text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 7.09k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
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An elbow X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to make an image of a person's elbow joint. During the examination, an X-ray machine sends a beam of radiation through the elbow, and an image is recorded on special X-ray film. Xrays of the elbows help in identification of fractures or any bony abnormalities at the elbow joint. Based on the doctor's advise different views of the X-Ray are usually taken.
The upper extremity includes the fingers, hand, wrist, elbow, forearm, upper arm and shoulder. An upper extremity X-ray is a test that uses radiation to produce detailed images of the bones of the upper extremity. An upper extremity X-ray may be ordered to evaluate for various injuries and conditions, including: fractures (breaks), dislocations (joints that are pulled or pushed out of their normal position), Arthritis, unexplained swelling or pain bone deformities, tumors (abnormal masses of cells), infections, assist in the detection and diagnosis of bone cancer, locate foreign objects in soft tissues around or in bones. In addition, an upper extremity X-ray may be used after treatment to ensure that a fracture has been properly aligned and stabilized for healing.
The most common X-ray views are poster anterior, anteroposterior, and lateral. In an poster anterior (PA) view, the x-ray source is positioned so that the x-ray beam enters through the posterior (back) and exits out of the anterior (front), where the beam is detected. To obtain this view, the patient stands facing a flat surface behind which is an x-ray detector. In anteroposterior (AP) views, the positions of the x-ray source and detector are reversed: the x-ray beam enters through the anterior aspect and exits through the posterior aspect. AP are harder to read than PA x-rays and are therefore generally reserved for situations where it is difficult for the patient to get an ordinary chest x-ray, such as when the patient is bedridden. Lateral views are obtained in a similar fashion as the poster anterior views, except in the lateral view, the patient stands with both arms raised and the side of the chest pressed against a flat surface. Oblique view are projection taken with the central ray at an angle to any of the body planes. It is described by the angle of obliquity and the portion of the body the X-ray beam exits; right or left and posterior or anterior. Right or left as stated above indicates the portion of the body the X-ray beam exits. The axillary view is useful for detecting anterior or posterior dislocations that are not evident in the AP view.
SLAs:For XRay test scheduled before 2 PM eConsultation will be scheduled before 9 PM same day and the physical reports to be delivered by 10 PM same dayFor XRay test scheduled after 2 PM eConsultation to start from 8 AM next day and the physical reports to be delivered starting from 8 AM next dayFACILITATOR:No specific instructions
SLAs:For XRay test scheduled before 2 PM eConsultation will be scheduled before 9 PM same day and the physical reports to be delivered by 10 PM same dayFor XRay test scheduled after 2 PM eConsultation to start from 8 AM next day and the physical reports to be delivered starting from 8 AM next day
The elbow AP & LAT view is part of the two view elbow series, examining the distal humerus, proximal radius and ulna. The projection demonstrates the elbow joint in its natural anatomical position allowing for adequate radiographic examination of the articulations of the elbow.It is the preferred projection to assess the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus for avulsion-type fractures. | <urn:uuid:19817d00-4692-4b73-9fa1-f59753d2a348> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.callhealth.com/radiology/x-ray-ap-lat-both-elbows.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301309.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119094810-20220119124810-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.904275 | 789 | 3.4375 | 3 |
• family vocab
• forms of SER
• forms of ESTAR
• forms of IR
• When to use SER vs ESTAR vs IR
• words for the places in this unit (and whether they are masculine or feminine)
• when to use en el, en la
• when to use a la, al
• all of the adjectives in the whole packet! (so.... the lists on pages 8& 10 and on page 16)
There are QUIA and QUIZLET activities to practice with, on the moodle.
IF YOU MISSED ANY OF FRIDAY's CLASS PERIOD, DO THE WORKSHEET ATTACHED BELOW.
ALSO: Mackenzie, Willis, and Camden, I'm emailing you some other info. | <urn:uuid:242090d2-e03d-4bd4-86ab-9ba86c014cff> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://profesorachabot.weebly.com/homework-calendar/archives/02-2020 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370495413.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329171027-20200329201027-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.757248 | 163 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Race in Turn of the Century the States Dimesha Bumpus the Statesn register Since 1865 Jill Wash November 19, 2012 With the start of World War I the unite States tested to proclaim their inertity by attempting to keep peace with either told nations. When other nations took attack on the United States President Wilson mulish to continue in stating that the U.S. did not want to go to contend and that we as a nation believed in human rights and that attacks on innocent members would not be tolerated. With the constant public thought weighing heavily on the president to remain apathetic and stay out of the war more and more lot began to strongly disagree with entering the war on Germanys side. The war caexercisingd for a huge demand in slew to support our nation. With the draft the US went to war with troops of various(a) trickations. Race played an important role in Americas development because even in a prison term of war Black bulk were seen as ill-infor med and ineffective to protect the nation in a beat of colossal need. The fixed infatuation the nation had on immigrants and sour the great unwashed and their inability to be seen as jibe had caused the nation to use a comment line to fall apart them and model against oneness another sooner than with each other.
In many of the articles I read I found a common university extension to Du Bois concept of the color line, which is described as, the color difference of strip down from weakly to dark end-to-end all men from Asia to Africa and in between. Du Bois believed the problem with the 20th ascorbic acid was the color line, because it divided people and caused people ! to believe the color of their scrape made a difference in what tolerant of person they were. When people began to associate difference due to the color of their skin men began to work against each other rather then to agitateher. Du Bois believed our nations could be stronger, better, and bigger if we worked together rather than discernment if someone is American or not by how light or dark their skin was. In the article titled, track AND EMPIRE:...If you want to get a full essay, army it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com
If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: cheap essay | <urn:uuid:e6236b37-519c-4496-87ec-ef7f9de647c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://cheap-ideas-for-persuasive-essay.blogspot.com/2013/09/race-in-turn-of-century-america.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886123312.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823171414-20170823191414-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.971335 | 479 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Posted by Steve on Wed 12 Jan 2005 at 17:34
Perl is a very widely used language which gets a lot of its power from the huge number of third party modules which available in the CPAN archive. If you want to use a perl module which hasn't been packaged for Debian you have a choice to make.
Your options are to build a Debian package yourself, or install the module "by hand", independent of the Debian packaging system.
The former is the option which I usually chosen, as it makes it simple to install the produced package on multiple machines.
(Another advantage of making Debian packages of perl modules which aren't yet available is that they'll be upgraded automatically if they are ever included in Debian in the future).
Creating simple Debian packages of perl modules is greatly simplified by the dh-make-perl package.
Install it like this:
apt-get install dh-make-perl
As an example of a module which isn't available in Debian's archive is HTML::Template::JIT - which is a handy module for caching template files, the kind of files which are used to run this very website!
If we wanted to install that using CPAN, the perl module which builds and installs modules we'd run:
perl -MCPAN -e 'shell' install HTML::Template::JIT
Instead of that we want to build a Debian package - which we can do as follows.
First of all we download the source to the module, and unpack it:
wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/S/SA/SAMTREGAR/HTML-Template-JIT-0.04.tar.gz tar -pzxvf HTML-Template-JIT-0.04.tar.gz
Once this is done we can run the dh-make-perl command to setup a simple set of packing files, inside the module source directory.
This will produce a subdirectory called debian/ which has the rules to build, install, and handle the package. Feel free to browse around in there - all of the files are documented in the Debian New Maintainer's Guide.
As defaults for a module you wish for personal use only the generated files will likely be all you need. For producing a module you wish to upload to the Debian repositories though you will need to do much more work on them, after reading the Debian Perl Policy.
Anyway, back to our module. Once the dh-make-perl command has been executed you can build the module for real:
cd HTML-Template-JIT-0.04 debuild
Once this has finished executing you should have a .deb file sat waiting for you:
skx@lappy:~/HTML-Template-JIT-0.04$ cd .. skx@lappy:~$ ls *.deb libhtml-template-jit-perl_0.04-1_all.deb
This module can be installed with "dpkg --install", or uploaded to your own apt repository.
When you have a new release you can go through the same steps to build a new package, which can be upgraded.
The only downside to this method of producing packages is that the dependencies will be weakened - here we've produced a package HTML::Template::JIT, now realistically this package is useless without HTML::Template (contained in the libhtml-template-perl package) but that isn't mentioned as a package dependency.
If you're keeping track of such things you should be OK, otherwise you might find unexpected breakages. | <urn:uuid:91495ff7-e4ea-4aea-904f-5df56f8ba071> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://debian-administration.org/article/78/Building_Debian_packages_of_Perl_modules | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188891.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00166-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895156 | 751 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Transistor is an electronic device and its made of semiconductor material. mostly silicon used as a semiconductor material. transistor having many uses. transistor act as a switch, voltage regulation process, modification of signals, amplification of signals. when N-type or P-type semiconductor is connected between two P-type or N- type semiconductor then its look like two PN junction diode. such device is called transistor.
The transistor having three layer, three terminal and two PN junction diode. the three layer of transistor are,
Types of Transistor:
There are two types of transistor available. They are given below,
- NPN transistor
- PNP transistor
The NPN transistor having connected between two N channel and P channel semiconductor materials. NPN transistor also called negative positive and negative transistor. Its formed like adding diode in back to back connection. in NPN transistor the majority carrier is electrons. the current flow in NPN transistor is collector to emitter terminal. positive voltage is applied to collector base junction and negative voltage is applied in emitter base junction.
PNP Transistor :
The PNP transistor having connected between two P channel and N channel semiconductor material. PNP transistor also called positive negative and positive transistor. Its formed like adding diode in back to back connection. PNP transistor the majority carrier is holes. the current flow in PNP transistor is emitter to collector terminal. positive voltage is applied to emitter base junction and negative voltage is applied in collector base junction.
Working of Transistor:
The working of transistor is consists of three major terminals, that is base, emitter and collector. and two major junctions are emitter base junction and collector base junction. the emitter base junctions consists of forward bias and collector base junction consists of reverse bias. the below diagram will show the working of transistor.
The small current is applied to base terminal. the small current will cause the electrons move to collector region. the few electrons of emitter joint together with base holes. the rest of the electrons are move to collector region. so the large current can flow in the collector region. the current flow from collector to emitter can control by varying the base current.
Transistor working in these 3 major region.
- Active Region
- saturation region
- cutoff region
Active region mostly used for transistor in amplifier purposes
Saturation region is mostly used for transistor act as switching device, in this region transistor working as ON switch condition.
Cutoff region is mostly used for transistor act as a switching device and in this region transistor working as closed switch.
Advantages of Transistor:
- compact design and less weight
- switching operation 1000 times per second
- operating efficiency is very high
- life time also very long
- low cost. | <urn:uuid:d2746fef-8a38-4d07-98f9-90f617041f2f> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.electricalmastar.com/what-is-transistor-how-transistor-working/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210463.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816054453-20180816074453-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.92869 | 578 | 3.84375 | 4 |
January 24, 1862|
New York City, New York
|Died||August 11, 1937
|Occupation||Novelist, short story writer, designer|
|Spouse(s)||Edward Wharton (1885–1913)|
Edith Wharton (/ /; born Edith Newbold Jones, January 24, 1862 – August 11, 1937) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist, short story writer, and designer. She was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in years 1927, 1928 and 1930.
Early life and marriage
Wharton was born to George Frederic Jones and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander in New York City. She had two brothers, Frederic Rhinelander and Henry Edward. The saying "Keeping up with the Joneses" is said to refer to her father's family. She was also related to the Rensselaer family, the most prestigious of the old patroon families. She had a lifelong friendship with her Rhinelander niece, landscape architect Beatrix Farrand of Reef Point in Bar Harbor, Maine, and often traveled with Henry James in Europe. Wharton combined her insider's view of America's privileged classes with a brilliant, natural wit to write humorous, incisive novels and short stories of social and psychological insight. She was well acquainted with many of her era's other literary and public figures, including Theodore Roosevelt.
In 1885, at 23, she married Edward (Teddy) Robbins Wharton, who was 12 years older. From a well-established Philadelphia family, he was a sportsman and gentleman of the same social class and shared her love of travel. From the late 1880s until 1902, he suffered acute depression, and the couple ceased their extensive travel. At that time his depression manifested as a more serious disorder, after which they lived almost exclusively at The Mount, their estate designed by Edith Wharton. In 1908 her husband's mental state was determined to be incurable. She divorced him in 1913. Around the same time, Edith was overcome with the harsh criticisms leveled by the naturalist writers. Later in 1908 she began an affair with Morton Fullerton, a journalist for The Times, in whom she found an intellectual partner.
In addition to novels, Wharton wrote at least 85 short stories. She was also a garden designer, interior designer, and taste-maker of her time. She wrote several design books, including her first published work, The Decoration of Houses of 1897, co-authored by Ogden Codman. Another is the generously illustrated Italian Villas and Their Gardens of 1904.
In 1902 she built The Mount, her estate in Lenox, Massachusetts, which survives today as an example of her design principles. There, Edith Wharton wrote several of her novels, including The House of Mirth (1905), the first of many chronicles of the nature of old New York, and entertained the cream of American literary society, including her close friend, the novelist Henry James. Although she spent many months traveling in Europe nearly every year, The Mount was her primary residence until 1911. When living there and when traveling abroad, Wharton was usually driven to appointments by her longtime chauffeur and friend Charles Cook, a native of nearby South Lee, Massachusetts. When her marriage deteriorated, however, she decided to move permanently to France, living initially at 53 Rue de Varenne, Paris, in an apartment that belonged to George Washington Vanderbilt II.
Helped by her influential connections to the French government, primarily through Walter Berry (then president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris), she was one of the few foreigners in France allowed to travel to the front lines during the First World War. Wharton described those trips in the series of articles Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort.
Throughout the war she worked tirelessly in charitable efforts for refugees and, in 1916 was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in recognition of her commitment to the displaced. The scope of her relief work included setting up workrooms for unemployed Frenchwomen, organizing concerts to provide work for musicians, opening tuberculosis hospitals and founding the American Hostels for Belgian refugees. In 1916 Wharton edited The Book of the Homeless, composed of writings, art, erotica and musical scores by almost every major contemporary European artist. When World War I ended in 1918 she abandoned her fashionable urban address for the delights of the country at the Pavillon Colombe in nearby Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt.
Wharton was a committed supporter of French imperialism, describing herself as a "rabid imperialist", and the war solidified her political conservatism. After World War I, she travelled to Morocco as the guest of the resident general, Gen. Hubert Lyautey and wrote a book In Morocco, about her experiences. Wharton's writing on her Moroccan travels is full of praise for the French administration and for Lyautey and his wife in particular.
In 1927 she purchased a villa, Castel Sainte-Claire, on the site of a 17th-century convent, in the hills above Hyères in Provence, where she lived during the winters and springs. She called the villa "Sainte-Claire du Chateau" and filled the garden with cacti and subtropical plants. She returned to the U.S. only once after the war, to receive an honorary doctorate degree from Yale University in 1923.
Wharton was friend and confidante to many gifted intellectuals of her time: Henry James, Sinclair Lewis, Jean Cocteau and André Gide were all guests of hers at one time or another. Theodore Roosevelt, Bernard Berenson, and Kenneth Clark were valued friends as well. But her meeting with F. Scott Fitzgerald is described by the editors of her letters as "one of the better known failed encounters in the American literary annals." She spoke fluent French (as well as several other languages), and many of her books were published in both French and English.
In 1934 Wharton's autobiography A Backward Glance was published. In the view of Judith E. Funston, writing on Edith Wharton in American National Biography,
What is most notable about A Backward Glance, however, is what it does not tell: her criticism of Lucretia Jones [her mother], her difficulties with Teddy, and her affair with Morton Fullerton, which did not come to light until her papers, deposited in Yale's Beinecke Rare Book Room and Manuscript Library, were opened in 1968.
Edith Wharton died of a stroke in 1937 at the domaine Le Pavillon Colombe, her 18th-century house on Rue de Montmorency in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt. The street is today called rue Edith Wharton. She is buried in the American Cemetery in Versailles, France.
Many of Wharton's novels are characterized by a subtle use of dramatic irony. Having grown up in upper-class turn-of-the-century society, Wharton became one of its most astute critics, in such works as The House of Mirth and The Age of Innocence.
In addition to writing several respected novels, Wharton produced a wealth of short stories and is particularly well regarded for her ghost stories.
- The House of Mirth (La Maison du Brouillard) , a 1918 silent film adaptation (6 reels) (of the 1905 novel) directed by French film director Albert Capellani, starring Katherine Harris Barrymore as Lily Bart. It is considered to be a lost film
- The Glimpses Of The Moon, a 1923 silent film adaptation (7 reels) (of the 1922 novel) directed for Paramount Studios by Allan Dwan, starring Bebe Daniels, David Powell, Nita Naldi and Maurice Costello. It is considered to be a lost film
- The Age of Innocence, a 1924 silent film adaptation (7 reels) (of the 1920 novel) directed for Warner Brothers by Wesley Ruggles, starring Beverly Bayne and Elliott Dexter. It is considered to be a lost film
- The Marriage Playground, a 1929 talking film adaptation (70 minutes) (of the 1928 novel The Children) directed for Paramount Studios by Lothar Mendes, starring rising star Fredric March in leading role (as Martin Boyne), Mary Brian (as Judith Wheater), Kay Francis (as Lady Wrench) ...
- The Age of Innocence, a 1934 film adaptation (9 reels / circa 80–90 minutes) (of the 1920 novel) directed for RKO Studios by Philip Moeller, starring Irene Dunne and John Boles.
- Strange Wives, a 1934 or 1935 film adaptation (8 reels / 75 minutes) (of the 1934 short story Bread Upon the Waters) directed for Universal by Richard Thorpe, starring Roger Pryor (as Jimmy King), June Clayworth (as Nadja), Esther Ralston (as Olga) ... It is considered to be a lost film
- The Old Maid, a 1939 film adaptation (95 minutes) (of the 1924 short novella) directed by Edmund Goulding starring Bette Davis.
- A 1944 film version of the 1911 novel Ethan Frome starring Joan Crawford was proposed but never came to fruition
- Ethan Frome (99 minutes) directed by John Madden and released in 1993,
- The Age of Innocence (138 minutes) directed by Martin Scorsese and released in 1993,
- The Reef (88 minutes) directed by Robert Allan Ackerman and released in 1999.
- The House of Mirth (140 minutes) directed by Terence Davies and released in 2000, starring Gillian Anderson as Lily Bart.
- Ethan Frome, a 1960 (CBS) TV US adaptation, directed by Alex Segal, starring Sterling Hayden as Ethan Frome, Julie Harris as Mattie Silver and Clarice Blackburn as Zenobia Frome. First Wharton adaptation on television.
- Looking Back, a 1981 TV US loose adaptation of two biographies of Edith Wharton: A Backward Glance, Wharton's own 1934 autobiography & Edith Wharton, a 1975 biography by R.W.B. Lewis (1976 Bancroft Prize-winner).
- The House of Mirth, a 1981 TV US adaptation, directed by Adrian Hall, starring William Atherton, Geraldine Chaplin and Barbara Blossom
- The Buccaneers, a 1995 BBC mini-series, starring Carla Gugino and Greg Wise
- "The House of Mirth" was adapted as a play in 1906 by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch
- "The Age of Innocence" was adapted as a play in 1928. Katharine Cornell played the role of Ellen Olenska.
In popular culture
- In The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Edith Wharton (Clare Higgins) travels across North Africa with Indiana Jones in Chapter 16, Tales of Innocence.
- Edith Wharton is mentioned in the HBO television series Entourage in the third season's 13th episode: Vince is handed a screenplay for Wharton's The Glimpses of the Moon by Amanda, his new agent, for a film to be directed by Sam Mendes. In the same episode, period films of Wharton's work are lampooned by agent Ari Gold, who says that all her stories are "about a guy who likes a girl, but he can't have sex with her for five years, because those were the times!" Carla Gugino, who plays Amanda, was the protagonist of the BBC-PBS adaptation of The Buccaneers (1995), one of her early jobs.
- "Edith Wharton's Journey" is a radio adaptation, for the NPR series Radio Tales, of the short story "A Journey" from Edith Wharton's collection The Greater Inclination.
- The American singer and songwriter Suzanne Vega pays homage to Edith Wharton in her song Edith Wharton's Figurines, from her studio album Beauty & Crime.
- Benstock, Shari (1994). No Gifts from Chance: A Biography of Edith Wharton. New York: Scribner's. p. 26. ISBN 0-292-70274-4.
- Davis 2007
- "Edith Wharton's World, Portrait of People and Places". US: National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 23 Dec 2009.
- Benstock, Shari (2004). No Gifts from Chance: A Biography of Edith Wharton. University of Texas Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-292-70274-4.
- Singley, Carol J. (2003). A Historical Guide to Edith Wharton. Oxford University Press. p. 238. ISBN 0-19-513591-1. "Photograph of Edith Wharton, Teddy Wharton, Henry James and Chauffeur Charles Cook"
- Wegener, Fredrick (December 2000). ""Rabid Imperialist"': Edith Wharton and the Obligations of Empire in Modern American Fiction". American Literature 72 (4): 783–812.
- Nelson, Randy F. (1981). The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 0-86576-008-X.
- Judith E. Funston, "Edith Wharton," in American National Biography; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999; Vol. 23, pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-19-512802-8.
- "Edith Wharton, 75, Is Dead in France". New York Times. August 13, 1937. Retrieved 2007-07-21. "Edith Wharton, American novelist, died yesterday afternoon at her villa, Pavilion Colombes [sic], near Saint Brice, Seine-et-Oise."
- Domaine du Pavillon Colombe à Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt (95)
- Wikipedia english / Joan_Crawford / Move to Warner Bros.
- Marshall, Scott. "Edith Wharton on Film and Television: A History and Filmography." Edith Wharton Review (1996): 15-25. Washington State University. 15 Jan. 2009
- National Library Of Australia / Catalogue / The House of Mirth: The Play of the Novel, Dramatized by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch, 1906; edited, with an introd., notes, and appendixes by Glenn Loney
- openlibrary.org / Works / The House of Mirth: The Play of the Novel, Dramatized by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch, 1906; edited, with an introd., notes, and appendixes by Glenn Loney
- Davis, Mary Virginia (2007). "Edith Wharton". Magills Survey of American Literature (Salem Press)
- Marshall, Scott (1996). "Edith Wharton on Film and Television: A History and Filmography" (PDF). Edith Wharton Review (Washington State University) 13 (2): 15–25. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
- The Letters of Edith Wharton (R. W. B. Lewis and Nancy Lewis, eds.) ISBN 0-02-034400-7, particularly the editorial introductions to the chronological sections, especially for 1902–07, 1911–14, 1919–27, and 1928–37, and the editorial footnotes to the letter to F. Scott Fitzgerald (8 June 1925)
- Novellas and Other Writings (Cynthia Griffin Wolff, ed.) (The Library of America, 1990) ISBN 978-0-940450-53-0, which contains her autobiography, A Backward Glance.
- Twilight Sleep (R. F.Godfrey, ed.) ISBN 0-684-83964-4
- Benstock, Shari (1994) No Gifts From Chance: a biography of Edith Wharton. New York: Scribner's ISBN 0-292-70274-4
- Edith Wharton's French Riviera (2002) Philippe Collas and Eric Villedary, Paris, New York : Flammarion/Rizzoli (ISBN 2-84110-161-4)
- Lee, Hermione (2007) Edith Wharton. London: Chatto & Windus ISBN 0-7011-6665-7; New York: Knopf
- Lewis, R. W. B. (1975) Edith Wharton: a biography New York: Harper & Row ISBN 0-06-012603-5
- Lowry, Elizabeth (December 9, 2011). "What Edith Knew: Freeing Wharton from the Master's Shadow". Harper's Magazine 317 (1903): 96–100, 102.
- Wolff, Cynthia Griffin (1977) A Feast of Words Oxford. ISBN 0-19-502117-7
|Wikisource has original works written by or about:
|Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Edith Wharton|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edith Wharton.|
- Edith Wharton Collection Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
- The Mount: Estate and gardens designed by Edith Wharton
- The Edith Wharton Papers at the Lilly Library, Indiana University
- Edith Wharton Society
- Edith Wharton at C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
- Works by Edith Wharton at Project Gutenberg | <urn:uuid:77dd86ab-c3e7-4d2d-9d60-c1cf58400d5f> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163800358/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133000-00063-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923242 | 3,679 | 2.9375 | 3 |
As the use of the internet continues to grow, so do the opportunities for cyber crime. As such incidents increase, so do the government’s attempts to stop them.
If you or a loved one face charges for cyber crime, it is important to understand the charges to know what you are up against. Phishing is one of the oldest forms of cyber crime and remains a prevalent one today.
In short, phishing is a type of computer crime that involves a party sending an e-mail to a recipient, claiming to be a reputable organization and seeking to gain personal information from the recipient. In many cases, the phishing e-mails appear legitimate and ask for the information in order to rectify an issue, such as asking recipients to verify their usernames and passwords by following a link.
Though people are becoming more aware of this type of fraudulent activity, the tactics of phishers are becoming more shrewd. Many are refining the e-mails to look extremely similar to legitimate messages from actual companies and websites. Some of the more successful phishing messages are set up to look like inner-office correspondences.
Over the years, phishing scams have negatively impacted people across the world. Due to its fraudulent nature, it is a federal offense. It is also important to note that each report of e-mail distribution counts as a separate offense, even if it is the same e-mail message. Such offenses can add up and result in heavy fines and even jail time. However, in order for the charge to stand, the prosecution must show that the party distributed the e-mail with intent to trick the recipient.
If you are facing phishing charges, it is critical to secure proper legal assistance. It may also be beneficial to review the law in full to gain a true knowledge of what you are up against. | <urn:uuid:5a0a34f3-fdb8-4d6b-b2a1-77bfd9d70ec0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.kohnandsmith.com/blog/2019/01/the-evolution-of-phishing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.949816 | 373 | 2.953125 | 3 |
This controversial Emperor of Japan was born in the same year (1901) Queen Victoria died, and the two monarchs shared much the same mystique. The Emperor was the son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (1874-1926), who had been the first Taisho emperor (from 1912 to 1926).
Hirohito was the first member of the Imperial family to be permitted to travel abroad, visiting the United States and Europe. On his return his father had become insane and Hirohito became Regent later Emperor. He was an ascetic, austere, strict, chronic hard-worker and frugal, not all willing to spend either his own money or anyone else’s, except for reasons of war.
One of his first reforms was stopping the centuries-old tradition of the Empress’ ladies-in-waiting having automatically to be the Emperor’s concubines. As he was considered divine, he was above party politics, and was a silent presence at Cabinet Meetings. Japan’s traditions demanded that he actually played a comparatively small role in actual government, and it was his duty as Emperor to accept his Ministers’ advice when it was unanimous. The importance of these opening words will be seen best towards the end of this post.
It proved difficult for foreign ambassadors correctly to assess what Hirohito’s opinions were, as he remained silent and preferred the passive role. They could recall only two occasions on which he effectively expressed his own view, but that was because his Ministers were not being unanimous: He insisted unequivocally that the February Uprising of September 1936 should be suppressed, and he took the decision in 1945 to surrender, though four or five of his military advisers wanted to carry on with the War even after the dropping of a second atomic bomb (Nagasaki q.v.). Hirohito was advised by Allied representatives that under the terms of unconditional surrender the Imperial Throne’s continuity could not be guaranteed. Under these circumstances the Prime Minister asked his Emperor what was to be done. Both remembered easily what had happened to the last Emperor of Imperial China, who became a humble gardener. Hirohito said that what had to be done must be done and on 15 August 1945 he spoke to the embattled country by radio, announcing the surrender.
Many if not most Allied and Chinese soldiers demanded his presence as the accused in a trial as a war criminal, but General MacArthur, supreme commander of the Allied Powers, refused on the grounds of the obvious need for the Emperor to assist and provide stability and authority in the coming drastic reforms the Americans would demand. The Chinese and others had no option but to accept, as the US, after the dropping of two bombs calculated to have killed nearly two hundred and fifty thousand people in a matter of minutes (see Hiroshima q.v.) had become top nation, and, in name anyway, had the second greatest power, Soviet Russia, as its most important ally.
There has been nothing but dispute about Hirohito’s part in the starting, development and actions of the Pacific War (1941-45). Japanese brains have insisted that he was a peace-loving, pacific dove-like man wholly manipulated by his military advisers, hawks to the last man. But by his own testimony, recorded incidentally before the War Crimes Tribunal he did not have to attend, shows that he was fully informed about the Sino-Japanese War that lasted from1937 to 1945, as well as knowing every detail of the Pacific War. There is no doubt that he intervened constantly in the decision-making, not only in broad policies but on detailed operations (Pearl Harbor, Singapore and Shanghai etc.). He also supported the continuation of the War until June, 1945, one year after the Allied invasion of Normandy. His decision to accept unconditional surrender was not based on any desire to save his people from utter destruction during the fire and carpet bombing of major Japanese cities. His object was clearly to maintain the Imperial Throne and his family’s occupation of it.
Mysteriously, Hirohito seemed to get away with everything, but this may be because the United States wished the best trading power in the Far East to be little more than another State. This would not happen, as is now known, but was definitely in the mind of Truman and many others like him.
In 1946 Hirohito renounced his own divinity and lived on as a constitutional monarch, acting as a symbol of the state, making international journeys once again. His visit to Britain was not at all popular, and ex-prisoners of war of the Japanese Army turned their backs on him in public. He remained modest, frugal as ever, maintained his hobby of marine biology, and died peacefully in 1989, at the great age of eighty-eight.
Leave A Comment | <urn:uuid:ebf1097d-c227-4579-8065-1125efb24cbf> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://general-history.com/enigma-hirohito/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945323.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325095252-20230325125252-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.986479 | 986 | 3.609375 | 4 |
- The city
Gaucho, the South American rider, generally devoted to take care his cattle, that is why he has similarities with the Mexican charro, the Chilean huaso, the Venezuelan-Colombian llanero, the American Cowboy, the Ecuadorean chagra, the Peruvian qorilazo and morochuco (all horse riders). Until the ends of the nineteenth century he was semi-nomadic, then restricted because of the fencing. Nowadays, we call gauchos to the rural people dedicated to stock breeding tasks in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivian Chaco, the Chilean area of the Patagonia and the population of the South Big River, south of Brazil. Women are traditionally called "paisana", "guaina"(in the north coastline), "gaucha" and wrongly called "china", at the beginning this term was used to refer to women of unhappy lifes, but over time it began to be used in this way.
In the Argentine culture the mythical image of the pampas gaucho is strongly highlighted. His role in the country´s history as well as in literature has contributed to created that image from works such as “Martin Fierro” by José Hernanández.
In all the Argentine territory there are agriculture and stock breeding establishments, known under the name of farms, many of which had exceeded the 200 years of history and are usually run by gauchos. Some of them have amazing mansions of English and French architecture, with very luxurious furniture and comfortably equipped. Others, on the contrary, still keep the old and austere colonial style. Many farmers have turned the facilities of their establishments into great class hotels.
Farms give guests the possibility of doing activities that will make their stay a wonderful experience: horse ridding, fishing, observation of birds, polo, golf, etc. You also have the opportunity to do some farm work such as driving the cattle, milk the cows, branding cattle, shear sheeps, or see some western riding, and enjoy playing the guitar and folk music. | <urn:uuid:c1f7a979-28ca-44a6-a9fd-15fd0de8b70b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.rochester-hotel.com.ar/en/m/bsas/culture/country | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164575861/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134255-00078-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963273 | 438 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- freely available
Societies 2014, 4(1), 30-44; doi:10.3390/soc4010030
Published: 7 January 2014
Abstract: The use of public spaces can promote social cohesion and facilitate interpersonal interactions within the community. However, the ways racial and ethnic groups interact in public spaces can also reflect and influence informal segregation in the wider community. The present study aimed to examine patterns of intergroup contact within public spaces in Victoria, Australia through short-term observation in four localities. Data were collected on within-group, intergroup and absence of contact for people from minority and majority groups. A total of 974 contacts were observed. Findings indicate that in the observed public spaces, people from visible minority groups tended to have no contact with others or to interact with people from other ethnic/racial groups. In contrast, those from the majority group tended to interact predominately with other majority group members. This suggests that majority group members are more likely to ‘self-segregate’ in public spaces than those from minority groups.
Across the world, factors such as globalization, natural disasters, political conflict, increasing urbanization and poverty have resulted in increased migration both within and between countries, permanently changing the social landscape. Recently, the populations of many high-income nations such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and those in Western Europe have become increasingly ethnically, racially and culturally diverse through arrival of humanitarian and refugee entrants as well as skilled migrants [1,2]. These population movements, combined with existing histories of marginalization and exclusion of minority groups such as indigenous populations and those from African and Caribbean backgrounds has resulted in complex intercultural contexts and challenges related to multiculturalism and social cohesion .
At a national and community level, benefits of cultural diversity include increased productivity, creativity and wellbeing , with social cohesion and multiculturalism espoused within policies and practices in many contemporary societies . Frequent and positive contact between those of different groups is also beneficial at an individual level, reducing prejudice and promoting positive intergroup relations [5,6]. Allport’s seminal work identifying four conditions under which intergroup contact reduces prejudice remains highly influential, including the need for intimate rather than superficial interaction and a social environment supportive of prejudice reduction . Building on this earlier work, a later meta-analysis of intergroup contact research found all four contact conditions may not in fact be required for prejudice reduction, with factors such as intergroup anxiety potentially playing a greater role in determining positive attitudinal changes . Moreover, recent research indicates that negative contact has a more significant impact on increased prejudicial attitudes than positive contact has on reducing them .
Despite the benefits of positive intergroup contact and diversity across individual and community levels, in many contexts different groups live alongside each other with little interaction, resulting in contact that is illusory and cosmetic [8,9]. In this way the potential benefits of diversity and inclusion are compromised by informal segregation; a de facto system for regulating interaction between groups based on unofficial policies and practices that reproduce racial and ethnic barriers . While some benefits of segregation have been identified within the empirical literature, including preservation of minority group identity and a buffering effect on health and wellbeing outcomes , the negative effects of segregation on society and individuals and its role in perpetuating racial/ethnic inequalities are persistently documented [12,13]. Most research examining the inter-connectedness between space and intergroup relations has been at a macro-spatial level using sociological and qualitative methods and focused on city or neighborhood residential segregation and its economic, social and political effects [9,14].
In many high-income countries, public spaces are often viewed as apparently neutral ground accessible and open to all; enabling people to interact with others within a wider community context, to meet in planned and unplanned ways, and through this facilitation of mixing to promote social cohesion . The role of public spaces in promoting social inclusion and community cohesion, as well as supporting healthy lifestyles and emotional wellbeing, are increasingly prioritized within policy as well as research contexts . However, concepts of “space” and “public” are both contested and open to interpretation [17,18,19], with social and physical environments highly interconnected, shaped via ongoing interactions [16,20]. Public spaces are frequently described as settings within which social networks and relationships are formed, maintained and shaped . For example, Goffman’s seminal work focused on the importance of fleeting, chance or momentary encounters and Simmel described the sociological significance of minor social interaction in everyday settings [22,23,24]. Previous studies have explored the importance of public settings in providing opportunities for casual interactions and through this to building perceptions of inclusion and sense of community [25,26]. However, utilization of such public spaces varies considerably among individuals and different groups, with patterns of segregation and division at play . Unequal power dynamics, positive and negative interactions, and division and cohesion, can all be features of public space [16,27,28,29]. As a result, the role of public spaces in promoting interethnic understanding and intergroup contact and in building community across diverse groups across is questioned and remains unclear [30,31].
Some suggest public spaces provide opportunity for interaction between different ethnic groups that would not otherwise occur in a more organized context, thus facilitating improved intergroup relations [16,30,32,33]. However, while spaces may be utilized by different ethnic groups, they may not necessarily interact nor is contact that does occur necessarily positive [16,32]. Instead of being sustained and meaningful, it is suggested that intergroup contact in public spaces is most likely to be fleeting or momentary . Sennett takes this further and suggests interaction between groups of “others” in public is most likely to take one of three deficient modes: conflict, assimilation and indifference . Others are more hopeful, highlighting the potential of public spaces to generate trust in urban diversity and acceptance of “throwntogetherness” [30,35]. In this context, there remains an ongoing need for more nuanced understandings and analysis of ways in which different social and cultural groups use public spaces, the degree to which spaces are shared and how shared spaces potentially influence community cohesion [16,30,36].
Beyond the theoretical and empirical research at the macro-spatial level described above, the micro-ecology of segregation within the everyday spaces of people’s lives is also emerging as an important area of work [9,10]. This micro-ecology of segregation, and the everyday use of public spaces as sites in which informal segregation practices can be enacted and reproduced, is thus the focus of this paper. It is argued that the way in which routine or habitual practices are organized sociospatially function to uphold distance between groups and to reinforce dynamics of domination and subordination . We examine these dynamics at an interpersonal micro level rather than the macro-spatial community or neighborhood level, building on the small but growing body of research focused on the micro-ecology of segregation.
To date, studies have empirically examined the micro-ecology of segregation within schools [37,38,39], universities [13,40,41], areas of open public seating , parks and playgrounds , shopping queues , bars and nightclubs , churches and beaches . These studies have been conducted in the United States, South Africa and the United Kingdom, with one study examining the use of space by children from refugee and non-refugee backgrounds in Australian primary schools [47,48].
Consistently across all these studies, the ongoing nature of segregation within everyday life spaces is documented. Ways in which segregation is reproduced and normalized via performative everyday practices within these spaces, and the norms imbued in such spaces that influence individual agency and behavior is also a common theme [9,14,39]. As others have noted, such informal everyday segregation practices within a given context are influenced by shared understandings about how groups do or do not interact . Such informal segregation can also be considered an active process in which the meanings of shared space are negotiated among different groups, and thus not automatically the result of intergroup prejudice or poor intergroup relations [9,14].
There remains an ongoing need for empirical data regarding the experiences and underlying processes of segregation, including ways in which prejudicial attitudes, experiences and behaviors may or may not have influence in these spaces. Moreover, given the highly contextual nature of intergroup relations and attitudes, as well as meanings and uses of space and place, there is a need for locally based studies to inform action to reduce segregation and to promote social cohesion and positive intergroup contact. Observational studies at a micro-ecological level provide opportunity to examine intergroup contact within everyday life spaces in a dynamic fashion, adding further depth to that provided by cross-sectional survey data examining experiences of discrimination or prejudicial attitudes, and to the macro-level sociological studies of neighborhoods and communities [14,49].
2. Rationale and Aims
The present study aimed to examine the micro-ecology of intergroup contact within public spaces in Victoria, Australia. It was designed to provide observational data as one component of a wider community baseline assessment for the evaluation of the Localities Embracing and Accepting Diversity (LEAD) program . This study aimed to investigate the extent to which intergroup contact occurred as compared to within group or no contact between visible minority and majority racial/ethnic groups within public spaces. It also aimed to investigate key demographic and contextual characteristics influencing the nature of contact between visible minority and majority racial/ethnic groups in these public spaces. Thus, we hypothesized that intergroup contact between those from visible minority and majority backgrounds would be significantly rarer than no contact or within group contact across all public spaces.
3.1. Study Setting
Both LGAs involved in LEAD have high levels of cultural and linguistic diversity and low-medium average socio-economic status. LGA A is a large regional town situated approximately 200 km from Melbourne (population approximately 60,000) and LGA B is an outer suburban area of Melbourne (population approximately 155,000). The relative disadvantage of LGAs can be determined using the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA). The SEIFA is used to compare how disadvantaged an area is in relation to other areas in Australia. The Victorian LGA ranked 1 is the most disadvantaged while the LGA ranked 79 is the most advantaged in the state. LGA A has a SEIFA ranking of 25 with 3.4% of its population identifying as Indigenous and 19.2% born overseas [51,52]. LGA B has a SEIFA ranking of 42, with 0.7% of its population identifying as Indigenous and 38.3% born overseas. The LEAD LGAs were not selected due to particularly high levels of racism or discriminatory behavior in comparison to other Victorian communities.
Ethics approval to conduct this study was received from Melbourne University Human Ethics Sub-Committee (HESC) on 3 March 2011.
3.2. Observation Methods
Observations of within and intergroup contact between people of majority and minority backgrounds were conducted by one author (LR) in four public spaces in each of the LGAs following methods used previously . The public spaces to be observed in each LGA were identified as locations of high use by people from both majority and minority cultural backgrounds by local government staff working within the LEAD program. In LGA A, this was the community library and sports center while in LGA B observations were conducted in a community library and a large shopping center.
Four two-hour observations were conducted in each setting across different time periods (morning, afternoon and evening) and days of the week (both weekdays and weekends) over a three-week period. In each location, the researcher identified peak times and places within the setting for observation in consultation with setting staff. In the LGA A library the areas observed were a computer area, children’s area, newspaper/magazine section, and a television/gaming area on two mornings and two afternoons for three consecutive Thursdays and a Friday. For the sports center two indoor basketball courts and two netball courts were observed on two afternoons, one evening and one morning for three different weekdays (two consecutive Thursdays and one Wednesday). For the LGA B library observations were conducted in the newspaper area, children’s area, and the computer space (divided into two sections due to its size) on two consecutive Saturday mornings and two weekday afternoons (Thursday and Friday). For the shopping center, two sections of a food court, an outdoor children’s playground, and an indoor general seating area were observed on three weekday afternoons (two consecutive Thursdays and one Friday), one Thursday evening and one Sunday afternoon.
A map of each section was drawn for every visit and location and the activity of visitors was recorded. Each area was observed for 30 minutes. Date, time, visible racial/ethnic background (majority/minority), age range, type of contact (within, intergroup or none), group size and quality of contact (friendly/familial or conflict) were recorded every five minutes. Individuals were the unit of observation, with each individual present in each observation period given a unique ID number to allow for recording of type of contact as well as with whom contact was occurring, by recording ID numbers of others in the group. Group size was calculated by counting number of IDs. Contact rather than individual was the unit of analysis, as one individual may have more than one contact per five-minute period. Contact included verbal interaction, as well as non-verbal interaction while participating in or observing an activity such as a game, sporting match, eating a meal, or craft.
Outcome: Type of Contact.
Data on type of contact were coded in three categories: within group/intergroup/none.
Primary Explanatory Variable: Majority/minority group.
Participants were coded in two categories: majority (English-speaking White) and visible minority. Majority/minority group was researcher-assigned through observation of physical appearance (e.g., skin color), clothing (e.g., hijab, turban) and/or language use and linguistic cues.
Secondary Explanatory Variables:
Other explanatory variables observed were gender; age coded in three groups for analysis (pre-teen, youth, adults); time of day coded in three groups (morning, afternoon, evening); setting (Library LGA A, Library LGA B, Sports Centre, Shopping Centre); length of interaction (less than 10 minutes, 10 minutes or more) and quality of interaction (friendly/familial, conflict).
Building on methods for quantitative analysis of space-use conducted previously , the following bivariate associations were examined separately for type of contact using simple multinomial regression with type of contact as the outcome and inter-group contact as the base category: majority/minority group, gender, age, time of day. Bivariate associations between type of contact (coded in two categories: within group and intergroup) as well as length of interaction were examined using simple logistic regression (length of interaction was not relevant when type of contact variable was “none”). Quality of interaction was not used in analysis due to low variance between categories with only n = 6 interactions coded as conflict and the remaining familiar/familial. As the association between group size and type of contact was not significant at p < 0.1, group size was not considered further in analysis.
Bivariate associations between length of interaction as the outcome and majority/minority group were examined in a separate model with logistic regression adjusted for clustering of participants by setting using robust standard errors. As this association was not significant at the p < 0.1 level, further multivariable analysis using this outcome was not conducted. Bivariate association between this interaction variable as the outcome and majority/minority group were examined in a separate logistic regression model adjusted for clustering of participants by setting using robust standard errors. Stratified analysis of the bivariate relationship between length of interaction as the outcome and majority/minority group were also examined. This analysis utilized separate logistic regression models adjusted for clustering by setting using robust standard errors for within group and intergroup contact categories.
Multinomial regression with type of contact as the outcome and inter-group contact set as the base category was then undertaken. In the basic model, associations between type of contact and majority/minority group were examined. In the full model, gender, age, time of day were added. All models were adjusted for clustering of participants by setting using robust standard errors. Interaction between contact and other independent variables in the final model could not be explored due to sample size limitations and model instability.
