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Everyone knows how important it is to get eight hours of sleep each night so that they can be at their best the following day. What you might not know, however, is that if your employees don’t get enough rest, they will experience decreased motor skills, impaired thought processes, and memory loss, all of which can make them susceptible to injury.
In addition to being a safety hazard, sleep deprivation can also affect your employees’ health. Research shows that night shift workers typically get an hour less of sleep per day than day workers. Taking away this hour of sleep interferes with their circadian rhythms. These are the events that occur within a 24-hour period, like sleeping/waking, which are regulated by an internal clock. If you try to readjust that clock, such as when you switch sleep times, it can cause difficulties, because circadian clocks affect almost every level of bodily functions. As a result, employees can develop peptic ulcers, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
Not getting enough sleep also causes an employee to consume more calories. That’s because sleeping plays an important role in regulating the body’s leptin levels, a hormone that tells the brain when the body needs more food. Low levels of leptin cause the individual to eat more which can lead to obesity. Obesity can lead to diabetes, hypertension or other health problems, as well as decreased productivity and increased absenteeism.
As an employer, you need to find ways to combat the effect sleep deprivation can have on your workers’ health and safety. Here are some steps you can take:
- Break up the monotony of repetitive tasks – A sleep deprived employee’s attention span wanes after one to two hours of doing the same task over and over. To reduce mistakes, schedule frequent, short break periods in which the employee stops work and stands up, or moves around.
- Put high-intensity lighting in the work area – The short-term effect is that the lighting keeps workers alert. Over time, exposure from this type of light retrains the body’s circadian rhythms to delay the onset of sleep. When the worker does go to sleep, because the body has been retrained that this is the new sleep period, the worker actually experiences a more restorative sleep.
- Permit napping – When employees first begin working a night shift, it is important that they have an opportunity to nap until they become acclimated to their new schedule. Allowing an employee to nap for 30 minutes can significantly improve their ability to function.
- Use the buddy system – Create employee teams of two who are responsible for monitoring each other for signs of sleep deprivation. If an employee notices their teammate is looking tired or starting to make mistakes, they can insist that their co-worker stop what they are doing, and take a break.
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VLT Technique Measures Smaller Asteroids
A team of French and Italian astronomers have devised a new method for measuring the size and shape of asteroids that are too small or too far away for traditional techniques, increasing the number of asteroids that can be measured by a factor of several hundred. This method takes advantage of the unique capabilities of ESO’s Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI).
“Knowledge of the sizes and shapes of asteroids is crucial to understanding how, in the early days of our Solar System, dust and pebbles collected together to form larger bodies and how collisions and re-accumulation have since modified them,” says Marco Delbo from the Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, France, who led the study.
Direct imaging with adaptive optics on the largest ground-based telescopes such as the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, and space telescopes, or radar measurements are the currently favored methods of asteroid measurement. However, direct imaging, even with adaptive optics, is generally limited to the one hundred largest asteroids of the main belt, while radar measurements are mostly constrained to observations of near-Earth asteroids that experience close encounters with our planet.
Delbo and his colleagues have devised a new method that uses interferometry to resolve asteroids as small as about 15 km in diameter located in the main asteroid belt, 200 million kilometers away. This is equivalent to being able to measure the size of a tennis ball a distance of a thousand kilometers. This technique will not only increase the number of objects that can be measured dramatically, but, more importantly, bring small asteroids that are physically very different from the well studied larger ones into reach.
The interferometric technique combines the light from two or more telescopes. Astronomers proved their method using ESO’s VLTI, combining the light of two of the VLT’s 8.2-metre Unit Telescopes. “This is equivalent to having vision as sharp as that of a telescope with a diameter equal to the separation between the two VLT Unit Telescopes used, in this case, 47 meters,” says co-author Sebastiano Ligori, from INAF-Torino, Italy. The researchers applied their technique to the main belt asteroid (234) Barbara, which was earlier found, by co-author Alberto Cellino, to have rather unusual properties. Although it is so far away, the VLTI observations also revealed that this object has a peculiar shape. The best fit model is composed of two bodies each the size of a major city ““ with diameters of 37 and 21 km ““ separated by at least 24 km. “The two parts appear to overlap,” says Delbo, “so the object could be shaped like a gigantic peanut or, it could be two separate bodies orbiting each other.”
If Barbara proves to be a double asteroid, this is even more significant: by combining the diameter measurements with the parameters of the orbits, astronomers can then compute the density of these objects. “Barbara is clearly a high priority target for further observations,” concludes Ligori.
Having proven the validity of their new and powerful technique, the team can now start a large observing campaign to study small asteroids.
These observations are presented in a paper by Delbo M. et al., First VLTI-MIDI direct determinations of asteroid sizes, in press in the Astrophysical Journal.
The team is composed of Marco Delbo and Alexis Matter (OCA, France), Sebastiano Ligori and Alberto Cellino (INAF-Torino, Italy), and Jerome Berthier (IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, France).
Image Caption: Artist’s impression of the asteroid (234) Barbara. Thanks to a unique method that uses ESO’s Very Large Telescope Interferometer, astronomers have been able to measure sizes of small asteroids in the main belt for the first time. Their observations also suggest that Barbara has a complex concave shape, best modeled as two bodies that may possibly be in contact. Credit: ESO/L. Calçada
On the Net:
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There are five main facts on students who drop out. First the main two factors that affects the students ability to graduate from high school. One of the main factors is the socioeconomic status of the families. Students also drop out of school do to individual and contextual factors such as attitudes and behavior. And the two main consequences of leaving school early and not graduation, such as limited Job opportunities and the probability of being incarcerated.
And the last fact what minority group is affected the most. Students of low income families are five times more likely to drop out of high school than students from high income families. Poverty triples the chance of a student of leaving school early. Another link between family income and high school graduation is that children who live in poverty and read below grade level by third grade are three times as likely not to graduate from high school as students who were born in families with income above poverty level.
Individual and contextual factors are another reason why students drop of school, uch as attitudes, behavior, school performance, and student prior experience. Students often leave school because of school, family, or work responsibilities. For example low education aspirations, moving from school to work, not passing a grade, suspension, and pregnancy are among the contributors to the decision to leave school. Students who not finish high school limit their ability to find a Job that will allow them to earn enough to support a family and live comfortably.
That is the reason why the U. S Department of Education expects high schools to prepare all tudents for college or career readiness, which does not always require a four year degree. Another consequence of leaving school early is the chance to be incarcerated, compared to their peers who earn a diploma. Students who drop out are disproportionately the students who are punished by school authorities. This practice have contributed to the disproportionate number of minorities males who are suspended and expelled from school, often on their way to prison.
Dropout rates have the greatest negative impact on African American and Hispanics students. African Americans and Latinos males in some urban areas have only a 50 – 50 change of graduation from high school in four years. There seems to be a relationship between graduation and the discipline gab, which has the greatest negative impact on students from low income families and African American and Hispanic students. The main problem is that this factors interrupt school and the learning process of students who already have a disadvantage in life or academically. Drop Out Students By ferminl 234
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It doesn’t matter how old your kids are nature study is something that you can easily introduce your kids to whether they are home educated or in school. Weekend walks, garden activities and seasonal activities means that you and your young kids can understand more about the world around them and older children and teens can benefit from connecting abstract ideas in science and geography to real life situations.
We’ve put together our favourite nature study activities as well as some resources, books and more so that you can explore the nature around you with your kids.
Benefits of Nature Study with Kids
Although we are passionate about playing outside whenever the weather is great (and even if it’s not with the right gear) adding in nature study activities connects even more deeply with the natural world and helps your children to understand even more.
It is a great way for children to disconnect from the screens especially as much of their schooling is now online or involving screens of some sort as well as games, TV and the social networks that older tweens and teens may be members of.
Exploring nature, seeing the seasons change and learning about plants and animals that are both local and the wider world benefits in more ways than one. It brings them in contact with traditional beliefs, customs and inspires them further. Foraging for blackberries and learning that after Michaelmas the blackberries are ruined by the devil an old wives tale but probably true as the frosts at the end of September would have ruined the fruit.
From your point of view as a parent, the awe on your children’s faces seeing deer in the wild for the first time or hearing a cuckoo as spring arrives on your walk is amazing.
But, if you are new to nature activities where do you start?
Getting Started with Nature Study
So your ready to get started with your kids but where you do start? Is it going to cost you a lot of money in equipment? How about knowing what you are looking at etc…
It’s really not going to cost you a lot and you don’t need a lot of equipment. To get started why not put together your own Nature study kit, this can be taken out on a walk with you or let your children use at the local park, nature reserve, or even your own backyard.
Once you are heading out for nature walks you will probably find that you have lots of nature finds in your pockets and bag. We have always had a little nature display at home and when I taught had a nature table in my classroom. The space doesn’t have to big but it’s a great way to show your kids that you are interested in their finds and discoveries and gives you opportunities to explore those items further. Read about setting up a nature table and some of the books that we keep to add throughout the year.
Throughout the year it’s great to observe what happens with the sky. Whether this is seeing the moon during the day and or laying out at night under a clear sky and seeing how many stars you can spot and some of the constellations. Check out our recommendation for an easy telescope for younger kids that actually works as well as exploring the phases of the moon with our FREE printable moon calendar and cards.
Check out these 50 simple outdoors activities for a nature filled childhood.
Nature Activities for Spring
As the world awakes after winter it’s seems the perfect time to indulge in even more nature activities than normal check out some of our favourites below.
As soon as the weather starts to warm up head to the local pond and look out for frog and toad eggs or spawn as it’s called. If you are lucky enough to find some then why not follow our guide on raising tadpoles and collect some to teach your children about the life cycle of the frog.
Why not watch our video for a glimpse at the amazing sights you will see raising your own frogs with kids
It’s also time to start growing things whether you have a garden or windowsill there are plants, flowers, and even vegetables that you can grow. Our bean in a jar is a great way for kids to see what happens below the soil as a seed begins to grow.
Of course, if you’ve got space get out and plant things whether it’s food or flowers touching the soil and the joy of having grown things is such a thrill for kids and adults alike. Start off by looking through our list of easy and quick plants to grow with kids and then choose some seeds and use an egg carton seed tray to get them started.
If you are lucky enough to have a nest box then it’s also the time to watch out and see the busy birds as they build a nest and raise their young.
With any spring storms if you live near a lake or beach it’s worth heading there and exploring the strand line (debris left at the highest tide mark) and see what you can discover, from crabs and starfish to algae and more you and your kids will be amazed at what you can find.
Summer Nature Activities with Kids
Head to the shore and explore the pools left in rocks by the tide to see what wonderful creatures you can find. Never done it before, don’t worry it’s so much fun and as you can see you can even take toddlers to do it just follow our rock pooling guide, want to see how much your kids can find then we have a rock pool scavenger hunt that is perfect for some summer fun.
Nothing says summer more than heading to the seaside and going crabbing. We love this and it’s one of the kids’ favourite activities to do. We release them back to the water at the end but bringing them up over the side of the jetty and into our net is great fun.
Crabbing keeps you out of the water but if you fancy getting wet then nothing beats shrimp netting. It’s fun and you’ll be amazed at what you can discover below the waves. As a child this was one of my favourite things to do at the beach and the prawns and shrimps we found if they were large enough would be brought back to the campsite and cooked on the barbecue for dinner.
As summer starts to end then head to the countryside with your container and pick some fresh blackberries once you have some get baking and make some delicious blackberry sponge cakes they are ideal to cook with young children or your school kids can cook independently.
Autumn Nature Activities for Kids
As the weather gets colder it’s time to come closer to home and spend time preparing for your nature study next spring. We love planting spring bulbs early in autumn around the garden so that we can see the seasons change from our windows as well as when we head outside.
Head out on a nature walk and hunt for leaves, can you identify them? Don’t forget to collect some as they can be used to make some of these wonderful leaf crafts or even try this symmetry art project with your kids.
Before it gets too cold why not make a log pile house in the garden so that any animals that hibernate or need a little more protection from the cold have a home to go to. If you are lucky you may find hedgehogs, toads and more appear from it next spring.
Autumn is also a great time to try out your woodworking skills and create a nest box with the kids. They’ll love observing the birds coming and going next year and if you are lucky you may even find one that uses it for protection throughout the winter months too.
Autumn is also the time to make sure you have food out for the birds, check out our recipes for bird food so that they have enough to survive the winter. Don’t forget to put out some water as well.
Autumn and winter are the perfect time of the year to hunt for fungus, I promise once you start you will be noticing them everywhere. Why not go on a fungus hunt and then graph and record where you have found them ideal for discovering the ideal conditions that fungus need to grow where you live.
Nature Study Activities for Winter
Just because it’s winter doesn’t mean your nature study needs to stop. Whether it’s snow or mud it’s a great time to take a walk in the wild and spot some animal tracks. The deer print above was found on a snowy walk but we’ve also spotted them in the fields in the mud.
If it’s cold the birds will need a little extra energy and our homemade fat balls are perfect, they are so easy to make and involve no heating of fats so ideal for even young kids to do (although they will need help as some elbow grease is needed).
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From this point forward, I will do what is best for this country just like my father!
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks 1898-1920
WE WANT SOCIALISM
Repeat after me! We want socialism!
Sign the pact!
Nicholas inherited the throne in 1894 after his father died. He made poor decisions with the country he ruled, so his people were not very happy. After Bloody Sunday and World War l, he removed himself from the throne. His family then got murdered by the Bolsheviks in July 1918.
Revolution of 1905
Cmon! Let's get it!
Lenin and the Bolsheviks wanted socialism by revolution and the Mensheviks wanted pursuit of democratic goals. Lenin created his own Bolshevik party in 1912. The Mensheviks got angry and walked out, and they tried to recreate another party, but it did not work out.
World War l 1914-1918
Stalin had control over all of the party members’ appointments so he was then able to build his base. He gained power and proceeded to exile people. In 1939, Stalin signed a pact with Germany, but Hitler betrayed him. Stalin then died on March 5, 1953.
Lenin in Control 1917-1924
During 1890 and 1910, the population in many Russian cities were getting overpopulated. Food got very short over the years. Russian workers protested and many unarmed protesters were murdered. With many angry workers, they striked throughout the country.
World War l began after the assasination of Ferdinand. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan, and U.S, but the U.S. did not join the war until 1916. The war ended once Germany was forced to seek armistice.
Let's go men!
Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik group. Red army and White army eventually fought. Lenin made all the grain to go to his Red army, so many people died of famine. A treaty between Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Transcaucasus created the U.S.S.R.
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Many people are of the opinion that cancer is a deadly disease. Of course, it is a deadly disease, but thanks to our medical scientists, they have now come out with various medicines and other medical procedures by which you can effectively manage the disease. If the disease is diagnosed early, then it can be cured completely. There are hundreds of people who are affected by cancer, but they are leading a normal life. Basically, cancer which is also called as malignant tumor is nothing but abnormal growth of cells. Researchers have identified about 100 different types or categories of cancers that can affect human beings.
Common type of cancer:
Some of the types of cancer are those affecting the bladder, liver, lung, ovary, kidney, breast, thyroid, brain and so on. Breast is one of organs in the human body which is known to be commonly affected by this ailment. This type of cancer can affect both male and female and statistics show that female has a higher incidence of breast cancer as compared to male. In fact, medical science classifies cancer affecting the breast as a common type of cancer. Although cancer affecting the breast is considered to be a dangerous ailment, it can be effectively managed if diagnosed at an early stage. This type of cancer is caused by malignant tissues in the breast. Unfortunately, this disease does not get detected at an early stage itself. As physicians say the symptoms of this type of cancer manifests itself when the cancer cells have substantially or fully grown up. But, that does not mean to say, the disease will not give out any symptoms. There are symptoms like presence of a lump or a feeling of a lump or knot in the breast, withdrawal of nipples, discharge of blood from the nipple, skin getting thick on the breast, or nodes near the armpit are some of the known symptoms of this ailment. But, unfortunately, most of the people ignore such symptoms for the simple reason; they are unaware of the fact that these are symptoms of cancer disease. They rush to the physician only when they experience miserable pain or discomfort in the breast by which time the disease would have affected considerable portion of the breast. But, these symptoms do not necessarily mean that the person is affected by cancer. Once the symptoms surface, the person should undergo several tests to establish presence of cancerous cells. It is only then the physician will categorize the ailment as cancer.
The ailment can be cured:
Once the symptoms surfaces, the person should visit the physician who would physically examine the affected part and also examine the general health of the patient. The physician would normally suggest mammogram, which is a pathological test conducted to ascertain the presence of cancerous cells. If the mammogram shows the presence of cancerous cells, then the person is said to be suffering from breast cancer. After the mammogram, the physician may suggest several other tests to evaluate the growth of cancerous cells. After all these, the physician would decide on the line of treatment. The treatment normally consists of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and in severe cases, surgical intervention is also undertaken. By surgical intervention the surgeon would remove the cancerous cells from the breast. Again, depending on the severity, the surgeon may even decide to remove the affected breast either in full or in part. Normally after surgery the physician may suggest radiation therapy so as to prevent the re-growth of cells in the affected part. In addition to theses, the physician will prescribe several medicines. The question that naturally arises is; whether cancer can be cured? As already said cancer can be effectively managed and cured if it is detected at an early stage. But, the medical science is yet to find out permanent cure for this ailment. But, medical scientists are of the opinion the ailment can be effectively prevented. To achieve this, medical scientists suggest that the person should give up smoking and alcohol. He must have regular physical exercises and good eating habits. The food should be rich in nutrients, fiber, antioxidants and less on trans fat, meat, junk food, certain types of carbohydrates and so on. The person should have good sleeping habits. As you may be aware, many renowned medical scientists are conducting research to combat this ailment. These scientists are confident that the dreaded cancer ailment will be conquered in the near future.
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The Basics of EPS
In car language, EPS is the acronym for Electric Power Steering. It’s a relatively new feature that more and more vehicles will have in the coming years. The obvious questions are what is it exactly and how does it differ from the traditional hydraulic power steering?
Let’s start with the basics. Most cars have hydraulic power steering. Basically, a power steering system is designed to help you when you’re exerting force on the steering wheel to turn the vehicle. The hydraulic system is constantly pumping fluid, which has been found to waste horsepower, and that leads to the waste of fuel. Bottom line: it negatively affects the fuel efficiency of your vehicle.
Electric Power Steering is slowly replacing many hydraulic systems in vehicles today. This system increases fuel efficiency by eliminating the need for the bulk and weight of a power steering pump and its hoses. This also takes away the issue of fluid leaks and the need to check steering fluids. An added bonus: the EPS is quieter than the hydraulic system because it doesn’t create the noise of a pump. Drivers appreciate a higher level of steering accuracy and refinement. Because this system is driven by software, it can better adapt to changing driving conditions, and it even provides steering assistance when the engine is not running.
Some models that have the EPS feature include the Acura NSX (the first production car with EPS), the Toyota Prius and RAV4, the Chevy Malibu (2004-2009), the Pontiac G5 (2007-2009), the Saturn VUE (2002-2009) and the Chevy Cobalt and Equinox (2005-2009).
Any new system is not without its challenges. In March of this year, GM recalled 1.3 million 2005-201 Chevy Cobalt; 2007-2010 Pontiac G5s; and 2005-2006 Pontiac Pursuits sold in Canada, along with 2005-2006 Pontiac G4s sold in Mexico to fix power steering motors that had the potential to fail. If the EPS fails, the driver will experience an increased steering effort, especially if the car is going under 15 mph. The recall was the result of a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration investigation that stemmed from over 1,100 complaints it had received from drivers whose vehicles lost steering power. GM stated that the older models will get repaired first because the problem doesn’t typically appear until after 20,000 to 30,000 miles of driving.
With hydraulic systems, fluid leaks, over time, lead to stiffer driving conditions and more effort needed to turn your vehicle. The EPS failure means a much more immediate difficulty, although the vehicle is still drivable. As the system continues to evolve, such challenges will become less frequent.
Johnny Nocera has been on the radio airwaves in Southwest Florida with “Dr. Johnny’s Car Clinic” on FOX News radio 92.5 FM, 1240/1270 AM every Saturday morning from 9-10 for over 25 years. He also owns, along with his sons J.R. and Jimmy, Supreme Auto and Collision located in downtown Naples, and has been in business for more than 35 years.
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The comet won't be visible to the naked eye, and will require a professional-grade telescope to witness. It will be closest to Earth around 10:30 a.m. Eastern Time.
The fly-by comes hot on the heels of another comet, 252P/LINEAR, which streaked past the planet at a distance of 3.3 million miles (5.3 million km) Monday -- the fifth-closest encounter. Given the two bodies' similar orbits, it is thought that the two may be "twins" -- with 2016 BA14 possibly a fragment that came off the larger 252P/LINEAR at some point in the past.
Comets are "cosmic snowballs" of frozen gases, rock and dust, according to NASA
, and can be the size of a small town. This week's visitors are much smaller: 252P/LINEAR, the larger of the two, is only 750 feet (230 meters) in size.
As they tumble through space, their orbit can bring them near to the sun and when they heat up, form a giant glowing head and a tail that can stretch for millions of kilometers.
The Virtual Telescope Project
offers an opportunity for those of us without a pro telescope a chance to track them from here on Earth.
"We know comets are relatively fragile things, as in 1993 when comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was discovered and its pieces linked to a flyby of Jupiter," said Paul Chodas, manager of NASA's Center of NEO Studies (CNEOS) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in a statement released
earlier this month.
"Perhaps during a previous pass through the inner-solar system, or during a distant flyby of Jupiter, a chunk that we now know of as BA14 might have broken off of 252P."
Although Tuesday's encounter represents a remarkably close call in celestial terms, there is no danger to us here on Earth, and the two comets' visits provide a rare chance for astronomers to study them (relatively) close up, with the Hubble telescope and NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility.
"March 22 will be the closest comet P/2016 BA14 gets to us for at least the next 150 years," said Chodas. "Comet P/2016 BA14 is not a threat. Instead, it is an excellent opportunity for scientific advancement on the study of comets."
A comet that flew by Mars in 2014, however, was a much closer-run thing
. Comet Sliding Spring came within 140,000 km (87,000 miles) of the planet then, disrupting its atmosphere and magnetic field.
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A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Raleigh, Sir Walter
Raleigh, Sir Walter (1552?-1618). -- Explorer, statesman, admiral, historian, and poet, s. of Walter R., of Fardel, Devonshire, was b. at Hayes Barton in that county. In 1568 he was sent to Oxf., where he greatly distinguished himself. In the next year he began his career of adventure by going to France as a volunteer in aid of the Huguenots, serving thereafter in the Low Countries. The year 1579 saw him engaged in his first voyage of adventure in conjunction with his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Their object was to discover and settle lands in North America; but the expedition failed, chiefly owing to opposition by the Spaniards. The next year he was fighting against the rebels in Ireland; and shortly thereafter attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth, in whose favour he rapidly rose. In 1584 he fitted out a new colonising expedition to North America, and succeeded in discovering and occupying Virginia, named after the Queen. On his return he was knighted. In the dark and anxious days of the Armada, 1587-88, R. was employed in organising resistance, and rendered distinguished service in action. His favour with the Queen, and his haughty bearing, had, however, been raising up enemies and rivals, and his intrigue and private marriage with Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the maids of honour, in 1593, lost him for a time the favour of the Queen. Driven from the Court he returned to the schemes of adventure which had so great a charm for him, and fired by the Spanish accounts of the fabulous wealth of Guiana, he and some of his friends fitted out an expedition which, however, though attended with various brilliant episodes, proved unsuccessful. Restored to the favour of the Queen, he was appointed an Admiral in the expeditions to Cadiz, 1596, and in the following year was engaged in an attack on the Azores, in both of which he added greatly to his reputation. The death of Elizabeth in 1603 was the turning point in R.'s fortunes. Thenceforward disaster clouded his days. The new sovereign and his old enemies combined to compass his ruin. Accused of conspiring against the former he was, against all evidence, sentenced to death, and though this was not at the time carried out, he was imprisoned in the Tower and his estates confiscated. During this confinement he composed his History of the World, which he brought down to 130 B.C. It is one of the finest specimens of Elizabethan prose, reflective in matter and dignified and grave in style. Released in 1615 he set out on his last voyage, again to Guiana, which, like the former, proved a failure, and in which he lost his eldest s. He returned a broken and dying man, but met with no pity from his ungenerous King who, urged, it is believed, by the King of Spain, had him beheaded on Tower Hill, October 29, 1618. R. is one of the most striking and brilliant figures in an age crowded with great men. Of a noble presence, he was possessed of a commanding intellect and a versatility which enabled him to shine in every enterprise to which he set himself. In addition to his great fragment thepage 313 History of the World, he wrote A Report of the Truth of the Fight about the Azores, and The Discoverie of the Empire of Guiana, besides various poems chiefly of a philosophic cast, of which perhaps the best known are The Pilgrimage, and that beginning "Go, Soul, the Body's Guest."
