocelot gecko prefers to feed on young crickets and mealworms and require a daily supply of clean water to drink from.
Uniquely this species of gecko is a prolific breeder and is known to lie between twenty to thirty eggs per laying season. Because these geckos do lay so many eggs during a single season, it is critical to provide her with a healthy level of calcium supplementation or else all of her body’s supply of calcium will go into her eggs and she will become sick and potentially die from a lack of calcium.
The Frog Eyed Gecko
The frog eyed gecko is another nocturnal gecko known for burrowing. These terrestrial geckos are also commonly called “plate tailed” or “wonder geckos.” The more commonly recognized of the frog eyed gecko species is the Roborowski’s gecko. Roborowski’s gecko grows to a length of 4.5 to 5.5 inches long and features brownish orange bands across its body. The scales of this particular gecko are fishlike and are used by the gecko in an attempt to scare away predators when it feels that it is being threatened. The rattling of scales is not only used as a method of self-defense, but Roborowski’s gecko also uses this display as a mating courtship behavior and a method of establishing territory to other males of the species.
Roborowski’s gecko in particular comes from China, Turpan to be exact – a location in northwestern China where the temperatures are extremely high in the summer and extremely low in the winter. The Roborowski’s gecko manages to survive in these extreme temperatures by burrowing into the sandy desert where it can maintain a healthy body temperature. When kept in a terrarium this gecko species requires a large layer of sand in the bottom of the aquarium in order to be able to burrow in to. Like many of the geckos previously mentioned Roborowski’s gecko generally thrives as a part of a pair and they prefer to live in terrariums of around 15 to 20 gallons so that there is enough room for both geckos’s to thrive. It is also important that these geckos have access to enough moisture so one end of the aquarium should be designated with moist sand so that the sand is easily moved to create a burrow in addition to water being put in to the aquarium for drinking.
Maintaining the proper temperature of a Roborowski gecko’s terrarium can be tricky since they require high levels of heat in addition to temperature drops during the night and winter but this can be attained through the use of a heat lamp. The Roborowski’s gecko is most active in the early afternoon and prefers to feed then on a diet of young crickets and mealworms.
The Leopard Gecko
The leopard gecko is a species of gecko that is commonly carried in pet stores and is native to South-Asian Afghanistan, Pakistan, Northwest India. This species of gecko averages around 6 to 10 inches long and prefers to live in rocky areas or grasslands as opposed to sandy areas like many of the other gecko species mentioned above. This particular species of gecko generally lives from 6 to 10 years; however, they have been known to live as long as 20 years. The leopard gecko is one of the most popularly kept reptiles second only to the green iguana. The leopard gecko can thrive in glass or plastic aquariums that offer a secure hiding place where the gecko can seclude itself. This particular type of gecko is nocturnal and as such they don’t bask like many other gecko species.
Leopard geckos prefer to feed on young crickets and mealworms like most other geckos. The optimal temperature for the leopard gecko terrarium is between 82 to 88 degrees, but they generally thrive much more when night time brings a drop in temperature. The appropriate size terrarium for the leopard gecko varies based on how many are being kept in one tank; however, it is important to know that these geckos prefer to be housed in breeding pairs or alone. A 10 to 20 gallon aquarium is recommended for housing one to two leopard geckos, but the larger choice is preferred to allow enough space for hiding places and other terrarium decoration. Some of the most favored terrarium decorations for the leopard gecko are live plants or artificial plants that provide a more natural setting.
The Gargoyle Gecko
The gargoyle gecko is native to New Caledonia and is considered one of the easiest types of geckos to care for and as such they are recommended for beginning reptile keepers. Unlike many of the other geckos covered in this article, the gargoyle gecko is a tree-dwelling lizard and thrives in taller vivariums. These geckos grow to approximately 8 inches long including the tail and they can live anywhere from 15 to 20 years.
The gargoyle gecko requires a tank at a minimum of 20 gallons, but the larger the tank,the happier the gecko will be. This species of gecko can live in small groups with a single male and multiple female geckos. Keeping multiple male gargoyle geckos in a single tank is not conducive to healthy living as the males will fight. This particular species of gecko prefers a tank that has a temperature between 78 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit during the day with a drop to the low 70’s at night. Since these geckos prefer cooler areas at times, it is important to be able to offer a section of unheated tank so that they can move to regulate their body temperature naturally.
The gargoyle gecko feeds on many things including live insects, crested gecko food.
Why Geckos Make Great Pets
If you have been considering bringing a lizard or reptile of any sort in to your home, one of the best places to begin is with the gecko. Not only are there many species of gecko to choose from when it comes to selecting the right gecko for you, but there is also a wide variety of experience levels available. While the beginner reptile keeper can find a gecko that is easy to care for and one that has a simple learning curve, the more advanced reptile keepers can also find a vast number of geckos that suit their needs as well! What better way to learn about one of the largest and most varied groups of animals in the world than with a gecko that is unique to your needs as a pet owner! | <urn:uuid:9a11446f-6966-4b55-9703-93755c97d5e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.earthsfriends.com/types-of-geckos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281084.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00216-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959339 | 3,317 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Definition of Lord's Prayer
: the prayer with variant versions in Matthew and Luke that according to the Lucan account Christ taught his disciples
First Known Use of lord's prayer
Learn More about lord's prayer
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about Lord's Prayer
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up Lord's Prayer? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:fe66db54-2825-4d8b-a6f6-ee6a2d3ea667> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Lord%27s%20Prayer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123632.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00348-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902899 | 89 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The team set their record for a day's distance today - 14.4 nm!! What a fantastic achievement. They are certainly taking advantage of the favourable conditions. Listen to Henry Worsley's report to hear about the day in detail. He attributes the improvement in distance to the position changeovers happening every 45 minutes rather than every half hour, and also to the snow conditions. He refers to sastrugi, which are are sharp irregular grooves or ridges formed on a snow surface by wind erosion.
In his report Henry also answers a couple of listener's questions - about wildlife (Caroline Burch) and the 'invisible extra man' (Frances Kay). I'm still waiting for him to answer my question about the sleeping arrangements. On the basis that they sleep line abreast, I want to know who gets the middle position, which must be the warmest! Do keep those questions coming.
100 Years ago ...
Read also Shackleton's diary entry from 100 years ago and the travails of Jameson Boyd Adams's tooth. (Thanks DWB). Incidentally I have changed the diary links so that from today onwards I will be linking by date correlation rather than by location. That is to say today's Heart of Antarctic diary entry is for 22 Nov (today's date) rather than 12 Nov which is the corresponding entry in terms of Shackleton's position being closest to our team's location today.
Over the next week I want to do what I can to promulgate information about the Expedition to as many schools as I can. I am going to produce a notice which can be printed out and pinned to noticeboards, encouraging children to visit the website, sign up for these bulletins and read about what our team are doing to commemorate the achievements of Sir Ernest Shackleton. Any thought, tips or ideas about how to maximise this would be welcomed.
To sign up to receive these bulletins by email click here.
Posted by SCE on November 22, 2008 2:25 PM | <urn:uuid:08b31d22-7d3f-434d-9d56-4db83661864e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://shackletoncentenary.org/the-team/day-9-bulletin-print.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00003-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960865 | 412 | 2.59375 | 3 |
One of the most often quoted education research entities in the nation is the Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO) at Stanford University. They have just released a report looking at charter schools in Texas. Their findings basically parallel a recent post about info released by state board of education vice-chair Thomas Ratliff.
Here are some of their findings.
Black students account for roughly a quarter of the charter school population in Texas. In a typical year, learning for Black charter students lags that of Black district school students by 36 days in reading and 43 days in math.
Hispanic students account for roughly half of the charter school population in Texas. Charter students who are Hispanic experience the equivalent of 14 and 22 fewer days of learning in reading and math respectively, compared to Hispanic students attending traditional public schools.
during the study forty‐five percent of the charter schools in reading, and forty‐eight percent in math were categorized as low achievement and low growth.
To see the full report, go here.
Given that Alabama now has legislation allowing for charter schools, no doubt some will claim they are the best thing since sliced bread. In fact, I recently heard similar comments while on a panel about charters in Mobile. But as with most things, if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is. | <urn:uuid:342b42bc-2750-40e5-a93a-dae859d6978d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.larryeducation.com/credo-looks-at-texas-charters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510853.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016155643-20181016181143-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.960915 | 269 | 2.546875 | 3 |
My child has a stomach ache...
what should I do?
You have a child and all of a sudden they stop eating or they complain about a feeling of fullness in the belly that hurts. What do you do? Is it dangerous to take a wait and see approach?
Meaning simply "inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract", gastroenteritis is something of a catch-all that can be caused by viral, bacterial or parasitic infections... including the flu.
Symptoms: Diarrhea and vomiting, cramping, fever, lack of interest in eating.
Possible Causes: Consuming contaminated food or drink, contact with someone else who is infected, not properly washing hands or dishes.
Suggested course of action: Normally, the cause of gastroenteritis will resolve itself within seven to 10 days -- whether with or without medical assistance. Because dehydration from vomiting and diarrhea is a concern, the child should drink plenty of fluids (even if it is just small sips at a time) to prevent dehydration and offer bland, light, healthy meals to replenish lost nutrients and electrolytes.
Note: As with the flu, many causes of gastroenteritis may be contagious. Blood in the stool or vomit are indicators that your child may have something more serious than just a normal "stomach flu."
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Though heartburn is often thought of as something that happens to adults, it can also be common among children. Actually, heartburn has nothing to do with the heart, but rather occurs when stomach acid leaks back up from the stomach to the esophagus and even the mouth.
Symptoms: Vomiting, foul taste in the mouth, persistent coughing, burning in the chest - most commonly after eating, bending over, exercising or lying down.
Causes: Until an infant is 1 year old, their digestive system is not fully developed, which may allow for this gastroesophageal reflux. Most of these cases will resolve themselves naturally. In older children, eating a "problematic" food, or too much of it, may contribute to the problem. Common offenders include acidic or spicy foods such as sodas, tomato products or citrus fruits or juices. Other triggers for GERD in children can include obesity, lying down or exercising too soon after eating, tight clothing.
Suggested course of action: Eliminate possible causes and/or treat with over-the-counter antacid or prescription medication.
Though we commonly think of "frequency of bowel movement" as being the defining factor of whether or not someone is constipated, what is considered "normal" can vary quite a bit by individual. The most important criteria of constipation is whether or not the stools pass easily!
Symptoms: Dry, hard or painful bowel movements. The "normal" ranges for stool frequency are:
- Newborn infants should have at least 1-2 bowel movements per day.
- From age 2 weeks to 2-3 years, bowel movements only every other day are not a cause for concern.
- While once-a-day is average for children, some may have a bowel movement 1-3 times every day while others may go only every other day and still fall within the "normal" range.
Causes: Not getting sufficient fiber in the diet and/or not drinking enough fluids. Inactivity, sudden change in routine, stress or medications. Also, a common cause among children can be resisting the urge to go to the bathroom.
Suggested course of action: Eating whole grain breads or cereals and high-fiber foods such as prunes, raisins, peas, beans, and other fruits and vegetables. Limiting consumption of fatty, greasy or sugary foods (milk and cheese can also be problematic for some). Encourage child to drink sufficient water or unsweetened juices. Also, encourage kids to stay physically active (since only one out of four American kids are currently getting the recommended amount of physical activity) and encourage them to take their time when at the bathroom. Other natural treatments may include, gently massaging the tummy and/or a warm bath to relax the sphincter muscles. Also, if the child has been on antibiotics, consider supplementing the diet with probiotics or yogurt.
While the above steps are important, in most cases they are more preventative measures. So, if these steps on their own are not enough to resolve a current case of constipation, the child may be given a stool softener (laxative).
Note: If, after attempting home treatment, regular bowel movements have not resumed within 48 hours for infants or 1 week for children ages 3 months to 11 years, contact a doctor. Chronic constipation or blood, grease or mucus in the stool, or foul smelling stool may be symptoms of more serious conditions or parasites.
What are more serious causes of stomach aches in children that we should be aware of?
Unfortunately, there are many serious health conditions that can cause stomach pain. Sharp pain in the lower right side of the stomach, for example, is a symptom of appendicitis which requires immediate medical attention. Other serious conditions that display as a stomach ache but merit medical intervention include poisoning, inflammatory bowel disease (which includes colitis and Crohn’s disease), ulcers, pneumonia, kidney or urinary tract infection and irritable bowel syndrome.
Just a few signs that should alert you to seek immediate medical attention include: if the location of the pain moves, if the child refuses to drink, urination stops or a rash appears.
Still uncertain on whether or not you should seek medical attention for your child's discomfort, visit the WebMD Symptom Checker for further guidance. | <urn:uuid:82f6174c-5e56-4d13-9e34-859d8f9d5712> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.wyominghealth.com/childrens-stomach-ache.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746926.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121011923-20181121033923-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.924727 | 1,192 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The newly released Green500 List shows a continuing rapid improvement in environmentally friendly supercomputers around the world, according to Wu Feng, list founder and Virginia Tech associate professor of computer science and electrical and computer engineering at Virginia Tech’s College of Engineering.
“Of the Top 10 greenest supercomputers in the world, two trends toward greener supercomputing are emerging: one is aggregating many low-power processors such as IBM’s BlueGene/Q and the K Computer by Fujitsu at the RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science, and the other trend is using energy-efficient accelerators, typically from the gaming/graphics market to complement the commodity central processing units from Intel and Advanced Micro Devices,” Feng said.
The Green500 has ranked the energy efficiency of the world’s 500 fastest supercomputers since its debut in 2007, serving as a complement to the well-known supercomputer industry marker TOP500. The list was founded by Feng and Kirk W. Cameron, associate professor of computer science. The Green500 measures energy efficiency using a metric defined as millions of floating-point operations per second divided by watts, or MFLOPS/W. The list is released twice a year, in June and in November.
“The Green500 seeks to raise awareness in the energy efficiency of supercomputing, and in turn, drive energy efficiency as a first-order design constraint – one that is on par with performance or speed,” said Feng.
As in the November 2010 edition, an IBM Blue Gene/Q prototype supercomputer tops this edition of the Green500. However, the Blue Gene/Q prototype that tops this list – the Blue Gene/Q Prototype 2 -- differs from the one that topped the previous list -- Blue Gene/Q Prototype 1 -- in that the former delivers significantly better performance, but with the same number of processor cores and only a marginal increase in power consumption. The result is a 2,097 MFLOPS/W rating, the first supercomputer to surpass the 2,000 MFLOPS/W bar, according to Feng. Coming in at No. 6 on the Green500 list is the world’s fastest supercomputer, the K supercomputer from RIKEN in Japan. It also aggregates many low-power processors and is one of the greenest supercomputers in the world.
Among accelerator-based supercomputers, the greenest in the world is the DEGIMA Cluster, a self-built supercomputer from Nagasaki University in Japan. The DEGIMA Cluster is accelerated by Advanced Micro Devices /ATI Technologies Inc.’s Radeon graphics processing units (GPUs) on a thrifty supercomputing budget of approximately $500,000. Six additional accelerator-based machines round out the 10 greenest supercomputers in the world, three with GPU accelerators --including two from NVIDIA Corp. and one more from AMD/ATI -- and three with cell-based accelerators from IBM.
During the past six months, the average efficiency of measured systems on the Green500 has increased to 256 MFLOPS/W from 230 MFLOPSW, an improvement of 11 percent, Feng said. Additionally, the efficiency of the greenest supercomputer in the world improved by 25 percent to 2097 MFLOPS/W from 1684 MFLOPS/W, while the efficiency of accelerator-based systems on the Green500 has been just as dramatic, improving 23 percent to 707 MFLOPS/W from 573 MFLOPS/W.
“Seventy percent of the 20 greenest supercomputers are now accelerator-based,” Feng said, adding that such a statistic would have been unlikely when the Green500 List started four years ago.
The Green500 List is a grassroots venture, relying on sponsorships and individual contributions from volunteer staff comprised of Feng, Cameron and graduate students at the Virginia Tech College of Engineering. Serving as the present title sponsor for the Green500 is Supermicro Computer Inc.
- 'HPCWire' magazine names Wu Feng to its 'People to Watch List' for second time
- Accelerator supercomputers dominate Green500 List’s Top 10
- Green500 List measures supercomputers not by their might, but by their consumption | <urn:uuid:c59a3124-961d-4648-abca-7db17b303c49> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2011/07/071311-engineering-green500.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861812410.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164332-00024-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930632 | 886 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This summer, join us for one of our Primarily Teaching workshops for educators on using historical documents in the classroom.
We’ll conduct research with original documents in the holdings of the National Archives and Presidential Libraries. Discover some of those incredible teachable documents that help educators and students unlock the past.
You will explore a specific topic that fits within the theme Conflict and Compromise, researching primary sources like letters, reports, petitions, case files, photographs, and more. (Conflict and Compromise in History is the National History Day (NHD) 2018 theme. Participation in NHD is not required.)
- Migratory Farm Labor and Immigration at The Harry S. Truman Library and Museum in Independence, MO, June 26-30
- U-2 Spy Plane Crisis and its Impact on U.S.-U.S.S.R. Relations at the Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home, July 17-21
- Women’s Rights at the National Archives in Washington, DC, July 24-28
You will identify between 3 and 5 items (documents, photos, maps, etc.) to digitize and make available online. We will add these to our online tool for teaching with documents— DocsTeach.org—while you’re onsite. During the workshop, you’ll produce a DocsTeach learning activity using these digitized primary sources.
The $100 fee includes all materials. Graduate credit from a major university may be available for an additional fee. Participants will receive a stipend upon successful completion of the course.
Apply no later than six weeks before the workshop. Participation in each session is limited to 10 members. Classes will be filled on a first-come, first-served basis.
Learn more and apply at: www.archives.gov/education/primarily-teaching
- Top – Inside one of the one-room shack dwellings at a labor camp in Mathis, Texas, ca. 5/1948 (Photograph 60-210-40 from the Harry S. Truman Library).
- Bottom – Flag Bearer for Women’s Rights Standing Near White House, ca. 1920 (Photograph 306-N-70-2641 from the Records of the U.S. Information Agency at the National Archives).
Primarily Teaching workshops are made possible in part by the National Archives Foundation, through the support of Texas Instruments. | <urn:uuid:e1dccee3-f49f-49b2-9613-3a90fa6bb7a0> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://education.blogs.archives.gov/2017/03/12/pt-2017/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987803441.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022053647-20191022081147-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.880597 | 501 | 3.125 | 3 |
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The information presented on this page was originally released on September 8, 2005. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding.
Landscapes need help after Katrina's damage
When disaster strikes, the little things take on more importance. Saving something from a site of total devastation can be a big boost, even if what is saved is just a tree or a special bush. As I travel around in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, I have noticed a few things that could be overlooked by homeowners.
Water is critical...
A lot of us have made an effort to reposition small trees and shrubs that were blown over. In most cases, when these fell the broken roots were exposed to the air. With no rain since the hurricane, these shrubs or trees will have to be watered to help them re-establish. Pay attention to the moisture in newly planted shrub beds.
Young trees, whether crape myrtles, hollies, ligustrums, wax myrtles or some other tree that really popped out of the ground, will need to be staked if they are really wobbly to prevent the next big gust of wind from blowing them over. Stake them with a flexible material to allow for a little bending in the breeze. For smaller shrubs and plants, it may be easier to dig them up and replant them than try to stake them upright.
You may have noticed that many crape myrtles were almost defoliated by the winds. These should leaf out again and be just fine.
Don't throw away pine straw...
Pine straw is the favorite mulch of many Mississippi gardeners. We usually rake this up in October and November. Because of Katrina, much of it is here now, and in some cases, most of what you are going to get is already laying on the ground.
While most would not worry about throwing it away in the fall, they are doing so now in the clean-up process. Bags and bags are at curb sides waiting to be picked up. Six to 8 inches of fresh pine straw will give a renewed look to the landscape and help conserve moisture, deter weeds and moderate soil temperatures.
Even if you are not ready to apply a fresh layer of mulch, you can rake and bag it, then use it whenever you wish. Just don't throw it away.
You may not have much choice about where you place debris piles. Don't place debris in the roads, but avoid placing it on lawns. It may take weeks before it gets picked up. If you have to place debris on the lawn, you may have to re-sod those areas.
Plant for the future...
There is nothing that will perk up the neighborhood and your spirits like planting. If you need to replace trees, then consider those that are known to survive severe winds. Television reports on our coastal destruction show that many live oaks are still there and most will survive. Palm trees did very well, too.
In fact, trees like live oaks, bald cypress and Southern magnolias planted 30 feet from the home can offer wind protection. If you live in an area where palms can grow, consider planting the Canary Island Date Palm and Pindo Palm. These are ruggedly durable and beautiful.
Color in the landscape can certainly bring a renewed spirit. If possible, visit your garden center. Mums are starting to show up as well as fall blooming salvias, ornamental peppers, fresh marigolds, petunias and a host of other flowers. | <urn:uuid:3f3c2720-fb84-4095-a319-141772e19eae> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://extension.msstate.edu/news/southern-gardening/2005/landscapes-need-help-after-katrinas-damage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949694.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401001704-20230401031704-00743.warc.gz | en | 0.96183 | 769 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Australian millet industry commissioned this project to determine whether a crop improvement program would be capable of reducing the industry's current instability. The principal problems were identified by the industry as poor seedling emergence, especially amongst the Setaria italica cultivars and poor grain quality in the current Panicum miliaceum cultivar.
Laboratory experiments proved that seed weight alone significantly (and positively) influences mesocotyl + coleoptile length of both species of millet at the three tested temperatures.
Field trials over six seasons have demonstrated very poor seedling establishment among the birdseed millet cultivars currently grown in Australia and a wider range of seedling establishment within a large collection of imported lines. However, there was no evidence of a relationship between seedling establishment and subsequent yield. Yields from both species of millet are able to compensate for differing plant populations.
Likely ideotype components (contributing to a final description of the ideal plant type for South-east Queensland) have been established for Panicum miliaceum as yield, grain quality, an absence of lodging, an optimum 50 % flowering time of approximately 41 days after sowing and resistance to Acidavorax avenae subsp avenae. The Setaria italica ideotype components have been established as yield, grain quality, thick stems, longer flag leaves, an absence of lodging and shattering and an optimum 50 % flowering time of approximately 49 days after sowing. However, although taller plants often yield better, they will also be more likely to lodge. Early flowering was often associated with lower yield but later flowering millet would diminish the principal current advantage of millet in rotations, which is its short season.
The poor quality of the current Panicum miliaceum cultivar arose from grain colour contamination. This has been overcome by selection and an improved cultivar was released to the industry in the 2001102 season.
As a result of the findings of the present study, the Australian millet industry, in collaboration with the Grains Research and Development Corporation and the University of Queensland Gatton, funded an Australian Millet Breeding Program in Australia from July 2001 (GRDC, 2001). | <urn:uuid:2e5b2ae6-26ba-43ac-b57e-bde8d3cfe930> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:107242 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274289.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00139-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949932 | 443 | 3 | 3 |
Alankars in Indian Classical Music
In India, Alankar or Alankara means ornaments or adornments. In the context of Indian classical music, the application of an alankar is essentially to embellish or enhance the inherent beauty of the genre. The earliest reference to the term Alankar has been found in Bharata’s Natyashastra written sometime between 200 BC and 200 AD. This treatise on dramaturgy mentions 33 types of Alankars. Subsequent musical treatises like Sharangdev’s Sangeet Ratnakar in the thirteenth century and Ahobal’s Sangeet Parijat in the seventeenth century mention 63 and 68 types of Alankars respectively.
The Shastras or ancient texts have categorized alankars into two broad groups – Varnalankar and Shabdalankar. The former comprised the varna based alankars of earlier times. The four Varnas, sthayi, arohi, avarohi, and sanchari were arrangements of notes in a particular sequence or four kinds of movements among notes. Sthayi refers to halting at a single note, arohi to an upward movement, avarohi to a downward movement and sanchari is a mixed (upward and downward) movement. This classification of alankars related to the structural aspect of a raga. The latter classification, Shabdalankar, comprised the aesthetic aspect. It referred to the sound production technique utilised by either the human voice or on an instrument. Shabdalankar had a wide connotation and would actually include everything that a performer wove both melodically and rhythmically outside the periphery of the fixed composition. In other words, all the extempore variations that a performer created during a performance within the raga and tala limits could be termed as alankar, because these variations embellished and enhanced the beauty of the raga, the tala and the composition.
But going by current performance practices, printed and audio material and the personal opinions of musicians and musicologists over the last 100 to 150 years, the definition and gamut of shabdalankars seems to have changed. Besides the raga, the tala and the bandish which are the fixed portions in a performance, the process of elaboration has been divided into several angas or stages. These stages comprise the alaap-vistaar , behelawa, bol-bant, sargams, taans, in vilambit laya and drut laya in case of khayal and Alaap, jod and gats in case of instrumental music. These may further vary from one gharana to another. Therefore, when we talk about alankars today, we specifically refer to embellishments to a swar or a note.
In Indian music and especially in raga sangeet, staccato or straight isolated notes are almost unheard of. In instrumental music too, with the exception of some instruments, the notes are never static either. Each note has some link with its preceding or succeeding note. It is this extra note or grace note that lays the foundation of all alankars. The shrutis or microtones that are so important in raga sangeet demand this ‘mobile’ nature of the swaras in Indian music.
In the Shastras, a grace note has been referred to as alankarik swar. When a group or cluster of notes embellishes another swar, they form the alankarik pad. The alankars in practice today and those that have been earmarked for this page include both types.