4.1. Observations—Quantitative Analysis
A total of 974 contacts were observed, with most occurring in the sports setting (40.7%), followed by the shopping center (24.9%) and libraries (13.0% and 21.5% in Library A and B respectively). Within group contact (69.4% across the whole sample) was more commonly observed between individuals from majority (78.8%) groups than among those from minority groups (46.5%). For full detail of sample characteristics by contact type see Table 1.
|Table 1. Sample characteristics by type of contact.|
|Total % (n)||Within group % (n)||Intergroup % (n)||None % (n)|
|Library A||13.0 (127)||25.2 (32)||11.8 (15)||63 (80)|
|Library B||21.5 (209)||49.8 (104)||13.4 (28)||36.8 (77)|
|Sports||40.7 (396)||87.9 (348)||1 (4)||11.1 (44)|
|Shopping center||24.9 (242)||79.3 (192)||4.6 (11)||16.1 (39)|
|Majority||71.1 (692)||78.8 (545)||1.9 (13)||19.4 (134)|
|Visible minority||29.0. (282)||46.5 (131)||16.0 (45)||37.6 (106)|
|Male||43.7 (425)||64.7 (275)||6.8 (29)||28.5 (121)|
|Female||56.3 (548)||73.2 (401)||5.3 (29)||21.5 (118)|
|Pre-teens||29.8 (290)||67.6 (196)||12.8 (37)||19.7 (57)|
|Youth||5.7 (55)||65.5 (36)||5.5 (3)||29.1 (16)|
|Adults||64.6 (629)||70.6 (444)||2.9 (18)||26.6 (167)|
|Time of day|
|Morning||20.4 (199)||58.8 (117)||2 (4)||39.2 (78)|
|Afternoon||62.6 (610)||67.7 (413)||8.2 (50)||24.1 (147)|
|Evening||16.9 (165)||88.5 (146)||2.4 (4)||9.1 (15)|
|Length of contact|
|<10 min||36.8 (272)||84.2 (229)||15.8 (43)||NA|
|10 min or more||63.2 (468)||95.5 (447)||3.2 (15)||NA|
|Total||69.4 (676)||6.0 (58)||24.6 (240)|
At the bivariate level, significant associations were found between type of contact and majority/minority group, age group, gender, time of day, setting and length of interaction. For within group contact, significant associations (p < 0.05) were found with evening time period, and for adults. A marginally significant association (p < 0.10) was found for youth. For no contact, a significant association was found for youth, and a marginally significant association for adults. Type of contact was not significantly associated with gender or length of contact. People from visible minorities were significantly more likely to have intergroup contact rather than within group or no contact when compared to those from the majority group. Within group or no contact was more likely than intergroup contact in the morning and the evening rather than the afternoon. There was no difference between youth and pre-teens in the odds of having within group contact rather than intergroup contact. Youth were more likely than pre-teens to have no contact rather than intergroup contact. Adults were more likely than pre-teens to have within group rather than intergroup contact. However, the likelihood of having no contact rather than intergroup contact did not significantly differ among adults and pre-teens. See Table 2 for full detail of contact characteristics and bivariate analysis.
|Table 2. Bivariate relationships between type of contact, length of contact, and socio-demographic characteristics.|
|Type of contact||Unadjusted RRR||P value|
|Visible minority||0.07 (0.02–0.23)||<0.001|
|Visible minority||0.23 (0.1–0.54)||0.001|
|Time of day|
|Within group||1.46 (0.77–2.75)||0.24|
|Unadjusted OR (95% CI)|
|Length of contact|
|Type of contact|
|Within group||0.18 (0.02–1.46)||0.11|
|Visible minority||0.30 (0.06–1.63)||0.17|
|Contact X length of contact|
|Visible minority||9.23 (2.07–41.03)||0.003|
Base categories used: intergroup contact; majority; afternoon; male; pre-teens; RRR = Relative Risk Ratio.
Further exploration of the relationship between type of contact and all contact characteristics found that in the basic model, people identified as being from minority groups were significantly more likely to have within group or no contact than intergroup contact compared to those from majority backgrounds. People from minority backgrounds were more likely than people from majority backgrounds to have no contact. In the multivariable model, these associations remained significant when adjusting for gender, age group, setting and time of day. In the final model (Table 3), people from minority groups were less likely to have within group contact and more likely to have no contact than to have intergroup contact in comparison to those from majority backgrounds.
|Table 3. Multivariable adjusted associations between type of contact and socio-demographic characteristics.|
|Type of contact||Unadjusted RRR(95% CI)||Adjusted RRR (95% CI)||P value|
|Within group||Minority group||0.07 (0.02–0.22)||0.10 (0.02–0.57)||0.01|
|Time of day|
|None||Minority group||0.23 (0.10–0.54)||0.40 (0.16–1.02)||0.05|
|Time of day|
Base categories: intergroup contact; majority; afternoon; male; pre-teens; RRR = relative risk ratio
4.2. Observations—Field Notes
Field notes from the observational data collection support the results of the quantitative analysis across all settings. Little intergroup contact, as well as minimal presence of community members from minority groups was observed in both shopping and sporting settings.
Less intergroup contact was observed at the shopping mall where a majority of patrons were of an Anglo background. All interactions observed were between family members or friends with the exception of one intergroup interaction between two members of the cleaning staff and a couple of intergroup interactions in the children’s playground which were perceived as positive.
(Observational field notes LGA B 19/5/2011 5:00 p.m.–5:25 p.m.)
In contrast, although observations suggested that libraries were generally a positive space for community members from minority groups, and that they were happy to spend time there socializing and using the facilities, there was still minimal intergroup contact observed.
…the library was not only being used for browsing, reading, and learning, but also a social space as well…. speaking in languages other than English (Greek, Hindi and local African languages).
(Observational field notes LGA B 26/5/2011 11:00 a.m.–12:55 p.m.)
One group of male children use the space to play cards, their interaction is friendly. A group of Middle Eastern Muslim women and their children sit on the floor talking and taking pictures of each other. Perhaps this demonstrates they are feeling safe and comfortable in this particular public space? A number of others used this section to read with family or to play with family and friends.
(Observational field notes LGA B 15/5/2011 3:30 p.m.–3:55 p.m.)
On two separate days a group of young group of Afghani males were present…perhaps this is a space they frequent often to socialize and use the game resources. The weekly knitting group comprised individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds who also use this space, and positively interact with each other.
(Observational field notes LGA A 17/6/2011 10:30 a.m.–10:45 a.m.)
In the computer area there was one intergroup interaction and slight altercation between an Anglo male and Middle Eastern male whereby the Middle Eastern male stood behind the Anglo male’s computer watching the screen making the Anglo male uncomfortable and leading him to ask the Middle Eastern male to ‘go away’.
(Observational field notes LGA A 21/5/2011 3:55 p.m.–4:00 p.m.)
The main findings from this observational study indicate that in public spaces within two localities in Victoria, Australia people from visible minority groups tend to have no contact with others or to interact with people from their own or other visible minority ethnic/racial groups while those from the majority group (Anglo/White Australians) tend to interact predominately with others from their own ethnic/racial group. To our knowledge, this study is the first to find that people are more likely to have intergroup contact in the afternoon compared to the morning or evening. Possibly this is due to the public spaces in this study being busier during the afternoon as students finish school and along with their caregivers frequent public spaces; thus, providing more opportunity for intergroup contact. However, this possible explanation does not fully explain the finding as nearly 40% of contacts observed in this study were not in the afternoon, with relatively similar proportions of these in the morning and the evening. Further research is required on the factors resulting in this temporal cycle of intergroup sociality which may have implications for scheduling large-scale public events aimed at “community building” .
This finding suggests that majority group members are more likely to “self-segregate” in public spaces than those from minority groups, supporting evidence from macro-level studies that “generally the preferences of the majority will have a stronger impact on segregation patterns” that those of the minority . This study also indicates that minority people are likely to be socially isolated (i.e., no contact) when majority group members self-segregate. More generally, qualitative field notes suggest minimal presence of community members from minority groups in public spaces, despite the fact that 19.2% and 38.3% of residents in LGA A and B, respectively, were born overseas. As such, the main finding of this study could reflect an under-representation of those from minority groups in public spaces such that the contact options for minority people are predominantly an absence of contact or intergroup contact.
Evidence from surveys examining experiences of racism and associated responses and health effects among minority group members in these communities indicate that 17% experience racism at least nine times a year and 24% avoid specific situations because of racism often or very often [55,56]. As supported in Australian qualitative research in which respondents reported staying home more often as well as avoiding public transport and shopping , this may be a contributing factor to such under-representation. As noted by Noble and Poynting, experiences of racism can “limit the citizen-rights of the targeted to be in a given place” .
As noted in the introduction, informal segregation can result from negotiation among different groups about the meanings of shared space, and thus is not necessarily the result of intergroup prejudice or poor intergroup relations [9,14]. However, regardless of its causes, we concur with Noble and Poynting that “thwarting of socio-spatial engagements” compromises “effective citizenship [which] requires access to and comfort in a multitude of spaces” while also stunting “capacities to forge networks of co-operation” vital to social inclusion and cohesion.
A recent review of eight Australian studies indicate that although positive intergroup contact does not always lead to reduced prejudice, negative intergroup contact strongly predicted increased prejudice . As such, it is important to note that intergroup interactions observed in this study were almost exclusively positive, that is observed to be familiar/familial and without observable signs of conflict. Moreover, the length of interaction did not significantly differ between intragroup and intergroup contact, suggesting a similar level of contact quality for intra and intergroup interactions. While avoiding “exaggerated claims... that more interaction in the form of… contrived meetings will necessarily nurture intercultural engagement and understanding” , there appears to be some potential for improving intergroup relations through increased intergroup contact in Australian public spaces. One avenue to achieving this would be to promote the required social norms via national government strategies, such as the National Anti-Racism Strategy ‘Racism. It Stops with me’ campaign informed by current anti-racist scholarship [60,61].
The study shows the potential for observational methods to provide information that can inform interventions over and above what can be learned from survey methods or qualitative data collection. High reported exposures to racism in public places among minority groups co-occurred with a tendency for majority groups to self-segregate in the same settings. While it is plausible the size of the minority group influences the likelihood of intra- and inter- group contact, in this study the relatively large sample of the minority group (30%) makes this unlikely. Refinement of methods was not possible in this study here due to resource limitations, but would be useful to further advance knowledge in this area. For example, inter-rater reliability through use of more than one observer to collect data, as well as more detailed ethnographic and field observational data regarding nature of interactions beyond whether they were inter- or intra- group. It is also important to acknowledge that the observational nature of the study meant that attribution of race/ethnicity was determined by authors’ perceptions of visible differences and potentially influenced by social norms of difference. Asking participants to report their own race/ethnicity was not appropriate for the observational nature of this study. This study demonstrates the value of using different methodological approaches to inform intervention design, including those using observational methods rather than solely relying on self-report. The findings of this study highlight an important behavioral target for intervention to reduce racism and provide specific and contextual information regarding interactions within public settings. In particular, targeting public spaces as settings for intergroup contact as well as to promote accessibility and use by those from minority backgrounds may be a key strategy for reducing racism and promoting cultural diversity.
The LEAD program is funded by the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) through its Diverse Australia program and beyondblue, Australia’s peak body for mental health issues. The current research was carried out as part of the LEAD program. The authors are part of the LEAD evaluation team. Naomi Priest is supported by an NHRMC Post Doctoral Fellowship and by the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation. Margaret Kelaher was supported by an ARC Future Fellowship.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest
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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). | <urn:uuid:88275707-a457-47cf-bc42-4479a1cdda03> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4698/4/1/30/htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098990.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00023-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908213 | 9,929 | 2.625 | 3 |
The smaller the cuter? See the seven smallest animals on the planet
After world’s most dangerous animals, you have already seen the ugliest ones too, and you have met the cutest animal babies as well. Now we will show you a cuteness that will make your heart melt: we have collected seven miniature animals that are surprisingly tiny compared to other members of their species. Look at the photos to discover some of the tiniest creatures in the world.
In Brazil, by the banks of Amazon, the world’s tiniest monkey, the pigmy silk monkey was discovered. The weight of the minuscule animal is only about 100-150 grams.
Probably the smallest group of frogs is the so-called Paedophryne amauensis, that is the smallest species of vertebrates in the world with its 7-8 mm length.
In early 2012, the smallest members of the chameleon family were discovered. These animals are a tiny bit larger than miniature frogs.
The smallest bird in the world is the bee humming bird that lives in Cuba. Her body is six centimeters in length and it weighs 1.5-2 grams.
The Etruscan shrew mouse weighs about the same – two grams. Another interesting fact is that the heart of the animal beats 1300 times per minute.
The smallest member of the lemur family is the pigmy lemur. The tiny animal lives in Madagascar and it weighs about 50 grams.
The smallest snake was discovered five years ago. It is a thread snake called Leptotyphlops carlae that measures 10 centimeters the most. | <urn:uuid:801ce665-8fc7-4c29-995d-4fa4ab900abe> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://onejive.com/he-is-as-big-as-your-finger-the-smallest-monkey-on-the-earth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738944.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812200445-20200812230445-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.931994 | 337 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Amidst Us A Shipbuilding Community
The year 1755 saw the completion of the first vessel on the Kennebunk River.” 11 years later Samuel Wakefield built a schooner at the Landing; so named for the lumber destined for West Indies ports that was floated down the river and “landed” along the river’s meadows. In the words of historian Tom Murphy, “the next 100 years would witness an outpouring of vessels whose beauty and dependability became a trademark of the Landing builders. Our community and this church are firmly rooted in the shipbuilding trade.
Our first meeting house was build at the Landing. Completed in 1750, it undoubtedly served as the heart of a fledgling community whose fortunes were about to change. It’s hard to imagine the Landing as a frontier but life was hard in Maine in the 18th century. The founding members of this church knew about human suffering and felt a special compassion for those in trouble; contributing $200 to the people of Boston after a destructive fire, taking a special collection the people of Marblehead who had lost 170 of their men and boys at sea and donating 27 cords of maple, oak and birch to the oppressed citizens of Boston.
As the shipbuilding industry grew the Kennebunks became an epicenter of industry, commerce and wealth and people flocked to this area in search of their fortune. By 1772 we’d outgrown our original meeting house and voted to build a new meeting house at the present location. Building materials were donated by the members of the church, many of whom were shipbuilders. Legend has it that the beautiful mahogany pulpit and choir loft at the back of the Sanctuary were hewn from a great log found floating in the Caribbean dragged all the way back to Kennebunk behind a ship.
People who lived in the Kennebunks might not be able to tell you how to get to Oxford or Norway, Maine but they knew the coast and many of them had explored the coast of South America and the West Indies as well as the coastline of New England giving the Kennebunks something of a cosmopolitan air. Ships that were built here came and went bringing with them sailors and goods from all over the world.
In one way or another, the entire population linked their fortunes to the sea. They knew the promise as well as the perils of the deep. As a ship prepared to leave port, the Shantyman would lead the crew in song, as much to bolster the sailors’ flagging spirits at leaving the comforts of home as to celebrate a bon voyage. A seasoned crew knew what they were in for – so they sang, putting on a good show, as much for themselves as for those they were leaving behind.
Singing was such an important part of the ritual of setting out to sea that the absence of song before the departure meant that something was amiss. There’s a sad story about a ship named the Isadore that set sail from Kennebunk on Nov. 30, 1842 only to wreck on the rocks at Bald Head within hours of leaving the Port.
Rev. William Mitchell who attended the launching wrote that, “A terrible gloom seemed to fall upon the crew as they left their homes for the voyage. None of the usual sailors’ songs were heard as they hoisted their sails. One seaman had a dream that when sailing between the Piers at the mouth of the Kennebunk River he saw on the Eastern Pier seven coffins. He asked in his dream whose they were and the reply was, ‘one of them is for you.’”
After viewing the wreck Rev. Mitchell wrote that there were in fact, seven bodies stretched out on the beach waiting to be coffined and one was the man with the dream.
Sailors are a superstitious lot – in part, perhaps because their lives so often depend on forces so much greater than themselves. Their lot gave them a very real understanding of the precious and precarious nature of life – the sea could provide. It could also take your life. The songs of the sea are hymns that helped sailors keep their balance as they rode the waves between life and death – which brings me back to our fascination with the sea; a force much greater than we are – our source from whence we come and to which we shall return. | <urn:uuid:a3f92bb2-6da2-4df8-9065-07ceb572153b> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.uukennebunk.org/p/our-community-has-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313889.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818124516-20190818150516-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.986656 | 906 | 2.875 | 3 |
“Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another unto dishonour?” (Romans 9:21)
Pottery comes in various sizes, shapes, and styles. Some pottery is deigned to function as dinnerware, while a lot of pottery is ornamental in nature. The value of pottery is often appraised by its quality and beauty. After all, pottery is considered as an art-form. For this reason, those pieces demonstrating the greatest skill and beauty are proudly showcased and prized by collectors.
Consider then the work of a potter: of his own will, he gathers the clay, and works it through the various stages, until it is acceptable to himself. That which he produces is fit to the work he has purposed. There can be no doubt that the pot would not be what it is, if not for the power of the potter. Even the most beautiful pot is a mere product of its creator. Yet we esteem the created pot more than the creator potter. This should not be so.
In our text, the Apostle Paul uses the analogy of a potter to expound upon the election of Grace, emphasizing the prerogative of the Sovereign God to do that which He chooses. This is not a new illustration. The Prophet Jeremiah used the potter as a type to show God’s absolute power in disposing of nations (Jeremiah 18:1-6). As a Potter, the Lord has absolute right to mold us as clay into the fashion of His choosing.
Even those people who dispute Sovereign Grace will make a profession of faith, and acknowledge that the Lord had been ‘dealing with’ them for a period of time prior to their conversion. These ‘dealings’ are nothing other than Sovereign movements of God’s Spirit – first in quickening, then in drawing, finally in revealing Christ in them.
These dealings, or movements, are also experienced in the day-to-day sanctifying of the Elect, whereby we are conformed to the Image of Christ. This is the molding of the clay, so-so-speak, by which the Potter prepares us for His use.
Yet we so often fall into the snare of rejoicing over the work the Lord has done in our lives more that His working in our lives. When we testify: “I’m not the person I was,” we bear witness to a work done by God in our lives; but this testimony is always self-centered – “look at me” – pointing to the pot more than the Potter.
When the Apostle Paul bare witness to the work of God in his own life – from being a persecutor of the Church to being as Apostle thereof – he was ever-careful to say: “But by the grace of God I am what I am” (1 Corinthians 15:9-10); thus giving Glory to God.
Our text poses a question: “Hath not the potter power over the clay…?” The answer is a resounding ‘Yes.’ He alone is Sovereign, and every knee bows to Him. Our God has absolute power over our entire beings, and we are but the work of His hand (Isaiah 64:8). For this reason, our rejoicing should not be over the work done in our lives (the pot); but rather let us rejoice over the One who does the work (the Potter). | <urn:uuid:72261b2a-201b-4ca3-a71b-f89595655f87> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.houseofhopeprisonministry.org/christian-growth/the-pot-or-the-potter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988831.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508001259-20210508031259-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.960534 | 733 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Kettlewell, Henry Bernard Davis
KETTLEWELL, HENRY BERNARD DAVIS
(b. Howden, Yorkshire [now Humberside], England, 24 February 1907; d. Steeple Barton, near Oxford, England, 11 May 1979),
evolution, ecological genetics, entomology. For the original article on Kettlewell see DSB, vol. 17.
In the years since John Turner’s original DSB entry on him, Kettlewell and his pioneering work on industrial melanism have attracted historical interest that extends well beyond its scientific merits. This interest stems from the prominent role his investigations and the phenomenon of industrial melanism have played in the teaching of biology, and the centrality of industrial melanism as an example of natural selection in creationism/intelligent design versus evolution debates. This update summarizes contemporary scientific appraisals of Kettlewell’s classic work on industrial melanism. It then discusses how legitimate scientific questions surrounding Kettlewell and his research have led popular writers and others with a fairly obvious agenda astray. A concluding section summarizes work on Kettlewell by historians and philosophers and outlines outstanding questions for further research.
In textbooks and the popular press, Kettlewell’s field experiments in the 1950s are widely portrayed as providing the first definitive evidence that industrial melanism is indeed an example of natural selection. This is inaccurate for two reasons. First, the evidence that industrial melanism in the peppered moth is an example of natural selection came from the work of geneticists who had established that the color of the peppered moth has a genetic basis (Bowater, 1914), and the observations of literally hundreds of amateur and professional collectors who documented the spread of the dark form in the vicinity of manufacturing areas during the heyday of the industrial revolution and its predictable decline owing to the passage of Clean Air legislation (Doncaster, 1906; Kettlewell, 1958; Cook, 2003; Majerus, 2005). The directional rise and fall of the dark form, not only in the peppered moth but also in literally hundreds of other species where the phenomenon is known to have occurred, definitively establishes that this is an example of natural selection (Majerus, 1998; Grant, 1999). This is true even in the absence of knowing precisely why the dark form is at an advantage in polluted environments. Kettlewell’s field experiments are considered important because they provided the first experimental demonstration that bird predation was indeed the selective mechanism at work at a time when many lepidopterists publicly doubted that bird predation was a significant factor on moth populations (e.g., Allen, 1955).
Second, although they are often depicted in the popular press as definitive, scientists have long recognized several fundamental problems in the conduct of Kettlewell’s initial field experiments (e.g., Clarke & Sheppard, 1966; Majerus, 1998; Grant, 1999). Some of these problems center around the design of his experiment, such as whether the elevated densities of moths he used to ensure his results were statistically significant might have led endemic birds to eat moths when they ordinarily do not. Other problems have been associated with the central assumptions of his investigations, such as where the moth rests by day. While industrial melanism has proven to be a more complicated phenomenon than simplistic textbook accounts would have us believe, at least eight studies since using variously modified experimental designs to get around these problems have confirmed the basic conclusions of Kettlewell’s initial experiments, namely that birds prey upon peppered moths and further that they do so differentially, depending upon how well the moth matches its background (Majerus, 2005). This being said, it seems clear further research needs to be done on the role of other nonvisual components of selection, for example, prelarval survival differences (Cook, 2000, 2003).
Sympathizers with intelligent design have misinterpreted these valid concerns about how best to interpret Kettlewell’s investigations as somehow calling into doubt whether industrial melanism is indeed an example of natural selection at all. Several have drawn attention to discrepancies between introductory textbook accounts on industrial melanism written for children and journal articles by scientists who work on the phenomenon as evidence of a conspiracy to promote evolutionary theory (e.g., Wells, 2000, but see Rudge, 2002).
Following their lead, Judith Hooper, a popular science writer, in the first book-length biography of Kettlewell, all but explicitly charges Kettlewell with committing fraud and suggests Edmund Briscoe Ford and his colleagues engaged in an elaborate coverup to prevent the truth from being widely known (Hooper, 2002). While the book captures a sense of the colorful personalities associated with what has come to be known as the “Oxford School of Ecological Genetics” (c.f. Turner, 1985, 1988, but see Cain, 1988), Hooper’s interpretation of the historical events is fundamentally flawed and rests on shoddy historical research (Rudge, 2005). Scientists familiar with research on industrial melanism have unanimously condemned the book as revealing a woeful misunderstanding of fieldwork in biology (e.g., Coyne, 2002; Grant, 2002). Much of the book is devoted to portraying Kettlewell and his associates as the sort of people who would resort to committing fraud, primarily by drawing attention to the vested interest they had in being able to provide experimental evidence for natural selection in nature.
Her implied allegation that Kettlewell committed fraud centers around a reported increase in recapture rates during his original 1953 investigation, an increase she interprets as evidence Kettlewell “fudged” his data in order to appease his boss Ford. M. Young and I. Musgrave (2005) have shown that the discrepancy upon which Hooper’s specific allegation that Kettlewell fudged his data is made is entirely explicable in the context of field studies. Numerous other interpretive problems in Hooper’s account appear to stem from a lack of field experience (Grant, 2002), poor understanding of the process of natural selection (Majerus, 2005), and a fundamentally flawed understanding of issues associated with the nature of science (Rudge, 2005). It is also unclear that Ford was as intimately involved in Kettlewell’s work as Hooper suggests (Berry, 1990).
Owen (1997) suggests Kettlewell’s published work on industrial melanism inadequately acknowledges his debt to James W. Tutt, who is generally acknowledged as the first to publish the opinion that the reason why the dark form was becoming more common near industrial sites was because of the cryptic advantage of dark coloration in soot-darkened environments (Tutt, 1890). Joel B. Hagen (1999) and David Rudge (1999) have debated whether Kettlewell’s experiment in the unpolluted wood should be interpreted as a control for the earlier experiment in a polluted setting. These papers also raise questions about how this episode has and should be depicted in science textbooks. Rudge (2003) emphasizes the role of visual imagery in accounting for why the example and Kettlewell’s
work on it has become so ubiquitous. Rudge (2000) and Douglas Allchin (2001) have also drawn attention to how this episode can and should be used to teach issues associated with the nature of science.
Several outstanding questions surround Kettlewell’s life and work that will make him the object of continued interest by historians of science. As hinted at in Turner’s original entry, Kettlewell is a fascinating individual in his own right as someone struggling to negotiate between two worlds: the world of the amateur entomologist and the world of the professional scientist. Additional work should be done to clarify the connections between his research on industrial melanism and previous research by amateur and professional scientists in Britain and other countries (briefly mentioned in Kettlewell, 1973, pp. 53–54, and Majerus, 1998). There are also outstanding questions to consider regarding whether and how his research on industrial melanism relates to his other research interests, such as his pioneering use of radioactive isotopes to track insect populations (Rudge, 2005, pp. 257–258). Further historical research on Kettlewell is also of instrumental value in making sense of the complex relationships amongst individuals associated with the Oxford School of Ecological Genetics. (The latter is a particularly important consideration given the relatively complete set of correspondence Kettlewell and Philip Sheppard left behind [archived at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University and the American Philosophical Society Library in Philadelphia respectively] compared to other individuals associated with this group, including Ford and Arthur J. Cain).
WORKS BY KETTLEWELL
The Evolution of Melanism: The Study of a Recurring Necessity. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.
Allchin, Douglas. “Kettlewell’s Missing Evidence, a Study in Black and White.” Journal of College Science Teaching 31 (2001): 240–245.
———. “Scientific Myth-Conceptions.” Science Education 87 (2003): 329–351.
Allen, P. M. Review of E. B. Ford’s Moths. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 67 (1955): 103–104.
Berry, R. J. “Industrial Melanism and Peppered Moths (Biston betularia (L)).” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 39 (1990): 301–322.
Bowater, W. “Heredity of Melanism in the Lepidoptera.” Journal of Genetics 3 (1914): 299–315.
Cain, Arthur J. “A Criticism of J. R. G. Turner’s Article ‘Fisher’s Evolutionary Faith and the Challenge of Mimicry.’” In Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, vol. 5, edited by P. H. Harvey and L. Partridge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Clarke, C. A., and P. M. Sheppard. “A Local Survey of the Distribution of Industrial Melanic Forms in the Moth Biston betularia and Estimates of the Selective Values of These in an Industrial Environment.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Science 165 (1966): 424–439.
Cook, Laurence M. “Changing Views on Melanic Moths.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69 (2000): 431–441.
———. “The Rise and Fall of the Carbonaria Form of the Peppered Moth.” Quarterly Review of Biology 78 (2003): 399–417.
Coyne, J. A. “Evolution under Pressure: A Look at the Controversy about Industrial Melanism in the Peppered Moth.” Nature 418 (2002): 19–20.
Doncaster, L. “Collective Inquiry as to Progressive Melanism in Lepidoptera: Summary of Evidence.” Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 18 (1906): 165–170, 206–208, 222–226, 248–264.
Grant, Bruce S. “Fine Tuning the Peppered Moth Paradigm.” Evolution 5 (1999): 980–984.
———. “Sour Grapes of Wrath.” Science 297 (2002): 940–941.
Hagen, Joel B. “Retelling Experiments: H. B. D. Kettlewell’s Studies of Industrial Melanism in Peppered Moths.” Biology and Philosophy 14 (1999): 39–54.
Hooper, Judith. Of Moths and Men: An Evolutionary Tale. New York: W.W. Norton, 2002.
Majerus, Michael E. N. Melanism: Evolution in Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
———. “The Peppered Moth: Decline of a Darwinian Disciple.” In Insect Evolutionary Ecology: Proceedings of the Royal Society’s 22nd Symposium, edited by M. D. E. Fellowes, G. J. Holloway, and J. Rolff. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing, 2005.
Owen, Denis F. “Natural Selection and Evolution in Moths: Homage to J. W. Tutt.” Oikos 78 (1997): 177–181.
Rudge, David. “Taking the Peppered Moth with a Grain of Salt.” Biology and Philosophy 14 (1999): 9–37.
———. “Does Being Wrong Make Kettlewell Wrong for Science Teaching?” Journal of Biological Education 35, no. 1 (2000): 5–11.
———. “Cryptic Designs on the Peppered Moth.” International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation (Revista de Biología Tropical) 50, no. 1 (2002): 1–7.
———. “The Role of Photographs and Films in Kettlewell’s opularizations of the Phenomenon of Industrial Melanism.” Science & Education 12 (2003): 261–287
. ———. “Did Kettlewell Commit Fraud? Re-examining the Evidence.” Public Understanding of Science 14, no. 3 (2005): 249–268.
Turner, J. R. G. “Fisher’s Evolutionary Faith and the Challenge of Mimicry.” In Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, vol. 2, edited by R. Dawkins and M. Ridley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
———. “Reply: Men of Fisher’s?” In Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, vol. 5, edited by P. H. Harvey and L. Partridge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Tutt, James W. “Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera.” Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 1 (1890): 5–7, 49–56, 84–90, 121–125, 169–172, 228–234, 293–300, 317–325.
Wells, Jonathan. Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth? Why Much of What We Teach about Evolution Is Wrong. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2000.
Young, M., and I. Musgrave. “Moonshine: Why the Peppered Moth Remains an Icon of Evolution.” Skeptical Inquirer 29, no. 2 (2005): 23–28.
"Kettlewell, Henry Bernard Davis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. (September 18, 2018). http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/kettlewell-henry-bernard-davis-0
"Kettlewell, Henry Bernard Davis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. . Retrieved September 18, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/kettlewell-henry-bernard-davis-0
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Kettlewell, Henry Bernard Davis
KETTLEWELL, HENRY BERNARD DAVIS
(b. Howden, Yorkshire [now Humberside], England, 24 February 1907; d. Steeple Barton, near Oxford, England, 11 May 1979)
evolution, ecological genetics, entomology.
Kettlewell was the only son of Kate Davis and of Henry Kettlewell, a merchant and member of the Corn Exchange. He was educated at Old College, Windermere, and then at the renowned English public school Charterhouse (1920–1924); studied briefly in Paris; read medicine (with zoology) at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, from 1926; and undertook his clinical training at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, form 1929. In 1935, after graduating in medicine, he joined a general medical practice in Cranleigh, Surrey. The following year he married Hazel Margaret Wiltshire. They had a daughter who died young and a son.
During World War II Kettlewell worked for the Emergency Medical Service at the Working War Hospital. He was also for a time an anesthetist at a hospital in Guildford. With the inauguration of the National Health Service, Kettlewell left general medical practice, and in 1949 he moved to South Africa to carry out research at the International Locust Control Centre at Cape Town University, making several expeditions to the Kalahari, the Knysna Forest, the Belgian Congo, and Mozambique. In 1951 he was appointed to a senior research fellowship in the laboratory of Edmund Brisco Ford in the zoology department at Oxford, dividing his time between England and South Africa until 1954, when he was appointed senior research officer and finally settled in Oxford.
It was there that he carried out his best-known work, on the evolution of melanism in moths, over a period of two decades, leading his small research team, which sometimes included his wife and son, with great panache. Although he had the true comedian’s deep streak of sadness. Bernard Kettlewell was a big man, with a personality larger than life. Kind, charming, and irascible, he had a huge and infectious ebullience and energy, could be the life and soul of any party, and was much loved by his friends. In 1952 he returned to England by driving from Cape Town to Alexandria, surely with the same abandon with which he used to drive the English lanes. He retired in 1974 and died five years later, from an apparently accidental overdose of the medication he was using to relieve the pain of a back injury sustained during fieldwork.
Kettlewell belonged to that English tradition which sees no sharp boundary between amateur naturalist and professional biologist. As perhaps the last great exponent of that tradition, it was appropriate that he saw his work as confirming the work of its greatest exponent of all time, Charles Darwin, and that his first profession, medicine, was also Darwin’s. From his youth Kettlewell had shown an extraordinary facility for fieldwork with insects, in his teens finding species which had completely eluded experienced collectors, and later in life establishing in three days the life cycle of a rare species which had defeated a large team of enthusiasts. It was this ability which he exploited so superbly in the work he carried out at Oxford, where, at some financial loss, he converted his lifelong hobby of entomology into a profession. Theingenuity with which he could combine science and natural history was shown by his demonstration that a moth caught in his trap had migrated direct from North Africa—it was carrying a radioactive particle from a French nuclear test explosion.
Because of a long friendship with Edmund Ford, whom he had met in the Black Wood of Rannoch, a famous ecological site, in 1937, Kettlewell had agreed to join the team Ford was building up in Oxford for the “study of evolution by observation and experiment” to investigate the most spectacular and rapid evolutionary change ever witnessed; industrial melanism in moths. It was the ideal experimental situation, in which all variables but one have been manipulated into insignificance. Thenormal richness and complexity of the coadaptations of organisms with each other and with their physical environment had been almost obliterated by one overwhelming factor: the industrial and domestic soot which blanketed the more populous parts of Britain and Europe.
The extermination of the lichens that otherwise clothed the trunks of trees had left those moths which spent the day exposed there, relying only on stillness and invisibility, deprived of the camouflage they had enjoyed. Forced to rest on the soot-blackened bark, some eighty species of them had darkened during the nineteenth century. This was well enough known, and had been subjected to various neo-Lamarckian, mutationist, and (notably by J. B. S. Haldane) Darwinian interpretations, but it was Kettlewell who used it to provide spectacular evidence of the competence of natural selection to produce evolutionary change.
The two personal qualities that led to this success were Kettlewell’s great facility with insects in the field, and his status as an amateur entomologist. Although walking with the kings of population genetics, he had not lost the common touch; his knowledge of natural history and his enthusiasm for the natural history and his enthusiasm by the amateur lepidopterist, who found the work of the more rigorously trained of Kettlewell put this power to communicate with the amateur world to good effect in organizing a national survey (1952– 1970), conducted by 170 entomologists, of the distribution of the black and the lichen-patterned forms of one of the more prominent industrial melanics, the peppered moth (Biston betularia). This showed clearly that the highest frequencies of the black forms were found in the heavily polluted industrial heartlands of Britain, and that populations in the western and northern rural areas were still entirely of the lichen-camouflaged form.
By using a massive field experiment, replicated in polluted and unpolluted woodlands in 1953 and 1955, and with the help of Niko Tinbergen in observing and filming the insectivorous birds which attacked the moths during the day, Kettlewell showed that twice as many of the black form as of the pale form survived in polluted woodland, the situation being reversed in the unpolluted wood. This constituted what he described as-Darwin “missing evidence,” that evolutionary changes could be produced in natural populations through the force of natural selection acting on inheritable variation. It was a problem that could have been solved only in this way, by direct work in the field by a field naturalist. Kettlewell’s demonstration was of such elegance and simplicity as to make it one of the great classics of evolutionary biology.
During his amateur and his professional work, Kettlewell built up a large collection of Lepidoptera, rich in specimens demonstrating the genetics of melanism and other variations, which he combined with the collection of A. E. Cockayne, another medical amateur entomologist with a distinguished reputation in genetics. United with Lord Rothschild’s collection, this became the Rothschild-Cockayne-Kettlewell collection of the British Museum, a unique resource for the study of natural variation and its inheritance.
The fame his research brought him led to more popular scientific commissions: an expedition to Brazil in 1958 to commemorate the centennial of Darwin’s Origin of Species. which Kettlewell converted into a study (with a film) of insect camouflage, and a biography of Darwin (jointly with Julian Huxley), which was a pioneering example of the now standard genre of scientific biographies decorated with contemporary illustrations.
In the work that immediately followed his classic experiments, Kettlewell extended his interest to species which were melanic, and had perhaps been so for a long time, in rural rather than industrial environments: his most notable study was of Amathes (Paradiarsia) glareosa, which becomes darkened in the Shetland Isles as a result of flying in subarctic twilight against black, peaty soil. Melanism, according to his book The Evolution of Melanism, was therefore a’ recurring necessity, ’ arising in many and varied circumstances when moths were predated on a darkened background. industrial pollution providing but the latest of these. This view opened a way of comparing the coadaptation of the whole genome to genes which had been present for a long period with those that were newly arisen. This synthesis attracted relatively little attention, in part because it entailed Ronald A. Fisher’s theory of the evolution of dominance, always dear to members of Ford’s school of ecological genetics but deeply controversial among geneticists.
Although some of Kettlewell’s students extended his work to additional species, research on melanism showed signs of withering within five years of his death. Three of its best practitioners (Philip M. Sheppard, E. Robert Creed, James A. Bishop) had died young; Kettlewell’s personal style, on which the research greatly depended, was inimitable; and funding from the scientific establishment was sparse. The Royal Society declined to elect him to a fellowship, and it was significant that Kettlewell’s formal honors were all awarded in the Soviet bloc (Darwin Medal, Soviet Union, 1959; Mendel Medal, Czechoslovakia, 1965) and that in Darwin’s own country, Kettlewell had found the’ missing evidence’ not with state funds but with a grant from the privately administered Nuffield Foundation.
1.Original Works. Kettlewell’s major book is The Evolution of Melanism: The Study of a Recurring Necessity (Oxford, 1973). The bibiography contains an extensive, but not exhaustive, compilation of his scientific papers; the preface and acknowledgments contain some autobiographical material. Kettlewell’s two more popular works are Your Book of Butterflies and Moths, which communicates clearly his enthusiasm for natural history (London, 1963), and Charles Darwin and His World (London and New York, 1965), with Julian Huxley. The chief papers describing his experiments on Biston betularia were published in Heredity: “Selection Experiments on Industrial Melanism in the Lepidoptera,” 9 (1955), 323– 342; “Further Selection Experiments on Industrial Melanism in the Lepidoptera,” 10 (1956), 287–301; and “A Survey of the Frequencies of Biston betularia L. (Lep.) and Its Melanic Forms in Britain,” 12 (1958), 51–72. For a wider audience he wrote“arwin”s Missing Evidence, ’ in Scientific American, 200 (March 1959), 48–53. His two films, later to look amateur beside the work of professional wildlife moviemakers, but pioneering classics in their day, were Evolution in Progress (cinematographer Niko Tinbergen, 1956) and Darwin and the Insects of Brazil (with the Shell Film Unit, 1958) (both distributed by British Universities Film and Video Council, London). The annotated Rothschid-Cockayne-Kettewell National Collection of British Lepidoptera is in the British Museum (Natural History), London.
II. Secondary Literature. Obituaries are Cyril A. Clarke, in Antenna, 3 no. 4 (1979), 125, and Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation, 91 no. 10 (1979), 253– 255; R. F. Demuth, ibid., 255–257; E. B. Ford, in Nature, 281 (1979), p. 166; and E. P. W. [Wiltshire], in Proceedings of the British Entomological and Natural History Society, 12 no. 3/4 (1979), 101–103. For a scientific review of Kettlewell’s work in context, see Edmund B. Ford, Ecological Genetics (London, 1964; 5th ed., 1975), ch. 14. A copy of the Granada TV film about about his Shetland work is held by the biology department of the University of York.
John R. G. Turner
"Kettlewell, Henry Bernard Davis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. (September 18, 2018). http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/kettlewell-henry-bernard-davis
"Kettlewell, Henry Bernard Davis." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. . Retrieved September 18, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/kettlewell-henry-bernard-davis | <urn:uuid:35323583-ce76-431c-9be8-12af2ca86464> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/genetics-and-genetic-engineering-biographies/henry-bernard-davis-kettlewell | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155561.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918150229-20180918170229-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.940759 | 5,970 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The year was 1945. World War II was nearly over. Germany had been defeated and the allied forces were sure to win the war. The only unsure thing was how many lives would be lost in defeating Japan. The United States decided to drop the atomic bomb on August 6, 1945. On that day the Enola Gay dropped "Little Boy" on Hiroshima. Three days later the United States dropped "Fat Boy" on Nagasaki. 240,000 civilians, mostly women and children, lost there lives on these two days. On August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered unconditionally. Was it necessary? I believe that the U.S. could have used other means to bring about the end of the war. This paper will note a few reasons for dropping the bomb, followed by a discussion of several alternatives to it's the use.
There were a few reasons why the United States dropped the bombs. As Phillip Goodman points out, President Truman was under tremendous pressure from several sources. One source of pressure was his military advisors, who thought that an invasion of Japan would be too costly. A second source of pressure was domestic in nature. In particular, President Truman was under tremendous pressure to please the public because he was up for re-election. In addition to this pressure, there was a hatred for the Japanese, political problems
that the U.S. had with Russia,(Doug Long),and the revenge that Americans wanted for the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor.
Having said this, it does not seem to be obvious that the U.S. chose the right response. Admiral William D. Leaky, Chief of Staff to Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman
, said that "It is my opinion that the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan." With all the alternatives that were at our disposal, I believe Admiral Leaky was right. According to Phillip Goodman, there were five major alternatives to dropping the bomb: using the atomic bomb
in a non-combat demonstration, modifying the U.S. demand for unconditional surrender, allowing the entrance of the Soviets into the war, continuing conventional warfare, and pursuing "Japanese peace feelers."
One alternative was to showcase the power of the atomic bomb in a non-combat demonstration. The dropping of the atomic bomb on an unpopulated area of Japan with international observers would have shown Japan the power of the bomb and they would probably have surrendered. If more casualties were sought by the Americans, a similar demonstration of exploding an atomic bomb in Tokyo Harbor could have achieved such results and might have pushed the Japanese to the brink of surrender(wso.williams.edu...). Such demonstrations would have saved the lives of thousands. Killing needlessly was a concern for some American officials. Herbert Hoover wrote to army and navy journal publisher Colonel John Callan O'Laughlin, "The use of the atomic bomb, with its indiscriminate killing of women and children, revolts my soul."
A second alternative was to modify the U.S. demand for unconditional surrender. The Japanese did not want to surrender because they thought the emperor would be taken away from them. The Japanese believed that the emperor was a god, a belief that had the unfortunate effect of restraining the peace factions in Japan. The U.S. could have told the Japanese that if they surrendered they would be allowed to keep the emperor. This alternative was not used because it was thought that it would make the Japanese fight for better terms. Oddly enough, after the war the Japanese were allowed to keep the emperor.
Another alternative was for the U.S. to wait for the Soviets to enter the war. This would have put a tremendous strain on Japan's military machine, thereby leading to an early surrender. I believe that this was one of the best alternatives to using the atomic bomb and should have been used.
A fourth alternative was the continuance of conventional warfare. The United States could have continued the naval blockade of Japan. This would have slowly caused Japan to run out of food, ammunition, and other necessities and forced them to surrender. Moreover, as Bill Dietrich has noted, the U.S. could have continued the conventional bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which had already destroyed 60 of Japan's cities.
Last, the U.S. could have pursued Japanese peace feelers. The U.S. could have tried to gain support of the Japanese who wanted peace. Those people could have helped to get the public to want peace. I do not think that this alternative was as good as the others because it would have taken much longer than the others and might have failed.
Not only were the alternatives a strong enough reason not to use the bomb but the consequences of using the atomic bomb should have played a part in the decision-making to drop the bomb. According to Douglas P. Lackey, the use of nuclear weapons had a negative effect on international relations. Political and military leaders wanted to posses nuclear weapons so that they would have more power. Lewis Strauss, special assistant to the Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, said "It seemed to me that such a weapon was not necessary to bring the war to a successful conclusion, that once used it would find its way into the armaments of the world...." The use of the atomic bombs ultimately brought about the Cold War. If even a few more atomic bombs were dropped, I believe this would have led to an uncontrollable urge to use the bomb, which would have led to man's destruction. Joseph Grew said in a letter to Henry Stimson, "If surrender could have been brought about in May, 1945, or even in June or July, before the entrance of Soviet Russia into the [Pacific] war and the use of the atomic bomb, the world would have been the gainer." Moreover, nuclear weapons produce radioactive fallout (dust contaminated with radioactive particles, drifting through the stratosphere), which affects the environment as well as people who have no involvement in the conflict. It also affects humans and animals for many future generations.
It is my belief that the use of the atomic bomb to bring about the end of World War II was not necessary. With the many alternatives that were at the United State's disposal and all of the effects that the use of such weapons can have on both environment and people, the U.S. had no reason to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Dwight D. Eisenhower said in a meeting with Henry Stimson, Secretary of War during WW II, "... the Japanese were ready to surrender and it was not necessary to hit them with that awful thing." After reading all of these quotes from prominent figures I am puzzled as to why the United States made the decision to drop the atomic bomb. The use of the atomic bomb killed thousands of lives that did not need to be killed and was the biggest mistake the U.S. has ever made.
Lackey, Douglas P.. The Ethics of War and Peace. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice- Hall, Inc., 1989.
Goodman, Philip. "Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb." [ http://users.erols.com/goodmank/ ].
Dietrich, Bill. "Pro and Con on Dropping the Bomb." New York Times,
"Was the Bomb Needed?" [ http://wso.williams.edu/~globe/necessary.htm ].
Long, Doug. "Hiroshima: Was it Necessary?" [ http://mercury.he.net/~dlong/Hiroshima.htm ]. 1995-2000.
Kirkpatrick, Kaylee. Cerveny, Melissa. Wisecup, Andy. Retzer, Susan. "The Decision to Drop the Bomb." [ www.uis.edu/~trammell/lsctimeline/Desicion.html ]. 1998. | <urn:uuid:f690817f-9220-460c-995d-8595afc0456a> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=156422 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162648.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00313-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978512 | 1,629 | 3.4375 | 3 |
By 1360 the various Balkan states were becoming increasingly fragmented as internal rivalries and the rise of the Ottoman Empire began to take effect. With a victory near Gallipoli, the Ottomans acquired their first territory in Europe in 1354, whilst Wallachia returned to the Kingdom of Hungary as a vassal in the same year. After the death of the king of Serbia, Stefan Dušan, in 1355, the Serbian Empire began to disintegrate. His son and heir, Stefan Uroš V, proved incapable of keeping the powerful nobility in check so they began to claim territory for themselves. At the same time, his uncle Simeon Uroš laid a rival claim to the throne, which resulted in both men controlling their own small empires within Serbia, with different nobles pledging allegiance to each. Hungary capitalized on the internal divisions within Serbia by launching attacks on the border territories, which were loyal to Stefan Uroš V.
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“Remember, remember, the fifth of November and the gunpowder treason and plot.”
– English nursery rhyme
Today is Guy Fawkes Day in the United Kingdom, which commemorates the 1605 discovery of a plot by Roman Catholic rebels to blow up the British Parliament building. It is traditionally celebrated with fireworks, bonfires, and the burning of effigies of the infamous traitor. In the modern world, Guy Fawkes and his day have taken on a new significance as symbols of the rejection of authority.
One of the staples of the November 5th celebration is the Guy Fawkes mask, which is now recognized around the world, ever since it figured prominently in the 2006 film V for Vendetta. Based on a graphic novel written by Alan Moore and illustrated by David Lloyd, the movie featured a mysterious rebel who fights the fascist government of a post-nuclear-war Britain. The character “V” wears the Fawkes mask to hide his identity, and possibly also to hide the effects of horrific government experimentation he had suffered previously.