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Propagating your blackberries ensures healthier plants and more berries for the next seasons. Blackberries are most commonly propagated by a process called tip layering. Blackberry bushes naturally take root whenever their stems touch soil, and tip layering takes advantage of this natural characteristic. This is the easiest and safest manner of propagation for home gardeners. The new plant grows easily and quickly, still attached to the parent plant until it finally establishes itself. Once the new plant is established, the attachment is severed, leaving the gardener with two healthy bushes.
Look over your blackberry bush, and find a stem that is in the best condition. It must have no blemishes or dead material growing from it. Typically, your tallest or longest stem with the best production is the right one to choose.
Stretch the stem towards the ground. The stem should be in a relaxed stretch. It does not matter how far away the stem is from the plant because the new plant that will be produced will be re-planted in a different area.
Dig a small, 6-inch hole, and bury the tip of stretched stem in the hole. The weight of the soil should hold the stem down; however, attaching the stem to the ground with twine will ensure the stem does not spring back up.
Water the area until the ground is moist, and add a small layer of mulch to help retain moisture. Make sure the area is always moist, watering when needed for 2 to 3 months.
Sever the parent stem from the new plant after 2 to 3 months when a new plant has emerged from the soil. Cut the parent stem so that 12 inches of the original stem is left to the new plant.
Dig up the new plant at the roots, and move it to its permanent location. Blackberries thrive best in full sun.
Things You Will Need
- Begin propagation in mid-September so the new plant will begin thriving in spring.
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Multitasking? That one employee who can do several things at once. A multitasking employee can save a lot of time. They are more productive, they can bear more responsibilities and they can deliver quality in a chaotic environment. Especially if your company has just been established and you have not yet found an employee for all tasks, it is ideal if you have a few of these centipedes in the office.
Research shows that it is impossible for a person to concentrate on different tasks at the same time. We can not multitask, not even women. Why not? And what is the downside of multitasking?
What is multitasking?
Wikipedia writes about multitasking :
Multitasking is the execution of multiple actions or processes at the same time. Multitasking is often associated with fast business. The term comes from the computer world, where multitasking means that different computer programs are running simultaneously, using the same processor.
An example of multitasking is reading an e-mail at the same time, eating a meal and having a telephone conversation.
Now, as humans, we are of course not a computer. We can (unfortunately) only do one thing at a time. Let’s delve deeper into that:
Multitasking can lead to more stress and therefore more absenteeism.
In our toolkit, you will find useful tools to combat this absence.
Download the toolkit for free here
Multitasking: advantages and disadvantages
Multi-taxing means that you would perform two information processing or thought processes simultaneously. You perform both processes accurately and just as quickly. When an employee multitasks, it seems that he is doing the tasks simultaneously and is efficient, but the tasks require different attention. He cannot fully concentrate on a task and becomes increasingly distracted.
His focus goes from one task to the other and that takes time and energy and he will make more mistakes. The idea that multitasking saves you time and is able to deliver the same quality is therefore incorrect. A manager who is looking for a multitasking employee probably means that he is looking for an employee who is professional, efficient and flexible.
Also read: increase the effectiveness of employees
Multitasking and stress
Multitasking employees are usually busy with their work all day long and with all kinds of aspects of their work. Many of them find all tasks equally important and they get stressed out if they don’t complete a part of a task.
In addition, employees are often required to deliver a certain amount of work and that the work is also of a certain quality. It is difficult or even impossible to multitask while meeting all those requirements. Multitasking leads to more stress.
It is also interesting that in the brain the Frontal Lob and the Hippocampus are important for multitasking. These are the same areas in the brain that are active during stressful situations.
Also read: Stress among employees
Is there a lot of stress among colleagues and is this really a problem?
Do something about it!
View the training here: stress management for employees
The consequences of multitasking
There are managers who can also have their employees multitask under meetings. Just answer an e-mail from a customer under the meeting. But while they allow multitasking, their opinion about this employee is influenced by it.
This is because it seems as if the employee is not involved in the meeting and with the team.
Multitasking, therefore, takes more time and gives more stress, while the quality also goes down. Employees can therefore tackle tasks as much as possible one by one. That way they can give every task 100% attention.
An employee who performs tasks not simultaneously but one after the other gets more done. He can concentrate better and is more involved. He is also more efficient and he will make fewer mistakes. But what is perhaps most important is that he will at least stay fit to do all the work. He will experience less work stress and will, therefore, enjoy his work more.
Also read: let the employee set limits
Who are we?
Milltain supports, with a team of experienced trainers, organizations in the prevention of stress and the (re) finding of work happiness in the workplace. Our training courses are aimed at managers within companies. A burnout quickly costs the organization € 70,000.
In addition to financial suffering, human suffering is great. Not only for the employee but also for close colleagues who have to deal with the blows. Before you know it you are in a negative vicious circle.
Do you want an effective approach to long-term absenteeism and increasing work pleasure? (instead of extinguishing continuous fires).
We are happy to inform you about our training courses:
- Stress prevention training
- Training in absenteeism interviews
- Training Time management
- Work pleasure training
- Assertiveness training in the workplace
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The Bugis or Buginese are one of the three major cultures of South Sulawesi (Sulawesi is also called Celebes). The others are the Makassarese and the Torajan. Bugis call themselves Ugi' or ToUgi' and speak a Western Austronesian language. The Bugis are considered one of the most devout Muslim groups in Indonesia, though they maintain many pre-Islamic elements in their religion.
The sacred epic La galigo gives an incomplete picture of pre-Islamic Bugis religion. A small group of non-Muslim Bugis still believe La galigo to be sacred. La galigo is an account of creation, a collection of princely rituals, and a manual of princely conduct. The princely rituals are performed by bissu, transvestite priests in charge of the royal regalia. Other rituals of daily life are carried out by sanro, popular practitioners, for new houses and boats, rites of passage, first-use rites, anniversaries, phases of the rice cycle, and at times of war, epidemic, and crop failure.
Allah is called Puang Allataala or Dewata Seuwae. Besides Allah, Bugis believe there are many other spiritual beings it is necessary to pay homage to if you wish them to intercede between humans and the remote supreme being. One of these spititual beings is Sawerigading, who is the Bugis national hero described in La galigo. However, there seems to have been a cult of Sawerigading that was more important to the bissu than the laity. Another cult of the bissu was for Dewata Mattanru' Kati, "the god with golden horns", also from La galigo.
There is a general cult among all Bugis to Sangiang Serri, the rice goddess, who in La galigo was the first child born on earth to Batara Guru, son of Datu Patoto, a god at the summit of Heaven according to La galigo. Sangiang Serri died after seven days and was buried. Then her body was transformed into the rice plant.
Taddampali is an aquatic god who may be equated with La Punna Liung, the messenger of the Abyss in La galigo. Also important are tomanurung, descended beings, and totenrita, spiritual or invisible beings. The totenrita intercede between humans and the divine and include house and boat spirit guardians and local spirits that live in trees, large stones, and springs.
The paddengngeng, hunters, are dangerous invisible horsemen who lasso one's soul, causing illness and death. The kingdom of the paddengngeng is told of in oral traditions and is like the Land of the Dead in La galigo. This is a far island in the western seas. First the dead have to wait in another land until the funerary ritual is over and to be punished if they are sinners. Then a ritual bath is taken, an entrance fee paid to the keeper of the heartland and they cross a golden bridge to the isle of the dead. In this inner Land of the Dead all is the opposite of life among the living.
The creation myth of the Bugis has become mixed with Islamic mysticism, but we can gain an outline of this with La galigo as the main source.
From a supreme deity, To Papunna, "the owner of everything," emanated a male and a female, who gave birth to the main gods of the upper world and the underworld. Different versions of the myth number these as seven, fourteen, or nineteen. Two couples of gods are most important, one at the depths of the Abyss, the male being Guru ri Selle, and one at the summit of Heaven, the male being Datu Patoto, "the prince who fixes destinies." Datu Patoto was the highest god. The eldest son of Datu Patoto was Batara Guru and he was sent with Guru ri Selle's daughter to Luwu', the Middle World, to found the first human settlement. However, mankind does not descend from them but from their servants and the servants of other divine rulers.
In La galigo we read of the lives of six generations of earthly descendents of the first divine rulers. The most important figure is Sawerigading, a grandson of Batara Guru, and he is regarded as the Bugis cultural hero. After the sixth generation, all princes of divine origin returned to Heaven or the Abyss except for the princely couple in Luwu', from whom all Bugis nobility are descended or from other divine princes sent from Heaven or the Abyss.
Some contact with Indian religions was followed by a long period of trade with Muslims, mainly Malay, who settled in the trading harbours. The first European contacts came during the spice trade. South Sulawesi then had many small kingdoms ruled by three ruling groups, the Luwu', Gowa or Makassar, and Bone. There was rivalry between the Europeans and in the early 1600's the Portuguese were defeated by the Dutch. The Bugis fought and rebelled against the Dutch for more than two centuries until the early twentieth century and then there was fierce resistance after the Second World War to Dutch re-occupation.
There were some attempts by the Bugis in the middle of the sixteenth century to adopt Christianity as introduced by the Portuguese and the Dutch, but these did not succeed. Between 1605 and 1610 the Bugis officially became Muslims under the influence of the neighbouring kingdom of Goa, which is where Islam first entered South Sulawesi.
Islamicisation has meant that most pre-Islamic traditions of the Bugis religion have gone. Muslim funerals have replaced traditional ones. The bissu are rapidly declining and their activity is increasingly restricted. However, the importance of Bugis sacred places still exists and an ancestor cult conduct pilgrimages to sacred non-Islamic graves. This cult also make offerings to family ancestors in a special place in the house. And on ceremonial occasions the La galigo epic is recited.
Most Bugis lordships and kingdoms claim to have been founded by a divine couple. These divine ancestors are said to have brought swords, banners, ploughs, and other objects with them and these are kept today as royal regalia.
The rituals of both bissu and sanro include sacrifices of buffalo, goats, or chickens, as well as offerings of sticky rice. The rice is presented usually in four colours, though sometimes in two, seven, or eight colours, which have magic symbolism as with the Batak.
Many Bugis have in their houses wooden tabernacles or miniature beds where the tomanurung, descended beings, can come during ceremonies.
There are between three and four million Bugis, the great majority living in South Sulawesi. There are also important Bugis setttlements, mainly on the coast, throughout Indonesia including Kalimantan, Flores, Malaku, and Irian Jaya.
Ujung Pandang (now Makassar), South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Kredit kepada: http://www.philtar.ac.uk
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Natural Remedies for Gout
Gout in Foot
Gout in Foot is a type of disorder caused by the accumulation of uric acid around the foot area. This type of disorder results in painful symptoms around the Foot. In return the patient develops problems when walking. The foot tissues are the ones affected by this type body disorder.
This type of disorder is more common among adults than in children. But in rare cases does it occur among children and young adults.
What is gout from?
Gout is a form of arthritis that affects the joints of an individual. It occurs due to the accumulation of uric acid around these joints. This results due to the inability of the body to eliminate successfully uric acid from the body system. It is the responsibility of the kidney to eliminate the poisonous uric acid from the body system.
Kidney failure can thus be attributed to the accumulation of uric acid in the body. This is eliminated together with the urine through the urethra. Another cause of accumulation can be as a result of excessive production of uric acid by the body. This makes the kidney to eliminate just a portion of the uric acid while leaving the rest to accumulate around the joints hence causing Gout in Foot.
How do you get gout?
In some cases, gout is known to be a hereditary type of disease. On the other hand you can acquire this disease due to the type of food you consume. This is due to the fact that gout involves the accumulation of uric acid around the joints and tissues. Gout in foot is one of the most disorders registered in many patients with gout.
Intake of food substances that result in the failure of the kidney to filter out an eliminate uric acid will result in gout. These foodstuffs are also responsible for the overproduction of uric acid in the body. This poisonous body waste when left to accumulate in the body it will cause the inflammation of the joints and hence gouts.
How to treat gout
Once gout has invaded your body, it is advisable to seek help from a doctor. The doctor will provide with an injection of corticosteroids drug. In the blood stream, this type of drug will relieve the pain while you experience lesser symptoms of the disease.
Gout in Foot can best be treated when detected early enough. This will help the drug to function effectively in getting rid of the major symptoms of the disease. In the end you will start experiencing a change of recovery within a period of about 24 hours.
Natural remedies for gout
Gout is a disorder that can be easily managed by patients who suffer from it. This is achieved through watching what you eat. This means that you should avoid inorganic foods that are not easily processed by the body. In that case, adopt the intake of organic foods that will keep your body healthy throughout. Intake of fresh clean water in large quantities will also help greatly.
Regular exercises will also aid in the elimination of uric acid in the body tissues. This is due to the fact that exercises will increase the metabolic reaction of the body hence toxic waste from the body system will be eliminated through the skin and urethra. In that case, you will; be able to eliminate Gout in Foot even in the near future.
Foods to avoid with gout
It is clear that some categories of foods are not healthy especially when you are diagnosed with gout. They include foods rich in purines like animal foods. This is due to the fact that when these types of foods are broken down into a soluble form, they produce uric acid.
In that case your Gout in Foot situation will worsen one you consume these types of foods. This goes also for individuals not suffering from gout. However, they only need to cut back on the intake of these types of foods.
How to prevent gout
The doctor can recommend some medications that will help eliminate the build up of uric acid in your body system in future. This will keep away the build up of uric acid around the joint area and tissues.
Gout in Foot is worse for overweight individuals as the body pressure is exerted around the joints. In that case, one should control their weight by what they eat. Frequent exercises have also been proven as the best way to manage your body weight.
This will help control and prevent the gout.
written by: heminjie2
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Updated: Sep 18, 2019
Jack Horner is a world renowned paleontologist who helped create all 4 Jurassic Park movies. He runs the biggest dinosaur research program in the U.S. out of the University of Montana and is an esteemed professor of paleontology. He is currently working on genetically engineering a Dino-chicken. Yes, you read that right, A Dino-chicken! More on that later.
If you had asked Jack Horner’s father if he thought that his son would be so successful based on his academic performance in school, his answer would likely have been a resounding no. Jack had trouble from the very beginning with the letters of the alphabet in kindergarten. He also struggled with math in elementary school. His father attempted to teach his son algebra when Jack was just 8 years old. This attempt failed miserably and left both father and son confused and frustrated. Jack fared no better in high school and graduated with a D- . His English teacher told him that what that meant was that he had failed, but that he never wanted to see Jack again. Despite these wounding childhood experiences, Jack had a passion. He had a goal for himself and it involved dinosaurs. From an early age, Jack loved dinosaurs of all varieties, and he found his very first dinosaur bone while on a trip with his father when he was 8. After that his mother, who was integral in helping young Jack develop skill and knowledge in his passion by taking him anywhere he wanted to go to dig up dinosaur bones. He gathered so many, that he started a small museum in their local library in Shelby, Montana. The collection, now rather famous, is still there. He used books to identify the various bones he found. Due to his struggle with reading, this often meant identifying them by photographs and diagrams.
Jack knew that to work in the field of paleontology, he would have to go to college. Though much of Jack’s school experiences up to that point had been steeped in failure, he had also experienced some successes. Science was the subject that Jack Horner shone in, so long as it didn’t involve much reading or spelling. He won several awards for projects that he made for the school science fairs. In fact, his high school senior science project about comparing dinosaur bones from Montana to those found in Canada was so impressive that it earned him an invitation to attend the University of Montana, then known as Montana State University in Missoula. Luckily back then, all someone needed to attend college was a high school diploma, which by the skin of his teeth, Jack had earned. He was admitted and majored in geology. Jack Horner speaks very candidly about failing college 7 times. He had to change majors several times in part so that the professors in the “new” department didn’t know who he was. Had it not been for his supportive advisor who believed in him and knew that he was neither lazy nor stupid, he would not have been allowed to continue, so poor where his grades.Try as he might, Jack could not demonstrate his mastery of the subject matter he had learned in geology, zoology, microbiology and archaeology on paper, and so never officially graduated and he left college with no degree. Jack went to work for his father’s gravel pit.
Perhaps Jack Horner’s story would have ended there if not for his passion, tenacity and the fact that he valued the knowledge that he had gained over those tumultuous years of seeming failure. Jack felt that even without a degree, he had the knowledge base of any other doctoral student with a degree in his field of study. And so, he resumed chasing his dream of working in the field of paleontology. He sent out applications to numerous museums all over the U.S. and Canada. He received 3 interviews from 3 different museums. One at Princeton University in New Jersey, one in Los Angeles, and one in Canada and was offered all three. He ended up accepting the lowest paying job at Princeton University as a technician. This turned out the be the “open door” that he would need to prove himself as a capable scientist. While working at Princeton, Jack was diagnosed with dyslexia. At last he understood why reading and writing was so difficult for him. At Princeton, Jack was eventually recognized for his extensive scientific knowledge, and was promoted to research associate. He began writing proposals for research grants. Though he wrote many successful proposals that secured the funding of several research projects, he could not sign the proposals himself because he lacked a PHD.
While visiting Montana, several years after accepting his job at Princeton, Jack Horner and a close friend discovered evidence that a species of dinosaur cared for their young and with a research grant from the National Science Foundation, began an ambitious excavation project which led to the first discovery of a clutch of dinosaur eggs in North America. Jack was also the very first scientist to crack open a dinosaur egg, and therefore discovered the first dinosaur embryo!
In 1982, a funny thing happened. The same university that had failed Jack Horner 7 times and denied him a degree, recruited him to come and work for them as a paleontologist! Jack happily accepted, and was eager to return to his home state of Montana. Jack Horner proceeded to build a world-recognized dinosaur program responsible for many amazing discoveries in paleontology. Some years after that, the University of Montana finally granted Jack his hard-earned degree in the form of an honorary PHD. Not only that, but they even made Jack a professor of paleontology!
Jack’s impressive knowledge of dinosaurs and his passion gained him the attention of one Steven Spielberg (another famous and wildly successful dyslexic). Spielberg was working on the 1993 blockbuster Jurassic Park and needed a dinosaur expert to help make it as realistic as possible. Jack continued to work as an advisor on all of the sequels that followed Jurassic Park.
Jack is not at all bitter about being dyslexic and even credits this brain difference and the experience that came with it for his success. He continues to make breakthroughs in the field of paleontology, and as mentioned, is working on engineering a dino-chicken, or as Jack calls it a “chickenosaurus”. For more on that, click on the links below.
Children with dyslexia often struggle in the school setting, where it is often very difficult for them to prove their intelligence on paper. While it is critical to get them the explicit help that they need in reading and writing, it is equally important to help them find their strengths and interests. This is what Jack Horner’s mother did for him. By giving him plenty of opportunities to experience success, passion, and a love of learning, he was able to prove himself to himself, and that was everything. Little did his mother know while driving Jack from dig site to dig site that one day her little boy would go on to win the prestigious MacArthur Fellowship Award, widely known as the “Genius Grant”. She only knew that he loved dinosaurs, and that was enough.
To hear Jack’s story from his own perspective, click on this link to listen to a talk he did for Dyslexic Advantage on dyslexia and talent:https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=jack+horner+dyslexia&view=detail&mid=CAA7D3A9A095197829B0CAA7D3A9A095197829B0&FORM=VIRE
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The first principle of combinational logic is that a circuit must not contain feedback loops. No logic gate may have an output which could affect its input. The shortest way to explain why is just this: Feedback Is Memory. Continue reading →
Structural Verilog specifications are very handy for simulation purposes, especially when verification of a large scale system design is needed: you can be certain that all desired transistors are definitely where they need to be if your layout passes LVS, and your Verilog passes your tests. (You could still have trouble with timing of course!)
But that same Structural Verilog code that validates every logic gate in your design probably isn’t very fit for human consumption, and you definitely don’t want to write it by hand. You want to specify as much hardware in as little HDL as possible. Continue reading →
Let’s look at an example of a Verilog file that contains some modules. In the previous demonstration file, I lumped everything together into a single module called “test”. This is fine for simple modules (by which I mean modules which are simple to describe, not necessarily simple to build), but at scale, organization is handy. This module will also illustrate a simple example of two different approaches to the same modeling problem. Continue reading →
The best material model of a cat is another, or preferably the same, cat.
As I start to compile notes for a series on Verilog models, one of the first issues that pops up is that simulation itself isn’t nearly as obvious as it looks on the surface.
This is true of any simulation of anything, of course. A computer can’t reproduce the physical complexity of the world for anything other than itself, which is rarely that useful. (One notable exception being testing that computer.) But with Verilog simulation in particular, there is the issue of it having a malleable level of abstraction.
When students in beginning digital circuit classes begin learning Hardware Descriptive Languages (HDLs), it’s often through a big, heavy GUI tool like Quartus. If you stick to small examples, this works fine, but in bigger tasks things can start to slow down a lot. It’s because of these slowdowns that I use Icarus Verilog instead. Continue reading →
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Exclusion, Schooling and Inclusive Education
Should disabled students be in regular classrooms all of the time or some of the time? Is the regular school or the special school or both the solution for educating students with a wide range of differences? Inclusive education has been incorporated in government education policy around the world...
Published November 24th 2010 by Routledge
School effectiveness research together with what is now described as the 'school improvement movement' (Barber, 1996) has captured both the Conservative and New Labour imaginations as a basis for educational planning and policy making in the UK. Internationally school effectiveness enjoys and...
Published March 30th 1998 by Routledge
Behaviour problems" in our schools occupy a considerable part of the education agenda and media attention. The major thrust of the literature has been on the provision of "new classroom management approaches". Too often these "packages" are inappropriate to the specific context of the school and...
Published December 22nd 1994 by Routledge
The Politics Of Integration
The satisfactory inclusion of children with disabilities in regular schools and classrooms provides a basis for debate from all corners of the world. This internationl collection looks at and analyzes the implications of policy for teachers, parents and students.; The views and experiences of...
Published March 29th 1993 by Routledge
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The immune system is a group of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend a body against invasion by harmful microbes. This book presents a study of the immune system, explaining the crucial role of each member and discussing immuodeficiency disorders, autoimmune diseases, and allergies. Reading Essentials in Science.
This book takes a scientific look at keeping our food and water safe. Reading Essentials in Science.
This book gives an overview of sound and the sense of hearing, looking at how sound is produced, ways it is measured, and how the ear works. Reading Essentials in Science.
Heredity is the passing of traits from one generation to the next through genes. Genetics is the branch of science that studies heredity. Reading Essentials in Science.
The complex processes that go on inside cells keep all living things alive. Reading Essentials in Science.
This book discusses how the digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and gets rid of waste. The alimentary canal along with help from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas form this organized system of digestion. Reading Essentials in Science.
his book discusses how the main job of the circulatory system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body. The heart, blood vessels, and blood make up the circulatory system. Reading Essentials in Science.
This book is an introduction to the harmful effects of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs. Reading Essentials in Science.
This book explains what the brain and nervous system are and how they function in the human body. Reading Essentials in Science.
This book introduces bones and the human skeleton and explains their functions, which include supporting the body, giving it shape and structure, and protecting the major organs such as the heart and lungs. Reading Essentials in Science.
Bacteria are single-celled organisms with the ability to help and harm other living things. Viruses can only reproduce in host cells, often causing infections. Reading Essentials in Science.
Medicine developed into a science in the 1800s, but it was a long evolution from folk remedies and superstition to a modern understanding of how the human body works and how disease is spread. Throughout much of the century, the life expectancy of the average American was decades shorter than it is now. A lack of understanding of simple hygiene contributed to the early death of many women after childbirth, and children routinely died of common childhood diseases like measles. An incorrectly treated broken arm could kill a healthy young man, and pain, disfigurement, and epidemic disease was the fate of many Americans. Traditional herbal remedies were sometimes the best treatments available, while patent medicines often contained toxic substances, and medical procedures were often painful, disgusting, and ultimately useless. The dedicated scientists and medical researchers of the 1800s made a tremendous contribution to the health and happiness of Americans.
Women have made major contributions to science throughout history, including in the field of medicine. Learn about the lives of some of the most amazing women in medicine, from Rita Levi-Montalcini to Margaret Chan, as well as their exciting and important work. Discover what it takes to be a doctor. Find out about the opportunities for women in medicine. Read Women in Medicine to see if following in the footsteps of the many brilliant women who have made their mark in medicine is something you want to do.