The alankars in common use today comprise Meend (varieties of glides linking two or more notes), Kan (grace note), Sparsh and Krintan (both dealing with grace notes - especially as applied in plucked stringed instruments), Andolan (a slow oscillation between adjacent notes and shrutis), Gamak (heavy forceful oscillations between adjacent and distant notes), Kampit (an oscillation or a vibrato on a single note), Gitkari or Khatka (cluster of notes embellishing a single note), Zamzama (addition of notes, with sharp gamaks) and Murki (a swift and subtle taan-like movement).
A word of caution from our gurus, however : the definitions provided are widely accepted but not sacrosanct. Interpretations other than the ones given may also exist and like so much else in Raga Sangeet, definitions and illustrations may also vary from gharana to gharana. Alankars other than the ones featured may exist - we have selected those that are unique and comprehensible and commonly used by practicing musicians. And finally, our gurus advise that many of these alankars are raga and form-specific (to a khayal, thumri, instrumental music etc.) and their wrong or excessive application may mar an entire rendition or performance. | <urn:uuid:114952e3-62e4-4306-b35a-e2ca8e1db7c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.itcsra.org/Study-of-Alankars | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247513222.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222033812-20190222055812-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.929803 | 1,056 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Should the education process at work in private and public schools, be structured as if it is a race to see who learns the most, the fastest? Or, should it be a process in which we help all kids learn as much as they are able at their own best pace?
Should the education process be competition in which some students win and others lose, or should all students learn how to be successful and how to win?
Why is it that even though some students fail to master a lesson, we still move them on to the next lesson with the rest of their classmates?
When we enter a D or F in our gradebook at the end of a lesson module or chapter test, does that mean we are satisfied with that child’s performance? Does it mean that our job on that lesson with that child is completed?
Do we ever stop to consider that we are setting students up for failure on future lessons where success depends on their ability to apply what they have already learned?
If we let these children fall behind, lesson after lesson, how will they ever be able to catch up?
How important is the relationship between teachers and students in determining a student’s success? If we all believe, as I do, that that relationship between teachers and students is essential to a child’s success, why do we sever the relationships, every school year, just because the calendar turns to May and June?
We all know that some children are easier to love and befriend than others but how often do we remind ourselves that the child who is hardest to love is the one who needs it the most?
Almost all of us agree that the involvement of parents as partners in the education of their sons and daughters is important, if not critical, to the success of a student, but how many schools treat the solicitation and welcoming of parents as a high priority? How many make this an integral part of what they do?
Very often, having an adequate time is critical to the success of a student in many aspects of the education process. So, why do we not make time?
We mentioned, earlier in this post, that bonding with one’s teacher can make all the difference in the success of a child and that forming such bonds can take an entire school year for some kids. What they need is more time with the teachers with whom a student has bonded, so why do we make them start over with a new teacher in August or September; often, a teacher they may have never met?
Given that having sufficient time on lessons is critical to the child’s success, especially for children who must start from behind or who struggle, why is allowing sufficient time to learn from one’s mistakes not at the top of our priority list? Why do we not make giving students the time they need to learn an expectation of teachers, everywhere?
If most of us understand that our ability to learn from our mistakes is a critical component of the learning process, why do we not embrace mistakes as learning opportunities? Many teachers reading these words will insist that, “Oh but we do!” and they mean that, sincerely, but the evidence that they do not is compelling.
Mistakes are critical to the learning process but when we count the mistakes students make against them, what kind of message are we sending. Teachers use the number or percentage of mistakes a student makes as one of the factors that determine the grades they record in their grade books. How can students believe mistakes are nothing to be afraid of when the consequences of those mistakes are adverse? This is one of those occasions where there’s an obvious disconnect between the words policy makers and administrators say and the things they require teachers to do.
Why do we focus on failure rather than success? In everything we do, the level of enthusiasm for that activity is a function of how successful we are. The more we win, the more we want to play, and the activities at which we win most consistently are the activities we enjoy the most. Winning is a form of success, however transitory, and successful people are almost always winners.
Losing, on the other hand, is a form of failure. When we lose repeatedly—when we rarely experience success—how long before we stop believing success to be attainable? How long before we give up and become unwilling to participate? How long before we lose interest and stop trying? If all we ever do is lose (fail) how do we not think of ourselves as a loser and a failure?
Why-oh-why would we ever want to teach children to view themselves as a failure and as a loser?
There is no question that many student excel in public schools in spite of the flaws in the education process. For kids who begin with a disadvantage—who start from behind—however, there are few success stories. Most disadvantaged students leave school with very few choices about what to do with their lives in order to find happiness and meaning. Far too many end up on the schoolhouse to jailhouse express.
The question we might want to ask ourselves is, how much more would our exceptional students accomplish, academically, if they were not asked to slow down and wait for classmates; if they were free from the distractions caused by students who have given up on themselves and have stopped trying? Even our most accomplished students must endure the adverse impact of a system that is flawed in so many ways.
Why-oh-why do we do what we do? Is it because this is the best we can do? Or, is it because we do not challenge our assumptions; because we do not stop, routinely, to make sure that what we do serves our mission and purpose? Is it because this is the way we have always done it?
Whatever the reason, how can we ever justify the failure of so many our nation’s precious children? How can we atone for the opportunity cost to society of huge population of children who will never reach their potential; who will never make the contributions to society that we should have been able to expect? How do we even calculate the value lost as a result of this opportunity cost to a nation that so desperately needs the very best of every single American man, woman, and child? | <urn:uuid:a5a9f59b-6367-438e-aca2-65ed411470f2> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.melhawkinsandassociates.com/2017/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621055646-20180621075646-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.974639 | 1,274 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Substitutional Doping of Amorph ous Silicon
DOI link for Substitutional Doping of Amorph ous Silicon
Substitutional Doping of Amorph ous Silicon book
The control of the electronic properties of crystalline semiconductors achieved by doping with substitutional impurities was a most significant factor in the development of semiconductor physics and solid state electronics. Several workers in the field have expressed the opinion that amorphous semiconductors may well be insensitive to doping. It is argued that if, for instance, a pentavalent atom is introduced during the deposition of the amorphous germanium (a-Ge) or Silicon (Si) specimen it will be accommodated into the random network structure in such a way that the additional bond is satisfied. The fact that the electrical properties of the amorphous n-type or p-type films can be varied over a wide range in a systematic and reproducible manner could lead to more extensive applications of test materials. A series of experiments was carried out to investigate the possibility of producing p-type a-Si by adding small amounts of diborane to the silane. | <urn:uuid:88ce76fb-c3a7-4774-830c-600d5fcd8290> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315793245-53/substitutional-doping-amorph-ous-silicon-spear-le-comber | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585449.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021230549-20211022020549-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.904405 | 235 | 2.71875 | 3 |
By Federica Genovese
Representatives of almost all the countries on the planet are gathering in Katowice, Poland, for the 24th Conference of the Parties (COP24) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). They will set the course for action on climate change by discussing the implementation plan for the 2015 Paris Agreement which aims to coordinate international effort to halt warming at 1.5°C.
The COPs receive significant media attention and, sometimes, even notable public interest. They take place every year as an opportunity for countries to collectively assess progress on dealing with climate change.
In 2018 the negotiations kick off barely two months after a report by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned that the international community only has a 12-year window to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Clearly, 24 years after the first COP there is a deep disconnect between how urgently the world needs effective climate policy and the pace of discussing global mechanisms on how to abate greenhouse gas emissions.
A history of failure
The first COP meetings held in the 1990s led to the creation of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, which set binding emissions targets for developed countries over two “commitment periods” (2008-2012 and 2013-2020). However, the Kyoto agreement failed as the US did not ratify it and because several inconclusive conferences followed its implementation.
COP15 in Copenhagen in 2009 also failed to yield any agreement on binding commitments for the second commitment period. A few major countries agreed to a short accord recognising the need to limit global temperature rises to 2°C, but there were no substantial guidelines on how to do so.
Similarly, COP19 in Warsaw four years later did not finalise any binding treaty. It only recognised “a flexible ruling” on differentiated responsibilities and loss and damage. In Warsaw, the international community failed to take essential steps for the future. Some even think that the 2013 conference cast some doubt on the capacity of the Polish government to successfully lead COP24 in 2018.
Against this backdrop, COP21 in Paris in 2015 appeared to generate the most optimistic outcome in two decades of international climate negotiations. In Paris, the world leaders agreed on a general action plan that legally binds countries to have their progress tracked by technical experts.
The countries who signed up also agreed on a “global stocktake” – a process for reviewing collective progress towards achieving the long-term goals of the agreement. However, lots of details about the Paris Agreement still have to be nailed down. This is precisely what the international community seeks to do this December in Poland.
The focus of COP24 and the likely outcomes
The major objective for COP24 is to agree upon the so-called Paris “rulebook” – the details of how nations should implement the Paris Agreement and report their progress. Three major areas of political discussion will receive most attention: finance, emission targets, and the role of “big” states.
In 2015, richer countries pledged US$100 billion a year by 2020 for poorer nations to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, the climate funding is still about US$20 billion short. COP24 delegates will need to discuss in more detail on when the rest of the money will be generated before committing to the rulebook.
Perhaps even more importantly, rules for where that money comes from, and particularly whether international loans are acceptable, still have to be agreed on. Because finance is closely linked to issues of justice and fairness in the international system, it is unlikely that this discussion will lead to more generous levels of climate aid – although there is space for improvement, and some past conferences have actually provided small but significant advances on this front.
COP24 also needs to set some form of flexible yet comparable rules that will govern the Paris Agreement. One groundbreaking feature of the Paris Agreement is that all parties agreed to commit to national contributions to climate action. In other words, the agreement is based on a bottom-up process in which countries largely determine their own contributions, and then act upon them.
This COP may settle on some basic strategies for verifying climate actions, but it is very unlikely that the international community will agree on any mechanisms for delivering sanctions to states that do not meet their targets, because of the high sensitivity towards financial costs for non-abatement.
The role of ‘big’ states
Finally, while “small” countries will have an important role to play at the negotiations, as usual, there are several question marks around the large countries that need to bear a lot of the efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
It will not help that President Donald Trump, who intends to withdraw the US from the Paris Agreement, decided in 2017 to cancel climate funding for poor nations. The US position at COP24 will also affect China and India, which are likely to continue disagreeing with rich countries on some fundamental issues. Additionally, the domestic politics of Russia and Brazil point to more uncertainty for cooperation.
Looking ahead from COP24
The urgency to reach key milestones in the Paris Agreement and deal with climate change puts a lot of high expectations on COP24. Unfortunately, many challenges stand ahead of international climate cooperation.
Approaching the negotiations with the right level of reason and determination will be critical to manage expectations and avoid any media “hysteria”, as media coverage can hurt the climate talks by shifting attention from the policy issues to unproductive discussions of whether climate change is influenced by humans.
For a credible and valid rulebook, we need frank conversations about energy transition and compensating the “losers” of climate policies, such as people working in high-emission sectors.
There might be the opportunity to do so in Katowice, an industrial hub and coal-mining city. We will see if this COP will highlight the necessary transition from fossil fuel industry to renewable solutions as the negotiations unravel.
Federica Genovese is a Lecturer in Government at the University of Essex. | <urn:uuid:cc95a4b4-8e0e-49c4-a71c-3dc3ef82751b> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://agreenerlifeagreenerworld.net/2018/12/07/analysis-cop24-what-to-expect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400203096.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922031902-20200922061902-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.942101 | 1,234 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The reported infections and deaths from the Coronavirus have jumped dramatically worldwide and they continue to change by the hour.
This article is more than 2 years old
The news on the Coronavirus which originated in Wuhan, China continues to cause concern as the numbers of the infected and death toll rise.
The reported infections and deaths from the Coronavirus have jumped dramatically worldwide and they continue to change by the hour. The outbreak has been particularly devastating in New York City.
COVID-19 Breaks Through Quarantine
On May 6, 2020 New York Governor Andrew Cuomo shared new data from the hospitals in his state which indicates that the government’s stay at home order may not be working to stop the spread of COVID-19.
According to Cuomo, more than 66% of the new Coronavirus cases discovered by testing came from people who have been quarantined in their homes. The data came from 1200 patients at 113 hospitals surveyed over a 3-day period. The majority of these patients were over 51-years-old, and were all either non-essential workers who aren’t going to their jobs anymore or people who are retired.
96% of the positive tests were from people with comorbidities, or in other words they had other chronic conditions which affected their health before they contracted the Coronavirus.
Coronavirus In China – April 17, 2020
Though China was the origination point of COVID-19, the country has been reporting zero deaths for weeks now. Experts have been extremely skeptical of these numbers and this morning their view seems to have been confirmed when on April 17, 2020 China suddenly started reporting deaths in the thousands.
Specifically they added nearly 1300 fatalities out of the blue…
China claims the new additions were merely an oversight added after the fact, and not an indication that the Coronavirus has gained a new foothold in their country. Many experts remain skeptical and insist that China is lying about the number of deaths and infections in their country, and has been doing so all along.
To see just what effect this has had on China, look no closer than these aerial pollution maps taken by NASA before and after the Coronavirus outbreak…
It’s not just in the Wuhan area that pollution levels in China have suddenly dropped to almost zero. The effect is nationwide, as demonstrated by this photo from NASA…
WHERE THE CORONAVIRUS CAME FROM
There have been a number of theories about where the Coronavirus actually came from. Until recently the leading indicator was that the virus originated in a Wuhan, China wet market. But China has already reopened those markets, an odd move if that’s where they believe it came from. Now we may know why.
According to government cables unearthed and put together by the Washington Post US officials were raising red flags about the safety conditions at the Wuhan Institute of Virology back in 2018. The lab was conducting research on coronaviruses in bats.
In particular one message from January of 2018 published by the Post says, “during interactions with scientists at the WIV laboratory, they noted the new lab has a serious shortage of appropriately trained technicians and investigators needed to safely operate this high-containment laboratory.”
According to the WaPo’s report, a number of diplomats and scientists had ongoing concerns about the lab’s sloppy safety protocols resulting in the transmission of the viruses they were testing to humans. Those diplomats said at the time that the researchers work, “strongly suggests that SARS-like coronaviruses from bats can be transmitted to humans to cause SARS-like diseases”
Even if this is where the current Pandemic originated, that doesn’t mean the virus was created in a lab. It would only mean the virus escaped from there and was transmitted to people from the lab. The lab itself was likely testing naturally occurring coronaviruses and those may have escaped accidentally via animal to human transmission.
As virologists have studied the genetic code of 2019-nCov, they’ve found it closely resembled two bat SARS-like coronaviruses from China. This first suggested that bats were the source of the new virus. But as they further studied the virus, it was compared to coronaviruses from different animal hosts such as birds, marmots, manis, hedgehogs, snakes, and humans, they were surprised to find that the protein codes in this new virus most closely resembled those found in snakes.
In the wild, snakes typically hunt for bats. This is one on how it reached humans as the Wuhan market has been reported to have sold snakes. Another mystery scientists are trying to solve is how this virus could adapt to both warm-blooded and cold-blooded hosts. Having the animal carried virus escape from a lab could solve that question.
TRACKING CORONAVIRUS LIVE
The situation with the Coronavirus seems to be changing minute by minute. With news media outlets hungry to cash in on people’s fears, it can be difficult to keep track, especially on a local level. But there’s a solution.
In order to try and help people keep track of what’s real, Johns Hopkins University has put together an online dashboard which uses live information from official sources to track the virus worldwide. It looks like this…
…and you can use it in real-time right here.
One of the best things about the Dashboard is that it gives you surprisingly detailed information on a local level. You can zoom in to your specific county and see information like this…
That’s incredibly useful given that the outbreak has been different, with different risk factors in different areas. Meanwhile most of the nation’s media outlets are focused on reporting on New York. But if you aren’t in New York, this may be your only way to know what’s actually happening with COVID-19 near you.
Bodies Stacked In Mass Graves
As of April 10, 2020 over 7000 people have died from the Coronavirus in New York alone. Their current death rate is approaching nearly 1000 deaths a day. And the bodies are starting to stack up.
The following drone footage shows what the government is doing with their Coronavirus victims…
The bodies being buried are those who haven’t been claimed yet by anyone. The New York Medical Examiner’s office has shortened the amount of time they’ll hold unclaimed remains to fourteen days before those bodies will be taken and buried on Hart’s Island.
Hart’s Island is located in The Bronx at the western end of Long Island sound. It has been used for mass burials before, usually it’s used for the bodies of people who are unidentified and unclaimed. There have been other mass burials of disease victims there in the past too, and it is believed the island has up to a million bodies buried beneath its dirt.
How Long The Coronavirus Survives On Surfaces And In The Air
A new study just released by the New England Journal of Medicine answers one of the biggest questions people have had on their minds: How long can the Coronavirus survive on surfaces and in the air? Or in other words, if someone sneezed on a table two days ago and then I touch it, can I contract the Coronavirus?
The bad news from the study is that the Coronavirus can indeed survive out in the open. Their data shows that COVID-19 (also called SARS-CoV-2) could survive floating around out in the air for up to three hours. However, when it is released through a cough or a sneeze specifically, that number goes down to sixty-six minutes. After that sixty-six minutes only half the particles are still infections and that number drops as time goes on.
That means if someone sneezes and expels Coronavirus into the air, it could blow around in the breeze for up to sixty-six minutes and end up in your lungs after the infected person who expelled it is long, long gone. It also means you could contract it without being in close proximity to a carrier and that keeping a social distance of 6 feet between people isn’t really a protection.
As for how long Coronavirus can survive on surfaces, the news is even worse. Their study shows that COVID-19 can survive on surfaces like plastic or stainless steel for up to 72 hours, with a half-life of over six hours. Those numbers go down on other types of surfaces. On cardboard for instance, Coronavirus can only survive for twenty-four hours.
To put that in context: If someone coughs Coronavirus on to a stainless steel table and leaves, then you come by six hours later and touch it, you now likely have the Coronavirus on your hands. Again, social distancing may not be much protection from this kind of transmission.
For now this study is still new and has yet to be full reviewed by peers. It may turn out to be totally wrong, so keep these findings in that context.
With all the craziness that COVID-19 has introduced around the world, one of the things rarely talked about is a cure. To date, most of the conversation has revolved around how the virus is transmitted, how to stay safe, the damage it has done, the world economy. But not much has been said about an actual cure. That could start to change.
We go in depth on what’s being done to eradicate the Coronavirus right now in A Coronavirus Cure: We’re Closer Than You’d Think To Beating COVID-19.
A number of big celebrities have now contracted the Coronavirus. That list includes Tom Hanks and his wife Rita Wilson, Idris Elba, and Olga Kurylenko. For the most updated list and statuses on each visit our full Coronavirus: The Most Famous People To Test Positive For COVID-19 So Far article.
Coronavirus In Prisons
Prisoners around the world are struggling to deal with the consequences of the Coronavirus. Some have decided to start releasing prisoners, rather than risk the infection sweeping through their prison population. In other places, prisoners who haven’t been let out are rioting and escaping.
- Go in-depth on this topic with Coronavirus: Prisons Are Releasing Inmates To Protect Them From COVID-19
CAN’T BE CONTAINED
When it comes to an outbreak, containment is the first response. If whatever sickness can be kept to a small area, then the chances of eradicating it multiply tenfold. So, when Harvard epidemiology professor Marc Lipsitch spoke with the Atlantic, he can be forgiven if it took him a couple tries to fully state his thoughts. It boiled down to this, “I think the likely outcome is that it will ultimately not be containable.” The numbers are beginning to prove this true. To date, 37 countries have been affected with COVID-19, the coronavirus.
The Chinese government has been under much political pressure to stop the virus, so much so that they are sending officials door-to-door in the Hubei province, testing people and looking for signs of illness. Is this a case of too little, too late? Lipsitch thinks so. He is predicting that within the coming year, 40 to 70 percent of people in the world will have become infected with the virus that causes this strain of the coronavirus.
Lipsitch did stress, though, that it doesn’t mean those 40 to 70 percent will have the severe illness. “It’s likely that many will have mild disease, or may be asymptomatic,” he told The Atlantic. Most people get though influenza without much issue. Many of those who take a turn for the worse are typically those with chronic health issues or older people.
And Lipsitch isn’t alone among his epidemiologist peers in their belief that this coronavirus will continue to spread wide scale. As quick as this is to spread and as serious as it has shown to be, the prevailing thought is that cold and flu season could easily turn into cold, flu and COVID-19 season.
So is there a chance for Coronavirus containment? At the rate it’s moving, maybe not. But the only way we will know how widespread it is becoming is by testing. When the outbreak first started, U.S. doctors had been advised to only test those who had traveled to China or had come in contact with a person who had been diagnosed with the virus.
Lipsitch says testing is the key. “Two hundred cases of a flu-like illness during flu season—when you’re not testing for it—is very hard to detect,” Lipsitch said. “But it would be really good to know sooner rather than later whether that’s correct, or whether we’ve miscalculated something. The only way to do that is by testing.”
Dr. Li Wenliang
The WHO says that the first Chinese doctor to try and raise the alarm about the disease has now himself, died from the Coronavirus. The doctor was initially reprimanded by the Chinese police for posting false information on the internet. His name was Dr. Li Wenliang and he was only 34-years-old.
WHAT IS A CORONAVIRUS?
Coronaviruses are not new. They were first identified in the early 1960s and they spread like most viruses, through coughing and sneezing, from contact with an infected person’s face or hands, from touching things that infected people have touched.
They can cause an upper respiratory infection with symptoms like a stuffy nose, sore throat and cough. Sometimes a coronavirus will cause middle ear infections among children. But because a coronavirus is similar to any other upper respiratory infection, you may never know if you’ve got it.
The danger with a coronavirus is when it spreads to your lower respiratory tract, which would be the windpipe and lungs. When it does, it can cause pneumonia, especially in those with heart disease, in older people, and those with weakened immune systems.
For the most part, a coronavirus is not serious. For the most part. In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak killed nearly 800 across the globe. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) appeared in 2012 in Saudi Arabia, then spread to other middle eastern countries, Africa, Asia, and Europe. It was the cause of nearly 860 deaths.
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) identified the Wuhan virus as the 2019 Novel Coronavirus. When it was first diagnosed, many patients had some link to a large seafood and animal market, which suggested the virus was an animal-to-person spread. Recently, though, many more infected have reported zero contact with seafood or animal markets which now suggests that the virus is spread person-to-person.
DID THE CORONAVIRUS COME FROM SPACE?
The latest theory on the origin of the Coronavirus is that it came from outer space.
Speaking to the Express Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe, of the Buckingham Centre for Astrobiology says, “The sudden outbreak of a new coronavirus is very likely to have a space connection, the strong localisation of the virus within China is the most remarkable aspect of the disease.”
Sounds crazy but apparently some scientists think the disease could have been brought to Earth by a meteor. He continues, “In October last year a fragment of a comet exploded in a brief flash in North East China. We think it probable that this contained embedded within it a monoculture of infective 2019-nCoV virus particles that survived in the interior of the incandescent meteor. We consider the seemingly outrageous possibility that hundreds of trillions of infective viral particles were then released embedded in the form of fine carbonaceous dust. We believe infectious agents are prevalent in space, carried on comets, and can fall towards Earth through the troposphere. These, we think, can and have in the past gone on to bring about human disease epidemics.”
This theory sounds pretty out there, but the professor insists there’s proof that this could have happen. He continues, “We believe this could have happened with the novel coronavirus. While it is likely it arrived as a new infective agent, there could be an element of mutation triggered by DNA arriving in a similar manner. We have evidence that even in the human genome, 40 per cent of our DNA is viral, and it has been incorporated during our evolution. There is growing evidence that says this DNA comes from space and it is carried into our atmosphere on micro-meteorites before dissipating. It is then taken up by bacteria and viruses. That new insert could have come from space. This disturbing outbreak is due to this, there is no doubt meteorites carry living structures.“
CAN ANYTHING BE DONE?
So far, there is no vaccine for this virus. Most of its victims have been on the older side (over 50) and have had respiratory issues in the past. The CDC recommends the everyday actions to prevent the contraction or spread of this virus. These include hand washing, avoid touching eyes, mouth and nose with unwashed hands, avoid close contact with sick people, stay home if you are sick, cover your cough or sneeze with your arm or tissue and then dispose of the tissue after its use, and clean and disinfect objects and surfaces that are frequently touched.
As previously mentioned, the numbers concerning the virus change frequently. Their appearance across the globe also changes frequently. As the numbers come in, we will be sure to update. | <urn:uuid:919239b0-2d37-4142-a216-ee34f9a32bdc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.giantfreakinrobot.com/sci/coronavirus-science.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.967232 | 3,765 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In 1927 the competition to design a flag for Alaska was
won by 13-year-old Benny Benson who got his inspiration from
Alaska's northerly position. The flag shows the large North
Star with the Great Bear below it. When Alaska was given
statehood in 1959 the flag remained the same. The stars are
the yellow color of natural gold and the field is the same
blue as appears on the Stars and Stripes. The width of the
flag to the length is in the proportion of 125: 177. The
diameter of the North Star is one-tenth of the width and
the stars of the Great Bear are three-fifths the diameter
of the North Star.
Annin state flags are made from 100% SolarMax nylon. This
material, developed especially for the flag industry, is
engineered to resist damage from the sun's UV rays.
Annin's outdoor state flags are stocked in sizes 12 X 18
inches, 2x3 ft., 3x5 ft., 4x6 ft., 5x8 ft., and 6 X 10 ft.
Larger outdoor sizes are available through our custom department.
Indoor flags with pole sleeve and gold fringe are available
in sizes 3x5 ft. and 4x6 ft.
Miniature desk flags are
available in sizes 4x6 inch and 8 x 12 inch. | <urn:uuid:b2524e0e-86c7-42a0-a082-9d47dc4c2a02> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://honorandremember.info/Alaska-State-flags-all-outdoor-sizes_p_2171.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155792.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918225124-20180919005124-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.916443 | 287 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Paths known as Discovery Island Trails weave around and through this homage to nature. About 325 carved animals make up the surface of the tree and its trunk, with the Discovery Island Trails allowing guests the opportunity to explore and see them all as well as numerous animal exhibits scattered around the roots.