The movie was tremendously popular in America, where fans drew parallels between its fictional neo-Nazi government and the war-obsessed surveillance state of George W. Bush. Guy Fawkes was quickly adopted by both libertarians and left-wing radicals as a symbol for anti-government protests. The Internet hacker group Anonymous wore the mask in protests against the Church of Scientology in 2008. The mask also appeared in the Occupy Wall Street protests and in Egyptian protests during the 2011 Arab Spring.
Guy Fawkes Day was also the occasion of the first “money bomb,” a new kind of unofficial political fundraiser, invented by grassroots libertarians to aid the 2008 Ron Paul Presidential campaign. It was a call for as many people as possible to donate money on that day, as a special show of support. The day was an appropriate metaphor for the word, since Fawkes and his cohorts meant to literally bomb the House of Lords. But it also drew fire from neo-conservative detractors of Dr. Paul, who claimed that the choice of day was an endorsement of terrorism. I would argue that Fawkes was not a terrorist, but a would-be assassin, since his plot targeted not civilians but enemy politicians. Still, the connotation of violence was problematic for those lacking a sense of humor.
It’s easy to see why the Fawkes mask became associated with rebellion after its use in V for Vendetta. The reasoning behind Moore’s choice of the Guy Fawkes theme is not so straightforward. He meant the character V to be morally ambiguous, possibly a hero, or maybe a madman. The historical Fawkes was a suitably complex character, and was no angel, though not quite a demon either. He plotted the violent deaths of hundreds, though at least he targeted his enemies in government rather than innocent civilians. He fought the tyrannical rule of King James I, whose discriminatory laws made life hellish for English Catholics. If the plot had succeeded, however, the rebels would have imposed a Catholic monarch who likely would have been just as oppressive to Protestants.
Upon his arrest, Fawkes was initially defiant, gaining the admiration of King James, though not his mercy. He resisted hours of brutal torture but finally broke, implicating and dooming his co-conspirators. All were tried and given the particularly sadistic sentence of death by drawing and quartering. On the day of his execution, Fawkes cheated the authorities of their brutal revenge by jumping off the gallows platform, thus breaking his own neck.
Though the movie version of Vendetta made the face of Guy Fawkes into a world-wide meme, Alan Moore was highly critical of the adaptation. He felt the script had simplified the V character to made him more of an unambiguous hero, and also softened the graphic novel’s anarchistic message. Personally, as much as I enjoyed the movie and rooted for V, I still felt conflicted about him. I found his imprisonment and psychological torture of his protege Evey (supposedly to break her fear of death and assure her love of liberty) to be quite disturbing.
Regardless of the controversy surrounding the historical Fawkes, November 5th has become an important day for those who love liberty around the world. It is no longer just for the English to remember. | <urn:uuid:37dea1d1-1ef1-4533-971a-0d81b4f303ba> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://vaughntreude.com/wordpress/2013/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816178.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225070925-20180225090925-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.981719 | 882 | 2.921875 | 3 |
One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
The branch of science concerned with the structure and properties of crystals.
- ‘She threw herself into science - physics, chemistry and crystallography.’
- ‘The AFM topography shows excellent agreement to structural data from x-ray crystallography.’
- ‘The most basic means of resolving a protein structure are through experimental observations, such as x-ray crystallography and certain forms of NMR spectroscopy.’
- ‘Protein crystallography reveals that the fundamental unit of protein structure is the domain.’
- ‘In crystallography and other fields of research, the structure factor is often computed by x-ray diffraction to characterize the microstructure of small molecules.’
- ‘X-ray crystallography and NMR can measure static structure or at most temperature factors but provide no information about modes, and therefore dynamics and function.’
- ‘The light-induced structural changes of photointermediates trapped at low temperature have been explored by x-ray crystallography and by electron microscopy.’
- ‘Do you want to see exhibits about rocks and petrology, fossils, the geological history of Earth, how minerals form, crystallography, or properties and uses of minerals?’
- ‘For such a comparison to be completed, the availability of the atomic structure from x-ray crystallography and/or from NMR spectroscopy is very helpful.’
- ‘His interests were always wide and this is reflected in the range of courses that he was teaching around this time: descriptive geometry, crystallography, optics, mechanics and machine design.’
- ‘Her crystallography was crucial to the subsequent elucidation of DNA structure and replication.’
- ‘His other contributions to astronomy, botany, crystallography, electrochemistry, optics and physiology are also substantial.’
- ‘In her lifetime she would go on to be one of the most influential figures in establishing the science of crystallography.’
- ‘Protein crystallography provides the structure of a protein, averaged over all elementary cells during data collection time.’
- ‘The quality of the computed structures has been evaluated by several techniques borrowed from crystallography.’
- ‘Enantiomorphism is a term used in crystallography to denote the relationship between two molecules or other forms that mirror each other across a single axis.’
- ‘Unfortunately, we could not solve its structure by x-ray crystallography as crystallization trials have failed so far.’
- ‘Electron crystallography has been widely applied to determine the structures of biological macromolecules.’
- ‘Its discovery opened a new branch in crystallography.’
- ‘Secondary structure was assigned according to known crystallography structures and is shown at the bottom.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. | <urn:uuid:7fc90bea-0d43-4017-b713-b0d5e3ee917e> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/crystallography | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120338.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00205-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930443 | 641 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Star-Nosed Mole (Condylura cristata)
- Type: Mammal
- Family: Talpidae
- Habitat: Areas with moist soil and poor drainage, such as forests, marshes, peat land, and the banks of streams and ponds.
- Location: Native to eastern North America, from Quebec and Newfoundland, south to at least Virginia, and west to North Dakota. Also found throughout the Appalachian Mountains.
- Diet: Carnivore (vermivore)
- Average lifespan in the wild: 3-4 years
- Size: Length: 6-8 inches (15-20 cm); tail: 2.6-3.4 inches (65-85 mm)
- Weight: .12 lbs (55 g)
Set aside the 22 fleshy pink tentacles that form the “star” on the nose of this mole, and it remains an odd-looking creature. The mole, which is covered in dense, blackish brown, water-repellent fur (ideal for its life in moist, mucky soil), has broad, scaly feet with large claws for fast digging, a stout cylindrical body, and a long thick tail that swells with fat to three to four times its normal size during the winter. The males’ testes also expand during the mating season (once yearly, roughly mid-March to April, although females may breed a second time if their first litter is unsuccessful), and can reach nearly nine percent of the animal’s entire body weight.
Appropriate to its life largely underground, the star-nosed mole is essentially blind. However, thanks to the tentacled star, the mole has perhaps the best sense of touch of any mammal in the world.
Each of the .03-.16 inch-long (1-4 mm) tentacles is covered by about 25,000 minute touch receptors, known as Eimer’s organs. The receptors come in three varieties, including one that senses the microscopic texture of objects, believed to be unique to the mole. The tentacles, which are also thought able to detect the minute electrical fields produced by aquatic animals as they move through water, move with lightning speed, and can touch as many as 12 objects per second. This allows the mole to rapidly identify and consume small prey, which consist of worms (including leeches), aquatic insects like dragonflies and damselflies, and the occasional terrestrial insect, mollusk, and small fish.
Star-nosed moles are currently relatively common, but the destruction of wetlands could adversely affect their status.
Did you know? The star-nosed mole blows and re-inhales air bubbles underwater as fast as five to ten times per second to track prey. | <urn:uuid:d4245594-3d88-44fc-a373-0394737045f9> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/animal-guides/animal-guide-star-nosed-mole/466/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163055810/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131735-00084-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95409 | 571 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Regression is a Univariate General Linear Model Subsuming Other Parametric Methods as Special Cases
Texas A&M University, January 1997
Although the concept of the General Linear Model has existed since the 1960's, other univariate analyses such as the t-test and OVA methods have remained popular over the years. Certain univariate analyses require some variables to be in a nominal scale vs. interval scale and provide limited information about the data as compared to other data analytic tools. This paper explains how regression subsumes all univariate analyses and how regression can provide the researcher with a greater understanding of the data. A heuristic data set is used to further clarify this discussion.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association, Austin, January, 1997.
Regression is a Univariate General Linear Model Subsuming Other Parametric Methods as Special Cases
Over the years graduate students continue to learn statistics with a relatively limited conceptual understanding of the foundations of elementary univariate analyses. Maxwell, Camp, and Arvey (1981) emphasized that "researchers are not well acquainted with the differences among the various measures (of association) or the assumptions that underlie their use" (p. 525). Frequently, many researchers and graduate students make assertions such as "I would rather use Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) than regression in my study because it is simpler and will be able to provide me with all the information I need." Unfortunately, comments such as these are ill-informed and can result in the use of less desirable data analytic tools.
All univariate analyses such as the T-test, Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and planned contrasts are subsumed by correlational analyses. In 1968 Cohen acknowledged that ANOVA is a special case of regression; he stated that within regression analyses "lie possibilities for more relevant and therefore more powerful exploitation of research data" (p. 426). Thus, an understanding of a model which subsumes univariate analyses is not only pertinent to any researcher, but imperative if a researcher wants to maximize findings of research data.
The general linear model is a model which subsumes many univariate analyses. The general linear model (GLM) "is a linear equation which expresses a dependent (criterion) variable as a function of a weighted sum of independent (predictor) variables" (Falzer, 1974, p. 128). Simply stated, the GLM produces an equation which minimizes the mean differences of independent variables as they are related to a dependent variable. From a computer printout of a regression analysis, the researcher can obtain weights which apply to each variable and then construct this equation. Regression as a general linear model can provide the exact same information as a T-test or ANOVA, but this type of analysis also provides other information which can be useful. In addition, the GLM allows the researcher more flexibility regarding the type of variables that can be entered (e.g. interval vs. nominally scaled variables).
The purpose of the present paper is to illustrate the foundations of the general linear model, in terms of regression, and the advantages this analytic tool provides over other commonly used univariate methods. The present paper conceptually outlines the general linear model; further computational detail can be found in Tatsuoka (1975). Although Cohen (1968) and Falzer (1974) acknowledged the importance of the general linear model in the 60's and 70's, the use of ANOVA methods remained popular because of its computational simplicity over other methods such as regression. Computational aids such as high powered computers were unavailable to many researchers until the 1980's; therefore researchers used analytical methods which were congruent with existing technology.
Today computers can easily compute complex analyses such as regression, however the shift from OVA methods to the general linear model has been gradual. During the years 1969-1978, Wilson (1980) found that 41% of journal articles in an educational research journal used OVA methods as compared with 25% during the years 1978-1987 (Elmore & Woehlke, 1988). Researchers are beginning to recognize that the general linear model
can be used equally well in experimental or non-experimental research. It can handle continuous and categorical variables. It can handle two, three, four or more independent variables'. Finally, as we will abundantly show, multiple regression analysis can do anything that the analysis of variance does "sums of squares, mean squares, F ratios" and more. (Kerlinger & Pedhazur, 1973, p. 3)
One of the primary advantages of the general linear model is the ability to use categorical variables or intervally-scaled variables. OVA analyses require that independent variables are categorical, therefore independent variables which are do not naturally occur as categorical must be reconfigured into categories. This process often results in a misrepresentation of what the variable actual is. Imagine eating freshly baked chocolate chip cookies where each cookie gives a variety of chocolate chips. Often children become excited by the variation of chocolate chips that result in each cookie. Next, imagine a world where each batch of chocolate chip cookies resulted in a cookie either containing one chocolate chip or two chips. In such a world, children and adults would no longer be as interested in the variety that chocolate chip cookies provided. Similarly, when a researcher dichotomizes variables, variance is decreased, thus limiting our understanding of individual differences. While variation in a cookie is not similar to individual variation, this illustration represents how reducing an interval variable (multichip cookie) into a dichotomy (one chip or two chip cookie) can change the characteristics of a variable (cookie). Pedhazur (1982) stated: "categorization of attribute variables is all too frequently resorted to in the social sciences" It is possible that some of the conflicting evidence in the research literature of a given area may be attributed to the practice of categorization of continuous variables "Categorization leads to a loss of information, and consequently a less sensitive analysis" (pp. 452-453).
Conclusively, eliminating variance from intervally scaled predictor variables can lead to misleading results. Cliff (1987) stated:
such divisions are not infallible; think of the persons near the borders. Some who should be highs are actually classified as lows, and vice versa. In addition, the "barely highs" are classified the same as the "very highs," even though they are different. Therefore, reducing a reliable variable to a dichotomy makes the variable more unreliable, not less. (p. 130)
Furthermore, Thompson (1986) has established that ANOVA methods tend to overestimate smaller effect sizes: "OVA methods tend to reduce power against type II errors by reducing reliability levels of variables that were originally higher than nominally scaled. Statistical significant effects are theoretically possible only when variables are reliably measured" (p. 919). Conversely, regression analyses in general "did tend to provide more accurate estimates of explained variance than did the OVA analyses. The pattern was most noticeable when sample size was small" (Thompson, p. 924).
To examine specifically how regression and correlation subsume univariate analyses, a heuristic data set is provided in Table 1 for illustration. The fictitious data set for this example was taken from Daniel (1989). The two experimental conditions are represented by the variable group (1=control, 2=experimental). Other independent variables are sex (1=male, 2=female). The sample (n=16) consisted of eight girls and eight boys. A reading posttest with an interval scale from 1-100, where one represents a low score and 100 a high score, was used as the dependent variable. These data are used to determine how these variables can help determine which of two classrooms is most appropriate for students.
Analysis of the Data Set
The data were analyzed using SPSS for WINDOWS 1995. The following analyses were implemented: a T-test, One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, planned contrast, and regression analysis. Appendix A present the computer program used to analyze the data.
Since a T-test is restricted to the comparison of two means, the two means of the independent variable group were examined in relation to the dependent variable posttest. The results are shown in Table 2. In this example, the researcher is attempting to understand possible differences on the posttest score between those subjects in the control group and those subjects in the experimental group.
T-test SPSS Printout
Mean Difference = 9.3750
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances: F= .132 P= .722
t-test for Equality of Means
A t-value of .67 is the statistic commonly referred to in research journals when using this type of statistical analysis. Tatsuoka (1975) illustrated how the t value is simply a function of the correlation coefficient in the following formula:
t = r&N-2/ &1-r2
T- test Done Using Regression
Step by step statistics from the regression output will be used to illustrate a proof of this formula for the heuristic data set. Table 3 illustrates the statistics that are a result of the regression analysis for this heuristic data set. Initially many researchers, especially graduate students, can become overwhelmed by this information, but this paper will attempt to highlight a few important areas of these given results.
Multiple Regression SPSS Printout
N = 16
F = .45403 Signif F = .5114
First refer to the area titled correlation, notice the correlation coefficient between group and posttest is equal to -.177. If the correlation coefficient is inserted into the previously described formula, the following result is found:
t = -.177 & 16-2/ & 1-.031 =.662/.9843 =.672.
This t value is identical to the t value reported in Table 2, thereby supporting the premise that a t-test is a function of correlational analysis. One can refer to the common formula for regression for a proof that regression analysis is also a function of the correlation coefficient (Thompson, 1992).
In addition, Table 3 reports an R2 value of .0341, which can be interpreted as "the proportion of Y that we can explain with the predictors [independent variables]" (Thompson, 1992, p. 10). Furthermore, an adjusted R2 of -.0377 is reported. This adjustment is an attempt to account for various biases (see Snyder & Lawson, 1993). However, conceptually a squared value should not be negative, thus this negative value may lead the researcher to infer that this predictor variable (group) is a poor predictor for this sample.
Lastly, the regression output gives the researcher information about the sum of squares and weights for the regression equation. These figures aid our understanding in how and which variables are account for the variance explained. In addition, the sum of square values can be used to calculate an effect size which is "the degree to which the phenomenon is present in the population" (Cohen, 1988, p. 12). Dividing the sum of squares of a given variable by the total sum of squares will yield an effect size for each variable. Further specifics of the regression equation and beta weights will be discussed later.
One-Way ANOVA Analysis
A one-way ANOVA using group as the independent variable and "ptest" as the dependent variable was executed with the results reported in Table 4. Since a one-way ANOVA is conceptually identical to a t-test, an extensive discussion of how regression subsumes a one-way ANOVA will not be presented. However, a proof can demonstrate how an ANOVA analysis, specifically the F statistic, is a function of correlational analysis in the following formula:
F = t2 = ( r&N-2/ &1-r2)2
In other words, F=.454 = t2=(.674)2.
One-Way ANOVA SPSS Printout
Analysis of Variance
Two-Way ANOVA Analysis
Next, a two-way ANOVA was conducted. The two ways were sex (male/female) and group (experimental/condition). The dependent variable was the reading posttest score. Recall that ANOVA requires both independent variables to be in a nominal scale form, thus sex and group are appropriate variables. Table 5 lists the SPSS output for the two-way ANOVA for the heuristic data.
Two-Way ANOVA SPSS Printout
The two-way ANOVA gives us the same information as in a one-way, but we also main effects and interaction effects between the variables sex and group. Sum of squares for each variable are reported as well as an F statistic. Notice how the sum of squares for group has not changed from the One-way ANOVA to the Two-way ANOVA Analysis. An effect size could also be calculated with this sum of squares information. For this data the effect size for the two-way interaction would be 175.56/11,191.94 = .0156. This interaction variable provides the researcher with further information on how the independent variables interact with each other in relation to the dependent variable.
Two-Way ANOVA Using Planned-Contrast Regression
In order to recreate the interaction in regression, a new variable must be created. See Appendix A for the appropriate SPSS commands. The new variable "A1B1", represents the group-by-sex interaction. "A1" will now represent group membership and sex will be represented by "B1". Moreover, a planned contrast is used to create orthogonal comparisons. These results are reported in Table 6.
Comparison SPSS Printout
Variable(s) Entered on Step Number 3.. A1B1
Analysis of Variance
F = .30428 Signif F = .8218
The first half of the output furnishes basic descriptive statistics and correlations between the contrasts. Notice how the A1, group, correlation with "ptest" is equal to -.177, this is the same result as reported earlier in Table 3. Although SPSS prints out a new summary for each variable (e.g., group, sex, group by sex), only the last summary which includes all the variables entered is used in Table 6. Refer to the column with the T values. If you square these values they will equal the F statistic reported in the ANOVA, therefore demonstrating that multiple regression can compute the same statistics as an ANOVA without requiring the predictor variables to be in a nominal scale.
As stated earlier, a t-test may provide a researcher with the information that two means are different, but regression can inform the researcher more distinctly how two variables are different from one another in relation to the dependent variable. In regression the researcher can determine what parts of the dependent variable (y) are explained (y') or unexplained (error) by the independent variables. A Venn diagram in Figure 1 illustrates this concept in terms of the example presented earlier. The Y' area is a synthetic variable which describes the total area explained by the 3 variables ("A1", "B1", "A1B1").
INSERT FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE.
As you may notice, the correlation of each variable with Y equals beta2. This result occurs only when effects are uncorrelated such as in orthogonal contrasts. The Y' area can also be referred to as R2. An R2 of .07069 is reported in the regression output, indicating that 7% of the variance can be explained by the predictors. The Venn diagram can help a researcher visualize more clearly this percentage of variance explained by the predictors.
Ultimately regression provides the researcher with an equation which gives the best possible prediction of Y' for the sample data. The basic linear equation for regression is:
Y' = a + b1(A1) + b2(B1) + b3(A1B1)
In standardized form, the regression equation would be:
Y' = b 1(ZA1) +b 2(ZB1) + b 3(ZA1B1).
See Thompson (1988) for a further discussion of beta coefficients and structure coefficients in terms of interpreting results of a regression equation. Since the variables group and sex are not in z score form, the appropriate equation would be the unstandardized regression equation:
Y'= 70.56 - 4.68(A1) + 4.06(B1) + 3.31(A1B1).
The beta values are given in Table 6. For this sample data, this equation can help a researcher determine the best possible prediction of Y' reading posttest scores, given the group condition (experimental/control) and sex (male/female). Hence, the researcher is able to make more informed decisions about the contribution of variables in relation to the dependent variable. While weights could be constructed from the statistics in an ANOVA analysis, regression provides this information without any further computations and does not require the researcher to dichotomize variables.
To conclude, there are many similarities across all univariate analyses. Correlation is the link that ties these analyses together because regression represents the model that acts as an umbrella to all univariate analyses. That is, all analyses are correlational, although some designs may not be.
Cliff, N. (1987). Analyzing multivariate data. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Cohen, J. (1968). Multiple regression as a general data-analytic system. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 426-443.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
Daniel, L. (1989, March). Commonality analysis with multivariate data sets. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Fransisco. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 314 483)
Elmore, R., & Woehlke, P. (1988). Statistical methods employed in the American Educational Research Journal, Educational Researcher, and Review of Educational Research from 1978 to 1987. Educational Researcher, 17(9), 19-20.
Falzer, P. (1974). Representative design and the general linear model. Speech Monographs, 41, 127-138.
Kerlinger, F. N., & Pedhazur, E. J. (1973). Multiple regression in behavioral research. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Maxwell, S., Camp, C., & Arvey, R. (1981). Measures of strength of association: A comparative examination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66(5), 525-534.
Pedhazur, E.J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction. (2nd ed.). New York:Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Snyder, P., & Lawson, S. (1993). Evaluating results using corrected and uncorrected effect size estimates. The Journal of Experimental Education, 61, (4), 334-349.
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) [Computer Software]. (1995). Chicago:IL SPSS Inc.
Tatsuoka, M. (1975). The general linear model: A "new" trend in analysis of variance. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.
Thompson, B. (1986). ANOVA versus regression analysis of ATI designs: An empirical investigation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46, 917-928.
Thompson, B. (1992, April). Interpreting regression results: Beta weights and structure coefficients are both important. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 344 897)
Willson, V. (1980). Research techniques in AERJ articles: 1969 to 1978. Educational Researcher, 9(6), 5-10.
©1999-2012 Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation. All rights reserved. Your privacy is guaranteed at | <urn:uuid:425008de-b393-4e4f-b3a7-81965675997e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://ericae.net/ft/tamu/regress.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101779.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210092457-20231210122457-00784.warc.gz | en | 0.893868 | 4,172 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Poems written by young people about their grandparents can be found on The Poetry of Aging: Grandparents website. Read several poems, and record in your journal the feelings described by the writers.
Now that you are inspired, write a letter, poem, or story in honor of one of your grandparents or of another older person in your life. Use vivid, interesting language to convey your feelings about that person.
The Internet sites referenced here may include third-party Web sites or resources. Although EMC Paradigm Publishing reviews these sites regularly, we cannot guarantee their appropriateness, accuracy or ongoing availability. We encourage teachers to preview the sites before students access them. | <urn:uuid:ba8d7668-6974-4176-a81b-51908f83d5a0> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.emcp.com/electronic_resource_centers/listonline.php?GroupID=2114 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443869.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00195-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944085 | 135 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Personality development means a long lasting pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals from one another. It means polishing and grooming one’s outer and inner self to bring about a positive change to your life. An individual is always judged by his behavior, appearance, attitude, education, ethics and values.
- Developing personality helps in boosting one’s confidence, improving communication and language speaking abilities.
- It helps you realize your capabilities and your strengths making you a stronger and a happier person.
- It enables people to create a good impression about themselves on others.
- It helps people to build and develop good relationships in social and professional life
- It helps to bring positive changes in your career growth. | <urn:uuid:ca79be23-d5b3-4422-9ae6-bc9637a3d0eb> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://rankjunction.com/nen/TrainingCourses/courseDetails/10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152129.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726120442-20210726150442-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.922052 | 150 | 3.25 | 3 |
This exhibition analysed how the communication methods of two high-profile serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer and Ted Bundy put into play the interpersonal communication axioms of the Palo Alto school. Jeffrey Dahmer, known as the "Cannibal of Milwaukee", was an American serial killer who claimed 17 victims between 1978 and 1991. Theodore Robert Bundy, better known as Ted Bundy, is an American serial killer executed in an electric chair in Bradford County, Florida, on 24 January 1989.
For the first experiment (Jeffrey Dahmer), the students set up a workshop using three computers project to project audio and image footage. Viewing these excerpts of the series made about Dahmer enabled students to illustrate how the double bind theory worked in practice. This highlighted the contradiction between the victim's actions and words and illustrated the theory of double bind
In the second experiment (Ted Bundy), the students first showed two photos of Ted Bundy (printed photos) and gave a list of adjectives to the visitors and asked them which photo(s) they associated with this list. Viewers were able to find out if they had matched the list of adjectives with the right photo. Leveraging cybernetics, feedback was solicited from the public for feedback on our exhibition before the students revealed that the two original photos were in fact both of Ted Bundy, who was using different aspects of his personality to manipulate public opinion.
The students analysed the personality of the serial killers and illustrated how they used communication techniques to fool the public and elude capture for years. For instance, Ted Bundy mastered rhetoric devices such as ethos, pathos to pass himself off as the average American who could never have committed such murders. The notion of feedback, derived from Wiener's cybernetic theory, was also deployed by the serial killers in order to master the situation and control their image | <urn:uuid:5056ddab-f17f-4e88-8063-86051eb5ce92> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.fideliaibekwe.info/bahaus2020-860291-793746-437963-459537-991327-411441-298522-790114-559654-323185-573304-128983.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00890.warc.gz | en | 0.966464 | 369 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In 2015, the Houston Zoo removed plastic bags in the gift shops to protect animals in the wild. In 2017, the zoo-based conservation organization eliminated single-use plastic water bottles. As of March of 2018, the zoo has taken its third step in plastic reduction, removing single-use plastic straws from all concession stands on zoo grounds.
This move is a monumental achievement for the organization, as the Houston Zoo is among the first zoos and aquariums to eliminate these single-use consumer plastic items. Removing these single-use consumer plastics was made possible through a collaboration between the zoo and its retail, food and beverage partner, Service Systems Associates (SSA).
Because of the Houston Zoo’s commitment to conservation and its mission of inspiring action to save wildlife, the zoo will be able to prevent an estimated 80,000 plastic bags, 300,000 plastic bottles, and nearly 23,000 plastic straws from entering landfills and the environment each year. There is roughly 3.15 billion pounds of plastic in our oceans right now and the average American will add to this epidemic by throwing away approximately 185 pounds of plastic per year. Wildlife like endangered sea turtles and other marine creatures often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, one of their favorite foods, with tragic consequences. Reducing plastics keeps this type of trash out of our oceans and prevents harm to animals like sea turtles and other marine life.
“Removing single-use plastic items is a direct action to protect wildlife,” says Peter Riger, vice president of conservation and education. “The Houston Zoo is steadfast in its commitment to save animals and we encourage our visitors to join us in going single-use plastic free. Everyone that chooses to reduce their use of plastic is helping to protect wildlife.“
In zoo gift shops, guests can actively participate in saving wildlife by choosing to be completely bag-free, purchase reusable bags or use a tote brought from home. Guests have two choices when purchasing water at the zoo – an aluminum reusable water bottle (pre-filled with water) or a JUST Water recyclable, paper-based carton at any of the restaurants or kiosks. The carton itself is made of paper from certified forests and the plastic cap is made from sugarcane, making JUST Water cartons 100% recyclable. Across the park, water bottle refilling stations are available to refill JUST Water cartons, or any other reusable container, made possible by a partnership with Texas Plumbing Supply. | <urn:uuid:97ea32da-a984-4ee3-8b33-e90a286643a0> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.houstonzoo.org/blog/zoo-now-free-single-use-consumer-plastics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655937797.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711192914-20200711222914-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.936152 | 510 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Dan Millman decides to go to India in search of some sort of spiritual enlightenment. Discuss the following:
Why does Millman think he needs to go to India?
Why do you think many Westerners go to places such as India and Tibet in search of spiritual enlightenment?
Do you think Dan could have found what he needed where he lives in Ohio?
While Millman is in India, he does many of the things Westerners seems to do when they are searching in the Near East for "enlightenment." Discuss the following:
What are some of the activities in which Dan participates in his travels in India?
Why do you think the things Dan does in India do not seem to bring him the results for which he is hoping?
Why do you think many Westerners see India/Nepal/Tibet as places where they can find a spiritual path/enlightenment...
This section contains 1,608 words
(approx. 6 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:d589f833-362b-4bff-9306-6f2eeb3e219c> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/sacred-journey-peaceful-warrior/essaytopics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345760669/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054920-00015-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968937 | 205 | 2.953125 | 3 |
It’s election day, and tomorrow there’s going to be a lot of complaints about the results, with good reason: there are many problems with American style democracy, ranging from the electoral college, to gerrymandering, to the presence of big money in politics, to the effective non-existence of third-party candidates. I’ll talk about those later.
This time, I’ll be more positive and point to one thing we get right in this country, and that’s apportionment. (And in a later post, I’ll talk about how we can use this to remedy many of the problems above)
Every 10 years, we have a census, and on the basis of those numbers, each state gets a certain number of Congresscritters. The problem of apportionment is deciding how many.
One problem is that we have, for rather stupid reasons, decided there will be exactly 435 Congresscritters. That causes problems I’ll talk about later, but for now we’ll take it as a starting point.
Any such limit necessarily requires us to proceed as follows. First, make an initial assignment. Then fiddle with the numbers until you’ve apportioned the correct numbers. For illustrative purposes, suppose you have two states, one with a population of 4000 and the other with a population of 16000. Since there are 4000 + 16000 = 20,000 persons all together, then state 1 should receive of the delegates, and state 2 should receive of the delegates.
That works…if the number of representatives is divisible by 5. But what if it isn’t? Then we might try to get as close as possible to the ideal ratio of for state 1 and for state 2. For example, suppose we have 8 representatives. We could begin give the first state 2 representatives and the second state 6.
That’s just common sense. The problem is that common sense doesn’t solve problems: it merely repeats a solution to a different problem. It’s great if the two problems are the same…not so great if the two problems are fundamentally different. In this case, the residents of the second state might object: Even though they have four times the population, they only have three times as many representatives. Surely this is unfair.
Common sense can’t resolve this issue. But mathematics can. We’ll adopt the following strategy:
- Begin with some initial apportionment, leaving some number of representative to be assigned to the states.
- Assign priority values to each of the states, which measure which state is “most deserving” of a representative.
- Give that state an additional representative.
- Recompute the priority values, and give out the next representative.
- Repeat until all representatives have been given out.
Again, suppose we only have two states with populations A and B. We’ll need to make an initial assignment. Rather than try and figure out what that initial assignment is (which will, in effect, require us to solve the apportionment problem!), we’ll start each state with its mandated one representative.
Now, we need to choose on a method for deciding which state deserves the next representative. Since, in theory, our Congresscritters are supposed to represent the people in their districts, then it seems we’ll want to base our decision on how representative they are.
To that end, consider three comparisons:
- and , the persons per representative in each of the two states.
- and , the representatives per person in each of the two states.
- and , the ratio of the size of the congressional delegations and the ratio of the populations.
In general, these won’t be equal. But this means we can frame the apportionment problem mathematically: assign the next representative in such a way as to reduce the inequality.
Here’s the general approach: First, choose one of the comparisons. For example, we might take the first (which corresponds to the size of the congressional districts in each of the two states). We’ll give each state one representative, then assign the remaining six by determining which state is “more deserving,” based on the goal of trying to make the congressional district sizes equal.
For example, consider our states above, with 4000 and 16,000 people, respectively. If we start each state with 1 representative, we can assign the next (third) representative to either of the two states:
- Currently, the representative of state 1 represents 4000 people, while the representative for state 2 represents 16,000 people. That’s a difference of 12,000 people per representative.
- If we give it to the first state, that state will have 2 representatives for 4000 people, so each representative will represent 2000 people. This increases the disparity, to 14,000 people per representative.
- If we give it to the second state, that state will have 2 representatives for 16,000 people, so each representative will represent 8000 people. This decreases the disparity, to 4000.
If our goal is to make the representation more nearly equal, we should give the third representative to the second state. This is a “no brainer case”, because one assignment causes the disaprity to decrease and the other causes it to increase.
What about the next representative?
- Currently, the representative of state 1 represents 4000 people, while the representatives (two of them) for state 2 represents 8000 people, a difference of 4000 people.
- If we give the next representative to state 1, then the two representatives will represent 2000 people, increasing the difference to 6000.
- If we give the next representative to state 2, then the two representative will represent 5333 people (rounded), decreasing the difference.
Again, this is a “no brainer case”: the second state should get the next representative.
The “no brainer” cases are easy to decide. But what if neither of these are true? If we follow the above, eventually we’ll get to a situation where the first state has 1 representative and the second state has 4. However, if we’re apportioning 8 representatives, this means we still have representatives to assign. So which state should get the next representative? At this point, we have a problem:
- In both states, the representatives represent 4000 persons.
- Giving the extra representative to the first state means there will be 2000 persons per representative, increasing the disparity to 2000 persons.
- Giving the extra representative to the second state means there will be 3200 person per representative, which also increases the disparity (to 800 persons)
Here both assignments cause the disparity to increase. Since we must assign a representative, we have to decide which state is more deserving even though this will increase the disparity. Again, since our goal is to minimize the disparity, it should be clear that we want to choose the assignment that causes a smaller increase. Thus, we’ll give the second state the next representative.
Continuing in this fashion, we can assign all eight representatives. We’ll leave, as an exercise for the reader, the actual assignments.
With a little algebra, we can compute a formula that gives us the priority values for each state. We can then solve the apportionment problem as above.
Unfortunately, we run into a problem. If we choose to minimize the difference between persons per representative, we get one rule for computing priority values. But if we choose to minimize the difference between representatives per person, we get a different rule. And if we choose to minimize the difference between the population and representative ratios, we get a third way to compute priority values.
One surprising way to get around this is to use the relative differences, expressed as a fraction of the smaller value. I’ll leave off the math again (it’s not particularly difficult, but it is a little messy, and a blog isn’t the best medium…)
The punchline is this: all three relative differences are reduced by assigning the additional representative to the state with the higher priority value, when the priority values are computed by comparing and .
And this is exactly what we do, in the United States, to compute the number of representatives each state receives.
Of all the features of American-style democracy, this method of apportionment is a shining example of how democracies should be run. | <urn:uuid:160aeac0-3329-46ca-ade4-ffbfd3a10ea3> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://mathforeveryonesite.wordpress.com/author/jeffsuzuki/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812932.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220090216-20180220110216-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.936889 | 1,762 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Vocabulary has the power to make or break a students’ reading comprehension skills. Of course, we don’t have the resources or the time to teach students every vocabulary word they’ll ever encounter in their reading.
Plus, drilling vocabulary words and asking students to memorize long lists is an ineffective approach. So, what can we do to boost vocabulary and reading comprehension?
This is where context clues come in. Teaching context clues allows students to use words or groups of words to determine the meaning of an unknown word in any passage.
Here’s how to equip students with this powerful skill:
Teach types of context clues
We often advise, “Use context clues!” But most students, especially struggling readers, don’t have this skill unless we explicitly teach them how. Talk to your students about using context clues, and equip them with a variety of strategies by directly teaching context clues strategies.
Types of context clues include the following:
- Example Clues: Specific examples sometimes provide readers with clues about the unknown word. Cued by the phrases “such as,” “including,” “consists of,” “like,” and “for example.” Ex: During a tornado, be aware of potential hazards, such as broken glass and sharp objects.
- Synonym or Definition Clues: A synonym or definition of the word may be used in the sentence to help readers understand unfamiliar words. Ex: If you are in a tall building during a tornado, locate the nearest enclosure, or room, to seek shelter.
- Antonym or Contrast Clues: On the other hand, antonyms or contrasts are sometimes provided to give readers helpful clues. Ex: Sometimes tornadoes develop so rapidly that there is no time to send a warning. Other times, tornadoes develop gradually and there is more time to provide advance warning.
Students can also find clues in base words, roots, and affixes. Sometimes, the context of the sentence will help students determine whether the word is a noun, adjective, or verb. It’s helpful for students to gather as many clues as they can before making an educated guess about the word’s meaning. For a FREE context clues file that includes anchor charts with this information, click here (you’ll enter your name and email address to gain access to this and many other resources).
Teach a process
It’s also important to teach students a process for finding and interpreting context clues:
- Stop and reread the sentence. Pay attention to the words that come before and after the unfamiliar word.
- Identify context clues. What clues can you gather to help you determine the word’s meaning?
- Make an educated guess about the word’s meaning.
- Check your guess in context. Read the sentence again, substituting your definition for the unknown word. Does it make sense?
Model with think-alouds
Once you’ve discussed the various types of context clues and a process to use them, model a few examples of each. Think aloud as you use context clues to determine word meaning, clearly demonstrating the thought process for students.
For instance, let’s look at the sentence “During a tornado, be aware of potential hazards, such as broken glass and sharp objects.”
Read the sentence aloud. Then say something like, “In this sentence, we’re trying to figure out the meaning of the word ‘hazards.’ Let’s see if there are any clues before or after the word. ‘During a tornado, be aware of potential hazards…’ So, we know that hazards are something we may see during a tornado.
“Hmm…that’s helpful, but we still need more information. Let’s look after the word. ‘Such as.’ Remember, the phrase, ‘such as,’ usually tells us that we’re about to see some examples of the unknown word, and those examples are usually great clues! ‘Hazards, such as broken glass and sharp objects.’ That means ‘broken glass’ and ‘sharp objects’ are examples of hazards. What do broken glass and sharp objects have in common? They’re dangerous! I think ‘hazards’ means ‘dangers.’
“Let’s check that definition in context. ‘During a tornado, be aware of potential dangers, such as broken glass and sharp objects.’ Does that make sense? Yes, it does. We did it!”
As a class, work through several examples of context clues. Use short, complex texts in various genres and practice with different types of context clues.
For a fun and thought-provoking activity, replace real words with silly made-up words. Ex: Jessica’s day was so busy that she felt completely stroodled and fell asleep hours before her usual bedtime.
Have students come up with a definition, replace the made-up word with a real word, and explain what clues they used to determine their answer. In this way, teaching context clues becomes a funny game.
Individually or with partners, give students a challenging vocabulary word, its definition, and a sample sentence. Then, have them write their own sentence that includes context clues. Next, their partners (or the whole class) will guess the word’s meaning.
When students practice context clues, be sure to always ask two questions:
- What does it mean?
- How do you know?
Students must think through the process of finding and analyzing context clues, and they should be able to describe this process to others.
As you use these strategies, make it fun! Let your students know that they are word detectives, gathering clues to crack the case. Some terms may cloak themselves in unfamiliar disguises, but your students will build the skills to unmask even the trickiest of words.
Do you need anchor charts and context clues practice for your students? Shop context clues resources here:
Grab your FREE context clues activities by clicking on the image below and entering your name and email address. You will receive an email that contains the free resource. | <urn:uuid:8c1ff025-b2dc-48e7-9b58-cb9691cbadc5> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://kirstenskaboodle.com/teaching-context-clues-simple-strategies-that-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374616.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306070129-20210306100129-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.924259 | 1,317 | 4.5 | 4 |
Access to mental health care is essential for refugees and migrants #WorldRefugeeDay
Psychological trauma, associated with political conflict, displacement, violence, loss of loved ones, torture, rape, dispossession and poverty contribute to poorer general maternal health. Discrimination and xenophobia can further exacerbate existing traumas and mental anguish. Cultural norms surrounding pregnancy and the lack of family and other support structures at this vulnerable time contributes to social isolation, exclusion and psychological distress.
“Loneliness, loss of identity, poverty and trauma are the main stressors that we see. Many refugee women have no one to talk to, and pregnancy makes them more vulnerable.” Charlotte Mande-Ilunga, counsellor PMHP
The Perinatal Mental Health Project (PMHP) has found that refugee status is a key factor contributing to mental illness in pregnant women.
Read more on our findings in this Issue Brief.
According to the latest report by The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) a record 65.3 million people were uprooted worldwide last year, many of them fleeing wars only to face walls, tougher laws and xenophobia as they reach borders.
In South Africa more than a million asylum seekers are waiting for their applications to be processed at the end of 2015 – the highest number in the world. | <urn:uuid:3d8a7ddc-8859-4270-8075-100b63d5314d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://perinatalmentalhealth.wordpress.com/2016/06/20/access-to-mental-health-care-is-essential-for-refugees-and-migrants-worldrefugeeday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514250.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212021458-20171212041458-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.936016 | 268 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The 10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America - Shay's Rebellion: America's First Civil War - January 25, 1787
Posted on: April 5, 2006
| Views: 989
Bill Plympton animates this chronicle of the post-Revolutionary War rebellion that helped inspire the drafting of the Constitution.
10 Award-Winning Filmmakers. 10 Extraordinary Documentaries. 1 Landmark Television Event. Follow the History Channel as they examine 10 historic events that altered America's political, cultural, or social landscape.
Premieres Sunday, April 9 at 9pm on The History Channel. | <urn:uuid:94a2d78c-a45a-4cce-ad39-7bd164c928a8> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.spike.com/video-clips/7kpazv/the-10-days-that-unexpectedly-changed-america-shays-rebellion-americas-first-civil-war-january-25-1787 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860118321.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161518-00115-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873336 | 126 | 3.0625 | 3 |
If ever there is a time when good nutrition is most essential in a woman’s life, it is during pregnacy. During pregnancy nutritional demands increase, even doubling, for some nutrients. Even though nutritional demands increase, the common notion of “eating for two” does seem to be way off the mark, as the need for calories increases only by a small amount. Nutritional demand is more than just energy.
Healthy eating and good nutrition is also essential for women prior to conception, as it could be the difference, indirectly or otherwise, between getting pregnant or not. Good healthy eating habits may go a long way in ensuring conception, and a good safe and uneventful pregnancy. Being too underweight before concenception may make getting pregnant difficult. Therefore, maintaning a good healthy weight helps.
Infertility, according to WHO, affects up to 15% of reproductive-aged couples worldwide. Research has also shown that sometimes failure to conceive could be a result of obesity, on the part of the prospective mothers. Obesity can, potentially, disrupt ovulation and diminishes a woman’s chance of conceiving. At least, if a woman’s inability to conceive is down to obesity there is something she can do about it. Good nutrition and weight loss goes a long way in increasing a woman’s chances of conceiving and becoming pregnant.
Healthy eating and good nutrition may also play an important role, both before and after conception, in preventing congenital disorders like neural tube defects. Knowing which foods to eat and which to avoid is a good starting point for women planning to get pregnant.
Foods To Eat Plenty Of:
High calcium foods like milk and dairy products. Calcium essential for bone formation in the unborn baby.
Lean meat and fish for protein and iron. Extra iron is not usually needed as during pregnancy there is no menstruation, hence iron loss is diminished. If iron supplements are taken unnecessarily constipation and nausea may uccur.
High folate foods like broccoli and legumes which may help prevent neural tube defects. Folate supplements may be necessary before conception and for three months into the pregnancy. Seek a doctor’s advice over this.
For more info : check article
High fibre foods like fruits and vegetables, and fluids, help prevent constipation, especially in the later stages of pregnancy.
Foods To Avoid:
Foods rich in vitamin A, liver, which can be toxic in pregnancy and may result in birth defects. Supplements containing vitamin A, as well as fish liver oils, should also be avoided.
If possible, alcohol should be avoided, or at the least, very small amounts may be consumed.
Some cheeses like, Brie and Camembert (soft cheeses) contain the listeria bug, which can cause poisoning, so should be avoided.
Some fish like shark, swordfish and merlin may contain harmful levels of mercury, which can be harmful to the baby’s developing nervous system.
Raw and undercooked eggs pose the risk of salmonella infection. Raw meat and other uncooked foods may pose the same risks, as well as other types of food poisoning from campylobacter and E. Coli.
The main thing, during pregnancy, and probably as important before pregnancy, is to have a varied and healthy diet which provides adequate amounts of all the nutrients needed by both the mother and the developing baby. As it is difficult to obtain sufficient amounts of vitamin D from diet, especially where there is limited sunlight exposure, vitamin D supplementation may be necessary.
If you are planning to have a baby just remember that there are diet and nutritional measures you can put in place, both before conception and during pregnancy, to ensure a healthy pregnancy and a healthy mother and baby. Give your baby the best start in life! | <urn:uuid:492e17cf-b478-4dbb-aded-0ed99ce41865> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://aeonianinvestment.com/conception-pregnancy-and-healthy-eating/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116073323-20190116095323-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.951024 | 786 | 3.125 | 3 |
Brushing your teeth was always that annoying chore your mom made you do before you left for school in the morning and got in bed at night, right? It held no meaning whatsoever, and was nothing more than a bother.
If only you had known then how vital good oral health is to your overall health! You might have appreciated your mother’s efforts to instill such a habit in you. Due to recent studies and experiments, oral health has been linked to not only a broad number of medical issues, but also the development of stronger immune systems.
You wouldn’t have known it when you were a kid, but your well-being actually depends a lot on whether or not you brush before you leave the house.
Brushing Teeth Prevents Dementia
As it turns out, bad breath is not the only result of not brushing your teeth. Recent studies have now found that abstaining from brushing increases the risk of dementia.
With the increased buildup of bacteria in the gums and teeth, your body reacts to infections by inflaming the gums. This works as a temporary, healthy fix, but repeated inflammation teaches the white blood cells in your body to not work as hard.
As a result, they begin to move slowly and less efficiently, thus stopping fewer infections and responding to them more slowly. This leaves your body vulnerable to chronic diseases and ailments, especially those that develop in the brain.
Simply put, not brushing your teeth will damage your immune system. Makes that extra five minutes a day seem worth it, now, doesn’t it?
Treating Gum Disease Reduces Arthritis Pain
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder in which your immune system attacks your own body’s tissues, affecting the lining of joints. This results in painful swelling that leads to joint deformity and bone erosion.
Since rheumatoid arthritis usually affects the arms, legs and hands, it sounds like it has nothing to do with teeth, right?
In fact, a new study suggests that tooth loss may predict rheumatoid arthritis and its severity. The correlation is actually quite straightforward, according to one study: the more teeth lost, the greater the chance of developing rheumatoid arthritis.