Water plays a vital role in nearly every bodily function, including regulating temperature and removing toxins. Fiber is essential for gastrointestinal health. This compelling book examines how fiber and water work together to help our digestive tracts run smoothly.
Our organs, bones, muscles, skin, and hair either contain or are made of proteins. This engaging title explains how our bodies break down large protein molecules into the amino acids that our bodies need to maintain our muscles, bones, blood, and body organs.
There is a great deal of fuss about fat! Fat is an essential nutrient for optimal health, however too much fat can lead to health problems. This informative title helps clear up the confusion about this controversial nutrient.
Minerals boost our immune systems, support normal growth and development, and help cells and organs function. This engaging title explores the roles of key minerals, such as calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium.
We all know that vitamins are necessary for proper growth and good health. But what vitamins do we need and how does our body use them? This informative title identifies essential vitamins and explains how our bodies absorb them.
Even though carbohydrates have been given a bad rap in recent years, they are essential for maintaining good health. This fascinating title examines the chemical structure of carbohydrates and explains the differences between simple and complex carbohydrates.
A look at potential future developments in medicine, including the use of nanotechnology, as well as genetic mapping and other technologies that are currently considered state-of-the-art.
A look at heart disease, examining the ways in which it develops, its symptoms and diagnosis, the effects it has on a person's daily life, and improvements in medicinal and surgical treatments.
A look at Parkinson's disease, examining the ways in which it develops, its symptoms and diagnosis, the effects it has on a person's daily life, and research toward finding better treatments.
A look at HIV/AIDS, examining the ways in which the disease can be contracted, its symptoms and diagnosis, the effects it has on a person's daily life, and ongoing efforts to find a cure.
A look at Alzheimer's disease, examining the ways in which it develops, its symptoms and diagnosis, the effects it has on a person's daily life, and research toward finding better treatments.
A look at cancer, examining the ways in which the disease develops, its different forms and symptoms, the effects it has on a person's daily life, and ongoing efforts to find a cure.
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Using semipermeable membranes, semipermeable contaminants are removed through ultrafiltration. Reverse osmosis removes bacteria, viruses, and parasites from water, but ultrafiltration retains minerals.
The Process of Ultrafiltration
A membrane filtration process called ultrafiltration separates contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, and other harmful organisms from clean water. Using ultrafiltration, water is forced through membranes with a thickness of .02 microns. Particles of too large a size can also fall through the membrane in addition to sticking to the outer membrane surface. It allows only the passage of dissolved minerals and fresh water.
Reverse Osmosis vs Ultrafiltration
The main component of ultrafiltration systems is the hollow fiber membrane, which filters water from within. Having a large surface area, this membrane is attracted to particles. With spiral wound RO membranes, the filtering process begins from the outside inward. In contrast, hollow fiber membranes resist oxidants and chlorine, while TFC reverse osmosis membranes cannot.
Reverse osmosis membranes provide the most thorough filtration, but they may not be appropriate or desirable in all applications. Ultrafiltration membranes retain minerals, while RO membranes eliminate them. Salt, fluoride, and TDS are not removed by ultrafiltration. Booster pumps are required with reverse osmosis systems, however.
Nanofiltration and Microfiltration vs. Ultrafiltration
Each type of membrane filtration differs in terms of the pore size of the membrane between reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration. The type of membrane filtration to use depends on the quality of the water.
What are the uses of ultrafiltration?
Each type of filtration has a different purpose depending on what kind of particles are removed and how big the pores are.
Aqua is ultrafiltered to remove microscopic contaminants while leaving minerals in. You may be able to save money by using an RO system over one with UF. Californians, for instance, may choose UF systems. UF might be your best option if you live in South Carolina, where there are few dissolved minerals in the water. It is sometimes possible to use ultrafiltration to recycle effluent water for irrigation after filtration.
Particles and dissolved substances are often removed from water using reverse osmosis. People with well water often prefer RO water to tap water. Using RO, salt can also be added back to aquarium water, allowing the aquarium owner to precisely measure the amount of salt to add. In the dairy industry, nanofiltration is commonly used to remove heavy solids and soften water. Nanofiltration removes algae from water while microfiltration removes sediment.
What can ultrafiltration remove?
The UF membrane is 5,000 times thinner than a human hair. The reduction of contaminants using ultrafiltration is 100 percent. The use of a carbon block pre filter is essential for the reduction of taste and odor from chlorine, lead, cysts, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and metallic trace elements (MTEs). UV membranes last for 2 to 3 years.
- Low pressure is used in the system
- Anti-virals, anti-bacteries
- Keeps water mineral-rich
- It’s easy to install
- Waste water is not generated
It is eco-friendly to use a filtration system. The recovery rate of ultrafiltration is 90-95%, so wastewater can be recycled. By using a home ultrafiltration water system, you can reduce the amount of plastic bottles being thrown away in landfills.
Drinking water ultrafiltration
A large city’s water plant or hospital would use ultrafiltration prior to now. Now, undersink water filters offer ultrafiltration as well. UF drinking water systems help you take great-tasting water anywhere you go. With a BPA-free stainless steel water bottle, you won’t have to worry about harmful chemicals leaching into your drinking water.
Neo-Pure TL3 is designed with a carbon filter that is improved and cartridges that are easy to change. A built-in shutoff valve makes it possible to change filters without turning off the water.
Your cold-water supply is connected to your Ultrafiltration system with 1/4″ quick-connect fittings, and it comes with polyethylene tubing and chrome faucets.
Our inspections are also free regardless of whether our core services are used. No hidden fees or charges are applied to our inspections. We go beyond what is expected of us. If you have any questions, please contact Jei Aqua Tech customer support.
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Persuasive Speech is one of the most powerful forms of speech. A well-delivered persuasive speech with strong source material never fails to leave a lasting impact on the audience. However, preparing a good persuasive speech and then delivering it with perfection to change the audience’s thought process is anything but easy.
Therefore, we are here to help you master your persuasive speech. This article will discuss all the key points that encompass a good Persuasive Speech. We will also share a well-written Example of a Persuasive Speech that will give you insights into preparing your speech.
So, if you want to change your audience’s viewpoint with an impactful Persuasive Speech, go through this article to the end.
Fundamentals of a Persuasive Speech
Before we move towards a thorough discussion about the structure and substance of a Persuasive Speech, let us try to understand its fundamentals.
The speaker delivers a Persuasive Speech to change the audience’s point of view on a certain topic. So, for this, the speaker must understand the bare basics of the speech. A good persuasive speech is made up of the following three fundamentals:-
- The credibility of the Speaker: The audience will only pay attention to your speech if they find you credible. For this, you need to be well-versed in the topics you are speaking about.
- Emotional Connection with the Audience: Whatever you are conveying to the audience must resonate with them. Only then will the audience consider changing their viewpoint on something.
- Logic and Reasoning: Your speech needs to be backed with strong logic and reasoning to influence the audience.
Example of a Persuasive Speech Introduction
The introduction part of a Persuasive Speech is extremely crucial. If you fail to capture the audience’s attention from the get-go, they will unlikely be influenced by the rest of the speech. For this, you must work on preparing something that engages your audience.
One of the easiest ways to get the audience’s attention is by sharing a personal experience or anecdote with them. However, if the topic of your speech does not allow you to do that, you can also start by sharing a baffling statistic with the audience.
For example, if the topic of your speech is Ozone Layer Depletion, then you can use the following statistic in your introduction.
“The total mass of ozone in the atmosphere is about 3 billion metric tons. That may seem like a lot, but it is only 0.00006 percent of the atmosphere.”
After grabbing the audience’s attention with such a statement, you can proceed with establishing the argument of your speech.
Persuasive Speech Body
Once you establish the key argument of your speech in your introduction, you can move toward the body of your speech. You will expand on your argument in-depth in this part of the speech. For this, you can also use facts and figures in your support.
Remember, you must make this part of the speech the most substantive. So, you should cover all of your key arguments and their counterparts in this part of the speech. Give your audience insights into your topic to the fullest.
Another thing you must keep in mind while writing the body of your speech is that you do not introduce a new argument here. Considering the time constraints that the speaker has during the speech, it is better to stick to arguments established during the introduction part.
How to Conclude a Persuasive Speech?
The conclusion of a Persuasive Speech determines how likely the audience is to be persuaded by your speech. Therefore, it is necessary for this part of the speech to have a lasting positive impression on the audience.
Since the conclusion consists of only 10% of your speech, you must ensure it does not venture into the territory of preachiness. Here, you must only summarize the arguments you have established and expanded on earlier in the speech.
In addition to this, you must also tell the audience what will happen if your speech persuades them. And what will happen if your speech does not persuade them? Lastly, end your speech with a powerful “takeaway” statement neatly.
Example of a Persuasive Speech Sample: Environmental Pollution is a global concern
“Over 1 million seabirds and 100,000 sea mammals are killed by Pollution every year. 5000 people die almost every day because of drinking unclean water. Thousands of people suffer from Lung Cancer due to Air Pollution. It is about time we open our eyes and accept the fact that even in today’s era, Environmental pollution is a global concern”
Pollution is arguably one of the biggest challenges that humans are facing in today’s time. The primary reason is the government’s incompetence in explaining the issue’s importance to the people. And more importantly, the blatant ignorance of people towards it.
There are four types of pollution: Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Soil Pollution, and Sound Pollution. All of them have proven to be deadly for humans, animals, and our vegetation. Despite this, the people and the government put little to no effort to reduce them.
We still use abundant fertilizers and chemicals for agriculture, destroying our soil. The daily increase in the number of vehicles constantly increases the amount of Carbon Dioxide and Monoxide in the air. Instead of finding the remedy for the problem, we are contributing to making it worse.
It is time for us to unite as a unit to fight this global concern. We all need to plant more trees and reduce the use of vehicles to make a change. This is the only way of getting rid of the evil of pollution. Otherwise, it will destroy our homes and our people in no time.
We hope our article was a worthwhile read for you. You can ask us your queries in the comment section below. Also, through our page, we cover informative topics like these regularly. So, be sure to stay connected with us through the NVSHQ Homepage.
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Plumbing Guidelines For Solar Heaters
Systems can be configured in several different ways depending on the type of standard hot water cylinder you have;
Low pressure conversion diagram
Mains pressure conversion diagram
How to attach a solar hot water system to an existing
Explanation of how to deal with overheating
Mains Pressure Water Cylinder
Hotwater cylinders if not manufactured specifically for solar will have a manufacturers maximum temperature limit, in most cases this will be 70°c - 80°c.
1. Check the cylinder specifications for parameters suiting your temperature application.
2. Install a temperature limiting device to bring the operating temperature to within specifications 1m² of solar collector panel should have at least 1.5 kilowatt heat dissipation.
Low Pressure Cylinder
Low pressure hot water cylinders are usually manufactured from copper, insulated, having specifications stamped on the cladding, providing details of the pressure rating etc.
Low pressure hot water cylinders are excellent candidates for conversion to storage tanks.
Cylinders Used For Conversion
Cylinders best suited for solar conversion are either stainless or copper both of these tank liners have the ability to sustain high temperatures.
Stainless cylinders can operate to 90 degrees c, however this is the maximum your tank should reach bearing in mind someone should be using hot water every day to prevent overheating.
Copper hot water cylinders usually have a 70 degrees c maximum operating temperature this means you will probably have to de-tune your panel to prevent excess heat.
Vitreous enamel tanks have a maximum operating temperature of 70 degrees celcius, measures should be taken not to exceed recommended maximum temperature.
Solar Ready Tank Replacement
Converting your existing standard hot water cylinder will halve your investment giving outstanding performance and savings.
We recommend getting maximum value using your existing cylinder until the tank fails then upgrading to a solar ready tank, should you get 3 or more years use from the cylinder you would be well on your way to paying for the new cylinder, once your solar ready tank is fitted you will enjoy even more efficiency.
Performance modelling recommends Peter Cocks solar ready cylinder complying with current nz standards.
SR868C8 controller can be programmed to heat to 60ºc plus through three different time frames throughout 24 hours, controller will automatically trigger the electric element when 6 degrees below the pre-set electric booster setting.
Sixty degrees celcius should be achieved every day either by the sun or electrical element this will reduce legionella growth.
Once a frost valve has been installed the exit point should be facing downwards (permits total drainage) during frosty conditions the frost valve opens releasing a slow water flow through the collectors until water temperature is low enough for closing the frost valve.
Frost valves should be fitted at the water exit end of the collector on an extended 300mm of un-insulated pipe.
Frost valves are used as a backup to the solar controller frost protection.
Frost valves are not a fully reliable method of frost protection but the chances of total failure when used with a solar controller reduces dramatically.
Frost valves can also be used in a thermosyphon systems where no solar controller is fitted.
Heat Rejection Thermal Pressure Relief Valves
Hot water systems either standard or solar ready must have some way of releasing pressure in the event of failure. Solar collectors need an independent relief system of the cylinder itself, to prevent the cylinder from exploding, this is achieved by either a relief valve (TPR) or open vent. Relief valves must not have isolation valves installed between the heat source and the relief discharge point (drain all roof valves to the gutter).
It is important not to oversize the solar water heating system.
Temperature Pressure Relief Valve
The TPR pressure relief path is to be sized for the total output of the solar heating system @ 99 degrees celcius and 1500 w/m2 and 45 degrees ambient temperature plus any additional heating source.
Discharge On Roofing Material
Caution must be taken where valves discharge on to building (rooftops) roofs or other material, discharge will damage surfaces if adequate care is not taken. When freezing occurs these discharge locations need to be of such a length freezing will not occur. An air break or TUNDISH is required to be piped away safely, if in doubt check the manufacturers specifications or someone qualified to assess the problem.
Roof Penetration Methods
It will be necessary for both solar pipes and electrical cables to penetrate the roof.
Roof penetrations should be done as per standard practice using either lead flashings or rubber DECTITE seal as required.
Methods for roof penetration could include using a low cost CARBORUNDUM hole saw, fitting threaded brass plumbing tube through the hole, fit brass basin back nuts either side of the roof material, stainless washer to the sun side of the roof being careful not to over tighten particularly on concrete tile, apply silicone under the washer so as to shield the silicon from the sun,care should be taken the integrity of the roof is not compromised.
Hot Water Circulating Pump Used In Secondary hot water systems
Wilo solar pumps are designed to pump hot water from minus 10 to 100 degrees c, consuming a minimal 100 watts
of electricity (230v) at maximum speed.
All rotating parts of the solar pump are surrounded by flowing water, including the motor rotor.
Solar Heating Auckland | Solar Water Heating Systems | Diy Solar Installers | Solar Hot Water Cylinder
Installing Solar | Contact | Plumber | Recommended Resources | RSS news feed
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Since I spent nineteen years as a community organizer prior to becoming a public school teacher, I feel pretty strongly that one of the key purposes of schools is to help prepare students to participate actively in a democratic society, and to help them reflect on how they can make their society better.
There are many resources out there that teachers can draw on for ideas on how to do that effectively in the classroom without doing it in a dogmatic way and, instead, doing it in a way that helps students connect current and historical issues of justice and injustice with their own personal stories, and the stories of their families.
Here are the resources that I’ve found most useful to me, though the sites in this “The Best…” list are not ranked in any particular order.
With these links, as with all the sites I share in this blog, you have to pick-and-choose from the resources they contain to determine what makes most sense in your situation.
You might also be interested in:
Here are my picks for The Best Teacher Resource Sites For Social Justice Issues:
Facing History is officially called “Facing History and Ourselves: Helping Classrooms and Communities Worldwide Link the Past To Moral Choices Today.” It’s a mouthful, but does accurately portray their work. It’s quite an impressive international organization, and people whom I respect have worked closely with them and speak highly of their work. Their website has a lot of useful resources.
Rethinking Schools has been helping spread the word about bringing social justice into the classroom for years through its exceptional magazine and their excellent books. Their archives of past issues are available for free on the Web.
Teaching Tolerance is probably familiar to a lot of readers from their widely distributed magazine. They offer some incredibly useful and well-done materials for free, including some excellent DVD’s and videos on the Civil Rights Movement.
EdChange has a number of good useful hand-outs, plus sends out a regular email newsletter. Some of the materials are a little too ideological for me, but, nevertheless, they have some good resources. I also have to give its director, Paul Gorski, an incredible amount of credit for developing research-based critiques on the work of Ruby Payne. Ms. Payne’s perspective (popular, unfortunately, among many school districts) on how schools should work with low-income families is not only, I think, destructive, but it’s also an inaccurate “blaming the victim” analysis.
Even though I’m not a math teacher, but other math teachers whom I respect have spoken highly about the lessons available at Radical Math.
Oxfam Educational Resources offers excellent online and classroom materials on international development issues.
Zinn Education Project: Teaching a People’s History is a collaboration between Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change! As their announcement states:
The new site features over 75 free, downloadable teaching activities for middle- and high- school students to bring a people’s history to the classroom. These are the best U.S. history-teaching articles from the Rethinking Schools archives. The site also lists hundreds of recommended books, films, and websites. The teaching activities and resources are organized by theme, time period, and grade level.
Though teachers would have to modify the materials to make them accessible to English Language Learners, the site is truly extraordinarily.
YES Magazine has a number of useful classroom materials on environmental and social justice issues.
Lucinda Leugers, a professor at Urbana University, compiled (with help from the Rethinking Schools listserv) an extensive list of books related to social justice that can be used in the classroom. She’s given me permission to upload it here.
Teaching Tolerance, the organization justifiably well-known for developing very good social-justice oriented teaching resources, has unveiled: “Perspectives for a Diverse America… a literacy-based curriculum that marries anti-bias social justice content with the rigor of the Common Core State Standards.”
It’s a very ambitious site, and I think most teachers will find the highlight to be 300 great texts, often from larger works, all set-up to print out and copy for students. Those are a gold mine!
I hate to say it, but I generally found the site’s set-up to be fairly convoluted and confusing to navigate, though others may very well feel differently. But, whether you agree with me or not on that, I’m sure you’re going to agree that the texts are a wonderful resource.
You do have to register in order to access the site, but it takes a minute to do so.
ADDENDUM: They just released this video providing helpful hints to navigating the site:
This Teacher Taught His Class A Powerful Lesson About Privilege is from BuzzFeed.
6 Videos To Use In Your Social Justice Lessons is from Teach Thought.
Here is how it describes itself:
Split This Rock explores and celebrates the many ways that poetry can act as an agent for change: reaching across differences, considering personal and social responsibility, asserting the centrality of the right to free speech, bearing witness to the diversity and complexity of human experience through language, imagining a better world.
Split This Rock is dedicated to revitalizing poetry as a living, breathing art form with profound relevance in our daily lives and struggles. Our programs integrate poetry of provocation and witness into movements for social justice and support the poets of all ages who write and perform this vital work.
It looks like a great site, and I think teachers will particularly like that it’s searchable by theme and through other categories.
Teaching Democracy: A Hands-On Exercise (Tara Kini) is from Larry Cuban’s blog.
“He Named Me Malala”: Understanding student activism through film – Lesson Plan is from the PBS News Hour and offers a lot of good ideas and resources.
A Collection of Resources for Teaching Social Justice is from Jennifer Gonzalez.
Feel free to offer feedback on this list.
If you found this post useful, you might want to check out my other “The Best…” lists.
In addition, you can also subscribe to this blog for free.
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A new satellite view of the Smoky Mountains shows the blue mist that gives the region its name.
The image, shared by NASA's Earth Observatory, is a best-pixel image of Great Smoky Mountains National Park in east Tennessee. That means that it's made up of the most cloud-free pixels taken from the Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 satellites between 1986 and 2013.
Gatlinburg, the town hit hard by a fast-moving wildfire in November, is visible in this view as a grayish blur tucked between ridges. East of Gatlinburg is Clingmans Dome, the highest point in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, at 6,643 feet (2,025 meters). Clingmans Dome is also the highest point in all of Tennessee. The body of water just right of the center of the image is Fontana Lake in North Carolina, a reservoir on the Little Tennessee River. [Photos: Stunning Views of US National Parks from Space]
According to the National Park Service (NPS), the Smoky Mountains were formed between 310 million and 245 million years ago, when the tectonic collision that created the supercontinent Pangaea rucked up the land into mountains as high as today's Rockies. Erosion softened their edges and lowered their soaring heights. Today, the mountains are eroding at a rate of about 2 inches (5 centimeters) every thousand years, according to the NPS.
The mist that creeps through the valleys in these mountains prompted the Cherokee to call the region "Shaconage," or "place of blue smoke." This haze, according to the Earth Observatory, is the result of humid air and volatile compounds exhaled by plants, which scatter blue light. Moisture is key to life in the Smokies. The valleys in the park get an average of 55 inches (140 cm) of rain a year, while some peaks average as much as 85 inches (216 cm) annually, according to the NPS.
At least 1,500 plant species make their home in the park, along with 68 mammal species, more than 200 types of birds and 43 amphibian species, according to the NPS. Thirty of those amphibian species are salamanders, making the Smokies the global center of salamander biodiversity. The largest salamander species in the park, according to the NPS, is the hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). This salamander can grow to be 29 inches (74 cm) long.
Original article on Live Science.
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NASA's Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) was launched on August 25, 1997, carrying six high-resolution spectrometers that measure the abundances of the elements, isotopes, and ionic charge states of energetic nuclei in space. Data from these instruments is being used to measure and compare the composition of the solar corona, the nearby interstellar medium, and cosmic-ray sources in the Galaxy, and to study particle acceleration processes in a variety of environments. ACE also includes three instruments that monitor solar wind and energetic particle activity near the inner Lagrangian point, "1.5 million kilometers sunward of Earth, and provide continuous, real-time data to NOAA for use in forecasting space weather. Eleven of the articles in this volume review scientific progress and outline questions that ACE will address in solar, space-plasma, and cosmic-ray physics. Other articles describe the ACE spacecraft, the real-time solar-wind system, and the instruments used to measure energetic particle composition.
Number of pages: 663
Weight: 1061 g
Dimensions: 240 x 160 x 35 mm
Edition: Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 199
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Courtesy University of FloridaKevin Folta, an assistant professor of horticultural sciences at the University of Florida, examines arabidopsis plants growing under a bank of LED lights. Many growers and researchers have long known that light can enhance the exterior color of fruits and vegetables.
That's why some growers have taken to laying metalized plastic under fruit trees.
But now researchers have found that various light wavelengths can change the aroma and taste in several crops, including tomatoes, strawberries and blueberries, according to a news release.
Their findings could eventually be used to enhance the nutritional qualifies of fruits and vegetables.
A University of Florida group led by Thomas Colquhoun, an assistant professor in environmental horticulture, exposed petunia cuttings to LED light at different wavelengths.
They found that a floral volatile increased when the plant was exposed to red and far-red light.
They then conducted similar tests on tomatoes, strawberries ane blueberries, and found that flavor volatiles could be manipulated with light.
Blueberry volatiles changed the least, but were still statistically significant.
The group is now working with UF dentistry professor and taste expert Linda Bartoshuk on a study that will test whether consumers can taste differences in light-treated fruit.
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With the emerging development of the global economy, while the global demand for mineral resources continues to grow, the demand for mining equipment is also growing. Although the mine’s operating conditions remain basically unchanged, it requires more equipment and higher efficiency. Frequent tire replacement leads to downtime, which will greatly reduce operational efficiency, increase costs and loss of revenue. Therefore, the operational stability of tires is currently a rigid demand for industrial solid tires.
Under normal working conditions, pneumatic tires installed in heavy equipment are at risk of puncture. In some special engineering applications, especially underground mining, the advantages of solid tires are obvious to all. Solid tires are puncture-resistant and are made of a highly abrasion-resistant rubber compound. Generally speaking, the service life of solid tires is three to five times longer than that of conventional pneumatic tires. Moreover, since there is no risk of tire blowouts, solid tires significantly improve operational safety.
Large-scale earth and stone mining in mines can produce chaotic soil and tumbling rocks. Even with hard-tread underground mining tires, the continuous wear and tear caused by driving on rough rock surfaces may cause the tire tread to crack-it is the rough ground and jagged rocks that cause the tread to crack, cut, tear and partially The process of tread falling off. Solid mining tires made of high-quality compounds (such as high-quality natural rubber/carbon black mixtures) are chip-resistant and chip-resistant, preventing rock damage and rough use, thereby ensuring tire life, cost-effectiveness and operators Security is significantly improved.
The solid tire for mining uses an advanced three-layer structure design. By using elastic rubber compound in the middle layer of the tire, the elasticity of the tire can be improved, and the best resilience and shock absorption can be provided, thereby making the ride more comfortable. In addition, the tread pattern of solid mining tires is much deeper than that of pneumatic tires. The tread depth of 17.5-25 super solid tires is 150 mm (6 inches), which increases the amount of wear and thus extends the service life.