A theater is housed in the Tree of Life root system where the It's Tough to be a Bug! show is performed. This 8-minute, 3D movie and multimedia show features Flik and Hopper, from the Disney Pixar film A Bug's Life—along with a supporting cast of insects and arachnids who provide a surprising look into the animal kingdom.
Once upon a time, no vegetation would grow on Discovery Island. There were no trees, no shrubs, no flowers, nothing. It was a barren piece of land. Then, one day, a tiny ant planted a seed and made a wish. He asked for a tree to grow – a tree large enough to provide shelter for all the animals. Magically, the ant’s wish came true and a tree began to grow -- and it kept growing until there was room beneath its limbs for all the animals from A (ants) to Z (zebras). And as the tree continued to reach for the heavens, the images of all the animals that took shelter beneath its shade appeared on its trunk, roots, and branches.
Development and construction
The Tree of Life was not the first choice of an icon for the park. Earlier concepts involved utilizing Noah's Ark as an icon. Another idea was to have a three-leveled carousel attraction featuring animals of land, sea and sky as a central icon, though this was seen as too whimsical.
When the idea of the Tree of Life was settled upon, engineers struggled on how to construct it to meet the demands of Florida's hurricane weather. A structure reminiscent of a geodesic dome for the canopy was one idea that was proposed. Eventually it was settled to utilize an oil rig as the base skeleton of the tree's trunk. It was capable of holding up the massive weight of the tree and its branches and it's wide base could hold a theater. In earlier concepts, the show inside the Tree of Life was set to be Lion King-based before Michael Eisner's suggestion of tying it into insects and Pixar's then in-development, "a bug's life".
- The Tree of Life is topped with more than 103,000 translucent, five-shades-of-green leaves that were individually placed and actually blow in the wind.
- A Banyan tree much like Rafiki's Tree in The Lion King, the name was adopted for Rafiki's tree for usage on the Platinum DVD release's menus.
- There is a Hidden Mickey on this tree.
|The Oasis: The Oasis Exhibits
Future Attractions: Pandora: A World of Avatar | <urn:uuid:81fa64f1-105a-4b60-a422-2f530eb3af61> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://disney.wikia.com/wiki/Tree_of_Life | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447783.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00072-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970684 | 594 | 2.515625 | 3 |
(NaturalNews) A new breakfast drink came on the market this year to meet a demand of people who want caffeine in the morning, but not from coffee or tea. Created by a major soft drink manufacturer; it contains caffeine, sugar, artificial sweeteners a few vitamins and a little (five percent) juice. At 16 ounces, it is legal in New York City where larger, sugary drinks are banned as of March, 2013. While it is marketed as a healthy drink, the new breakfast beverage is actually one more way for consumers to ingest ingredients that promote both weight gain and Type II diabetes.
The more sweet drinks you have; the more you want
Adding an additional sugary drink can increase the desire to drink and eat more sweets later in the day.
A 2011 study conducted in the UK found that adding sugary drinks to a person's daily diet decreased their enjoyment of sweet taste and increased their desire for more sweets. The study compared overweight people with their thin counterparts and found that the former have a lower sensitivity to sweet tasting soft drinks and a higher subconscious craving for sweets. At the same time, thin people who don't normally consume soft drinks experienced reduced sensitivity to sweet beverages similar to that of the overweight subjects after just four weeks of drinking two sugary drinks a day.
These results suggest that people who add a breakfast soda to their day could increase their intake of sugary beverages and food later in the day, leading to weight gain and a higher risk for Type II diabetes.
Artificial sweeteners promote Type II diabetes and obesity
While the new breakfast drinks have sugar, they also contain artificial sweeteners. Unfortunately, having more artificial sweeteners does not protect consumers from weight
gain or the development of Type II diabetes as has been demonstrated in a number of studies.
A 2013 animal study compared two groups of rats. Both ate yogurt but one was sweetened with sugar, the other with either saccharine or aspartame. While their caloric intake was the same, the rats that ate artificial sweeteners gained more weight than did those that ate sugar.
In a recent French study of 66,000 women, researchers examined their drinking patterns in relation to their diabetes risk. While both regular and diet soda increased this risk, it was actually greater for diet soda drinkers. It was 15 percent greater for those drinking 500 ml (or about two cups) per week and 59 percent greater for those drinking 1.5 liters per week.
Caffeine promotes weight gain and Type II diabetes
Caffeine is a main justification for creating the new breakfast drink advertised as an alternative to coffee and tea. Unfortunately, caffeine is also associated with reduced insulin sensitivity.
In a 2007 study of 16 healthy adults, researchers used a double blind, crossover study to measure the impact of caffeine on insulin levels. They found significantly higher insulin levels after caffeine consumption compared to a placebo and concluded that caffeine reduces insulin sensitivity.
The connection between caffeine and insulin may be cortisol. Caffeine causes spikes in cortisol, the fight or flight hormone, which in turn encourages increased appetite and insulin secretion to help speed blood sugar into the cells. These chronically elevated insulin levels can lead to Type II diabetes while increased appetite promotes weight gain
. Cortisol also encourages the body to store visceral fat associated with metabolic syndrome and a variety of serious and chronic health conditions including Type II diabetes.Sources for this article include: http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2011/7679.htmlhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666312004138http://www.cbc.cahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17998023http://www.organiclifestylemagazine.comAbout the author:
Celeste Smucker is a freelance health writer and blogger with years of experience in sales and marketing. She is also a meditation teacher and staff member at Synchronicity Foundation located in Virginia's blue ridge mountains.
In addition to writing for NaturalNews.com she blogs about how to live younger longer
with joy and vitality at celestialways.com. | <urn:uuid:0b8b16b4-70e0-4f91-831e-e4c3b646f2cc> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.naturalnews.com/039216_soft_drinks_breakfast_type-2_diabetes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533689.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00399-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946029 | 848 | 2.53125 | 3 |
If there's one thing for which the Great Lakes State is known, it's water. But private water utilities are almost unknown in Michigan-and are uncommon throughout the country.
Almost. Up in Calumet, a city located in Michigan's scenic Upper Peninsula, one of America's relatively few privately owned and operated water utility systems can be found. And its success proves that water need not be a government-run concern.
Investor-owned water utilities are more prevalent in Europe. England privatized its entire water and sewer system in 1989. In France, 75 percent of the population is served by private water utilities. By contrast, only 20 percent of American water systems are privately owned, and they serve only 15 percent of the population.
Calumet's system has always been private, having been built by the for-profit Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, which drew and distributed surface water from Lake Superior as early as 1895. Ownership of the system changed several times during the next century, and it was eventually purchased by the private water company American Water Works in 1993.
American Water Works is currently America's largest private water-utility business, serving 10 million customers in 23 states. In September 2001, the German utility firm RWE agreed to purchase American for $4.6 billion, although the deal has not been finalized.
In Calumet, water is drawn from a series of wells and pumped up an enormous incline to both personal and industrial users. The hill up which the water must be pumped is so steep that 10 percent of the utility's expenses are dedicated to electricity alone. The system delivers a daily average of 1 million gallons of water to more than 4,600 customers, through 115 miles of water mains that it either owns or maintains under contract.
How does American Water Works, known as "Michigan-American" in the U.P., compare to municipally owned and operated water systems?
It is not always easy to compare the performance of two water distribution facilities, because systems treat water differently depending on environmental factors and basic geography. Still, analysts have developed a few ratios to generalize about performance and then qualify comparisons as conditions warrant.
For example, some municipal employees are assigned to one department (electricity, for instance), but spend 25 percent of their time working for the water department. In Table 1, in order to make calculations as accurate as possible, the author counted such a person as 25 percent of an employee in the water department when necessary, rather than counting them as employed in the department full-time. Meter reading and billing employees are included in the estimates to ensure a closer apples-to-apples comparison with the investor-owned utility, because it does not have the luxury of charging employee costs to other departments. It is important to note, in fairness, that many municipalities do charge the costs of employees to various departments based on how much time they spend in that department.
The table above shows four important categories, three measuring efficiency and one measuring the amount of taxes paid by each water operation, for purposes of making the very important point that private utilities pay taxes and public ones do not. This should make private utilities inherently more attractive to policy-makers in economic terms. In addition, Calumet must use a portion of its operating revenues to pay its investors, who in turn pay taxes on their profits. Government systems need not set aside revenue for this purpose, which should give them an operational advantage over their private-sector competition.
The private Michigan-American finishes first ahead of the Houghton, Norway, Gladstone, Wakefield, and L'Anse municipal systems in two categories: connections per employee and tax revenue. A "connection" is a common term in the industry used to describe billed customers. Michigan-American treats and delivers its products with fewer employees than its rivals-and by a wide margin. Indeed, the employees at Michigan-American handle about 2.5 times more connections per employee than Gladstone, which is just north of Escanaba, their nearest rivals per connection, which have 402 connections per employee.
The city of Houghton comes in ahead of Michigan-American in two other categories, employees per million gallons daily and total operating expenses per connection. The former measurement indicates how many staff members it takes on a gallons-pumped basis and the latter measures an operation's expenses for every connection. Houghton pumps 1,274,000 gallons each day, which works out to 3.1 employees per million gallons daily. Calumet's Michigan-American pumps an average of 1.05 million gallons each day, which works out to 4.3 employees per million gallons daily. Houghton also reports less expense per connection.
While Houghton does deserve credit for operating efficiently, a couple of qualifications must be made. Houghton's biggest customer is Michigan Technological University (MTU), which receives its water wholesale. As a wholesale customer, MTU must provide operation and maintenance on its own system, which should reduce the cost of Houghton doing business. In addition, Houghton doesn't pump its water up a steep incline, as must Calumet.
What makes Michigan-American's performance all the more remarkable is that it does not receive non-operating income to supplement its performance, as is often the case with municipal systems. Non-operating income can come in the form of subsidies from the local unit of government or from grants transferred to the utility by the state and/or federal government. The federal government may not issue the grants directly, but rather, must give them to state governments first.
Simply because towns and cities across Michigan have long-held monopolies on the distribution of water in their respective areas doesn't mean that is the best way to go about it. If municipal officials in the state of Michigan are looking for better, more efficient, less expensive ways of doing things, they should take a serious look at privatizing their water systems.
Michael LaFaive is managing editor of Michigan Privatization Report. | <urn:uuid:56b8c74a-750f-44f2-897b-7192bb96ac73> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.mackinac.org/3962 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928102.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00102-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969543 | 1,234 | 3.046875 | 3 |
10 Benefits of a Stem Cell Treatment
What are Stem Cells?
Stem cells are special human cells from which functional cells are generated from. Stem cells are also called “masters cells” from which “daughter cells” are derived. These daughter cells can become either new stem cells or specialized cells. Specialized cells perform functions such as bone cells, heart muscle cells, body muscle cells, brain cells or blood cells.
These are the four sources of stem cells:
- Embryonic Stem Cells – these come from embryos that are 3-5 days old.
- Adult Stem Cells – these come from human bone marrows or body fat.
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells – these are adult stems cells that are altered to possess the properties of embryonic stem cells.
- Perinatal Stem Cells – these come from amniotic fluids and umbilical cord blood.
Is it Safe for Pain Management?
The use of stem cell for pain management treatments yields fast, safe, effective and lasting results. The procedure is minimally invasive, non-surgical, and non-opioid, hence, it produces minimal to no risk of complications or adverse effects. This is your body healing itself.
How Stem Cell Treatment Works
Stems cell treatments work differently in various cases. Once the stem cell is drawn from the body, it is placed in a centrifuge machine that spins and concentrates the substances of the stem cell that are valuable. The concentrated stem cell is then injected to the patient’s affected body part.
According to medical specifications, stems cells are concentrated to work uniquely depending on the medical needs of the patient. Some stem cells are concentrated to work as “unspecialized” cells. This means that stems cells are taken from one part of the body and is used to repair the damage in another part of the body.
Some stem cells, on the other hand, are concentrated to have a “specialized” function. These are the cases when stem cells are used to specifically repair damaged heart cells, brain cells, red blood cells, and other body organs.
Stem Cell Treatment is the “Future of Modern Medicine“
Stem cell treatment is a regenerative medicine that has the power to alter conventional medical procedures to more innovative and modern practice. This treatment uses the regenerative power of stem cells to provide relief and cure to trauma, injury or disease that individuals may incur.
Stem cells used for regenerative medicine is relatively a new technology. Stem cell treatments have shown promising potentials of providing treatment for various diseases by generating different cell types. Thus, many people consider the use of stem cell as the “future of modern medicine.”
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into specific cell types that can be helpful in various pain management conditions as well as other medical conditions. The use of stem cell can be very advantageous from a simple burn to the most life-threatening injury.
10 Benefits of Stem Cell Treatment
Stem cells contain natural growth factors that help accelerate the body’s healing response. It also helps lower the pain caused by the disease or injury sustained without having to use pain-killing medications.
The use of stem cells in regenerative medicine provides many advantages in pain management and other medical procedures. Here are 10 benefits of a stem cell treatment:
#1 Reduces Pain Effectively
The use of stem cells in pain management works to provide pain relief and decrease the inflammation associated with the pain. The aim is to repair and regenerate the affected region while producing pain relief in an efficient manner.
#2 Minimal Post-Procedural Recovery
In a typical surgical or medical procedure, it is not the treatment that takes a lot of time but the recovery period. With the use of stem cell, recovery time is minimal. The goal is to help patients get back to their way of life faster.
#3 Promotes Responsible Innovation
A stem cell treatment is an advanced innovation in the medical world that helps repair and rejuvenate damaged tissues, nerves, cartilages and muscles. While the use of stem cell has proven fast relief, it also ensures safe and efficient results.
#4 Increases Functionality, Range of Motion and Flexibility
Patients are always eager to return to their daily routine. While stem cell treatments provide fast recovery, it also increases the functionality, range of motion and flexibility of the joint, muscle or part of the body that was damaged. One of the amazing benefits of stem cell treatments is to help patients restore their injured body part to the way it was prior to the injury.
#5 Helps Avoid Surgery and Its Risks of Complications
Stem cell treatments are non-surgical procedures. At Advanced Sports & Spine, our doctors utilize ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy to deliver the treatment accurately and with reduced complication. No surgical procedure is needed to administer stem cell injections into the body.
#6 Not Just for Pain Management but for Other Medical Conditions as Well
Stem cell treatments are used for pain management procedures to repair, replace or rejuvenate degenerative joints or damaged tissue, ligament or nerves.
However, stem cell therapies have been used in other medical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and other autoimmune diseases.
#7 A Potential Way to Reverse an Injury
Some injuries can cause permanent damage to the tissue. Patients who experienced serious injuries from sports, work or vehicular accidents tend to suffer from an enormous amount of pain and frustration. With the use of stem cell, damaged tissue can progressively regrow, reducing frustrations while providing pain relief.
#8 Prevents Nerve Damage
There are surgical procedures that may result in nerve damage which, in turn, affect the mobility and functionality of the body. With stem cell treatments, there is minimal risk of nerve damage. The stem cell is administered directly to the affected area, preventing the nearby nerves from being damaged.
#9 No Need for General Anaesthesia
While bone marrow used for stem cell generation is harvested from the iliac crest, the treatment is minimally invasive and non-surgical. Thus, there is no need to administer general anaesthesia.
#10 Less to No Risk of Rejection
In most cases, stems cell treatments utilize biologic materials that are derived directly from the patient’s body. Thus, there is a less chance of body rejection or risk of complications.
These are just 10 of the many benefits of stem cell treatment. Other benefits include reducing the need for medication and improving the functions of the body. Regenerative medicine also lowers the risk of spreading diseases from one person to another as the product originates from the patient’s own body.
The Best Stem Cell Treatment in Charlotte, NC
Is stem cell treatment the right option for you?
Before patients undergo a stem cell treatment, it is best to consult Dr. Ahmad. He will conduct tests and will evaluate your medical condition and the extent of injury to know if regenerative medicine through stem cell treatment is the right procedure for you.
Dr. Ahmad now uses the Angel® System to produce the concentration of substance needed for treatment. The Angel® System is a fully automated machine that has the capacity to adjust stem cell concentration. These generated cells are used for medical treatments for various conditions including pain management treatments.
The Angel® System is a fully automated technology that has the capacity to deliver platelet concentrations with adjustable leukocyte concentration.
Advanced Sports & Spine uses the Angel® System to produce the concentration of substance needed for treatment. We use the patient’s own bone marrow and follow FDA minimal manipulation guidelines.
Contact us at 704-542-3988 to learn more about stem cell treatment and other regenerative medicine procedures. | <urn:uuid:9b31b990-8401-4726-9c6c-f978ffa01673> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.advancedsportsandspine.com/10-benefits-of-a-stem-cell-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991178.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516171301-20210516201301-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.923592 | 1,606 | 3.484375 | 3 |
ICYMI - Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Community by Community
World AIDS Day (December 1) is a time to remember those we’ve lost to HIV/AIDS, celebrate our successes in saving and improving the lives of people living with HIV, and renew our commitment to ending the HIV epidemic in the United States and around the world.
The U.S. Government (USG) theme for World AIDS Day 2019 -- Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Community by Community -- reflects the lessons we’ve learned about the importance of strong partnerships with communities and of delivering person-centered, stigma-free HIV prevention, treatment, and care services that meet the needs of each individual.
The theme reminds us that all epidemics are local—and that working together with communities to respond to local needs is the best way to stop the epidemic in its tracks.
We have strong leadership for that approach to HIV, both at home, in the newly launched Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America (EHE) initiative, and abroad through the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).
Through PEPFAR, the USG has invested more than $85 billion in the global HIV response since 2003 –the largest commitment ever made by any nation to address a single disease. PEPFAR partners with communities in over 50 countries and targets our efforts to the most affected geographic areas and populations.
These efforts have saved more than 18 million lives by providing life-saving HIV treatment for nearly 15.7 million people; enabling more than 2.6 million babies to be born HIV-free to mothers living with HIV; driving reductions in new HIV diagnoses among adolescent girls and young women by 25% or more in nearly all regions implementing PEPFAR's pioneering DREAMS public-private partnership; and moving the HIV pandemic from crisis toward control – community by community.
And now we are dramatically accelerating our fight against HIV in the U.S. Less than a year ago, President Trump announced the launch of EHE—a once-in-a-generation opportunity to dramatically reduce the number of new HIV transmissions in the U.S. by 75% in five years and by 90% by 2030.
EHE emphasizes routine HIV testing to achieve early diagnosis and enhances patient-centered care designed to help people living with HIV achieve and maintain undetectable viral loads. EHE will also make pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication available to individuals at risk for HIV through the new program, which will officially launch in December. By effectively addressing both treatment and prevention, and the stigma which frequently is a barrier to effective care, these approaches are the foundation for our strategy for ending the HIV epidemic in the U.S.
Like PEPFAR, EHE focuses on geographic areas with high HIV transmission rates. EHE targets 50 U.S. jurisdictions that collectively account for more than half of all new HIV diagnoses and seven states with a high number of rural HIV cases. By concentrating our efforts where HIV has a disproportionate impact, we will turn the tide of the epidemic.
PEPFAR and EHE both depend on community engagement in planning, implementing, and monitoring activities designed to end the HIV pandemic. As we remember all those we’ve lost, we must reflect on the important role communities play in our fight against HIV. Today, with the right tools, right data, and right leadership, we must seize the historic opportunity to control and ultimately end the HIV epidemic, community by community. We invite you to join us in making that goal a reality.
About the Authors: Ambassador Deborah L. Birx, M.D. is U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and U.S. Special Representative for Global Health Diplomacy, and Admiral Brett P. Giroir is Assistant Secretary for Health (ASH) Acting Commissioner, Commissioner of Food and Drugs at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
For more information:
- Stay tuned for new HIV.gov blog posts about federal World AIDS Day activities and the latest lifesaving annual PEPFAR program results! You can also follow HIV.gov on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, and follow PEPFAR on FacebookExit Disclaimer, TwitterExit Disclaimer, and FlickrExit Disclaimer to get updates on how you can get involved and support World AIDS Day.
- PEPFAR is led by the U.S. Department of State’s Office of the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and Health Diplomacy. Learn more.
- To learn more about EHE, which is administered by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, visit HIV.gov and sign up for our listserv to stay up to date on the latest developments in the quest to end the HIV/AIDS pandemic. | <urn:uuid:a7ac41a9-9a0e-4553-93aa-3c8e0b39a682> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.hiv.gov/blog/icymi-ending-hivaids-epidemic-community-community | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500255.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205130241-20230205160241-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.932555 | 1,005 | 2.75 | 3 |
Agenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development. It is a product of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is an action agenda for the UN, other multilateral organizations, and individual governments around the world that can be executed at local, national, and global levels. The "21" in Agenda 21 refers to the 21st century. It has been affirmed and modified at subsequent UN conferences.Or does it really have to do with depopulating the world?
Tuesday, February 19, 2013
AGENDA 21 AND DEPOPULATION
What is Agenda 21? According to Wikipedia: | <urn:uuid:ea8a3261-c160-4612-bfae-4e237093f027> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.hoaxandconspiracyvideos.com/2013/02/agenda-21-and-depopulation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500820886.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021340-00152-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939981 | 151 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
what is homeostasis?
- the maintenance of stable internal conditions in a changing environment .
- one way that a cell maintains homeostasis is by controlling the movement of substances across the cell membrane.
- the cell membrane as the gate keeper it allows some materials but not others to enter into the cell.
- the cell membrane provides structural support to the cytoplasm, recognizes foreign material, & communication w/ other cells. ~ contributions to homeostasis.
what is the cell membrane made of?
sea of phospholipids. a phospholipid is a specialized lipid made of a phosphate "head" & two fatty acid "tails" the head is polar & is attracted to water the tail is opposite.
what is the lipid bilayer?
- formed by a double layer of phospholipids. the nonpolar the tails make up the interior & the polar head faces the surface.
- one layer of the polar heads faces the cytoplasm while the other layer is in contact w/ the cell's immediate surroundings.
- the phospholipids form a barrier through which only small nonpolar substances can pass. ions & most polar molecules can't get through the interior layer.
where can various proteins be found?
in the cell membrane. the attractions and repulsion of the polar & nonpolar amino acids inside the proteins to the water on either side of the membrane hold the proteins in the cell membrane.
proteins in the cell membrane
cell-surface markers, receptor proteins, enzymes, & transport proteins.
- cell-surface markers- chain of sugars( carbs) acts as a marker to identify each type of cell. they attach to cells by the proteins glycoproteins. these help the cells work 2gether.
- receptor proteins- enable a cell to sense its surroundings by binding to certain substances outside the cell. when this happens it causes changes inside the cell.
- enzymes- help with important biochemical reactions in the cell.
- Transport Proteins- aids the movements of the substances that cannot make it pass the lipid bilayer.
What is active and passive transport?
- active transport- the cell is required to use energy to move a substance.
- passive transport- the cell does not use energy
what is equilibrium?
when the space is filled evenly.
what is the concentration of the substance?
- the amount of a particular substance in a given volume.
- when one area has a higher concentration then another area does a concentration gradient exists.
- diffusion- substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. the movement down the concentration gradient.
In passive transport substances cross the cell membrane down their concentration gradient. Some substances diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Others diffuse through transport proteins.
- simple diffusion- small, nonpolar molecules can pass directly through the lipid bilayer.
- oxygen-moves down its concentration gradient into the cell.
- carbon dioxide- diffuses out of the cell
- natural steroid hormones- can also diffuse across the bilayer
- many ions and polar molecules that are important for cell function that do not diffuse easily through the nonpolar lipid layer.
- during -facilitated diffusion- transport proteins help these substances diffuse through the cell membrane.
what are two types of transport proteins?
- channel proteins & carrier proteins
- Channel Proteins- ions, sugars, and amino acids can diffuse through the cell membrane through channel proteins. these proteins sometimes called pores, serve as tunnels through the lipid bilayer. Each channel allows the diffusion of specific substances that have the right size & charge.
- Carrier Proteins- transport substances that fit within their binding site. THis protein binds to a specific substance on one side of the cell membrane. This binding causes the protein to change shape. As the protein's shape changes the substance is moved across the membrane & is released on the other side.
what is osmosis?
- when water can diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane.
- osmosis- a type of passive transport that is very important to keeping cells functional. It allows cells to maintain water balances as their environment changes.
- osmosis occurs as free water molecules move down their concentration gradient into the solution that has the lower concentration of free water molecules.
polar water molecules do not diffuse directly through the bilayer. But the cell membrane contains channel proteins that only water molecules can pass through. Thus, osmosis in cells is a form of facilitated diffusion. In humans water channels help in the regulation of body tempt., in digestion, in reproduction, & in water conservation in the kidneys.
predicting water movement
- the direction of water movement in a cell depends on the concentration of the cell's environment.
- 1. water moves out. - if the solution is hypertonic, or has a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm does, water moves out of the cell. The cell loses water & shrinks.
- 2. water moves in.- if the solution is hypotonic or has a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm does, water moves into the cell. The cell loses water & shrinks.
- 3. no net change in water movement occurs, or equilibrium is reached.- if the solution is isotonic or has the same solute concentration that the cytoplasm does, water diffuses into & out of the cell at equal rates. The cell stays the same size.
what does the removal of dissolved solutes from a cell do?
increases the concentration of free water molecules inside the cell.
- sometimes cells must transport substances against their concentration gradient. This requires cell to use energy.
- Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradients. most often the energy needed for active transport is supplied directly or indirectly by ATP
- many active transport processes use carrier proteins to move substances . In facilitated diffusion the carrier proteins do not require energy. In active transport the carrier proteins do require energy to "pump" substances against their concentration gradient.