The solution is simple: brush, brush, brush!
Saliva Washes Away Bacterial Infections
It might not seem so important when it’s accidentally flying out of your mouth, but saliva is one of the healthiest substances that your body produces, and performs many functions. Saliva cleans the inside of your mouth, lubricates the inside of the mouth to facilitate clearer speech, and possesses antibacterial chemicals.
A little-known fact is that saliva is really your body’s first defense against bacterial infections. Its chemicals dissolve bacteria from foods (and any foreign objects that somehow end up in your mouth, like the occasional fly) that could cause infections.
Saliva leaves your teeth and gums squeaky clean, and is the body’s natural cleansing agent. This is not, however, an invitation to stop brushing your teeth. Saliva is awesome, but it’s not invincible — give it as much help you can.
Gum Disease Can Indicate Chronic Conditions
Though thought to be completely separate, gum disease and other chronic diseases have been closely connected in recent years. Keeping your gums from becoming inflamed or infected was once thought of as an afterthought, but now is a priority.
Gum disease can be a clear indicator of heart disease in particular, as 91% of heart disease patients also showed symptoms of various gum diseases. Patients with each disease also displayed similar habits and lifestyles: unhealthy diets, excess weight and smoking.
A specific gum disease, Periodontitis, has been connected to diabetes. Diabetics have a decreased ability to fight off bacteria that attack the gums, due to their susceptibility to bacterial infections.
If you are experiencing pain, swelling or unusual bleeding in your gums, go see a doctor immediately. You might have gotten an early warning sign of a very serious condition.
Good Breath Increases Confidence
Nothing feels worse than having a conversation with a person, only to have them make a funny face or turn their head slightly to the side whenever you speak. It’s not easy to hide a dislike for someone’s breath, and nothing shakes your confidence faster than your own bad breath being noticed.
There are lots of solutions to bad breath, such as brushing your teeth, flossing and using mouthwash. While all of these habits will ease the strain on your social interactions, adopting even one of them will provide a big help.
Feeling confident enough to carry on conversations without constantly checking your breath is critical to maintaining any semblance of a social life. It’s hard to talk to a person with bad breath, even if they have something good to say. Make sure your bad breath isn’t forcing people to tune you out. | <urn:uuid:edda69f5-aa69-49ab-afc9-8c53f8a8bb33> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.lifeandexperiences.com/5-ways-your-oral-health-influences-your-well-being/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00054-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954767 | 1,020 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A sustainable base on Mars is capable of generating its own power, sustenance and provisions.
Solar panels can generate all of the settlement's energy with only sunlight as fuel. The base will also recycle as much as they can to avoid more resources having to be sent from Earth or having to delve for more in the local air and soil.
When it comes to provisions, their independence will increase steadily, starting with their own production of oxygen and water when they land. The first four will also be carrying a device similar to a portable greenhouse, that will allow them to grow their own food.
As more astronauts start arriving it will become necessary for them to manufacture certain supplies themselves, rather than relying on Earth. Two examples are: | <urn:uuid:3d05ea2c-ad7d-4015-b814-36ce0001daf4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.mars-one.com/faq/mission-to-mars/is-this-a-sustainable-mission | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371886991.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410043735-20200410074235-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.968166 | 147 | 3.4375 | 3 |
FORTRESS CITY: Knowledge, entertainment and a new experience await those willing to explore Tallinn’s underground tunnels.
TALLINN - Like any respectable medieval town, Tallinn has its share of underground passageways, particularly the defensive tunnel systems built in the 1600s during the time of Swedish rule. Back then, attack was a constant worry, so city planners constructed high bastion walls around the outside of the fortified city. They also installed tunnels under the base of the walls, so they could safely move soldiers and ammunition to where they were needed, not to mention spy on the enemy.
Some tunnels were forgotten. As late as 2003, workers digging a foundation near the Occupation Museum found a pentagonal system of limestone-lined tunnels dating to the end of the 17th century.
Other tunnels have always been well known, in particular the ones that run underneath Harju Hill and Linda Hill at the edge of Toompea, which are now open for tours. They were built in the 1670s, renovated into bomb shelters during World War II, and further modernized during the Soviet period to add electricity, running water, ventilation and phones. Most of the Soviet-era equipment has since been cleared out or stolen, but a couple of iron bunk-bed racks and other signs of the period remain.
The newly opened “Kiek in de Kok and Bastion Tunnels,” with its new exposition “Time travel. Tallinn 1219-2219,” offers new knowledge, great entertainment and a fresh experience. Actually, visitors have a unique chance to see some old limestone staircases and other chambers that have remained fairly untouched since the tunnels were built. The Bastion tunnels 10 meters underground will take each visitor back to the future, showing how people imagined the future would turn out in the past.
The display gives the visitor an idea about the dawn of the town, the history of its fortifications and main military events from the 13th to the 18th century. The renovated “Kiek in de Kok’s” first two floors host temporary exhibitions. The third floor’s exhibition, “Secure city,” gives an overview of Tallinn’s fortresses through the centuries focusing on crime and punishment in Old Tallinn.
The cannon tower Kiek in de Kok was built from 1475-1483. The name was first recorded in the description of the second siege of Tallinn in 1577 as Kyck in de Kaeken, later on several forms of the same name were used, such as Kik (Kyk) in de Kok, Kiek in die Kuche, Pulffer-Thurm Giecken Kock. In 1696, the present name Kiek in de Kok was also mentioned, meaning “peek into the kitchen” in Low German. And true enough, it was possible to watch what the enemy was doing in their “kitchen,” i.e. one position lower down from the about 38 meter-high tower. In 1760 the tower was taken over by the state and was used for storage, apartments and archive rooms.
The third floor display is connected with the events of the Livonian war. Three big cannons, the Lion, the Bitter Death and a breach loading gun from the early 15th century are displayed. All guns are replicas of the originals that were taken to St. Petersburg in the early 19th century. The cannons were made by local masters, the Lion by Karsten Middeldorp in 1559, and the Bitter Death by Kort Hartmann in 1560. The muzzle loading guns are a perfect example of local masters’ skills and tastes. The Lion bears an image of a lion (that gave the gun its name) and both coats of arms of Tallinn, held up by gryphon.
The fourth floor’s exhibition, “Tallinn at War,” tells the story of how wars, famine and pestilence have beset the city over the centuries. The fourth floor display is partly connected with events that took place in the 17th century. The model of the town in 1683 is worth mentioning as an interesting and original relic of former Tallinn. The epitaph of the great famines in 1602 and 1697 is displayed here, too. The stone plaque in the center of the epitaph, a work of Arent Passer, is dedicated to the 1602-03 famine and plague victims. Infectious diseases must also be remembered when finding the Pestilence Doctor in the embrasure. Several firearms from the 17th to the 19th century form a bigger part of the display.
In the fifth floor’s unique weapon chamber, an interested crowd can investigate an exposition of weapons as well as try their hand on a shooting stimulator. It displays various construction details, but the best part of the exhibition here is certainly the wonderful views of the town that open from the embrasures. Old picture postcards with views of former Tallinn decorate the grey stone walls.
On the sixth floor, in the cafe, you can enjoy unique views over Toompea, the lower town and the port.
In its turn, the Bastion Tunnels can only be visited by guided tours. Group size is limited to 20 persons. | <urn:uuid:19f300cb-e61d-4141-bb75-cb786e0a51ef> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/25743/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191353.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00352-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966683 | 1,109 | 2.546875 | 3 |
By Kardi Teknomo, PhD .
Recursive Average & Variance Tutorial
This tutorial introduces you with efficient methods to compute simple statistics such as time average and time variance of any measurement data using recursive formula. Other useful method to revive back your original data from the statistics and correcting mean and variance in efficient way are also explained.
Click the topics below:
Usual Computation of Average and Variance
Why do we need recursive formula?
Recursive Average ( proof )
Characteristics of Recursive Average
Recursive Variance ( proof )
Data Revival from the Statistics ( proof )
Correction of Measurement ( proof mean formula , proof variance formula )
Rate this tutorial & send your feedback
Preferable reference for this tutorial is
Teknomo, Kardi. (2006) Recursive Average and Variance. | <urn:uuid:888cab1b-9f01-442a-9f08-48f82bc0bbd9> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://people.revoledu.com/kardi/tutorial/RecursiveStatistic/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320215.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624031945-20170624051945-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.741228 | 173 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Google Tech Talk - September 30, 2011
Scientific American placed Professor Eshel Ben-Jacob and Dr. Itay Baruchi's creation of a type of organic memory chip on its list of the year's 50 most significant scientific discoveries in 2007. For the last decade, he has pioneered the field of Systems Neuroscience, focusing first on investigations of living neural networks outside the brain.
Learning from Bacteria about Information Processing
Bacteria, the first and most fundamental of all organisms, lead rich social life in complex hierarchical communities. Collectively, they gather information from the environment, learn from past experience, and make decisions. Bacteria do not store genetically all the information required to respond efficiently to all possible environmental conditions. Instead, to solve new encountered problems (challenges) posed by the environment, they first assess the problem via collective sensing, then recall stored information of past experience and finally execute distributed information processing of the 109-12 bacteria in the colony, thus turning the colony into super-brain. Super-brain, because the billions of bacteria in the colony use sophisticated communication strategies to link the intracellular computation networks of each bacterium (including signaling path ways of billions of molecules) into a network of networks. I will show illuminating movies of swarming intelligence of live bacteria in which they solve optimization problems for collective decision making that are beyond what we, human beings, can solve with our most powerful computers. I will discuss the special nature of bacteria computational principles in comparison to our Turing Algorithm computational principles, showing that we can learn from the bacteria about our brain, in particular about the crucial role of the neglected other side of the brain, distributed information processing of the astrocytes.
Eshel Ben-Jacob is Professor of Physics of Complex Systems and holds the Maguy-Glass Chair in Physics at Tel Aviv University. He was an early leader in the study of bacterial colonies as the key to understanding larger biological systems. He maintains that the essence of cognition is rooted in the ability of bacteria to gather, measure, and process information, and to adapt in response. For the last decade, he has pioneered the field of Systems Neuroscience, focusing first on investigations of living neural networks outside the brain and later on analysis of actual brain activity. In 2007, Scientific American selected Ben-Jacob's invention, the first hybrid NeuroMemory Chip, as one of the 50 most important achievements in all fields of science and technology for that year. The NeuroMemory Chip entails imprinting multiple memories, based upon development of a novel, system-level analysis of neural network activity (inspired by concepts from statistical physics and quantum mechanics), ideas about distributed information processing (inspired by his research on collective behaviors of bacteria) and new experimental methods based on nanotechnology (carbon nanotubes). Prof. Ben-Jacob received his PhD in physics (1982) at Tel Aviv University, Israel. He served as Vice President of the Israel Physical Society (1999-2002), then as President of the Israel Physical Society (2002-2005), initiating the online magazine PhysicaPlus, the only Hebrew-English bilingual science magazine. The general principles he has uncovered have been examined in a wide range of disciplines, including their application to amoeboid navigation, bacterial colony competition, cell motility, epilepsy, gene networks, genome sequence of pattern-forming bacteria, network theory analysis of the immune system, neural networks, search, and stock market volatility and collapse. He has examined implications of bacterial collective intelligence for neurocomputing. His scientific findings have prompted studies of their implications for computing: using chemical "tweets" to communicate, millions of bacteria self-organize to form colonies that collaborate to feed and defend themselves, as in a sophisticated social network.
This talk was hosted by Boris Debic, and arranged by Zann Gill and the Microbes Mind Forum. | <urn:uuid:7cabc5b8-028b-4711-88fa-049e55c1345e> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.microbeworld.org/index.php?option=com_jlibrary&view=article&id=7709 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400377510.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123257-00131-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922056 | 771 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Language of the Sacred Trees
A new book by A T Mann
©William Guion 2010
Trees are essential to our outer and inner lives. They create the oxygen we breathe; we burn their bodies as fuel; and they provide our houses, furniture and the very pages of our books. Trees are also central images, symbols and manifestations of life itself. We love their solidity, their immovable beauty and grandeur, as well as the shelter they provide us.
Early humanity recognized the sacred in natural places: initially in the sky and earth, but they also found representations of the divine in trees in ancient times before language, myth and religion. Legends of a “World Tree” abound in almost all early cultures, such as the Tree of Good and Evil and the Tree of Life in the Garden of Eden, the Tree of Life of the Hebrew mystical Kabbalah, the sacred oak groves of the Druids and the apple trees sacred to Venus in the Garden of the Hesperides. The Yggdrasil world ash tree in Norse myth rises up from the centre of the earth, its branches forming the heavens of the gods and its roots striking down into hell where a serpent is entwined at the world's dark core. This tree represents the fate of the world and determines the welfare of the universe. Beneath it is the Well of Fate where the three female “fates” spin the courses of men's lives.
Robert Graves wrote about the Celtic peoples who created a tree alphabet based on their twelve sacred trees, while yews and oak groves were places of worship for the Druids and later the church.
For the Greeks, the goddess Daphne turned into the laurel, which was sacred to Apollo. Sacred groves of ash and oak trees existed at sites like the holy place to the healing god Aesculapius at Epidaurus and to Athena on the Acropolis in her city of Athens.
Branches arch out into the sky and gigantic roots dig deeply into the ground, as trees symbolize the integration of heaven and earth, above and below. Early Chaldean myths mention a tree at the centre of the world, the tapestry of which revolves to describe creation. Although such images of the world tree might seem fanciful to us, they express the need of early humanity to identify and worship living symbolic connections between earth and heaven.
The tree is a powerful metaphor expressed in ancient mythologies and the early religions, from the Bodhi tree under which the Buddha achieved Nirvana to the wooden cross upon which Christ was crucified. The Tibetan Buddhist Guru Rinpoche, also called Padmasambhava, was born emerging on a lotus from a lake and his initiates meditate on the refuge tree to remind themselves of their teaching lineage.
Phenomena of nature and qualities of humanity come together in trees just as they played a central role in Eden. Rain comes through holes in the fabric of the world tree and majestic trees are ways by which we can ascend to heaven. The various levels of the tree's growth symbolize hierarchies and therefore places where men and their souls exist, in what later morphed into the idea of a family tree. It is as though the universe is a giant tree-house wherein humanity, the angels, the gods and devils all live, their domains determined by their various levels, all connected as a vast, eternal living organism. There are medieval paintings that show just this quality inherent in trees.
The psychologist Carl Jung worked with and revered tree symbolism because he found trees abounded in significant dreams as a symbol of growth, of wisdom, aging and corporeality. Trees have a major place in alchemy, often having nymphs that symbolize their magical aspects. The Ents In the “Lord of the Rings” are gigantic moving trees, under which live the trolls and elves that populate our fairy tales and children’s stories — their role is to surround and mysteriously guide those humans who can hear them.
Trees are the longest lived and oldest living being on earth. Some Californian trees have been alive since before the Pyramids were built, in Gethsemane are trees that witnessed the crucifixion and in Sri Lanka trees that were alive in the time of the Buddha. Ancient trees dating from 760 AD in central France are symbols of peace and justice for rural people. Cedars of the Lord still rise above Lebanon in the Middle East. Giant trees in the Amazon are so high that entire self-contained plant and animal eco-systems exist in their branches.
In our modern world we must learn to respect and husband our trees as a cornerstone of new, emerging ecological visions, partially because they consume greenhouse gasses and transform them into the oxygen we breathe. We must carefully restore their sacredness as a matter of urgency and reverse our wholesale rape of their habitat on all continents that continue to this day. Trees are central to our ecological visions of the future.
This book will celebrate the beauty of trees, their infinite variety, their inspiration, their emotional significance, their spiritual heritage and their sheer independence. It will marry evocative images with the poetry and literature and spiritual texts that best describe their ineffable spirit.
“There rose a tree. O pure transcendence!
O Orpheus sings! O high tree of the ear.
And all was still. Yet in the stillness
new beginning, summoning, change
sprang forth.” — Sonnets to Orpheus by Rainer Maria Rilke
“What quietness, at the hub of things!
Beneath the tree of my life, the last river,
Surrounds an island where there rises
In the mists, a cube of grey rock,
A Fortress, the Capital of the Worlds.”
— Poem by Noël Pierre in Jung “Alchemical Studies.”
“I part the out-thrusting branches, and come in beneath the blessed and the blessing trees.”
— Woods by Wendell Berry
“God writes the gospel not in the Bible alone, but on trees, and flowers, and clouds and stars.” — Martin Luther
“Break open a cherry tree and there are no flowers, but the spring breeze brings forth myriad blossoms.” — Twelfth Century Zen Master & Gardener Ikkyu Sojun
to "Sacred Architecture: The Essential Astrological Component" | <urn:uuid:9d6ff141-bc1d-474b-89af-c7a832414e74> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.atmann.net/langsactrees.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612283.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529111205-20170529131205-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.952665 | 1,330 | 3.078125 | 3 |
FMD: Culling pigs sometimes better than vaccinating
The preventive culling of pigs in case of an outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) may sometimes be preferred to vaccination, from an economic perspective, Dutch agricultural newspaper Agrarisch Dagblad reports.
This conclusion, drawn up in a study by the Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), however, does not count for all outbreaks. The institute, part of Wageningen University and Research Centre in the Netherlands, states that in regions with a relative low livestock density culling may be the best strategy to control an outbreak.
Should however areas be densely populated, a vaccinating strategy in a 5 km radius around the infection source would be better. In case the livestock density is not extremely high, vaccinating in a radius of 2 km would be sufficient.
The preventive culling of all animals belonging to hobby farmers – a phenomenon often observed in the Netherlands to control diseases – hardly helps to contain an outbreak.
From an economic point of view, it is an option not to vaccinate preventively as this strategy would be considerably cheaper. The researchers note, however, that it is wise not to consider the latest FMD outbreak as leading as this particular strain was rather aggressive.
In case of an outbreak, the industries suffering most are the dairy industry, the beef industry and the pig industry. Vaccination may restrict costs for fighting the outbreak, but may also end up causing a problem selling the meat subsequently. Researchers hence advise that any strategy needs proper explanation to any trade partner.
• Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI)
• Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR)
• Agrarisch Dagblad (in Dutch)
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Or register to be able to comment. | <urn:uuid:056a10aa-2af4-45a0-b3af-570e357ad7f7> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.pigprogress.net/Home/General/2009/12/FMD-Culling-pigs-sometimes-better-than-vaccinating-PP003782W/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541066.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00089-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928533 | 369 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Cambridge scientists have been awarded £40 million by Cancer Research UK for two ground-breaking research projects in the city - two of the biggest funding grants ever awarded by the charity.
The funding, which will be invested over the next five years, comes from the first Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge awards, which are set up to help scientists solve some of the hardest unanswered questions in cancer research, and to revolutionise the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Teams at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute beat stiff international competition to secure two of the grants with the others being awarded to projects in London and the Netherlands.
Professor Sir Mike Stratton will lead a team at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute aiming to build a deeper understanding of what causes cancer.
There are at least 50 cancer-associated mutational fingerprints - patterns caused by damage to DNA cells caused by factors like smoking and alcohol - but researchers only know what causes about half of them.
They will be studying 5,000 pancreatic, kidney, oesophageal and bowel cancer samples, which come from five continents.
This will generate as much cancer DNA sequencing data as the whole world has produced so far and could help prevent more cancers and reduce the global burden of the disease.
Prof Stratton’s team hopes to fill in the missing gaps and determine the as yet unknown causes of cancer.
“We’re going to sequence the DNA of thousands of cancer samples that have been collected from many different countries around the world, and study them to see what archaeological trace they contain,” he said.
“By doing this, we hope to figure out what caused those cancers.”
Professor Greg Hannon will lead a team at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, which will work with international researchers to build 3D versions of breast tumours, which can be studied using virtual reality.
This new way of studying breast cancer, using special goggles, could change how the disease is diagnosed, treated and managed.
It even includes a ‘superman mode’ which allows users to ‘fly’ inside the tumour, point at every cell and find out exactly what kind of cell it is and what it is doing.
Prof Hannon said: “This is an enormous challenge. I liken it to the idea of putting a man on mars – there’s so much technology that you have to develop to do it.
"All sorts of things are happening in tumours that we can’t study using the technology we have. But with our project, we hope to change that.
“We want to create an interactive, faithful, 3D map of tumours that can be studied in virtual reality that scientists can ‘walk into’ and look at it in great detail.
"By doing this, we could learn more about tumours and begin to answer questions that have eluded cancer scientists for many years.”
Scientists hope it will eventually also be a tool for patients to be able to look inside their own tumour with their doctor so they can visualise why they are being treated in a certain way.
The Cambridge projects were selected by an international panel of experts from a short list of nine exceptional, multi-disciplinary collaborations from universities, institutes and industry across the globe.
Sir Harpal Kumar, Cancer Research UK’s chief executive, said: “Cancer Research UK set up the Grand Challenge awards to bring a renewed focus and energy to the fight against cancer. We want to shine a light on the toughest questions that stand in the way of progress.
"We’re incredibly excited to be able to support these exceptional teams as they help us achieve our ambition.
“Cancer is a global problem, and these projects are part of the global solution. Together, we will redefine cancer – turning it from a disease that so many people die from, to one that many people can live with.
"We will reduce the number of people worldwide affected by cancer and achieve our goal of beating cancer sooner.”
The funding is only possible thanks to the generosity of the UK public. | <urn:uuid:e63d388d-b509-44c0-852d-71a0483c9ab9> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/health/cambridge-scientists-awarded-40m-cancer-12583514 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864558.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521220041-20180522000041-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.95152 | 862 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Changing Face of Autism
Spectrum. This word could refer to electromagnetism, the colors of the rainbow, or any number of things that fall on a scale between two points. However, when I see or hear the word “spectrum”, the first things that come to my mind are the faces of people I know who struggle with social interactions and communication, and I am confident that I am not alone in this experience. After all, autism spectrum disorder has become a significant presence in our society. Not only is it increasingly portrayed in popular culture, many of us probably personally know someone with autism, given that it is currently estimated to affect as many as 1 in every 68 children in the United States . There is an ever-increasing push for massive research initiatives aimed to better understand the causes and improve treatments and diagnosis of autism, such as a recent partnership between Autism Speaks and Google to sequence the DNA of 10,000 families affected by autism. In our everyday lives, too, we may be more likely to encounter individuals on the spectrum. For instance, although high unemployment rates in young adults with autism persist, some large tech companies, such as Microsoft, Vodafone, and SAP, are beginning to seek out individuals on the spectrum not in spite of but because of their differences.
It’s hard to imagine that only 70 years ago, autism was a brand new child psychiatric diagnosis and was considered both rare and homogenous: two adjectives that stand in stark opposition to our modern understanding of the disorder. Thus, in the midst of Autism Awareness month, I am cognizant of how much our awareness has changed and continues to change with every passing day. Although autism remains mysterious and elusive in many respects, scientists’ understanding of its root causes has evolved beyond recognition, transforming how we as a society view the autism spectrum.
Leave the past in the past (Autism research gone wrong)
Whereas most people today have a basic familiarity with autism, two-thirds of a century ago, this was not at all the case. In fact, it wasn’t even recognized as a disorder until America’s’ first child psychiatrist Leo Kanner published a seminal paper in 1943 . On one hand, Kanner’s identification of the disorder gave families an explanation for their children’s abnormal development and severe language delays and led them to seek help from psychiatrists. However, Kanner also unfortunately did a lot of harm for the autism community, particularly by putting forth the idea that the disorder could be a result of “toxic parenting”. Given the psychoanalytic leanings of the day, this idea gained a regrettable amount of traction. Combined with the historical context of gender inequality (a 1948 Time article titled “Frosted Children” reported that all but five mothers of Kanner’s patients had a college degree, the horror! ), mothers unfortunately came to bear most of this burden under the label of “refrigerator mothers” for their supposed coldness towards their children.
This theory that autism was caused by unloving parents and mothers in particular was championed by Bruno Bettelheim (imagine the Dr. Oz of the 50’s). Through extensive forays into popular culture and his bestselling book “The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self”, he took control of the rover that Kanner had led off course with his initial theory of toxic parenting and tossed it out into open space. For years, individuals with autism and childhood schizophrenia1 were treated as forms of psychosis in state hospitals, and research into the neurological underpinnings of the disorder was virtually nonexistent. Thankfully, things started looking up by the mid-60’s when Bernard Rimland, a San Diego psychologist and father of a boy with autism, published a paper arguing for the first time that autism was not a form of psychosis but instead an innate “perceptual disability” .
Unfortunately, the theory of “toxic parenting” has not been the only one to plague the field of autism research. Most of us are all too familiar with the long-ago discredited but somehow still pervasive theory that vaccines are to blame. This was instigated by a fraudulent 1998 research paper identifying a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. Since then, countless research has gone into debunking this myth, most recently an analysis of almost 100,000 children’s health records finding no association between MMR vaccination and autism . Nevertheless, this myth somehow still persists and even reared its ugly head as recently and publicly as in the 2015 Republican presidential debates.
Despite these roadblocks, significant progress has been made in understanding the biological underpinnings of autism spectrum disorder. In the last few years in particular, new research findings have firmly established it as a biological disorder that begins before birth.
Brain, genes, and the biological causes of Autism
Research is making it increasingly clear that there is not a single cause of autism. Instead, it seems to be caused by a mix of genetic and environmental factors. For instance, a small mutation in a gene (or more likely many genes) may confer risk for autism rather than directly causing it. A recent study suggests that genetic factors account for a little over half (59%) of the risk for autism, and most of this risk comes from common mutations that are inherited (Fig 1) . To make things even more complicated, whole genome sequencing of 170 families containing autistic siblings revealed that more often than not, siblings who both had autism actually had mutations in different autism-related genes . This suggests not only that autism is at least as heterogeneous genetically as it is clinically, but also that genes aren’t the whole story.
As previously mentioned, environmental factors may sometimes make the difference between innocuous genetic mutations and full-fledged autism. By “environmental factors” I don’t mean climate change or even the social environment in which a child grows up. Instead, “environmental factors” here primarily refers to the environment in which the brain first begins to develop (after all, autism is considered a neuro-developmental disorder). For instance, many suspected environmental contributors are related to abnormal immune responses during prenatal development (and thus should not be confused with immune responses to, say, vaccines). Many genes that are altered in autism are involved in important immune signaling pathways . Moreover, it has been shown that maternal infection or inflammation during early phases of prenatal development is correlated with increased autism risk . However, autism is primarily a neurodevelopmental disorder, not an immune disorder, so how would abnormal immune responses lead to the alterations in the brain that underlie autism? Remarkably, just this past year, a previously unknown system of lymphatic vessels (which carry immune cells) that coat the brain were identified . This astonishing discovery establishes a greater amount of direct back-and-forth between the immune system and the brain than was once believed . In the coming years, more research will focus on how these brain-immune interactions may be implicated in autism.
While the list of environmental risk factors is probably a long and complicated one, recent research strongly suggests that these environmental contributors must be prenatal (and hence “refrigerator parents” do not fall on this list). In brains from children with autism but not from typically-developing individuals, researchers at the Autism Center of Excellence in San Diego found abnormal “patches” of development in the prefrontal cortex – the part of the brain that is important for language, decision-making, and many important cognitive functions that have been implicated in autism (Fig 2) . During the second trimester, the brain of a developing fetus undergoes an increase in the number of neurons in the cortex (the brain’s outer sheath), and these cortical neurons self-organize into distinct layers before birth. Since abnormal patches were found in these cortical layers that form during prenatal development, this provides strong evidence that people with autism are born that way.
Where are we now?
On one hand, we are still a long way from a full grasp of autism’s underlying causes. Although the astonishing rise of autism – from Kanner’s rare disorder to affecting more than 1% of American children today – is due in large part to increasing awareness and diagnoses , these factors do not fully account for its dramatic increase in prevalence. Thus, much more research is still needed in order to unravel the complex genetic and environmental factors that could be contributing to this rise.
Nevertheless, let’s take a moment to appreciate how drastically our understanding of autism has changed since the days of Kanner and Bettelheim. Whereas autism was once believed to be a narrow and rare form of psychosis rooted in parental shortcomings, we now recognize it as an immensely rich and diverse spectrum disorder that results from a complex interplay between genes and prenatal environment. Strikingly, our nuanced scientific understanding has evolved and continues to evolve our societal outlook on autism as a whole. With greater appreciation for its genetic and neurological roots, we may be increasingly challenged to think of autism not as a disorder, but as a difference.
For more on Neurodiversity and the history of autism, check out Steve Silberman’s NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity
1. As previously mentioned, the diagnosis of “autism” was initially very narrow and excluded higher-functioning individuals who might be classified as having Asperger’s today. Although Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger, as his surname would suggest, recognized early on that there were many individuals displaying repetitive behaviors and social peculiarities who lacked the severe language impairments that Kanner reported in his patients, in the US, most individuals with Asperger’s and high-functioning autism likely fell under the diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia .
Silberman, S. (2015). NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and How to Think Smarter About People Who Think Differently. Allen & Unwin.
Jain A, Marshall J, Buikema A, Bancroft T, Kelly JP, & Newschaffer CJ. (2015). AUtism occurrence by mmr vaccine status among us children with older siblings with and without autism. JAMA, 313(15), 1534–1540. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.3077
Gaugler, T., Klei, L., Sanders, S. J., Bodea, C. A., Goldberg, A. P., Lee, A. B., … Buxbaum, J. D. (2014). Most genetic risk for autism resides with common variation. Nat Genet, 46(8), 881–885.
Yuen, R. K. C., Thiruvahindrapuram, B., Merico, D., Walker, S., Tammimies, K., Hoang, N., … Scherer, S. W. (2015). Whole-genome sequencing of quartet families with autism spectrum disorder. Nat Med, 21(2), 185–191.
Estes, M. L., & McAllister, A. K. (2015). Immune mediators in the brain and peripheral tissues in autism spectrum disorder. Nat Rev Neurosci, 16(8), 469–486.
- Louveau et al 2015
Stoner, R., Chow, M. L., Boyle, M. P., Sunkin, S. M., Mouton, P. R., Roy, S., … Courchesne, E. (2014). Patches of Disorganization in the Neocortex of Children with Autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(13), 1209–1219. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1307491
Hansen SN, Schendel DE, & Parner ET. (2015). Explaining the increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: The proportion attributable to changes in reporting practices. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(1), 56–62. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1893
Blue Empire State Building: https://www.autismspeaks.org/news/news-item/see-how-world-went-blue-autism-awareness
Leo Kanner: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kanner#/media/File:Leo-Kanner.jpeg | <urn:uuid:5c1e791c-6ae9-4c02-9c8e-ef13ac372356> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://neuwritesd.org/2016/04/07/the-changing-face-of-autism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.948586 | 2,595 | 2.90625 | 3 |
There is no gainsaying that Africa’s development has been marred by bad governance, irresponsibility and corruption. That, after decades of independence, Africans still wallow in penury, homelessness, joblessness and extreme hopelessness clearly indicate that established leaderships are characterised by bad eggs, who have derided the social will of the people.
Notorious decades-serving leaders like Tedoro Obiang Nguema of Equatorial Guinea, Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Yoweri Museveni of Uganda, Paul Biya of Cameroon, and Jose Eduardo dos Santos of Angola, and probably all Nigeria’s pass leaders have also contributed to the disrepute of the large continent on the international scenes. Whilst the first three leaders are plagued with human rights violations and corruption, the lots there after make great efforts to present their countries to the world as places of modernity, good governance and prosperity. But corruption and mismanagement still simmer underneath the façade.
Compared to other African countries, South Africa has a very good story to tell based on its achievement over the past 22 years. Despite having inherited a bankrupt economy in 1994 when it marked the end of apartheid, the country has done well to improve the lives of its people through pro-poor economic interventions and in-building social cohesions. Since its transition to one majority rule, South Africa has had four progressive presidents: Nelson Mandela, Thabo Mbeki, caretaker Kgalema Motlanthe, and the present Jacob Zuma.
The principles of good governance adopted by South Africa has helped pave way for sustainable development in all sectors of the nation’s economy. More South Africans now have access to quality education, electricity and clean water. The government makes progress in the provision of social services. Over 8 million school children benefit from no-fee schools, while 9 million are being fed through the established feeding schemes in various schools.
Highlighting the successes in improving access to free education, President Zuma confidently stated, “Over 8 million school children are now benefitting from no-fee policies. This has contributed to an increase in secondary school enrolment from 51 percent in 1994 to around 80 percent currently. About 9 million children are benefitting from the school feeding scheme and this has ensured that learners no longer have to study on empty stomachs”. In addition, over 1, 500 health care facilities had been built and existing ones revitalised. These are dividends of democratisation and good governance.
Through its Reconstruction and Development Programme, the government of South Africa is successfully tackling citizens’ accommodation challenges and rearranging displaced homes. So far, more than 2.8 million government — subsidised houses have been made available; and over 12 million citizens have been given access to accommodation.
Even in the public sector, South Africa systemically implements the good governance principles. Because the public sector spends public money, how the funds are spent and the quality of services provided is critically important to citizens, users and taxpayers. And the South African government does its best to ensure that it addresses the highlighted goals and objectives, and that they work in the public interest.
South Africa is a leading example of democracy in Africa. It is pertinent for other African governments to introduce a reasonable and collective attack on poverty, disease, illiteracy and other challenges of development. Whilst South Africa is leading its own reasonable attack — neighbouring Zimbabweans are so engrossed in their cry for a change of an irresponsible leadership, which has led to a terrible decline in the economy; increasing the cost of living and shattering standards of living. It is not unarguable that Africa’s continuing reliance on foreign aid has also increased opportunities for bilateral and multilateral agencies to influence policy making in the region. Improved governance, which usually appears to be the common donor requirement for the release of both bilateral and multilateral aid to African countries, has remained a far cry from what is obtained. Certainly, elements of good governance including the entrenchment of fundamental human rights, popular participation in governance, transparency, accountability and the decentralisation of power desperately needs to be infused into the African system.
The 2010 Constitutive Act adopted by the African Union (AU) underlined the determination of African leaders to overcome the challenges of underdevelopment and to position their countries on the path of sustainable development. In as much as this is noteworthy, the elation of Africans would actually begin as soon as they notice that good governance has been firmly institutionalised all over the continent. | <urn:uuid:7beb1989-113c-4260-9869-fae2cfa15d02> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://bluemercury.co.za/editorial/a-case-for-good-governance-in-south-africa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945584.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422100104-20180422120104-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.956164 | 914 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The true Salernitano horse originated from the plain lying between the Sele and the Calore (Salerno - Campania). But, as well as this breed, another type was also raised, which came to be known as the “razza governativa di Persano” (the ruling breed of Persano).
Established in 1762 by the Bourbon king, Charles III, it was the result of crossing mares of largely eastern origin with Andalusian Arab stallions In 1874 the government sought to suppress the breed and all examples of it were sold at public auction. But in 1900 it was re-established, using mares with a good combination of characteristics and proven to be good for riding. These were selected from various cavalry regiments and mated with two stallions: Jubileé (an English thoroughbred from Melton) and Giacobello (a cross-bred Arab sired by the stallion Siriano). After the closure of the Centre for the Re-introduction of Quadrupeds in 1954, the Persano breed was reduced to about fifty brood-mares. These were transferred to the centre for quadrupeds in Grosseto, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defence.
The Persano is an all-rounder, good for riding, dressage and other disciplines. It is rugged and elegant and can be used for leisure riding as well as equestrian sport. The horse has a gentle, indominitable temperament.
Height at the withers: 150 - 160 cm
The Persano (photo www.agraria.org) | <urn:uuid:2e5cb503-55e3-4c72-8ad8-bba435c6a1c2> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://eng.agraria.org/horse/persano.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513548.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021010654-20181021032154-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.960162 | 330 | 2.78125 | 3 |
As many word documents are already formatted it is advisable to follow the following steps for copy / paste text from word.
1. Copy the text from your word document (Shift + C).
2. Open the respective wiki page and its editor.
3. Put the cursor where the text shall be copied to and click on the "Paste as plain text" option in the edit toolbar.
4. Copy your text into the textbox and click on "OK". | <urn:uuid:d60a49c7-75a3-4654-b29c-679fa6508c35> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://help.energypedia.info/index.php?title=Copy_from_Word&printable=yes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499700.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129044527-20230129074527-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.867919 | 96 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Browsing library shelves and bookstore stacks to find a meaningful selection for a toddler can be daunting. Since children this age can’t read, you need a story with clear words that you can read aloud. What type of books interest toddlers? How often should you read to yours?
Research shows that even very young children benefit when parents read to them. Kids who were read to three times or more often each week in the years leading up to kindergarten continued to demonstrate strong reading and critical thinking skills into the elementary grades and beyond, consistently outpacing children who did not get read to.
If you’re wondering what type of book to get, here are some guidelines that may help:
- Browse the toddler’s, preschool, or “my first book” section at the library, shop, or store. Dozens of books will compete for your attention, so begin by getting a sense of what is available. You may want to let your little one browse, too, and perhaps select a title for herself.
- Check the cover’s age labeling. Many, if not most, books suggest a compatible reading age for the book. “Ages 1 to 3” might be the suggestion or something to that effect. If the book that you or your child chooses does not indicate an age range, ask the librarian or store manager for information. Many employees who frequently handle children’s books can recommend age-appropriate selections for your child.
- Examine the theme. Is the book about a topic your son or daughter will enjoy, such as trains, puppies, cars, or flowers? Scan the story to see how the story plays out. Most books of this type are short and easy to read, so you can quickly see if the storyline seems appropriate.
- What’s the point? All literature should offer the main idea, or final point, that can help to convey a useful truth. It may be simply that the things we love change. Sometimes they go away or die. Or it may emphasize nature’s beauty or a grandparent’s love. Check to see how the book concludes. Is it a point your child is ready for? Will he or she be able to understand and appreciate this wisdom, perhaps after several readings?
- Look at syntax and style. Are sentences short and clear in meaning? Are vocabulary words able to be understood by children in this age group? A few more sophisticated words aren’t bad since they teach young children to ask questions about things they don’t understand and stretch their comprehension. But too many large words may simply confuse or bore your child.
- Are the pictures attractive? They should invite your child’s eyes to concentrate on the words being spoken aloud by the reader. The images should enhance the story’s meaning by playing on the child’s creativity and imagination. Dull, lifeless pictures, or those too generic to relate to the story may not be valuable.
- Is the book durable? A strong, solid binding and vinyl or plastic, non-toxic cover are best for this book group. Cardboard covers and thin paper pages will tear or blot easily. Children often love to hear the same story over and over, so it should be ready to last through multiple readings.
Make reading time an opportunity for bonding with your child. Set aside other distractions, sit down together, and open the cover to discovery. Both of you will enjoy the rich memories that follow for years to come. | <urn:uuid:6d7a5a2e-93e4-4690-b202-d7bf011a9ac5> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.howtowise.com/how-to-choose-a-book-for-your-toddler/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988774.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507025943-20210507055943-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.948993 | 720 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Oedipus and jocasta: audience and leaves little respite for calm and reasoned analysis aspects of jocasta's character and outlook on life but also conveys. Get everything you need to know about jocasta in oedipus rex analysis, related quotes, timeline. Many parts or elements of the myth of oedipus occur before the opening scene of the play, although some are alluded to in the text oedipus is the son of laius and jocasta, the king and queen of thebes. Its a basic 5 paragraph essay i have no clue what to make my thesis, i usually do well on papers, but we watched a version of the play and i tried to read it on my own, but its hard to understand.
A basic level guide to some of the best known and loved works of prose, poetry and drama from ancient greece - oedipus the king by sophocles. Jocasta in the story of the story of oedipus jocasta character analysis by phd students from stanford, harvard, berkeley. Night journey analysis graham invites her audience throughout night journey to connect with the many emotions of the main character, queen jocasta through the. A list of all the characters in the oedipus plays the the oedipus plays characters covered include: oedipus, jocasta, antigone, creon, polynices, tiresias, haemon, ismene, theseus, chorus, eurydice.
Assuming this, jocasta's character in the play would have been in her mid-thirties, as would her brother, creon the actor playing creon, antigone plot analysis. Oedipus the wreck jocasta's shame 1998) filed this analysis of jocasta as a less calculating, more reactive person than others have seen:. Character analysis: jocasta motive jocasta is a selfish character who tries to change her fate multiple times her motive is to make herself prosper and be successful. Introduction this is the third post in a series dealing with technology in the dc and marvel universes the first post dealt with weapons at: . Antigone study guide contains a biography of sophocles, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.Unlike most editing & proofreading services, we edit for everything: grammar, spelling, punctuation, idea flow, sentence structure, & more get started now. Character analysis character analysis of oedipus the king oedipus king of thebes creon brother of jocasta tiresias a blind. character analysis jocasta jocasta is the queen of thebes and wife of oedipus to the ignorance of the fact that she is also his mother, she marries oedipus. Antigone becomes jocasta: soha a character is typical, in this of this situation”27 complicating the structure without discarding the strategic analysis,. Suicide and death from old age are what happened respectively to theban queen jocasta and theban king oedipus in oedipus rexspecifically, jocasta. View test prep - oedipus character analysis final from eng 102 at clemson i ii iii iv v vi vii oedipus character analysis introduction a introduce oedipus b. The wise prophet teiresias characterizes the physical aspect of blindness but oedipus is also a blind character oedipus analysis oedipus and jocasta. Start studying sophocles & oedipus the king character list learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, the king of thebes, married to jocasta.
Free oedipus the king jocasta papers i find in the character oedipus and last but not least i will give a character analysis on the character jocasta. Jocasta or laius pierced and pinned the infant's ankles together laius instructed his chief shepherd, a slave who had been born in the palace,. In oedipus the king, sophocles begins the story line with the city of thebes grieving oedipus true identity is starting to become question, when he is told by a blind prophet that he is what plaguing the city.
An analysis of the character of willy loman's wife in arthur miller's american tragedy meet linda, a woman whose life is filled with disappointment. The novel jocasta: the mother-wife of oedipus is a retelling of the myth of oedipus hf story but not sure if i really cared for the character of jocasta. Free essay: the role of jocasta in oedipus the king blessed is the man that endureth temptation: for when he is tried, he will receive the crown of.
Character analysis of creon from the oedipus essay writing service, custom character analysis of creon from the oedipus papers, term papers, free character analysis of creon from the oedipus samples, research papers, help. Oedipus the king by sophocles but his wife jocasta tells him not to believe in prophets, character analysis. Jocasta: oedipus' wife and mother jocasta was also creon's sister, and was previously married to laios although she wants thebes to get better,.Download
2018. Education database. | <urn:uuid:ebb98456-76c2-4e82-a600-522063adfd1c> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://bvessaygeov.tycoa.us/character-analysis-on-jocasta.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156376.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920020606-20180920040606-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.931369 | 1,151 | 2.546875 | 3 |
People and groups interested in cash flow statements include:
The statement of financial position is a snapshot of a firm's financial resources and obligations at a single point in time, and the income statement summarizes a firm's financial transactions over an interval of time. These two financial statements reflect the accrual basis accounting used by firms to match revenues with the expenses associated with generating those revenues. The cash flow statement includes only inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents; it excludes transactions that do not directly affect cash receipts and payments. These non-cash transactions include depreciation or write-offs on bad debts or credit losses to name a few. The cash flow statement is a cash basis report on three types of financial activities: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Non-cash activities are usually reported in footnotes.
The cash flow statement has been adopted as a standard financial statement because it eliminates allocations, which might be derived from different accounting methods, such as various timeframes for depreciating fixed assets. | <urn:uuid:76551b5f-cb63-4bd9-8c2c-9c7dd565c92c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.infospaze.com/Cash_flow_statement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647649.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321121805-20180321141805-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.947206 | 204 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The short passages below contains five fragments. Underline the fragments, and then correct each fragment in the space provided.
1A single mom in school has a lot of challenges. 2Especially finding time for studying. 3After school, the kids all want her attention. 4To fix them a snack or listen to their stories. 5Charlene then helps them with their homework and prepares dinner. 6Then there are other chores to do. 7Such as giving the younger children their baths. 8Once the children are settled for the night, it’s time for Charlene to sit down. 9To do her own schoolwork. 10Charlene admits that life is often difficult. 11However, she knows that by going to school and working hard, she sets a good example for her kids. 12And that Woodie would be proud of her. | <urn:uuid:8e4b4d50-0dc3-4f63-82cf-77c86f1f2044> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/english-essentials-2nd-edition-chapter-7.3-solutions-9780073371603 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701160958.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193920-00081-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963011 | 172 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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Wikipedia turns 16 on January 15, 2017.
This Wikipedia 16 meta page was an initial framework the global Wikimedia community could use to coordinate around the 16th birthday of Wikipedia.
This space served as:
- A space to organize and plan events and meetups locally to celebrate the 16th;
- Tips and inspiration on how to organize and run an event;
- A place to share birthday photos, videos, stories, favorite articles, and more;
- A collection of tips for pitching to local media.
- Readers were encouraged to tweet with the hashtag #Wikipedia16. | <urn:uuid:64daadc8-1143-4807-a96b-f3f11ad4326a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_16/fr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474526.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224080616-20240224110616-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.669562 | 167 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Although there are many lens choices for photographing birds, our discussion will focus on the medium length hand-holdable telephoto lenses.
When using the medium length telephoto lenses (e.g. Canon’s 300mm f4, Canon’s 400mm f5.6, Canon’s 100-400mm f4.5-5.6 and Nikon’s 200-400mm f4), it’s always advisable to use a tripod for the sharpest photographs possible. However, one type of photography virtually renders a tripod useless: photographing birds in flight and in particular, fast moving birds like raptors!
How to hold your camera
The two photos above show the proper way to hold your camera and lens. It’s important that your hands and entire body are in a relaxed position and that your position allows you to pivot easily. Confine your position and you’ll compromise your ability to move accurately as a bird weaves across the sky.
You will see in these photos that I have one hand firmly on the camera and the other hand relaxed at or near the end of the lens. This is the best way to have full balance and control of your movements.