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The title of the book is "Braiding Sweetgrass," and braiding is what Robin Wall Kimmerer does, weaving her strands of biology professor, mother and Potawatomi woman. Her book of wisdom, knowledge and teachings celebrates life that is both ordinary — her simple days as a working parent — and magical, filled with many gifts from good-hearted communities. Her interactions, however, are not solely with human groups but are equally and necessarily with the natural world. She introduces readers to a language of flora and fauna that is readably right in front of them, and nudges — at times, urges — her readers to recognize an inclusive reciprocity with our environment.
The gift of Kimmerer's book is that she provides readers the ability to see a very common world in uncommon ways, or, rather, in ways that have been commonly held but have recently been largely discarded. She puts forth the notion that we ought to be interacting in such a way that the land should be thankful for the people.
As even the casual gardener knows, harvesting promotes new growth. Kimmerer's focus is interdependence: Plants that are loved and used form a reciprocal relationship with human communities. In an example, she relates a study by one of her graduate students who finds that sweetgrass grown near basket-makers, who harvested in skillful moderation, grew in a more healthy and prolific manner than sweetgrass left to multiply without interference.
Kimmerer's smart comparisons work to reorder her readers' thoughts and observations. The symbiosis of lichen mirrors her parents' 60-year marriage, both strengthening community. In a chapter titled "Collateral Damage," the homing migration of salamanders to their ponds to reproduce is paralleled with the technological homing device of "smart bombs" used in the Gulf War. Without explicitly stating it, Kimmerer makes readers uncomfortably conscious of the difference: the one following a predetermined path in order to create offspring, the other following a man-made path to inflict "acceptable" collateral damage.
While she lovingly weaves a braid of literary sweetgrass, as her narrative develops she reminds that, like the actual braiding, there has to be someone on the other end holding the strands taut. She slowly, patiently builds the case for "cultures of regenerative reciprocity" because, as she says, "it makes us happy." She asks readers "to demand an economy that is aligned with life, not stacked against it," but acknowledges, "It's easy to write that, harder to do."
Elizabeth Wilkinson is an assistant professor of English at the University of St. Thomas, where she teaches American Indian, women's and sports literature courses.
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A lot of people are getting interested about the Codex Sinaiticus controversy, which involves the Holy Bible. When talking about the origin of the Holy Bible, it all started as ancient hand-written manuscripts. These ancient hand-written manuscripts are known as the Old and New Testaments.
The Old Testament, which is also known as the Codex Sinaiticus, is written in Hebrew. Meanwhile, the New Testament or also known as Codex Vaticantus is written in Greek. These two parts of the Holy Bible have different origins yet could be proven through scriptures to one though not the same. The Holy Bible itself has a lot of variations that compromise a lot of issues regarding the truth.
The Belief Explained
The Codex Sinaiticus, also known by many as Aleph, was found at the Monastery of St. Catherine on the famous biblical location Mount Sinai in 1859 by Count Tischenrof. The Codex Sinaiticus originally has 400 pages or leaves. On the other hand, the Codex Vaticantus was found in the holy city of Vatican in its own library. The Codex Vaticantus originally has around 759 pages or leaves. Though the origin of who brought or when did the Codex Vaticantus arrived remains a mystery.
There are a lot of theories about these two ancient hand-written scriptures that puzzled a lot of people up until now. Ancient manuscripts are supported by the Roman Catholic to be pure. Yet, there are a lot of people worldwide that are not convinced by them. When it comes to Codex Sinaiticus controversy, there are so many people who will react to this topic. Some said that because man had made these ancient hand-written scriptures it is considered by many to be questionable. When it comes to the truth, there is no certainty.
Most people say that to see is to believe, which makes this saying dependable most of the time. Yet, there are always things that are unexplainable that makes it complex. It is always up to you whether to believe it or not. But the Codex Sinaiticus controversy shows that man are capable of manipulating other people especially those that are in need of something to believe in. With this uproar, many people worldwide have begun to question their belief specifically the truth.
One of the concrete truths is that the Bible is made by man, and it is inevitable that it holds a lot of secrets. The Holy Bible generally provides good inputs in man especially for those that are in need of something to believe in and lean on to. Yet, if it is used as personal gain, it adds another inhuman story.
In history, may it be about the Bible or any other ancient scriptures, it is noted that man is known for being capable of making a sin, which makes humans unpredictable. The Codex Sinaiticus controversy shows that every beginning holds untold secrets and each secret is bound to be uncovered. It is only a matter of time that this secret will be unfolded and will give birth to the truth behind the curtains.
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Click image for enlargement and elaboration
- Humans have evolved numerous mechanisms to respond to physical, biotic and social threats.
- The major causes of extrinsic mortality are biotic, and include competition for nutrient supplies with other organisms of the same or different species; predation; and infection by micro-organisms.
- Detection of a stressor elicits physical, endocrine and behavioural responses that evolved to cope with the threat or perceived threat. There may be pathological consequences of inappropriate stress responses.
- Pathogens and parasites have co-evolved with their hosts.
- The adaptive immune system is a key component of protection against microbial infection in vertebrates. Its specificity is a consequence of variation and selection.
- Variations in drug-metabolising ability may be an echo of past adaptive responses to new food sources encountered by migrating humans.
Age-specific mortality rates in the influenza epidemics of 1911-1917 and the ‘Spanish’ influenza epidemic of 1918
The high virulence of the 1918 virus may have resulted from an aberrant host immune response that caused extensive tissue damage in the lungs; in addition, previous exposure of older persons to an antigenically related virus several decades earlier may have contributed to the relatively higher mortality in younger people.
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On December 29, 1876, at about 7:30 in the evening during a snowstorm, the iron bridge over the Ashtabula River collapsed as a train carrying 156 people was crossing it. When the bridge collapsed, the train fell into a seventy foot gorge and caught fire, killing at least 80 people.
An investigation after the accident revealed flaws in the design and construction of the bridge, and concluded the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railway company was to blame. Chief engineer Charles Collins, after giving testimony regarding the bridge, shot himself. Amasa Stone, the principle designer and erector of the bridge, committed suicide a few years after the disaster.
The citizens of Ashtabula and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad erected a memorial to the victims in Chestnut Grove Cemetery on the 20th anniversary of the disaster.
The Ashtabula Disaster was immortalized in Julia A. Moore's Sentimental Song Book which was published in 1876:
The Ashtabula Disaster
Have you heard of the dreadful fate
Of Mr. P. P. Bliss and wife?
Of their death I will relate,
And also others lost their life;
Ashtabula Bridge disaster,
Where so many people died
Without a thought that destruction
Would plunge them 'neath the wheel of tide.
Swiftly passed the engine's call,
Hastening souls on to death,
Warning not one of them all;
It brought despair right and left.
Among the ruins are many friends,
Crushed to death amidst the roar;
On one thread all may depend,
And hope they've reached the other shore.
P. P. Bliss showed great devotion
To his faithful wife, his pride,
When he saw that she must perish,
He died a martyr by her side.
P. P. Bliss went home above --
Left all friends, earth and fame,
To rest in God's holy love;
Left on earth his work and name.
The people love his work by numbers,
It is read by great and small,
He by it will be remembered,
He has left it for us all.
His good name from time to time
Will rise on land and sea;
It is known in distant climes,
Let it echo wide and free.
One good man among the number,
Found sweet rest in a short time,
His weary soul may sweetly slumber
Within the vale, heaven sublime.
Destruction lay on every side,
Confusion, fire and despair;
No help, no hope, so they died,
Two hundred people over there.
Many ties was there broken,
Many a heart was filled with pain,
Each one left a little token,
For above they live again.
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There seem to have been more wasps than ever around this summer and the insects can be a real nuisance.
But, there is a simple reason that wasps have been more prevalent this summer.
The Sussex Wildlife Trust has offered a reason for all the irritating insects this summer, reports Cambridgeshire Live.
"It actually lies in the unusual ecology and bizarre anatomy of social wasps," says the wildlife charity.
"Adult wasps cannot digest the food they catch because their gut is so constricted by their thin 'wasp waists'.
"Instead the workers chew up the pray and feed it to the larvae. In return, the larvae produce a sugar-rich spit that workers can drink."
So for most of the summer adult wasps can feed on this sugar spit. But, when the queen stops laying eggs and there is no more larvae, the adult wasps have nothing to eat.
"This means the workers no longer have access to larvae. Instead, they live on the sugar produced by rotting fruit. This can be a problem because fermenting fruit contains alcohol, so wasps can become intoxicated and rather irritating," the wildlife charity explained.
"They are also attracted to the abundance of sweet foods that humans provide. To a starving wasp, a jam sandwich or a can of Coke is just too tempting to avoid. For this reason, wasps are generally only a nuisance in late summer.
"Remember that these drunken workers don’t have long to live, and as soon as the winter weather sets in the entire colony will die, leaving only the new queens to hibernate through to next year."
More than pests
Despite their reputations, wasps are vital to our ecoystem.
They catch flies, aphids, caterpillars and other invertebrates so are actually quite handy if you're a gardener.
They are also important pollinators of flowers, and some orchid species are exclusively pollinated by wasps.
Their nests only last a season too, so unless they are particularly close by, its far better for your local ecosystem to leave them alone.
What to do when bothered by a wasp
The NHS says you should remain calm, and move away slowly. Don't wave your arms or swat at them.
The NHS also say: "Apply insect repellent. Repellents that contain 50% DEET are most effective. Avoid using products with strong perfumes - e.g. soaps, shampoos and deodorants - as these can attract insects."
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Vascular compression syndromes are caused by a strong lumbar lordosis.
The first steps to reduce symptoms after a thorough diagnosis are thus aimed at reducing the lordosis.
This can be achieved by certain body postures which aim to reduce the anterior tilt of the pelvis. Tilting of the pelvis develops around the age of 12 months when children start walking. Younger children do not tilt the pelvis anteriorly since they lay on their back or belly with flexed hips or they crawl or creep. In these body postures the hips remain flexed.
Only with the beginning of an upright posture and bipedal walk they begin to overstretch their hips in order to bring the upper thighs and the knees in one line with the back. This can only be achieved by turning the entire pelvis anteriorly, thus resulting in the so called anterior tilt of the pelvis. Stretching of the hip joints without tilting of the pelvis is impossible since tight ligaments within the capsule of the hip joints prevent a movement of the femoral bones more then 45° cranially or caudally with respect to the pendulum line of the hip joint. This pendulum line is 90° to the direction of the spine. Thus human beings are the only animals with a lordosis. For details see my explanation under the section lordosis.
The rationale for treatment of vascular compression is thus reducing lordosis by flexing the hips. This immediately reduces pain and discomfort. Such body postures cannot be held for longer periods. But at least for an acute situation this provides some relief.
In order to achieve longer lasting effects the muscles around the spine should be strengthened. Their inherent tension reduces the anterior and posterior curvatures of the vertebral column and thus reduce the lordosis. Any type of physical exercises which strengthen the truncal and the gluteal muscles are helpful.
If physical therapy is insufficient to reduce symptoms to a bearable amount, then medical treatment and surgery should be contemplated.
Stents, the coiling of congested veins and the removal of painful organs are often recommended. This can be a fatal mistake.
Any treatment requires a thorough functional colour Doppler sonographic diagnostics of all possibly involved compression syndromes. It is a difference if there are veins, arteries or intestines involved. Moreover, it is crucial, which combination of compressions is present in an individual. The compression syndromes influence each other and this must be taken into account by the proper treatment.
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February is International Prenatal Infection Prevention Month and the obstetrics and gynecology team at Sidra Medical and Research Center (Sidra) is sharing advice on preventing prenatal infections.
Prenatal infection can, in some cases, have a serious impact on both mother and child during and after pregnancy. There are, however, some simple steps pregnant woman can take to reduce the risk of contracting an infection. “In many cases education and prevention are the best ways to fight disease. At Sidra, our mission is not only to treat patients but to ensure that they lead a healthy lifestyle throughout their lives. We hope to bring awareness to simple preventative measures that will help improve quality of life for mothers and families,” said Dr. Guy Fender, Senior Attending Physician in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Sidra.
Is an infection more dangerous during pregnancy?
Viral infections like coughs and colds generally do not harm the mother or baby. However, persistent flu-like symptoms should be discussed with a doctor. Serious flu can be prevented via a vaccination offered to all mothers in the winter months. This vaccine is safe to give in early pregnancy and provides combined protection against flu and ‘bird-flu,’ a condition which can be very serious for pregnant women.
Urinary infections are more frequent in pregnancy but don’t affect the baby’s health. It is important to avoid dehydration and seek medical advice if there is persistent burning, blood in the urine or a fever.
Are there any foods that pregnant women should avoid to prevent infection?
Some bacterial infections, such as Listeriosis, can be passed on to an unborn baby through the placenta, even though the mother might not be displaying any symptoms of an infection. To help prevent this, pregnant women are advised to avoid certain foods such as unpasteurized milk and mold-ripened soft cheeses. This means that it is OK to eat cottage cheese, mozzarella, feta, paneer, ricotta, halloumi, and goat’s cheese provided the packaging states they are made from pasteurized milk. According to the NHS Choices website, hard cheeses are safe to eat in pregnancy, including cheddar, edam, emmental, gouda and parmesan.1
Pregnant women should also be aware of parasitic infections. These can be avoided by rigorously washing fruits and vegetables to remove all traces of dirt and soil and ensuring all meat and poultry is cooked thoroughly.
Can pets pass on infection to women during pregnancy?
Pregnant women should avoid any contact with cats or cat litter to avoid infection with toxoplasma, which can harm an unborn baby. If contact is unavoidable, women must wash their hands before and after interaction or alternatively wear gloves. It’s also advisable to avoid contact with any farm or other domestic animals during pregnancy.
Should pregnant women avoid contact with young children who may be ill? 2, 3, 4
Pregnant women can take steps to reduce their risk of exposure to childhood diseases by avoidingcontact with young children with a rash or a fever. Women should also seek medical advice if they haven’t had a blood test to check for immunity against German measles or Rubella infection. Other infections passed on by children include CMV virus, chickenpox and parvovirus or ‘slapped cheek’ disease. If a woman experiences any symptoms relating to these, she should see a doctor immediately. Simple hygiene including hand-washing with soap and hot water before and after contact with young children is also an effective prevention against infection.
Should pregnant women be tested for Hepatitis B? 2, 3, 4
All mothers should be tested early in pregnancy for Hepatitis B; this is part of a routine series of blood tests. Vaccination is a key form of prevention.. Hepatitis B is a serious condition for a pregnant mother and, if contracted, specialist hospital-based care is required.
Does traveling abroad increase the risk of prenatal infection? 5
If travelling abroad to a high-risk area, women should be aware of serious infections including malaria and HIV. Often vaccinations are not recommended due to concerns that the virus or bacteria in the vaccine could harm the unborn child. Women are generally advised to avoid travelling to countries where immunization is required but if this isn’t possible, women should seek specialist advice about prevention to reduce the risk of infection.
1 NHS Choices. Foods to avoid in pregnancy. Available from:http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/foods-to-avoid-pregnant.aspx
2NHS Choices. Infections in pregnancy that may affect your baby. Available from:http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/pregnancy-infections.aspx
3 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Chickenpox in pregnancy. Available form: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/patients/patient-leaflets/chickenpox-in-pregnancy/
4 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Group B streptococcus (GBS) infection in newborn babies. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/patients/patient-leaflets/group-b-streptococcus-gbs-infection-in-newborn-babies/
5 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. HIV and pregnancy. Available from:https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/patients/patient-leaflets/hiv-and-pregnancy/
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Physiotherapy means physiotherapeutic system of medicine which includes examination, treatment advice and instructions to any person in connection with movement, dysfunction, bodily malfunction, physical disorder, disability, healing and pain from trauma and disease.
The physiotherapists skill are required by the health care team in most disciplines of medicine including surgery, neurology, orthopedics, gynecology, obstetrics, dermatology, ENT, cardiothoracic, vascular surgery, pediatrics, rehabilitation and sports medicine, etc.
Purpose of physiotherapy :
The purpose of physiotherapy is to decrease body dysfunctions reduce pain caused either by trauma, inflammation, degeneration, and surgery. The various conditions in which physiotherapy useful are as follows:
1) Management of a fracture and return to normal function is possible with simple methods of physiotherapy. It allows for regain of full joint movements and muscles power after healing of a fracture.
2) In joints and soft tissue injury rapid repair of damaged tissue occurs with quick reduction of pain and swelling.
3) Restoration of full joint movements with reduction of pain and deformity is possible various kinds of joint diseases like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid, arthritis juvenile arthritis etc.
4) In degenerative disease of spine, physiotherapy arrests the progress of disease as in cervical spondylosis. Suitable arthroses are also provided for giving support to spine. It also has a major role to play congenital disease of spine like spina-bifida.
5) Chest physiotherapy has a vital role to play in medical and surgical conditions like bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive lungs disease, pneumothorax but also surgical procedures involving spine, pelvis, extremities and abdomen.
6) In hemiplegia or paraplegia physiotherapy greatly helps the patient to gradually increase his mobility.
7) In children physiotherapy is assuming real importance in children with cerebral palsy, spina-bifida, clubfoot, muscular dystrophy etc.
8) It easies labour and return to normal after delivery. It is also useful in gynecological problems like incontinence, prolepses of uterus, pelvis inflammatory disease.
9) Sort medicine- A physiotherapist is mandatory for any sport event. He maintains the fitness of sports person and provide first aid in case of various sport injuries.
The aims of the physiotherapy education :
1. To produce the physiotherapists with basic knowledge and skill.
2. To enable them to recognize the disease, traumatic, physical and mental conditions affecting health.
3. Take steps to prevent such diseases.
4. To treat such diseases scientifically.
5. To be able to recognize and referred patients for the timely intervention of other healthcare professional specialized in the area of investigation and skilled treatment.
6. Must be capable of under taking further study and advancing the knowledge and be able with further training to undertake teaching, research and practice.
Scope of Physiotherapy :
Physical therapists practice in:
Residential homes/ Rehabilitation centers
Private offices/Private practices/Private clinics
Community health care centers/ Primary health care centers
Fitness centers/ Health clubs
Occupational health centers
Senior citizen centers
Public settings( e.g. shopping malls)
Courses : 1) Bachelor of physiotherapy/ B.Sc. (Hons.) physical therapy duration:- 4 and 1 /2 year (including Internship) Eligibility for admission: - Inter Science with Biology with 50% marks.Process of admission: Through entrance test. Entrance test will be held in April or May.Age: not less than 17 years.
2) Master in physiotherapy (M.P.T) Duration: 2 years , Eligibility: B.P.T. (4 and 1/2year) Speciality: Neurology, Orthopedic/ Musculoskeletal, Sports, Cardiothroacic and Rehabilitation. Commencement of the course: The course will commence from the 1st April, every year.
Physiotherapy - Other Courses And Institutes
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Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociological inquiry shows that much of what people do, believe, and become arises from their social relationships and that social life has discernible patterns. The subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports. In fact, few fields have such broad scope and relevance for understanding and engaging with the world.
The Department of Sociology is committed to a program of research and teaching that is both firmly grounded in the classical tradition of the discipline and addressed to contemporary issues. The Department’s intellectual distinction is based on work that is macro-sociological, theoretically driven, and empirically grounded. To take some representative examples, current research includes studies of the culture of science, organizations, and the city; collective memory, and the collective identities of race, ethnicity, and nation; gender and inequality in global perspective;religion and the family; care and caregivers; class and education; economic and historical sociology.
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International activists joined envoys from the United Nations and African Union in Senegal to “promote the adoption of a resolution that explicitly bans female genital mutilation as a practice that is contrary to human rights.”
The cutting or removal of young girls’ and women’s clitoris and/or labia affects some 120 to 140 million women in 28 countries, mostly in Africa and the Middle East, according to the World Health Organisation.
What Is Female Circumcision?
Female genital cutting (FGC), also controversially known as female circumcision, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), or female genital mutilation (FGM), is any procedure involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs “whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons.” The term is almost exclusively used to describe traditional or religious procedures on a minor, which requires the parents’ consent because of the age of the girl.
When the procedure is performed on and with the consent of an adult it is generally called clitoridectomy, or it may be part of labiaplasty or vaginoplasty. It also generally does not refer to procedures used in gender reassignment surgery, and the genital modification of intersexuals.
FGC is practiced throughout the world, with the practice concentrated most heavily in Asia and Africa. Opposition is motivated by concerns regarding the consent (or lack thereof, in most cases) of the patient, and subsequently the safety and long-term consequences of the procedures. In the past several decades, there have been many concerted efforts by the World Health Organization (WHO) to end the practice of FGC. The United Nations has also declared February 6 as “International Day Against Female Genital Mutilation”.
Sources: newsone.com and wikipedia
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Technology is a tool that engages students in their learning and its use supports developing the technical skills needed to function successfully in the 21st century. Cornerstone is a G Suite for Education school and makes full use of Google Drive and Google Classroom. It is also expected that parents will oversee their student's device through multiple accountability measures, which could include finding and maintaining a Content Filtering service to complement their own oversight of the student's device.
A Chromebook is a laptop of a different breed. Instead of Windows or macOS, Chromebooks run Google's Chrome OS. These machines are designed to be used primarily while connected to the Internet, with most applications and documents living in the cloud. Low prices, long battery life and ease of use are just a few reasons why Chromebooks are the right choice for Cornerstone staff and students.
The purpose of implementing a Bring Your Own Device, BYOD, program at Cornerstone Preparatory Academy is to ensure your student has access to a device on a daily basis to enhance and enrich the scope of their learning experience.
The BYOD program at Cornerstone allows all students in grades 7-12 to bring their device to school to be used for educational purposes. Students will be able to access the CPA Wi-Fi network, CPASTUDENTS, through their devices. We are now requiring new Cornerstone Prep students in grades 7-12 to bring a Chromebook as their BYOD device.
It is the responsibility of each Cornerstone family to ensure that their Chromebook is compatible with the apps and extensions used to produce, edit, and transmit documentation that students need to complete assignments. Computers that do not meet the minimum requirements may experience limited or no accessibility to Cornerstone systems. You can learn more about our minimum requirements at your family meeting or by viewing our IT Director's blog.
Go Guardian is a tool we use to streamline and monitor classroom activity. This online software allows our teachers to more efficiently run their classroom time while also keeping students on-task on their devices.
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City of Corry Water Department
History of the Corry Water Works
In the year of 1884, Isaac Brown saw a need for a public water works. On January 24, 1884, he filed for a charter in the name of Corry Water Works Company. On January 20, 1886, he received a franchise from the City of Corry. By February of that year wells were being drilled and on April 28, 1886 brush was being cleared for the reservoir.
Samuel Bullock and Co. was hired as the contractor for new pump house located just north of the City along Hare Creek. Work for the pump station, wells, water mains, hydrants and reservoir was to be completed by January 1, 1887.
All work was performed either by hand or by teams of horses. Men cut trees and blasted stumps. Work was hard and the number of stumps was great. Throughout the summer the work force grew. At one time there was up to 17 teams of horses and 60 men plowing and shoveling dirt and rock. The very hard material had to be blasted before it could be removed. By July the reservoir was nearly finished to the depth of 20 feet. August 9th, was ready for its lining of clay. On September 7th work started to put clay on the bottom of the reservoir, and on September 23rd it was ready for water. More than 400 wagon loads of clay was hauled and spread on the bottom and walls. By November 30, 1886, after all pipe was installed, the only work to be done was stretching barbed wire on top of the fence around the reservoir.
The Corry Water Works Co., was accepted by ordinance on October 7, 1886, and on March 17, 1891 changed its name to the Corry Water Supply Company and was incorporated. Isaac Brown then became owner and president of the company.
The company drilled as many as 30 wells which was pumped by pumps powered by steam. Inside the pump station were two huge furnaces. These created the steam for the steam engine to pump all the water. These furnaces and steam engines have now become a thing of the past. Today the water is pumped by electric motors and bowl type turbine pumps. There 7 wells today.
The City of Corry bought the company in 1973 and has made several changes since then. The City has installed 50 horsepower electric motors on three pumps and 25 horsepower pumps on 2 other wells. One well had a natural gas powered engine, but is no longer in use. A roof has been put on the reservoir and the inside walls and floor are now covered with concrete. The roof is quite large in size since the reservoir is 232 ft. by 158 ft. at the very top of the walls.
The well field is a great producer, since on the average day 1.5 million gallons of water is pumped. This is enough water to supply about 7500 customers. The water is tested 3 times a month for purity, and is about as pure as it can be. Chlorine is added to the amount of 2 parts per million.