- sodium-potassium pump. - one of the most important carrier proteins in animal cells. This pump prevents sodium ions from building up in the cell. Sodium ions inside the cell bind to the carrier protein. The protein changes shape & releases the sodium ions outside the cell membrane. Outside the cell potassium ions bind to the pump. The pump returns to its original shape & releases the potassium ions inside the cell membrane. For 3 sodium ions taken out 2 potassium ions are brought inside.
- many substances such as proteins and polysaccharides are too large to be transported by carrier proteins. Instead, they cross the cell membrane in vesicles. Vesicles can bud off from the membrane fuse with it or fuse with other vesicles.
- the movement of a large substance into a cell by means of a vesicle is called endocytosis. during this process the cell membrane forms a pouch around the substance . The pouch then closes up & pinches off from the membrane to form a vesicle inside the cell. Vesicles that form by endocytosis may fuse with lysosomes or other organelles.
- the movement of material out of a cell by means of a vesicle is called exocytosis- vesicles inside the cell fuse w/ the cell membrane. then the contents of the vesicles are released to the outside of the cell. Cells use this to export proteins modified by the Golgi apparatus.
- cells communicate & coordinate activity by sending chemical signals that carry information to other cells.
- a signaling cell produces a signal, often a molecule, that is detected by the target cell. Typically target cells have specific proteins that recognize & respond to the signal.
- cells also use various methods of communication which vary depending on if the target is specific or general & how close or far away a signal is.
- Neighboring cells can communicate through direct contact between their membranes.
- Short-distance signals may act locally, a few away from the originating cell.
- Long-distance signals are carried by hormones & nerve cells. hormones are signal molecules that are made in one part of the body. Hormones are distributed widely in the bloodstream throughout the body but they affect only specific cells.
- a target cell is bombarded by hundreds of signals but it recognizes & responds only to the few signals that are important for its function.
- a receptor protein binds specific substances such as signal molecules. The outer part of the protein is folded into a unique shape, called the binding site. A receptor protein binds only to signals that match the specific shape of its binding site.
- signal molecules w/ the "wrong" shape have no effect on that particular receptor protein.
- once it binds the signal molecule the receptor protein changes its shape in the membrane. This change in shape relays info onto the cytoplasm of the target cell.
Responding to signals
- when a signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, the protein changes shape which triggers changes in the cell membrane.
- the cell may respond to a signal by changing its membrane permeability, by activating enzymes or by forming a second messenger.
- permeability change transport proteins may open or close in response to a signal.
- enzyme activation some receptor proteins activate enzymes in the cell membrane. Some receptor are enzymes themselves & are activated by the binding of a signal molecule. Enzymes trigger chemical reactions in the cell.
- second messenger binding of a signal molecule outside the cell may cause a 2nd messenger to form. The second messenger acts as a signal molecule within the cell & causes changes in the cytoplasm & nucleus. | <urn:uuid:acc3c68a-0cf3-4edb-9503-f794d974fb65> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=48581 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870771.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528024807-20180528044807-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.909817 | 2,027 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Many people are beginning to see how great it is to have an organic garden. The aim of this article will show you how to get off to a great start. Just follow the tips to get ready for some beautiful results!
To get rid of unwanted garden pests, use an organic spray made of onion, chives, or onion with water. To make it, just chop peeled garlic, onions or chives very fine and mix half a cup of water with it, and then strain it into the spray bottle.
Your compost pile should contain green plant materials and dried ones in equal amounts.Green plant material can include old flowers, weeds, grass clippings, weeds, and fruit and vegetable waste. Dried plant matter, on the other hand, can include items such as cardboard, sawdust and shredded paper. Avoid using ashes, meat, diseased plants and meat-eating animal manure.
You can create your organic garden with compost to use as a fertilizer. An enjoyable way of making organic fertilizer is with a little worm composting bin. Red worms, soil, kitchen scraps and newspaper shreds in a bin will get you started.
These vegetables will decay quickly and leech important nutrients right back into the new plants you are growing. You can still compost with partial amounts, but this method is much quicker.
If you sell your crops and label them organic, you should communicate your commitment to natural growing by becoming certified. This will improve your sales and show your faithful customers that they are getting healthy products.
There are all sorts of different plants that you could grow in an organic garden. Mulch is the friend of plants that require acidic conditions.These kinds of plants should be mulched with a thick layers of pine needles during fall each year.
Space is important to remember when you plant an organic garden. You can easily underestimate how much space plants will need as they begin to grow. Plan accordingly and put an appropriate amount of distance between the seeds.
It will also increase the visual appeal of the flower beds look more finished.
Know when you must water the right time is for your organic garden. A soaker hose is your best tool to use.. The ideal time to water your garden is in early parts of the morning.
Coffee grounds are a good for your soil. Coffee grounds contain many of the essential nitrogenous nutrients that plants can use.
Avoid using chemicals when you wash your vegetables off.
This is a very easy organic gardening made easier! Plan out the landscaping with mainly native bushes, flowers, and bushes! If you select plants able to thrive in your climate, weather requirements and plant interaction, you can cut the amount of fertilizer and pesticide you might need. Native plants will thrive with organically made compost.
Make sure you work in your garden. Don’t waste time searching for that packet of seeds or spade. Prepare all the tools you need before you go out to work on your garden, and then put them back in their place when done.If you use lots of tools, try using some pants with pockets in them.
After seeds have sprouted, you will not need to keep seeds as warm. Keep an eye on your seeds to know when this should be done.
As you can see, keeping up with an organic garden is both challenging and rewarding. It takes time and patience. Use what you’ve read here to create your own backyard oasis! There are a huge number of plants to grow, and with these tips, you’ll succeed no matter which plants you ultimately choose. | <urn:uuid:296bfb39-17d6-4143-8e9e-4981f97b455f> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.usefulgardenideas.com/great-advice-for-growing-great-organic-gardens-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525863.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718231656-20190719013656-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.948499 | 727 | 2.765625 | 3 |
meaning ten cities in Greek, consisted of ten Greco Roman cities in the
land of northern Jordan, Syria and Palestine.
One of these cities pella, a short drive north
of amman in the Jordan Valley. It is among the largest and most important
archaeological sites in the region. Most of the visible structures date
from the roman, Byzantine and Islamic periods (2nd to 14th Centuries A.D.)
and there is ample evidence of human occupation during the earlier Hellenistic,
Persian, Iron, Bronze, Chalcoltithic, Neolithic and paleolithic periods.
This huge, ancient city continues to be excavated, with evidence found
of inhabitants dating back as far as 10,000 years.
Of comparable importance among the Decapolis sites is Um
Qais, known in antiquity as Gadara, where the Ottoman Governor's
house has been restored and opened as a museum. Gadara commands magnificent
views over the northern Jordan Valley, the Sea of Galilee (Lake Tiberias),
the Yarmouk River gorge and the Golan Heights. On a clear day the snow
peak of Mount Heron is visible.
To the northeast of Gadara lies ancient Abila,
more rural than Jerash and Um Qais, where Roman temples, Byzantine churches
and early mosques lies amidst olive groves and wheat fields. Excavations
indicate that the site was inhabited 5,000 years ago in the Early Bronze
Age, and appears to have been continually used by man since then.
Contrasting sharply with the splendors of Jerash
and the other cities of the Decapolis is Um el Jimal
is one of the area's most impressive and eerie monuments of ancient civilizations.
The town is filled with the remains of many black basalt stone houses,
churches, a Roman barracks and a fort complex.
A short twenty minute drive west from Jerash, at the village of Ajlun,
is a remarkable 12th Century A.D. castle on an awesome mountain top, Qala'at
er Rabad. It was build in 1184 by Izzedine Usama, one of the generals
of Arab leader salah ed Din (saladin).
Nearer to Amman is Iraq el Amir, an antiquity
sit dating back to the visitor finds a carefully restored Hellenistic villa. | <urn:uuid:7b7c0ea1-0f1a-4a5b-ba5b-ed2cd82de07d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://arabisca.tripod.com/decapolis.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948589512.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216220904-20171217002904-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.922416 | 498 | 2.890625 | 3 |
What is the Bradford Method?
The Bradford Index is used by employers to help control absence. In my experience, it is most useful for organisations where absence is above normal (for their industry). There are various ways to manage attendance, and thus reduce costs and using the Bradford Index allows organisations to measure the impact and control absence by means of a formula that can be applied fairly and consistently, to the entire workforce.
The Bradford Formula
The Bradford formula is calculated by doing this sum: S x S x D = Bradford Score
- S is the total number of spells of individual absence over a set period (or, S squared)
- D is the total number of days of absence for that individual over the same set period (typically 52 weeks)
- And B gives you the Bradford Factor Score
Which means everyone has a Bradford Index Score – some high (bad) and most low (good), Organisations set limits of when a Manager can or should take action (see Triggers below)
Tim takes seven days off in one spell of absence to recover from an injury. His Bradford Factor is seven (7 = 1 x 1 x 7)
Compare this to Kelly, who takes six absences for minor illness over six separate days. Her Bradford score is 216 (216 = 6 x 6 x 6)
A word of caution – with all these facts and statistics at your disposal, you will start uncovering absence patterns within your company. It’s important to bear in mind that all statistics, however accurate and timely, show half of the story. And it should always be your priority to understand each individual’s personal circumstances first. Your absence management policy and the process provides the framework under which staff and managers can feel informed and consulted during a time of natural uncertainty that any prolonged or regular period of ill.
What counts as sickness absence in the Bradford Index?
Sickness-related absence falls into two categories:
- Short-Term Absence: defined as repeated periods of absence, typically for 1-2 days at a time. Causes of short-term absence are highly varied, ranging from back pain to minor illness (colds, flu, headaches etc).
- Long-Term Absence: typically characterised by extended periods away from work. Some companies define this as 20 working days or one calendar month. Others might intervene earlier if reasons for absence show signs of becoming prolonged.
Why is it so important to measure absence?
Absence isn’t just annoying for those left to ‘carry the can’. It causes operational difficulties, undermines quality and it increases costs. Just some of these costs can include:
- Sick pay
- Lost productivity/lost sales
- Reduction in quality/service
- Low morale, leading to higher staff turnover and reduced productivity for the rest of the team
- Additional overtime and administration costs
- Risks of litigation/payouts
- The additional burden of costs of managing escalated absence issues
- Cost of absence in terms of budgeting and forecasting.
Where do Organisations go Wrong?
Absence is a sensitive issue. Many managers assume that questioning someone’s reason for absence emotive. Then go on to make decisions on what is real and isn’t. Who is just having a duvet day? Who is genuinely ill? This is unfair and likely to result in severe consequences for those that get it wrong. For example, fears of being sued arising from wrongful dismissal.
Because of the difficulties, many organisations never address absence levels or wait until it becomes a serious problem. Even then, some aren’t confident that they’re able to demonstrate they’ve followed fair procedures. Others believe that measuring absence requires resources they don’t have. Either way, the most important step is to take an accurate record of all absences, which is the beauty of using the Bradford Index. From there, you can carry out some basic calculations and establish how much absence, is costing your business.
To avoid questions about unfairness – the key first step is to have a simple and open policy on how your company manages absence, there should also be an ‘open door’ message for workers to discuss issues. The subtle rewards of early communication with employees about planned absence can be just as important as the positive impact on the bottom line. It will also ensure that you are seen as a responsible employer with a vested interest in your employees’ well-being.
A well-written policy can help you manage all these things.
How to Measure the Costs of Absence?
Acas has used a well-known method of calculating absence to illustrate the cost of paying employees off sick.
Take an organisation with 200 employees earning an average £498 per week, for 260 days per year. If the average absence per employee is 2 days, then the direct cost of absence is £39,846. By reducing the average absence by just 0.5 days to 1.5, the organisation can make a cost saving of £9,961.
Armed with this information, you can begin to understand whether absence is a problem worth tackling in your company and justify investment in better systems such as occupational health to achieve this or using the Bradford Index to provide a means of comparing absences in terms of costs to your company rather than whether the illness is genuine or not.
First, you’ll need to get an accurate record of all absences across your organisation. This is where being clear on your absence process is key.
Effective management of absence in terms of engaging with employees when they have been off sick means you’ll have a great starting point when getting the data you need to make informed decisions.
- What is the balance of short and long-term absence?
- Is absence higher in a specific area of the business (e.g. in particular departments or locations)?
- Do absence patterns occur on specific days of the week, day/s of the week or year?
- Is absence higher by age or gender?
Share the information with the staff of their own sickness levels – one of the most powerful passive tools is staff having sight of exactly how much time they are away from the business.
Triggers for Action
Triggers can be applied to individuals and departments, or across the whole company.
Here are examples of some ideas to write into your absence management policy:
- Length of sick leave (if an individual is off for 10 days, they will need to have a return to work interview with HR or supervisor and referral to occupational health)
- Number of absences spells (employee is off 6 times in 4 months) = Stage 1 review
- Patterns of absence (4 Mondays over 12 months) = Stage 2 review
You could also incorporate the individual’s Bradford Factor to trigger a discussion with a manager which in many organisations, is set at 200.
Further Advice and Reading
- Managing Sickness Absence and Return to Work from the HSE
Post updated November 2018 | <urn:uuid:170c5aca-882f-4c95-aac7-32cab48e2c16> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://workingwellsolutions.com/using-the-bradford-index-to-manage-absence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400212039.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923175652-20200923205652-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.944653 | 1,442 | 2.8125 | 3 |
There has been a lot of online speculation regarding the effectiveness of 12 step programmes like Alcoholics Anonymous. The problem is that it can be hard to assess the merit of a treatment approach that is based on anonymity – there are no real official records kept with details of those attending. There have been studies in the past claiming to prove the effectiveness of the 12-steps; a study published recently in the Journal of Substance Abuse and Treatment adds further weight to this claim.
What are the 12 Steps?
The 12 steps are a programme for recovery that was original created by the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous back in the 1930s. It is actually based on another approach that was used by the Oxford Group (an evangelistic Christian sect). The 12 steps are described as non-religious in nature but are spiritual; one of the steps is handing oneself over their lives to God (although this is clarified with the words ‘as we understood him’). This spiritual nature of the 12-steps tends to rankle many in today’s increasingly secular world.
The 12 steps are not so much a process that can be completed but more a way of living. The person does not graduate upon reaching the twelfth step and there will always be more work to do. As soon as the individual stops practicing the 12 steps, they are likely to experience a deterioration in their life unless they find new ways of coping.
Critics of the 12 steps worry that there is not enough evidence to prove that it works and most of the evidence that does exist is anecdotal. The fact that so many rehabs around the world have adopted this model has also led to increased scrutiny of the approach. The concern is that the 12 steps is now almost the default option in the recovery community, but that it does not deserve this lofty position.
New Evidence to Support the 12 Step Approach
This latest research to support the efficacy of the 12-step approach was conducted by the DePaul University’s Center for Community Research in the US. It involved 150 people who had been receiving aftercare treatment, with these individuals randomly distributed into two groups. One group received a standard aftercare while the other group were admitted to a 12-step based dry house. These people were monitored over a two-year period (although 15 per cent of the group fell out of contact). It was found that those who entered the 12 step based aftercare program were up to 5.6 times more likely to remain sober than those not getting this type of help.
This research from DePaul University’s Center for Community Research does lend support to the idea that the 12-steps can be effective at helping many stay sober, but it certainly doesn’t prove this anywhere near conclusively. The fact that one of these groups stayed in a specialised aftercare programme while one were returned to the community could also go some way to explaining the different outcomes. If this inpatient aftercare had been based on something like CBT, would there have been similar results?
How to Make Sense of the Evidence of the 12 Steps Approach
The 12 steps do work for many people, but becoming too obsessed with research can be a distraction. It might not matter even if an approach does not work for 99 per cent of people as long as it works for you. | <urn:uuid:2f263b89-0dc3-48cf-870b-feb12aae4286> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.uk-rehab.com/treatment-rehab/alcohol/new-study-supports-claim-that-12-steps-can-keep-people-sober/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704800238.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126135838-20210126165838-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.978845 | 668 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Diospyros kaki ‘Dai Dai Maru’
Diospyros kaki ‘Dai Dai Maru’ common name, persimmon is among the oldest cultivated plants, having been in use in China for more than 2000 years. Our variety is an astringent one, with fruit needing to be left on the tree to ripen fully. The kaki tree reaches a size of up to 10 metres. Its deciduous leaves are medium to dark green, broadly lanceolate, stiff and equally wide as long. Unusually, the kaki fruits ripen when the leaves have mostly fallen off the tree, typically in autumn. They have a jelly like texture when fully ripe. Kaki trees typically do not bear until they are 3 to 6 years old. The 2 cm -2.5 cm wide flowers appear in late spring or early summer depending on variety and growing area. The tubular flowers have a creamy white color. Female flowers grow singly, while male flowers sometimes may have a pink tint and tend to appear in clusters of three. Diospyros kaki is typically a dioecious species, which means that trees are either male or female, but some cultivated varieties are monoecious. In that case both male and female, and even perfect (male+female), flowers can be found on the same tree. The flowers have four crown-shaped sepals and four petals that form a large calyx. All varieties (parthenocarpic) will produce seedless fruit in the absence of pollination, but the pollinated flowers will produce fruit full of seeds. Planted in 1992 by the Moss Family.
57.00 Location A4 Latitude; -38.401214290000 Longitude; 146.052184200000 | <urn:uuid:5555b59f-8b8f-47a4-bb05-2c511c730858> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.mossvalepark.com/shop/product/75928/diospyros-kaki-dai-dai-maru/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710155.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127005113-20221127035113-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.946683 | 373 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Ingo della Volta, (flourished 1164, Genoa), wealthy Genoese noble and financier who led a faction that dominated the government and commerce of Genoa in the 12th century during the period of the aristocratic so-called consular commune.
The della Volta, descended from officials of the margraves of Liguria who ruled Genoa in the early Middle Ages, shared with four other noble families a monopoly of Genoa’s trade with Syria. Intermarrying, the group formed a concentration of political power headed by Ingo della Volta, under whose leadership the Genoese commune pursued an aggressive economic and military policy, sending commercial embassies to Provence, to Spain, and to other parts of Italy and military expeditions against Muslim Spain, conquering Almeria in 1147 and attacking Tortosa.
Ingo headed an embassy to Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1162, negotiating an alliance to invade Norman Sicily. But the failure of the Sicilian campaign to materialize, a disastrous attack of Sardinia, war with Pisa, and the costs of his expansionist policy brought about Ingo’s downfall. In September 1164, his son Marchio, a consul, was murdered, and civil war broke out. The della Volta faction was ousted, the family’s houses and towers were seized, and their control of Genoese politics ended. | <urn:uuid:2998d513-3007-4543-bfa6-db7aaf32250d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.britannica.com/print/article/1354378 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937090.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420003432-20180420023432-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.955946 | 300 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Tiber river map
Tiber river Rome map. Tiber river map (Lazio - Italy) to print. Tiber river map (Lazio - Italy) to download. The Tiber river (Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere, Italian pronunciation: [ˈte(ː)vere]) is rising in the Apennine mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing 406 kilometres (252 mi) through Umbria and Lazio to the Tyrrhenian Sea as its shown in tiber river map. Tiber river drains a basin estimated at 17,375 square kilometres (6,709 sq mi). The tiber river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome, founded on its eastern banks.
Tiber River, Italian Fiume Tevere, historic river of Europe and the second longest Italian river after the Po, rising on the slope of Monte Fumaiolo, a major summit of the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano as its mentioned in tiber river map. Twisting in a generally southerly direction through a series of scenic gorges and broad valleys, the Tiber river flows through the city of Rome and enters the Tyrrhenian Sea of the Mediterranean near Ostia Antica.
Though the tiber river varies in depth between 7 and 20 feet as its mentioned in tiber river map, there is some evidence that navigation upstream to the Val Tiberina was significant for the grain trade as long ago as the 5th century BCE. Later, the shipment of building stone and also of timber became important. In its zenith, Classical Rome was supplied with vegetables grown in the gardens of tiber riverside villas.
The importance of the lower Tiber river was first recognized in the 3rd century BCE, when Ostia was made a naval base during the Punic Wars. Tiber river later became a commercial centre for the import of Mediterranean wheat, oil, and wine (see tiber river map). Successive attempts to maintain Ostia, on the Fiumara, and the port of the emperors Claudius and Trajan, on the Fiumicino, were defeated by the processes of silting and by the deposition of sandbars at the river mouths. | <urn:uuid:44aa506a-7ba2-4d9c-998d-69f74ff5694b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://maps-rome.com/maps-rome-city/tiber-river-map | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499646.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128153513-20230128183513-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.963768 | 467 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Many Inuit in Nunavut still prefer to collect their drinking water directly from rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, and even from ice bergs and sea ice. Water from these traditional sources is considered by many to be better tasting, cleaner, and superior in quality to treated tap water. A wide variety of microorganisms can exist in surface waters and the microbial diversity of Arctic water bodies could change in the future as new species move northward. Treated water distributed through Nunavut’s community drinking water systems is tested regularly but very little is known about microbial condition of the many lakes, rivers and streams that are used as sources of untreated drinking water.
Most microorganism pathogens in surface water are very difficult, costly, and time consuming to measure. Defined substrate technology (DST) kits allows for rapid detection and enumeration of indicator bacteria in surface water without the requirement to culture bacteria. DST testing is widely utilized by accredited laboratories across North America and has been recommended as a tool for water quality monitoring in Inuit communities.
The Nunavut Research Institute received funding under Health Canada’s Climate and Health Adaptation in Northern First Nations and Inuit Communities Program in 2009 to use DST kits to monitor surface water quality of two rivers; the Apex (Niaqungut) and the Sylvia Grinnel). Iqaluit residents collect drinking water from both rivers throughout the ice free period.
Our project had 2 goals:
- To determine whether the Nunavut Research Institute staff and local college students could carry out DST tests reliably and effectively; and
- To describe the trend in bacteria levels and water temperature over the course of the open water period in both rivers and identify the timing of peak bacteria levels.
Collecting and Testing the Water Samples
Water samples were collected regularly from Apex and Sylvia Grinnel rivers from June 17 to October 13, 2009 at sites where residents typically collect drinking water. Samples were tested at the NRI water quality laboratory in Iqaluit using the DST test kits Colisure™ (for Total Coliforms and E. coli), and Enterolert™ (for Enterococci). NRI summer student Leia Sowdloapik Cunningham (now Nunavut’s first Inuk veterinarian) participated in, and eventually led, the sample collection and testing. The DST testing procedure (inoculating, incubating samples) was very straightforward, and the test results were clear and easy to interpret. No Total Coliforms, E. coli or Enterococci were detected in any of the field and lab blanks tested.
What We Learned
Total Coliforms were detected in all 38 samples tested from Apex River, and in all 23 samples tested from Sylvia Grinnell. The average Total Coliforms in the smaller Apex River (catchment size = 60km²) was 208 colony forming units (cfu) per 100ml (n=38, Standard error = 26 cfu/100ml) while the average in larger Sylvia Grinnell River (catchment size = 3000km²) was 101.7 cfu/100ml (n=23, Standard error=13 cfu/100ml). The range of Total Coliform concentrations in Apex River (16 to 547 cfu/100ml) was greater than in Sylvia Grinnel (19.9 to 189.2 cfu/100ml).
Peak concentrations of Total Coliform concentrations in both rivers were observed in late July when water temperatures were highest. The range and variability of Total Coliform concentrations was also greatest in late July in both rivers; greater sample frequency might be required for monitoring during the peak summer period. Total Coliform concentrations were lower in the early summer (mid June to mid July) and in the early fall (late August to early October) compared to mid summer (July). The lowest Total Coliform concentration in both rivers was observed on the last day of sampling (October 13) when water temperature was also lowest in both rivers.
Only two samples (8%) from Sylvia Grinnell tested positive for Eshcerichia coli; both samples had only 1 CFU/100ml of E. coli. E. coli was detected in 6 (16%) of samples from Apex river at levels ranging from 1 to 5.2 CFU/100ml; the highest E coli level in Apex was detected on July 28.
No Enterococci were detected in any of the samples from Apex or Sylvia Grinnell.
Figure 1. This graph shows the concentrations of total coliforms in relation to water temperature at the time of sampling (red dots indicate the coliform concentration of individual samples); coliform concentrations were positively correlated with water temperature in both rivers, meaning thatr coliform concentrations increased as water temperature increased. The relationship between coliform levels and water temperature was slightly stronger in Apex river than in Sylvia Grinnel River.
Figure 2. This graph tracks concentrations of total coliforms in both rivers over the course of the sampling period, June to October (red dots indicate the concentrations in individual samples tested). Note that in both rivers coliform concentrations started low, then steadily increased to a peak in late July (when water temperatures were highest). The concentrations then began to decline; lowest concentrations in both rivers were measured at the end of the sampling period.
Figure 3. This graph shows the range of coliform concentrations in samples from Apex and Sylvia Grinnel rivers. A wider range of coliform concentrations was detect in Apex River than in Sylvia Grinnel River.
Communications and Follow Up
An information bulletin in English and Inuktitut with photographs and a description of the project methods was featured on the Nunavut Arctic College website in August 2009. The print edition of Nunavut News North also ran a short story on the project in July 2009. We also periodically reported our test results to the Nunavut Department of Health (Environmental Health Division) and to the City of Iqaluit (Public Works and Planning and Lands Divisions). The City of Iqaluit’s Public Works Division used our study results in their application to the Nunavut Water Board for renewal of Iqaluit’s municipal water license for 2011. The final project report was circulated to the other agencies that provided support letters for the project. Results will be presented in person to the Iqaluit municipal council in 2012.