In the first photo, I’m holding the camera in a somewhat level and horizontal position. Many times you’ll encounter a bird perched, and this position will allow you to not only take sharp photos of a stationary bird but also be ready if it takes flight and flies close to the ground.
In the second photo, I’m holding the camera for a bird in flight. You will notice that the position of my hands is virtually identical to the horizontal position. Again, it is important that your stance allows you to move in multiple directions, even to the point of almost turning around completely. Fast moving birds like hawks and falcons allow very little time for adjustments. So, being ready for their sudden shifts in direction is vital.
How to setup your camera
The next thing to consider is what camera settings to use. There are two mandatory requirements for shooting birds in flight:
Use a fast shutter speed, but don’t compromise good exposure or depth of field. Shutter speeds of 1/1000 or faster are recommended. Using high shutter speeds helps compensate for any minor unsteadiness and will also freeze the motion of the bird.
Maximize the burst rate on your camera. To maximize the amount of photos you can take in a burst, switch your camera to JPEG mode. Since JPEGs are significantly smaller than RAW, they won’t fill up your camera’s buffer as fast as RAW. Here’s a series of six photos that illustrate why a fast burst rate is important:
This sequence of six photos was taken with the camera set at the highest possible burst rate of 6 fps. The entire sequence of this shot lasted only 1 second total.
In general, there are three things to look for in a good bird image: sharpness, exposure and natural pose. Although all these shots were perfectly exposed, only one photo (#3) was both sharp and with the bird in a natural position. Had I not used a high burst rate, I may have missed this shot completely. And trying to get a bird in flight with a natural pose with only one shot being fired is pure luck. Take most of the luck out by using a high burst rate. This photo was shot with a Canon 300mm f/4L IS USM lens with the camera set at ISO 400 and f/4 at 1/2000 second. Oh, by the way, the bird is a juvenile Northern Goshawk.
Personally I like to set my camera in manual mode and use JPEG only.
Manual mode allows me to not worry about the camera changing settings as a bird moves past visible terrain of various shades or when the camera’s light meter misreads the scene such as when a bird moves in and out of your frame across a bright sky.
Shooting in JPEG lets me use the highest burst rate without any chance of the camera stalling as it sometimes does with RAW bursts. But keep in mind these are just my personal preferences. Plenty of bird photographers use either aperture priority or shutter priority along with RAW and achieve amazing results. Experiment and see what works best for you.
Just remember that your time of opportunity with a fast moving bird may only be a second or less!
Oh, and if you’re interested in learning more about raptors, please check out my new blog, The Raptorphile.
If you enjoyed this article, and would like to read more, please signup for free updates by email or RSS.
About the Author: Vic Berardi is a raptor lover that lives in the Midwest. He is the founder of the Illinois Beach State Park Hawk Watch and every weekend of the year you’ll find him searching for hawks and photographing them. Several of his photographs have been published in a leading raptor journal and in articles he has written. During the year he gives presentations teaching others about hawks and hawk migration. Vic also photographs dragonflies and wild flowers and is always respectful of nature and its creatures. | <urn:uuid:73f8004d-85b7-4065-9e9f-9d54ef3cfa47> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://photonaturalist.net/how-to-get-sharp-photos-of-birds-in-flight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660916.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00060-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93149 | 1,069 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Nature lovers have long sought out a glimpse of the unusual and attractive spoon-billed sandpiper on the wetlands of South Asia. Its rarity is as much a draw as its unique looks, but recently it seemed it might be lost to us forever when numbers plummeted to just fewer than 100 pairs.
The shock focused the world’s attention while WWT and other conservation organisations put everything we could towards preventing its imminent extinction. A lot has been achieived in a short time.
We now have a spoon-billed sandpiper breeding programme at Slimbridge – the world’s only insurance policy against the species total extinction. We have increased the number of young birds that are hatched and fledge from the Russian breeding grounds each year by intervening and hand-rearing chicks. Illegal trapping in Myanmar and Bangladesh is being tackled successfully by helping hunters find other livelihoods. We have put huge effort into monitoring spoon-billed sandpipers in the wild and are now uncovering the mysteries of where they go and when. Behind the scenes, there has been a lot of international diplomacy to try to secure wetland habitat for them along one of the world’s most populous and rapidly developing coastlines.
The good news is that for the first time the number of spoon-billed sandpipers appears to have now stopped falling, though it is still at a perilously low level. We need to keep doing all we can to help secure a future for the spoon-billed sandpiper. And what’s good for the spoon-billed sandpiper will also help other birds that migrate along the East Asian coast.
Please give the spoon-billed sandpiper the help they desperately need
We’re so close to saving the spoon-billed sandpiper from extinction. But we need to do more, and with your support we will.
A donation won’t just save spoon-billed sandpipers today, it will buy them vital time. Time which WWT and our partners can use to continue conservation work on the ground.
Because the spoon-billed sandpipers’ fate still hangs in the balance. We urgently need to buy them as much time as we can.
Please help make every minute count.
Alternatively, call our donation support team on 01453 891194 or 891195. | <urn:uuid:a216bc18-3612-4a04-8273-cb20d2ef36b3> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.wwt.org.uk/conservation/wwt-projects/spoon-billed-sandpiper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161718.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00180-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952347 | 486 | 2.640625 | 3 |
May 28, 2010 -- Short bursts of vigorous exercise -- the kind that makes you really break a sweat and increases your heart rate -- may help buffer the devastating effects that stress can have on cellular aging, a new study finds.
Brief bouts of vigorous physical activity reduced one of the key signs of cellular aging: telomere shortening. Telomeres are tiny strips of genetic material that look like tails on the ends of our chromosomes. Telomere shortening is a known indicator of aging in cells. The study appears in the May 26 online issue of PLoS ONE.
In the study, 63 healthy older women were divided into an inactive group and an active group, based on their exercise levels over a three-day period. Many of the women were highly stressed caregivers for spouses or parents with dementia. The women in the inactive group who reported high stress levels had shorter telomeres; the active women in the high-stress group did not have shorter telomeres.
Put another way: the women who engaged in brief vigorous physical activity -- at least 40 minutes over the three-day study period -- and were stressed had longer telomeres than their inactive, stressed-out counterparts. The authors conclude that 13 minutes or more of vigorous exercise daily appears to be the critical amount correlated with longer telomeres.
“Physical activity is so good for you and stress is bad for you, but the new study shows the stress-buffering effects of physical activity in those who are chronically stressed,” says study author Eli Puterman, PhD, a health psychologist at the University of California at San Francisco.
“People know stress is bad for the heart and makes you look tired and haggard and makes us more vulnerable to infections,” Puterman says. “And there is so much accumulating evidence that links stress to health, so to show that there is something we can do when we are stressed that can delay or buffer the impact is exciting.”
As far as a stress-busting exercise prescription goes, Puterman says that the CDC recommendation of 75 minutes of vigorous activity or 150 minutes of moderate activity, plus weight-bearing exercise every week for adults, will suffice.
“That is a great prescription in my mind,” he says. | <urn:uuid:d2501dcc-1b2a-4feb-b0d8-5fdb516f5764> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/news/20100528/exercise-may-buffer-effects-of-stress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526923.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419001419-20190419023419-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.957387 | 465 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The health needs of people with learning disabilities: issues and solutions
Many people with learning disabilities are not getting their annual health check, facing increased risk factors to a number of diseases as a result. This article considers what more can be done to help those most at risk.
Jim Blair, Consultant Nurse Learning (Intellectual) Disabilities, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Associate Professor Learning Disabilities Kingston and St. George’s Universities (UK)
Understanding how to access the myriad health services can be confusing, with a maze of structures making it difficult to traverse a clear path through.
The pressures on time often leads to short consultation slots that do not provide the in-depth opportunity to explore what makes a person’s health tick or otherwise. This is true for many individuals in society, but for those with a learning disability it is even more of a sharp reality. Such individuals find it hard to navigate a world that is created for people who do not have a learning disability.
Health professionals can struggle to identify what a learning disability is, increasing the likelihood of poor care outcomes. A learning disability is ‘a significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information, to learn new skills (impaired intelligence) with a reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning), which started before adulthood, with a lasting effect on development’.1
There are numerous people who are often considered to have a learning disability but who, in fact, do not have one. This includes those with dyspraxia, dyslexia, attention deficit disorder, Asperger’s syndrome or challenging behaviour. Occasionally, people with a physical or sensory impairment are considered to have a learning disability, which is also incorrect.
Individuals with learning disabilities will experience problems with recalling information, telling the time, conceptualising time, maintaining self-care and accompanying activities needed to maintain daily life skills.2 There are three core criteria which must be met for the term ‘learning disability’ to apply:
- Significant impairment of intellectual function (learning new information, remembering and recalling dates, issues, events that would be expected for their age and culture)
- Significant impairment of adaptive and or social function (ability to cope on a day-to-day basis with the demands of his/her environment and the expectations of age and culture)
- Age of onset before adulthood.3
The Confidential Inquiry into the Premature Deaths of People with a Learning Disability4 (CIPOLD) found that people with a learning disability have far worse health outcomes than those in the general population. These include:
- Reduced access to and less likely to receive interventions for their obesity, including screening for thyroid disease and diabetes
- Greater risk of death from amenable causes (avoidable due to medical intervention)
- Variance (approximately 48%) in amenable death rates in the non-learning disability population
- Low take up for national cancer screening programmes (for example, breast, bowel and cervical)
- Low uptake of immunisations such as ‘flu vaccinations
- Increased risk of death due to respiratory infection – one of the highest causes of amenable death.
CIPOLD (2013) also identified that men with learning disabilities died, on average, 13 years earlier than men in the general population, while women with learning disabilities died 20 years earlier compared to the general population. CIPOLD (2013) found the most frequent reasons for premature deaths were:
- Delays or problems with diagnosis or treatment
- Problems with identifying needs
- Difficulty providing appropriate care in response to changing needs.
Annual health checks
Annual health checks are important, as many people with a learning disability regularly have difficulties recognising illness or communicating their needs in an easily understood manner. Additionally, using health services can be challenging for them and their families. GP practices and other health settings can significantly improve the health outcomes of people with a learning disability by enhancing the uptake of the annual health check. Annual health checks should be undertaken on all individuals with a learning disability from the age of 14 onwards.
They are a core way to combat unmet health needs of people with a learning disability and ensuring effective treatment plans, as well as preventative measures, can help to improve health outcomes.
A robust and in-depth annual health check should then trigger appropriate follow-on referrals and reviews. Yet in 2013-14 only 44.2% of eligible adults with learning disabilities underwent a GP health check. This means more than half of people eligible are missing out.8
The annual health check should do a top-to-toe MOT of a person with a learning disability and to get this right, health professionals must involve and engage the person themselves, their families, carers and supporters, as well as community learning disability nurses. This is the only way to enable a complete picture to emerge of what the person’s health status is and how a plan to address health needs can be formulated.
A comprehensive step-by-step guide for GPs undertaking annual health checks was created by Hoghton (2010)9 in partnership with the Royal College of General Practitioners. An annual health check necessarily should involve exploring the following issues:
- Mental and physical health
- Thoughts, feelings, moods
- Sexual health
- Blood pressure
- Heart health
- Bone strength
- Blood tests
- Age-related issues such as dementia
- Specific syndromal concerns.
Once the annual health check has been completed a plan of action, referrals onto other health practitioners, health education, promotion and surveillance should be developed that is accessible and that can be easily understood (that is, in as few words as possible or utilising pictures, photos, signs and symbols). In this way a person with a learning disability can gain an appreciation and awareness of how they can improve their health.
An annual health check is also a good opportunity to ensure the person with a learning disability has a hospital passport.
This is completed by the person or their family prior to admission or attendance at a clinic and can greatly enhance the outcome and the proposed plan for treatment because of the depth of detail contained within them. However, they do require health professionals to know about them. A great many other individuals with a range of disabilities and health conditions can benefit from them since they enable health professionals to know and understand the person behind the health problem. Passports can come in a variety of formats, including video and photographic, and there is no one model that fits all. They may also be called health passports, my health and a variety of other names, but they are all based on the premise of vital information that will enhance the quality of health interactions, diagnosis and outcomes.
Preparing someone for hospital
Preparing people with learning disabilities to go to hospital is not easy, but there is a useful guide available on NHS Choices (http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Childrenwithalearningdisability/Pages/Going-into-hospital-with-learning-disability.aspx).10 Additionally, and in the Books Beyond Words publication Going into Hospital11 there are two stories of people with a learning disability going into hospital and their experiences of what happens.
In Books Beyond Words, the stories are told through pictures to enable a person with a learning disability, who may read through pictures rather than words, to go through their understanding of what is likely to happen with a person who knows them well. The book includes tips and guides about how to get care right in hospital that will prove helpful to people with a learning disability, as well as those health professional supporting them.
The website has a wealth of information about a variety of health issues in an accessible format www.booksbeyondwords.co.uk.
Their capacity to consent
It is always good practice to check how much a person has understood about what is happening to them whatever age they are. Capacity to consent must be assumed unless assessed otherwise. It is essential to remember that each decision is time, location and decision specific. A variety of communication tools should be employed to aid a person’s understanding to gain a full picture of their knowledge, such as signs, photos, videos, music and Books Beyond Words materials. These will assist health professionals to get care right alongside following the five main principles of the Mental Capacity Act.
Mental Capacity Act 2005 – 5 main principles
1. A presumption of capacity – every adult has the right to be supported to make decisions – use photos, pictures, props, signs, symbols etc
2. The right of individuals – to be supported to make their own decisions
3. Individuals must maintain that right – even if the decisions might be seen as unwise or eccentric – for example, can the person weigh up the risks and benefits of having or refusing treatment?
4. Best interests – always act in the client’s best interests
5. Least restrictive intervention.
Factors to take into account when:
- Do not make assumptions based on the person’s age, appearance, condition, disability or behaviour
- Find out the person’s past and present wishes, beliefs, values and feelings and any other factors they would be likely to consider if they had capacity, including any advanced statements
Take note of the views of other people who know the person best.
If the capacity of an individual over the age of 18 is in question, health professionals need to carry out a four point capacity test, in accordance with the Mental Capacity Act (2005).
It should be established if the person is able to:
- Understand the information relevant to the decision
- Retain the information long enough to make the decision
- Use or weigh up the information
- Communicate their decision.
If the person lacks capacity:
- Can the decision be delayed if the person may regain capacity?
- Act in the best interests of the person
- Consider holding a Best Interest meeting under the Mental Capacity Act (2005)
- Always use the less restrictive option
- Encourage participation in the decision
- Consult all relevant people
- If the person has no relatives consider a referral to the Independent Mental Capacity Advocate Service (IMCA).
A helpful way to assist in capacity assessments is to employ the CURB BADLIP approach. CURB is used to assess and document capacity:
- C Communicate – can the person communicate his/her decision?
- U Understand – can he or she understand the information you are giving?
- R Retain – can he or she retain the information given?
- B Balance – can he or she balance or use the information?
If an individual does not have capacity move onto BADLIP to consider if a decision can be made following a review of best interests:
- B Best interest – if the person lacks capacity can you make a best interest decision
- AD Advanced Decision
- L Lasting Power of Attorney – has Lasting Power of Attorney been appointed?
- I Independent Mental Capacity Act Advocate – is the person without anyone to be consulted about his or her best interest? In an emergency involve an IMPCA
- P Proxy – if unresolved conflicts exist, consider local ethics committee of the Court of Protection appointed deputy.12
Just because a person may lack capacity at one time about one particular decision, it does not mean they lack capacity in other areas or aspects of their life.13
We all need help at different times in our lives and each of us is unique, but to ensure care is adjusted to meet a person with learning disabilities’ specific needs a TEACH approach, first developed in Hertfordshire by the Community Learning Disability Team, is required:
- T Time – take time to work with the person
- E Environment – alter the environment, e.g. quieter areas, reduce lighting and waiting
- A Attitude – have a positive solution orientated focus
- C Communication – find out the best way to communicate with the person, their families, carers, supporters and also communicate this to colleagues
- H Help – what help does the person, family, carers and supporters need and how can you meet these needs?
Following these will greatly enhance every interaction and make sure that each contact counts.
Everybody has a right to expect good healthcare and the best possible opportunities for positive health outcomes. The annual health check, along with the hospital passport, are key ways in which general practitioners, community learning disability nurses and other health professionals can make a tangible and sustainable difference to the lives and life expectancy of people with a learning disability of all ages. Ensuring that in each GP practice health checks are undertaken is a huge step towards achieving this and it is in the gift of every GP to check out what is going on and explore via the annual health checks how a person’s health really is.
1. Department of Health (2001).Valuing people. London: HMSO, 2001
2. Blair J, Emergency Nurse Oct 12 Vol 20 number 6 pp15-19 2012
3. Blair J, http://theqni.tumblr.com/post/129772074291/to-know-or-not-to-know-being-alert-why-it-helps
4. Bohmer C, Niezen-de Boer M, KlinkenbergKnol E et al. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 94, 804810, 1999
5. Galli-Carminati G, Chauvert I, Deriaz N, Journal o intellectual Disability Research. 50, 10, 711-718, 2006
6. Hardy S, Woodward P, Woolard P et al, Meeting the Health Needs of People with Learning Disability: RCN Guidance for Nursing Staff. Royal College of Nursing, London, 2011
7. Heslop P, Blair P, Fleming P, et al.(2013)’ Confidential inquiry into premature deaths of people with learning disabilities (CIPOLD)’. Bristol: Norah Fry Research Centre, 2013
8. NHS Choices ‘Learning disabilities: Annual Health Checks’ http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Childrenwithalearningdisability/Pages/AnnualHealthChecks.aspx (Last accessed November 15)
9. Hoghton M, http://www.rcgp.org.uk/learningdisabilities/~/media/Files/CIRC/CIRC-76-80/CIRCA%20
StepbyStepGuideforPracticesOctober%2010.ashx (Last accessed November 15)
10. NHS Choices ‘Going into hospital with a learning disability’ http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Childrenwithalearningdisability/ Pages/Going-into-hospital-with-learning-disability.aspx
11. Hollins S, Avis A, Cheverton S, Blair.J, Going into Hospital London: Books Beyond Words 2015
12. Hoghton M & Chadwick S, RCGP Mental Capacity Act (MCA) Toolkit for in England and Wales 2011’ www.rcgp/~/media/Files/CIRC/CIRC-76-80/CIRC-Mental-Capacity-Act-Toolkit-2011.ashx (Last accessed November 2015)
13. Blair J, Clinical Risk 19: 58–63 2013
This article was originally published in the British Journal of Family Medicine, March/April 2016. It is reproduced here by kind permission of the BJFM. | <urn:uuid:fb5624e4-09fd-4b79-99c7-b9303b3f7418> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.intellectualdisability.info/how-to-guides/articles/the-health-needs-of-people-with-learning-disabilities-issues-and-solutions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887423.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118151122-20180118171122-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.939094 | 3,193 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Forgotten digital tourniquets leading to digit amputation is the single greatest risk posed by their use. Covering the digit in gauze before a patient is discharged can hide an inconspicuous tourniquet. Our most persistent competitor in the marketplace are improvised methods like using rigged surgical gloves or other elastic materials, which lack great visibility unlike Mar-Med’s Tourni-Cot and Uni-Cot.
In 2009 the United Kingdom’s National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) came out with a Rapid Response Report entitled “Reducing risks of tourniquets left on after finger and toe surgery”. The report documents a total of 15 relevant cases recorded from 2005-2009. A surgical glove was used in 6 of the cases and 2 of the cases resulted in digit amputation. While the report acknowledges that the population affected is relatively small, it also cites the great degree of harm and high cost of litigation.
The report goes on to say in part that “purpose designed visible tourniquets are available and are intended for this use. Data from reported incidents suggest that at least some of the preventable harm is caused by the use of surgical gloves.”
The NHS report identifies some key actions that can be taken toward safer practice, including:
- CE marked digital tourniquets which are labelled and/or brightly coloured should be used, in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions. Surgical gloves should not be used as tourniquets.
- Guidelines include the removal of digital tourniquets as part of the swab counting procedure and the need to record the length of time a tourniquet is in place.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist is reviewed locally to consider adding tourniquet removal at ‘Sign Out’ stage.
Mar-Med’s digital tourniquets, the Tourni-Cot and Uni-Cot, are both brightly colored to be sure they are highly visible. The Tourni-Cot comes with a caution tag attached making it almost impossible to forget (clearly marked “Do Not Remove This Tag”). The Uni-Cot was designed with large handles that increase visibility. Both Mar-Med devices are CE marked, indicating compliance with current European legislation of goods (the French phrase “Conformité Européene” translates to “European Conformity”.)
The UK’s NHS must have had Mar-Med in mind for the Rapid Response Report. Clinicians in the UK and Europe have enjoyed the Tourni-Cot for years before the report was published, without other digital tourniquets on the market. Some clinicians I speak with will comment that removing the Tourni-Cot’s caution tag can make it less conspicuous. To that I respond by echoing the UK guidelines to follow our instructions and simply “Do Not Remove This Tag”.
External Links: Reducing Risks of Tourniquets Left on After Finger and Toe Surgery, UK NHS National Patient Safety Agency. | <urn:uuid:c63f592d-8ef6-4397-8734-229a1ce5eb5a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://marmed.com/how-the-united-kingdom-avoids-finger-amputations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371876625.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409185507-20200409220007-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.927568 | 646 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Patrolling our body, in search of diseased or foreign cells, is a crack squad of biological assassins known as natural killer (NK) cells. When they spot a sick cell, NK cells lock on, punch a hole and inject a payload of deadly enzyme-packed granules that kill within minutes. Using a new type of super-resolution microscope, and with laser ‘tweezers’ to manipulate the cells, researchers can now spy on the execution in greater detail than ever. Pictured is an NK cell (left) deciding whether its target cell (right) is dangerous. If deemed so, a ring-like tunnel will form (at the contact point dyed green) through which the toxic granules pass. NK cells play a prominent role in our immune system with duties that range from killing cancer cells to rejecting donor organs. In these scenarios, understanding the modus operandi of our natural killers is likely to aid development of new treatments.
Written by Kat Arney
BPoD stands for Biomedical Picture of the Day. Managed by the MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences the website aims to engage everyone, young and old, in the wonders of biomedicine. Images are kindly provided for inclusion on this website through the generosity of scientists across the globe. | <urn:uuid:0e7fc486-f941-4a40-bd55-b0017a97d0bb> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://bpod.mrc.ac.uk/archive/2012/5/25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892059.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123171440-20180123191440-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.92164 | 261 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Throughout history, remarkable women have worked to overcome stereotypes, discrimination and even violence, in order to further women’s advancement and build greater generations for the future. The month of March recognizes these women’s sacrifices, and celebrates the strong women of our past who laid the foundation for the strong women of our future.
This Women’s History Month, get involved by showing support for the women in your community. Check out these ways you can remember powerful women from history, while advocating for women today.
Remember women’s history.
What better way to celebrate National Women’s History Month than by actually checking out some valuable women’s history? Whether it’s visiting your local museum or road tripping to a famous women’s historic location (Women’s Rights National Historic Park, anyone?), taking time to remember some of the history that has gotten us this far as a society is a valuable way to support women today.
If you have a family, use this month as a chance to teach children why women’s rights are important, and how they have developed over the years. Enjoy activities centered on powerful women in history, or maybe even watch a famous movie to celebrate.
Use female-created inventions.
Another great way to support women this month is to intentionally use inventions created by women. Women have often gone unrecognized and underappreciated throughout history for the valuable contributions they have made, but you can use March as a chance to recognize the great utilities many women have brought us. Check out this list for examples:
- Wash your dishes in a dishwasher, brought to you by Josephine Cochrane in 1886.
- Drive in the rain, with your windshield wipers by Mary Anderson in 1903.
- Drink coffee with a coffee filter, thanks to Melitta Benz in 1908.
- Clean up with Scotchgard, invented by chemist Patsy Sherman in 1932.
- Use a computer, thanks in part to Grace Hopper in 1944.
Celebrate female art.
Whether it’s Jane Austen, Georgia O’Keeffe or Maya Angelou, celebrate female artists this month by reading a historic book, visiting an art gallery or listening to women-empowering music. Or, enjoy a fun family night out by watching a female-centric movie like The Hunger Games or Divergent. Whatever you decide to do this month, celebrate women’s contributions to the artistic world and the hard work they have put in to build a more diverse community.
Volunteer for a women’s organization.
If you really want to commit this month to supporting women in your community, check out local women’s nonprofit organizations to see if they need volunteers. Some charities may be hosting events to celebrate Women’s History Month, or some may need more volunteers to support their female clients in need. Whether it’s a women’s domestic violence shelter, a female-centric political group or a woman empowerment organization, find a cause to get involved and show your support for the women around you.
Donate to a women’s fund.
Finally, you can celebrate this Women’s History Month by donating to a women’s cause important to you. Women around the world are in need of support, resources and encouragement, and together we can help make a difference in their lives. Whether your donation is monetary, goods or services, your help is valued in contributing to women’s growth and empowerment.
This March, get involved with National Women’s History Month by trying out some of these ideas. Whatever you do, use this time to remember the women who have made historic strides, and honor women in your community who continue to advocate for women’s rights. | <urn:uuid:a17465f0-d93a-464f-b958-b36e70c67ca9> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.causeeffective.org/news-resources/press-room.html/article/2017/03/06/show-support-for-women-s-history-month | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540481281.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205164243-20191205192243-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.947754 | 780 | 3.453125 | 3 |
From New International, Vol.5 No.6, June 1939, pp.173-176.
Transcribed & marked up by Einde O’Callaghan for ETOL.
THROUGHOUT MORE THAN twenty years there have been repeated proclamations of a “national home” for the Jews in Palestine. The Arabs were according to these proclamations tenants, as it were, whose rights must be protected. What actually took place? Actually many Jews lost their lives on account of their “favored position”, and many Arabs because of their “inferior position”, while the remainder, Arabs and Jews, live lives of hardship and suffering, without a “home” and without “rights”. There has now come, it seems, a period of proclamations of a “national home” for the Arabs, and the “protection of the rights” of the Jews. Will this period be similar to the preceding one, the difference being only that now the Arabs will lose their lives for the “preference” given to them and the Jews for their “inferior” status? The important question is not whether the “London plan” conflicts with the Balfour Declaration, or does not quite conform to the Macmahon letters, but how far it gives the inhabitants of the country the possibility to conduct their own affairs in accordance with their needs. Not to what extent the plan is able to free the Arab inhabitants from Zionist rule in the future but to what extent it is able to free the inhabitants of the country, Jews and Arabs, from foreign rule in the present – this is the fundamental question.
The government plan at the London Conference, according to various informants, contains the promise for the independence of Palestine after a certain period, in the future, and various temporary arrangements for the “transition period”. Among these arrangements are: the creation of a body or bodies in which the inhabitants of the country will participate, the main tasks of which will be to make suggestions concerning the affairs of the country, and also the appointment of some of the inhabitants as “Government advisors” or “ministers without portfolio”.
But is this the plan required by the populace? The country has had promises enough. What it needs is that its rights be actually given, or more exactly, that the one right that includes all be given, the right to conduct its own affairs, to control and not “advise”. This proposal, that the representatives of the people will play the part of “advisors”, is one of particular interest. For what reason and what purpose must these representatives serve as advisors? The affairs of the country, the needs of those they represent, they certainly know better than the foreign officials and if they are not “fitted” to conduct the affairs of the land, the training that they lack is essentially technical training, sufficient professional knowledge. They are then in need of advisors, professional officials who will assist them in their work. But the plan on the contrary gives them the task of advising. The people fundamentally concerned will become the advisors of expert officials.
Nor is the appointment of a number of the inhabitants as “minister without portfolio” likely to be of any benefit. There are enough people in the country occupying high offices and receiving high salaries without having to do anything, or in order that they should not do anything. There is no need to add to them. What the populace of the country needs is, on the contrary, that they should be led by people whose status and income will be only a small payment for their beneficial labours for the common good.
The Government’s plan, even if the information about it is correct, is not yet a complete one. Many changes are still likely to be made in it, arising from the proposers themselves or from other factors. But this plan, of which we are informed, does not contain what is needed by the people of the country. It is a parody, a mockery of their needs.
The question of independence, or the liberation from foreign domination, is the principal question in Palestine, but it is not the only fundamental question.
In these days of the growth of the Nazi rule with the aid of its “democratic” friends, every national movement in a country subject to a “democratic” power may become infused by a “Nazi” spirit to be converted to a movement which, in its struggle against the foreign oppressor, not only does not awaken and train the masses to understand and defend their concrete interests, awaken and train them in their battle for full liberation from the yoke of both their oppressors and their exploiters, but instead helps to increase their blindness and their submissiveness to their exploiters at home as well as the oppressors – whether the old “democratic” ones or the new Nazi ones – from without.
But this danger cannot be prevented by opposition to the struggle against the “democratic” oppressor, or by abstention from this struggle. This way of a negative or “neutral” attitude to the struggle against the foreign ruler, out of fear lest it increase the growth of the Nazi movement in the subject country, or lest it strengthen – in case of the defeat of the “democratic” ruler – the Nazi influence in the world as a whole, is an utterly wrong way.
It is wrong, firstly, because liberation from the external oppressor is a necessary condition of liberation from the internal exploiter. The oppressors are the main support of the exploiters and are their spiritual prop. The foreign subjection is the main cause of the blindness, the lack of clear understanding of the masses. It is a cause of sickness, a source of rottenness in the body of the subject people. However mild the external symptoms of this sickness may be it necessarily interferes with the material and spiritual life of those affected. Complete health is impossible until the cause is removed. Liberation from the exploiters is then impossible without liberation from the oppressors, and whoever renounces the struggle against the foreign ruler out of fear that it may distort the struggle against the exploiter at home, is like one that prevents an infant from learning to stand on his feet out of fear that his legs may become bent and he may become unable to walk properly.
Secondly, opposition to the struggle against the “democratic” oppressor – from fear of increasing Nazi influence – and as a result an attitude of tolerance and compliance towards the oppressor not only will not weaken Nazi influence on the subject masses, who will not understand – and with justice – this tolerance and compliance towards those who are neither tolerant nor compliant towards them, but will on the contrary increase this danger.
The only way to prevent the masses of a subject country from going the Nazi way, is to conduct this struggle against the foreign ruler in the correct way, the non-Nazi way, and to do all that is possible to remove the factors that can mislead the masses from this correct way. The danger of Nazi influence on the “movement of national liberation” is particularly great in a subject country which contains a large national minority. In Palestine there not only exists a national minority, large in number and great in importance, but this minority is Jewish – particularly “convenient” subject for Nazi propaganda – and it has also special aims and special promises given to it concerning the country, and also at its head stands a movement whose objects and activities are thoroughly impregnated with the “national” and “national-socialistic” spirit. In Palestine there are therefore particularly “convenient” conditions for Nazi influence on the national Arab movement. And indeed this movement has been infused in recent years by a Nazi spirit, in large measure, as its words and deeds during these years give witness. This movement does not “incline” to the Rome-Berlin axis only because it is assisted by the axis. The reverse is truer, that it is assisted by the axis because it is near to it in spirit.
On account of “the Jewish question “ or “the Jewish-Arab question” the struggle of the masses of the country – the struggle with the external foe as well as with the internal foe – becomes distorted to a very great degree. Because of it they are moving rapidly not towards liberation, but towards the severest oppression. The masses of this country have a great and urgent need of a correct solution of this problem.
The “Jewish question” or the “Arab-Jewish question” is a great obstacle in the way of the liberation of the masses of Palestine, including the Jewish masses. But for the Jewish masses, and for the Jewish community as a whole it is the source also of other danger, even the danger to their very existence.
The leaders of the Arab national movement regard the Jewish community as the worst enemy, the greatest obstacle in the way of converting Palestine into an independent Arab state or part of an enlarged Arab state. They regard it as a conqueror that attempts and succeeds in widening its influence and power in the country unceasingly, and strives to conquer it entirely. Many of the supporters of this movement also hate the Jewish community on account of the “harmful social ideas” that are widely spread in its midst. In the eyes of these people the Jewish workers’ organizations are revolutionary organizations, undermining the foundations of society and morals, and the Jews for the most part are not only Zionists but at the same time socialists and even communists. Many of them are also religious fanatics and the Jews are hated by them as infidels. The hatred of the Jewish community, then, on the part of the leaders of the Arab national movement is nourished from many sources, national, social and religious at the same time, and is extremely strong. But if a few years ago there were among the rank and file of the national movement and to some extent among the leaders liberal ideas and even inclinations towards the workers’ movement, with the increase of Nazi influence following the events of the last years, the apostles of “Arabism and Islamism”, the enemies of the Jewish community, came to acquire almost absolute sway over the Arab national movement, people who will at the first opportunity reveal their real attitude to the Jews in a very open and concrete manner. They have been revealing it these three years, but these acts, of the period of the disturbances, are doubtlessly only a faint hint of what the leaders of the Arab national movement are desirous and capable of doing. These people learned and are learning much from the Nazi movement and this fusion of Hitlerist corruption with primitive viciousness are likely to yield fruits beside which the abominations of the hooligans of the Swastika will pale. Moreover, if the directors of the present disturbances will obtain the rule over the country, without doubt the guides and advisors, and the persecutions of the Jewish guides and advisors, and the persecutions of the Jewish community will be carried out not only with the greatest barbarity and cruelty, but systematically and continuously. The talk about guarantees on the part of the leaders of the Arab national movement, as rulers, of the rights of the Jewish minority in Palestine, are but empty words, not regarded as being at all serious even by those who talk of them, who do not expect anyone to take them seriously. If these people will receive the power in their hands, while the relations between the Jewish and Arab communities stay as they are, all talk about the position of the Jewish minority in Palestine in the future is rather superfluous. No Jewish minority will remain here. It is doubtful if isolated Jews will remain in any noticeable number. The fate threatening the Jewish community in this case is complete destruction by means of the worst oppression and persecution.
The leaders of the Zionist movement, of course, see the dangerous position of the Jewish community of this country. It is impossible that they should not see it. It is to a large extent the fruit of their considered actions. But in their opinion the danger is not particularly threatening. There is a strong ally interested for his own sake in the Zionist movement, and he will protect it. It is true that he does not prevent small injuries, or even large ones, to this movement. But these “variations” are only passing, temporary tactics, or the acts of short-sighted officials. He will not permit a serious blow and he has it in his power not to permit it. He is a firm protector. Actually the “Arab question” is nothing but the “English question”, that is, if the ally will do what is wanted or abstain from doing what is not wanted, Zionist aims will be successfully and speedily realized without any opposition – at any rate without any open or concrete opposition. It is true that the fact that the light and heavy blows continue, and that the “Arab question”, in spite of being really the “English question”, remains as it was or becomes aggravated, seems to show that the protector is not so reliable. But this is only a superficial conclusion. In fact the ally is interested in the Zionist movement from many and vital standpoints. This movement is almost the main jewel in his crown. In fact he perhaps is more in need of it than it is in need of him.
The bond between the Zionist movement and the British Empire is both strong and deep. There is nothing better or more natural than that Palestine should be a part of the Empire, a British dominion or even a British colony. What is the difference what the connection be called when it is of such a spiritual nature? It is true that the ally himself sometimes shows lack of understanding as to the “naturalness” of this bond. But this is only short-sightedness on his part, insufficient penetration into the character of the movement.
It is necessary to explain these things, and “explanation” is given in abundance. All parts of the Zionist movement from the Revisionists to the “socialists” explain the possibilities that the Zionist enterprise offers to its ally. They all compete in offering the service of the Jewish community in Palestine and of the Jewish people as a whole to the great Empire. All the currents in the movement, with the “socialists” at their head, show how well and how deeply they understand the exalted civilizing functions of this Empire, how they value its splendid colonizing work in its various possessions, in which peace and happiness rule; how important the task and how good the fortune to be a link in this happy union of nations, called the “British Empire”. This union is a faithful protector to all that lie in its shelter, and particularly to the Zionist movement; faithful not only in times of peace but also in times of war.
“Even in time of war?” Yes, particularly in time of war there is less room for fears, in such times communal disturbances are not likely to take place; in war, especially, the ally will be most interested in order and quiet in this country, on the shores of the Mediterranean, near the Suez Canal, through which its oil lines pass. Especially at such times he will most value the Zionist enterprise. In this ally’s interests – are our interests, in his good – our good, now and in the future, forever.
Thus speaks the one side. The other side, the “protector’s” own people, have discussed and discuss publicly if it would not be advisable that in time of emergency Britain should turn away altogether from the Mediterranean that has become dangerous, give up for the period of the war its obligations and connections with the countries bordering on this sea, concentrate all her forces on more important and secure positions, and if the victory will be on her side all that belongs to her and is necessary to her will return to her as an obvious result, and the connections with her friends – with those of them, of course, who had not ceased to exist in the interval – will be renewed.
But these are “internal discussions” and the Zionist leaders act as if they do not hear (did they receive a hint on this matter during the London talks?). At any rate this is a question of wartime, of which nobody knows when it will arrive and what will occur in it. In normal times, in the opinion of the Zionist leaders, the faithfulness of the ally was beyond all doubt. Is their certainty shaken now? The London conference does not prove that the final decision has been made. As long as the “limitation” of immigration is spoken of the matter has not, apparently, been decided. If it had been – why any immigration whatever? Can it be to add some thousands more to those in the trap ? But if there is yet no decision there is a clear warning here. Not only in time of war, but even in time of peace the ally is ready to abandon his “work”. It is true that this enterprise has its use, otherwise he would not have concerned himself with it, supported it and raised it. Its destruction will be a loss. But who can ever gain without losses? On the great checker-board there are many pieces. Is it possible to keep them all and win?
The “final decision” perhaps has not yet come, but there is a clear warning: the ally is not an everlasting protector. He will help until he ceases his aid. He will protect until he stops. He is loyal until he breaks his faith. It is doubtful if anything can be clearer. Have the Zionist leaders grasped this? There is no sign that they have. At any rate they do not reveal it. In their opinions it is another misunderstanding, this time – not on the part of minor officials, but of high ones. Others will come in their place, British democracy will come and will understand and will aid. But which “democracy” will come to aid? The “democracy” that “defends” Czechoslovakia and Spain in speeches, which is more Catholic – when it holds power – than the Pope, is this a reliable protector? This confused and hypocritical “democracy”, will it not betray when it is necessary for the Empire, “the pillar of civilization”?
But America will not permit, her “subjects” have invested money here (did not her subjects invest money in China?), Poland will not permit (it is particularly interested, apparently, in the revival of the Jewish people in its ancient country!).
British imperialism, world democracy, anti-semitic Poland, the Conscience of Mankind – all of these are fitted and all are ready to come to the rescue of the Zionist movement.
There has come no change, the same words as before – vain deceptions.
The path of the Zionist leaders of these days is but the direct continuation of the path of the movement they lead. The fifty thousand Jews that were in Palestine at the end of the World War could not by their own powers convert this country into a Jewish State. Neither can the 450,000 Jews that are in the country today accomplish this aim by their own strength. To realize this the aid of an external power is essential, and the perpetual dependence on this foreign power is necessarily a source of corruption in normal times and of deception in critical times. The Zionist movement – both the New and the Old Zionist organizations – have not and cannot have any real way to avert from the Jewish community in Palestine the dangers that it itself created and is continuing to create.
Also, the advice that the Jewish community should announce its willingness to abandon the Zionist aims and to live as an ordinary minority under Arab rule is, in the prevailing conditions, futile. Even if such a declaration were possible, it would be useless. The party to which it would be directed would not believe it, nor attribute any value to it. If the power will be in its hands – whatever the Jewish community may announce – it will act towards this community in only one way, that of oppression and reducing the “minority” by all possible means.
The Jewish community in Palestine, should the actual rule be in the hands of its enemies, will have no choice, but to defend its life and liberty by all the means it can. But this defense must be defense and not attack in the form of defense. The Jewish community has the right and the duty to defend its right to conduct it’s life according to its will. But the Arab community has the same right to no lesser extent. Any opposition on the part of the Jews to the struggle of the Arab community for complete independence, for full self-government within its own borders, will be utterly vicious and will increase the hatred for them among the Arabs and enlarge the danger threatening them. Its “use” is doubtful and its damage certain.
Under the conditions of Jewish settlement in Palestine, the demand for self-government on the Jewish community is not impossible to realize. There is no doubt that the best way to realize the independence of Jews and Arabs is the partition of the country, in one way or another, into two free parts, not depending on one another. Such a definite division would greatly decrease the harmful influence of the urges to conquer of the one side or the desire to destroy of the other. The patriots would not be satisfied, of course, with either of the parts, but the masses would turn their attention to their vital needs and, at any rate, the “national aspirations” would not succeed in penetrating the spirit of the masses and distorting their struggle to the extent that they do today. Therefore the least interdependence is especially important, in order that the difficulty of realizing the “national aspirations” should be the greatest, and the encouragement to their growth the least. But without the partition of the country it is possible to secure the self-government of the Jewish and Arab communities in the country, each within the spheres of its habitation, and this possibility must be realized in fact.
Only this way of the defense by the Jewish community of its rights, with the full recognition of the rights of the Arab community, “will increase its defensive powers, and is also likely to lessen the opposition to it among the Arabs and to weaken the power of its enemies. This is the only real way that will bring blessing to the Jewish masses at all times and the hope of salvation to the Jewish community as a whole in times of danger.
Self-government of the Jews and the Arabs, each group within the limits of its own settlement, this is the correct and only solution of the “majority” and “minority” question in Palestine. Therefore it is also the correct way toward the full solution of the problem of the country, that is the establishment of a system that will know neither “majority” nor “minority”, but a single community of brothers living by its labors.
HAOR (EL NOUR)
Last updated on 27.12.2005 | <urn:uuid:c58df8f9-ecf6-4eb6-b2a5-c0582434ab0e> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol05/no06/haor.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646849.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00020-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968661 | 4,784 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In this guest post, teacher Maria Adamson shares techniques for drawing students into the messiness of history, and giving them practice asking critically minded questions of the sources they encounter. Using this approach, she developed two new teaching activities focusing on identification papers of several Chinese people who were "on exhibit" in an ethnographic display in Philadelphia in 1899.
Find primary sources and online teaching activities related to immigration on DocsTeach.
Access primary sources and teaching activities for the Progressive Era, the 1920s, immigration, and a changing America at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century.
Find primary sources and online activities for teaching about Industrialization and Immigration.
Check out these online resources for teaching American history or government to high school students.
Of the nearly 100 documents digitized during our annual teaching institute in Washington, DC, two really stand for learning about Chinese immigration.
This summer we digitized several fascinating documents related to the Chinese Exclusion Act.
Our sessions cover the Bill of Rights, the amendment process, civics, and teaching NHD and C3 with primary sources.
Students can explore the impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act, and the personal stories of those it touched, through these new learning tools.
Educators came to research our holdings to find and digitize documents for lessons and activities on Chinese immigration. | <urn:uuid:d810e50a-7159-4411-b0eb-491f6ea7191a> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://education.blogs.archives.gov/tag/chinese_exclusion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989030.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510003422-20210510033422-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.944781 | 276 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Rashi points out that because the dogs did not bark when the Jews left Egypt, they were rewarded with the basar neveilah.
Since they were uniquely rewarded, this implies that all the other animals did speak at yetzias mirzrayim.
The majority of the livestock were killed in the plagues. The tzefardea all died. The locusts were swept away. And for the most part the wild animals fled after the plague of Arov. There were very few animals left to make noise at that time.
It would appear that only smaller wild animals with a propensity to hang around human habitations for food and shelter would have remained after the plagues, such as racoons and squirrels, but those didn't exist in Egypt. The most notable of this group of animals is the shu'al.
So my question is this: | <urn:uuid:b0cc1cc8-24bd-4016-a4a7-e57697658056> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/55443/lo-yecheratz-kelev-lishono-what-about-other-animals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672548.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017022259-20191017045759-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.989072 | 181 | 2.703125 | 3 |
- Television induces a more passive state of mind
- Television trains the brain to become accustomed to much faster changes of sequences than those found in nature
A few weeks ago I joined my daughter to watch a bit of a movie called, Cars 2. The movie was a non-stop barrage to the senses. I began counting the scene/frame changes and found that no scene was longer than five seconds. Not only that, but a lot of the time the scenes/perspective changed at a rate of one scene per second. (And we wonder why our boys are being diagnosed with ADD and ADHD?)
Amadea Morningstar says that “We are being mentally trained to move at a pace much different than nature’s.” This gives us the illusion of not having enough time, of not getting enough done, of not being efficient enough. This illusion is one of the faces of maya.
Take, for example, the home renovation programs that are popular on television. It is not unusual for a home to be completely renovated in a 45-minute television hour. In truth it takes weeks, months, and a lot more human-power than the “star” of the show to get the job done.
Amadea Morningstar asks, “How many of us will have the patience to receive the communication nature offers? How many of us will be able to? How many of us are nature illiterates?”
I would ask, how has our culture and media programed us into beliving that everything is a time panic? That things shouldn’t take that much time?
Let’s take another television example that I enjoy, Cupcake Wars. In the first round of the program, contestants are asked to create a brand new and unique cupcake based on a flavour challenge in only 45-minutes. In the second round, contestants have 75-minutes to make three cupcakes with distinct tastes. Finally in the third round contestants are asked to make 1000 cupcakes in only two hours!!!!! (Even in the original episode they had four hours).
The entire program is based on this ideology of an ongoing “time-crunch.” Contestants run around in a panic for the entire show. The show breaks to interviews with contestants that say they have no idea how they’ll get the cupcakes done on time. Contestants are shown under extreme time pressure, cupcakes often don’t have enough time to cook-through, and the host continually shouts out count-downs of time. Not only that, but one of the main sound-effects of the show is a siren-like alarm-bell loop that plays reminding us of the lack of time left as the camera pans to an actual clock that counts down time like a ticking time-bomb.