Water Project 2017 - 2020
In October of 2016 the City experienced several watermain breaks, which caused the City's 3 million gallon reservoir to completely drain. This left Corry without water service and many of the City's businesses had to shut down for over a week. This caused the need for a major water system upgrade. In 2017, the City embarked on a water system upgrade that would cost in excess of 17 million dollars. The project is to occur over two major phases. Today in the first half of 2019, Phase 1 is nearing completing and Phase 2 is scheduled to begin in the Spring of 2020.
Phase 1 of the water project included improvements to the water wells, water pumps and the water mains throughout the City. Over 6 miles of water mains were replaced with brand new water pipes and brand new well houses were built for all wells. In addition, all of the City's residents and businesses received new electronic water meters that are far more accurate and provide the City with much more detailed data about water usage. There was also a new leak detection system that was installed that provided immediate benefits to City residents.
The previous water system was very old and manual. The new water system automates many previously manual tasks and is a huge benefit to the City moving forward.
Phase 2 will consist of replacing the old water reservoir located at the top of the hill near the Corry Lawrence Airport. The reservoir will now be two large tanks as opposed to the current open reservoir with a roof over it. Also, the old water buiding on Sciota St. will be reconstructed. Construction on phase two is scheduled to begin in early 2020.
|2019 Drinking Water Quality Report - 2020 CCR||62.81 KB|
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|2016 Drinking Water Quality Report - 2017 CCR||65.13 KB|
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“Defines the Casma culture and demonstrates its importance in late Andean prehistory for the north coast of Peru. Vogel’s pioneering work at El Purgatorio sets the stage for anticipated future studies.”–Thomas Pozorski, University of Texas-Pan American
“This detailed study fills a major gap in coastal Andean prehistory while also addressing broader issues of ancient urbanism and the variability of urban forms in preindustrial societies.”–Daniel H. Sandweiss, University of Maine
The Casma state, which flourished on the north coast of Peru in the centuries before European contact, is an important and vastly understudied pre-Inca culture. In The Casma City of El Purgatorio: Ancient Urbanism in the Andes, Melissa Vogel situates El Purgatorio–the capital city and largest Casma culture site–within the larger spatial and temporal context of the region and compares it to other pre-Hispanic cities of the Americas. She chronicles the rise and fall of the city, from its establishment and apogee to its conquest and ultimate abandonment, a period of dynamic transition in Andean history.
Vogel’s investigation ranges through this extensive, monumental urban site, considering its architecture and spatial organization from the perspective of architectonics and proxemics. She also looks at religious and mortuary rituals, establishing a baseline for future studies of Casma religion and ideology. Her examination of the urban economy includes both internal economic organization and trade with neighboring polities, with focus on craft industries such as weaving, metallurgy, beer brewing, and bead-making, as well as agriculture and the harvesting of marine resources. Using findings from the material culture, Vogel tells us about the residents of El Purgatorio, including crucial components of identity and status, and interprets their living conditions based on pathologies present in the burial populations and the artifactual remains of daily life.
A culmination of Vogel’s sixteen-year study of Casma culture, this book helps us understand the relationships between polities of the ancient world, how they built connections to other towns or cities outside and within their own boundaries, and demonstrates the importance of cities and urbanism in the development and collapse of complex societies.
Melissa A. Vogel, associate professor of anthropology at Clemson University, is the author of Frontier Life in Ancient Peru: The Archaeology of Cerro la Cruz.
A volume in the series Ancient Cities of the New World, edited by Michael E. Smith, Marilyn A. Masson, and John W. Janusek
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Grrrrr muscles!!! I love muscles – you love muscles – he loves muscles – she loves muscles! Moral of the story? People love muscles. Muscles are alot more than some sexy, bulging, veiny protrusions popping out from bodies. We are going to discuss Muscle Fibers up in here. Knowing what a muscle is more than just going to do Bicep Curls, knowing your muscles will grow. There is science behind muscular hypertrophy, just like there is science behind anything. Let’s delve in…
Muscles, Muscles, Muscles
We know what muscle is, but do we actually know what muscle is?? Muscle is soft tissue that is found in animals “My muscles ain’t soft, biatch!“. Maybe they aren’t, tough guy, but they are still considered soft tissue – deal with it! Muscles produce force and motion – they are responsible for changing our posture, starting and stopping a movement, as well as control of our internal organs. Muscle requires oxidation of fats and carbohydrates to be powered, and requires protein to get big and strong. We all know this – this is basic, elementary education.
But are muscles just muscles? No!! There is more to muscle than meets the eye…
What do we mean, exactly? We mean the various types of Muscle Fibers all of us have, and what primary functions they serve. Some types of fibers are better than others for different things. A sprinter would not want to primarily recruit the same types of fibers that, say, a powerlifter would. Make sense? Good!
Let’s talk more about it…
By definition from this wiki article,
Individual muscle fibers are formed during development from the fusion of several undifferentiated immature cells known as myoblasts into long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells. Differentiation into this state is primarily completed before birth with the cells continuing to grow in size thereafter. Skeletal muscle exhibits a distinctive banding pattern when viewed under the microscope due to the arrangement of cytoskeletal elements in the cytoplasm of the muscle fibers. The principal cytoplasmic proteins are myosin and actin (also known as “thick” and “thin” filaments, respectively) which are arranged in a repeating unit called a sarcomere. The interaction of myosin and actin is responsible for muscle contraction.
To hell with that scientific mumbo jumbo!!! Without clouding your minds with too much science, we are, as simply as possible, gonna list all the various fibers and the roles they perform…
Type 1 Fibers
Type 1 Fibers are the Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers – fibers of this nature are slow to contract, and can withstand contractions for an extended period of time. Type 1 Fibers possess a large amount of mitochondria, which helps in utilization of oxygen within the muscles. Type 1 Fibers are considered to be resistant to fatigue, and are able to only produce a low force output. These types of fibers are ideal for endurance and long term muscular events.
Athletes with predominantly higher Type 1 Fibers typically have much higher max VO2 (oxygen) levels, as Type 1 Fibers are the primary muscle fibers utilized in an aerobic capacity.
Type 2a Fibers
Type 2a FIbers are The Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers – these fibers are responsible for quick muscle contractions. Type 2a fibers generate an explosive burst of power in a short period of time. Stop-and-go activities (basketball, hockey, football, boxing, etc) are ideal for increasing Type 2a fibers. Weightlifting, though techincally a “max output” activity, is also an ideal candidate for the utilization of Type 2a muscle fibers…
Type 2b Fibers
Type 2b FIbers are also Fast Twich Muscle Fibers – the difference is, these fibers are the ones that are most susceptible to fatigue. However, they also generate the most power and force! Activities that require an all out burst of power in a short period of time, such as sprinting, are ideal for the use of Type 2b Fibers. Generally speaking, Type 2b fibers are recruited to produce maximal strength.
Sometimes, you might see these particular fibers referred to as Type 2x. Type 2x fibers and Type 2b fibers are the same thing, just so you know…
The Pecking Order
In the human body, Muscle Fibers are recruited in an ordered kinda way. First fibers to be recruited are the Type 1 Fibers, followed by Type 2a, then Type 2b. Why is Type 2b last? Well, as they are fibers which produce the maximum amount of strenth in the shortest amount of time, the body calls on them when the Type 1 and Type 2a fibers are depleted and exhausted, to get that last burst of maximal force and power, yielding them to proivde the greatest power output for your gains.
A proper training program will include stimulation to all 3 of the Muscle Fibers in your body. There are certain weight training regimes and athletic regimes which may or may not call upon all 3 Muscle Fibers. It is important that you implement protocols to your regimen that recruits all Muscle Fibers, so that you are getting the most bang-for-your-buck, so to speak. The body is a well-oiled machine, and all the cogs must be oiled equally, not just the ones you “want”
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Byline: Associated Press
CANBERRA, Australia (AP) — Australia has announced it plans to create the world’s largest marine reserve, in the Coral Sea.
The Environment Ministry said the area has shallow reefs that support tropical ecosystems with sharks, coral, sponges and many fish species. The proposal includes seas beyond the already-protected Great Barrier Reef Marine Park off northeast Australia.
The new reserve would cover almost 400,000 square miles.
Fishing would be allowed in parts of the reserve. However, some conservationists have raised concerns such exceptions would make management of the reserve more difficult.
The proposal, announced in a ministry statement Nov. 25, is now open for a 90-day comment period.
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Enhanced computing capability will make it possible to gain new insights on climate change. On Tuesday, August 23, the climate modelling computer Tornado was inaugurated by Lena Sommestad, who is Environment Minister in Sweden.
Current research reports on climatic evolution unanimously concur that global temperature and precipitation are in a state of change. The extent global warming will reach in the future depends largely on the quantity of future carbon dioxide emission, but scientists need to explore several other uncertainty factors. For instance, what regions can be expected to be bear the brunt of climatic change, and just how commonplace will devastating storms, rain torrents and extreme heat waves be in the future.
A powerful new computer is now available for highly detailed climate studies by Swedish research teams at Rossby Centre (a unit of the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SMHI) and the Department of Meteorology at Stockholm University. This climate modelling computer, designed and hosted by the National Supercomputer Centre at Linköping University, is dedicated to the development of climate scenarios and the assessment of how climate change might influence regional conditions. Especially the Arctic climate and the Baltic Sea will be focal points for study.
Åke Hjelm | alfa
Value from wastewater
16.08.2017 | Hochschule Landshut
Species Richness – a false friend? Scientists want to improve biodiversity assessments
01.08.2017 | Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg
Whether you call it effervescent, fizzy, or sparkling, carbonated water is making a comeback as a beverage. Aside from quenching thirst, researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have discovered a new use for these "bubbly" concoctions that will have major impact on the manufacturer of the world's thinnest, flattest, and one most useful materials -- graphene.
As graphene's popularity grows as an advanced "wonder" material, the speed and quality at which it can be manufactured will be paramount. With that in mind,...
Physicists at the University of Bonn have managed to create optical hollows and more complex patterns into which the light of a Bose-Einstein condensate flows. The creation of such highly low-loss structures for light is a prerequisite for complex light circuits, such as for quantum information processing for a new generation of computers. The researchers are now presenting their results in the journal Nature Photonics.
Light particles (photons) occur as tiny, indivisible portions. Many thousands of these light portions can be merged to form a single super-photon if they are...
For the first time, scientists have shown that circular RNA is linked to brain function. When a RNA molecule called Cdr1as was deleted from the genome of mice, the animals had problems filtering out unnecessary information – like patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders.
While hundreds of circular RNAs (circRNAs) are abundant in mammalian brains, one big question has remained unanswered: What are they actually good for? In the...
An experimental small satellite has successfully collected and delivered data on a key measurement for predicting changes in Earth's climate.
The Radiometer Assessment using Vertically Aligned Nanotubes (RAVAN) CubeSat was launched into low-Earth orbit on Nov. 11, 2016, in order to test new...
A study led by scientists of the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD) at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science in Hamburg presents evidence of the coexistence of superconductivity and “charge-density-waves” in compounds of the poorly-studied family of bismuthates. This observation opens up new perspectives for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of high-temperature superconductivity, a topic which is at the core of condensed matter research since more than 30 years. The paper by Nicoletti et al has been published in the PNAS.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, superconductivity had been observed in some metals at temperatures only a few degrees above the absolute zero (minus...
16.08.2017 | Event News
04.08.2017 | Event News
26.07.2017 | Event News
18.08.2017 | Life Sciences
18.08.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
18.08.2017 | Materials Sciences
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The main configuration file for Apache is /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf. Apache runs as installed, but you can modify configuration directives in this file to customize Apache for your environment. Some of these directives are described in the post below.
Listen [IP address:]port
Tells the server to accept incoming requests on the specified port or IP address and port combination. By default, the server responds to requests on all IP interfaces on port 80. If you specify a port number other than 80, a request to the server must include the port number (as in www.example.com:8080). This is a required directive. Examples are as follows:
Listen 80 Listen 192.168.2.1:8080
Specifies the fully qualified domain name or IP address of the server and an optional port that Apache listens on. The FQDN must be able to be resolved by DNS. If no FQDN is specified, Apache performs a DNS reverse name lookup on the IP address. If no port is specified, the server uses the port from the incoming request, as shown in the following example:
The top of the directory hierarchy under which the Apache server’s configuration, error, and log files are kept. The default is /etc/httpd. Do not add a slash at the end of directory-path:
The top of the directory hierarchy that holds the Apache server content. Do not end the path name with a slash. The apache user needs read access to any files and execute access to the directory and any subdirectories in the hierarchy. The following is the default:
UserDir directory-path | disabled | enabled user-list
Allows users identified by the user-list argument to publish content from their home directories. The directory-path is the name of a directory in a user’s home directory from which Apache publishes content. If directory-path is not defined, the default is ~/public_html. The following example enables this feature for user user01. Assuming that the ServerName is www.example.com, browsing to http://www.example.com/~user01 displays the user01 user’s webpage.
UserDir enabled user01
ErrorLog filename | syslog[:facility]
Specifies the name of the file, relative to ServerRoot, that Apache sends error messages to. Alternatively, syslog specifies that Apache must send errors to rsyslogd. The optional facility argument specifies which rsyslogd facility to use. The default facility is local7.
LoadModule module filename
Apache, like the Linux kernel, uses external modules to extend functionality. These modules are called dynamic shared objects (DSOs). The module argument is the name of the DSO and filename is the path name of the module, relative to ServerRoot. More than 60 modules are included with Apache, and more than 50 of these are loaded by default. An index of all the modules is available at http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/.
LoadModule auth_basic_module modules/mod_auth_basic.so
Allow from All | host [host …]
Specifies which clients can access content. All serve content to any client. Alternatively, you
can list the specific hosts that are allowed access to content.
Deny from All | host [host …]
Specifies which clients are not allowed access to content.
Order deny,allow | allow,deny
Specifies the order in which Allow and Deny directives are evaluated. deny, allow evaluates deny directives first and then allow directives. The following example grants access to clients from the example.com domain only, by first denying access to all and then allowing it from .example.com:
Order deny,allow Deny from all Allow from .example.com
Specifies the number of seconds Apache waits for network operations to finish. The default is 60.
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October 16th, 2014
World Food Day Briefing
Why should we care about hunger?
Thursday 16th October is World Food Day 2014. This annual event counts amongst its aims the need to heighten public awareness of the problem of hunger in the world, and the need to strengthen international and national solidarity in the struggle against hunger, malnutrition and poverty.
This is a struggle central to the work of HART and of our partners. We see the dramatic effects of hunger and poverty in all eight of the locations in which we work. For World Food Day 2014, Agnes Magyar has prepared a briefing on malnutrition, with a focus on Timor-Leste and the work of our partners, HIAM Health. Please download it here to read more about these crucial issues.
The effects of malnutrition
Half of under 5 deaths worldwide are directly or indirectly linked to malnutrition. This means 300 children every hour, or 2.6 million lives a year.
Hunger not only kills, it also paralyses; it has life-long, irreversible effects on the quality of life and the physical and mental capabilities of people.
Hunger is also a significant contributing factor to many other challenges, including conflict. As Secretary General Ban ki-moon has stated, “we cannot know peace or security if one in eight people are hungry”. No wonder the eradication of hunger is part of the first Millennium Development Goal.
There have been significant worldwide improvements as the Development Program’s 2015 deadline is approaching. However, it is important not to ignore the serious disparities that remain between regions concerning both the numbers affected by and capabilities to deal with malnutrition.
The situation in Timor-Leste
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste is the country with the third highest ratio, approximately 45%, of malnourished children under 5 in the world. HART partner HIAM Health is a local organisation offering immediate treatment for malnourished children and educational programmes for their families and communities, building on the recognition that a long-term solution requires a multi-sector approach. HIAM is a wonderful example of a small-scale, step-by-step, project. It cares about hunger so the next generation doesn’t have to.
FAO World Food Day 2014, whose theme is family farming, is a great way to celebrate the efforts that have already been made to eradicate hunger, to encourage reinforced efforts, and further emphasise the power and potential that lies in community gardening to provide food security and achieve sustainable development.
If you are interested to learn more, and would like to find out what you could do to help, please download the briefing below.
< All News
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History of the Field Marshall Tractor|
By Anthony West
Any restorer who has some knowledge of turn of the century farm machinery,
will recognize the name Lanz Bulldog!! This machine was to say the least
unusual in its appearance.
The huge flywheel and coffee percolator shaped exhaust. Along with square body
lines and cylinder head protruding forward of the front axle. Would become the
visual differentiation that people would quote to separate the Lanz from other
The Marshall company based at the Briannia Works in Gainsborough England, were
at that period of time Britains leading Boiler makers. The company itself was
based on the improve and exploit policy as opposed to being single product
orientated. That is to say that they would very often acquire industrial
machines of all sorts and improve them... then re-market them. They also sub
contracted to their competition, making boilers and casting machinery parts in
their own foundries.
Up until the 1920's steam engines ruled supreme. Marshall’s turning out a
large percentage of steam tractors known as plowing engines as can be seen
in the photograph. However the introduction of the internal combustion engine
in farm machinery and the onslaught of the economic depression saw a great
decline for the demand of such large and heavy machines.
In true Marshall tradition, the company put forward an application to the Lanz
company to produce their Bulldog machines from the Britannia works. However it
was an application that would be rejected as Clayton and Shuttleworth were
able to produce the HSCS.
In order to beat the economic recession ( and probably not to be beaten!!)
Marshall’s acquired both Models of the available Lanz machine which arrived at
the Britannia works and were dismantled!! in a preamble to the new venture.
From the very outset it was the Marshall Co., intention to improve on the
design of the Lanz. The Marshall concept however was to be a full diesel
Whilst surface ignition engines would run on almost anything one could lay
one's hands on!! the Marshall would require a supply of fuel oil, but although
this was initially thought to be a drawback to the design. Diesel at 6d per
gallon would ultimately prove its major advantage. By 1930 the first Marshall
machine was attending agricultural shows and was tagged as the 15 / 30 model
E. A single cylinder engine of 8" bore by 10.5" stroke, running at 550 rpm,
using crankcase compression at a compression ratio of 15:5/8:1, formed the
forward part of the frame with the gearbox and axle housing to the rear.
Unlike many of its contemporaries which required a hot bulb for starting and
running, ( and we all know how arduous that can be by hand!!) the 15 / 30 was
started using ignition papers placed in a holder which protruded from the
Another useful feature was the fitting of the radiator in the normal
transverse position, the fan being driven by skew gears. Three forward and one
reverse gears were provided, and the whole thing weighed in at 70000lbs.
The 15 / 30 was to prove to be a competitive machine. It wasn't without its
faults though, the weak points most noticed were the clutch release mechanism
gear selector and leather seals....not forgetting the injector system.
Initially the 15's were constructed in line with company tradition. That is to
say that each machine was as individual as the customer so no two were alike.
If the customer wanted red white and blue wheels...then that’s what he got!!
As nice as that may seem there are hardly any records appertaining to these
early machines so information is at best sketchy!!
After a period of time the world saw the release of a revised model tagged the
18 / 30. Noticeable changes were that the square appearance was dropped,
thinner steel was used to save weight and reduce cost. The rear transmission
housings were strengthened and the fuel problem was resolved by the use of the
Bosch unit and injector.
The 18 / 30 was at best heavy!! it was a cumbersome 3.5 tons and was too heavy
really for many jobs where direct haulage or implements were involved, As a
stationary power unit though it was undisputed.
By 1934 the British built Fordson was readily available, at only £155, as
opposed to £310 for the Marshall. The Marshall team had to come up with a
suitable alternative to meet the market and thus the 12 / 20 was born.
The 12 / 20 had been modified so that the engine was now a 6.5/8" bore by 9"
stroke a design that was to prove so popular and reliable it would continue
on for the next 22 years unchanged. Pneumatic tires as opposed to steels and
cleats were now also available to cater for popular demand. The 12 /20
continued production for the next 4 years and was then renamed the "M". This
saw further refinements to the gearbox and engine castings, the M was in
reality at the limit of the power output for a single cylinder engine, if
failings in the structure were not to be incurred through stresses. However
the single cylinder was so popular that post war attempts were made to take
the same engine, to 50 Hp, in an attempt to compete with multi cylinder
Towards the end of the war decisions had to be taken as to what shape the
diesel tractor would take in the future. Following a new marketing policy
within the Marshall company each product group had a name e.g., Road Marshall
for road making equipment. Thus Field Marshall was adopted for the wheeled
The new "high powered" British diesel tractor the Field Marshall, Series 1 was
announced. It was in appearance a more modern machine than the M but this
cosmetic treatment was only in line with current rends to hide the working
parts with styled sheet metal.
The engine was basically the same but with speed increased from 700 to 750
rpm. Provisions for power starting were also made by modifying the cylinder
head to allow the use of the starting cartridge. The driving position was
raised and the winch was secreted below the floor panel. The exhaust was also
modified but now looked even more like a coffee percolator than before!!
Additional breaking equipment was now also available as was a variety of
driver protection in the form of canvass or pressed tin canopies.
This format was still and would continue to be very successful. So much so that
the Series one was further modified to become the Series 2, and later still the
Series 3 and 3a and up until 1957. The most asked question by restorers new to
Field Marshall’s is how to differentiate between the models.
The model M is basically a Lanz Bulldog in all but name, the livery is as
standard fern green with red cast wheels or steels, the front is very square
and the exhaust best described as a squat pressure cooker shape.
the Series one, is easily discerned by the snub nose of the front and lack of
the bulbous air cleaner on the bonnet. It also has the later taller coffee
percolator exhaust. Early Series 1's shared M wheel centers, whilst the later
ones had pressed steel centers and flat half shaft ends.
The Series 2 whilst being the same fern green was turned out with pressed
steel wheels which were silver in color. The addition of the bulbous air
cleaner to the top of the bonnet is another differentiating feature.
The Series 3 was altogether a taller machine and even if in fern green paint
it cannot be mistaken for the 1& 2. This machine was turned out in bright
orange and silver livery and this machine had a more pronounced hopping effect
when on tick over.
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Mouth opening is measured as a MIO or ROM distance. MIO (maximal interincisal
opening) is the distance between the central incisors when the mouth is fully open.
Average MIO for adults is approx. 50mm. By measuring MIO, a therapist can determine
if a patient is WNL or has trismus.ROM (Range-of-Motion) is the maximum distance
the mandible moves. ROM and MIO may be different, e.g. patients with an open bite.
What is Trismus?
Reduced oral opening with an MIO of 35mm or less. Trismus impacts daily functions--speaking, eating, oral hygiene--and causes difficulties with dental care and airway management. Causes include radiation, surgery, trauma and TMJ disorders. It is a common side-effect of HNC care.
The 3-Finger Diagnostic
A quick method to determine if the patient has a limited opening, while adjusting for size differences. This test is especially useful with children, who do not have standardized diagnostic criteria. Unrestricted opening should allow the patient to insert their index, middle and ring fingers, vertically aligned, between their central incisors. If a patient has difficulty inserting 2+ fingers, trismus can be inferred.
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The ability to skillfully find, evaluate, and incorporate research is called “information literacy” and it is the cornerstone of academic study. Online search engines have reinforced some bad habits in students and in a lot of ways have made students think that research is easy and simple. Whether the paper you’re writing is for a Social Science or Humanities or even a Natural Science class, cunning research skills will make your results much better. Whether you are an excellent, fair, or poor writer, you can boost your overall performance on papers by presenting the best information possible. And the thinking skills you develop in this way will help you for the rest of your life. Here, then, are some pointers for all steps of the research process.
Hunting and Gathering Information
1. Brainstorming and Exploring
It’s important to think of research as a long and satisfying hunt rather than as a quick stop at the local butcher’s. Be proud to stalk your quarry for a long time before bringing home a bountiful feast.
Solid research depends on looking high and low, being patient, looking repeatedly. Many students feel they can shoot directly to quotes or statistics online, and they certainly can. But that doesn’t mean this is the best information available, a concept I’ll discuss later. Getting the best information involves being creative about deciding what you’re looking for.