We continued to monitor E coli and Total Coliform concentrations in Apex River in 2010 and 2011 to further track seasonal variations and to better understand how bacteria levels relate to water temperature during the ice free period. Our experience to date suggests that with basic training and the necessary equipment, community members are able to conduct reliable, accurate, consistent monitoring of microbial water quality using DST test kits. We hope to continue annual monitoring at Apex River with participation of Arctic College students, and to examine other complex environmental factors (e.g. turbidity, precipitation, pH, conductivity, and substrate) that might influence microbial water quality. | <urn:uuid:3d70e702-d7ce-4242-85b7-dfd33bff5bbf> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://climatetelling.ca/community/iqaluit-nri/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038083007.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415035637-20210415065637-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.955338 | 1,444 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Dr. David Nunan
Senior Professor at Anaheim University
Language Learning beyond the Classroom
The two contexts for language learning and use are inside the classroom and outside the classroom. Until comparatively recently, the classroom world was where language was learned, and the world beyond the classroom was where language was used. This bifurcation between language learning and use began to break down with the advent of communicative language teaching which brought with it experiential learning and the notion that one could actually acquire a language by using it productively and communicatively inside the classroom.
However, until relatively recently, opportunities for activating classroom learning in the world outside the classroom were limited in many parts of the world. All that has changed with technology, particularly the Internet, which provides learners with access to an astonishing variety of authentic and output. The proliferation of social networking sites provide learners with opportunities to communicate in speech and writing with other users of their chosen target language around the globe.
In this presentation, I will argue that learning through using language in authentic as well as pedagogically structured contexts outside the classroom can significantly enhance the language learning process. Practical illustrations and examples in the form of case studies will be presented to illustrate the rich variety of opportunities that exist for language learning and use outside the classroom.
David Nunan is Emeritus Professor of Applied Linguistics at the University of Hong Kong, and President Emeritus of Anaheim University in California. He is a former President of TESOL International and is currently on the Executive Committee of The International Research Foundation for Language Education. His research interests include language curriculum development, research methods, teacher education, discourse analysis, and technology in language teaching and learning. He has published over 100 scholarly books and article in these areas. He is also the author of a number of ELT textbooks sales of which exceed four billion copies.
・What is this thing called language? 2nd edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2013
・Learner-Centered English Language Education: The Selected Works of David Nunan.World Library of Educationalists. New York: Routledge, 2013
・(ed.) with Jack C. Richards Language Learning Beyond the Classroom. New York: Routledge. 2015
・Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages: An Introduction. New York: Routledge. 2015
・Innovation in the young learner classroom. In K. Hyland and L. Wong (eds.) Innovation and Change in English Language Education. New York: Routledge. 2012.
・Task-based teaching and learning. In M. Celce-Murcia, D. Brinton, and M.A.Snow (eds.) Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. 4th edition. Boston:
National Geographic / Cenge Learning. 2014.
・(with J. Choi) Heteroglossic becomings: listening to and learning from our multiple voices. In B. Geraghty and J. Connacher (eds.) Intercultural Contact, Language
Learning and Migration. London: Bloomsbury. 2014. 171 – 187.
Dr. Glenn Stockwell
Professor at Waseda University
Technology and the Changing Face of English Language Teaching
The range of technologies available to language teachers and learners has increased dramatically over the past several years, providing both with a diversity of options that can be both exciting and challenging. As new technologies appear, they bring with them possibilities regarding what can be achieved both inside and outside of the classroom, but it is often difficult to keep up with the range of technologies that become available. In addition, the very environments in which language teachers find themselves in are also constantly evolving, with expectations of administration and learners changing rapidly. These changes have resulted in a paradigm shift in the role of technologies that that potentially rewrites the way in which teaching and learning take place. Some of the challenges associated with this paradigm shift will be discussed, and some suggestions regarding keeping up with these trends will be provided. The presentation will conclude with a discussion of six basic principles that may be of use to language teachers in keeping an eye on the larger language teaching and learning environment and assist them in taking a step back and making choices that are most appropriate to their own individual contexts in the midst of this change.
Glenn Stockwell (Ph.D., University of Queensland) is Professor at Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan. His research interests include designing language learning environments through technology, motivation in language teaching and learning, mobile learning, and the development of learner autonomy. He is the author of two books in the field of Computer Assisted Language Learning, and has published numerous book chapters and articles in the field of CALL. He is Editor-in-Chief of The JALT CALL Journal, Associate Editor of Computer Assisted Language Learning and Language Learning & Technology, and is on the editorial boards of ReCALL, System and the CALICO Journal.
・Stockwell. G. (2016, forthcoming). Mobile language learning. In F. Farr & L. Murray (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Technology in Second Language Learning. New York: Taylor & Francis.
・Stockwell, G. (2013). Technology and motivation in English language teaching and learning. In E. Ushioda (Ed.), International Perspectives in Motivation: Language Learning and Professional Challenges (pp. 156-175). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
・Stockwell, G. (Ed.). (2012). Computer Assisted Language Learning: Diversity in Research & Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | <urn:uuid:2858f490-3a6e-40db-8695-011a1524dadb> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.j-let.org/let2016/2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257601.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524084432-20190524110432-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.928866 | 1,141 | 3.078125 | 3 |
On Sept. 14, 2011, NASA announced the Space Launch System (SLS) Program: a heavy-lift rocket capable of sending spacecraft, including the agency's Orion multi-purpose crew vehicle, deep into space on missions of discovery and exploration.
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. is using a method called selective laser melting, or SLM, to create intricate metal parts for the largest rocket ever built. Using SLM, a type of additive manufacturing technology could save millions in manufacturing costs.
An M2 Cusing manufactured by Concept Laser, a division of Hoffman Innovation Group of Lichtenfels, Germany will be used to develop a material properties database for various alloys and, ultimately, hardware for the RS-25 and J-2X rocket engines.
(Selective Laser Melting at Marshall | Image credit: NASA/MSFC/Andy Hardin)
The machine uses high-energy laser to melt powdered metal alloys into a cross-section of the part into a cross-section of the part, then slowly building it up in 20-micron layers.
(The first test piece produced on the M2 Cusing Machine | Image credit: NASA/MSFC/Andy Hardin)
There are two major benefits to this process, which are major considerations for the Space Launch System Program: savings and safety. This technology has already allowed a maintenance port cover to be produced for the J-2X engine at approximately one-third the previous cost.
"This process significantly reduces the manufacturing time required to produce parts from months to weeks or even days in some cases," said Andy Hardin, the integration hardware lead for the Engines Office in SLS. "It's a significant improvement in affordability, saving both time and money. Also, since we're not welding parts together, the parts are structurally stronger and more reliable, which creates an overall safer vehicle."
According to NASA, some of the "printed" engine parts will be structurally tested and used in hot-fire tests of a J-2X engine later this year. The J-2X will be used as the upper stage engine for the SLS. The goal is to use selective laser melting to manufacture parts on the first SLS test flight in 2017.
Watch video of the SLM machine in action:
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- Ultra-Bot 3D Printer on Kickstarter | <urn:uuid:d88b6741-9032-4764-9a05-b54a646bcc3c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.3ders.org/articles/20121109-nasa-using-3d-printing-to-build-the-next-generation-of-rockets.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999645570/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060725-00034-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894875 | 707 | 3.34375 | 3 |
AN ARTIFICIAL eel that can harvest energy from the currents of the ocean, a river or even a sewer is being developed by engineers in the US. The eel's tail thrashes around in turbulent underwater flows, flexing to produce a current that charges a battery.
The idea is to provide long-term power for remote-sensing and surveillance devices that the US Navy drops into the sea. Currently, these use small dynamos to generate power, but their turbines clog quickly, rendering them useless.
"We have built a prototype that works well and we're now developing a larger-scale version," says Sean Kammenn, chief engineer on the project at Ocean Power Technologies in Pennington, New Jersey.
The prototype eel is essentially an underwater flag the size of a football scarf. It's made of a piezoelectric polymer called polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which produces a small current when flexed. The flag is only a couple of ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:0e6296db-673c-4f50-9ea7-b4332bb7c1ea> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16822700.300-reinventing-the-eel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297172.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00014-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939776 | 232 | 3.4375 | 3 |
This program is designed for preschool kindergarten children ages 3-5 years old. The group meets every Sunday for Jewish learning, storytelling, music, crafts, and more.
The lessons for this class are based on the book What’s Jewish about Butterflies? by Maxine Segal Handelman, with co-author Deborah L. Schein. Each class begins with a short discussion about Parashat Hashavuah (the weekly Torah Portion) and how it is related to everyday life. Weekly visits by the Rabbi, Cantor, and specialist staff will continue.
Basic introduction to the Hebrew Aleph Bet takes place throughout the year, with focus on Jewish holidays and the students’ Hebrew names. The Sh’ma and V’ahavta prayers are recited, as well as the Shabbat b’rachot (blessings) over the candles, wine, and bread. Since Shabbat is a weekly celebration, the students in the Little Pishers group will explore how Shabbat is being observed around the world. The Shabbat Box, by Leslie Simpson, is another favorite book. After reading it, each student will create a Shabbat Box of their own with the symbols that go with it.
Electives such as music, Judaics, and cooking are woven into the curriculum and are based on the order of the holidays and other Jewish values throughout the year. The students will have a chance to create new and familiar Jewish foods while singing and learning about holidays and traditions. | <urn:uuid:22238450-243d-473d-adda-b1aba7f0f859> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://orchadash-tucson.org/2010/01/01/little-pishers-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518063944-20210518093944-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.957226 | 313 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Meaning of poleax
Pronunciation: (pōl'aks"), [key]
— n., pl. v., -ax•es -axed, -ax•ing.
- a medieval shafted weapon with blade combining ax, hammer, and apical spike, used for fighting on foot.
- an ax, usually with a hammer opposite the cutting edge, used in stunning and slaughtering animals.
- an ax with both a blade and a hook, formerly used in naval warfare to assist sailors in boarding vessels.
- to strike down or kill with or as if with a poleax.
- poleax (Thesaurus) | <urn:uuid:cbd5a1de-a35f-4ea8-ba77-de90a9d0f491> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.factmonster.com/dictionary/poleax | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623184505-20170623204505-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.816009 | 137 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Space probe in orbit above Mercury sees signs of polar ice
First rock from the Sun yields secrets at last
Space boffins reviewing data from a probe craft orbiting Mercury, innermost planet of the solar system, say they have seen signs of glaciers lurking within shadowed craters at the poles.
Gad, it's a barren, heavily cratered desert out there. Except for the icebergs.
The revelations come from NASA's MErcury Surface, Space Environment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, which is only the second machine of humanity to visit the mysterious world (the first was Mariner 10 back in the '70s). MESSENGER has now been circling Mercury for a year, and has upset many applecarts in the world of planetology.
"The first year of MESSENGER orbital observations has revealed many surprises," says chief probecraft boffin Sean C Solomon, of the Carnegie Institution. "From Mercury's extraordinarily dynamic magnetosphere and exosphere to the unexpectedly volatile-rich composition of its surface and interior, our inner planetary neighbor is now seen to be very different from what we imagined just a few years ago. The number and diversity of new findings being presented this week to the scientific community in papers and presentations provide a striking measure of how much we have learned."
The headliner among the new knowledge is that previously-spotted bright radar reflections near the Mercurian poles have been found to map onto areas inside impact craters which are permanently in shadow. Despite Mercury being so much closer to the Sun than Earth, and thus hotter, the eternal darkness of the crater deeps is thought to make them cold enough that icebergs might lurk there.
"We've never had the imagery available before to see the surface where these radar-bright features are located," says Nancy L Chabot of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab (APL), who is in charge of scrying efforts using MESSENGER's Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS). "MDIS images show that all the radar-bright features near Mercury's south pole are located in areas of permanent shadow, and near Mercury's north pole such deposits are also seen only in shadowed regions, results consistent with the water-ice hypothesis."
Us humans always like to find water elsewhere in the universe, as it would make the sustainment of manned bases much easier (furnishing not only drinking liquid but also breathing oxygen and rocket fuel). Nobody's particularly suggesting the colonisation of Mercury, but it's nice to see water there anyway.
If people did go to live on Mercury, it seems they'd also never be short of sulphur: there's tons of the stuff about there, far more than there should be under some previous theories of planetary formation - hence the MESSENGER readings have led to many an arm-waving argument in front of blackboards.
"We didn't expect so much sulfur," admits senior boffin Stanton Peale of California uni in Santa Barbara. Peale says that the sulphurous abundance, coupled with a near-total absence of iron, indicates that the planet's formation was much more disorderly than the boffinry community had believed before MESSENGER arrived.
"Mercury is composed of material that had condensed over a wide range from the Sun," he contends, pugnaciously.
Other revelations include the fact that Mercury's core is huge as these things go, making up fully 85 per cent of the planet, and that its surface is comparatively flat and featureless compared to the mountainous terrain of Earth or Mars.
The new Mercurian boffinry is being presented to an astonished Earth in a flurry of papers and various presentations at the 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) in Texas this week, much of which is being streamed live on the internet. ® | <urn:uuid:45c07f49-b3eb-492b-8f12-9d362d6554d0> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/03/22/mercury_radar_bright_ice_research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065534.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00043-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958519 | 797 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The importance of chemical ecology
Chemical ecology, has helped to understand terrestrial ecosystems. How bees pollinate flowers, how birds find their nests and human attractiveness to a partner are some of the many examples of interactions which are mediated by chemicals. It is not difficult to imagine the catastrophic consequences of the absence of such crucial relationships. Imagine a similar scenario without chemical interactions in the marine environment. Species would no longer be able to identify their food, locate their pray, recognize mates,... . Species-specific chemicals can shape community processes such as seasonal succession, niche structure, selective feeding and population dynamics.
The MarBEF ROSEMEB (Role of Secondary Metabolites in Ecosystem Biodiversity) project has provided a better understanding of the roles of these chemicals in maintaining marine biodiversity and driving ecosystem functionality. Some of these findings are discussed bellow.
Chemical ecology and microbes
Microbes sense their environment via cell-associated and diffusible molecules such as AHL (N-acylhomoserine lactones). Such molecules are constantly produced by many bacteria and diffuse through membranes into the surrounding environment.
When a certain cell density (a threshold or quorum) of the bacterial population and a corresponding concentration of AHL is reached, the expression of certain target genes is initiated. The proteins expressed by these genes may include the proteins for light emission in luminous bacteria or pathogenic factors that cause disease.
This quorum-sensing typically controls processes, such as swarming (coordinated movement), virulence (coordinated attack) or conjugation (gene transfer between cells), which require high cell densities for success and that are essential for the survival of the organisms which produce the molecules.
Chemical ecology and phytoplankton
Many plankton species use a chemical defence against their predators, either through toxin production or feeding deterrence. Diatoms are key players at the base of the marine food web and have always been assumed to be a good food source for herbivores. Some species however use chemicals as a defence against being grazed. The discovery that these unicellular algae produced chemicals, such as polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and other oxidised products of fatty acid metabolism (collectively termed oxylipins), that induced abortions, birth defects, poor development and high offspring mortality to their grazers has changed our view of plant-animal interactions in the plankton. (C on the figure)
Although these toxins don't cause death, they can have ecological effects. They can sabotage future generations of grazers and therefore allow diatom blooms to persist when grazing pressure would normally have caused them to crash. This defence mechanism is new and specific for the marine environment. In contrast, most of the known (terrestrial) negative plant–animal interactions are related to poisoning, repellence or feeding deterrence instead of to reproductive failure.
In fact, the production of PUAs mainly affects future generations of grazers and have less effects on the direct adult grazers. PUAs have also been shown to negatively impact other phytoplankton cells where they might function as a signal to trigger active cell-death. (B on the figure)
So, these compounds may have multiple functions within plankton communities. They can act as defence molecules against predators and competitors, as well as signal molecules to drive diatom bloom dynamics and species succession patterns. More information can be found here.
Other phytoplankton groups such as the dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins that can be transferred (biomagnify) up the marine food chain and have been responsible for mass fish-kills, as well as for the deaths of sea birds and marine mammals, including whales and sea lions. See also here.
In humans, consumption of shellfish containing high levels of such toxins can induce paralytic, neurotoxic, diarrhetic and amnesic shellfish poisoning. Records of human poisoning by at least two of these syndromes date back hundreds of years, yet the discovery and characterisation of the responsible molecules happened quite recent.
Many benthic invertebrates can use compounds, from the food they consume, as defensive molecules against predators. Some plankton species might possibly do the same. Lots of research still needs to be conducted on the effects of toxins on gamete, embryonic and larval development of herbivorous grazers.
Chemical ecology and seaweeds
Seaweeds have been shown to produce a large variety of metabolites with highly variable structures (such as terpenoids, acetogenins, amino-acid derivates and polyphenols). Many of these compounds can act as antimicrobial and antifouling or ultraviolet screening agents, as well as herbivore deterrents.
Most marine herbivores are generalist grazers that consume many different seaweeds, although some herbivore species can be specialised on one or a few algal species. Grazing pressure highly depends on the specific seaweed and herbivore involved. Grazing pressure is however generally considered be higher in tropical coral reefs than in temperate habitats. Large mobile grazers, such as fish, crabs and sea urchins, can have a more drastic negative effect on seaweed production and fitness than smaller ones. Due to their ability to rapidly consume large amounts of algal tissues, they are thought to select for constitutive defences (i.e., defences which are continuously produced and present within the algae).
Smaller grazers use plants both as food and habitat, and they consume individual algae over a more extended period of time. It has been hypothesised that smaller grazers may select for inducible rather than constitutive defences (i.e., defences that are produced in response to specific environmental cue).
Chemical ecology and animals
The hypothesis that sessile or slow-moving organisms, without obvious escape mechanisms and physical protection, are more likely to defended themselves chemically has been explored in the marine environment. Of these organisms, opisthobranch molluscs appear to be particularly well endowed with secondary metabolites. These gastropods compensate the reduction their shells by the development of complex defence strategies that include use of chemicals. Opisthobranchs can feed upon sponges, algae, hydroids, bryozoans, tunicates and soft corals. In some cases they are not only capable to accumulate dietary molecules but can also transform or even produce new chemical mediators (see D on figure).
Oxynoe olivacea, a green sea snail that lives camouflaged upon algae (Caulerpa), is able to transform a major algal metabolite, caulerpenyne, to oxytoxins, which are 100 times more toxic (see E on figure).
- Chemical and physical properties of functional metabolites
- Functional Metabolites
- Heip, C., Hummel, H., van Avesaath, P., Appeltans, W., Arvanitidis, C., Aspden, R., Austen, M., Boero, F., Bouma, TJ., Boxshall, G., Buchholz, F., Crowe, T., Delaney, A., Deprez, T., Emblow, C., Feral, JP., Gasol, JM., Gooday, A., Harder, J., Ianora, A., Kraberg, A., Mackenzie, B., Ojaveer, H., Paterson, D., Rumohr, H., Schiedek, D., Sokolowski, A., Somerfield, P., Sousa Pinto, I., Vincx, M., Węsławski, JM., Nash, R. (2009). Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Printbase, Dublin, Ireland ISSN 2009-2539 | <urn:uuid:ce919f68-9315-43e2-81b2-735cadfea299> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Chemical_ecology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337889.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006222634-20221007012634-00755.warc.gz | en | 0.929519 | 1,626 | 3.40625 | 3 |
SHE-LOGY: Women in History
Celebrate women who made history, but also women who pushed for including more women in history.
ELIZABETH I OF ENGLAND. Queen of England who accomplished many things during her reign (1558-1603). The Elizabethan era is often portrayed as the Golden Age in English history. She wasn’t just a monarch, she was a leader who had so many successes under her
There are countless sources of information about her from history books to plays to films. I consider her the most recognized, most powerful woman in world history. I call her to mind whenever I was given a tough leadership role. She was fearless.
“I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman,
but I have the heart and stomach of a king.”
MARGARET THATCHER. Margaret Hilda (née Roberts). First woman prime minister in Europe. Still the only woman prime minister of the United Kingdom.
I grew up to the influence of Margaret Thatcher, or my impression of her. I had this magazine I kept in grade school. The cover photo was of a group of men including President Reagan and the Japanese PM. And what stood out to me and made a lasting image in my mind –the only woman, who I found out was British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. It was likely a photo at a G7 Summit. She made me dream of becoming President. Not supermodel, not famous celebrity, but world leader! I felt lucky to know of a woman with that caliber growing up.
“If you want something said, ask a man.
If you want something done, ask a woman.”
GERDA LERNER. Considered a godmother of women’s history. She was a historian, author and teacher.
Lerner was one of the founders of the field of women’s history, and was a former president of the Organization of American Historians. She played a key role in the development of women’s history curricula. She taught what is considered to be the first women’s history course in the world at the New School for Social Research in 1963. [Source: Wikipedia]
“Men develop ideas and systems of explanation by absorbing past knowledge and critiquing and superseding it.
Women, ignorant of their own history [do] not know what women before them had thought and taught.
So generation after generation, they [struggle] for insights others had already had before them, [resulting in] the constant inventing of the wheel.”
Gerda may not be as world-renowned as the other two women. But she represents the women who pushed to have more women included and recognized in world history texts. And in my personal experience, growing up learning about strong female role models before me, had been profoundly empowering. The women in my history books have my eternal thanks for all the leadership awards I have received. It is my wish that my daughter grows up to her own set of powerful female role models.
Allow me to highlight: National Women’s History Project– Writing Women Back into History. Check it out!
SHE-LOGY is a blog project open to everyone who is interested to celebrate women this whole month of March. If you’re reading this, I extend that invitation to you to contribute post/s about the women you’d like to honor. You can email me at firstname.lastname@example.org. Thank you for reading this. | <urn:uuid:ebc590f1-66f6-4622-9baa-614b8daafd78> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://silverliningmama.com/2015/03/05/elizabeth-margaret-gerda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320863.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626184725-20170626204725-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.97485 | 736 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Learning isn’t analog any more
When I think of analog learning, I think of something static. I think of content that doesn’t change and is quickly outdated. I think of a textbook that I can’t interact with. Would you agree? If so, what do you think our students think? Is this normal to them? Do we want it to be normal to them? Do they have a say?
Learning opportunities that exist today are far from analog. The evidence of content is in abundance. That doesn’t mean we just send our students freely to the web without important conversations about things like proper digital behavior and critical consumption. This cannot be treated as a skill that we have students pick up in 8th grade from a particular course. How to deal with the flood of information and tools available to our students must become a literacy. We have a responsibility to our students. If we claim to be doing what’s best for students, yet we keep our resources and methods in the 20th century, our students are losing out.
We. Need. A. Plan.
Getting our students to a place of digital literacy begins with us. It’s a matter of modeling what we expect. It’s a matter of teaching the way we would want to be taught today if we were students in our classrooms. We must make this literacy a priority for teachers before we can expect to get our students there. Teachers: this isn’t meant to be seen as “one more thing”. Your students want you to go with them on this journey. Let them help. Let them teach you. Grow together. Leaders: it’s not a matter of finding the time for your teachers to learn; it’s a matter of making the time.
This is why a plan is important when beginning to venture into these new horizons of literacy. We have national standards for administrators, teachers, and students to help guide us in our journey to increase our digital literacy. Be sure to check out the Essential Conditions too. All are great places to start.
Does every teacher, student, and administrator need to have X, Y, and Z mastered straight away or even by the end of one school year? I don’t think so. What we expose our students to; learning that fosters creativity, communication, collaboration, and critical thinking provides them continual experiences for them to build on year after year.
For example, In my district, our department is working closely with our Assistant Superintendent of Elementary Instruction to plan out a year-long professional development plan to our elementary principals. Using the NETS-A as a guide, we’ve created learning opportunities that allow administrators to experience new tools, ideas, and resources they can take back and use with their teachers (modeling), which will (hopefully) have a trickle down effect. Teachers will become interested and want to learn more, which leads to teachers using said ideas and resources with students which leads to students being exposed to new tools and resources to foster the “C’s” mentioned earlier. Teaching and learning is happening in new and different ways. It’s an exciting plan to be part of and our team can’t wait to see what happens next.
Making a move from the “analog” is an important step. One that’s hard to make by oneself. Planning and support is essential. Stick with it and don’t look back. You can only get better.
Thanks for reading. | <urn:uuid:14f8b617-9a45-477e-a11f-3c84ecbde055> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://kylepace.com/tag/professionaldevelopment/page/5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867309.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526033945-20180526053945-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.961896 | 730 | 2.625 | 3 |
The green building industry stands at a crossroads following the roll out of LEED v4 this past month. This new version of LEED presents numerous questions for green building professionals and developers and there is interest amongst many to have those questions answered quickly and definitively so that we can make a smooth transition to the new ambitious standard.
To help the industry address some of the uncertainties, Earth Day Initiative is working with the USGBC and GBCI to pull together a succinct and informative guide and tip sheet to assist green building professionals in understanding, implementing, and documenting the new LEED v4 requirements. The guide will be the latest version of Earth Day Initiative’s leading green building publication, Lessons Learned.
“We’re eager to assist the building industry to get over the hump when it comes to adapting to this new version of LEED,” says John Oppermann, Executive Director of Earth Day Initiative and green residential real estate specialist. “We want to help ensure that the uncertainties and complications of moving to a more ambitious standard don’t act as a deterrent to people pursuing green building projects. If we can assist people in understanding the changes, we hope that people will readily and enthusiastically move forward to a higher level of sustainability in the built environment.”
Visit Earth Day Initiative’s website to sign up to receive a free version of Lessons Learned: LEED v4 when it becomes available at the beginning of the year. In addition, you can download for free all past eight versions of the Lessons Learned publication. http://www.lessonslearned2020.org | <urn:uuid:f4037a03-a15d-4983-94e2-eb702b37a1f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://newyorkbuildexpo.com/earth-day-initiative-releases-guide-to-leed-v4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218203515.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322213003-00516-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904141 | 327 | 2.625 | 3 |
Hellenistic gems: signatures
Several gem-engravers of the Hellenistic period have signed their work. All are of high quality and many, as the Berenike II by Nikandros (see Other Royal Portraits), portray rulers of the Hellenistic courts. Literary sources suggest that some gem engravers profited from royal patronage. The most famous of these, only known to us from literature, was Pyrgoteles, the engraver favoured by Alexander the Great. It seems that the work of selected craftsmen was specially commissioned and valued highly, in particular at the beginning of the Hellenistic period. Signatures become much rarer as the period progresses, probably a symptom of changes in patronage and perhaps even of the social standing of the artist. More signatures appear again at the end of the period when the interest shown by Roman patrons seems to have opened new possibilities for Greek engravers.