The mantra of “I/We don’t have enough time!” is an extremely prevalent one in our culture. No wonder we are in such a panic!
I would suggest that in coming to yoga we need to shift our experience and intention around time. As you come to your yoga mat, to what extent is it possible to rest into an expanded sense of time? How can you use your yoga practice as a way to practice a different pace?
Often times in the Yoga Sutras, aparigraha gets translated as non-hoarding or non-possessiveness. In the context of time, I wonder what it would be like to take on Nischala Joy Devi’s description “awareness of abundance and fulfillment.” Nischala Joy Devi says, “Acknowledging abundance, we recognize the blessings in everything.” To what extent is it possible to begin to recognize the blessing of an abundance in the time available to us each and every day? Now that would be a powerful sadhana (spiritual practice).
Help from the Spirit-World
Fortunately we don’t have to go at this alone. Why not call on help from the spirit world? Staying with the idea of abundance, ask the Goddess of abundance, Lakshmi, to bless you with an abundance of time. Ask Ganesh, the remover of obstacles, to remove all time obstacles for you, especially any obstacles that get in the way of finding time to practice your yoga. Finally Kali, the Goddess of time and transformation can help you as well. Kali will destroy anything that gets in the way of your spiritual development if you ask for her help, I can’t imagine why that wouldn’t include time restraints. Kali also removes all ignorance; the illusions of maya. In truth we have more than enough time for our spiritual practice and she will make it so if we call on her.
Personally I think what is most needed is to remove ourselves from the strong-hold of maya and the illusion that we don’t have enough time. It is time for a new mantra, “I have more than enough time for everything I need and want to do.”
You can visit the website of Dr. Melissa West HERE.
A huge thank you to Melissa for being my guest writer today, and sharing this article and video with us! | <urn:uuid:e223b0c8-8159-4b6c-bf05-52561000fa68> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://mysticseaangel.com/2011/12/finding-time-by-dr-melissa-west/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249500704.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223102155-20190223124155-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.961387 | 1,075 | 2.609375 | 3 |
IN THE MID 19TH CENTURY, slaves throughout the American South pulled at ropes and chains nonstop during summer mealtimes, to make plantation dining rooms bearable in beastly humid heat. The slaves would swing wooden panels or fringed fabric rectangles that were mounted on the dining room ceilings. The arduous labor created breezes and flicked insects away from the food and the guests’ flesh. The fans were called punkahs—the same name was applied to their counterparts in India, which servants waved above British colonists.
For American slaveholders, assigning people (usually boys and men dressed in brown and red livery) to work the punkah cords during parties was a way to flaunt wealth. Dana E. Byrd, a Bowdoin College scholar who has studied plantation life, said that the public display “would have undoubtedly been regarded as an extravagant use of labor.” She also notes that there were some benefits to the work. The fanners could listen to party conversations, which sometimes revealed useful or important news, about owners who might soon auction their enslaved families, abolitionists growing active in the region, and slaves managing to revolt or escape. | <urn:uuid:a596ee06-eb16-44e1-9249-d8123dd3c4a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://theweeklychallenger.com/how-ceiling-fans-helped-slaves-eavesdrop-on-plantation-owners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361723.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228175250-20210228205250-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.978758 | 238 | 3.859375 | 4 |
AROUND THE WORLD
AROUND THE WORLD; Waldheim Document Issued by Jewish Group
Special to the New York Times
Published: July 8, 1986
JERUSALEM, July 7— Elan Steinberg, executive director of the World Jewish Congress, made public at a news conference today a document indicating that Kurt Waldheim's wartime intelligence unit ordered the deportation of Greek Jews.
Mr. Waldheim, who is to be sworn in as President of Austria on Tuesday, was deputy chief of an intelligence unit in German Army Group E in the Balkans during World War II.
The document was found six days ago in the German Military Archive in Freiburg, congress officials said.
The Associated Press reported from Vienna that a Waldheim aide, Gerold Christian, said of the document: ''This is an old paper that was presented already some time ago. It lacks all proof of veracity and any basis for suspicion or accusations.''
The wartime document, titled ''Activities Report: July 1 to Sept. 15, 1944,'' says that at the end of July 1944, there was ''deportation of all Jews of non-Turkish citizenship in the entire territory under command on instruction of the High Command of Army Group E.'' | <urn:uuid:863c667b-ea6b-4a39-b7a9-8b2d19fb0fb8> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/08/world/around-the-world-waldheim-document-issued-by-jewish-group.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922763.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909043423-00106-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948586 | 252 | 2.5625 | 3 |
- Standards for Sound Genealogical Research (PDF 5.81KB)
- Guidelines for Using Records Repositories and Libraries (PDF 6.19KB)
- Standards for Use of Technology in Genealogical Research (PDF 6.04KB)
- Standards for Sharing Information with Others (PDF 6.03KB)
- Guidelines for Publishing Web Pages on the Internet (PDF 6.44KB)
- Guidelines for Genealogical Self-Improvement and Growth (PDF 6.10KB)
Here is the reasoning. Genealogical records are most frequently stored in the area or jurisdiction where the event occurred. A common cause of inability to find records is looking in the wrong jurisdiction. If you were to assume that birth records for my Grandfather were located in Navajo county, you would possibly be wrong. I don't go very long without hearing a story about someone who spent a great deal of time looking in the wrong place. With today's online and program resources, there is really not much of an excuse for not knowing any county's historical boundaries. You might also try a program like Animap, now in version 3.0.2.
There are any number of other such issues, such as recording alternate spellings, dates and locations and of course, the number one Standard, "record the source for each item of information they collect." | <urn:uuid:97a9c4e2-6237-4f35-b045-b48c1c7fa495> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://genealogysstar.blogspot.com/2010/12/apache-or-navajo-that-is-question.html?m=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887600.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118190921-20180118210921-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.945124 | 276 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Structural air leaks can increase the risk of moisture damage in indoor swimming pool buildings. The height of the pool area affects the moisture load in the upper structures. Temperature differences can cause indoor over-pressure, which increases the risk of moisture accumulation in air leaky structures. Design, implementation and the use of technical systems can have an impact on moisture loads and the risks they pose to buildings. Air tightness of structures and indoor air relative humidity levels are the key issues for moisture safety.
Temperature differences between inside and outside air tends to cause overpressure in the upper parts of swimming pool buildings which have a high inside open air space. This allows warm and humid indoor air to flow out via the air leakage routes along the ceiling and upper walls, causing moisture from the inside air to condense in structures.
The long-term build-up of moisture causes various problems in structures, such as the growth of mould or, at worst, structural weakening. Air leakages into structures tend to be at their greatest during winter, when the indoor air humidity level is greatest compared to outside, in turn creating the greatest risk of moisture accumulating.
Figure 1. The indoor air pressure conditions in swimming pools, caused by indoor air conditions and the height of the premises, pose challenges to the moisture performance of structures.
‘Rain’ from the roof into the interior may appear in swimming halls with poor airtightness of the structure. During cold periods, indoor moisture condenses and freezes in structures via air leakage routes and when the weather turns milder, the melted water runs into the inside air space via air leaks. In cases where the airtightness is this poor, there is an elevated risk of structural damage and it is very likely that impurities within the structures can enter the indoor air as the direction of the air leakage flows changes.
The pressure conditions in a high and heated space cannot be fully controlled by ventilation. Even if a typical level of under-pressure is maintained at floor level, long periods of overpressure can occur in the upper areas. For example, if the ventilation maintains a constant under-pressure of 10 Pa at floor level in a 9-metre high hall, overpressure will occur in the upper areas for almost half of the year (Figure 2).
Figure 2 The duration of the pressure difference between indoor and outdoor air in the upper parts of indoor swimming pools of different heights, when the indoor and outdoor air pressure is the same at floor level. Evaluation performed for a one year period in Helsinki climate conditions (nominal heating year).
The study conducted by VTT presents the principles of design, implementation and use of technical system, which can have an effect on the moisture loads of structures and the risks they pose. The key issue is to have sufficient airtightness of structures. In addition, the relative humidity indoors is set to the lower limits of the comfort zone during winter, around 40% RH.
Due to the high humidity of the indoor air, the risk of indoor air leakages through the structures is elevated in indoor swimming pools. A similar risk can be associated with other high hall structures, even if they typically have lower indoor air humidity than swimming pools.
The results presented are part of the ’Uimahallien yläpohjarakenteiden kosteustekniikka ja paloturvalliset PU-lämmöneristeiset hallirakenteet’ (Moisture Performance of the Roof Structures of Indoor Swimming Pools and Fire Safe Hall Structures with PU thermal insulation) project, which was conducted from 21 September 2015 to 31 December 2017. The study involved examining research data, guidelines and regulations related to the indoor air and structural moisture load of indoor swimming pools, and compiling expert views on the subject. In addition, the duration of pressure differences in high halls in the Finnish climate were analysed.
You can read the publicly available customer report here http://www.vtt.fi/inf/julkaisut/muut/2017/VTT-CR-06833-17.pdf
Senior Scientist, VTT | <urn:uuid:4440ab74-00da-46f7-aa83-2244dbc433df> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://vttblog.com/2018/02/06/proper-design-reduces-the-risk-of-damage-to-swimming-pool-buildings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999740.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624211359-20190624233359-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.903822 | 842 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- Define sensation and explain its connection to the concepts of absolute threshold, difference threshold, and subliminal messages
What does it mean to sense something? Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials (as you learned when studying biopsychology), to the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as transduction.
You have probably learned since elementary school that we have five senses: vision, hearing (audition), smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). It turns out that this notion of five senses is oversimplified. We also have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the vestibular sense), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and temperature (thermoception).
The sensitivity of a given sensory system to the relevant stimuli can be expressed as an absolute threshold. Absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time. Another way to think about this is by asking how dim can a light be or how soft can a sound be and still be detected half of the time. The sensitivity of our sensory receptors can be quite amazing. It has been estimated that on a clear night, the most sensitive sensory cells in the back of the eye can detect a candle flame 30 miles away (Okawa & Sampath, 2007). Under quiet conditions, the hair cells (the receptor cells of the inner ear) can detect the tick of a clock 20 feet away (Galanter, 1962).
It is also possible for us to get messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness—these are called subliminal messages. A stimulus reaches a physiological threshold when it is strong enough to excite sensory receptors and send nerve impulses to the brain: This is an absolute threshold. A message below that threshold is said to be subliminal: We receive it, but we are not consciously aware of it. Over the years there has been a great deal of speculation about the use of subliminal messages in advertising, rock music, and self-help audio programs. Research evidence shows that in laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of awareness. But this does not mean that we obey these messages like zombies; in fact, hidden messages have little effect on behavior outside the laboratory (Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc, 1980; Rensink, 2004; Nelson, 2008; Radel, Sarrazin, Legrain, & Gobancé, 2009; Loersch, Durso, & Petty, 2013).
Dig Deeper: Unconscious Perception
These days, most scientific research on unconscious processes is aimed at showing that people do not need consciousness for certain psychological processes or behaviors. One such example is attitude formation. The most basic process of attitude formation is through mere exposure (Zajonc, 1968). Merely perceiving a stimulus repeatedly, such as a brand on a billboard one passes every day or a song that is played on the radio frequently, renders it more positive. Interestingly, mere exposure does not require conscious awareness of the object of an attitude. In fact, mere-exposure effects occur even when novel stimuli are presented subliminally for extremely brief durations (e.g., Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc, 1980). Intriguingly, in such subliminal mere-exposure experiments, participants indicate a preference for, or a positive attitude towards, stimuli they do not consciously remember being exposed to.
Another example of modern research on unconscious processes is research on priming. In a well-known experiment by a research team led by the American psychologist John Bargh (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996), half the participants were primed with the stereotype of the elderly by doing a language task (they had to make sentences on the basis of lists of words). These lists contained words commonly associated with the elderly (e.g., “old,” “bingo,” “walking stick,” “Florida”). The remaining participants received a language task in which the critical words were replaced by words not related to the elderly. After participants had finished they were told the experiment was over, but they were secretly monitored to see how long they took to walk to the nearest elevator. The primed participants took significantly longer. That is, after being exposed to words typically associated with being old, they behaved in line with the stereotype of old people: being slow.
Such priming effects have been shown in many different domains. For example, Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) demonstrated that priming can improve intellectual performance. They asked their participants to answer 42 general knowledge questions taken from the game Trivial Pursuit. Under normal conditions, participants answered about 50% of the questions correctly. However, participants primed with the stereotype of professors—who are by most people seen as intelligent—managed to answer 60% of the questions correctly. Conversely, performance of participants primed with the “dumb” stereotype of hooligans dropped to 40%.
Absolute thresholds are generally measured under incredibly controlled conditions in situations that are optimal for sensitivity. Sometimes, we are more interested in how much difference in stimuli is required to detect a difference between them. This is known as the just noticeable difference (jnd) or difference threshold. Unlike the absolute threshold, the difference threshold changes depending on the stimulus intensity. As an example, imagine yourself in a very dark movie theater. If an audience member were to receive a text message on her cell phone which caused her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the theater. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit arena during a basketball game, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. Ernst Weber proposed this theory of change in difference threshold in the 1830s, and it has become known as Weber’s law: The difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus, as the example illustrates.
Think It Over
1. Think of a novel example of how just noticeable difference can change as a function of stimulus intensity. | <urn:uuid:287568f1-e8d8-4e95-abdc-b5a8c3fdb2c2> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/msstate-waymaker-psychology/chapter/sensation-versus-perception/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657170639.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715164155-20200715194155-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.952225 | 1,353 | 4.1875 | 4 |
The course of illness can be influenced by biological, psychological, and/or social factors covering a broad range of topics that include stress, coping, and behaviors that either promote health and prevent illness, or contribute to the development of clinical problems. Health and wellness are important to our daily lives and this is true even in the context of being diagnosed with a chronic illness such as diabetes mellitus. The interplay between emotions, cognitive, and behavioral/physical factors can affect all aspects of health and illness. Individual differences such as culture, ethnicity, lifestyle, religion, gender, identity development, financial status, and social support should be considered when analyzing the individual’s response to a chronic illness. Numerous research studies have investigated the impact of one or more of these factors in terms of the effect on chronic disease outcomes. These outcomes can include symptom management and/or progression of the severity of the disease.
Explanatory theories often describe factors that contribute to health problems, or interfere with prevention activities, and thus provide targets for change. One such theory is the Health Belief Model (HBM) which addresses perceptions of the health problem. These perceptions include the degree of threat in terms of susceptibility and severity, any benefits to be obtained by avoiding the perceived threat, and various internal (e.g., self-efficacy) and external (e.g., barriers to care) factors that influence the individual’s decision to act. Other theories emphasize motivations that influence a continuum of stages of behavioral change. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change is a theory of this type. The response to chronic illness and the illness experience itself can be described by these models. In managing chronic disease, there are coping strategies and behavior changes that support optimal outcomes and therapeutic interventions can be designed for greater effectiveness by using these two models. For your paper you will choose from the two options below. The option you choose will provide the focus and title for your paper.
- Option A: Diabetes Mellitus and the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change????
- Option B: Diabetes Mellitus and the Health Belief Model????
To support your work, you will perform research using the University Library and/or other search methods to provide references to support your work. You must include a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources, published within the past five years relating to diabetes mellitus and to either the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (Option A) or the Health Belief Model (Option B). The use of additional scholarly and/or peer-reviewed references is highly recommended. These may be obtained from academic, professional, or governmental agency sources. Dictionaries, encyclopedias, non-academic websites, and media outlet sites or publications are not appropriate resources for academic writing and are not appropriate for inclusion in this paper. You may reference your textbook and other required or recommended materials from the course but these will not fulfill the minimum reference requirement.
In your paper you will provide an analysis of your research by addressing the following elements:
- Personal impact of chronic illness
- Impact of chronic illness on friends and family
- Methods of coping
- Interventions to encourage healthy lifestyle choices
- Motivations for adhering to recommended self-care guidelines
- Beliefs about illness that support or reduce self-efficacy and the ability to take action.
Use the following headings to organize your paper into four sections as follows:
- Introduction: Explain how the TTM or HBM can be used to explain the individual’s response to chronic illness
- Body: Analyze the impact of chronic illness on friends and families, coping strategies used in chronic illness, social and psychological factors involved in the illness experience, long-term social and psychological implications of chronic illness, and therapeutic interventions based on your model
- Conclusion: Summarize how the TTM or HBM explains the individual’s approach to illness and behavior change
- Appendix: Complete the provided TTM table (Option A) or the HBM table (Option B), thinking of the diabetic individual’s adherence to self-care recommendations. Copy and paste your completed table into the Appendix of your paper.
This paper must include the biopsychosocial aspect of your research with emphasis on biological, psychological, and social factors. Be sure to elaborate on these factors using information drawn from your research and text readings.
Throughout your paper, include in-text citations for all statements of facts obtained through your research. Remember that direct quotes (identical phrases or sentences taken from a source) require in-text citations with appropriate formatting. Statements of opinion should be clearly stated as such, and include a rationale to support why you hold this opinion (e.g., personal or professional experience, your research findings).
Writing the Paper
- Must be five to seven double-spaced pages in length not including the title and references pages, and formatted according to APA style.
- Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
- Must include paragraphs of a minimum of three sentences.
- Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
- Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
- Must use at least three peer-reviewed sources.
- Must document all sources in APA style.
- Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style | <urn:uuid:691d7b37-348b-43b9-8680-de410d42b45f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://homeworksmith.com/the-course-of-illness-can-be-influenced-by-biological-psychological/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.912831 | 1,109 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In the 50's the teenage generation had begun to rebel. For the first time young people stopped imitating their elders by inventing new styles of music, and by dressing and expressing themselves. Many youngsters were seen as ruffians or hell-raisers for violating the unwritten code. Rock and roll captured the imagination of young people. At this time rock and roll was seen as dangerous and subversive. Since rock and roll was introduced, dancing became a big thing among teens in the 50's. Teenagers countinued to dance the jitterbug that their parents had originated, in addtion to their own creations - line dances, the twist, the bop, the Watusi, the stroll, the slide, the pony and the monkey. | <urn:uuid:d05d7ade-98bc-426e-be10-07abaa7c754c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://nineteenfiftieshistory.weebly.com/teenagers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204857.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326054828-20190326080828-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.978691 | 152 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Rabbi Yosef Yehudah Leib Bloch
In 1910, Rabbi Yosef Yehudah Leib Bloch succeeded his illustrious father-in-law, Rabbi Eliezer Gordon, as Rosh Yeshiva of the famed Telzer Yeshiva. Rabbi Bloch created a new genre known as Shiurei Daat, which were lectures on musar and basic principles. Four volumes of such lectures were published. He also had an original approach to halacha and some of his lectures have been published as Shiurei Halacha.
Rabbi Bloch saw the unity of all aspects of the Torah and their root in the supernal world. Under his guidance, a little known elite society was formed, Agudas Emes VSholom, whose purpose was to develop individuals capable of influencing the generation. He warned that the purity of the idea might be tainted by publicity (see HaMayan, Tishrei Tashnaz). The Telzer Yeshiva was a complex of institutions for all ages. The Yeshiva was also innovative in the education of girls.
Source: Orthodox Union | <urn:uuid:da2ac56c-4b5c-4b90-908b-890db95d4e07> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/bloch.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701281163/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104801-00004-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98334 | 235 | 2.75 | 3 |
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that occurs in the flat cells that make up the outer layer of skin and the linings of some organs, known as squamous cells. In this case, the word invasive means that the cancerous tumor has penetrated deeply into the skin or organ, as opposed to remaining a surface lesion. For example, in cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, the tumor may have penetrated into the dermis through the epidermis. Depending on the location, size, and severity of the tumor, there are several different courses of treatment that may be pursued.
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma. Most often it is caused by exposure to UV rays, either through natural sunlight or by indoor tanning. People with fair skin are particularly susceptible. It can also occur in organs as diverse as the prostate, bladder, and larynx, although these are nowhere near as common as squamous cell skin cancer. Exposure to radiation or chemical carcinogens, as well as some inflammatory or scarring disorders, can also increase the risk of squamous cell cancer.
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma can be serious because of the risk of cancer metastasis, which means the cancer spreads to other areas of the body or additional organ systems. This risk of metastasis is higher with invasive lesions than it is with shallow lesions. Risk increases if the tumor is large, very deep, or if it is close to other systems such as the lymph nodes or nerves. Some patient characteristics can also influence this risk, such as poor immune system functioning.
Most of the time, this condition is treated by surgically removing the tumor, which is usually curative. A specialized surgical technique precisely determines the boundaries of a tumor, called Mohs micrographic surgery, may be used for irregularly shaped or potentially disfiguring lesions. If a tumor is considered high risk because of its location, depth, size, or tumor features, radiation therapy may be needed to make sure that all of the cancer is removed or destroyed. Chemotherapy may be needed if the cancer has metastasized, but this treatment is unlikely if the tumor has spread.
Patients who have had one invasive squamous cell carcinoma are at a higher risk of developing others. It is important to closely monitor any changes in the skin, and to avoid unprotected sun exposure. Regular visits to a dermatologist for a full skin check will also help to ensure that any future tumors can be caught quickly, which will make treatment easier and more likely to be successful. | <urn:uuid:47a9401a-d631-43b2-8602-3ef9e27e3196> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-invasive-squamous-cell-carcinoma.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130531.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930235415-20201001025415-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.96697 | 532 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Effects of the Alcohol Fuels Tax Incentives
GGD-97-41: Published: Mar 6, 1997. Publicly Released: Mar 13, 1997.
- Full Report:
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information relating to tax incentives for alcohol fuels, focusing on: (1) whom the incentives benefit and disadvantage economically; (2) what environmental benefits, if any, the incentives have produced; (3) whether the incentives increased the nation's energy independence; and (4) the extent to which the partial exemption from the excise tax for alcohol fuels has reduced the flow of revenue into the Highway Trust Fund.
GAO found that: (1) the value of the ethanol tax incentives is shared among different groups in the economy, including alcohol fuel blenders, ethanol producers, and corn farmers; (2) according to the analysts GAO contacted or whose work GAO read, the tax incentives allow ethanol to be priced to compete with substitute fuels; (3) without the incentives, ethanol fuel production would largely discontinue; (4) by raising the prices for corn and soybeans, the tax incentives may cause farmers who raise livestock to pay higher prices for feed; (5) the recent changes in government farm policy may cause farmers' responses to price changes to differ from historical experience because farmers' planting decisions will now be based more on market forces than on government programs; (6) the producers of some fuels may be adversely affected because increased competition from ethanol may cause the producers of these fuels to lower their prices, however, the available evidence indicates that the decrease in the price of a gallon of fuel is likely to be small; (7) the price decrease that adversely affects producers will benefit the consumers of these fuels; (8) the price increases that benefit farmers may adversely affect the consumers of some food products; (9) available evidence, including the views of analysts GAO interviewed, indicates that the ethanol tax incentives have had little effect on the environment; (10) the substitution of other fuels for ethanol, if the tax incentives were removed, would likely have little effect on air quality given current technologies for ethanol production; (11) according to analysts GAO interviewed, if ethanol use were eliminated there would likely be small changes in emissions in areas which already meet existing air quality standards that would have both positive and negative effects on air quality; (12) the effect on global environmental quality through changes in greenhouse gas emissions that would occur if ethanol fuel were not subsidized is likely to be minimal; (13) although available evidence suggests that the tax incentives for alcohol fuels increase ethanol fuel use, it also indicates that these incentives do not significantly reduce petroleum imports and, therefore, the tax incentives do not significantly contribute to U.S. energy independence; (14) more importantly, ethanol tax incentives have not significantly enhanced U.S. energy security because the tax incentives have not created enough usage to reduce the likelihood of oil price shocks and their consequences; and (15) GAO estimates that the partial exemption for alcohol fuels reduced motor fuels excise tax revenues by about $7.1 billion from fiscal years 1979 to 1995. | <urn:uuid:49594f23-7279-4755-b812-9403d5804d31> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gao.gov/products/GGD-97-41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281426.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00046-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949496 | 636 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Support the news
On the door of his office at Tufts University, philosophy professor Daniel Dennett displays a banner quoting the late American writer Gore Vidal. It reads, "It is not enough to succeed; others must fail."
This one sentence offers a window into what motivated Dennett to pursue philosophy in the first place — proving others wrong. First, it was Rene Descartes. Then Willard van Orman Quine's "maths logic." Then it was renowned Oxford philosopher John Lucas. Dennett's ideas haven't always been popular, but they have distinguished him as one of the biggest thinkers of the 21st century.
Now, Daniel Dennett offers insight into how he thinks in a new book called Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking.
Daniel Dennett will be speaking with cognitive scientist Steven Pinker at tonight at the Brattle Theatre.
The New York Times, "The mind? A collection of computerlike information processes, which happen to take place in carbon-based rather than silicon-based hardware. The self? Simply a “center of narrative gravity,” a convenient fiction that allows us to integrate various neuronal data streams. The elusive subjective conscious experience — the redness of red, the painfulness of pain — that philosophers call qualia? Sheer illusion. Human beings, Mr. Dennett said, quoting a favorite pop philosopher, Dilbert, are 'moist robots.'"
The Guardian, "One problem is that Dennett's critics and fiercest enemies agree with him about so much, for example, that there is no obvious way to translate between neuroanatomy and psychology. The correspondences between them are a matter of brute fact."
The Boston Globe, "The way to understand consciousness, he argues, is to understand how computers work, for the mind itself is a computer. Dennett’s critics have responded by accusing him of rendering the Hard Problem easy by denying that the most mysterious aspects of consciousness, those that computers could not have — conscious experiences themselves, like sensations or feelings — even exist."
This segment aired on May 7, 2013.
Support the news | <urn:uuid:a8789deb-6f7b-436f-a3ca-7c355eba0964> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2013/05/07/daniel-dennett | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256546.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521182616-20190521204616-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.940192 | 439 | 2.625 | 3 |
Child Parent Conflict
Parents and their children will experience conflict. This is inevitable and this conflict rarely occurs because the child is incorrigible, or bad. More often than not, parent and child conflict occurs due to parenting styles that clash with the reality of child development. Parenting styles evolve from a number of factors. Culture, how one was raised, adopted and adapted styles shared by parents, as well as re-marriage, blended families, and co-parenting.
When conflicts between parent and child arise, this does not mean the child is bad, and it does not mean the parent or parents are bad. It just means they are different. That is what conflict is, two opposing forces colliding. When these collisions occur they often leave both child and parent feeling embattled, and sad (Gerard, Krishna kumar, & Buehler, 2006). This is what happens when there is a rift between two people who love one another. Parents tend to carry the burden of guilt following conflicts, and may feel they are horrible parents because of the conflict. Feeling guilt is nonproductive and may further harm the relationship between parent and child.
Often parents, especially single parents will feel incredibly isolated when they are at odds with a child. This is normal; however, also very painful to the parent. Understanding the source of conflict is the first step to resolving the guilt. Parent counseling or therapy can be very helpful to parents who need help in understanding or dealing with parent-child conflict.
Conflicts of any kind are often resolved when one side defeats the other. However, no caring parent truly wants their child to be utterly defeated. Parents may want the child to behave a certain way, certainly. They might want their child to obey them easily. However, what they can learn through therapy is that both parent and child can win once the conflict is managed or resolved in a positive way.
When a parent-child relationship has gotten to the point that neither parent nor child can be a winner, the best solution is usually to take a step back and reassess goals. What does the parent expect from the child? Is it a reasonable expectation? What can they do if the child has other ideas or feelings? A Psychologist can help the parent reevaluate their expectations. They can help them learn a more advantageous parenting style as well as techniques to deal with specific behaviors.
Role on Child-Parent Counseling
Parents sometimes resist going to counseling for parent-child conflicts because they fear they will be harshly judged. However, the role of the counselor is to work with the parent, not against them. Psychologists are aware that the parent is the one who has the most power to bring positive change. They see the parent's wellbeing as a crucial part of a peaceful home environment.
There was a time when counseling for parent-child conflict began with the child. The child might go to a Psychologist for play therapy or even individual counseling. While some children still need to go to counseling in certain instances, therapy for parent-child conflicts is now typically focused on the parent. This makes abundant sense, because the parent has greater capacity to make changes that are reasoned and beneficial.
Parents are often so worry-worn and overstressed that they need a few sessions to learn how to be gentle with themselves as they deal with the tense conflicts at home. As the guilt begins to ease, they often start seeing hope where they once saw despair. The conflict may diminish somewhat at this point, because the parent is more relaxed and positive already.
The parent learns about herself or himself as well as their child. The counselor can help them identify problems that the child may not yet be able to understand. Since the parent is presumably more mature and has more life experience, it is usually easier for the parent to look at the conflict objectively when guided by a knowledgeable Psychologist than it would be for the child.
In this way, parent counseling can provide a type of education for the parent that they may not get any other way. Rather than learning just about how the typical parent might deal with the typical child, they learn about themselves and their child specifically. This knowledge then provides the basis for better understanding.
Learning parenting skills from the counselor or Psychologist also allows the parent to move on from therapy as they gain the skills and proper mindset for resolving parent-child conflicts. Once the parent develops the skills to create a win-win situation where both child and parent benefit from the resolution, their home will be more peaceful, their child will be better-adjusted, and the parent will be able to relax into their role in a way they never dreamed they could.
If you need consultation about your parenting skills, we can provide you all the help you need. They have professional psychologist who can greatly contribute to your concerns on parenthood. | <urn:uuid:2e9d0ee7-bd31-4467-b49e-27b1435386a5> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.brainpowerstudy.com/child-parent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648245.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602003804-20230602033804-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.970484 | 987 | 3.09375 | 3 |
CRISPR for Human Embryo Editing?
More Studies Revealed Concerns
CRISPR/Cas9 as the revolutionizing gene editing technology has been widely applied in many fields, from basic research, drug discovery, gene and cell therapy, disease diagnostics, to engineering various species for bioproduction. Due to the powerfulness of CRISPR and its potential in editing germline cells to fix genetic mutations, the debate over if human germline gene editing for preventing genetic disease is the “right” research direction has been ongoing for years. The debate is over both biological safety concerns and ethical issues.
Recently, three independent teams published on preprint server bioRxiv their findings on using CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing to remove genetic defects in human embryos. In all three studies, despite correct fixation of target gene, large DNA fragment deletion and reshuffling resulted from CRISPR editing is also revealed. These three studies published on bioRxiv are still awaiting peer-reviewed, yet their findings are already fusing the debate over safety concerns on human germline editing.
- The first team led by Kathy Niakan et al. from the Francis Crick Institute at UK used CRISPR/Cas9 to mutate the POU5F1 gene, and developed a comprehensive computational approach to assess on-target mutations. Among 18 edited embryos, edits beyond on-target locus and chromosome segmental loss and gain were observed in 22% of the embryos1.
- The second team led by Dieter Egli et al. from Columbia University tried to use CRISPR/Cas9 to correct a mutation in EYS gene, which can lead to blindness. Out of 17 embryos, 15 (88%) embryos were modified via CRISPR induced end joining cell repair process. However, only 2 of them were mosaic, whereas the majority were nonmosaic zygotes that only had single modification. Further analysis found that unrepaired double stranded DNA breaks created by CRISPR/Cas9 could persist through mitosis stage and contributing to frequent chromosome loss2.
- The third team led by Shoukhrat Mitalipov et al. from Oregon Health & Science University studied the efficacy of using CRISPR/Cas9 and a repair template for repairing a mutant gene in heart disease. Despite showing 40% repair of the target locus, extensive loss of heterozygosity is also observed3.
These three studies underscored the necessity of further studying how CRISPR/Cas9 induced DNA breaks are repaired by various DNA repair mechanisms during different development stage in preimplantation human embryos.
Will the moratorium on clinical uses of CRISPR for heritable genome editing ever be lifted? The question remains. We hope to see more studies exploring any safety concerns on using CRISPR for heritable genome editing in a research setting, as well as any potential ethical issues in the near future to shed light on this topic. | <urn:uuid:ba125526-942f-4286-b688-50a60041d3ea> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.genscript.com/crispr-news/three-recent-independent-studies-show-unwanted-chromosomal-changes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107881369.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023102435-20201023132435-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.941467 | 608 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Internal Parasites in Cats
This handout is designed to give you an overview of some of the internal parasites that can infect your cat. For more detailed information, refer to our separate information sheets on roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, tapeworms and heartworms.
Are there different sorts of internal parasites or worms?
There are several types of internal parasites that cause problems in cats. These include nematodes or roundworms, of which Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina (intestinal roundworm) and Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) are the main examples, and cestodes or tapeworms of which Dipylidium caninum, Taenia species and Echinococcus species are important examples. Ancylostoma species (hookworms) are also common internal parasites in many parts of the United States and Canada.
Are these infections serious in the cat?
Intestinal worms can be a serious problem in young kittens. Hookworms can cause anemia and roundworms can lead to poor growth and development.
Intestinal parasites are only occasionally life-threatening in adult cats, and are usually seen in debilitated animals or those that are immunosuppressed.
Heartworm disease is a major life-threatening problem in dogs, and becoming more of a threat to cats. Heartworm disease is transmitted by mosquitoes.
What will happen if my cat gets worms?
If a growing kitten is infected with a large number of roundworms, the worms can stunt the kitten's growth, cause serious digestive upsets and result in excessive gas formation. These kittens have a characteristic 'pot bellied' appearance. Nematodes (roundworms) are free-living in the intestines. Roundworms do not require an intermediate host to spread from cat to cat, but can be transmitted from cat to cat via infective eggs shed in the feces.
Hookworms, particularly Ancylostoma, are one of the most pathogenic intestinal parasites of the cat. The hookworm is approximately ½ to 1" (1-2 cm) long and attaches to the lining of the small intestines, where it feeds on blood. As a result of blood sucking, hookworms can cause severe anemia. The infective larvae can enter the host either by mouth or through the skin, particularly the feet. Eczema and secondary bacterial infection can result due to irritation as they burrow through the skin.
In order to get tapeworms, an intermediate host such as a flea, a bird or a certain species of rodent is required. In other words, your cat cannot get tapeworms directly from another cat or a dog.
Dipylidium caninum, the most common tapeworm of the cat, causes few problems in the adult host but can result in digestive upsets and stunting of growth in kittens. The intermediate host of Dipylidium is the flea.
Taenia species of tapeworms usually infect adult cats and cause few problems. Kittens are occasionally infected (mostly when they eat raw prey) and, depending on the type of worm involved, the large number of worms can cause intestinal blockage. The intermediate host for Taenia species is small mammals such as rodents or rabbits, and some species of birds.
Echinococcus, another type of tapeworm, is important because it is zoonotic, meaning humans can be infected. The adult tapeworm is tiny, only about ¼" (5-6 mm) long. Sheep and sometimes man can act as the intermediate hosts in which the immature forms of Echinococcus develop inside hyadatic cysts in various organs. In man, these cysts can involve the lungs or brain.
Heartworm disease is an uncommon disease in cats, but is increasing in incidence, especially in certain areas of North America. In the cat, symptoms associated with heartworm infection are non-specific. Heartworm causes a sudden onset of coughing and rapid breathing, weight loss and vomiting, symptoms that are also associated with several other, more common, diseases in the cat. Occasionally a cat that is infected with heartworms will be found dead, and the diagnosis will be made on a post-mortem examination. Heartworms are large worms reaching 6-14 inches (15-36 cm) long. They are primarily located in the right ventricle of the heart and adjacent blood vessels. | <urn:uuid:64801805-c7f3-4c75-bff3-39c3eb7b70b9> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.vcahospitals.com/animal-care-center/pet-health-information/article/animal-health/internal-parasites-in-cats/1256 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736675795.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215755-00030-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924556 | 914 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Can genetically modified organisms (GMOs) combat the deadly dengue virus? The answer could come out of Paraguay where the government is considering backing a pilot program using genetically modified mosquitos.
According to one media report, the strategy consists of using genetically modified male versions of the Aedes Aegypti mosquitos that normally spread the dengue virus. These males would be introduced into areas with a high density of their female counterparts and left to procreate. The resulting larvae would die quickly due to the transgene passed down from the males.
Scientists representing British-based Oxitec Limited presented their plan to Paraguayan authorities earlier this month. According to the Paraguayan press, one of the company’s experts claimed that their proposal successfully decreased the Aedes Aegypti mosquito population in Bahia, Brazil by 85%. (A 2011 Oxitec newsletter described that a similar proposal reduced the number of Aedes Aegypti mosquitos on the Cayman Islands by 80%).
The firm also alleged that the genetically modified mosquitos would not represent a risk to the human populace since they don’t bite people.
“We’re looking to see if this project is feasible and if it can fit within the circumstances of our country,” said Agueda Cabello, director of Paraguay’s health ministry. “If so, then it would be very interesting since it would be a tool that can be used to combat dengue,” she added.
At least 96 people have died in Paraguay this year due to dengue along with at least 448 cases of the disease reported in the country just in this month.
The disease affects millions or people worldwide, especially in tropical regions, and is characterized by high fever, severe body aches, rash and sometimes bleeding. Researchers have been unable to develop a vaccine to fight dengue.
Last August, the Pan American Health Organization declared 2013 as the “year of the dengue plague” in Latin America and the Caribbean with roughly 1.4 million cases of the disease reported this year.
In Honduras, health authorities said that 24 people have died so far this year due to dengue though the number of reported cases has gone down. Meanwhile, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega has called on health officials "not to let down their guard" against a possible resurgence of dengue.
The use of GMOs in crops and food is a contentious topic worldwide including in Latin America. In 2011, Peru became the first country in the Americas to place a ten-year ban on GMOs, which was a move that proponents believe has been mostly beneficial:
“In the end, it’s not a law that’s ‘against’ anything,” says Antonietta Gutierrez, a biologist at Peru’s National Agrarian University. “This is a law in favor of biosecurity. The idea is that there should be a responsible way of using technology, so that it helps us develop resources – and at the same time, doesn’t destroy what we already have"…
Video Source– YouTube via EFE (Video uploaded in March 2013).
“Our ancient cultures knew how to do this,” says (Peruvian Chef Pedro Miguel) Schiaffino. “They grew crops together, in terraces, with the seasons, with the rain, and natural irrigation. I think they had more knowledge about crops and cultivation and farming than we have now.”
Online Sources – CSMonitor.com; Salon.com; Xinhua; The Latin Americanist, Prensa Latina; Ultima Hora; Oxitec; espanol.UPI.com; Centers for Disease Control | <urn:uuid:ff04fe6b-e874-4e7f-927f-499ef4825de8> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://ourlatinamerica.blogspot.com/2013/09/parguayan-plan-could-use-gmos-to-combat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867220.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525215613-20180525235613-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.954119 | 778 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Constitution Day is September 17. This is an opportunity to incorporate civic learning into the classroom or dinner table discussion. Good discussion topics include the Bill of Rights, the First Amendment (Freedom of Speech), Voting Rights and more. There are many excellent resources and lesson plans available, covering just a few minutes to entire class periods and more. Here are a few we like:
- Constitution Center High Middle Elementary
- First Amendment
- iCivics* Constitution Day
- Kids Voting Mecklenburg Grades K-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-12
- New York Times Learning Network (includes a good idea for global studies)
Did you know: Schools receiving federal funding are required to spend some time during the class day to study and celebrate the US Constitution. (Use that as a civics lesson in itself!)
* We are developing a partnership with iCivics, and developing resources to link their games and lessons to current events and civic learning opportunities in Charlotte. Let us know your ideas! | <urn:uuid:033f2158-b65e-40c5-9297-5a3959e42be2> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.kidsvotingcharlotte.org/2011/09/constitution-day-is-september-17-this.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115899686.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161139-00161-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937282 | 211 | 3.65625 | 4 |
|Population||1,985 (Dec 2013)|
|- Density||160 /km2 (414 /sq mi)|
|Area||12.42 km2 (4.80 sq mi)|
|Elevation||435 m (1,427 ft)|
|Surrounded by||Altdorf, Bauen, Bürglen, Isenthal, Seedorf, Sisikon|
Flüelen is first mentioned in 1266 as Vluolon.
Flüelen formed an important transshipment point on Switzerland's transport system for many centuries, and at least since the opening of the first track across the Gotthard Pass in 1230. The various routes across the pass reached Lake Lucerne at Flüelen, and until the latter half of the 19th century the lake provided the best onward link to the cities of northern Switzerland.
Flüelen has an area, as of 2006[update], of 12.4 km2 (4.8 sq mi). Of this area, 22% is used for agricultural purposes, while 55.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 6.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (16.8%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). In the 1993/97 land survey[update], 49.0% of the total land area was heavily forested, while 0.1% is covered in small trees and shrubbery. Of the agricultural land, 0.2% is used for farming or pastures, while 6.8% is used for orchards or vine crops and 15.0% is used for alpine pastures. Of the settled areas, 2.3% is covered with buildings, 0.8% is industrial, 0.2% is classed as special developments, 0.5% is listed as parks and greenbelts and 2.4% is transportation infrastructure. Of the unproductive areas, 0.3% is unproductive standing water (ponds or lakes), 0.8% is unproductive flowing water (rivers), 4.1% is too rocky for vegetation, and 11.6% is other unproductive land.
The municipality is located along Lake Lucerne. It developed as a transshipment point on the trade routes over the Gotthard pass and along the lake. It consists of the village of Flüelen, the outer village settlements and scattered farm houses in the valley and up the mountain sides.
Flüelen has a population (as of 31 December 2013) of 1,985. As of 2007[update], 10.1% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 9.9%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (93.6%), with Italian being second most common ( 2.0%) and Albanian being third ( 1.6%). As of 2007[update] the gender distribution of the population was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.
Flüelen has an unemployment rate of 1.86%. As of 2005[update], there were 44 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 16 businesses involved in this sector. 256 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 19 businesses in this sector. 387 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 56 businesses in this sector.
Flüelen railway station, on the Gotthard railway, is served by hourly InterRegio trains, and by line S2 of the Stadtbahn Zug, which operates hourly between Zug, Arth-Goldau and Erstfeld. The adjacent steamer pier is served by steamer services to and from Lucerne that are provided by the Schifffahrtsgesellschaft des Vierwaldstättersees (Lake Lucerne Navigation Company; SGV).
- Swiss Federal Statistics Office – STAT-TAB Ständige und Nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Region, Geschlecht, Nationalität und Alter (German) accessed 18 August 2014
- Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeindedaten nach 4 Hauptbereichen
- Flüelen in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- "Paddle Steamboat Uri". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
- "Geschichte SGV" [SGV History] (in German). SGV. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
- "Altdorf–Flüelen". www.eingestellte-bahnen.ch. Retrieved 2012-09-17.
- Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 09-Sep-2009
- Canton Uri - Ground use statistics (German) accessed 8 September 2009
- Uri Population statistics (German) accessed 8 September 2009
- Uri in Numbers 2009/10 edition (German) accessed 8 September 2009
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flüelen.| | <urn:uuid:32c0ca75-10c3-4c5c-91af-8217d4ca755b> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%c3%bcelen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768276.101/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00048-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872441 | 1,084 | 3 | 3 |
To invest is to place money right into an investment with the hope of a return/value in the future. Simply put, to invest simply implies possessing a property or an object with the objective of producing income or an increase in the overall value of that property over some amount of time. Investments variety from ordinaries shares and also bonds to precious metals like gold and silver. The worth of such investments can change quickly depending upon a variety of factors. One of those elements is what is referred to as threat.
Some financial investments are safer than others and also some offer greater returns than others. An obvious example is the stock exchange. Investments in stocks come in 2 types: ordinaries shares as well as bonds. Firms releasing supplies usually release safeties based on their profits as well as the monetary placement of the business. Ordinaries shares include common stock, preferred stock, ordinary shares returns, preferred supply dividends, bonds and also bonds. rare earth foundation
Bonds are various from stocks. Typically, bonds are released by governments, corporations and other large entities. Bond rates additionally often tend to comply with a pattern called the yield to maturity. For instance, government bonds are normally high danger investments. Because of this, these protections are commonly offered at very high rates of interest relative to the marketplace.
One more sort of investment is the riskier property. These include product financial investments, precious metals like gold and silver, bonds, as well as mutual funds. Financial investment quality debt is an example of this. Investment quality financial obligation is a financial debt tool that is purchased at a details price and also held for a details size of time (normally years). An instance of this would be UNITED STATE Treasuries.
When thinking about a financial investment option, it is essential to recognize what you’re getting. One means to do this is to ask on your own whether you want to trade the stock market or bonds. The stock market has a tendency to be a highly volatile market, with stocks enhancing and also falling in a reasonably short amount of time. Nonetheless, bonds tend to be a more stable investment that doesn’t supply as much earnings capacity. If you want a more constant return, nevertheless, you might have to trade both.
There are lots of financial investment approaches that can increase your future earnings. As an example, many individuals buy real estate with the hopes of earning money on rental properties in the future. Other investments can consist of products, money market tools and also exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Recognizing which financial investment alternatives to fit your particular demands will help you make an informed choice. rare earth neodymium
All investors must educate themselves about their investment choices. This includes understanding how to determine which investments are right for you as well as your certain objectives. In addition, a financier should inform themselves regarding prospective pitfalls of their selected investment approach. Recognizing all these points will make certain that an investor’s profile stays strong as well as their returns are high.
There are various investment techniques. Some prominent options include investing in supplies, bonds, real estate, ETFs and also mutual funds. Regardless of what type of financial investment you choose to invest in, it is important that you understand which kind of investment may be right for you. This implies recognizing which fields or sectors are likely to offer you with an excellent earnings and looking into any fads in financial investment values that could suggest rises in worth over the long term. By appropriately enlightening on your own concerning your investing choices, you will certainly be able to make a sound investment decision and raise your possible returns.
One means to enhance the worth of a financial investment while likewise increasing the opportunities of accomplishing an excellent return is to diversify. Diversity permits investors to relocate their cash in between several types of investment vehicles. Diversification can enhance the high quality of the financier’s portfolio by decreasing the risk of an investment falling by the wayside. However, the quality of diversity need to be meticulously prepared and carried out. Correct execution means that a financier’s profile will certainly be well balanced, providing higher returns yet also reduced danger.