Let’s say you are writing a paper on the Jamestown Colony, one of the first American settlements. It may seem that finding a computer and typing “Jamestown Colony” into a search box in a library database or an online search engine is all you need to do. But let’s take a closer look and make a list of possible keywords. First of all, think of synonyms. A database might have an article about the Jamestown Colony in which that phrase is never used. It may be called, instead the “Jamestown Settlement.” So this should go on your list of phrases or terms to be prepared to type into databases. Then, there are the issues involved in the topic. We’ll assume you’ve already narrowed the focus from “Jamestown Colony” to the colonist’s relations with Indians. This now gives you a fresh cornucopia of new search terms. Later I will go into greater detail on the logistics of the database search itself. Suffice to say for now that the following terms should be used in conjunction with “Jamestown Colony” or “Jamestown Settlement.” “Indian relations,” “Indian conflict” “conflict” and “battle” will all be good phrases to get you started. You probably would also know that Captain James Smith and Pocahontas are two key figures and could search for them either alone or in combination with “Jamestown Colony.” At any rate, the idea is to develop lists of concepts and ideas that relate to your topic, rather than searching for just the “name” of the topic itself. As you search further, you will find more and more terms.
2. Hitting the Library
First, let me say that as a long-time instructor, I am familiar with the idea that some students try to pull off the amazing feat of researching for a paper without ever entering the library. Often you can access your school library’s collections from home via the internet, and of course there are online search engines. But those methods don’t really begin to get into a solid research approach. Again, research is about taking the time and feeling satisfaction in finding the best information, not just the first information you see. Only by going to your school’s library will you get the full range of resources available to you-books, periodical articles, articles on microfiche, newspapers, video recordings or DVD’s, and other special collections your library may have. But going to the library also allows you to get the help of library staff who should be very knowledgeable and quite helpful in pointing out search strategies and identifying library services, as well as helping you think about approaching your topic.
Libraries are becoming ever more service oriented, and offer features to students such as interlibrary loan, delivery of materials from other campus libraries, online assistance via e-mail or real-time chat. It is key for you, as early in your academic career as possible, to look at your institution’s library home page and discover the services they can offer you. Note that if you are to request books to be inter-loaned from other libraries, it will take several days, so you will need to plan ahead.
3. Performing the Search
Now that you’ve considered what you are looking for and have familiarized yourself with the library, it is time to actually begin the long and satisfying process of searching. Find a computer at the library and open a web browser if it isn’t already open. You should be at the library’s homepage. From there, if you’d like to begin by searching for books, click on the “library catalog” or similar link. If you would like to begin by searching for articles in magazines, journals, or newspapers, click on the link for “library databases” or a similar link. If it is not clear how to get into these databases, ask a librarian. Say you’ve gone into the databases page. You should see a wide array of databases provided by your library. Each contains listings of articles in a particular area. Common and useful databases are First Search and Expanded Academic ASAP. First Search actually contains many databases in areas such as Economics, Social Sciences, Humanities, etc. It is a good idea to move as quickly as possible into an advanced search in these databases, so that, as in the example above, you may type in combinations of keywords. Be curious as you search, and experiment with the features of the databases. Be sure to find features that allow you to limit searches by date, type of materials, publication, etc. This will make your searches more manageable. Dozens of pages could be written on this phase of the process alone. Experiment as much as you can and ask librarians for help. At some point in your college career, you will almost certainly attend a library orientation where you will be shown some search techniques. Pay attention, take notes, and be willing to explore.
Organizing and Evaluating Information
1. Harvesting and storing after the hunt
As you have success finding information, refining your sense of what you’d like to find, developing your focus, etc., you will amass a large amount of material. To fight against overwhelm, it will be a good idea to try to print out or photocopy only those articles that seem likely to help you. Sure, a good research process involves hitting and missing, but it’s best not to print full-text articles from computers or photocopy entire periodical articles without reading the first page or two and skimming some of the division headings. You will evaluate the sources in more detail later, but there’s no need to cause yourself clutter and confusion by taking home too many materials.
2. Reading and Evaluating
Thoroughly reading your sources is important, first of all, to give you a solid understanding of the topic you are writing on. Your instructor will appreciate your not just regurgitating facts, but showing a holistic understanding of the issues at hand. But reading is also important as a way of making sure the material you’ve found is not only appropriate, but of high quality. Here are some ways to evaluate the quality of your sources.
First, look at the credentials of the author. Articles and books will usually list other publications the author has, and first-time authors should be treated a bit carefully. Affiliation with reputable universities, research agencies, publications or other professional credentials is key. People with titles such as “motivational speaker” “success consultant” or simply “expert” will be less likely to impress your instructor. This is something to be careful about when selecting books; however, your institution’s library probably won’t stock many books from questionable authors, and just about any article you select from the databases described above should be fine. But making sure the author has authority to write on the given subject is only the first step. You must also look at where the article is published and for what purpose-this is particularly taxing and crucial when dealing with any online sources. First, is the article a news story or an editorial or opinion piece? If it is an editorial, note that any quotes and numbers used in it will be selected carefully to make the author’s point. Be wary, because you may find in these pieces some skewed or deceptive information that your instructor may strongly question. Also, make you sure identify the occasion for the piece being written-was it prepared for a company newsletter or another sort of corporate sponsor? Was it a response to another article? A book review? You will incorporate your information into your paper better if you consider the context.
Finally, using skills you’ve learned in all your classes, do your best to evaluate the overall accuracy and logic of the material. No matter how much authority an author may seem to have, some of the information you find could be inaccurate, marred by bias, irrational, or poorly reasoned. Few instructors will excuse these flaws on the grounds that they come from quoted sources-it is your responsibility to find the best information.
Integrating Your Research
After finding and evaluating a wide variety of research materials, it is time to place them in your paper. If you have taken notes while reading, or have labeled pages of your research, you should have a good idea of where various sources will fit in the paper. Make yourself room to have the sources available as you write. As you make an assertion, or statement of opinion, in your paper, you are ready to select relevant resources to back up this assertion. When quoting your sources, keep some things in mind:
1. Avoid excessive quotation. While journalism is there to give a spotlight to the people quoted, academic writing is meant to showcase your original ideas and writing skills, with quotations used as support. Include just the meat of the quotation. For example, say you are quoting an article on the influence of the R.E.M. album, Murmur. A particular passage states, “Murmur was a shot heard ’round the alternative rock world, a touchstone for literally thousands of aspiring young musicians, who instantly traded their moussed haircuts and parachute pants for the more earthy, thrift store look that was one of R.E.M.’s hallmarks. These young musicians aped the jangly guitarsound, cryptic lyrics and slurred vocals and invented something called College Rock.” Say you would like to use this quote to support your assertion that R.E.M. was one of the pioneers of College Rock. Instead of quoting the above passage in its entirety, you may say, “Murmur was…a touchstone for literally thousands of aspiring young musicians,” who “aped the jangly guitar sound, cryptic lyrics and slurred vocals and invented something called College Rock.” Here, you are using ellipses (…) to show a break in a continuous quotation, and then breaking the quotation, inserting your own word, “who” and moving to a new part of the quotation. This gives us just what we need. If you’d like to use the quotation to support an assertion about R.E.M.’s influence on fashion, use that portion of the quotation.
2. Paraphrase at times, to save space and to show you have thought about the material you’ve found and what it means, rather than just plugging it into the paper. With the above example, you may paraphrase by saying “Murmur was a widely influential album, inspiring many young musicians to imitation.” Be sure, however, that if you are paraphrasing, you do not use colorful language, or any exact wording from your source. If you do so, you must enclose that material in quotations.
3. Be sure to introduce quotations. Do not begin a quotation without first telling us who is saying it. The first time an author comes up, introduce her or him thoroughly. In the above example, you may say, “In his essay, ‘Murmur: R.E.M.’s Magnum Opus’, rock journalist Galvin Carey explains that Murmur was….” If you follow up with the same author not much later in the paper, you may use a construction such as “Another mark of Murmur’s influence,” Carey continues, “is…”. In this case, you are not giving the author’s name before the quotation, but this is only because you’d recently introduced him.
4. Use correct format, MLA, ALA, or Chicago, as required by the assignment, for in-text citation, and for your works cited page. Refer to a reputable style guide, such as Diana Hacker’s A Writer’s Reference or Ebest, Alred, Brusaw and Oliu’s Writing from A to Z for examples.
Finally, remember that research is a complex set of concepts that takes years and years to perfect. In this case, it truly is the journey, and not the destination, that is satisfying.
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Improving child health in Malawi, one text message at a time
A girl is weighed at the Makhwira Health Centre in southern Malawi, where a growth monitoring clinic is screening children for malnutrition using a new text messaging system. Jennifer Yang/Toronto Star
Last week, I stood beneath the shade of a giant mango tree and met perhaps the most miserable little girl in all of Malawi.
Just moments ago, she had been happily strapped to her mother's back, held snugly in place with a patterned mint-green cloth known as a chitenge. But now, the chitenge is knotted to a weighing scale and hanging from a thick tree branch – and the little girl is still wrapped inside, suspended hammock-style and screaming bloody murder.
As she twists and squirms, her tiny legs scissoring frantically in the air, a man calmly holds her in place and leans in to peer at the scale. After he notes her weight, the little girl is taken down but her ordeal is not quite over yet – next, she is laid on a wooden measuring board and her upper arm is wrapped in measuring tape.
When all of this is over, the little girl's job here is finally done. But her measurements – weight, height, arm circumference – will travel more than 250 kilometres north to the capital city, Lilongwe, where a computer software program will analyze the data, assess the girl for malnutrition, and send back any necessary treatment instructions.
This process used to take months. But nowadays, it only takes minutes, thanks to a cheap, basic and increasingly accessible technology: text messaging.
In Malawi, malnutrition is a massive and widespread issue. An estimated 10.6 per cent of Malawian children die before their fifth birthdays and at least a third of these fatalities are caused by acute malnutrition. Seventeen per cent of all under-five children in Malawi are underweight and a staggering 47 per cent are stunted, meaning they have a low height for their age.
Stunting is caused by chronic undernutrition and its effects are sometimes fatal. Children who are severely stunted are more vulnerable to disease and four times more likely to die.
But stunting also has long-term consequences. It impairs cognitive development and cripples a child's capacity to learn, thus trapping him or her in a cycle of poverty. According to estimates by the World Bank, countries with high levels of undernutrition suffer GDP losses of between two and three percent every year. The World Bank has also said that in Malawi – currently ranked 170 out of 186 on the Human Development Index – more than $600 million U.S. in GDP is lost every year thanks to vitamin and mineral deficiences.
A child is measured at the Makhwira Health Centre in southern Malawi, where a growth monitoring clinic is screening children for malnutrition using a new text messaging system. Jennifer Yang/Toronto Star
A major challenge when it comes to stunting, however, is that it is largely irreversible. It also tends to set in before the age of two.
This makes it crucial to identify and treat malnutrition as early as possible – which brings us back to the disgruntled little girl dangling from the mango tree in Chikwawa, a district of more than 500,000 people in Malawi's southern region.
This tree grows just outside the Makhwira Health Centre, which I visited last week as a press fellow with the United Nations Foundation.
It serves as the site of an ongonig growth monitoring clinic and every week, mothers bring their children here from all over Chikwawa, some trekking for hours with their babies strapped to their backs (roughly 80 per cent of Malawians live in rural, often-remote areas). On the Friday that I visited, a line of more than 50 mothers snaked up to this mango tree, the air filled with the screams and cries of babies.
In the past, measurements were recorded on paper and shipped off to Lilongwe, where the information would be manually entered into a database. Needless to say, this was a time-consuming process, with data entry and analysis taking anywhere between two months to a year – precious time lost for the malnourished child in need of treatment.
The paper-based system was also prone to mistakes. According to a UNICEF report, an average of 14.2 per cent of all data collected was unusable in 2007 due to data entry errors or illegible handwriting.
So in 2009, UNICEF teamed up with the Malawian government and graduate students from Columbia University to develop a new system using text messages and an open-source software platform called RapidSMS.
Here is how RapidSMS works: after a child is weighed and measured, a health surveillance assistant – typically a high school graduate who has received two hours of RapidSMS training – texts the information to a central server in the capital Lilongwe, where the software program automatically analyzes the data for signs of malnutrition. A reply is then texted back to the health assistant, along with a diagnosis and any necessary treatment instructions.
Any data entry mistakes are caught by the software program, which can detect them and message the health worker to re-send the info. The data also gets updated in real time on a website, which automatically flags cases of severe malnutrition.
A pilot study of RapidSMS was a resounding success and the award-winning system is now being rolled out across Malawi, including in Chikwawa, which launched the new SMS system in September 2012. (You can read UNICEF's final report of the pilot program here).
A new text messaging system is being used at the Makhwira Health Centre in southern Malawi, where a growth monitoring clinic is screening children for malnutrition. Jennifer Yang/Toronto Star
Last Friday, I watch as a health worker named Stephane January types the following message into his weathered Nokia cellphone:
GM 1177 031211 m 9.6 83.0 n 12.1
January explains that the "GM" stands for "growth monitoring" and the "1177" is a code identifying the child. The next six digits are the date of birth – December 3, 2011 – followed by the sex (male).
The remaining characters paint a picture of how this two-year-old is developing; he is 9.6 pounds, 83 centimetres tall and a mid-upper arm circumference of 12.1 centimetres. The "n" also indicates "no" for oedema, which is a symptom of severe acute malnutrition.
According to UNICEF nutrition officer Benson Kazembe, this child's measurements indicate he is "mild to moderate malnourished" and may even be "moderately acute malnourished" judging from his arm circumference. He is eligible for treatment and has likely now been admitted to a feeding program, where he will receive a corn-soy blend and nutrition counselling.
The above information is what should have been texted back to January after he hit "send" on his cellphone. But on this particular Friday, there is a problem.
"The network," he says, laughing sheepishly as he stood up and waved his cellphone around, trying to capture a signal. "I'll just try and send it again."
This is a common issue, January admits, and likely the biggest hiccup in Malawi's RapidSMS program so far. Kazembe says the RapidSMS servers are currently being hosted by UNICEF but there are now plans to move to a server hosted by the Malawian Ministry of Health, which should hopefully improve connectivity.
But server issues aside, the program has been a huge success and is only growing in size. Kazembe said 4,619 Malawian children are now registered and in Chikwawa alone, RapidSMS is being used at 21 health facilities.
"Now we are able to track – to monitor – every child," said John Mugawa, the district nutrition coordinator for Chikwawa. "This technology has really helped us."
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Every spring, garden clubs and municipal organizations around the country put on flower shows. The oldest, largest, and best (in my opinion) is the Philadelphia Flower Show, which dates back to the 1820s and is held the first full-week of March.
However, this show has always focused on highly cultivated, decorative plants and flowers. With no emphasis on medicinal plants (most of which are flowering herbs), or edible plants known for their beneficial nutrient content.
But modern science shows there are more than a dozen types of flowers that are both ornamental and edible. Let’s take a look at six of my favorites…
Enhance your well-being with these six flowers
1.) Chamomile is a floral herb that’s been used for centuries in cooking and as a medicine. The flowers look like small daisies, and impart a slightly sweet and musky taste to foods.
Medicinal uses: Chamomile is an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and mild astringent. There is scientific—and traditional—evidence that it can help reduce inflammation and infections of the skin, mucus membranes, mouth, and respiratory tract. It’s also used for gastrointestinal (GI) issues like diarrhea, gas, indigestion, and nausea.1
Chamomile tea has been shown in studies to reduce anxiety and induce sleep. Indeed, my mother often made it for me before bedtime.
How to consume: You can use fresh chamomile blossoms in smoothies or fruit salads. Or you can dry the flowers and use them in infusions, syrups, baked goods, and teas.
2.) Chrysanthemum typically blooms in the late summer and fall, with big, multi-petaled flowers in a variety of colors. These are also known as mums and can vary in flavor from plant to plant—everything from sweet to peppery to tangy. Which is why I recommend tasting the individual flowers before cooking with them or making them into a tea, to ensure you prefer the flavor.
Medicinal uses: Chrysanthemum is a potent medicine. It’s been used for centuries in traditional Chinese and Japanese healing traditions to treat respiratory problems, high blood pressure, hyperthyroidism, and anxiety. Modern studies show the flowers have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties2, and may even help fight osteoporosis.3
How to consume: Lighter-colored blossoms, like white and yellow, are used to make tea. To make chrysanthemum tea, remove the bitter base of the flower and use only the petals (fresh or dried).
In addition, young leaves and stems from the Garland variety of chrysanthemums, also known as “chop suey greens” or shingiku in Japan, are widely used in stir-fries and as salad seasoning.
3.) Dandelion (from the French dent de lion, or “lion’s tooth,” from the serrated edge of the leaf) is indeed a flower, too—not a weed. The bright and beautiful blossoms are better left alone to thrive in your lawn—and to attract pollinators.
You can actually consume every part of a dandelion. The flowers are sweet and crunchy, and the greens are slightly bitter, like arugula.
Medicinal uses: Dandelions are loaded with vitamins A, B, and C—along with the hard-to-find, natural form of vitamin K. They’re also high in calcium, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium.
Dandelions have been used since ancient times for GI, liver, and kidney health. Recent research has also revealed that dandelions may fight angiogenesis, the process in the body that allows cancerous tumors to survive and grow.4 Plus, dandelions can improve heart health by reducing the risk of atherosclerosis, lowering cholesterol, and combatting obesity.5
How to consume: You can eat the flowers and greens raw in salads. Or you may choose to sauté the greens in a little olive oil and add them to casseroles, stews, or any dish calling for “hearty greens.” You can also make a tasty dandelion tea, wine, or jelly from the flowers.
4.) Hibiscus is a member of the rose family, and it’s traditionally known as Chinese rose. There are hundreds of varieties of hibiscus in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. And there are even hearty hibiscus species that grow in colder, northern regions.
These large, showy blossoms come in a variety of colors. The petals are somewhat firm, with a smooth, fleshy texture and a subtle, savory taste. In fact, I often munch on some fresh petals from our very own Florida garden.
Medicinal uses: Hibiscus has a wide and almost astonishing array of health benefits. Research shows hibiscus is a potent antioxidant that can lower blood pressure6, fight breast cancer7, reduce obesity8, prevent kidney stones9, alleviate urinary tract infections10, and even prolong lifespan.11
How to consume: The flower can be eaten fresh from the plant, and is often used in hot or cold teas, salads, relishes, or jellies. The tea is a brilliant red color, and has a tart, tangy, slightly sour flavor.
5.) Rose is a classic ornamental plant, and the petals of all 150 varieties are edible. But not all roses taste the same. A good guide for choosing a flavorful rose is this: If it smells pleasant and sweet, it probably tastes good as well.
Medicinal uses: As I explained in last month’s issue, plenty of studies show that roses have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.
So it’s no surprise that researchers have found that roses can help prevent type II diabetes, regulate blood pressure, support brain cell growth, and even act as a powerful cough suppressant. Plus, some studies have found that roses promote relaxation and reduce stress.
How to consume: Fresh rose petals can be eaten raw, added into fresh fruit and green salads, or dried and added to granola or mixed herbs. They can also be “muddled” and added to any liquid to make rose-infused drinks and teas, or jams and jellies. Chopped rose petals can be added to butter or olive oil to make them zestier.
6.) Squash blossoms are the flowering parts of one of the Native American staples known as the “three sisters” (corn, beans, and squash).
Squash gourds are quite tasty—and so are the blossoms. One of the most popular squash blossoms are zucchini’s bright yellow, long, bell-shaped flowers. These blossoms have a delicate, squash-like taste and a soft, velvety texture.
Medicinal uses: The yellow and orange colors of squash (and its blossoms) are due to the high content of carotenoids, which act as antioxidants and vitamin A precursors. While there are few studies on squash blossoms themselves, other research shows zucchini is rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, manganese, potassium, and magnesium.
There’s some evidence that zucchini has anti-cancer benefits as well.2 It’s also loaded with soluble and insoluble fiber, which aids in digestion, supports gut health, and helps with blood-sugar management.
How to consume: Squash blossoms can be eaten raw or sliced in fresh green salads. They can also be sautéed in herbed batter, or stuffed with herbed cheeses and baked until crispy.
And there you have it. Six edible, flavorful, healthful flowers to add to your garden—and to your plates! Indeed, my grandmother in France always kept little candied flowers in a bowl on the dining room table for ornamentation and consumption. I like to follow her lead and make flowering plants the centerpiece of my table—and my diet.
1”Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future.” Mol Med Report. 2010 Nov 1; 3(6): 895–901.
2“Chemical compositions of chrysanthemum teas and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.” Food Chem. 2019 Jul 15;286:8-16.
3“Dual Effect of Chrysanthemum indicum Extract to Stimulate Osteoblast Differentiation and Inhibit Osteoclast Formation and Resorption In Vitro.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:176049.
4“Anti-inflammatory activity of Taraxacum officinale,” J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(1):82-88
5“Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol-fed rabbits,” Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(1):67-78.
6“Effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) on arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.” J Hypertens. 2015 Jun;33(6):1119-27.
7“Hibiscus flower extract selectively induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells and positively interacts with common chemotherapeutics.” BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 May 6;19(1):98.
8“Plants with potential use on obesity and its complications”. EXCLI J. 2015 Jul 9;14:809-31.
9“Dietary Plants for the Prevention and Management of Kidney Stones: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms”. Intl J Mol Sci. 2018 Mar 7;19(3).
10“Exploring the effect and mechanism of Hibiscus sabdariffa on urinary tract infection and experimental renal inflammation.” J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Dec 24;194:617-625.
11“Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract prolongs lifespan and protects against amyloid-β toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans: involvement of the FoxO and Nrf2 orthologues DAF-16 and SKN-1.” Eur J Nutr. 2019 Feb 1.
12“Role of Zucchini and Its Distinctive Components in the Modulation of Degenerative Processes: Genotoxicity, Anti-Genotoxicity, Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Effects.” Nutrients. 2017 Jul 14;9(7).
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Back in January, blogger Mississippi Fred Macdowell posted scans of the Rittangel Hagaddah [pdf], a 1644 Hebrew-Latin Haggadah that has the distinction of including musical notations for two of the songs. Last month, high school students at the Tannenbaum Community Hebrew Academy of Toronto performed them in concert. Here's his followup post with video of the performance.
Good to the Last Seder: "The Jews are known as the people of the Book, and that book, which has sustained them is... the Maxwell House Haggadah." The brainchild of the Joseph Jacobs Advertising firm, Maxwell House Coffee has provided copies of the haggadah for Jewish-American coffee purchasers celebrating the Passover Seder since 1934, a fact that led one rabbi to claim that the coffee company "did more to codify Jewish liturgy than any force in history." Although the Maxwell House Haggadah has received criticism from both secular and religious Jews, the haggadah is still so ubiquitous that it has even surfaced at the official Obama seder at the White House
"The Passover Seder, the oldest continuously observed religious ceremony in the world, tells the story of the Jews' Exodus from Egypt. Jewish tradition says that people of each generation must imagine that they personally had departed from Egypt, and the sages say that each generation must tell the story in its own terms. The sages probably did not intend this. "(Via)
The manuscripts of David Kaufmann, Jewish scholar extraordinaire. Wonderful illuminations, inventive typography and even a little bit of naughtiness.
The Prague Bible (1489) is a splendid three-volume MS of the Tanakh, once in the possession of Enlightenment luminary Moses Mendelssohn. There are several other beautiful examples of medieval and early modern Hebrew MSS online, including the Illuminated Hebrew Manuscripts collection (New York Public Library), the Illuminated Haggadah Exhibit (Klau University), selections from Moses Maimonides' Moreh Nevukim (Leiden University), and the Prato Haggadah (Jewish Theological Seminary). See also the introduction to the Hebraic Collections at the Library of Congress.
Open Source Judaism? This is the baby of Douglas Rushkoff, who recently wrote a book about the subject and whose opinions about icons and branding remind me of someone else. He's even started an open source haggadah.
Avadim Chayeinu: A BDSM Haggadah In some way or another, all who celebrate Passover, end up writing their own Haggadahs. There are literally hundreds and hundreds of different ones to choose from. Tradition says: never forget that YOU were freed from the land of Egypt. The desire to tell one's own tale of liberation and free one's own voice has led to holocaust haggadahs, gay and lesbian hagaddahs, zionist hagaddahs, feminist haggadahs, secular humanist haggadahs and now, a haggadah for those to whom the term "slave" has an altogether different meaning. (via boingboing.)
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At room temperature and pressure, carbon dioxide, or CO2, is a common gas, about 0.05 percent of the air at sea level by weight.
It is also a product of combustion and the respiration of all animals.
When chilled below minus 109 degrees Fahrenheit, it becomes a solid, called dry ice.
Dry ice was first discovered and observed by French chemist Charles Thilorier in 1834. In 1925, the solid form of CO2 was trademarked by the DryIce Corporation of America as “Dry ice”.
In the commercial production of dry ice, liquid carbon dioxide is chilled below minus 109 degrees Fahrenheit and compressed.