Athens, Numismatic Museum (Plantzos 71) (Zazoff 54.2) Cornelian fragment.
The portrait of the Seleucid king Antiochos III on a cornelian ring-stone is one of two known pieces signed by Apollonios. | <urn:uuid:78804d43-d85f-43b8-bfdb-d3672d4b7da0> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/gems/styles/hellenistic/signatures.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542712.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00225-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955681 | 248 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Daffodils are a lovely addition to the spring garden. These easy-to-care-for flowers add bright spots of sunshine that will return year after year. The trick is to plant them properly. Let’s take a look at how to plant daffodil bulbs.
How to Plant Daffodil Bulbs
If you live in USDA zones 4 to 6, the best time to plant daffodils is as soon as they are available in early autumn.
When growing daffodils, you should plant them in groups of ten or more. All you do is make a loose circle with about seven bulbs and put three in the middle.
For aesthetic reasons, you don’t want to mix different cultivars within each planting group. The effect will be better if you plant one kind together (such as a group of ten “Ice Follies”, but not a group of “Ice Follies” mixed with “Spellbinder”, etc.). You can plant these in bigger blocks if your space allows it, using 25 or more bulbs.
Daffodils look great in a formal garden with shapes like squares or circles. Even tapered, fish-shaped plantings look great.
Steps for Planting Daffodil Bulbs
- Be sure to plant daffodil bulbs with the pointy end up and the fatter, somewhat flattened end down.
- Plant your daffodils twice as deep as the bulb is tall. In other words, if a bulb is 2 inches (5 cm.) from the base to the tip, you would dig a 6-inch (15 cm.) deep hole to put the bulb 4 inches (10 cm.) below the soil level. Deep planting helps prevent frost heave and protects the bulbs from accidental damage from spades and rakes. You don’t need to measure the hole – just give it your best guess. Larger bulbs go deeper, of course, and smaller bulbs go closer to the surface. Plant the bulbs more deeply in sandy soil, and more shallowly in heavier, clay-type soils.
- You will want to cover the bulbs with soil and then water them well after you’re finished planting them. Mulch the area with pine bark mulch, chopped leaves, or whatever you usually use as mulch to help protect it.
In zones 6 and 7, garden daffodils will bloom in mid-spring, but they’ll come sooner in a mild winter region (zones 8 and 9). Of course, this means they bloom later in colder regions.
Growing daffodils is very reliable, and they will come back year after year. Combining them with other kinds of plants such as perennials, annuals, and shrubs will make your garden a livelier and more interesting place.
Learn more about planting daffodils in this video: | <urn:uuid:90824d99-92de-46df-8b0f-19abc604711d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/bulbs/daffodil/daffodil-planting-care-tips-how-to-plant-daffodils-in-your-garden.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689413.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923014525-20170923034525-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.930432 | 607 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to size, output, or scale of operation, with cost per unit of output generally decreasing with increasing scale as fixed costs are spread out over more units of output.
Often operational efficiency is also greater with increasing scale, leading to lower variable cost as well.
Economies of scale apply to a variety of organizational and business situations and at various levels, such as a business or manufacturing unit, plant or an entire enterprise. For example, a large manufacturing facility would be expected to have a lower cost per unit of output than a smaller facility, all other factors being equal, while a company with many facilities should have a cost advantage over a competitor with fewer.
Some economies of scale, such as capital cost of manufacturing facilities and friction loss of transportation and industrial equipment, have a physical or engineering basis.
The economic concept dates back to Adam Smith and the idea of obtaining larger production returns through the use of division of labor.Diseconomies of scale are the opposite.
... to help small firms reap some of the benefits of scale and scope by collaborating in areas such as production technology, training, marketing, and health insurance ... 'The other option is to let small firms stay small, but help them reap at least some economies of scale and scope.
Campaign owners want economies of scale — however, countries often waste time and resources localizing campaigns. Building a planning process that brings global, regional, and country marketing teams together will help drive campaign adoption ... .
This was attributed to improved economies of scale and higher proportion of sales of Medtecs-branded products and personal protective equipment (PPEs), the medical equipment supplier said in a regulatory filing on Monday (March 1) ... She is also the sister of WilliamYang, who is deputy chairman, executive director and chief executive of the company.
This is important to enable transport operations to reach their desired economies of scale coming out of emerging shared common situational awareness for supply chain efficiency and visibility among actors within the self-organising ecosystem of maritime transport.
Nvidia is after a double bottom line in the AI chip market. Better performance and better economics. Arm's acquisition helps with the economies of scale in the data center and expands Nvidia's footprint to the edge ... .
Traditional fishskin crafts of China'sHezhe ethnic group are driving new business opportunities ... A xiaokang society, or a moderately prosperous society, has been the dream of Chinese people for thousands of years ... "Fishskin is as soft as that of any other animal. Its beautiful colors reflect the magnificence of the sunlight.
Even during those times of disease outbreak, there always emerged arguments about ‘economies of scale’ ... Should economies of scale and its attendant economic benefits be the sole or principal objective or is there any other way?. | <urn:uuid:4324fabe-769e-4d16-8cd6-3bb5bf0fae60> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://economyofscale.net/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038469494.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418073623-20210418103623-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.948162 | 579 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Finger pain is pain in one or more fingers. Injuries and many medical conditions can cause finger pain.
Nearly everyone has had finger pain at some time. You may have:
- Change in skin color
Many conditions, such as arthritis, can cause finger pain. Numbness or tingling in the fingers may be a sign of a problem with nerves or blood flow. Redness and swelling can be a sign of infection or inflammation.
Injuries are a common cause of finger pain. Your finger may become injured from:
- Playing contact sports such as football, baseball, or soccer
- Doing recreational activities such as skiing or tennis
- Using machinery at home or work
- Doing tasks at home, such as cooking, gardening, cleaning, or repairs
- Getting into a fist fight or punching something
- Doing repetitive movements like typing
Injuries that can cause finger pain include:
- Smashed fingers, such as from a hammer blow or a car door that crushes the finger.
- Compartment syndrome, which is severe swelling and pressure in an area of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. A crushing injury can cause this serious condition, which requires immediate medical attention.
- Mallet finger, when you can't straighten your finger. Sports injuries are a common cause.
- Finger strains, sprains, and bruises.
- Broken finger bones.
- Skier's thumb, an injury to the ligaments in your thumb, such as from a fall during skiing.
- Cuts and puncture wounds.
Certain conditions can also cause finger pain:
- Arthritis, the breakdown of cartilage in the joint that causes inflammation with pain, stiffness, and swelling.
- Carpal tunnel syndrome, pressure on the median nerve in the wrist, causing numbness and pain in the hand and fingers.
- Raynaud phenomenon, a condition that results in blocked blood flow to the fingers when it is cold.
- Trigger finger, when a swollen finger tendon makes it hard to straighten or bend your finger.
- Dupuytrens contracture, which causes tissue in the palm of the hand to become tighter. This makes it hard to straighten the fingers. It usually affects the small or ring finger.
- De Quervain tenosynovitis, which causes pain in the tendons along the thumb side of the wrist, most often from overuse.
Often, care at home is enough to relieve finger pain. Start by avoiding activities that cause finger pain.
If finger pain is due to a minor injury:
- Remove any rings in case of swelling.
- Rest the finger joints so they can heal.
- Apply ice and elevate the finger.
- Use over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve) to reduce both pain and swelling.
- If needed, buddy tape the injured finger to the one next to it. This will help protect the injured finger as it heals. Don't tape it too tight, which can cut off circulation.
- If you have a lot of swelling or the swelling does not go away in a day or so, see your health care provider. Small fractures or tendon or ligament tears can occur, and can lead to problems in the future if not treated correctly.
If finger pain is due to a medical condition, follow your provider's instructions for self-care. For example, if you have Raynaud phenomenon, take steps to protect your hands from the cold.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if:
- Your finger pain is caused by severe injury
- Your finger is deformed
- The problem continues after 1 week of home treatment
- You have numbness or tingling in your fingers
- You have severe pain at rest
- You can't straighten your fingers
- You have redness, swelling, or fever
What to Expect at Your Office Visit
The provider will do a physical exam, which will include looking at your hand and finger movement.
You will be asked questions about your medical history and symptoms.
You may have an x-ray of your hand.
Treatment depends on the cause of the problem.
Pain - finger
Donohue KW, Fishman FG, Swigart CR. Hand and wrist pain. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, Koretzky GA, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR, eds. Firestein's & Kelly's Textbook of Rheumatology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 53.
Schoener B, Wagner MJ. Hand injuries. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 42.
Stockburger CL, Calfee RP. Digit fractures and dislocations. In: Miller MD, Thompson SR. eds. DeLee, Drez, & Miller's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 74.
Review Date 10/20/2022
Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:546834a7-d259-4997-ad30-3ab69d313e6e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003248.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100534.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204182901-20231204212901-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.896055 | 1,154 | 3 | 3 |
Delaware, the First State, has acquired its very first 16-inch naval gun, from one of the most famous battleships that ever defended our shores: the USS Missouri (BB-63), on whose deck the Japanese Empire formally surrendered to the United States and its allies on Sept. 2, 1945.
Veterans, townspeople, officials and speakers gathered in the center of Georgetown, Del., on April 16 to commemorate the arrival of the legendary weapon to their fair city - secured to a railroad flatcar. Legion Riders from Post 28 in Oak Orchard/Riverdale led a parade around the town circle. Legionnaires from other posts, as well as members of The American Legion Auxiliary and Sons of The American Legion, also marched in the parade.
The big gun's final destination is the Fort Miles Historical Area at Cape Henlopen State Park, where it will be permanently displayed. Sixteen-inch guns represent the ultimate in large-caliber weapons designed for ship-vs. ship combat. They fired 2,700-pound shells that had a maximum range of 24 miles. The Missouri had nine such guns placed in three turrets, two forward and one aft. The Missouri and its three sister ships - Iowa, Wisconsin and New Jersey - were the fastest and most powerful battleships ever built by the United States.
Dr. Gary Wray, president of the Fort Miles Historical Association, said the idea of getting a battleship's gun for Delaware came up years ago when he and his associates were trying to acquire at least one gun of every caliber that had ever been used at Fort Miles. The fort had two 16-inch guns for shore defense, along with several less-powerful guns. Wray and others developed a proposal for the Navy on how the state of Delaware would transport, exhibit and maintain the gun barrel. The Navy bought into the plan and donated the 109-ton gun.
"We saved this barrel for $110,000, to get it here," Wray said. "We're blessed in the state of Delaware that, if you've got credibility, people here will get behind your project. We had over a hundred donors. Two little boys gave us $9 in cash - two little brothers, one 4 and one 6. It threw our whole bookkeeping off, because everybody gave checks." The money paid for the lifting of the gun in Norfolk, Va., transport by rail, and off-loading at Fort Miles.
Jim Gallagher, a Vietnam War veteran and commander of American Legion Post 28, said it was important to save the Missouri's gun and display it at Fort Miles, "because of the history behind the fort and what it meant to the security of the east coast. That fort, along with all the lookout towers that ran up and down the coast, they were instrumental. They sank quite a few U-boats,
"I think the history of our country needs to be preserved at every opportunity, so we remember where we were, where we are, where we're going and where we should be," Gallagher said. "We need to do more to remind the average American just what America is truly about. And our military history is a big part of that."
Shaun Rieley, assistant director of the Legion's Legislative Division in Washington, spoke at the ceremony in Georgetown. He told the crowd that his grandfather's first cousin, Joseph Johnson, was a native of their city and just barely 20 years old when he was killed in action on Oct. 9, 1944, in Metz, France. Rieley had recently been entrusted with a family heirloom: the Purple Heart awarded posthumously to Johnson.
"We are gathered here today to recognize the arrival of what can only be described as a piece of history," Rieley said. "The events associated with this gun, and the ship on which it saw service, represent a true turning point in world history. The surrender of the Japanese to the allied forces on Sept. 2, 1945, aboard the USS Missouri stands as one of the most important events, not only in the history of the United States but, indeed, in the history of the world. Now this piece of history finds a home right here in Sussex County, Delaware." | <urn:uuid:fdc849b1-bd5d-4691-931a-1c31dd752553> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.legion.org/news/163612/delaware-gets-gun-%e2%80%98mighty-mo%e2%80%99 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931010166.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155650-00118-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976282 | 862 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Part 7: Using Data
This part of the book focuses on finding out what is going on while your program is executing. We examine three uses of data: Displaying Data on the EV3 Display; Data Logging; and Writing and Reading Data.
In its simplest form, Displaying Data on the EV3 screen will allow you to see: variable values; the results of calculations; and sensor data; directly on the EV3 display.
Data Logging is a feature of the Educational software that allows you to graph data from the Rotation Sensor, the Colour Sensor, the Gyro Sensor, and the Ultrasonic Sensor.
The programs and techniques of Writing and Reading Data will allow you to record single or multiple data values and export the data to a spreadsheet for analysis and interpretation. This is kind of like creating a black box data recorder for robot telemetry.All of the above can be used to trouble-shoot programs with the ultimate goal of improving program (robot) performance. | <urn:uuid:f3089489-c8e8-4e67-8480-d9bbd856f792> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.makeyourrobotmove.com/pages/part-7-using-data | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573561.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919163337-20190919185337-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.881594 | 201 | 3.375 | 3 |
Scale ice is predominantly used for cooling purposes during storage and transportation of commodities. Due to its constant temperature of minus 6°C to minus 8°C, it is used in market halls, C&C markets as well as in food retail for storing and displaying fish and sea fruits. In butcher shops and meat-processing industries, scale ice is traditionally used for the preparation of sausage meat, for cooling the cutting blades and for giving the meat mix the right texture. Scale ice is also used in laboratories, the medical sector and in the chemical industry for storage and transportation purposes.
Since scale ice is visually not really appealing and has sharp edges, it is predominantly used for storage and transportation due to its good cooling properties. In food display, the preferred type of ice is flake ice or ideally Micro-Cube ice for aesthetical reasons.
For the production of scale ice, an evaporator cylinder rotates in a water tank, in which refrigerant is circulating. During the rotation process, an ice layer is formed on the surface of the evaporating cylinder, which is continuously being scraped off by the evaporator fingers and then drops into the storage bin below.
With the following scale ice makers of the product line Flake Line you can produce cool, dry scale ice in various quantities:
Product line Flake Line – Scale ice makers
Click here for more information on the scale ice makers of the product line Flake Line with daily capacities ranging from 75 kg up to 120 kg (and more). | <urn:uuid:1e71fbc2-a5c9-48cc-b0fc-2916a0e222aa> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://wessamat.de/en/scherbeneis-en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202145130-20211202175130-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.948393 | 303 | 2.546875 | 3 |
It's Spring Time! And you're probably wishing you were on vacation, enjoying the beautiful weather of some place tropical. If you can't get there this spring, we can always bring a little of the tropics to you. Brightly colored tropical Bromeliad plants bring Spring to you at Exotic Plants. These long lasting plants with vibrant blooms are grown in many colors and are easy to care for.
They need bright light and warm indoor temperatures. Add water to the cups of the leaves once a week, and just a touch to the soil, not too much or it will cause the roots to rot. In one week, most of the water should be absorbed by the plant. If not, wait a week before watering again.
In a few months the colorful bloom will begin to die. When you're unhappy with its look, simply remove at the base of the stem with clean scissors. By this time you may already have a "pup" or new shoot growing from the mother plant. The secret to getting a new flower with color is Methane gas. In the wild, animals and insects live in the bromeliad cups, and their dead remains, along with decaying leaf matter, create Methane gas. In the home, we can provide this by cutting up an apple and putting a couple of pieces into the cups. Then placing a clear plastic bag over the plant to intensify the effect ... encouraging a colorful bloom. Hope that provides some insight into Bromeliads, be sure to visit Exotic Plants to see our large selection of these tropical beauties. | <urn:uuid:1e4c6050-c6ac-4d1a-83c8-48c87f570b64> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://exoticplantsblog.blogspot.com/2010/03/tropical-color.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814124.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222140814-20180222160814-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.943017 | 320 | 2.75 | 3 |
What is the blast radius of a tactical nuclear bomb?
Tactical nuclear weapons are nuclear warheads which are intended for limited strikes, intended to limit their destruction to a specific, localized area, rather than widespread destruction. Like their larger cousins, strategic nuclear weapons, their range of destruction is dependent on their size. There is no universal definition of what constitutes a "tactical nuke". For the purposes of this question, we will limit the discussion for weapons ranging from 1-15 kilotons (kT).
Currently, estimates state that Russia has approximately 1000-2000 of this type of weapon, while the United States has approximately 230. China, the third major nuclear power, has a much smaller stockpile overall, with estimates in the low 200s. There is no indication how many of these are tactical.
Most tactical nukes range between 1 and 15 kT. For comparison, the bomb dropped on Hiroshima was 15 kT. A one-kiloton bomb would have a blast radius of approximately 275-400 meters, with a fireball of about 50 meters. A 10 kT weapon would have a blast radius of approximately 590-800 meters, and a 15 kT bomb would have a blast radius of 1.6 miles, with a 100 meter fireball at its center. These numbers are for the heaviest destruction, or severe damage (SD) zone. For a 10 kT weapon the radius would increase to 1.6 km for the moderate damage zone. While most of those people caught in this zone would survive the blast, there would be significant damage to buildings and equipment.
A 1 kT weapon would have a lethal radius for 50% of the victims in 610 meters. At 10 kT that radius would increase to approximately 1.1 miles. The lethal radius increases in a 15 kT bomb to 1.2 miles.
There are other factors in a nuclear attack, the most prevalent one being radiation, and while there is an initial radiation radius, the far more extensive effects of radiation are due from fallout, which depends greatly on climate and weather.
Alex Wellerstein, an associate professor at the Stevens Institute of Technology, in Hoboken, New Jersey, created a model wherein you can change the variables in a nuclear attack, including location, airburst vs. ground burst, and kT, to see the estimated effects of a nuclear attack.
- ↑ "tactical nuclear weapons | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "What are "tactical" nuclear weapons and how might they be used?". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ↑ Roblin, Sebastien (2022-02-27). "Russia Has A Massive Stockpile of 'Tactical' Nuclear Weapons". 19FortyFive. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ↑ Vaddi, Pranay; Panda, Ankit (2021-03-13). "When it comes to China's nuclear weapons, numbers aren't everything". Defense News. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ↑ "Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima: Infographic | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ↑ "How to survive a tactical nuclear bomb? Defence experts explain | UNSW Newsroom". newsroom.unsw.edu.au. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Nuclear Weapon Detonation. Washington State Department of Health. 2002. pp. 2–3.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Planning Guidance for Response to a Nuclear Detonation. U. S. National Security Staff. 2010. p. 18.
- ↑ "Damage Zones after a Nuclear Detonation: Idealized Map - Radiation Emergency Medical Management". remm.hhs.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ↑ Bendix, Aria. "A nuclear attack would most likely target one of 6 US cities. Simulated images show how a Hiroshima-like explosion would affect each". Business Insider. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ↑ Reader, The MIT Press (2022-03-02). "The Devastating Effects of Nuclear Weapons". The MIT Press Reader. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- ↑ "NUKEMAP by Alex Wellerstein". nuclearsecrecy.com. Retrieved 2022-10-12. | <urn:uuid:3775ffd2-d7dd-4860-ab2e-0f4d386cd997> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://wikiask.org/What_is_the_blast_radius_of_a_tactical_nuclear_bomb%3F | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948620.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327092225-20230327122225-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.87208 | 984 | 3 | 3 |
5 Lesson 2: Body Language Basics
Communication goes beyond words. We all know someone who says one thing but his or her tone of voice or facial expression says something different. On the Web site below you will learn about how various parts of the body contribute to communication, and how you can use your body to send specific messages.
Link to explore: Self-Growth: http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Phipps3.html
- Start at the Self-Growth Web site.
- Read through the page on body language.
- Take notes as you read.
- When you are done reading, answer the questions
- Finally, using the information from the
link, create a body language game that teaches
players how to communicate with their partners
using only non-verbal clues.
- Why is it so important to maintain eye contact with people you have just met?
- If you want to seem confident and self-assured, how should you carry your head?
- When your arms are kept relaxed and by your side or behind your back, what message are you communicating?
- When people are nervous, stressed or being deceptive, what do they usually do with their legs?
- If you stand too close to someone, what will he or she feel you are doing?
- Maintaining good eye contact shows respect and interest in what the person you have just met has to say.
- When you want to appear confident and self assured, keep your head level horizontally and vertically.
- Keeping your arms relaxed and by your side
or behind your back shows that you are receptive
and not afraid of whatever the other person
will say or do.
- When people are nervous, stressed or being
deceptive, they tend to move their legs around
a lot more than normal.
Additional Resources for Teachers
- If you stand too close to someone, he or she will feel you are being pushy or too personal.
Body language is fascinating and a lot of fun to play around with. You might want to talk to students about the way different cultures handle body language. The Web sites below offer more information and a quiz that tests studentsí ability to understand what is being communicated.
- Discovery School:
- Life Tips:
- Body Language Quiz: | <urn:uuid:8df79f66-00a7-4776-955b-5fb8bb44da1a> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/007869762x/373412/th3_swa_ch05_less02.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988051.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00190-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922287 | 480 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Alexis Syrine April 15, 2021 Worksheets
Learning about numbers includes recognizing written numbers as well as the quantity those numbers represent. Mathematics worksheets should provide a variety of fun activities that teach your child both numbers and quantity. Look for a variety of different ways to present the same concepts. This aids understanding and prevents boredom. Color-by-Numbers pictures are a fun way to learn about numbers and colors too. The next step is learning to write numbers, and this is where mathematics worksheets become almost a necessity. Unless you have great handwriting, lots of spare time and a fair amount of patience, writing worksheets will help you teach this valuable skill to your child. Dot-to-dot, tracing, following the lines and other writing exercises will help your child learn how to write numbers. A good set of worksheets will include practice sheets with various methods to help your child learn to write numbers.
The most important thing about these math worksheets is that they are used for tutoring and not for the main course studies. That is why they are used by tutors to offer remedial tuition and by parents at home so that they can offer their kids extra tuition to sharpen their skills. Math is known to be difficult and is often a headache for the young and so the math worksheets come in handy in helping resolve this problem. Thanks to the sites over the internet that offer free printable math worksheets, you do not need to worry about the cost of purchasing one, maybe only the ink cost. So don’t go making excuses for not being able to access a math work sheet.
Though the students always remain in an education friendly environment at schools, time taken by individuals for becoming skilled at new concepts & things vary from one student to another. The only way out to learn things in a quick time duration is thorough practicing of newly learnt concepts. Thus, parents of such Children reach out to various worksheet providers who provide conversational & innovative study materials, which would interest these kids to practice the lessons taught in schools.
It is important to learn letter first. The children must need to know how to write letters in printable form. After that, they can be taught how to write cursive. Writing cursives is not as easy as writing letters in printable form. Remember that kids put more attention on animation. They are more interested on having fun so it is best for a teacher to teach them write letters in a fun way. Teachers may have noticed that when children are just being told on what to do, they may not do it right out of lack of interest. Remember that with the so many worksheets available, choose one that is best suited for a certain lesson. Plan ahead what type of worksheet to use for a given day, depending on what you plan to teach. There are many free worksheets available, especially online, but still the best worksheet is one that you personally draft. This way, you are able to match the level of difficulty of the activity in accordance to the performance level of your own students.
If you home school your children, you will quickly realize how important printable homeschool worksheets can be. If you are trying to develop a curriculum for your home-schooled child, you may be able to save a lot of time and money by using free online home school worksheets. However, while they can be a helpful tool and seem like an attractive alternative to a homeschool, they do have a number of limitations. There are numerous online resources that offer online worksheets that you can download and use for your children’s homeschooling for free. They cover practically all subjects under the sun. Different homeschool worksheets are available that are suitable for all types of curriculums, and they can help enhance what you are teaching. Aside from helping you assess your child’s comprehension of a subject matter, printable home school worksheets also provide something for your child to do while you work on other things. This means that you can be free to run your home while teaching your child at the same time, because the worksheet simplifies the homeschooling job for you.
Teachers and parents basically are the primary users of worksheets. It is an effective tool in helping children learn how to write. There are many types of writing worksheets. There is the cursive writing worksheets and the kindergarten worksheets. The latter is more on letter writing and number writing. This is typically given to kids of aged four to seven to first teach them how to write. Through these worksheets, they learn muscle control in their fingers and wrist by repeatedly following the strokes of writing each letter. These writing worksheets have traceable patterns of the different strokes of writing letters. By tracing these patterns, kids slowly learn how a letter is structured.