A financier might choose to buy shares, common stocks, preferred stocks, bonds or other tools. A capitalist must look into the expense as well as publication worth of these items before making a commitment to acquire them. A good rule of thumb is to buy stocks of companies that have shares on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the NASDAQ (nationwide market system). Services that trade on the Nonprescription Bulletin Board (OTCBB) or Pink Sheet stocks are not considered to be part of the Nasdaq. In order to get the very best results, study the bankability as well as liquidity of the picked financial investment types.
An important factor to take into consideration when choosing a financial investment car is the potential return on the investment. Although the highest possible returns originate from high-quality, actively handled products, reduced high quality items have corresponding reduced returns. Great investment decisions should not simply be based on the existing productivity of the company. The attractiveness of a financial investment must be largely judged based on the future expected returns. While the highest return may not necessarily originate from one of the most profitable organization, it does stand for a positive long-term investors’ mindset.
To recognize investment suggests to appoint a value to something with the hope of a return in the future. Put simply, to understand financial investment indicates having an object or a property with the purpose of producing an earnings or a possession that is admiration in worth over an amount of time. In basic terms, capital stock stands for the equity or ownership rate of interest in a service or organisation. The amount of capital stock per share, also referred to as equity, stands for the complete profits possibility of the business or organisation.
There are many different sorts of properties. These include supplies, bonds, residential or commercial property, equities as well as derivatives (trading currency). Every one of these can be used to create revenue. As an example, shares in a business stand for the financial worth of that business.
A multitude of people will buy shares as well as building to utilize as financial investments. Nevertheless, these kinds of purchases are commonly made by huge organizations that are experiencing fast growth or brand-new companies that are simply beginning. Consequently, the normal financier does not hold huge amounts of these properties. On the other hand, there are small capitalists that have actually been building up supplies or bonds for a long-term, typically years, often even centuries. These long term investors are called ‘lasting investors’. rare earth extractor industrial craft
There are different ways to invest, however one common means of purchasing safeties is with purchasing shareholdings. This is thought about to be an important part of investment, as it supplies you with a continuous and also safe and secure source of income. Several small businesses and also launch will buy shares at onset of their growth, as this is among the fastest ways of raising money. | <urn:uuid:85834890-5ffa-4575-86fd-ed4085cd865e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://comparecurriculums.com/2021/08/08/minutes-to-remember-from-investment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.966285 | 1,438 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Prunus avium; cerasus
The following libraries are associated with this organism.
Prunus avium (sweet cherry) and P. cerasus (sour cherry) are thought to have originated in an area south of the Caucasian mountains and around the Caspian and Black Seas before being distributed throughout Europe and Russia by explorers. Cherry fruit are botanically classified as a drupe, with a small pit (endocarp). P. avium are diploid (2n = 16), while P. cerasus are tetraploid (2n = 4x = 32). Hybrids of P. avium × P. cerasus, known as Duke cherry, are tetraploids that are thought to originate from the pollination of P. cerasus by an unreduced gamete from P. avium. Self-fertile cherry cultivars exist in both P. avium and P. cerasus, although certain P. avium cultivars require cross-pollinators.
Sweet cherries are large, red to black, with high sugars content, and have firm flesh, with varying color from light yellow to dark red color. There are two types of sour cherry, including Morello (dark-red juice) and Amarelle (lighter-red with colorless juice), with an acid taste and softer flesh than sweet cherry. The fruit of sweet cherries are highly prized in the marketplace and are consumed fresh or preserved, while sour cherries are primarily used for cooking, particularly pies, tarts, and as a syrup in certain types of liqueurs. Sour cherry juice has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Both sweet and sour cherries are grafted on rootstocks. The major diseases of both sweet and sour cherries are powdery mildew (Podosphaera clandestine), cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) Armillaria root rot (Armillaria spp), botrytis blossom blight, brown rot (Monilinia fruticola or M. laxa), and bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae). A number of viruses can affect tree growth, including Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus (PNRV), Prune Dwarf Virus (PDV) and Little cherry disease. There are resistant sources of germplasm for a number of these diseases and are a focus in many breeding programs worldwide.
Below is a list of transcript assemblies that are available for Prunus persica. Click the assembly name for further details.
SNPs for cherry are available from the following: | <urn:uuid:7765e309-8092-4864-89a1-ec530238a955> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.rosaceae.org/organism/24337 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146643.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227002351-20200227032351-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.906794 | 536 | 3.53125 | 4 |
"The Day It Rained Hearts" by Felicia Bond is one of my all-time favorite Valentine Stories! You can probably guess by the title and the cover picture what happens in the story. ;) The little girl catches hearts that fall from the sky and sorts through them to make very special Valentines for each of her friends.
I have to stop here for a minute and tell you one of my favorite kid-quotes EVER. A few years ago I was supervising a graduate student clinician, Jenn (she now works for my district and has written a couple of guest posts for me). Jenn was using this story with a group of kids. She drew their attention to the cover and asked them to predict what would happen in the story. One little boy (who recently had broken his glasses) shouted out, "That duck is gonna get hit by all them apples!" LOL! Kids are so funny!
Back to the story...The author describes what the little girl does to create each card. I usually tell the kids that the girl's friends are all animals and ask them to guess which animal the card might be for. You don't see the completed Valentine until the recipient receives it in the mail, so this can be challenging. I made replicas of the Valentines in the book so we can discuss them a bit more after the story:
Can you guess which animal receives these Valentines? You can use these Valentines to target inferences, providing explanations, using descriptors, etc.
Whenever I do a story as part of my lesson, I usually follow-up with an extension activity. I have a few Valentine's Day themed language activities that I use with this story or during another session. Here are some of my favorites...
Ever buy these little cards for your kids to giveaway at school (or to give to your kids at school)? There's always a few left over, right? Well, there are a few things you can do with them.
1. Describing Game. Put all cards in a mini mailbox. I have a couple of these that I found at Target in the Dollar Spot. Have students take turns pulling out a Valentine and describing it in as much detail as possible. You can also use sets. Place one set on the table and the other in the box. One student takes a Valentine out of the mailbox and describes it, the other students have to guess which Valentine is being described.
2. Memory Game / Go Fish. Find pairs of cards. Glue to index cards or cardstock, cut to uniform size and laminate. Use to play Memory or Go Fish. You can work on describing, fluency strategies, articulation carry-over etc.
3. Sorting Activity. I use this activity a lot with my just-turned-three-year-olds. I got these mini bags from Oriental Trading years ago. I have extras, so I use them for just about everything. I stapled a different Valentine to each bag and have kids sort into the correct bag. You could also sort by "category" - Spongebob Characters, Princesses, Animals, etc.
Heart Shaped Go-Togethers
Here's another activity from Jenn, although hers were much cuter than mine. She used pre-cut felt hearts from a craft store. I couldn't find felt or foam hearts, but I did find these white ones. In hindsight, I should have painted or colored them. They're a bit boring, but they work. Grab images of things that go together (e.g., tire/car, paintbrush/paint can, bird/nest, etc.). Place one on each side of the heart. I used scrapbook scissors to cut the hearts in half so that they were like puzzles:
Last year I found this great inferencing activity from Speech Time Fun. Listen to the rhymes and try to figure out who the Valentine is for. Follow the link to Speech Time Fun to access these free printables!
I Only Have EYES for You
One of my very first Pinterest finds was this cute activity from The First Grade Sweet Life. Listen to the clues and find the animal that is described.
What's going on in your speech room for Valentine's Day? | <urn:uuid:d82d2ff1-ba92-4a2f-ac97-32bb47fdea67> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://carriesspeechcorner.blogspot.com/2013/02/book-of-week-day-it-rained-hearts-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00473-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967375 | 871 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Pasteurized milk ROTS and goes bad in a couple of weeks or so.
Raw milk usually sours gracefully and can still be used for cooking for a good while longer. The beneficial bacteria from the air, goat's udder region, etc. inoculate raw milk and will grow -- making it more acidic and the environment more conducive to more beneficial bacteria.
People used to "clabber" their milk on the kitchen counter or outside on the steps, letting it gently sour, and did not get ill.
Of course, they didn't live in our modern environments where we regularly kill off both good and bad bacteria. If you want to sour milk, add a starter to it, just in case.
ANSWER: Sweet milk 2-3 weeks maybe. Sour milk -- a month? Maybe more? Kefir or yogurt probably longer.
Dairy sheep and Nubian Goats
"We share half our genome with the banana. This is more evident in some of my acquaintances than others."
-- Sir Robert May, President of the Royal Society of London | <urn:uuid:0eed8641-77c8-40a7-af14-d03b938b01e0> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.dairygoatinfo.com/f19/how-long-can-you-keep-milk-fridge-26071/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127222.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00340-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911911 | 223 | 2.84375 | 3 |
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2015)|
Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night. It occurs in plants and animals. Photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods.
Many flowering plants (angiosperms) use a photoreceptor protein, such as phytochrome or cryptochrome, to sense seasonal changes in night length, or photoperiod, which they take as signals to flower. In a further subdivision, obligate photoperiodic plants absolutely require a long or short enough night before flowering, whereas facultative photoperiodic plants are more likely to flower under the appropriate light conditions, but will eventually flower regardless of night length.
In 1920, W. W. Garner and H. A. Allard published their discoveries on photoperiodism and felt it was the length of daylight that was critical, but it was later discovered that the length of the night was the controlling factor. Photoperiodic flowering plants are classified as long-day plants or short-day plants even though night is the critical factor because of the initial misunderstanding about daylight being the controlling factor. Each plant has a different length critical photoperiod, or critical night length.
Modern biologists believe that it is the coincidence of the active forms of phytochrome or cryptochrome, created by light during the daytime, with the rhythms of the circadian clock that allows plants to measure the length of the night. Other than flowering, photoperiodism in plants includes the growth of stems or roots during certain seasons and the loss of leaves. Artificial lighting can be used to induce extra-long days.
Long-day plants flower when the night length falls below their critical photoperiod. These plants typically flower in the northern hemisphere during late spring or early summer as days are getting longer. In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year (summer solstice) is on or about 21 June. After that date, days grow shorter (i.e. nights grow longer) until 21 December (the winter solstice). This situation is reversed in the southern hemisphere (i.e., longest day is 21 December and shortest day is 21 June).
Some long-day obligate plants are:
Some long-day facultative plants are:
Short-day plants flower when the night lengths exceed their critical photoperiod. They cannot flower under short nights or if a pulse of artificial light is shone on the plant for several minutes during the night; they require a continuous period of darkness before floral development can begin. Natural nighttime light, such as moonlight or lightning, is not of sufficient brightness or duration to interrupt flowering.
In general, short-day (i.e.long-night) plants flower as days grow shorter (and nights grow longer) after 21 June in the northern hemisphere, which is during summer or fall. The length of the dark period required to induce flowering differs among species and varieties of a species.
Photoperiodism affects flowering by inducing the shoot to produce floral buds instead of leaves and lateral buds.
Some short-day facultative plants are:
Day-neutral plants, such as cucumbers, roses, and tomatoes, do not initiate flowering based on photoperiodism. Instead, they may initiate flowering after attaining a certain overall developmental stage or age, or in response to alternative environmental stimuli, such as vernalisation (a period of low temperature).
Daylength, and thus knowledge of the season of the year, is vital to many animals. A number of biological and behavioural changes are dependent on this knowledge. Together with temperature changes, photoperiod provokes changes in the colour of fur and feathers, migration, entry into hibernation, sexual behaviour, and even the resizing of sexual organs.
The singing frequency of birds such as the canary depends on the photoperiod. In the spring, when the photoperiod increases (more daylight), the male canary's testes grow. As the testes grow, more androgens are secreted and song frequency increases. During autumn, when the photoperiod decreases (less daylight), the male canary's testes regress and androgen levels drop dramatically, resulting in decreased singing frequency. Not only is singing frequency dependent on the photoperiod but the song repertoire is also. The long photoperiod of spring results in a greater song repertoire. Autumn's shorter photoperiod results in a reduction in song repertoire. These behavioral photoperiod changes in male canaries are caused by changes in the song center of the brain. As the photoperiod increases, the high vocal center (HVC) and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) increase in size. When the photoperiod decreases, these areas of the brain regress.
In mammals, daylength is registered in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is informed by retinal light-sensitive ganglion cells, which are not involved in vision. The information travels through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Some mammals are highly seasonal, while humans' seasonality is largely believed to be evolutionary baggage.
- Mauseth, James D. (2003). Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. pp. 422–427. ISBN 0-7637-2134-4.
- Capon, Brian (2005). Botany for Gardeners (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Publishing. pp. 148–151. ISBN 0-88192-655-8.
- Hamner, K.C.; Bonner, J. (1938). "Photoperiodism in relation to hormones as factors in floral initiation and development". Botanical Gazette 100 (2): 388–431. doi:10.1086/334793. JSTOR 2471641.
- Hamner, K.C. (1940). "Interrelation of light and darkness in photoperiodic induction". Botanical Gazette 101 (3): 658–687. doi:10.1086/334903. JSTOR 2472399.
- Starr, Cecie; Taggart, Ralph; Evers, Christine; Starr, Lisa (2013). Plant Structure and Function 4 (13th ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 517. ISBN 978-1-111-58068-1.
- Gooley, Tristan. The Natural Navigator. Random House. ISBN 9780753523117.
- BSCS Biology (9 ed.). BSCS. p. 519. ISBN 9780787290085.
- Jones, Hamlyn G. (1992). Plants and Microclimate: A Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology. Cambridge University Press. p. 225. ISBN 9780521425247.
- Meneely, Philip (2014). Genetic Analysis: Genes, Genomes, and Networks in Eukaryotes (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 373. ISBN 978-0-19-968126-6.
- Nelson Randy J. (2005) An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology (p.189). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
- Foster, Russell; Williams, Robyn (5 December 2009). "Extra-retinal photo receptors" (INTERVIEW). Science Show. ABC Radio National. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
...we have the evolutionary baggage of showing seasonality but we're not entirely sure what the mechanism is.
- D.E. Fosket, Plant Growth & Development, A Molecular Approach. Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, p. 495.
- B. Thomas and D. Vince-Prue, Photoperiodism in plants (2nd ed). Academic Press, 1997. | <urn:uuid:13e0930e-8037-4179-9b99-3b74f419bae3> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiod | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095557.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00265-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.849023 | 1,641 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Associative Property of Addition Worksheets
Roll up your sleeves and get practicing a vital strategy with our printable associative property of addition worksheets curated for kids in grade 1, grade 2, grade 3, and grade 4. Addition is associative, which means, regardless of how three or more numbers are grouped in an addition equation the sum remains the same. Let kids begin with addends within 10 and head toward adding 2 and 3-digit numbers and in the process learn to group numbers into small components making addition quicker and easier. Instant evaluations are no more a distant dream with our answer key. Make headway with our free associative property of addition worksheet.
Refine 1st and 2nd grade kids' practice in two-way grouping of numbers in Part A, comprehend that grouping doesn't change the sum in Part B, and do the operation within the parentheses first and complete the addition equation in Part C.
Get the strategies right with repetition, while keeping concepts afresh for 3rd grade and 4th grade kids using these associative property of addition worksheet pdfs. Direct kids to apply the law to add 2-digit and 3-digit numbers. | <urn:uuid:13f12b68-36b1-4b2e-9ffe-0d26e3401f09> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.mathworksheets4kids.com/associative-property-addition.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655937797.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711192914-20200711222914-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.921409 | 243 | 4.125 | 4 |
by Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma), M.B., B.S. (Lond.)
A diagnosis of hyperactivity or attention deficit disorder may correspond to three different diagnoses:
Prana Vayu Disturbance
Sadhak Pitta Disturbance
Disturbance of both Prana Vayu and Sadhak Pitta
Prana Vayu Disturbance:
Restlessness, inattentiveness, wandering mind, poor memory, stuttering, stammering, nervousness, tics and dyslexia may all result from a serious disturbance of Prana vayu, the form of vata responsible for all higher cerebral functions. According to Ayurveda, this condition may be hereditary, congenital, or acquired. Hereditary prana vayu disorder occurs when one or both parents are severely vata-provoked, and this vata provocation is transmitted within the sperm or ovum. Congenital prana vayu disturbance results from vata provoking intra-uterine conditions; for example, if the mother is in great fear or anxiety, or if she is drinking coffee during the pregnancy. Acquired Prana Vayu disorder of childhood may result from any factor that provokes vata. Since vata is light, dry and mobile, any excess of vata may result in hyperactivity and hyper mobility on the part of the child.
In our vata-provoked society, children are exposed to numerous such factors. Consumption of stimulants such as chocolate, white sugar, coca cola, all cold fizzy drinks, leftovers, dry food such as popcorn and chips; all can provoke vata, as can excess consumption of salads. Exposure to frightening images on television is an important factor, as is an emotional climate of insecurity, fear, or anxiety within the home. With today's travel, very young babies, less than six weeks of age, are often taken by plane to meet grandparents. This can induce childhood vata provocation.
Children with vata-type hyperactivity will be worse in autumn or on windy days, at the time of eclipses, and at dawn and dusk. Their dhatus, or tissues, are depleted, and they may have white spots on the nails, suggestive of calcium deficiency. They drink excess water, and crave sweets and chocolate. Other symptoms include nocturnal enuresis (involuntary discharge of urine), dry skin, poor circulation, and constipation, all symptoms of generalized vata disturbance.
The most important differential diagnoses of hyperactivity or ADD are chronic constipation and intestinal parasites. The constipated child will often become nervous and hyperactive as part of a generalized vata disturbances. However, in this case, the primary seat of the problem is not Prana vayu but Apana vayu, the form of vata responsible for expelling urine, flatus, and feces. If the fecal matter is hard and dry, difficult for the child to pass, a warm sesame oil enema should be given. As soon as the constipation is relieved, the child will be calm.
Children with intestinal parasites suffer from a variety of problems including bloating and constipation, ama or toxins in the digestive tract, and lack of absorption of minerals, all of which tend to create attention deficit and hyperactivity. They have dry skin, ridged nails, cracks on the soles of the feet, dandruff, tooth marks on the tongue, cracks and fissures on the tongue. Hyperactivity, spaciness, poor memory, and poor performance in school are typical of this condition. Once the underlying digestive disorder is treated, the learning and behavior problems will vanish.
Sadhak Pitta Disorder
A disorder of the pitta sub-type responsible for understanding, comprehension, attention, and concentration, can result in symptoms, which may be diagnosed as hyperactivity or ADD. This is a very serious condition, since it may be a precursor to suicidal depression or alcoholic disease, or even to violent, destructive behavior. The child has incredible energy and throws frequent tantrums. In some cases, a pitta-provoked child may even bang his or her head on the wall, a warning that, if the pitta is not promptly calmed, pitta-type schizophrenia or severe depression may result in early adult life.
Once again, this condition may be hereditary, congenital, or acquired. Hereditary sadhak pitta disturbance is passed on to the embryo from the reproductive tissue of pitta-provoked parents. Congenital sadhak pitta disorder may result if the mother is angry throughout the pregnancy, if she consumes pitta-provoking food, eats excess salt, smokes marijuana or drinks alcohol. Acquired sadhak pitta disorder may result form any factor that tends to provoke pitta.
On a dietary level, consumption of salty, sour, red, oily, or spicy foods, chocolate, white sugar, food additives, and particularly yellow and orange food coloring provoke hyperactivity. On an emotional level, a pitta child will respond with anger, tantrums, and increasing despair to domination, control, or negative criticism. To control or dominate a pitta child is almost a guarantee that the child will have to grapple later in life with depression, low self-esteem, self-criticism, or violent outbursts. Very young pitta children can readily learn simple negotiating skills. They desperately need to understand that they have control over their own bodies, lives, and choices and have no control over those of others.
Sluggish liver function and food allergies are the most important differential diagnoses. A yellowish coat to the skin, reddening of the eyes, yellowing coating of the tongue, skin rashes, skin eruption, and allergies all suggest that the primary problem may lie in the ranjak pitta, the sub-type of pitta in the liver, rather than in the sadhak pitta. A thickly coated tongue, chronically stuffy nose, eczema or asthma, point to food allergies as the root problem. Exclusion of suspected foods such as wheat, corn, and milk should be done to confirm the specific allergies. The child will recover when the allergen is excluded from the diet and relapse if it is reintroduced. In these cases, the apparent hyperactivity or ADD will not be a problem if the offending food is no longer consumed.
Mixed Type Disorder
The worst cases of ADD result from a simultaneous disturbance of both vata and pitta due to a combination of causative factors described above in the sections on prana vayu and sadhak pitta disorders. Symptoms show a combination of restlessness and tantrums. With careful history taking, it may be possible to determine which dosha was involved first, and to treat the original cause.
Treatment of Prana Vayu Disorder
Sesame oil massage is of the utmost importance in this case. The child should be massaged five days in a row, using nine ounces of warm sesame oil each time. At bedtime, give a warm ginger bath to promote sweating. After this treatment, which usually has excellent effects, the soles of the feet and scalp should be massaged with warm sesame oil, each night. Another very effective way to calm Prana vayu is to put five to ten drops of warm sesame oil into the ear and then massage the mastoid bone for five or ten minutes. This will calm the limbic system. Remove the oil with a cotton swab. Then turn the child over and repeat the process in the other ear. Of course, it is extremely important that the oil be warm, not hot or cold. A child over the age of five can be taught to lubricate the nose by placing ghee on the little finger and massaging the nose with it. An oil-medicated bhringaraj can also be used for hyperactivity. Two drops each may be gently massaged on the scalp, third eye, throat, heart, and navel. In addition, herbal treatment should be given.
Sarasvati can be given in doses of 1/8 teaspoon for small children. There are a variety of formulations of Sarasvati churna given in the major and minor Ayurvedic texts, the overall effect of the yoga (combination) being to balance all three doshas within the central nervous system. A simple - and highly effective - version of Sarasvati churna consists of equal parts of Brahmi, jatamansi, and vacha. Jatamansi is particularly effective for balancing vata; brahmi, for pitta; and vacha, for kapha. The formula according to the Sharngadhara Samhita consists of ajwain, ashwagandha, kushta, cumin, Trikatu, shankapushpi, vacha, and rock salt.
Here, the Sarasvati churna used is a combination of equal parts brahmi, jatamansi, and vacha, to calm Prana vayu and enhance memory, learning, and concentration.
To balance overall vata and restore dhatu strength:
Bala, 1/3 tsp
Vidari, 1/3 tsp
Chamomile, 1/3 tsp
Take this mixture as a decoction at bedtime.
Akar karabha This important herb is pungent in taste, heating in energy, and pungent in post-digestive effect. Its active ingredient is anacycline. It acts on the brain, improving the cerebral circulation, stimulating Sadhak pitta, improving memory, understanding, and intelligence, and is anti-tremor, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic, and antidepressant. It is also useful for cough, cold, asthma, and pulmonary edema. It is one of the most useful herbs for ADD, speech disorders, and depression. At the present time, as part of an effort to protect India's botanical and herbal resources from exploitation by multinational corporations and large western herbal companies, the government of India is not allowing export of this valuable herb. However, for educational purposes or in case of future availability, for the treatment of ADD, Akar karabha should be combined with an equal amount of vacha or sarasvati (1/8 teaspoon for a small child, _ teaspoon for a bigger child, _ teaspoon for a teenager or adult) and taken twice daily.
Treatment of Sadhak Pitta Disorder
As in the vata child, warm oil massage is very valuable. In this case, sunflower oil should be used, or better still, bhringaraj oil. A pitta-pacifying diet is essential, and yellow and orange dyes, food additives, and white sugar should be excluded. In the case of children under school age, it is fairly easy for the parents to control the diet. Older pitta children must be asked by the physician to take some responsibility for their own diet. In my experience, I have found that pitta children as young as seven or eight will readily grasp simple concept such as "don't eat white sugar" once they understand clearly that white sugar gives them tantrums. They usually take great pride in asking "does this contain sugar?" before they accept foods or snack, and gain a sense of greater control and autonomy. Pitta children often naturally refuse to eat pittogenic foods such as red meat, grapefruit, or tomato sauce, and are only too happy to be validated in their dislikes. However, if the child is already addicted to white sugar, it may be very difficult to wean him/her from the addiction.
For overall pacification of pitta:
Shatavari, 500 mg
Shankha bhasma, 200 mg
Guduchi, 200 mg
For specific treatment:
Brahmi tea: _-1/2 teaspoon of brahmi per cup, steeped for ten minutes, taken in the morning before school and in the afternoon after school. This may be sweetened with a little honey. The tea loses none of its effectiveness and gains greatly in patient compliance if mixed with a pleasant tasting teabag. My own favorites are almond or roasted-grain teabags. However, sour, fruity, or citrus teas should not be used.
Or try: A mixture of equal parts jatamansi and brahmi, taken before and after school with honey (this is given for educational purposes only, since jatamansi is currently under export restriction).
Further measures to calm pitta:
A pearl necklace or pearl earrings are very important in calming pitta. The necklace should be worn inside the clothing so that it makes contact with the skin. In a silver cup, pour hot milk, place a pearl in the milk, and let it sit overnight. In the morning, remove the pearl, mix in the shatavari/shankha bhasma/guduchi formula, and let the child drink it. During a tantrum, sandalwood oil applied to the navel of the child will have an immediate calming effect. During the summer season, hibiscus teas with a dash of rosewater is an excellent cooling and calming drink. Pitta children of five and older should be taught to place brahmi ghee on the little finger and lubricate the nose with it, for a calming effect on sadhak pitta.
ADD in Adults
If untreated, vata-type ADD may persist into adult life, resulting in a restless adult with poor memory, poor concentration, difficulty holding down a job, and difficulty in getting organized. Speech disorders and learning disabilities may continue to be a problem. Treatment is the same as for children with prana vayu disturbance.
As mentioned earlier, pitta-type ADD and hyperactivity readily develop into far more dangerous conditions including depression, alcoholism, pitta-type schizophrenia with suicidal tendencies and violent or bullying behavior. To prevent such tragic outcomes, extremely damaging to the individual, the family and indeed to society as a whole, it is of the utmost importance that children with sadhak pitta disorders be promptly treated to calm and balance pitta. Essential to this treatment is proper counseling of the parents as to treating the pitta child with respect, honoring his or her autonomy and ability to negotiate.
ADD and the Family
A child with symptoms of hyperactivity or ADD may be presenting symptom of a vata-provoked or pitta-provoked family system. In the vata-provoked family, there is an ethos of fear, anxiety, haste, restlessness, insecurity and disorganization. One parent may travel frequently, or the entire family may relocate. The parents may use caffeine, keep irregular hours, or fail to provide routines and daily or seasonal rituals. The physician or Ayurvedic lifestyle counselor must help the family establish a stable routine, with regular meals and bedtimes, assigned chores, daily and seasonal rituals, even if frequent relocations are necessary. Fore example, if a parent is a diplomat or in the military, well-established routines and rituals provide a sense of stability amidst the changes.
In a pitta-provoked family system, there is an angry, critical, judgmental ethos. Children are yelled at or hit. "No" is used several times a day, the children's life is too regimented, they have too many chores to do and are expected to achieve highly in school. The parents may drink heavily, or use drugs. Such family systems often result in anger, hyperactivity, and underachievement on the part of the children. It is useful for the physician to see the whole family and to determine whether there is a serious underlying problem such as an alcoholic parent, or physical, verbal, or emotional abuse of the child. According to Ayurveda, children are naturally happy, and their tantrums and anger may well be symptoms of a deeper sickness within the family.
While specific treatment of ADD and hyperactivity can be valuable, the most important step is to determine whether the problem is due to vata, pitta, or both, and then to calm the deranged doshas, both in the individual and in the family system.
Peer-reviewed article first published in the Protocol Journal of Botanical Medicine.
Alakananda Devi (Alakananda Ma) is director of Alandi Ayurvedic Clinic in Boulder, Colorado, and principal teacher of Alandi School of Ayurveda, a traditional ayurvedic school and apprenticeship program. She can be reached at 303-786-7437 or by email at: firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:7e93fb2e-9654-406c-b34a-947e535407d2> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.alandiashram.org/gurukula_blog/2012/02/attention-deficit-disorder.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163041955/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131721-00044-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928032 | 3,466 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Happy Earth Day! Say thanks to mother nature!
Social Media Editor
Today, April 22, is Earth Day; but many people don’t seem to know why we celebrate it. Earth Day marks the anniversary of the beginning of the modern environmental movement in 1970.
At this time, Americans used a lot of gas, the air was polluted, and more times you’d hear “environment” in a spelling bee than on the news. The world was getting more and more polluted by the day and it was all accepted.
Rachel Carson wrote a New York Times bestseller named “Silent Spring” in 1962, and it was beginning to raise public awareness and concern for the conditions that were considered okay and normal. It helped to link pollution and public health. The idea behind celebrating this day, is to open your eyes to your environment and to spend the day trying to help out the environment, even if it means walking to where you want to go for one day.
The day became a national day to focus on the environment after the U.S. Senator from Wisconsin at the time, Gaylord Nelson, witnessed the aftermath of the 1969 massive oil spill in California. He helped to bring awareness to air and water pollution. It’s celebrated on April 22, which conveniently falls between Spring Break and Final Exams.
On April 22, 1970, over 15 million people demonstrated for a healthy environment by partaking in rallies from coast to coast, going in streets, parks, and auditoriums.
Colleges and universities organized protests against the deterioration of the environment, fighting against oil spills, polluting factories and power plants, raw sewage, toxic dumps, pesticides, freeways, the loss of wilderness, and the extinction of wildlife.
Earth Day today tends to focus on global warming and pushing for clean energy. Along with the new focus however, there’s a whole new group of anti-protesters. These are the climate change deniers, well-funded oil lobbyists, some politicians, disinterested people, and a divided community for environmental issues.
So this Earth Day, go out. Plant some trees. Ride that bike. Help your environment because we only have one Earth and we need to take care of it together. | <urn:uuid:40918c15-cc5b-4103-b3ea-c81ae1141b23> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://myvikingvoice.com/2016/04/22/happy-earth-day-say-thanks-to-mother-nature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864953.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623074142-20180623094142-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.962933 | 463 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In this chapter you will investigate polynomials and polynomial functions and learn how to perform mathematical operations on them.
- 5.0: Prelude to Polynomial and Polynomial Functions
- You can use bitcoins to pay for goods at some companies, or save them as an investment. Although the future of bitcoins is uncertain, investment brokers are beginning to investigate ways to make business predictions using this digital currency. Understanding how bitcoins are created and obtained requires an understanding of a type of function known as a polynomial function.
- 5.1: Add and Subtract Polynomials
- We have learned how to simplify expressions by combining like terms. Remember, like terms must have the same variables with the same exponent. Since monomials are terms, adding and subtracting monomials is the same as combining like terms. If the monomials are like terms, we just combine them by adding or subtracting the coefficients. | <urn:uuid:017d2ec9-8fc3-439e-b9de-a508f577a1ec> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Monroe_Community_College/MTH_104_Intermediate_Algebra/5%3A_Polynomial_and_Polynomial_Functions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583423.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016043926-20211016073926-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.930633 | 194 | 3.578125 | 4 |
There are several diseases linked to the heart. Heart disease can be hereditary, but it’s also something that can develop over time because of factors like unhealthy habits and ageing. Heart disease can be fatal, but it’s unfortunately not always easy to spot. Symptoms can be atypical and not severe enough to signify a problem. By the time a person experiences serious symptoms, the heart could already be significantly damaged.
Be vigilant: Have regular cholesterol and blood-pressure checks to identify any possible risk factors that could cause heart disease. Have a clear understanding of your family’s medical history and mention to your doctor if heart disease runs in your family.
2. Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer (cancer of the colon) is difficult to detect with a colonoscopy. It can take several years for an abnormal polyp in the digestive system to develop into cancer. According to cancer.org, the survival rate for colon cancer is 90%, but only about four out of 10 colorectal cancers are found in time. When cancer has spread, survival rates are much lower. Symptoms usually start to manifest when the cancer has already spread. By then it may be too late for effective treatment.
Be vigilant: A healthy diet, weight and exercise can significantly lower your risk for colon cancer. Do not hesitate to contact your doctor when you experience a random change in appetite, bowel movements or any type of digestive problems.
Glaucoma is a disorder where pressure builds up behind the eye. This can eventually lead to partial or complete loss of sight in the eye. It’s important to detect glaucoma early to avoid loss of sight. It has no symptoms or very subtle symptoms. The progression is so gradual that you may not recognise the progressive patchy loss of your peripheral field of vision. The central part of the vision is not affected until very late. Damage almost always goes unnoticed until it is too late.
Be vigilant: You can only detect glaucoma through regular eye tests. You should have your eyes tested regularly for glaucoma especially if you have a family member with glaucoma, if you have bad vision, or if you have had an injury to your eyes.
4. Huntington’s disease
Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder that causes the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain. This disease can be present without any symptoms, but by the time symptoms appear, it develops quite rapidly. In some cases, symptoms can start before the age of twenty in the form of learning disabilities and psychological problems. Huntington’s disease can be hard to diagnose.
Be vigilant: Prenatal testing is possible if you have any family member suffering from the disease and you are worried about the status of your unknown baby. To make a diagnosis, a doctor will also take a full medical and family history and do a clinical examination, involving physical and neurological evaluation.
Those who are at risk but do not yet have symptoms may choose to be genetically tested. Because there is no cure, and because such tests cannot predict the onset or severity of the disease, this decision should be carefully considered.
Hypertension is not a disease as such, but a condition that can lead to illnesses such as heart disease and stroke. People are often unaware that they have high blood pressure and symptoms can be minimal. There is a reason why hypertension is often called “the silent killer”. High blood pressure develops over time.
Be vigilant: Have your blood pressure checked regularly. You can improve high blood pressure by making changes to your lifestyle.
6. Deep vein thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis (also called pulmonary embolism or DVT) occurs when a clot forms in the deep, larger, lower veins of the legs. This condition occurs when the blood pools in your legs or if your blood is prone to clotting. About half of the people who experience DVT have no symptoms until the clot forms and interrupts circulation, which can be fatal.
Be vigilant: Look out for persistent pain and swelling in one leg and be vigilant when you are going through long periods of inactivity, such as long-haul flights or bed rest after an operation.
This sexually transmitted disease is one of the most common STDs and can present without symptoms for a while – in fact, 80% of women with chlamydia are unaware that they have it. If it’s so common and can go unnoticed, why is it serious? The answer is that untreated chlamydia can cause a host of health complications including infertility, reactive arthritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Be vigilant: Don’t have unprotected sex and get tested for chlamydia regularly, as chlamydia can be asymptomatic, especially in women. | <urn:uuid:9eab05e5-a00c-474e-944e-e3717520e607> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://howsouthafrica.com/7-diseases-without-knowing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574058.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920175834-20190920201834-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.946647 | 990 | 3.296875 | 3 |
A machine-learning algorithm fully describes how the cells function, and could help us simulate medical research more accurately.
Background: Virtually all AI systems are black boxes—algorithms that are impossible for us to examine. That’s fine for, say, tech firms doing image recognition, but biologists would like to understand what algorithms are doing, or it’s hard to know whether to trust them.
The news: IEEE Spectrum reports that researchers mapped all the functions of brewer’s yeast—a well-studied single-cell organism—to a neural network. That lets them understand how the AI describes biological behavior, making it a reliable research tool.
Why it matters: The algorithm has already given researchers new insight into the cell biology of yeast. Applied to human cells, it could spur advances by allowing researchers to simulate personalized treatments and discover new drugs.
But: Going from yeast to human cells will be tough. And the same problem that bugs computer scientists—a need for data—will frustrate medical researchers trying to hone complex human models. Of course, one day we might be able to just design genomes on computer screens.
DeepMind’s cofounder: Generative AI is just a phase. What’s next is interactive AI.
“This is a profound moment in the history of technology,” says Mustafa Suleyman.
Deepfakes of Chinese influencers are livestreaming 24/7
With just a few minutes of sample video and $1,000, brands never have to stop selling their products.
AI hype is built on high test scores. Those tests are flawed.
With hopes and fears about the technology running wild, it's time to agree on what it can and can't do.
You need to talk to your kid about AI. Here are 6 things you should say.
As children start back at school this week, it’s not just ChatGPT you need to be thinking about.
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Discover special offers, top stories, upcoming events, and more. | <urn:uuid:0b96257c-6e1b-4289-a1c2-85d90e0b0d79> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/03/13/144705/ai-that-describes-how-yeast-works-will-help-scientists-model-biology-better/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510208.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926111439-20230926141439-00801.warc.gz | en | 0.926468 | 440 | 3.171875 | 3 |
There remains today a rich yet little-known First World War heritage in the Nord-Pas de Calais region. Military cemeteries, memorials and wartime remains bear silent yet poignant witness to the events that caused this conflict.
The “Great War Remembrance Trails in Nord-Pas-de-Calais” offer visitors an opportunity to discover the sites, to understand these crucial times in European and world history and to pay homage to the men and woman, some of whom came from Antipodean shores, who lay down their lives in the region.
By late 1914, hopes of a quick victory were fading on both sides. Running from the Belgium coast right down to the Vosges mountains, the frontline spread through the Nord-Pas de Calais region like a huge scar between Flanders and Picardy.
The numerous military cemeteries which remain highlight the diversity of the nations represented, and the global nature of the war.
Between Lens and Arras, the Artois Hills are home to numerous memorial sites created to pay homage to the men of the French army who fell, particularly in the offensives of May and September 1915 in the region. Notre-Dame-de-Lorette National Necropolis in Ablain-Saint-Nazaire, with 20,000 graves, and another 22,000 bodies of other soldiers in ossuaries, remains the largest military cemetery in France.
Not far off, in Neuville-Saint-Vaast, Maison-Blanche German War Cemetry was created after the war and is the largest necropolis in France, the laste resting place of over 44,800 men who died on the region’s battlefields.
Preparing for the Battle of Arras, which was to create a diversion for the French offensive planned in Chemin des Dames, the British army dug a vast underground network of tunnels, part of which is now open to the public: Wellington Quarry .
On 9 April 1917, the attack began. In the north, the Canadians succeeded in taking Vimy Ridge, a major chapter in the history of their nation. One of the most stunning commemorative memorials of the Great War stands on the top of this ridge: the Vimy Canadian Memorial .
Not far away are the Monchy-le-Preux Newfoundland Memorial and the Bullecourt Australian Memorial Park , other sites that witnessed the British offensive on Arras.
On 20 November 1917, the British army for the first time deployed a contingent of 476 tanks for its offensive on Cambrai. The Louverval Memorial of the Battle of Cambrai commemorates this new era in the arts of warfare.
The war of movement and the first german occupation
In late August 1914, after having crossed Belgium, the German army was stopped, on its march towards Paris, at the Maubeuge Stronghold, whose fortifications had been developed as part of the Séré de Rivières defence system. The siege on the town lasted 10 days during which forts of all kinds, such as Fort de Leveau which can be visited today, came under fire from German artillery. Maubeuge officially surrendered on 8 September 1914.
After the failure of the first Battle of Marne and the “Race to the Sea”, the front became paralysed and the armies dug in. Manoeuvre warfare turned into a war of attrition.
The German army occupied the territories it had taken, including Lille and the surrounding area, a large part of the Nord-Pas de Calais coalfield and the southern part of the Nord department. In the face of the rules imposed by the new military authorities, forms of resistance developed, but were harshly repressed. Le Mur des Fusillés Lillois is a commemorative wall that marks the execution of leading members of the Jacquet resistance network on 22 September 1915, and of young Léon Trulin some weeks later.
1918 saw a return to manoeuvre warfare. After the German offensives in spring, the Allied armies launched, under the command of Maréchal Foch, a massive August offensive that would break the German defences.
4 November has remained an important date of commemoration: at the foot of a New Zealand memorial in Le Quesnoy , the town’s inhabitants pay homage to the fern leaf troops (New Zealanders) who liberated them, while at the Ors Village Cemetery, near Cateau-Cambrésis, the great work of the war poet Wilfred Owen, also killed on 4 November 1918, is celebrated.
Coastline, the secondary base of the Allied army
In 1916, the headquarters of the British Imperial Army was established in Montreuil-sur-Mer, which was to become the heart of a huge logistical area that stretched across the entire length of the Channel coast.
Supplies and troops from all over the British Empire arrived through the ports, like those in Calais and Boulogne-sur-Mer. After being trained in a huge camp in Étaples, the soldiers joined different Front zones under British control: Flanders, Artois and the Somme.
Logistical tasks were given to voluntary workers (Labour Corps) - Egyptians, Indians, native South Africans and Chinese, some of whom are buried in the military section of the Saint-Étienne-au-Mont Cemetery in south Boulogne.
The largest Commonwealth military cemetery in France, Étaples Military Cemetery also recalls the activity of the numerous hospitals established along the coast to care for those injured at the Front. The men who died there were buried in nearby cemeteries, including the Canadian poet John McCrae, author of the famous poem “In Flanders Fields”, whose grave can be found in Wimereux Cemetery .
Reconstruction of destroyed territories
In rebuilding the cities destroyed by the Great War, choices were made in line with the wishes of politicians and the ideas of architects.
In Flanders, cities like Bailleul and Armentières adopted a regionalist style under the influence of architect Louis-Marie Cordonnier.
Following the example of Cambrai or Lens, other towns chose a more modern style by adopting an Art Deco look. In the facades overlooking the Grand’ Place, Béthune managed to successfully blend the regionalist and Art Deco styles | <urn:uuid:5db595f1-fb43-4aa5-91aa-5e86218ccb22> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://in.france.fr/en/northern-france/article/remembrance-trails-nord-pas-calais | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665767.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112202920-20191112230920-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.947661 | 1,332 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Determining the Right Whitening Approach is Key to Brightening a Dull Smile
Bright, naturally white teeth are a key component in a beautiful smile. But the opposite is also true: nothing diminishes an otherwise attractive smile more than stained or discolored teeth.
There is good news, however, about tooth staining: it can be greatly reduced with the right whitening technique. But before taking action we need to first uncover the cause for the staining — whether from the outside or inside of the tooth, or a combination of both.
If it’s an external cause — known as extrinsic staining — our diet is usually the source. Foods and beverages that contain tannins, like red wine, coffee or tea fall in this category, as do foods with pigments called carotenes as found in carrots and oranges. Besides limiting consumption of stain-causing foods and maintaining daily oral hygiene, you can also diminish extrinsic staining with a bleaching application.
There are two basic ways to approach this: with either a professional application at our office or with a home kit purchased at a pharmacy or retail store. Although both types use similar chemicals, the professional application is usually stronger and the whitening effect is obtained quicker and may last longer.
Discoloration can also occur within a tooth, known as intrinsic staining, and for various reasons. It can occur during tooth development, as with childhood overexposure to fluoride or from the antibiotic tetracycline. Poor development of enamel or dentin (the main sources of natural tooth color), tooth decay, root canal treatments or trauma are also common causes of intrinsic discoloration.
There are techniques to reduce the effects of intrinsic staining, such as placing a bleaching agent inside the tooth following a root canal treatment. In some cases, the best approach may be to restore the tooth with a crown or porcelain veneer. The latter choice is a thin layer of dental material that is permanently bonded to the outer, visible portion of the tooth: it’s life-like color and appearance covers the discoloration, effectively renewing the person’s smile.
If you’ve been embarrassed by stained teeth, visit us for a complete examination. We’ll recommend the right course of action to turn your dull smile into a bright, attractive one.
If you would like more information on treatments for teeth staining, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Teeth Whitening.” | <urn:uuid:44c7912f-b10b-46ed-8d1f-49007b33e5ab> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.bataviasmiles.com/blog/post/determining-the-right-whitening-approach-is-key-to-brightening-a-dull-smile.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400209665.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923015227-20200923045227-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.936466 | 536 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Wanna form planets? Stay the heck away from O stars.
These are the most massive stars, ones with roughly 20 or more times the Sun’s mass. The amount of energy a star generates — and therefore how hot and bright it is — is very sensitive to the mass. Luminosity goes as the mass3.5, so doubling a star’s mass doesn’t double its brightness, it makes it go up by a factor of 23.5 = 11.3 or so. An O star with 50 times the Sun’s mass will give off nearly one million times as much energy as the Sun!
Obviously, being too close to something like that would, not to put too fine a point on it, suck.
Happily, massive stars are a lot less common than stars like the Sun. And they don’t live as long, making them less of a threat to other stars. But, they do form along with other stars in gas clouds, and in those neighborhoods things get pretty tough if you’re not one of the big boys.
As told in a new press release, a team of astronomers led by Zoltan Balog (making him the second astronomer I know of named Zoltan) have used the Spitzer Space Telescope to see this for themselves. They initially used the telescope to look for newly formed stars near O stars. When stars form, they usually have a disk of material surrounding them. They figured that looking at young stars near O stars, they would see lots of new stars that should have disks but didn’t, because the O stars would have blown them away.
But when they looked at the newly born star cluster IC 1396, what they actually found — shown in the image at the top of the entry — was a star still in the process of losing its disk. Most likely, the star in the image formed far enough from the O star to survive, but wandered too close. Now the fierce energy from the massive star is literally evaporating the disk away. You can see the comet-like gas and dust shooting straight away from the massive star.
In this particular case, they found that stars more than about 10 trillion miles (1.6 light years) away from the O star tend to keep their disks, but stars closer in tend to lose them. So we seem to have a cosmic quarantine zone; if you step over the line, you takes your chances.
Funny, there’s one thing the press release didn’t mention: in a million years or so that O star will explode. When it goes supernova, anything within a much greater radius will get slammed. It’s hard to know just how far away you can be from a supernova and still survive (hmmm, that could be a really cool chapter in an upcoming book, I bet) but it’s safe to say that the clock is ticking for any star in that cluster.