The material is sprayed into a square chamber with a nozzle. It forms “snow,” and powerful hydraulic rams form it into a very dense solid block of dry ice, weighing 240 pounds. It is then cut into four 60-pound blocks for shipment.
Dry ice is also formed into nuggets, by forcing the snow through stainless steel dies with round holes that are one-eighth to three-quarters of an inch in diameter.
The nuggets break off in random lengths of 1 to 2 inches.
Dry ice does not melt, but vaporizes, passing from a solid state to a vapor without going through a liquid state. This is called sublimation.
The time this takes depends on temperature, air movement and whether the dry ice is in an enclosed area.
Dry ice is what is called an expendable refrigerant, which leaves nothing behind when it evaporates, so it is desirable for shipping and storing a variety of foods.
It is also used for manufacturing processes, like shrink fitting, in which a plastic part is chilled with dry ice so it shrinks, inserted into another part and then allowed to warm up and expand for a tight fit.
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By Elizabeth Wroten
On 27, Nov 2014 | In Redux | By Elizabeth Wroten
I was totally baffled when someone asked me at the beginning of the makerspace what curriculum we would be using. That implied, at least to me, that there was some series of activities and standards and skills I would teaching to the kids. I know not all curriculums are teacher- or skill-driven, but I wasn’t quite sure what using a curriculum would mean for me. So, what exactly is the role of the adult in the Makerspace? After working in the makerspace and seeing how other people run theirs I think the answer is, it depends.
A big part of your role will be determined by your personality. Personally, I can handle a lot of noise, chaos, and questions flying fast and furiously. I let the kids come in and get to work on whatever it is that strikes their fancy. I can help teach them skills (if I have them) or find someone who can. I help hold things here and glue things there. If that kind of thing bothers you, you may want to be more strategic in how you set up the makerspace. You’ll also want to have more planned activities where you can lead a group or groups of kids and keep a lid on the chaos.
Another factor is what the purpose of your makerspace is. Mine is to expose kids to new experiences, tools and materials and let them go. If you want to do some more formalized making then your role is going to be a lot more proscribed. You might set up an activity before each session and take the kids through it or, at the least, monitor their progress through it.
Your role can also be determined by the kids in your space. Are they younger or older? Do they need more or less prompting? Do they need a lot of hand holding? Do they need a lot of help learning how to use the tools? My kids are younger and while they don’t usually need help coming up with ideas they do need help using the saw (they aren’t tall enough to get good leverage to cut). Sometimes they get stuck and need a little help moving past a roadblock. All that means I’m more hands-on than someone who might be working with high schoolers might be.
Finally your space may play a role in determining what you do. Larger spaces may be more conducive to having a lot of projects going at once. Whereas a smaller space may require you to run a tighter ship. And if you have to set up specific activities for a smaller space you may have to keep the kids reigned in and give them more direct instruction.
As it is, I run our makerspace out of boxes that have to get unpacked and repacked each day. So part of my role is to keep us contained and set things out so the kids can actually use the materials. I help them out when they ask, especially with tricky or unfamiliar materials and tools. I also set up a little provocation each day to inspire, intrigue, and entice the kids. But mostly I’m there to keep an eye on things, make sure they have the things they need to be creative, and get out of their way.
By Elizabeth Wroten
On 26, Nov 2014 | In Review | By Elizabeth Wroten
From GoodReads: A rambling old inn, a strange map, an attic packed with treasures, squabbling guests, theft, friendship, and an unusual haunting mark this smart middle grade mystery in the tradition of the Mysterious Benedict Society books and Blue Balliet’s Chasing Vermeer series.
It’s wintertime at Greenglass House. The creaky smuggler’s inn is always quiet during this season, and twelve-year-old Milo, the innkeepers’ adopted son, plans to spend his holidays relaxing. But on the first icy night of vacation, out of nowhere, the guest bell rings. Then rings again. And again. Soon Milo’s home is bursting with odd, secretive guests, each one bearing a strange story that is somehow connected to the rambling old house. As objects go missing and tempers flare, Milo and Meddy, the cook’s daughter, must decipher clues and untangle the web of deepening mysteries to discover the truth about Greenglass House-and themselves.
This book totally knocked my socks off. I love a good solid mystery, but this had so much more.
One of the great things about the mystery was kids got sh*t done. Milo takes on this role in a role playing game that he and his new friend Meddy connect to real life and it turns out he’s pretty good at getting to the bottom of mysteries. But he isn’t a super genius and he doesn’t have super powers. He just thinks through things logically and notices little details. Since they’re in his house and he doesn’t like change, he notices when things have moved or been tampered with. Nothing magical here. Even better, the grown ups aren’t treated as imbeciles who need some genius kid to come in and set them straight. Most of them have secrets and Milo’s parents have their hands full of caring for 5 (and eventually 8) unexpected guests during a severe snowstorm. They’re busy or are too involved with their own agendas and don’t have time to sneak around the house solving mysteries.
Being trapped in an inn this isn’t exactly a fast-paced, high suspense mystery. In fact the mystery is really a device that leads to soul searching for a lot of the people involved. Milo is adopted and, being Chinese, looks nothing like his white parents. Milo isn’t angst-y about being adopted, but he is curious, a little confused, and feels guilty for feeling those emotions since he does love his adoptive parents. There are a lot of layers here for Milo to work through and the role playing game Meddy introduces him to gives Milo an outlet for exploring having a parent that looks like him. It also gives him permission to imagine what his biological father could have been like. It’s interesting to see how Milo takes the folklore he reads, the role playing game, the stories the guests tell, and the information about the inn that comes to light and interprets it all through the lens of a confused, adopted kid.
The adults are all also fairly fleshed out and some of them are quite the characters. All of them are not at the inn by coincidence, but arrived looking for information about its history. None of them are forthcoming with this information and it forms the basis for the mystery. As it turns out, while the information all of them are seeking is interconnected, it is still separate.
There is also a thread of friendship as the guests come together to tell stories and are brought together by the information they are seeking. Most of them do not leave friends, but do leave with a greater sense of tolerance and understanding. Milo, who was looking forward to a Christmas vacation alone with his parents, comes to accept the guests and feel for them. He also builds a friendship with Meddy and learns to work with her as a team through the role playing game.
So I have to say there is a huge twist very near to the end. I’m not going to spoil it, but I wanted to talk around it a bit. I totally did not see it coming until the last possible second. It’s a device I’ve seen employed in other mysteries so maybe people who read mysteries more than I do will see it sooner. Maybe not. However, the times I have seen it used it often feels like a really cheap trick. That was not at all the case here. It was very masterfully done. Well played, Milford, well played.
Greenglass House would be a good one for kids who enjoyed The Westing Game or even Blue Balliet’s mysteries. While its length and slower pacing make it feel more like a middle grade novel (6th-8th grade) I could certainly see a strong 4th or 5th grader loving this too.
By Elizabeth Wroten
On 25, Nov 2014 | In Review | By Elizabeth Wroten
From GoodReads: A collection of thirty-six eerie, mysterious, intriguing, and very short short stories presented by the cabinet’s esteemed curators, otherwise known as acclaimed authors Stefan Bachmann, Katherine Catmull, Claire LeGrand, and Emma Trevayne. Perfect for fans of Alvin Schwartz and anyone who relishes a good creepy read-alone or read-aloud story. Features an introduction and commentary by the curators, and illustrations and decorations throughout.
Ignore the discrepancy between the number of stories on the picture of the cover and the title and description here. The copy I have says 36 (although it felt like a lot more, in a good way), not sure what the deal with that is.
I had really mixed feelings about this book. At its heart, it’s a collection of deliciously creepy, wonderfully macabre stories. I love short stories, especially creepy ghost stories, and I think they are excellent choices for kids with little time or little inclination to read. These stories are really engaging and they are short (the longest I recall was 25 pages). The language isn’t dense so the pages fly by. But the book is almost 500 hundred pages. You’re going to need to do a lot of convincing to get those kind of kids to pick this up or you’ll need to hand it to a serious reader. Actually, I think most kids will need a lot of convincing to pick up a 500 page book.
I loved how they were grouped into stories around themes: luck, travel, flowers, tricks, etc. That makes the book feel cohesive even though it’s really a collection of unconnected short stories. But, the concept of it being a cabinet of curiosities that then included letters from the “curators”, really the authors, to each other was kind of odd and oddly executed. The stories themselves sounded very modern and often included references to cell phones, the Internet and pop culture (although nothing that will make this sound so dated in five years). Sometimes they had vaguely historical settings and fantastical kingdoms, but they never sounded old-fashioned.
The letters between the curators, though, I think are supposed to be modern but employed this stilted, vaguely Victorian sounding dialect and writing style. They call each other “my dear curators” and the like, and sprinkle in words like “alas” and phrases like “particularly fond” and employ an oddly formal syntax. Not only did that feel silly to me (and this could be me as an adult reader who reads and likes Victorian literature reading a kid’s book) it felt very jarring when paired with the stories. It was hard to understand exactly what they meant by the “cabinet of curiosities”. At times there are references to rooms, then drawers (not necessarily in rooms), a building, and a museum. I know what cabinets of curiosities were in the Victorian era, but this didn’t feel like that. I found myself skipping the letters and just reading the stories. Would a kid have trouble with this, I don’t know? Should they read this? Yes, especially if they love creepy stories.
Nothing struck me as particularly gory or inappropriate for upper elementary, but this could be enjoyed well into middle school maybe even lower high school depending on the tastes of the reader. Wish I had had this book as a kid and despite my complaints will be buying a copy to keep on my shelf.
By Elizabeth Wroten
On 24, Nov 2014 | In Review | By Elizabeth Wroten
From GoodReads: If you were a boy named Henri Matisse who lived in a dreary town in northern France, what would your life be like? Would it be full of color and art? Full of lines and dancing figures? Find out in this beautiful, unusual picture book about one of the world’s most famous and influential artists by acclaimed author and Newbery Medal-winning Patricia MacLachlan and innovative illustrator Hadley Hooper.
What a lovely picture book. Our whole family enjoyed this one. For all of us it was the illustrations. Matisse is such a sweet, dreamy looking boy. The illustrations have this 1950s/60s feel to them which I think is part the color schemes used and part the technique. The pictures are so simple yet their bold lines and colors really make the ideas contained in the words pop off the page. The story is quiet and a bit meandering, but captures the feel of a dreamy childhood. It’s such an enticing book.
I love the idea of introducing young children to famous and important people and I think the picture book makes a wonderful way to do this, especially with artists. I think it is done especially well in The Iridescence of Birds because you see Matisse as a boy in his rather ordinary home and city. I think kids could easily see his inspirations in their own lives after reading this.
Some of Matisse’s works are woven into the illustrations which I think helps connect the reader to his adult, working life and shows children where his creative influences led. But I don’t think the point of the book is to tell kids exactly who he was, simply to give them exposure, pique their interest, and inspire them.
I was especially taken with how Hooper introduces the adult Matisse when the book turns to his painting. Boy Matisse is always in the picture with adult Matisse keeping that connection to what is essentially a story about an artistic child. Even the cover has adult Matisse seen through a set of doors similar to those you see young Matisse through. Their paring is a visual reminder of where the grown-up artist came from. I love that the first introduction of Matisse as a man is this one to the left with the two of them on the ladder, boy Matisse looking sweetly at his older self. Even his pose on the ladder is such a kid pose- leaned back a bit and up on tiptoes.
There is a lovely note at the end that talks about Matisse’s mother who was quite influential on him as an artist, inspiring and encouraging him.
Although very different in illustration style, you could pair this with Yuyi Morales’ Viva Frida which also explores artistic inspiration.
By Elizabeth Wroten
On 20, Nov 2014 | In Redux | By Elizabeth Wroten
One place my makerspace struggles is keeping the kids engaged when they are in between projects or, especially, when they are waiting for help or materials. Part of this has to do with the ages of the kids in the makerspace. They’re young (second and third grade primarily) and while I wish they could be totally independent they can’t be. A second grader sometimes needs help sawing or setting up the drill.
I found an inspired solution to this problem in one of the makerspace presentations I went to at the CUE fall conference. The presenter said she sets up little activities for the kids (more on your role and curriculum in the makerspace in next week’s post), but that the instructions should fit on a post-it if you need them at all.
In Reggio classrooms teachers set up what they call provocations. These are little set-ups with materials and context that hint at what kids can do with the materials, but still allows for some interpretation and individual exploration. Drawing on this, I decided to start this practice in the makerspace. Kids can go there if they are bored, if they are waiting, if they need inspiration, if it looks interesting or I may send them there if they are off task (I haven’t actually done that yet and I don’t want to make it a punishment, but there are a couple friends that may need some specific redirecting).
I came across this article on the Inquire Within blog about how creativity and passion can’t happen on demand. It’s a lot more organic than that. I totally agree with this article and how it advocates for having creativity and passion built into the day in all lessons, however, sometimes you only have the allotted time to build and work with materials, as we do in the makerspace. I like to use the provocations to expose the kids to ideas and concepts and help get them into a maker mindset.
Some provocations we’ve done so far:
- Take apart: old laptop, set of tiny screwdrivers
- Hammering & Drilling: table full of wood scraps clamped down, bowls of nails and screws, drills, hammers, and drill bits
- More exploring buoyancy: Can you make boat that will float? Supplies: tub of water, bin of Legos
- Exploring buoyancy: Can you make a boat that will float? Try different shapes and sizes. Supplies: tub of water, bowl of tiny aquarium stones, roll of aluminum foil
- Markers and graph paper
- Marshmallow challenge: Build the tallest, most stable structure you can in 18 minutes. You can make teams or work together. Supplies: 1 marshmallow, 20 spaghetti noodles, 1 yard tape (masking), 1 yard string, kitchen timer
- Slime Kitchen Recipes: Here’s my list, recipes, and planning for this one. The link will open a pdf in a new window. It’s a little longer and more involved than the others and was driven by the kids starting out using up all our glue, glitter, and some cornstarch and water.
By Elizabeth Wroten
On 19, Nov 2014 | In Review | By Elizabeth Wroten
From GoodReads: The Donner Party expedition is one of the most notorious stories in all of American history. It’s also a fascinating snapshot of the westward expansion of the United States, and the families and individuals who sacrificed so much to build new lives in a largely unknown landscape. From the preparation for the journey to each disastrous leg of the trip, this book shows the specific bad decisions that led to the party’s predicament in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The graphic novel focuses on the struggles of the Reed family to tell the true story of the catastrophic journey.
Being a native Californian I remember studying the Donner Party. Being from Sacramento I have been to Sutter’s Fort (the destination of the Donner Party) on many occasions. At the fort they have Patty Reed’s doll, a tiny doll Patty brought with her and kept with her through the whole ordeal. The Donner Party story is incredibly grizzly and, even as an adult reading this book I learned a ton of information about it. I think being a kid I heard a much shortened and sanitized version of the story, plus it’s been years since I studied it.
If you aren’t familiar with the story, the party, consisting of several families, took a “short cut” on their way out west. It was difficult, nearly killed them and put them way behind schedule. When they reached the pass over the Sierra Nevada mountains, a pass that now bears the name Donner Pass, they became snowed in. Weather that winter was particularly harsh, but it’s also at a very high altitude which receives a lot of snow. It shuts down several times a winter even now with roads and snow machines. Stuck up in the Sierras with little food, the party loses a lot of people and has to resort to cannibalism. Only 48 of the original 87 eventually make it to Sacramento, but not after an incredibly harrowing journey.
Nathan Hale doesn’t hold back and while that might make this book not such a great fit for the faint of heart, it does make it a fantastic book. Plus, it’s a graphic novel (no, there aren’t any pictures of them actually butchering or eating people). The narrative structure has a man about to be hanged telling the story to a soldier and the hangman which adds some humor and much needed breaks from the action of the story. The story itself appears to be very well researched. There were a lot of details I didn’t know and a few I had forgotten. I was very surprised to learn how many of the party were actually eaten (the number now escapes me, but more than 10). I also didn’t realize how many rescue parties left from the camp and tried to reach the camp. And how many were really unsuccessful.
Such a tragic tale, but told in such an engaging way. Like Steve Sheinkin’s books these are historical books kids will want to read. If you have a fourth grader (the grade when you traditionally study state history) who is really interested and has a strong constitution then I would certainly say they could read it. For those chicken-hearted kids (that was me!!) save it for middle school…or adulthood. I’m kinda creeped out by it even now.
By Elizabeth Wroten
On 18, Nov 2014 | In Review | By Elizabeth Wroten
From GoodReads: When explorers first chipped a hole through a wall and shined a light into Tutankhamun’s tomb, everything it touched glinted with gold and gleamed with silver. The boy-king so surrounded by this treasure would become one of the most famous names in history. But it was a less-famous princess who had accumulated a lot of the wealth that was buried in that tomb. Her name was Hatshepsut. How did she make Egypt so rich? And how did she come to be buried, like Tutankhamun, in the Valley of the Kings? This book brings to life the story of a real and remarkable princess who had the nerve to declare herself Pharaoh.
First off I hate that the description from the publisher has to compare Hatshepsut to King Tut. This is supposed to be about princesses. Also Hatshepsut is pretty famous being the only female pharaoh and all. Egypt is filled with really, really amazing artifacts and history of which Tut is a tiny (albeit famous) sliver. Let’s stop making such a BFD out of him and look at some people who actually ruled and did stuff.
In terms of content the book was fine. It didn’t get into a lot of detail so I think it would be better for kids with a passing interest in Egypt (and who may simply be interested in history), kids who want to read the whole Real Princess series and aren’t looking for something in-depth about Hatshepsut, or kids who are just getting interested in Ancient Egyptian history. But I don’t think that’s necessarily a bad thing. Just don’t make this the focus of your Ancient Egyptian history collection or the sole book in it.
I wish there had been more about daily life and life of Egyptian royalty, maybe even religion, but it was light on much beyond a semi-fictionalized story of Hatshepsut’s life. I think there was opportunity for a little information about Egyptology and the archaeology in the region, especially as pertains to how we know all this stuff about Hatshepsut. For example, the discovery of her mummy (kind of a big deal!) was dealt with in a sentence or two with no explanation why it took so long, what the tomb she was found in was all about and why she wasn’t found in her own tomb.
What I wasn’t so happy with was the overall look of the book. To me, it screams educational publication. I don’t see any kid, besides the die-hard Egypt fan, picking this up on their own and since the content is fairly light I would say they’ll be disappointed. On the cover, why is she standing with the Sphinx and the pyramids? Those predate Hatshepsut by a thousand years and her temple is incredibly impressive, why not show pictures of that?
Inside the graphics are not especially appealing. They look like a cross between educational fare and a picture book. Many of the photographs are not labeled or are poorly labeled, which is too bad. For the wealth of Egyptian temples and artifacts there could have been both more and better pictures of those things. There was one especially confusing family tree that needed better indications of relationships, better flow, and better explanation of who every one was since there were second and third wives listed and people with the same name. Finally, going back to the cover, did they really use papyrus font for the title? Ugh. Such a cliche and such an ugly font.
I do, however, applaud the author and publisher for putting together a series of real princesses who are not those vapid Disney ones that need men to save them.
By Elizabeth Wroten
On 13, Nov 2014 | In Remix | By Elizabeth Wroten
Two weekends ago I attended the CUE (Computer Using Educators) fall conference. I really like this conference because it is for education (a lot of the professional development I do is really just for librarians) and it has tons, and I mean tons, of session options. It runs over two day, a Friday and a Saturday.
I went last year and attended one session that was all about makerspaces and the maker movement and it is what really started my mission to get a makerspace up and running. My husband and I talked a lot about it and we got the after school enrichment administrator and the art teacher on board. And then we let the ball drop. I was busy at home with our daughter and my husband has plenty on his plate.
This fall we picked up again when the head of the middle school gave us a little kick in the pants and started the conversation up again. We pretty much picked up where our plans from the previous school year and had fallen off and now I’m running the makerspace.
This year at CUE there were a ton more sessions about makerspaces I tried to attend them all, even if they were more about getting started than about actually running it. It was such a relief to hear people talking about the same things I have been thinking about for a couple years now (in conjunction with makerspaces and with the Reggio approach that I’ve been researching). It was also a relief to hear that other people are just jumping in and learning as they go along much like I am.
My biggest take-aways:
– We need a dedicated space. In our own space I won’t be having to clean everything up and tuck it tightly into bins every afternoon. I can leave projects out and this helps the kids pick back up where they were and keep projects going for extended periods of time. I know that this kind of thing will help kids delve more deeply into projects and learning.
–I want a 3D printer. Last year I saw a session on copyright by Christine Mytko. This educator is amazing. She made copyright cool. This year she was talking about 3D printing and you should have seen the stuff she has had her kids learn how to do. It was stunning (her site has more). I know a 3D printer isn’t absolutely necessary, but if I could use one to get the kind of learning she got out of her kids it would be incredible.
–It’s wonderful to know that there are people who want this in education. Sometimes I feel very lonely and out-there with my educational ideas. Unstructured time for kids? Letting a second grader use a drill and hand saw? Yes! Let’s have some faith in kids and let’s give them time to be creative and thoughtful and follow what they are interested in! It was nice to hear that others think about this the way I do.
–If you do have activities set up, they should fit on a post-it. Instructions should be simple and the set up should help make what needs to be done evident. (I will talk more about this in my next makerspace post).
-I need to read Invent to Learn and Tinkering from Make magazine.
In all, I’m so glad I went to this and got to talk about makerspaces some more.
By Elizabeth Wroten
On 11, Nov 2014 | In Review | By Elizabeth Wroten
From GoodReads: At the heart of the story is Wanda Petronski, a Polish girl in a Connecticut school who is ridiculed by her classmates for wearing the same faded blue dress every day. Wanda claims she has one hundred dresses at home, but everyone knows she doesn’t and bullies her mercilessly. The class feels terrible when Wanda is pulled out of the school, but by that time it’s too late for apologies. Maddie, one of Wanda’s classmates, ultimately decides that she is “never going to stand by and say nothing again.”
What a beautiful story for young children. The Hundred Dresses is a book about bullying, such a timely topic, and felt very before it’s time in addressing this. I think the fact that Wanda was a poor immigrant, picked on by her peers could easily be relatable to many kids, even if they aren’t white immigrants. It also has a good call to action in the form of Maddie who regrets not sticking up for Wanda. She feels terrible knowing that she felt the teasing was wrong and yet never said anything.
Maddie was cowed by her friend and knowing she could be the next target, for even though she wasn’t as poor as Wanda, who only had one dress, she still wore hand-me-downs. This felt so realistic, the desire not to draw attention to yourself or stick your neck out for fear of being hurt and ostracized. I think all kids experience this to some degree.
For those cynical readers out there, this isn’t for you. It has a relatively happy ending with a satisfying resolution. The mean girl is, if not transformed, humbled and Maddie, who tells the story, decides never to be a bystander again. Wanda writes to her former class and essentially forgives them.
The edition I read had a foreword by Eleanor Estes daughter which, as an adult at least, I found very interesting and enlightening. I would suggest, as a parent, reading the foreword (and story) and using this as a discussion starter with your child. Maddie is actually Eleanor who had a girl like Wanda in her elementary school class. The girl left after a lot of teasing and Eleanor regretted not saying anything. She never found the girl again and, as her daughter points out, it seems she uses this story to make things right in a way. I think knowing the Wanda was a real girl who never got an apology from her class and knowing this story is at least in part true could be a very powerful message for kids.
Give this to kids in second and third grade, even up into fourth. It isn’t a chapter book, but it’s a much longer book with fewer pictures. It’s such an important issue to discuss and think about because it can be so easy to not say anything when bullying happens. I’ve said it before, but kids are very attuned to justice and injustice and I think we as educators and parents can tap into that in a positive way.
Not exactly a read-alike considering it’s a much shorter picture book, but Crow Boy by Yashima Taro is another fabulous book about bullying and kids who are different.
By Elizabeth Wroten
On 06, Nov 2014 | In Redux | By Elizabeth Wroten
Below are a few resources you might find helpful in creating and maintaining a makerspace. I think I’ll add to this as I go along because I imagine I will come across more and more sites, ideas, and articles that will be worthwhile.
Makerspace Playbook: This is an awesome publication from Make Magazine’s makerspace arm. It will give you lists of supplies to consider, space considerations, set up considerations, etc. I read this when we were first doing planning and found it invaluable even if our makerspace ins’t run or structured exactly like the one they create in the playbook. Okay, so here’s where this gets hairy. Here is the link to request a free copy of the Playbook. When we were getting started a year ago I just printed it out from somewhere and here is a link to the pdf to print or save. I don’t know why I can’t find where to simply download a copy instead of requesting they send you one. I did find a direct link to the pdf, though, but am not sure if this is totally kosher to post it. I will, but if anyone thinks it’s unethical let me know.