Tag Cloudcomma worksheet for kindergarten mystery clues worksheet heart flashcards counting by 10s worksheet for kindergarten properties of math worksheet compass rose worksheet for kindergarten functions worksheet trolls sleeping bag walmart abiotic vs biotic factors worksheet answers characterization worksheet work and energy worksheet answers sink or float worksheet label butterfly life cycle worksheet for kindergarten match the ten frames worksheet for kindergarten personal allowances worksheet? relation worksheet algebra puzzles worksheets cylinder volume worksheet angry worksheet for kindergarten cursive writing sentences worksheets pdf | <urn:uuid:18f243b1-fc8c-4b4c-a09e-c39008c39c99> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://luciegreene.com/4vSi955W/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991269.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516105746-20210516135746-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.949993 | 1,111 | 3.734375 | 4 |
We post a new episode of Appalachian History weekly podcast every Sunday. You can start listening right away by clicking the podcast icon over on the right side of your screen. If you’d rather grab the show off itunes for later listening, click here:
We open today’s show with a look at feedsack fashion, which took off in the mid-1920s. Oh, thrifty farm wives nationwide had known for years that this common cotton bag— fondly nicknamed chicken linen, ‘pretties,’ or hen house linen—was a great source of utilitarian fabric for dish cloths, diapers, nightgowns, curtains, pillowcases and more. But in the 2nd quarter of the 20th century manufacturers came up with a fresh way to turn this fact to their additional advantage. Plain sacks were a commodity, but by offering sacks in various prints and solid colors manufacturers could differentiate themselves from the competition.
We’ll pause in between things to catch up on a Calendar of Events in the region this week, with special attention paid to events that emphasize heritage and local color.
Mary Harris Jones (1837-1930), better known as Mother Jones, was an American labor organizer and one of the founders of the Social Democratic party and the Industrial Workers of the World . Her August 1912 speech to striking coal miners in Charleston, WV was one in a series of organized activities which were blamed for violence in the state’s coal fields, and led to her conviction of conspiracy to commit murder, which was later commuted. Here’s an excerpt from the last portion of the speech.
Before the days of T.V.A. and large power companies, electricity was supplied to rural areas by such imaginative and pioneering men as Arthur Abernathy Miller. In 1925, Miller, a brilliant self-educated electrical engineer, built the first hydroelectric dam in north Alabama — the DeSoto dam in Ft Payne.
In the summer of 1945, one white executive quietly, secretly, plotted an assault on baseball’s systematic practice of racial discrimination. He knew that baseball was robbing itself of a goldmine of talent when it indulged itself in the evil luxury of racial prejudice. And, being the game’s reigning genius, he knew how to right the wrong: he knew what steps to take and he knew how to dodge the lethal slugs. This man’s name was Branch Rickey. He was the president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, a storied, old National League ball club. A dramatic race incident from his young manhood in southeast Ohio put him directly on the road that lead to his hiring Jackie Robinson for the Dodgers.
We’ll wrap things up with a consideration of the motives of a collector. Edna Lynn Simms’ original photo caption accompanying her portrait of him reads simply: “George D. Barnes, collector of Indian relics, Dayton, Tenn.” Sounds straightforward enough. But it leaves out the shadings about what KIND of collector — how the man was viewed ethically in the world of archaeologists, collectors, museums, and relic hunters. Collectors of all eras often skirt the edges of the legitimate in their single-minded pursuit of building their collections. Barnes had his admirers, and he had his detractors.
And, thanks to the good folks at the Digital Library of Appalachia, we’ll be able to enjoy some authentic Appalachian music from Clarke Buehling in a 2001 recording of the mid-19th century tune Glendy Burke.
So, call your old Plott hound up on the porch, fire up your corn-cob pipe, and settle in for a dose of Appalachian History. | <urn:uuid:b9a24f04-a697-4308-b0f6-0b0b01038410> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.appalachianhistory.net/2012/01/listen-here-appalachian-history-weekly-podcast-posts-today-18.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706469149/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121429-00074-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964361 | 766 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Let's assume that you need to simultaneously look at the inputs and outputs of a 16-bit counter to determine a timing error, but you have only a 2-channel scope – how do you look all of the required signals? Or let's suppose that you've just developed timing diagrams for a board full of digital circuitry. How do you verify them? What do you use to capture and analyze the signals on the board?
Without the appropriate tool, solving these kinds of problems can be very time consuming. For the above problems, a logic analyzer is the best solution. This article provides a quick overview of logic analyzer basics and offers ideas as to what can be achieved using a logic analyzer.
Oscilloscope or logic analyzer?
When given the choice between using a scope or a logic analyzer, many engineers will choose an oscilloscope. However, scopes have limited usefulness in some applications. Depending on what the user is trying to accomplish, a logic analyzer may yield more useful information.
When to use a scope:
- When it is required to observe small voltage excursions on the signal.
- When high time-interval accuracy is required.
When to use a logic analyzer:
- When one wishes to observe many signals at the same time.
- When it's necessary to look at signals in the system the same way hardware does.
- When it's required to trigger on a pattern of highs and lows on several lines and see the results.
A logic analyzer reacts the same way as a logic circuit does when a single threshold is crossed by a signal in the system. It recognizes the signal to be either low or high. It can also trigger on patterns of highs and lows presented on these signals.
In general, you should use a logic analyzer when it's necessary to look at more lines than can be monitored on an oscilloscope. Logic analyzers are particularly useful for looking at time relationships or data on a bus – for example, a microprocessor address, data, or control bus. They can decode the information on microprocessor buses and present it in a meaningful form.
When an engineer is past the parametric stage of the design, is interested in the timing relationships among many signals, and needs to trigger on patterns of logic highs and lows, a logic analyzer is by far the most appropriate tool.
What is a logic analyzer?
Most logic analyzers are really two analyzers in one. The first part is a timing analyzer, while the second part is a state analyzer.
Timing Analyzer Basics
The timing analyzer displays information in the same general form as a scope, with the horizontal axis representing time and the vertical axis as voltage amplitude. Because the waveforms on both instruments are time-dependent, the display is said to be in the time domain.
Choosing the right sampling method (inc. transactional timing): A timing analyzer is similar to a digitizing scope with one bit of vertical resolution. This single bit of vertical resolution allows the display of only two states – high or low. It cares about only one user-defined voltage-threshold. If the signal is above the threshold when it samples, it will be displayed as a 1 or high by the analyzer; by comparison, any sampled signal that is below the threshold is displayed as a 0 or low. From these sample points, a list of ones and zeros is generated, and this represents a one-bit picture of the input waveform. This list is stored in memory and is also used to reconstruct a one-bit picture of the input waveform, as shown in Fig 1.
1. Timing analyzer sample points.
(Click this image to view a larger, more detailed version)
The timing analyzer tends to square everything up, which would seem to limit its usefulness. However, the timing analyzer is the right choice if timing relationships among several or hundreds of lines need to be verified together.
It's important to remember that every sampling point uses one memory location. This means that, the higher the resolution (faster sampling rate), the shorter the acquisition window.
When data is captured on an input line with data bursts, as illustrated in Fig 2, the sampling rate has to be adjusted to high resolution (for example, 4 ns) to capture the fast pulses at the beginning. This means that a timing analyzer with a 4K (4,096 sample) memory would stop acquiring data after 16.4 µs, so the engineer would not be able to capture the second data burst. | <urn:uuid:257cc872-7847-497e-ad77-d6840f409e91> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1274572 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447549662.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185909-00053-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93408 | 939 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Old Irish Kingdoms and Clans
A supplement to Ireland's History in Maps
Also see People, Place and Province
Tuatha De Danann
Seven Septs of Laois
Tribes of Galway
Go to Page Two
"The tribe of the Fomorians was on the scene long before any other races
came to Ireland. However, the Fomors lived mainly in the sea. The first
outside race to invade Ireland was the race of the Partholon; very little is
known of them. After 300 years of struggle against the Fomors, the
Partholons died of an epidemic.
Next came the race of Nemed who also suffered from an epidemic. This
time, though, some of them survived, only to be oppressed by the
Later came colonizers from Spain or Greece called the Fir Bolgs. They
were actually three tribes; men of Domnu, men of Gaillion, and men of
Bolg. They inter-married with the Fomors and held the country until the
arrival of the "Tuatha De Danann".
Source: (from Ancient and Shining Ones - by DJ Conway)
Fomhóire means 'from the sea' and is the name of the gods of night and death
and cold. According to myth, the Fomhóire (or Fomorians) were mis-shapen and
had now the heads of goats and bulls, and now but one leg, and one arm that
came out from the middle of their breasts. They were the ancestors of the
evil faeries and, according to one gaelic writer, of all misshapen persons.
The giants and leprecauns are expressely mentioned as of the Fomhóire.
The Partholonians were said to have landed in Ireland at Beltaine, where they
lived for three hundred years. According to myth, they battled with the
Fomhóire, a race of mis-shapen beings, probably representing the aboriginal
gods of the land as there is no mention of when the Fomhóire arrived. The
whole race of the Partholonians were mysteriously wiped out by a plague.
The Nemedians were the next race of people to arrive in Ireland after
the Partholonians were mysteriously wiped out by a plague, according to the
Lebor Gabála, the Book of Invasion. 2,000 Nemedians were said to have died
from plague and the rest were forced to leave after the Fomhóire had
inflicted a great defeat on them.
Fir Bholg, the 'Men of the Bags', were also known as the men of the Goddess
Domnu. Their gods were the Fomhóire and they were defeated by the Tuatha
Dé Danann in the first battle of Magh Tuireadh or Moytura.
- Ui Failge, Ui Bairrche, Ui Enachglais, etc. -
and later called Erainn
(also known as
Menapii, Bolgi, Belgae and Firbolgs) by annalists and historians, arrived
after ???? BC. They called their new home Eueriio, which would later evolve
through the old Irish Eriu to Eire, and from Eire to Ireland.
The early annalists tell us that Firbolg
people survived as distinct
tribes well into early historical times. In Leinster, they were the Ui
, Ui Bairrche
and Ui Enechglaiss
to mention but a
Tuatha De Danann
The De Danann people arrived after the Firbolgs, and were to force the
Firbolgs into partial serfdom. The Tuatha De Danann established Tara on the
Boyne Valley, the ritual inaugaration and burial place for the ancient
Kings of Ireland.
In a famed battle at Southern Moytura (on the Mayo-Galway border) it
was that the Tuatha De Danann met and overthrew the Firbolgs. The Firbolgs
noted King, Eochaid was slain in this great battle, but the De Danann
King, Nuada, had his hand cut off by a great warrior of the Firbolgs named
Sreng. The battle raged for four days. So bravely had the Firbolgs fought,
and so sorely exhausted the De Dannann, that the latter, to end the battle,
gladly left to the Firbolgs, that quarter of the Island wherein they
fought, the province now called Connaught. And the bloody contest was over.
colonization is believed to have taken place sometime about 300 B.C., and are believed to have come from the northwestern
region of Gaul, later Normandy. They are mythologically referred to
as the Tuatha De Danann
. Their name association with Laighi
the ancient name for Leinster, suggests that this was where they first
settled. Eventually, they extended their power to Connacht, and in the
process forced the Firbolg tribes into the remoter parts of the province.
The remains of many great stone forts built by the Firbolgs in their
defense against the Laigain tribes can still be seen in remote areas of
western Ireland. Within a few generations the Laigain tribes had
established themselves in Connacht, where in County Sligo their
descendants include the O'Haras, O'Garas, and others.
The ancient Laigin or Dumnonii group moved from the western region of
Normandy as the Roman built up pressure on Gaul about 100 B.C. The Laigin
settled first in southern Britain and then in Ireland. The Ui Neachtain
(Naughton) are said to belong to the Laigain group, later living in the
territory of the Ui Maine.
King Milesius' sons, Eremon and Eber, are said to have come from either
Spain or France to the island of Ireland, and were ancestors of the Gaels.
Of the Milesians, who invaded the Tuatha De Danann lands, Eber and Eremon
divided the land between them - Eremon getting the Northern half of the
Island, and Eber the Southern. The Northeastern corner was accorded to the
children of their lost brother, Ir, and the Southwestern corner to their
cousin Lughaid, the son of Ith.
The descendants of Milesius are said to be the monarchs and leading
families of early Ireland.
The tribes of Celtic speech came to the British Isles in two distinct waves.
The earlier invasion of the Goidels arrived in England with a culture of
bronze about 800 B.C., and in Ireland two centuries later, and was part of
the same movement which brought the Gauls into France. The later conquest
was by the Cymric-speaking Belgae who were equipped with iron weapons. It
began in the third century B.C., and was still going on in Caesar's time.
These Cymric Brythons reached Ireland in small numbers only in the
second century B.C.
The Romans called this pre-Celtic people Pictii, or "Painted," who (as
claimed by many historians), actually tattooed their bodies with designs.
To the non-Roman Celtic world of Scots and Irish and the many tribes of
Belgic England and Wales they were known as "Cruithni" and for many
centuries they represented the unbridled fury of a people who refused to
be brought under the yoke of Rome or any foreign invader.
Ballymachugh is one of the three parishes of the diocese situated in
County Cavan. It lies along Lough Sheelin and in it the Diocese (Ardagh
and Clonmacnoise) reaches its most easterly point about half a mile
from Mountnugent. After the definite establishment of the Diocese of the
Ui Briuin, or Kilmore, this parish remained attached to Ardagh because it
was part of the old principality of Cairbre Gabhra centred at Granard. This
ancient authorities generally speak of Lough Sheelin as in Cairbre; so the
book of Lecan, Leobor Gabhala, Book of Leinster. Earlier than the time of
Cairbre, son of Niall, these lands bordering Lough Sheelin on the north
were inhabited by the pre-Celtic Glasraighe
, who were subdued by him; and
for whom long afterwards, the genealogists traced a royal descent from
The ancient province of Laigin
derives its name from the Laigain people
who were among the earlier inhabitants of the area. Included among the
early peoples were the Cauci, Manapii, Coriondi, Brigantes, Domninii
and Usdiae. By the 5th century the Southern Ui Naill encroached on the
Northern borders of the province decreasing its area. The Ui Chennselaig and
Ui Dunlainge tribes were the dominent septs during this period. Others
included the Ui Faelain, Cuala, Ui Garrchon, Ui Drona, Ui Biarrche and
Ui Enachglais, with the sacred capital at Naas.
As its borders expanded in later centuries the territories of the Fine Gall
(Dublin), Ui Dunchada, Ui Failge, Loiges, Osraige, Eile, Fothairt, Ui Mail
and Ui Muiredaig were included. Later the more prominent clans included the
MacMurroughs, O'Tooles, Phelans, O'Connors, Kilpatricks, O'Byrnes, O'Moores
The arrival of the Anglo-Normans occured in Leinster in 1169/70, at the
invitation of the ousted King of Leinster, Dermat MacMurrough. Earldoms
were established in Kildare (Fitzgeralds) and Ormond (Butlers). The area of
English control around Dublin, referred to as the Pale, expanded into the
province of Leinster next with settlements and fortifications by the
new Anglo-Normans lords. By the 17th century, the Cromwellian campaigns
supplanted these with English rule and land ownership.
The ancient Kingdom of the Osraige
an early Erainn tribe whose first
king was Aengus Osrithe, flourished in the second century of the Christian
era. In the fifth century the neighbouring tribe of the Deisi, aided by the
Corca Laighde, conquered South Ossory, and for over a century, the
Corca Laighde chiefs ruled in place of the dispossessed Ossory chiefs.
Early in the seventh century the ancient chiefs recovered much of their
lost possessions, the foreigners were overcome, and the descendants of
Aengus ruled once more. One of the greatest was Carroll, prominent in the
ninth century and distinguished in the Danish wars.
Kilkenny County forms much of what was known as the kingdom of Ossory.
Kilkenny became one of the counties of Leinster in 1210, and also became
the residence of Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, Strongbow's heir and
descendent, by whom Kilkenny Castle was built. Before the fourteenth
century Marshall's inheritance passed to the Butlers.
The Ui Bairrche
(Hy Bairrche) was the generic name for the O'Gormans and related families. The Ui Bairrche
ruled the tuath or territory of now known
as the barony of Slievmargy in Southeast Queens County (Southeast County
Leix) adjoining Carlow. An early king of Leinster (Laigin) was
Móenach macMuiredach Sníthe O'Bairrche, King of Leinster.
, Ui Dunlainge, Ui Garrchon,
Ui Mail, Ui Faelain
Early kings of Laigin
(Leinster) from these tribes included:
Year bef. 400 - Chennselaig, Crimthann macÉndae, King of Leinster.
The Chennselaig clans became MacMurroughs, Kavanaghs and Kinsellas.
Year bef. 460 - O'Dúnlainge, Coirpre macCormac, King of Leinster.
Year bef. 485 - MacGarrchon, Findchad, King of Leinster.
Year 624 A.D. - O'Máil, Aed Díbchíne macSenaig Díbig, King of Leinster.
Year 808 A.D. - O'Fáeláin, Muiredach macRuaidrí, King of Leinster.
The O'Fáeláin clans became Phelans or Whelans.
(Hy Maile) and Cualu (Cualan)
According to MacFirbis, Main Mal, a younger brother of Cathal Mor,
Monarch of Ireland in the second century, was ancestor of
O'Ceallaigh of Cualan
These Kellys were also referred to as Chiefs of Hy Maile.
Their territory was believed to occupy north west Wicklow
lying south of Tallagh along the northern slopes of the hills and
stretching across the northern slopes of Glenasmole. It included
Killininny, Ballycullen and Kilmacheth. They were neighbours of the
O'Byrnes and the O'Tooles. This territory was wrenched from their
control early in the Anglo-Norman invasion.
In ancient times the O'Moore tribe-name of Ui Laoighis was applied to their
territory, this name being derived from a famous Ulster ancestor named Lughaidh
Laoigheseach, descendant of the renowned Conall Cearnach, Chief of the Red
Branch Knights of Ulster. The territory consisted of the present Baronies of East
and West Maryborough, Stradbally and Cullenagh, to which in after years were
annexed the Baronies of Ballyadams and Slievemargy.
After the arrival of the Anglo-Normas, the territory
of the County of Laois divided among seven Septs or Clans:- O'Moore,
O'Kelly, O'Deevy, O'Doran, O'Lalor, O'Dowling and McEvoy.
Daingean was the chief stronghold of a tuath, whose territory was more or
less co-terminous with the modern barony of Lower Philipstown. The dynastic
family of this tuath was O'Connor, surnamed Failghe (anglicised Failey or
Faly) to distinguish it from other O'Connor families in different parts of
Ireland. At an early stage six of the neighbouring tuatha formed a
federation with that of the O'Connors ; and as the head of the federation
was nearly always an O'Connor, the territory of the federation or big tuath
came to be known as Ua bhfailghe -- a name which English-speaking writers
tried to reproduce phonetically by writing Ofaily or Offaley. Ua bhFailghe
was a sub-kingdom of the provincial kingdom of Leinster. Only about a
third of the county of Offaly was part of the Irish Offaley.
Hy-Regan was the tribe name, of the O'Dunnes of Offaly. Their country,
which was formed into the barony of Tinahinch, and made a part of the
Queen's County in the reign of Philip and Mary, is still popularly called
Dooregan, (in Irish tuath Riagain).
The O'Nuallains were princes of the Fotharta (Foherta), now the Barony of
Forth in County Carlow, Ireland. In pre-Norman days their chiefs held high
office under the Kings of Leinster. In Irish the name O'Nuallain means
descendant of Nuallan; the word Nuallan means a shout or cry. The name was
anglicised O'Nowlan, Nowlan, and Nolan.
Seven Septs of Laois
After the arrival of the Anglo-Normans, the Leix (Laois) County was
divided among seven Septs or Clans: O'Moore, O'Kelly, O'Deevy, O'Doran,
O'Lalor, O'Dowling and McEvoy.
This confederation began after the 3rd century CE, when the family
group that would become the O'Mores came from Ulster to Leinster under
the leadership of Laoighseach Cean More, son of Connall Cearnach of the Red
Branch, and helped to defend Leinster under the kingship of Cuchorb, and
expelled the Munster forces from the region. They continued to hold
principality over what became Leix (Laois), so named after Laoighseach,
and this confederation continued through the Elizabethian wars of the 1500's,
when the military and political power of the families were broken and the
clans dispossessed and relocated. Of these seven clans, the O'Mores were the
leading family, holding the position and title of Kings, and then Princes of Leix,
as well as the Marshell's and treasurers of Leinster since the 3rd century.
In the 4th century AD the ancient line of Connacht kings was displaced
by the midland rulers, whose centre was at Tara. Two members of this
Tara dynasty, Brion and Fiachra, founded septs, or clans, the Uí Briúin
and the Uí Fiachrach, to which all the rulers of Connaught from the 5th to
the 12th century belonged. Turloch (Toirdelbach) O'Connor (d. 1156)
and his son Rory (Ruadri; d. 1198) were strong enough to be recognized
as kings of Ireland, but the Anglo-Norman settlement of the mid-12th
century disrupted their power. Rory's brother, Cathal Crovderg, was
king of Connaught until his death in 1224, but in 1227 the English king
Henry III granted Connaught to the Norman baron Richard de Burgh (or
de Burgo). His descendants held the lordship of Connaught with the
earldom of Ulster until the titles fell to the crown in 1461. The land of
Connaught was thereafter controlled by two junior branches of the de
Burghs, who ultimately became the Clanricarde and Mayo Burkes.
Gailenga and Luigne
Among the pre-Milesian tribes of Connacht
were the Gregraige
, a Firbolg tribe, that inhabited much of the
western part of present day County Sligo between Loch
Gara and the Ox mountains. Other tribes sharing the same
area were the Gailenga
and the Luigne
tribes of the Tuatha de Danann
Celts from which O'Hara and O'Gara
are descended. The Ciarrage
tribes or "black people" populated
much of northwestern County Roscommon and are believed
to have been the early lords of Airtech, an area
corresponding to the present-day barony of Frenchpark.
Their seat was believed to be at Baslic near Castlerea. The
, another important tribe, had lands in Sligo and
Mayo and north Roscommon. They may have been the
rulers of Moylurg who were in later centuries absorbed by
the expanding Sil Murray (later the MacDermots).
Ui Maine (Hy Many)
Another powerful federation of tribes was
the Ui Maine
(O'Kelly) whose extensive territory embraced large
areas of what is now south Roscommon, Galway and north Clare.
According to O'Rahilly, the Ui Maine were pre-Milesian
Celts who were later given a fictitious Milesian pedigree
showing them descended from Maine Mor, son of Eochu,
etc. Notwithstanding their importance, O'Rahilly points out
that they were vassals who paid tribute to the Milesian kings
of Connacht. Among the Ui Maine dwelt the Sogain
Cruthin (Pict) tribe, and the Dal naDruithne
believed to be
Tuatha De Danann Celts.
The Ui Maine was reportedly founded by the brother of Fiacha Straivetine,
King of Ireland, A.D. 285, whose original territory comprised parts of what
are now the counties of Galway, Roscommon, Clare, and Offaly. Irish annals
tell us that the Ui Maine kingdom gained its name when its 4th century
leader, Maine Mor, conquered a territory of southeastern Connaught from
the Firbolgs and settled there in 357 A.D.
Ui Briuin and Ui Fiachrach
Eochaidh Mugmedon was king of Connacht at the end of the fourth century.
In early historical times his offspring: Brioin, Fiachra and Ailill
separated into three dynasties -- the Ui Briuin
ancestors to the Sil Murray (O Conors and MacDermots);
the Ui Fiachra
, ancestors to the O Dowds and O Heynes; and the
, whose descendants left little mark in history, except
their name is perpetuated in the barony of Tir-Errill in
County Sligo. In the seventh century the Ui Briuin began separating
into three branches -- Ui Briuin Seola
Ui Briuin Breffney
(O Rourkes and O Reillys) and
Ui Briuin Ai
(O Conors, MacDermots and others). The Ui Fiachrach formed a Northern
sept, known as the
Ui Fiachrach Muaide
in County Sligo, and a
southern sept known as the
Ui Fiachrach Aidne
in south Galway.
Siol Muireadhaigh (Siol Murray), a branch of the Ui Briuin Ai, so called
after progenitor, Indrechtaigh MacMuireadhaigh, occupied lands in North
Roscommon. They comprised O'Conors, MacDermots, O'Beirnes, O'Flanagans,
MacManuses, O'Brenans, O'Monahans, MacGeraghtys, O'Flynns and others.
Counties Leitrim and Cavan formed part of the
kingdom of Bréifne
, also known
as Ui Briuin Breifne, whose septs were descendants of the great Ui Briun
clans of Connacht. Following the overthrow of the Conmaicne (Rein) and other
ancient tribes about the 8th century, the Ui Ruairc and the Ui Ragallaig
were dominant in this region. In later times County Leitrim, or West
Bréifne, became known as Bréifne O'Rourke, and Cavan, or East Bréifne,
became distinctively Bréifne O'Reilly.
Bréifne long resisted colonization by the Anglo-Normans, and the
O'Reilly's of Cavan were not brought under permanent English rule until
the late 16th century. Cavan, previously part of Connacht, was designated
a part of Ulster in the early 17th century and included in the Ulster
plantation from 1608 onward, when it was settled by Scots and English
The territory of the Conmaicne Rein was located in the southern section of
County Leitrim centered in the modern barony of Mohill. The territory
included parts of the baronies of Leitrim, Mohill and Carrigallen in Co.
Leitrim and well as a section of northern Co. Longford. The Mag Raghnaill
(MacRannall) clan were chiefs in this territory which later became known
as Muintir Eolais. The O'Ruairc (O'Rourke) clan were kings and lords over
the Conmaicne tribes in early medieval times.
The name Connemara comes from the tribe of Conmac, or Conmaicne
a warrior tribe which was sent to the area by the ancient Gaelic Kings of
Connacht to ensure their hegemony. The branch of the tribe which went to
the coastal area became known as Conmaicnemara, or 'the tribe of Cormac by
In medieval times Connemara was ruled by the O'Cadhlas and later by
the 'ferocious' O'Flaherty's who built a series of castles along the coast.
Conmaicne Mara is bordered on the west by Lough Corrib (Loch Oirbsen).
The ancient territories along the Loch were Iar-Chonnacht
Gnó Mor and Gnó Beag -- with
, now Conamara, on the west,
and Uí Briúin Seóla
on the east border, and towards the north-west,
, the Joyce Country, between it and Loch Measca; and
more to the north-east, Conmaicne Cúile Tola
, the barony of Kilmaine,
where the first great battle of Moytura was fought.