Links to this Post
- A Ler…-- Rastos de Luz | April 19, 2007
- Astrolink [Global Edition] » Kicking up some dust | Latest astronomy news in 11 languages | July 19, 2007 | <urn:uuid:e8968e50-9d38-420a-84b2-fdb6184954f1> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2007/04/18/location-location-location/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645281115.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031441-00201-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961429 | 660 | 3.28125 | 3 |
A new study published in Journal of Neuroscience Research has found that vitamin D relates to the development of Krabbe disease and that vitamin D supplementation may improve clinical outcomes.
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare genetic disease that occurs at birth with an approximate incidence rate of one in every 100,000 births in the United States. In babies with KD, a mutation in a gene causes a deficiency in an enzyme responsible for metabolizing lipids.
The un-metabolized lipids build up and eventually destroy the protective coating of nerve cells, known as the myelin sheath, throughout the nervous system, causing a loss in motor skills.
There is no known cure for KD and it often doesn’t present in infants until between the ages of 3 and 6 months. The disease is often fatal, although late onset KD is shown to have a slower progression.
There are two mechanisms by which vitamin D may be related to KD. Vitamin D is shown to be able to bind to cells in the nervous system and in multiple sclerosis, vitamin D helps prevent immune cells from entering the nervous system and attacking the myelin sheaths.
Higher incidence rates have been reported in areas further away from the equator, where there is less sunlight and therefore less potential to synthesize vitamin D. In northern European countries such as Sweden and Finland, the incidence rate is around one in 50,000 births.
Therefore, researchers recently conducted an experiment using a mouse model for KD to determine if and how vitamin D effects the progression of the disease.
In their experimental model of KD, the researchers first found that the mice had lower levels of activated vitamin D and increased inflammation in the brain.
They then gave the mice vitamin D supplementation in their diet, which delayed the onset of locomotor disabilities and tremors. The vitamin D-supplemented diet also led to an anti-inflammatory response that protected the myelin sheaths in the central nervous system and increased antioxidant defenses.
“Together these data provide the first evidence that vitamin D deficiency affects disease development in mice and that vitamin D3 supplementation has the potential to improve the efficacy of KD therapeutics,” the researchers concluded. | <urn:uuid:1a71eb21-0117-4ebe-932f-1e0b95fcdd5d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/vitamin-ds-effect-on-a-rare-genetic-disorder-revealed-in-a-new-animal-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267164469.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926081614-20180926102014-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.949181 | 444 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Nathaniel Givens explains nearly all of it in a blog post.
Imagine if grocery shopping worked like health insurance. Let’s call it “food insurance”.
First of all, you’d better hope that you’re not self-employed or unemployed. You see, way back in World War II the United States created strict wage controls as part of theStabilization Act of 1942. Since employers still wanted to compete for the best employees–even in wartime–they had to get creative. Instead of offering higher salaries (which was now illegal), they began to offer fringe benefits. The most important of these was healthcare insurance. Let’s pretend that food insurance started in the same way. That would mean that, today, if you get your food insurance through an employer-provided plan you not only get a nice tax advantage on your own premiums, but you can also rely on the employer to pay some of your costs as a matter of traditional expectations. But if you’re self-employed, you not only lose the tax-advantage, but also the ability to get the lower rates that come with buying insurance for bigger groups.
Now let’s imagine what actually shopping for groceries would look like.
One thing Nathaniel left out is the cost of our legal system, which is significant. Adopting the “English Rule” (loser pays legal fees) would be a major step in the right direction.
Read the rest.
Read the article at Time: Health & Family. Quotes:
“What are the reasons, good or bad, that cancer means a half-million- or million-dollar tab? Why should a trip to the emergency room for chest pains that turn out to be indigestion bring a bill that can exceed the cost of a semester of college? What makes a single dose of even the most wonderful wonder drug cost thousands of dollars? Why does simple lab work done during a few days in a hospital cost more than a car? And what is so different about the medical ecosystem that causes technology advances to drive bills up instead of down?”
“I got the idea for this article when I was visiting Rice University last year. As I was leaving the campus, which is just outside the central business district of Houston, I noticed a group of glass skyscrapers about a mile away lighting up the evening sky. The scene looked like Dubai. I was looking at the Texas Medical Center, a nearly 1,300-acre, 280-building complex of hospitals and related medical facilities, of which MD Anderson is the lead brand name. Medicine had obviously become a huge business. In fact, of Houston’s top 10 employers, five are hospitals, including MD Anderson with 19,000 employees; three, led by ExxonMobil with 14,000 employees, are energy companies. How did that happen, I wondered. Where’s all that money coming from? And where is it going? I have spent the past seven months trying to find out by analyzing a variety of bills from hospitals like MD Anderson, doctors, drug companies and every other player in the American health care ecosystem.”
Read more: http://healthland.time.com/2013/02/20/bitter-pill-why-medical-bills-are-killing-us/#ixzz2LiH7kQ82 | <urn:uuid:c75bf89b-56d5-45f0-9e4c-0456327bcd33> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://advancedmediterranean.com/category/economics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653216.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014101303-20191014124303-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.967392 | 700 | 2.59375 | 3 |
5 EASY WAYS TO REDUCE STRESS
Relaxation techniques will help ease tension, relax your body, boost energy, change your mood allowing you to return to being productive. “When you exercise, your body releases endorphins, which are hormones that fight stress,” says Frank Lupin, MS, ATC, PES, a certified athletic trainer and a personal trainer for Coordinated Health in Bethlehem, Pa.
DEEP BREATHING: Deep breathing from the abdomen is a relaxation technique that forces oxygen into your lungs. Stress, anxiety, and frustration, leads to shortness of breath, and often times, other symptoms such as, sweating, fatigue, discombobulated thoughts. Take a moment to and either sit comfortably with your back to your chair, or stand if that’s more comfortable. Place your hand on your stomach and slowly inhale from your nose, exhale from your mouth. By slowing down your breathing, it relaxes the mind, muscles and you’ll feel a change throughout your body.
MOVEMENT: Rhythmic exercise or physical activity such as running, walking, swimming creates a rhythm that allows your body to focus on movement. As you continue to move your body, your concentration will shift from anxiety, anger or frustration, to relaxation mode, which will eventually calm you down. Keep moving until you’re at a complete ease.
STRETCH: Sitting in the same position for long periods of time may cause tension in your body. Stand up and stretch, releasing the tension in your body.
MUSIC: Listening to soothing music is a great way to reduce your stress. The University of Reno conducted a virtual relaxation research project, which surveyed the power of music directly related to relaxation and stress. “Music can have a profound effect on both the emotions and the body. Faster music can make you feel more alert and concentrate better. Upbeat music can make you feel more optimistic and positive about life. A slower tempo can quiet your mind and relax your muscles, making you feel soothed while releasing the stress of the day. Music is effective for relaxation and stress management.” The next time you find yourself in a stressful situation, plug in your headphones and use the sound of music to relax you.
TAKE A BREAK: Sometimes we’re so focused on getting something done, we don’t realize that “pushing through” is actually “pushing” us towards the brink of a meltdown. Taking a break allows you to take your mind off of what’s causing you stress. It gives you much needed time to get clarity so that you can focus on your tasks and continue to be productive. Instead of waiting until you’ve researched the point of frustration, take breaks frequently. | <urn:uuid:f9717485-0f79-452b-a8ac-c360698721b2> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.ourconciergegroup.com/single-post/2016/07/25/5-easy-ways-to-reduce-stress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153392.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727135323-20210727165323-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.93175 | 580 | 2.53125 | 3 |
- What do we learn from the life example of Leo Tolstoy?
- What were Gandhi’s values?
- Who was Gandhi’s role model?
- Who called Gandhi Bapu?
- How was Gandhi influenced by Leo Tolstoy?
- Which book of Tolstoy influenced Gandhi?
- Who gave unto this last to Gandhi?
- What title did Gandhiji gave to his Gujarati translation of Unto This Last?
- What is the central theme of Unto This Last?
- When was Tolstoy farm founded by Mahatma Gandhi and where?
- What was Leo Tolstoy’s philosophy?
- What is Leo Tolstoy known for?
- What Mental Illness Did Leo Tolstoy have?
- Who inspired Gandhi?
- Who in South Africa gave Gandhiji unto this last to read which proved to be one of the most decisi?
- Where is Tolstoy farm located?
- Did Gandhi meet Tolstoy?
What do we learn from the life example of Leo Tolstoy?
The most essential lesson to take from Tolstoy is to follow his lead and recognize that the best way to challenge our assumptions and prejudices, and develop new ways of looking at the world, is to surround ourselves with people whose views and lifestyles differ from our own..
What were Gandhi’s values?
In a message on the eve of Gandhi’s 150th birth anniversary, he said that it is a special occasion for everyone to rededicate to the values of truth, non-violence, harmony, morality and simplicity. Kovind said Satya, Ahimsa and Sarvodaya formed the bedrock of Gandhi’s numerous messages to humanity.
Who was Gandhi’s role model?
The first role model that has greatly influenced me on tolerance is one that many have heard of, Mohandas Gandhi. He was born on October 2, 1869 in western India and was a national leader who strongly believed in non-violence. As he grew up he followed the principle, “Hate the sin not the sinner”.
Who called Gandhi Bapu?
Netaji Subhash Chandra BoseMuch before the Constitution of Free India conferred the title of the Father of the Nation upon the Mahatma, it was Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose who first addressed him as such in his condolence message to the Mahatma on the demise of his wife Kasturba.
How was Gandhi influenced by Leo Tolstoy?
Gandhi was greatly influenced by Leo Tolstoy, through his book ‘The Kingdom of God is Within You’ and his essay on ‘Christianity and Patriotism’. Tolstoy’s ideal of “simplicity of life and purity of purpose” influenced Gandhi deeply. … Both Gandhi and Tolstoy adopted the idea of love to solve problems of life.
Which book of Tolstoy influenced Gandhi?
The Kingdom of God is within youTolstoy’s book ‘The Kingdom of God is within you’ overwhelmed Gandhi. Ruskin’s book ‘Unto this Last’ had cast a magic spell on Gandhi so much so that he paraphrased the book as ‘Sarvodaya’ and decided to teach from it.)
Who gave unto this last to Gandhi?
John RuskinUnto This Last by John Ruskin was first published in 1860 as a series of articles in Cornhill Magazine. In 1908 Gandhi serialized a nine-part paraphrase of Ruskin’s book into Gujarati in Indian Opinion and later published it as a pamphlet under the title Sarvodaya (The Welfare of All).
What title did Gandhiji gave to his Gujarati translation of Unto This Last?
Mohandas Gandhi translated Unto This Last into Gujarati in 1908 under the title of Sarvodaya (Well Being of All). Valji Govindji Desai translated it back to English in 1951 under the title of Unto This Last: A Paraphrase.
What is the central theme of Unto This Last?
In Unto this Last, Ruskin set out to define wealth, and then to show that wealth can only be acquired under certain moral conditions, such as honesty and justice.
When was Tolstoy farm founded by Mahatma Gandhi and where?
Tolstoy Farm was the first ashram initiated and organized by Mohandas Gandhi during his South African movement. In 1910, the ashram served as the headquarters of the campaign of satyagraha against discrimination against Indians in Transvaal, where it was located.
What was Leo Tolstoy’s philosophy?
develop a radical anarcho-pacifist Christian philosophy which led to his excommunication from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1901. For all the praise showered on Anna Karenina and War and Peace, Tolstoy rejected the two works later in his life as something not as true of reality.
What is Leo Tolstoy known for?
Tolstoy is best known for his two longest works, War and Peace (1865–69) and Anna Karenina (1875–77), which are commonly regarded as among the finest novels ever written. War and Peace in particular seems virtually to define this form for many readers and critics.
What Mental Illness Did Leo Tolstoy have?
Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) In his memoir, A Confession, he writes about his struggle with depression and alcohol abuse.
Who inspired Gandhi?
Mahatma Gandhi inspired people all over the world, including one of the United States’ most famous civil rights leaders, Martin Luther King Jr. Though the two men never got a chance to meet (King was 19 when Gandhi was assassinated), King learned about Gandhi through his writing and a trip to India in 1959.
Who in South Africa gave Gandhiji unto this last to read which proved to be one of the most decisi?
John Holmes HaynesWho in South Africa gave Gandhiji ‘Unto This Last’ to read which proved to be one of the most decisive books of his life? (a) John Holmes Haynes.
Where is Tolstoy farm located?
JohannesburgTolstoy Farm | colony, Johannesburg, South Africa | Britannica.
Did Gandhi meet Tolstoy?
Two of the greatest minds in human history – India’s Mahatma Gandhi and Russia’s Leo Tolstoy – never got to meet in person. They exchanged letters over the course of one year. | <urn:uuid:8900293e-62d4-4f1c-83bf-f1f092f8e67c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://australian-dollars.com/qa/quick-answer-what-did-leo-tolstoy-say-about-the-eiffel-tower.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703513194.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117205246-20210117235246-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.961618 | 1,397 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Functional Nanomaterials for Optoelectric Conversion and Energy StorageView this Special Issue
Editorial | Open Access
Functional Nanomaterials for Optoelectric Conversion and Energy Storage
The rapid increase in industrialization, urbanization, and population growth has led to a pronounced rise in the global energy demands [1–4]. With depleting fossil fuels and growing concern on environmental protection, urgent research efforts are needed to find alternative energy resources that are efficient and economically and ecologically friendly. Since energy resources such as solar power are intermittent, but the usage is increasing in numerous portable electronic devices, efficient means have to be found for energy storage and transportation. A number of electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic devices have been proposed for this purpose, such as photovoltaic solar cells, batteries, supercapacitors, field effect transistors, fuel cells, thermoelectric, thermal-photo catalysts, and luminescence display devices.
The main purpose of this special issue is to use advanced nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in designing systems for an efficient interconversion of different energy forms among thermal, photonics, and electrical energy. Graphene, carbon nanotube, and conducting polymer may represent the most studied materials where the nanoscale design permits their more efficient performance in a number of energy conversion and storage devices. All devices dealing with conversion of energy forms and storage were considered for this special issue.
The energy crisis is evident from the fact that the global energy consumption has been accelerating at an alarming rate due to the rapid economic expansion worldwide, increase in world population, and ever-increasing human reliance on energy-based appliances. By 2050, advanced technologies for both optoelectric conversion (e.g., solar cells) and energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors and batteries) are being extensively studied around the world. Functional nanomaterials have opened up new fields in materials science and engineering to meet this challenge. In particular, nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have been demonstrated to be an enabling technology for creating high-performance optoelectric conversion and energy storage devices. Like all other devices, performance of the energy-related devices depends strongly on the properties of the materials they employ. Recent development in materials science, particularly carbon nanomaterials, has facilitated the research and development of energy technologies as (shown in the works by Y. Luo et al. and L. Li et al.). Comparing to conventional energy materials, carbon nanomaterials possess some unusual size-surface-dependent (e.g., morphological, electrical, optical, and mechanical) properties useful in enhancing energy conversion and storage performance. Specifically, considerable efforts have been made to utilize the unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene as optoelectric conversion materials. Tremendous progress has been achieved in developing carbon nanomaterials for high-performance optoelectric-conversion and energy storage devices. The special issue was focused on the progress in the research and development of carbon nanomaterials during the past twenty years or so. The advanced energy conversion (i.e., solar cells) and storage (i.e., supercapacitors and batteries) was also discussed along with some challenges and perspectives in this exciting field.
The other functional nanomaterials are also published in this special issue besides graphene, carbon nanotube, and conducting polymer. It mainly focuses on preparations, characterizations, functionalizations, and properties of nanoparticles, nanostructured coatings, films, membranes, nanoporous materials, and nanocomposites. The fundamental understanding of the mechanisms on materials and processes at nanoscale was highlighted.
- K. Kalyanasundaram and M. Grätzel, “Themed issue: nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 46, pp. 24190–24194, 2012.
- X. Wan, Y. Huang, and Y. Chen, “Focusing on energy and optoelectronic applications: a journey for graphene and graphene oxide at large scale,” Accounts of Chemical Research, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 598–607, 2012.
- G. Centi and S. Perathoner, “The role of nanostructure in improving the performance of electrodes for energy storage and conversion,” European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, no. 26, pp. 3851–3878, 2009.
- L. Dai, “Functionalization of graphene for efficient energy conversion and storage,” Accounts of Chemical Research, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 31–42, 2013.
Copyright © 2013 Yongfeng Luo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:b8dfcc30-24f0-4019-9689-ca114ff7e2d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2013/414193/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.9005 | 1,031 | 2.65625 | 3 |
ESA seeks software innovators for supercharged orbiting laboratory
The ESA General Studies Programme (GSP) is offering the opportunity for software developers to use its new laboratory in space. It's a chance for individuals, academic institutes, and industry to fly their own new systems on an accelerated programme, expected to launch towards the end of 2015. The flying laboratory will be 15 times closer than Silicon Valley!
ESA regularly creates new technologies for its missions but until now this has been difficult for critical spacecraft control software. The quest for reliability means that even when new ideas are developed and proven in the workshop they just don't fly. In fact, satellite on-board and ground control software has not altered significantly in the past 20 years.
But that's all about to change with OPS-SAT, a cubesat combining commercial off the shelf technology with ESA expertise. Whether you're interested in on-board software or ground operations, the project offers an open opportunity to take some risks in space.
"This satellite is designed for doing experiments on mission-critical software both on board and on the ground. This means it must be flexible, powerful and robust." says Dave Evans , OPS-SAT project manager at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany.
"In this way we can offer a real flying laboratory for experimenters, whether they are experienced in dealing with space missions or not."
During development of the satellite, suggested experiments included encryption, data management, and navigation services, but the design has limitless possibilities. The core includes much more powerful processors than those flown by ESA in the past and it is fully reconfigurable even down to the operating system and firmware levels. Peripherals include cameras, GPS and attitude control. The full technical specifications are available on the EMITS system.
"The chosen projects will be able to demonstrate their innovation in-flight," says Evans, "ESA will not be interfering and will just assess things from there on in."
Those interested should fill out a questionnaire (follow the link on the right - download the file and use Adobe Reader to access the fields) by 8 April 2013 (email to email@example.com), where they must put forward their ideas on how the laboratory can be used, and may even suggest limited changes to the design. The next stage will be an Open Day at ESOC where the innovators and the spacecraft designers can meet to discuss their ideas and even explore collaborations. Once approved, the selected experiments can be run from the innovators’ normal working location, saving time and expense.
"ESA will run some of its own experiments, but there's lots of time and effectively a blank canvas for the other experimenters who have disruptive ideas," says Ian Carnelli from ESA's General Studies Programme.
"It's a great chance for those already involved in the space industry as well as companies, universities or countries that haven't flown a space experiment before to do so in the very near future, and inspire the next generation of space software."
For further information, please contact:
ESA General Studies Programme officer
Future Preparation and Strategic Studies Office
ESA Headquarters, Paris, France
Email: Ian.Carnelli @ esa.int
OPS-SAT Project Manager
Advanced Mission Concepts Office
European Space Operations Centre
Email: David.Evans @ esa.int | <urn:uuid:17211147-05d7-4ead-b327-e955510df350> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.esa.int/ESA_in_your_country/Ireland/ESA_seeks_software_innovators_for_supercharged_orbiting_laboratory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314638.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819011034-20190819033034-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.928117 | 688 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A Brief on Importance of Physics & Physics App
Physics in general has about many real-life and world applications, and also the principles governing the physics are known to be at work any time like someone driving a car, or a person lifting something heavy or even trying to stay warmer in the winter. All these things are governed by the laws of Physics. But when you speak of Physics as a subject, it is quite a bit annoying to many as the subject deals mostly with the equations, problems, and formulas, etc.
Besides maths, physics is one of the pretty hard subjects for the CBSE students from class 10 to class 12. The subject includes many number of theories along with many branches coming under physics which students find overwhelmingly hard. And also, the terms and the symbols which look alike and also have definitions and a number of formulas that seems like some other language. Nowadays we find a number of apps for physics which are built to provide and impart a love of learning and understanding of the concepts among the students of different class levels.
- Physics App:
It would be something like a quick reference guide where the information can be fetched and acquired easily and completely. The physics apps are said to be accessible and even very more structured. The user friendly interface makes it more easy for the students to navigate and to find the right and correct information
Learn with Byju’s Physics App
Byju’s is an leading online education platform providing the students with great number of learning skills and various techniques that helps them in cracking the most of exams like CAT, JEE, IIT, etc. Byju’s- The learning app is developed with various features which every student would love to learn about.
The Byju’s Physics app has a number of features such as –
- Engaging video lesson formats given by India’s best and trained faculty
- Adaptive test modules for an personalized learning ordeal
- The Chapter-wise tests with an eye on detail feedback and also the analysis
- Providing an ease of learning anywhere and everywhere.
The Byju’s Physics app aims to prepare well and get good in physics. The app makes students better in physics by its tutorials covering wide range of topics in physics in an chapter wise format. It also includes questions along with thought out solutions.
The app is well enhanced with physics quizzes so as to help the student to practice his/her knowledge about the physics on the go. Students even have the access to learn the various terms and definitions in the subject.
This physics app covers various number of chapters like Kinematics, Scalar and Vector, Fluid, Force, Energy, Circular Motion, Heat Energy and Thermodynamics, Momentum, Waves, Optics, Electricity, Magnetism, Modern Physics, Nuclear Physics, etc.
The app also introduces to other features as given below-
- Practice Test– A chapter-wise test modules are provided for all the topics of all classes of CBSE.
- Analyze your skill– A student can make a detailed analysis on his/her performance in the test. This is to help the student in knowing the areas of improvements.
The other features include Tracking your performance and playing quiz with friends. | <urn:uuid:ccbd0ff2-2380-40d0-b3f7-312c995149fe> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://byjus.com/cbse/physics-app/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864822.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622220911-20180623000911-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.954803 | 667 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Thank you! This is an excellent summary sheet. I plan to use it with my students.
Here are the complete rules of numbers:
Rules for Writing Numbers
Rule 1 The numbers one through nine should be spelled out; use figures for numbers 10 and above.
Examples I want five copies.
I want 10 copies.
Rule 2 With a group of related numbers where one number is above nine in a sentence, write the numbers all in figures. Use words if all related numbers are below 10.
Correct I asked for 5 pencils, not 50.
Incorrect I asked for five pencils, not 50.
Correct My 10 cats fought with their 2 cats.
My nine cats fought with their two cats.
Rule 3 If the numbers are unrelated, then you may use both figures and words. Again, one through nine should be spelled out.
Examples I asked for 30 pencils for my five employees.
My nine cavities are exceeded in number by my 14 teeth.
I have 10 toes but only one nose.
Rule 4 Always spell out simple fractions and use hyphens with them.
Examples One-half of the pies have been eaten.
A two-thirds majority is required for that bill to pass in Congress.
Rule 5 A mixed fraction can be expressed in figures unless it is the first word of a sentence.
Examples We expect a 5 1/2 percent wage increase.
Five and one-half percent was the maximum allowable interest.
Rule 6 The simplest way to express large numbers is best. Be careful to be consistent within a sentence.
Correct You can earn from one million to five million dollars.
Incorrect You can earn from one million to $5,000,000.
Correct You can earn from $500 to $5,000,000.
Incorrect You can earn from $500 to $5 million.
Correct You can earn from five hundred to five million dollars.
Incorrect You can earn from $500 to five million dollars.
Rule 7 Write decimals in figures. Put a zero in front of a decimal unless the decimal itself begins with a zero.
Examples The plant grew 0.79 of a foot in one year.
The plant grew only .07 of a foot this year because of the drought.
Rule 8 When writing out large numbers of five or more digits before the decimal point, use a comma where the comma would appear in the figure format. Use the word and only where the decimal point appears in the figure format.
Examples $15,768.13 (Fifteen thousand, seven hundred sixty-eight dollars and thirteen cents)
$1054.21 (One thousand fifty-four dollars and twenty-one cents)
NOTE: The comma is now commonly omitted in four-digit whole numbers.
Rule 9 The following examples apply when using dates:
Examples The meeting is scheduled for June 30.
The meeting is scheduled for the 30th of June.
We have had tricks played on us on April 1.
The 1st of April puts some people on edge.
Rule 10 When expressing decades, you may spell them out and lowercase them.
Example During the eighties and nineties, the United States economy grew.
Rule 11 If you wish to express decades using incomplete numerals, put an apostrophe before the incomplete numeral but not between the year and the s.
Correct During the '80s and '90s, the United States economy grew.
Incorrect During the '80's and '90's, the United States economy grew.
Rule 12 You may also express decades in complete numerals. Again, don't use an apostrophe between the year and the s.
Example During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States economy grew.
Rule 13 Normally, spell out the time of day in text even with half and quarter hours. With o'clock, the number is always spelled out.
Examples She gets up at four thirty before the baby wakes up.
The baby wakes up at five o'clock in the morning.
Rule 14 Use numerals with the time of day when exact times are being emphasized.
Examples Monib's flight leaves at 6:22 a.m.
Please arrive by 12:30 p.m. sharp.
Rule 15 Use noon and midnight rather than 12:00 a.m. or 12:00 p.m.
Rule 16 Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
Examples Forty-three people were injured in the train wreck.
Twenty-three of them were hospitalized.
Rule 17 Write out a number if it begins a sentence.
Example Twenty-nine people won an award for helping their communities.
That 29 people won an award for helping their communities was fantastic! | <urn:uuid:e0a4d555-8b40-4f95-9ea2-6d3adf5ec253> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.eslteachersboard.com/cgi-bin/english/index.pl?noframes;read=3292;expand=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172783.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00455-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927753 | 990 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Professional Education Course
Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing
Get comprehensive coverage of grounding system design procedures for safety and lightning shielding. Start with a simplified coverage of the basic principles in grounding design, followed by a step-by-step design procedure.
Explore soil characterization, including soil testing methods, data interpretation, and a workshop. Discuss modeling requirements and data preparation procedures for substation ground system design and lightning shielding. Discuss practical examples and see demonstrations of design procedures with three examples of realistic systems: (a) a generation substation; (b) a transmission substation; (c) a distribution substation.
Investigate options for controlling ground potential rise, touch, and step voltages. Quantify the influence of grounding systems on nearby pipes, fences, buildings, etc., with the use of the WinIGS program. Discuss design procedures to limit transfer voltages to safe levels. Design the lightning shielding system for these substations to minimize the risk from lightning overvoltages.
Who Should Attend
- Electric power utility engineers involved in substation design, testing, and design of grounding systems
- Engineers engaged in the design and testing of power systems for commercial and industrial installations
How You Will Benefit
- Explore fundamental principles of grounding system design, the IEEE Std. 80 (new 2000 edition), IEC-479-1, analysis and design for special points of danger, industry practices in substation ground system design, electromagnetic interference, substation lightning shielding methods, and ground testing methods.
- Examine course examples that enhance the understanding of the phenomena that determine safety near electrical installations, shielding of electrical installations, and Hi-F grounding.
- See design procedures with three examples of realistic systems in action demonstrations using visualizations with the Integrated Grounding System Design (WinIGS) program and the Smart Ground Multimeter software (WinSGM).
What Is Covered
Grounding System Design Principles
Grounding System Performance
IEEE Std. 80 Design Procedure
System Modeling for Grounding Design
Ground Mat Design for Safety
Integrated Grounding System Design
Substation Lightning Shielding
Ground Design for Lightning
Ground Impedance Measurements
Grounding System Testing and Evaluation
Demonstration and Workshop
- Class notes
- SGM Operating Manual
- $100 -- Power System Grounding and Transients by A. P. "Sakis" Meliopoulos, second printing (Marcel Dekker Inc., 1988) -- Please be sure to add this to your registration if you would like to purchase a copy.
- IEEE Std. 80, IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding, 2000 edition. -- Purchase directly from IEEE.
- IEEE Std. 81, IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System. -- Purchase directly from IEEE.
This course is:
- a requirement for the Power Systems Certificate. | <urn:uuid:c0faa4b9-7277-49d1-9601-b198f182c2e2> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.pe.gatech.edu/courses/integrated-grounding-system-design-and-testing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447421.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00090-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.832071 | 599 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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A suppressed order of hermits, which takes its name from their first hermitage in the Apennines. Its founder, Ludolph, the son of Giso, came of a German family that had settled in Gubbio. He was born about the year 956; in 977 he left his home and, with a companion called Julian, began to live the life of a hermit in a valley between Monte Catria and Monte Corvo, in the Apennines. This valley was known as Fonte-Avellana, from a spring among the pine-trees. Disciples soon gathered round the two hermits, by 989 they were sufficiently numerous to receive a rule from St. Romuald, who was then in that district. This rule seems to have been of great severity. The hermits lived in separate cells and were always occupied with prayer, study, or manual labour. Four days a week they ate nothing but bread and water in strictly limited quantities. On Tuesdays and Thursdays they added a little fruit and vegetables. Wine was used only for Mass and for the sick, meat not at all. They observed three "Lents" during the year, that of the Resurrection, that of the Nativity, and that of St. John the Baptist. During these they fasted on bread and water every day except Sundays and Thursdays, when they were allowed a few vegetables. They wore a white habit and their feet were bare. Every day in addition to the office, they recited the whole Psalter before dawn. Many wore chains and girdles or other instruments of mortification, and each, according to his devotion and strength, was accustomed to scourge himself, to make many genuflexions and to pray with arms extended in the form of a cross.
At first the body of hermits was known as the Congregation of the Dove, from the pure and gentle character of its founder, but then, about the year 1000, he built them their first regular hermitage, which was dedicated to St. Andrew, they soon became known as the Hermits of Fonte-Avellana. Ludolph is said by Ughelli to have resigned the office of prior in 1009 and to have become Bishop of Gubbio, but by leave of Benedict VIII he resigned this office in 1012 and retired again to his hermitage. It is not improbable that he was succeeded in the priorate by Julian about 1009, but there seems to be no satisfactory evidence that he was ever Bishop of Gubbio. He died in 1047. In 1034, St. Peter Damian became a hermit at Fonte-Avellana, at a time when, it is supposed, the famous Guido d'Arezzo was prior. St. Peter Damian succeeded to the office of prior about 1043 and held it until his death in 1072. He made some modifications of the rule; permitting the use of a little wine, except during the three Lents; restraining the immoderate use of the discipline, which had outgrown all prudence; and introducing the solemn observance of Fridays as a commemoration of the Holy Cross for which reason the hermitage, since the year 1050, was been known as Holy Cross of Fonte-Avellana.
During the priorate of St. Peter Damian several hermits of great sanctity were members of Fonte-Avellana. The earliest of these was St. Dominic Loricatus, so-called from the breastplate (lorica) which he always wore next to his skin. This extraordinary ascetic was born about the year 990 and was destined for the priesthood by his parents, who bribed a bishop to ordain him before the canonical age. After living for a few years as a secular priest, he was struck with contrition for the sin of simony to which he had been a party and became a monk. This was probably at the hermitage of Luceoli, as we are told that he placed himself under the direction of John of Monte Feltro. Here he remained till about 1044, when, desiring to increase the severity of his penances, he came to Fonte-Avellana to be the disciple of St. Peter Damian. The record of his cuirass, he wore habitually iron rings and chains round his limbs, and loaded with this weight he daily prostrated himself a thousand times or recited whole psalters with arms extended in the form of a cross. Day and night he lacerated his body with a pair of scourges.
It had become the custom to regard the recital of thirty psalms while taking the discipline (i.e. about three thousand strokes) as equivalent to one year's canonical penance. So that to scourge oneself while reciting the whole psalter was to execute five years of penance. St. Dominic Loricatus is related to have accomplished in this manner one hundred years of penance (i.e. twenty psalters), spreading the penance over one week. And during one or two Lents he is said to have fulfilled in this way one thousand years of penance, scourging himself night and day for forty days while he recited no less than two hundred psalters. Daily he used to recite two or three psalters, and daily in Lent eight or nine. Meanwhile he ate only the stricter diet of his fellow-hermits and he never slept save when, from sheer fatigue, he fell asleep in the midst of his prostrations. In 1059 St. Peter Damian appointed him prior of the hermitage of Sanvicino, near San Severino. Here he continued his terrible penances up to his death about 1060. His body still lies under the altar in the church at Sanvicino. Another saintly companion of St. Peter Damian was his biographer, St. John II of Lodi (Bishop of Gubbio), when entered Fonte-Avellana about the year 1065 and became prior of the hermitage soon after the death of his friend in 1072, which office he retained till he was made Bishop of Gubbio, one year before his death in 1106.
In addition, there were the blessed brothers Rudolph and Peter, who in 1054 gave their castle at Campo Regio to St. Peter Damian and retired to Fonte-Avellana. Rudolph became bishop of Gubbio in 1059 and in that year attended a council at Rome. He died in 1061. Of his brother Peter little is known save that he lived a life of great mortification. Four years after the death of St. Peter Damian, Gregory VII in 1076 took the hermitage of Fonte-Avellana under the special protection of the Holy See, and for 250 years popes and emperors and nobles showered privileges upon it. In 1301 Boniface VIII subjected the hermitage immediately to the Holy See, and in 1325 John XXII raised it to the status of an abbey, and ordained that its abbots should always receive their blessing at the hands of the pope or of his legate a latere. In the early fourteenth century it had grown to be a great congregation with many subject houses. But the glory of Fonte-Avellana was soon to pass. In 1393 it was given in commendam to Cardinal Bartolomeo Mediavacca, and the evils that follow this practice soon appeared. Slowly the fervour of observance departed, and the religious lived rather like secular clergy than like hermits. By the sixteenth century the habit had changed, and they wore a short white cassock, a blue mantle, shoes, and a white biretta.
In 1624 the great Camaldolese reformer, S. Paolo Giustiniani, suggested that the congregation of Fonte-Avellana should be united to his own order. The project then came to nothing, but in 1568 Cardinal Giulio della Rovere, the commendatory abbot of Fonte-Avellana, joined with his brother the Duke of Urbino in urging on Pius V the canonical visitation of the hermitage. This was performed early in 1569 by Giambattista Barba, general of the Camaldolese, and in November of the same year the pope by the Bull "Quantum animus noster", suppressed the order of Fonte-Avellana, transferred its members to Camaldoli or any other house they might choose, and united all its possessions under the jurisdiction of the Camaldolese Order. On 6 January, 1570, the Camaldolese solemnly entered into possession, and the order of Santa Croce of Fonte-Avellana ceased to exist.
APA citation. (1909). Fonte-Avellana. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06128a.htm
MLA citation. "Fonte-Avellana." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06128a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Joseph P. Thomas.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. September 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:dd4a44a3-6576-466f-a011-0d299f995b62> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://wwvv.newadvent.org/cathen/06128a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987803441.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022053647-20191022081147-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.978711 | 2,078 | 3.109375 | 3 |
It seems that as an industry we’re always on the back-foot being blamed for making people fat and shortening their lives, but here’s our chance to get on the front-foot and run with a really good way-of-eating which ticks all the health boxes and is delicious and convenient.
So why The Mediterranean Diet and why now … because our researchers tell us that The Mediterranean Diet is a perfect point where scientific understanding meets consumer needs.
And when it makes headlines like Mediterranean Diet can add 15 years to life” we know it’s something worth looking into.
Consumers already know a healthy diet means eating more salad, fruit, veg, beans, fish and white meat.
They also think they should eating less red meat, dairy and carbs … but they don’t yet realise that these life-style trends are the essence of The Mediterranean Diet.
And they also don’t know that really robust euro-science is proving that eating and drinking the Mediterranean way reduces cancer, stroke, diabetes and heart problems.
Not only that but a Mediterranean Diet is easy to follow, tastes wonderful and has a lower impact on the planet so it’s bang on trend.
- How a food smells can affect how big the portion being eaten is
- Combining flavour control with portion control can trick the body into thinking more is being eaten
The smell of food can affect how much of it you eat, according to research carried out in the Netherlands.
Published in BioMed Central’s open access journal Flavour, launched today, the findings show that strong aromas lead to smaller bite sizes and suggests that aroma may be used as a means to control portion size.
Bite size depends on the familiarly and texture of food. Smaller bite sizes are taken for foods which need more chewing and smaller bite sizes are often linked to a sensation of feeling fuller sooner.
The aroma experience of food is linked to its constituents and texture, but also to bite size. Smaller bites sizes are linked towards a lower flavour release which may explain why we take smaller bites of unfamiliar or disliked foods.
In order to separate the effect of aroma on bite size from other food-related sensations researchers from the Netherlands developed a system where a custard-like dessert was eaten while different scents were simultaneously presented directly to the participants nose.
The results showed that the stronger the smell the smaller the bite. Dr Rene A de Wijk, who led the study, explained, ‘Our human test subjects were able to control how much dessert was fed to them by pushing a button.
Bite size was associated with the aroma presented for that bite and also for subsequent bites (especially for the second to last bite).
‘Perhaps, in keeping with the idea that smaller bites are associated with lower flavour sensations from the food and that, there is an unconscious feedback loop using bite size to regulate the amount of flavour experienced.’
This study suggests that manipulating the odour of food could result in a 5-10 per cent decrease in intake per bite.
Combining aroma control with portion control could fool the body into thinking it was full with a smaller amount of food and aid weight loss.
BioMed Central’s open access journal Flavour, launched today is a peer-reviewed, open access, online journal that publishes interdisciplinary articles on flavour, its generation, perception, and influence on behaviour and nutrition.
Flavour aims to understand the psychophysical, psychological and chemical aspects of flavour, which include not only taste and aroma, but also chemesthesis, texture, and all the senses.
Many people in the UK won’t have heard of the chia seed, but if regulators give their backing this US superfood craze could be on the way.
Goji berries, kombucha, wheatgrass, acai berries. It seems rarely a year passes without at least one new health-food frenzy.
Everything from handfuls of strange seeds to bacteria-infested yoghurts to espresso-style shots of odd-tasting green juices are touted as a shortcut to wellbeing.
Chia will soon be joining the list. So what exactly is it?
Chia, or Salvia hispanica L, is a member of the mint family from Mexico and South America. The flowering plant can sprout in a matter of days, but chia’s appeal is in the nutritional punch of its tiny seeds.
With more omega-3 fatty acids than salmon, a wealth of antioxidants and minerals, a complete source of protein and more fibre than flax seed, the seeds have been dubbed a “dieter’s dream”, “the running food”, “a miracle”, and “the ultimate super food”, by advocates and athletes.
What’s in 100g of chia?
- Protein: 20.7g
- Fat: 32.8g
- Carbohydrate: 41.8g
- (of which fibre is 41.2g)
- Calcium: 714mg
- Iron: 16.4mg
- Niacin (B3): 613mg
- Thiamine (B1): 0.18mg
- Riboflavin (B2): 0.04mg
Source: Nutritional Science Research Institute
To some the seeds taste utterly bland, but to others there is a slight nutty flavour. It also can seem expensive compared with other seeds and nuts.
In the UK, the seeds are only currently allowed for sale as a bread ingredient, but over the next few weeks, the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes is poised to allow chia seeds in a wide variety of products including baked goods, breakfast cereals and nut and seed mixes.
Elsewhere in the world, chia-seed products have been springing up over the past few years. In 2011, 72 new chia products hit the market and 28 new chia foods are already out this year, according to research group Mintel. Compare that with only seven new chia products for all of 2006 and you get a sense of its growing popularity.
The US is particularly infatuated with the seed, introducing 21 new chia items in 2011 and 13 in 2012. It’s in sweets, snack foods, seasonings, yogurt and even baby food.
To chia cheerleaders the seeds do no wrong. They claim chia reduces inflammation, improves heart health, and stabilises blood sugar levels. A few tablespoons are touted as remedying just about anything – without any ill effects
Health food crazes
- Goji berries: The Himalayan fruit is hyped as a “fruit Viagra” and “cellulite-busting” superfood
- Kombucha: The fermented tea is touted as a tonic for digestion problems, hair loss and other ailments
- Acai berries: Advocates claim the palm tree fruit cleanses the colon, prevents cancer and boosts weight loss
- Wheatgrass shots: The concentrated juice made of young wheat plant shoots is purported to have curative properties, particularly for digestion
So is this new superfood all it’s cracked up to be?
“In terms of nutritional content, a tablespoon of chia is like a smoothie made from salmon, spinach and human growth hormone,” writes Christopher McDougall in Born to Run, the bestselling book about an ultra-distance running tribe in Mexico who fuel their epic jaunts with the seeds. The book is credited with shining the spotlight on chia as food for athletes.
“If you had to pick just one desert-island food, you couldn’t do much better than chia, at least if you were interested in building muscle, lowering cholesterol, and reducing your risk of heart disease; after a few months on the chia diet, you could probably swim home,” McDougall adds.
Wayne Coates, co-author of Chia: Rediscovering a Forgotten Crop of the Aztecs, agrees. The University of Arizona professor started experimenting with the seeds in South America more than 20 years ago as part of a project to identify alternative crops for farmers in Argentina. He then started cultivating the seeds commercially.
“I hate to call it a miracle food because there are too many miracles that turn out not to be, but it almost is. Literally, you could live on this stuff because it’s pretty much everything you need,” Coates says.
Elisabeth Weichselbaum of the British Nutrition Foundation admits she had not heard of chia, but she says the foundation doesn’t buy into the idea of a single superfood.
“It is true that some foods are higher in vitamins and minerals, but no single food provides us with everything we need. So the best way to be healthy is to eat a variety of foods,” she says.
As an avid runner, Coates relies on the seeds to power his way through 50 and 100-mile races.
“I actually carry it in a film canister on my runs, I down a half a canister and wash it down with water.”
Jeffrey Walters of the chia producer Omega 3 Chia is also a firm believer. He says the company has received inquiries from the United Nations World Food Programme to bump up the nutrient content of their rice dole.
How chia is eaten
- Mixed in couscous
- Added to bread or muffin mix
- Sprinkled over salad
- Chia gel – seeds are soaked in water to form a gel-like substance added to jelly, jam, yoghurt or salad dressing
- Agua fresca de chia – seeds are stirred with water, lime juice and sugar to make a cold drink
Walters says he has also been contacted by schools looking to sneak nutritional value into canteen fare and doomsdayers searching for a nutrient-dense food to stockpile in the event of a catastrophe.
David Nieman, director of the Human Performance Labs at Appalachian State University, has analysed the nutritional content of chia and its impact on health in a series of studies. Nieman says the seeds “as a nutritional package are wonderful”, but they’re no “magic pill”.
“If you grind it up and sprinkle it on cereal and put it in yogurt, or put it in juice then you are giving yourself a nutritional boost. You’re definitely adding to your mineral, fibre, protein, and omega-3 intake, but will it magically cure disease or take away risk factors? It’s almost like a cult following for some of these chia people, they claim everything under the sun.
“But after 10 to 12 weeks we don’t see anything happening to disease risk factors in free-living people.”
Walters says business has doubled each year for the past four years.
In the UK, chia is permitted in bread products at concentrations up to 5%, according to the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes.
But that’s set to change. The ACNFP recently released a largely positive draft opinion on the expanded use of chia seeds in other foodstuffs.
Walters has already seen a drive toward the UK market. One of his clients requested a huge quantity of chia for UK products for 2013.
Health food chain Holland & Barrett already offers whole and milled chia seeds online, ostensibly as a bread ingredient.
“Interest in chia has been building for the last two years, but it is only in the last six months that the product has been readily available in the UK,” according to Holland & Barrett’s nuts and seeds manager Douglas Thompson.
Although the hype may be new in the UK, the seeds have been around for hundreds of years. The Aztecs relied on chia as a staple food and revered it enough to use for religious ceremonies and medicinal purposes, according to Coates.
“It disappeared for 500 years and the only place you could find it is in a few little villages in Mexico and Guatemala,” Coates says.
But even before Coates and his team picked up on the seeds, chia had something of a cult following in the US.
Until recently, most Americans would recognise it as the cheesy Christmas gift of choice circa 1990. Chia Pets, terracotta figurines which sprout chia in place of hair, grow from the same seeds.
As with any other “miracle food”, it’s important not to see chia as a panacea, says Dr Catherine Ulbricht, founder of the Natural Standard Research Collaboration.
“People think with natural therapies that they can take as much as they want because it’s natural, but they do have potential side effects just like any therapy,” she says.
“Anything that can have an action in your body can also have a reaction. Nothing is 100% spot-on all benefit.”
Suspended mid-air on a hammock with your feet in stirrups, looking like a puppet on strings or a flying trapeze.
This is floating yoga, the latest form of yoga in Malaysia and Singapore. It joins a long list of other yoga fads that include hot yoga, lunar flow yoga and even baby yoga.
Offered exclusively at the Celebrity Fitness gym, floating yoga is an exercise programme developed by the gym’s Fitness Development Director, John J Sweeney.
It was first launched in the Jakarta branch of the fitness chain in June 2011.
A cross between Cirque du Soleil’s aerial silks and a country hammock, floating yoga includes a wide piece of parachute-strength nylon, 12 handles (6 on each side) and 2 foot cradles to place your feet, you can practice various yoga poses, including inversions, with full support.
According to Sweeney, floating yoga brings a unique fusion technique that is revolutionary in relieving compressed joints and at the same time aligns the body from head to toe.
“The new fitness and wellness workout works best in toning and getting you in shape while realigning your body from the compression of gravity,” said Sweeney. “It also helps to increase one’s health and physical agility in a fun and creative way.”
Classes for floating yoga are divided into beginners, intermediate and advance levels.
For more details, click www.celebrityfitness.com
Want a banana? Can’t find one. Supposedly bananas are harder to find by 12 noon in Japan. They get sold out. The morning diet is eat a banana with room temperature water and then eat a lunch and dinner or any size, no dessert and sleep by midnight. Yes, do you think it’s really going to work? Who’s behind these diets and how do they get started? It’s usually a “quack” who makes a statement of some sort, has very thin proof, and off to the races the idea goes. If they could do this often with paying scams, they’d be richer than they probably already are. How about “Banana Pills”? It’s a fad, and like many diets in Japan, it’ll pass. (Time – Banana Diet) | <urn:uuid:46df9ed9-edfe-4c67-88f8-f0be793ef134> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://trndmonitor.com/tag/fad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164568332/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134248-00026-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95108 | 3,218 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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