Tribes of Galway
an expression, first invented by Cromwell's forces, as a term of reproach
against the natives of the town of Galway. These families were thirteen
in number, i.e. Athy, Blake, Bodkin, Browne, D'Arcy, Ffont (or De Fuente),
Ffrench, Joyes (or Joyce), Kirwan, Lynch, Martin, Morris and Skerrett.
Go to Page Two
Take a geographic stroll through Irish History --
Ireland's History in Maps
- Home Page.
Before there were Counties
- an Irish Territorial History.
Early Irish History
- People, Place and Province.
The Tuath and Barony of Ireland
- the baronies of Ireland and the clans associated with them.
Old Irish Gaelic Surnames
- a supplement to the maps above.
Norman Surnames of Ireland
- including Cambro-Norman, Welsh and Flemish.
Castles of Ireland
- A compilation of What, Where, Who and When
Cambro-Norman Invasion of Ireland
- A summary of events and people.
This site maintained by
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A good friend of mine — a marathon runner — has taken me up on my free nutritional analysis offer. I haven’t finished crunching the data yet, but one of the things she mentioned is that she wants to be sure she’s getting enough iron.
Women generally need to be a bit more diligent about their iron intake (particularly during pregnancy and menstruation), and elite athletes (such as marathon runners) likely need to increase their iron intake as well.
Types of Dietary Iron
There are two types of dietary iron. Heme iron comes from animal foods that originally contained hemoglobin (hence the name), such as red meat, fish, and poultry. Nonheme iron, therefore, comes from plant sources.
Breakfast cereal and other iron-enriched or iron-fortified foods provide nonheme iron.
Many factors influence the rate of absorption. If your iron stores are low, your body will naturally absorb more iron from the foods you eat. When iron stores are high, absorption rates will decrease — automatically helping to protect against iron toxicity. (Too much iron can be a big problem, so be sure to talk to your doctor before taking any iron supplements!)
Heme iron is generally absorbed at a rate of 15% to 35%, whereas nonheme iron absorption ranges from about 2% to 20%.
Dietary factors can influence rates of nonheme iron absorption, but heme iron is usually well absorbed regardless of the foods with which it is combined.
When eaten at the same time, Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) will increase the absorption rate of nonheme iron. Interestingly, eating heme iron-rich foods (meat, fish, or poultry) with nonheme sources will also increase the absorption rate of the nonheme foods.
Conversely, tannins (found in tea), calcium, polyphenols (found in tea, coffee, grain products, herbs such as oregano, and red wine), phytates (found in legumes, rice, and whole grains), vegetable proteins (particularly soy protein) can decrease the absorption rate of nonheme iron.
Contrary to popular belief, spinach is not a great source of iron. It does have a fair amount of iron (about the same as other green vegetables), but the oxalic acid (often referred to as oxalates) works to block much of the absorption.
Of course, even if a food may reduce the absorption of iron, there may be plenty of other good reasons to eat it — so you don’t necessarily need to eliminate it from your diet!
How much iron do you need?
The Dietary Reference Intake recommendations are the levels that are expected to help maintain proper iron balance.
It’s important to understand that these numbers are the total recommended intake, and already account for partial absorption. For example, although men need to consume 8 mg per day, only about 1 mg needs to actually be absorbed in order to maintain healthy levels in the body.
These recommended intake levels assume that 75% of the iron intake comes from heme sources. Vegetarians should roughly double these numbers to ensure adequate iron absorption.
|7 to 12 months||11||11|
|1 to 3 years||7||7|
|4 to 8 years||10||10|
|9 to 13 years||8||8|
|14 to 18 years||11||15|
|19 to 50 years||8||18|
* Women who are pregnant should get 27 mg/day. Lactating adult women should get 10 mg/day, and lactating women aged 14 to 18 should get 9 mg/day.
Good dietary sources of heme iron
- Clams, cooked, 3 ounces: 23.8 mg
- Chicken Liver, cooked, 3½ ounces: 12.8 mg
- Turkey Giblets, with some giblet fat, 1 cup: 11.2 mg
- Chicken Giblets, 1 cup: 10.2 mg
- Duck, meat only, 1/2 duck: 6 mg
- Oysters, raw, 6 medium: 5.6 mg
- Lean Beef, 3 ounces: 3.1 mg
- Turkey, roasted, meat only, 1 cup: 2.5 mg
- Sardines, canned, 3 ounces: 2.5 mg
- Shrimp, 3 ounces: 1.5 mg
- Tuna, light, canned, 3 ounces: 1.3 mg
- Chicken Breast, roasted, no skin, 1/2 breast: 0.9 mg
- Halibut, 3 ounces: 0.9 mg
- Chicken Drumstick, roasted, no skin, one: 0.6 mg
Good dietary sources of nonheme iron
- Fortified breakfast cereal, 3/4 cup: 6 to 18 mg
- Cream of Wheat cereal (fortified), 1 cup: 12.74 mg
- Instant Oatmeal, fortified, 1 packet: 10.55 mg
- Soybeans, boiled, 1/2 cup: 4.4 mg
- White Beans, canned, 1/2 cup: 3.9 mg
- Lentils, cooked, 1/2 cup: 3.3 mg
- Pumpkin, canned, no salt added, 1 cup: 3.4 mg
- Tomatoes, canned, stewed, 1 cup: 3.4 mg
- Blackstrap Molasses, one tablespoon: 3.0 mg
- Kidney Beans, canned, 1/2 cup: 1.6 mg
- Chickpeas (garbanzo beans), canned, 1/2 cup: 1.6 mg
- Pumpkin Seeds, 1 ounce: 2.3 mg
- Cashews, roasted, 1 ounce: 1.7 mg
- Soymilk, unfortified, 1 cup: 1.6 mg
- Hazelnuts (filberts), 1 ounce: 1.3 mg
- Beets, cooked and drained, 1 cup: 1.3 mg
- Tofu, firm, 1/4 block: 1.3 mg
- Sunflower Seeds, 1/4 cup: 1.2 mg
- Pistachios, 1 ounce: 1.2 mg
The Bottom Line
Vegetarians should include fortified cereals and grains, seeds, nuts, and tomatoes — and combine those with foods rich in vitamin C, such as orange or grapefruit juice, oranges, papaya, grapefruit, pineapple, strawberry, red bell peppers, broccoli, brussels sprouts, and peas.
For non-vegetarians, in addition to following the advice above, heme iron is your most useful source, and it’s best to combine heme and nonheme iron in any given meal.
Sources & References:
Photo by zero g. | <urn:uuid:ea98bbf7-772d-4a8b-aadb-ff140c8fda4f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://eatingrules.com/foods-rich-in-iron/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825900.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023111450-20171023131450-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.890658 | 1,414 | 3.03125 | 3 |
GAINESVILLE, Fla., Feb. 24 (UPI) -- In 2013, there 72 unprovoked shark attacks worldwide -- the lowest global total since 2009 when there were 67 attacks, U.S. researchers say.
George Burgess, curator of the University of Florida's International Shark Attack File, said the United States had a decrease in shark attacks with 47, lower than the 2012 total of 54, which was the highest yearly total of the current century.
There were 10 shark fatalities worldwide -- higher than the 10-year average from 2003 to 2012. Western Australia experienced six deaths in the past four years and Reunion Island, which experienced five deaths in three years in the southwest Indian Ocean, remained the shark-attack hot spots.
However, places where shark activity is typically rare or non-existent also experienced attacks, Burgess said.
"When sudden increases in shark attacks occur, usually human factors are involved that promote interactions between sharks and people," Burgess said in a statement. "Shark populations are not in a growth phase by any means, so a rise in the number of sharks is not to blame. However, we can predict with some reliability that shark attacks will concurrently rise with the growth of human populations, a trend we saw throughout the past century."
Burgess said in recent years globalization, tourism and population growth worldwide led to shark attacks in historically low-contact areas like Reunion Island, Papua New Guinea, Madagascar, Solomon Island and the small island Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean, which experienced its first recorded shark attack last year.
As more people enter the water in these areas, they become equal opportunity locations for shark-human interaction, he said.
"Globalization and the ease of modern travel means that we have access to places that have never been frequented by tourists before," Burgess said.
"Remote destinations are not typically medically equipped to handle a serious shark attack. This situation is a key factor in the higher death rate this year. When a shark attack happens in a remote place, the results are going to be more dire than if it happened on a Florida beach, for instance." | <urn:uuid:8cc655d8-bc8e-4a74-afed-a608b54c0376> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2014/02/24/72-unprovoked-shark-attacks-worldwide-in-2013/UPI-49301393290120/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186841.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00399-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963797 | 431 | 2.875 | 3 |
Random forces usually have a destabilising effect. A tightrope walker would rather not experience gusts of wind, for example. There are, however, cases where random forces can stabilize a system in state that would otherwise be unstable. The essential ingredient is that the random forces or noise experienced by the system should depend upon the state of the system. For example, a multiply-jointed pendulum can be stabilised in an inverted configuration - without the need for feedback or control - if it is driven with random horizontal forces at its support. The spectrum of fluctuating forces experienced by the pendulum changes depending upon its orientation such that it is subtly corralled into the formerly unstable vertical orientation. This notion - when the driving force is periodic rather than noisy - was first described by Kapitza. For the multi-jointed pendulum, it is sometimes called an Indian rope trick, with reference to the famous conjuring trick.
Fluctuations due to the intrinsic uncertainty of quantum mechanics can have a similar effect. At certain points in the phase diagram of a magnet- determined by values of pressure, magnetic field etc. - quantum fluctuations can become dramatically enhanced. These enhanced fluctuations can stabilise new phases.
Dr Frank Kruger, Dr Chris Pedder, and Prof. Andrew G. Green have uncovered perhaps the simplest example of such an effect in a quantum system. Certain ferromagnets when probed at temperatures above their ferromagnetic transition show a propensity to order along a particular direction. When the temperature is lowered, however, the magnetic ordering occurs perpendicular to this direction. A simple model shows that this may be due to the state-dependence of the quantum fluctuations favouring a direction of magnetic ordering that would otherwise have been unstable [Kruger, Pedder and Green, Physical review Letters 113, 147001 (2014)]. This is rather like the multi-jointed pendulum described above; by adopting an inverted configuration in the presence of fluctuations - the ferromagnet performs a quantum Indian rope trick!
The quantum order-by-disorder approach provides a conceptually simple way to describe these effects. The hope is that this understanding will ultimately help us to harness and control such effects of quantum fluctuations to produce material with properties of technological benefit.
Publication: Fluctuation-Driven Magnetic Hard-Axis Ordering in Metallic Ferromagnets, Physical Review Letters 113, 147001 (2014) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.147001 | <urn:uuid:7b575e0e-17cb-49df-81e1-216a1f8a9753> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.london-nano.com/research-and-facilities/highlight/stabilising-hard-axis-ferromagnetism-by-a-quantum-indian-rope | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592654.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721184238-20180721204238-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.902709 | 510 | 3.03125 | 3 |
If you have kidney pain, you’ve probably tried several methods for pain relief and are researching which methods will work for you. And along the way, you may have heard of TENS units that use electrical currents to treat pain.
So, are TENS units effective for treating kidney pain? Although there is no guarantee. The pain-relieving effects of TENS units have mixed results from different users. Some report that TENS therapy works wonders, while others say they have never found any relief. Since they are safe to use it might be worth to give it a try and see how it works for you.
There’s very little evidence if TENS therapy is effective for kidney pain. This article will explain how TENS units relieve pain, where they can be used, and what studies have been done to test TENS therapy with kidney pain.
How Do TENS Units Treat Pain?
TENS is the acronym for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. The unit sends electrical currents to your body through electrodes, which are sticky patches you place on your skin. The electrodes stick to your skin with adhesive, so no needles are involved with this therapy.
The electrical currents travel from the machine, through the wires, to the electrodes, and are then transferred to your nervous system. The currents stimulate your nerves and block out pain signals, which essentially tells your brain, “there’s no pain here.”
To better understand how this works, you need to understand why your body experiences pain.
When you stub your toe or get burned on the stove, you feel pain. That’s your body’s way of telling you that something isn’t right. The pain in your toe tells your brain that your body has collided with something. The pain when you get burned is alerting you that you’re touching something hot. Without pain, you could injure yourself and not even know it.
When you’re using a TENS unit, the electrical stimulation stops the pain signals from reaching your brain. So, your brain can no longer detect the signals, and it’s as if you’re free of pain.
Because of the way it works, TENS therapy can only ease the pain; it can’t erase it. This is why some people only get relief while they are actively using the unit. It’s possible to continue feeling relief after the treatment, but you shouldn’t expect it to make your pain go away completely.
What Types of Pain Can I Use It For?
TENS therapy is a versatile treatment that can be used for several types of pain. Types of pain you can use a TENS unit to relieve include:
- Back pain: TENS units are often used by chiropractors and physical therapists to treat back pain. It’s commonly used for lower back pain but can also be used on the upper back. The NHS doesn’t recommend TENS therapy because there isn’t enough evidence to prove that it’s effective.
- Shoulder and neck pain: Electrodes can be placed on the shoulders and the back of the neck to treat pain. It generally isn’t recommended for the neck because it can be harmful if used on the front of the throat.
- Leg pain: TENS therapy can be relieving for those who suffer from sciatica, tendonitis, or knee pain. Electrodes are placed around the joints for treatment.
- Headaches and facial pain: It isn’t recommended to use TENS units on your face, as it can be dangerous. Placing them over your eyes can cause pressure to build up and injure you. A medical professional might recommend using the therapy for headaches or facial pain if you are carefully monitored while using it.
- Chronic pain: Those who suffer from arthritis or fibromyalgia may find relief from using TENS therapy. Low frequencies and several sessions a week are often recommended for pain management.
- Abdominal pain: TENS therapy might relieve various forms of abdominal pain, including menstrual cramps, labor pain, and pelvic floor dysfunction. Pregnant women are advised not to use TENS therapy because the long-term effects of electrical currents on the baby are unknown.
There are many other areas that TENS therapy can be used for. The treatment has been around since the 1970s, but very little research is available about long-term effects and whether or not it’s beneficial.
If you want to try TENS therapy for yourself, consult with a doctor first to make sure it won’t harm you. You can also discuss electrode placement and frequency settings, so you don’t inadvertently injure yourself.
Does TENS Therapy Work for Kidney Pain?
There is very little information available about how TENS therapy affects kidney pain and whether or not it’s effective. It might be able to relieve some pain, but it will depend on the person, as it does with most other treatments.
Kidney pain is a result of an underlying condition, such as:
- Blood clots or hemorrhages
- Cancer or tumors
- Polycystic kidney disease
If you have kidney pain, you should seek immediate medical attention. Once your doctor has determined your condition and has provided you with medication or a treatment plan, you might be able to use a TENS unit in addition to your prescribed treatment.
A study on kidney donors tested TENS therapy on the donors after the procedure was completed. The results showed that the patients that received TENS therapy benefitted and had some relief from postoperative pain.
While this study was conducted on people who donated their kidney, it does show that TENS units can be used in the area without causing any harm. TENS users are warned not to place electrodes near their hearts because the electrical currents could interfere with the heartbeat. This study shows that it’s safe to place the electrodes near the kidneys.
This chart shows that you can that you can place electrodes on your abdomen for thoracic pain. This placement might benefit you if you have kidney pain. You should speak to your doctor before you try anything out on your own.
It’s important to remember that TENS therapy is different for everyone because the treatment doesn’t stop the pain. It only makes your brain think that there isn’t any pain in the area by interrupting the pain signals that are being sent. This method might not work for your brain and body, though it might work for someone else.
If you are seeking TENS therapy as a cure to your kidney pain, it most likely won’t take the pain away. It might be able to control it and make it more tolerable, however. TENS therapy might help you if you have kidney stones since this condition usually only requires drinking plenty of water and pain medication as you wait for the stone to pass. A TENS unit, in addition to medication, might make the process more bearable.
A TENS unit might be an effective treatment for kidney pain. There’s very limited evidence available, and it’s not yet proven that TENS therapy is an effective pain management system. Some people say it helps them, while others say it doesn’t.
The electrical currents can interfere with implanted devices such as pacemakers, so if you have one of these or some other kind of implant, you should avoid using a TENS unit. You should always speak with a doctor before you purchase a TENS unit so they can direct you with how to use it, which unit to purchase, and whether or not it might help you.
- Healthfully: Contraindications for a TENS Machine
- How To Relief: TENS Unit: Indication, Contra-indication, & Dangers
- LG Med Supply: What are the Types of Pain that a TENS Unit Treats?
- Mayo Clinic: Kidney Pain
- Mayo Clinic: Kidney Stones
- NCBI: Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain, walking function, respiratory muscle strength and vital capacity in kidney donors: a protocol of a randomized controlled trial
- tensunits.com: TENS Electrode Placement Chart
- The Good Body: TENS Unit Uses: The Definitive Guide
- UI Hospitals & Clinics: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS) | <urn:uuid:2ecdefc1-2015-4bc7-a177-b61e7e3dfd54> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://optimizehealth365.com/tens-unit-for-kidney-pain-is-it-effective/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988758.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506144716-20210506174716-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.939775 | 1,736 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The thought may seem strange to a lot of people, but it is actually a fact that everything you think, feel, sense, perform or dream about is communicated between neurons in your brain as a combination of electrical and chemical signals. In short: The brain is an electrochemical machine.
The first measurement of the electric activity in the human brain was performed by the pioneering German psychiatrist Hans Berger more than 90 years ago, but he didn’t really know what he was measuring.
Because of this uncertainty, Berger waited five years before he published the first scientific paper about his method for measuring the electrical activity inside the brain with the help of electrodes on the outside. The method was initially met with disbelief and ridicule, and it took a long time before electroencephalography (EEG) was developed into the essential tool it is today.
EEG can be developed further
Today, EEG is used in hospitals to survey the brain of patients with as diverse illnesses as epilepsy, sleep disorders, eating disorders, coma, and so on. But the professors Gaute Einevoll and Anders Malthe-Sørenssen at the Department of Physics at the University of Oslo (UiO) are convinced that the technology can be developed a lot further.
The Research Council of Norway has recently granted 9 MNOK to a project led by Einevoll, Malthe-Sørenssen and associate professor Marianne Fyhn at the Department of Biosciences at UiO. The project aims to investigate the relationship between the electrical activity inside the brain and the signals that can be registered on the outside.
The project is called COBRA – COmputing BRAin Signals – and is groundbreaking in the way that physicists and mathematicians are heavily involved in brain studies. Most neuroscientists, both in Norway and internationally, until now had their background in biology, medicine or psychology.
“We physicists have a lot of knowledge about electromagnetism and general modelling, and we are really looking forward to cooperate with the biologists who know the physiology of the brain much better than we do ourselves. I would like to emphasize that we are very happy at the Department of Physics, because we were able to recruit Gaute Einevoll. He has extensive knowledge about both physics and neuroscience”, states Anders Malthe-Sørenssen.
He is referring to the fact that Einevoll was hired as Adjunct Professor at the institute in 2014. Einevoll is an expert in Computational Neuroscience, an area which focuses on mathematical modelling of the brain and the nervous system. Malthe-Sørenssen himself is an expert in Computational Physics and has been a key figure in developing both science and teaching on this topic at the UiO.
Roaring tells what happens in the stadium
“State of the art EEG-mapping today can be compared to hanging microphones high above a football stadium, and then analysing the roaring and the moaning in the audience in order to understand what the football players are doing on the court. For instance, it is reasonable to assume that the roars are louder when the home team scores a goal. But we are convinced that we can do much better than this by using the technique called forward modelling”, explains Einevoll.
The forward modelling in project COBRA starts with the researchers building a digital model of a part of the brain.
Then, they are going to simulate a specific activity in a network of neurons in the model. The next step is to calculate the EEG signals this activity will give rise to at the outside of the skull. The next step after this is to compare the predictions of the model with measurements from a real brain, and this can be used to adjust the digital model until it fits nicely with reality.
“We are for instance going to do experiments with mice when they are repeating the same task over and over again, while we shall be mapping the neuronal networks that are active in their brains and registering the EEG signals that arise”, explains Einevoll.
“To continue using the metaphoric football stadium, this is like asking Norway’s football player, Ole Gunnar Solskjær, to score the same goal over and over again. Until we are certain that we are able to recognize the exact roar of excitement that arises when he scores for the home team”, explains Malthe-Sørenssen.
The brain is an electrochemical machine
The rationale behind the EEG technology is that the human brain contains ca. 100 million neurons, each of them in principle a small electrochemical machine. By extension, the whole brain is also an electrochemical machine.
The neurons are connected in enormous networks. An “average” neuron can communicate with approximately 10 000 other neurons.
A neuron that is going to send information to another neuron, starts by sending an electrical signal through a thin nervous wire – an axon – which is actually a part of the neuron. This electrical signal cannot jump directly to the next neuron, but instead causes a small chemical signal to be released in the point of contact – the synapse – between the neurons.
The receiving neuron registers the chemical signal and converts it to a new electrical signal, which is computed in the neuron’s central body. This computation sometimes gives rise to a new electrical signal, which is passed to yet another neuron.
Electromagnetism as described by the Scottish physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell in 1865, tells us that every electric current gives rise to both electric and magnetic fields in the vicinity.
This happens also in the brain: The electric current in the neurons gives rise to electrical and magnetic fields that can be registered on the outside of the brain with the help of either electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG).
The electrical signals transmitted between neurons are called action potentials. They have a duration of about one thousandth of a second, and the voltage difference across the cell membrane is approximately 0,1 volts. The signals have typically only one thousandth of this strength at the outside of the cell, but it is nevertheless no big problem to register them a few centimetres away.
The problem is that the brain is able to fire signals from millions of neurons at the same time, and this makes it very hard to establish exactly which neurons – or networks of neurons – that are “yelling”.
Impossible to interview individual neurons
“You can imagine us lowering the microphones from above the stadium and down to the stands in order to interview individual spectators, that is our metaphoric neurons".
"But it is not feasible to insert electrodes into peoples’ brains, except for in very special cases when necessary for medical treatment. That’s why we use mice brains and modelling instead”, explains Einevoll.
The scientists in project COBRA cooperate with scientists in another project called DigiBrain, led by associate professor Marianne Fyhn. The vision of DigiBrain is to generate more knowledge about mental illnesses and, in the long term, contribute to the development of better drugs.
“One of the aims of DigiBrain is to search for differences in neuronal networks in the brains of healthy people and schizophrenics, and make comparisons. We are already able to spot some differences using EEG, but we need project COBRA in order to understand the link between the electrical activity inside the brain and the signals we are able to measure on the outside”, explains Einevoll.
Both projects, COBRA and DigiBrain, are affiliated the UiO’s Centre for Integrative Neuroplasticity (CINPLA), where scientists study neural plasticity at multiple levels.
Mind reading – is it possible?
“Will neuroscientists soon be able to read peoples’ minds?
“No, that’s not something you should be worried about! Admittedly, we have taken a few steps in that direction. For instance, it is possible to register the signals in motor neurons in the brains of people with paralyzed limbs, and transmit these signals to a robotic limb”, Einevoll answers.
“We should also be able to spot the different patterns of activity in your brain when you are, for instance, playing tennis or walking around in your apartment. But we would have to attach electrodes to your skull in order to perform such tricks, and this would obviously draw your attention. There is at present no technology that allows us to “read the mind” from a distance, and I can not imagine that such a thing would ever be possible”, adds Einevoll. | <urn:uuid:fe6f18f6-ec2e-4cb5-853d-ce37843cffdc> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://titan.uio.no/naturvitenskap-teknologi-livsvitenskap-innovasjon-english/2016/modeling-brain-electrochemical-machine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500288.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205193202-20230205223202-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.947274 | 1,803 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Male Genital Problems and Injuries (cont.)
IN THIS ARTICLE
The following prevention measures may help you reduce your risk of problems in the genital area. If you find a lump, growth, or other change in the genital area, check your symptoms to determine if and when you need to see your doctor.
You may want to do a testicular self-exam once a month. The best time to do the exam is after a warm bath or shower when the scrotal skin is relaxed.
If you are concerned about an undescended testicle in your baby, talk to your baby's doctor.
Prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
You can take measures to reduce your risk of becoming infected with a sexually transmitted infection (STI). You can also reduce the risk of transmitting an STI to your sex partner. Know high-risk behaviors and the symptoms of STIs.
Delay sexual activity until you are prepared both physically and emotionally to have sex. Nearly two-thirds of all STIs occur in people younger than 25 years old. Sexually active teenagers are at high risk for STIs because they frequently have unprotected sex and have multiple partners. Biological changes during the teen years also may increase the risk of getting an STI.
Practice safer sex
Preventing a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is easier than treating an infection once it occurs.
Condoms can be used not only to prevent pregnancy but also to help protect against sexually transmitted infections. Use a condom during vaginal, oral, or anal sex with a new partner until you are certain that he or she does not have any sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
A male condom is placed over a man's erect penis before sex. Condoms are also called "rubbers," "sheaths," or "skins."
The female condom is a tube of soft plastic (polyurethane) that has a closed end. Each end has a ring or rim. The ring at the closed end is inserted deep into the woman's vagina over the cervix, like a diaphragm, to hold the tube in place. The ring at the open end remains outside the opening of the vagina.
In a long-term, single-partner (monogamous) relationship, partners may choose to quit using condoms to prevent STIs. But using some form of birth control is important to prevent an unintended pregnancy.
Jock itch and yeast infection
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. | <urn:uuid:bbbb4907-155c-40b4-b00c-8f04a522c8ef> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=130211&page=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171933.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00158-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938558 | 564 | 3.0625 | 3 |
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