Also check out the Makerspace Education Initiative. They have great resources.
I also highly recommend the book Project-Based Homeschooling: Mentoring Self-Directed Learners by Lori Pickert if you are creating a makerspace for younger students. The learning space this book helps you create is essentially a makerspace. She also has great advice about how to help kids bring their own interests to the learning space and how not to step on their ideas or thinking.
I cannot encourage you enough to look into the Reggio Emilia approach to education. They are essentially the maker movement for kids (although they started right after WWII in Italy, long before the hipsters). Some of the core principles of a Reggio education are: student-/interest-led projects and learning, a belief in the capability of kids, the One Hundred Languages (which are essentially any media or material kids use to make their learning visible), detailed documentation of what students are doing that makes their thinking visible, provocations or set-ups that are thoughtfully created to entice children to play with them and tie in with some aspect of what they are learning about, and the environment as the third teacher (so the importance of setting up the learning space). If you want books I suggest Project-Based Homeschooling because this is closest to creating a makerspace (as opposed to an ECE classroom). There are a lot of great blogs out there, but for a good mix of pedagogy and projects (so that you aren’t stuck with tons of ideas for preschool art projects) try The Curious Kindergarten, Miss Reggio, and TransformED.
Diy.org: diy.org is a makerspace resource that gives out digital badges for mastery of a huge variety of hobbies. I would say you could use this as a curriculum of sorts. There are certainly tons and tons of choices for topics and activities here.
Ideas & Inspiration
The Show Me Librarian Makerspace post: Amy Koester, the Show Me Librarian, is all about STEAM programming in her library. She has tons of fabulous ideas and she supports making. This particular post pulls together a treasure trove of makerspace resources.
Wonderopolis: an awesome site that features a “wonder-why” style question every day which it goes on to answer.
Make: The website for the magazine. Has a HUGE selection of projects with step-by-step guides. They also have a store for purchasing supplies. It can’t hurt to have a couple copies of the magazine out in the makerspace for inspiration either.
How To Smile: Here’s a fantastic website that was put together by children’s science museums around the country (including the Exploratorium). The site features tons of STEM projects and experiments. It’s organized around various topics such as chemistry, math, energy, etc. It also has badges and points you can earn if you are so inclined.
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The importance of data analytics is evident in the vast number of companies and industries that are using it to improve their performance. Data analytics is the process of examining data sets to uncover hidden patterns and insights. The insights gleaned from data analytics can be used to make better business decisions, improve products and services, and understand customer behavior. There are a number of different data analytics tools and techniques that can be used to examine data sets. Some of the most popular data analytics tools include Excel, SQL, and Tableau. These tools can be used to analyze data in a number of ways, including trend analysis, correlation analysis, and classification.
The process of data analysis is an important one for any business. By taking a closer look at the data that a company collects, they can better understand how to improve their operations and increase their profits. There are a variety of data analytics tools and techniques that can be used in order to get the most accurate results. Here are some of the most common ones:
The process of data cleaning is an important step in the data analytics process. It is the process of identifying and cleaning up inaccuracies and inconsistencies in data. This process is necessary to ensure that the data is ready for analysis.
There are a number of different tools and techniques that can be used for data cleaning. Some of the most common tools include text analytics tools, data scrubbing tools, and data cleansing tools. Each of these tools can be used to identify and correct inaccuracies in data. Text analytics tools can be used to identify and correct misspelled words, incorrect punctuation, and incorrect capitalization. Data scrubbing tools can be used to identify and correct incorrect or inconsistent data values. Data cleansing tools can be used to identify and correct duplicates, incorrect data types, and other inaccuracies.
The use of these tools and techniques can help to ensure that the data is ready for analysis.
Statistical Analysis and Descriptive Statistics
Statistical analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing decision-making, and predicting future events. It is an essential tool of data science. It can be used to identify relationships between different factors or to predict future trends.
Descriptive statistics is the process of organizing and summarizing data in a way that makes it easy to understand. It includes measures of central tendency (e.g. mean, median, mode) and dispersion (e.g. standard deviation, variance), as well as various graphical techniques for depicting data.
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. It has been successfully applied in a number of domains, including natural language processing, speech recognition, computer vision, and fraud detection.
There are many different types of machine learning algorithms, but they can be broadly grouped into two categories: supervised and unsupervised learning. In supervised learning, the computer is given a set of training data, along with the desired output for each data point. The computer then uses this data to learn how to produce the correct output for new data points. In unsupervised learning, the computer is given only the data itself, without any accompanying labels or instructions. It is then able to learn to group or cluster the data points into meaningful patterns.
Data analytics tools and techniques include data visualization, which is the process of creating graphs and charts that illustrate the data. Data visualization tools allow users to see patterns and trends in data that would be difficult to see in text-based data.
Overall, data analytics tools and techniques are used in a variety of industries, including business, government, education, and health care. By using the right data analytics tools and techniques, businesses can improve their operations and increase their profits.
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Each week proofreader Hannah Jones discusses and offers a remedy to common problems we encounter when writing. Today she explains what comma splices are and how to avoid creating them.
What is a comma splice?
A comma splice (sometimes referred to as a run-on sentence) occurs when a comma is incorrectly used to link two independent clauses.
Unsure of what exactly constitutes an independent clause? Let's have a quick recap. An independent clause is one which can stand by itself as a sentence and expresses a complete thought.
Consider the following sentence:
After going to school, Mary did her homework.
'Mary did her homework' is an independent clause; it can stand alone:
Mary did her homework.
However, 'After going to school' is a subordinate clause; it does not express a full thought and cannot form a sentence by itself:
*After going to school.
A comma can link an independent clause to a subordinate clause (as in 'After going to school, Mary did her homework.'), but it is not strong enough to link two independent clauses:
*Mary is a good student, she always does her homework.
Here the comma is 'splicing' two clauses that were already complete on their own.
As always, there are certain exceptions to this 'rule'. Perhaps the most famous is: I came, I saw, I conquered. Some style guides suggest that usage such as this – when the clauses are short and very similar to each other in form – is acceptable. However, if you are writing anything formal, it is best to avoid comma splices; they can make your writing look unprofessional or careless.
How to avoid a comma splice
Use a full stop
This separates the independent clauses into two complete sentences:
Mary is a good student. She always does her homework.
This is particularly useful if the two independent clauses are quite long.
Mary enjoys reading a great variety of different books. The last three books she read were a psychological thriller, a historical romance and an autobiography.
This method does, however, somewhat weaken the link between the two clauses.
Use a semicolon
If the two independent clauses are closely related, it may be preferable to use a semicolon.
Mary is a good student; she always does her homework.
This is an elegant solution and retains the link between the two clauses. For further discussion on the uses of the semicolon, see my recent blog post.
Use a conjunction
In some contexts, it may be appropriate to use a conjunction to link the two independent clauses.
Mary loves to read and she is also very sporty.
John likes playing tennis, but Mary prefers football.
With conjunctions such as 'but', 'so' and 'because', a more complicated relationship between the two clauses can be expressed.
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Opening our soul to each other is vital to communicating to create connection, to cut through anger, resentment and misunderstanding and to avoid turning a conversation into a full-on battlefield. Going for peace is going for non-violent communication. Going for peace is knowing how to express our feelings with words and setting the grounds for inner peace and peace in our relationships. As we all know, our relationships with others form the foundation of our reality. I often say, life is lived with people because Life is a shared experience and as social creatures we need human warmth and positive interaction with others. We need to share our lives; we need to share the goodness of life together. Human beings have a strong, innate desire for happiness, self-determination and fulfillment. When we separate ourselves from others, we are effectively guaranteeing unhappiness for ourselves. Because it is in relating to others, making friends, sustaining friendships and deepening them that we appreciate what nourishes our heart and what makes us happy. Communication is one of the key tools that help us to reach out to people, interact with them, connect and share our thoughts. Communication is a peace-building tool that we use to find solutions to many problems. For communication to be real, it needs to take place in an environment where both parties are open to dialogue without fear of being criticized or judged. Where the parties can feel safe with each other and be sincere and unassuming. Most times we listen only to defend our point of view, we listen to answer and defend our self, which causes problems. Sometimes, we listen in order to respond, which helps us reach agreements. It is very important that we listen in order to understand, and to reach reconciliation.
Basically, Communication is sharing ideas, thoughts, information and messages. This sharing is integral in our life and should always bring us together, because that is the very purpose. Unfortunately they always create conflict. Conflict is a normal everyday thing that happens to all of us. Avoiding conflict at all costs is not a good thing to do because it means we are not telling the truth. We should learn to tolerate conflict; the important thing is resolving conflict in a positive manner. Being always present with people no matter what they have to say, this can often lead to deeper honesty and connection- Knowing how to listen and being heard, verbal and non-verbal communication skills and appropriate communication tactics is likely to yield positive resolutions. Why is this so? Conflicts are about our way of being with others. We should put out our thoughts in the right place when we tail and in a more refined and better manner. We need to be in a heart of peace, we need to express empathy, and compassion. We need to communicate with respect and sensitivity toward the persons we are communicating with and they must be treated with civility. We have to be highly conscious of how we want to connect with our fellow human beings. Being able to recognize the humanity of the other person, being able to see the other person as a unique and valuable human being in the way we talk, work and live, in our daily life, in our relationships, and in the world is being in a heart of peace. When we communicate from our heart, we communicate from a deeper level. A heartfelt communication is communicating peace. We communicate more than just our thoughts and emotions, we communicate to others from our heart. We must also realize the fact that opinions can sometimes bring disharmony and that when we share our thoughts with others we are oftentimes just expressing our opinion which can sometimes be insensitive, unkind and tough. Opinions can lead to disagreements, hostility, arguments and conflict.
And truth be told, it is difficult and unlikely to change our outer influences, in the struggle and turmoil of life, our nerves are typically high strung, and it is easy to let go and vent our bottled feelings on an undeserving or innocent person. However, we can positively change our internal disposition and figure out how to stop allowing outside influences to impact our feelings and perspectives and thus avoid our daily communication pitfalls. Personally, i have chosen peace and I have a very deep passion in my heart for peace building. Having developed the strength of my heart, I’ve ended conflicts and settled fights within myself. I let my rational side take control; I let love take control and not my emotions or gut feelings. Because I am in touch with the deeper part of myself i am better able to take full responsibility for what i feel. Having developed my inner strength i am able to keep my attention in a peaceful place within me and remain unaffected when people are being unpleasant, mean, judgmental etc. towards me. This to me is the strength of my heart. The true strength you attain when you grow into peace. It is not easy to make this become habits; it is not easy at all to get to this point, especially for a personality like mine who does not suffer fools gladly. Of course it is very possible and achievable with open heart. I know how essential it is to communicate with honesty, but I have realized that honest communication does not simply mean just telling people what i really think. It means communicating from my heart. It means communicating honestly, attentively, sensitively and compassionately. I mediate between different aspects of myself and conquer the demon of anger. When am irritated, I take deep breaths — inhale and exhale deeply to cool down before I speak, or remain silent for that moment because I run the risk of unleashing verbal assault on the other person. This has helped me find peacefulness in my everyday life, which delivers satisfaction and I pretty much love myself more.
I constantly remind myself of the higher goals of bringing myself to wholeness, of being able to live my deepest values of being me, being peace, of telling the truth and living an authentic life. This is only possible because i am able to put my thought in the right place. I am able to communication to my God, to my inner self, and to consistently be right on target to fulfill this purpose. I feel the richness this has brought to my life because I see the goodness within me and it makes it easier for me to see the goodness in others too. Yes, I am far from perfect. I do make mistakes because it is human nature. I try to be patient with myself, and listen to my heart- my heart calls me to come back to the harmony that exists within me. As a mediator and ombudsman i have helped many people find peace and resolution through effective communication. Communication for peace reveals experiences and perspectives, listens to all sides, exposes hidden agendas and highlights peace initiatives, irrespective of religion, sex and gender. The equal value of all people is at the heart of the mediation culture. My calling as a Mediator and peace builder is to promote a healthy way to be in the world and to provide hope for a different world in which human dignity is strengthened. In the course of my work as a mediator and peace builder, I realize that there is wisdom in conflict, there is learning, there is opportunity for understanding and growth and we must harness the transformative power of choice that resides within every conflict. We move through the world with words, it is therefore very important that we reexamine the way we communicate .Going for Peace first in communication leads first to a heart connection. We need to ask ourselves where are we communicating from? We must bring in more consciousness when communicating. What are we choosing to communicate? Are we communicating peace or not? We must learn the art of communication, and have the heart of peace. We need to bring peace, love and respect into our communications.
“Open your soul to peace and let words from your heart build bridges of love, respect and understanding.” – Ayo Ayoola-Amale
Copyright © 2016 ayo ayoola-amale
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Soils may be contaminated by man-made chemicals – such as petroleum hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, volatile organic compounds, heavy metals and PCBs – as a result of spills or uncontrolled discharges into the environment, or through historical events/activities (i.e. industrial processes, fueling facilities, automotive service facilities). Where the contaminated soil has an adverse effect on the environment, the Ontario Environmental Protection Act mandates that the affected soil must be removed or remediated.
When this occurs the most common solutions are:
Contaminated Soil Removal
Excavation and removal of the contaminated soil is an ex-situ clean up method that is used where in-situ clean-up methods may not be practical. It is the quickest way to deal with contaminants posing an immediate risk to the environment and is cost effective for small amounts of contaminated soils. Excavation and removal is often the choice for real estate transactions and/or financial institutions that require removal of contaminated soil in order to meet deadlines to effectively eliminate any liability of environmental risk associated with a property.
A less costly means of dealing with contaminated soil where remediation is not restricted by deadlines is bioremediation that incorporates specialized microbial compounds that degrade contaminants in soil. The process can be completed in-situ (in the subsurface at the site) and/or ex-situ (excavate/pile the soil and treat it on-site). Bioremediation is typically a long term solution that is a cost-effective alternative to “dig and dump” methods of remediation.
Bioremediation may include or be done in conjunction with:
- Chemical Oxidation
- Soil Vapour Extraction
- Air Sparging
In-situ remediation can take many forms. Comco has the knowledge and experience to design, install and operate an in-situ system specific to the site requirements. In-situ treatment requires regulatory approval from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) in the form of an Environmental Compliance Approval. Comco can complete the necessary documentation to obtain these approvals.
On occasion bench side or pilot testing is required to select and confirm the treatment, often Comco can provide these services as well.
In-situ methods include:
- bio treatment using engineered micro organisms
- Chemical oxidation using inorganic chemicals
- Soil/Vapour extraction using a vacuum extraction of volatile components
- Groundwater extraction and treatment (pump and treat) using filtration and absorption.
Experience makes the Difference
Comco Canada Inc. has extensive, successful experience in remediation of contaminated soil. Our staff of Engineers, Geoscientists and Environmental Technologists, collaborate with our clients to provide remedial solutions that work effectively and efficiently.
Comco’s experience and vertical integration allows us to have better control over the quality of our service and overall costs for our clients. Comco provides a package that simply cannot be matched and we have been doing so for over 50 years, making us one of the most experienced remediation companies in the south central region of Ontario
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Synchronous systems negotiate the connection at the data-link level before communication begins Basic synchronous systems will begins. synchronize two clocks before transmission.
Asynchronous systems do not send separate information to indicate the encoding or clocking information. The receiver must decide the clocking of the signal on it's own. This means that the receiver must decide where to look in the signal stream to find ones and zeroes.
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This week, the World Bank holds its annual meeting. Amid the delegates rushing in and out, the Bank is expected to discuss a number of organizational changes ushered in by President Jim Yong Kim. As usual, a large number of civil society events critical of the Bank are planned, including a protest outside the Bank’s headquarters. This year, the protests have a specific focus: backsliding on the Bank’s commitment to environmental, social and human rights safeguards in Bank-financed projects.
Ever since the 1970s, affected communities and activists have complained that some development projects, despite the promise of raising living standards or incomes, have done more harm than good. Starting with the Narmada Dam in the late 1980s, communities began targeting financing of these projects by international financial institutions (IFIs). Pressure to avoid or minimize these harmful collateral effects has over the last quarter century led to an expanding set of guidelines, operational procedures (OPs), and impact assessment requirements for IFIs. These were joined over time by monitoring and redress mechanisms of various sorts, all aimed at improving the quality and outcomes of projects and programs as well as avoiding controversy, bad publicity and legal challenges from dissatisfied local communities or workers. For example, in 1993 the World Bank created the Inspection Panel; the regional development banks soon after created their own accountability mechanisms. The World Bank’s private sector arm, the International Finance Corporation, created a Compliance Advisor Ombudsman; the US Overseas Private Investment Center has an Office of Accountability.
In all these cases, the performance of the lender is measured against a set of internal guidelines and operating procedures. The most common complaints involve failure to do an adequate environmental and social assessment, or to comply with involuntary resettlement rules and those involving indigenous peoples. Other current safeguards involve dam safety, pesticides, and cultural heritage. In 1997, the World Bank grouped ten Operational Policies as specific safeguard policies – six environmental, two social, and two legal policies.
The safeguards system for IFIs created in the 1980s is being pulled in two directions. On the one hand, growing lending in infrastructure and natural resource-related sectors has made it even more imperative that those providing the funding have some way of assessing, and avoiding or reducing, harmful effects on local communities, water and land. In particular, investments in Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) projects in countries with tropical forests have raised concerns that indigenous and forest communities will be the losers in a global market for forest carbon. To the extent that other actors, especially multilateral and bilateral aid agencies, fund similar projects, they become subject to the same pressures. Indeed, UNDP and several bilateral aid agencies now have – or are developing – their own safeguards. Combined with this, social, environmental and human rights assessment and monitoring, and accountability for unanticipated effects of private as well as public projects is becoming a key demand of civil society in forums ranging from the negotiation of the post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals to the UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights. Businesses, private banks and bilateral aid agencies are all, to one degree or another, developing their own safeguard, assessment, and due diligence systems.
On the other hand, the IFIs have to contend with the rise of new financial and political actors. Sovereign wealth funds and Chinese and Brazilian development banks now provide alternative sources of development project finance, often without any environmental or human rights strings attached. According to the Economist, these banks’ lending “already dwarfs the $52.6 billion the World Bank disbursed last year. In 2013 BNDES of Brazil doled out $88 billion. Its Chinese equivalent made loans worth $240 billion.” (“An Acronym with Capital,” July 19, 2014) Last July, the BRICS countries created a New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) as potential alternatives to the World Bank and IMF. The NDB has an initial capital of $50 billion and the CRA of $100 billion. The Bank must figure out how to compete in this new landscape.
Moreover, the Banks, along with aid agencies, are being pushed to abandon the “conditionalities” seen as overbearing and paternalistic by recipient governments. The Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, held in Busan, Korea in 2011, called for “country ownership” of development programs. In response, the World Bank has sought to push evaluation, mitigation and monitoring of environmental and social risks and impacts onto borrowers, thus “streamlining” the Bank’s own role. This, combined with the Bank’s efforts to cut down on time and paperwork in order to compete in a newly-diversified funding arena, and to increase its loan volume by 50% over the next decade, led to the current review of the environmental and social safeguards.
Photo: World Bank/Simone D. McCourte
The proposed revision: structure and controversies
In 2009, the Bank’s Independent Evaluation Group found that the safeguards had, to some extent, been working, but that they needed to be updated to take into account new lending modalities. The Bank announced that it would review and update the policy framework. The stated goals of the review include incorporating existing requirements, including new ones, providing greater accountability as well as a tailored approach which takes into account the country and sector context. It would “[a]llow, where and when appropriate, for less front-loading during project preparation, with more investment in effective monitoring and supervision for the realization of agreed project commitments”; and “promote a project-based approach focusing on outcomes rather than procedural compliance.” In other words, the Bank is trying to get away from a “box-checking” approach, become more agile, and shift away from prior assessment towards more monitoring throughout the project life cycle.
The new framework replaces the existing Operational Procedures with a statement of Environmental and Social Policy, combined with ten Environmental and Social Standards (ESS). The policy statement is intended to clarify the scope of the safeguards, restricting them to investment project financing. It creates a classification system, ranging from little risk to high risk projects. It specifies the responsibilities of Borrowers, who are given a larger role in design and implementation of safeguards compliance, with the Bank limited to setting timeframes and outcomes.
The new ESSs do amplify existing safeguards in some important areas. There is, for the first time, a labor standard, which includes provisions on nondiscrimination, child labor, forced labor, and worker health and safety and requires a worker grievance procedure. However, it only applies to direct project employees, not to contractors, which greatly reduces its scope. Another ESS consolidates concerns about pest management with other pollution and resource issues, including a requirement to “consider options to reduce project-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.” An ESS on Community Health and Safety includes, for the first time, provisions on oversight and accountability of security personnel, both public and private, used on a project. It also includes provisions on emergency preparedness and a wide array of potential local impacts. Other ESS topics include biodiversity and habitat loss, including controversial provisions allowing limited biodiversity offsets; protection of cultural heritage; rules for financial intermediaries, and general requirements to consult with stakeholders over the life of the project.
The most contentious nucleus of issues around IFI lending to date has involved land, forced displacement and the rights of indigenous peoples to control what happens within their territories. Here too there are some advances: periodic monitoring, for example, of people who have been involuntarily resettled as a result of a project. In the case of indigenous peoples, the draft goes beyond the current requirement of free, prior and informed consultation before any project involving their ancestral lands goes forward. In three specific high-risk circumstances –impacts on lands and natural resources under traditional ownership, use or occupation; relocation from those lands; and significant impacts on cultural heritage — borrowers must go beyond consultation to obtain the consent of the affected indigenous people.
However, a number of worrisome changes have caused a broad coalition of over 300 civil society groups to raise concerns that, despite assurances to the contrary, the draft does “dilute” the existing standards. It does so both through specific provisions and through an overall approach to flexibility and tailoring that will make it more difficult to hold the Bank accountable to a specific set of rules, through the Inspection Panel or otherwise.
The specific concerns include the following:
First, the draft limits its applicability to project finance, leaving out almost half of the Bank’s portfolio, which the Bank argues will be dealt with by having each new financing instrument have its own set of standards.
Second, by cutting down on “front-end” consultation and approval before the actual disbursement of funds, the Bank’s safeguards staff as well as affected peoples lose whatever leverage they might have had to improve projects or mitigate harms. They are left with monitoring, but trying to stop or improve an ongoing project when problems arise has significant political and economic costs, and so is unlikely to be done well or often. The track record to date, at least, has not been promising.
Third, the indigenous peoples standard, while admittedly an advance on the issue of consent, leaves a huge loophole for governments that do not wish to recognize the existence of indigenous people in the first place. The draft allows the application of an “alternative approach” where identifying indigenous peoples would create a serious risk of exacerbating ethnic tension or civil strife, or is inconsistent with the provisions of the national constitution. The borrower must agree that indigenous peoples are treated at least as well as other groups. Civil society groups fear that this may become a broad exemption for governments, wiping out decades of work on the specificity of dealing with indigenous populations.
Finally, the provisions on land and forced displacement allow for communities to be displaced and projects to go forward before provisions for resettlement are in place. The provisions, moreover, leave considerable flexibility to borrower governments to substitute cash compensation for resettlement land and services, a strategy that has proven in the past to impoverish and destroy communities. Nor do the provisions on land cover land titling or land use policies, which have in the past had deleterious effects on communities and encouraged land-grabbing.
There are many more critiques, including that the process of reforming the safeguards has been opaque and disingenuous. Given the problems, civil society groups are calling for the Bank to slow down the approval process and allow for meaningful consultation. As of now, the consultation period runs until the end of 2014, after which another draft will be produced. Hopefully, there is still time to fix the significant flaws in approach and avoid not only a weakening of the Bank’s safeguards, but the demonstration effect that any weakening will be likely to have on the procedures of other development actors.
The current safeguards are OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment; OP 4.04 Natural Habitats; OP 4.09 Pest Management; OP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples; OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources; OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement; OP 4.36 Forests; OP 4.37 Safety of Dams; OP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways; OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Territories.
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It is a well-known fact that all butter deteriorates in quality after its manufacture, and that if the fresh, sweet and clean flavor of butter could be retained for a longer time, the butter would command a much higher price on the home as well as on foreign markets, and more of it would be consumed. It is also evident that some factories can manufacture butter with better keeping qualities than others, and consequently receive more pay for their product. This, in itself, would indicate that it is through the different steps of manufacture that precautions are to be taken in order to secure the best keeping qualities in butter.
M'Kay, G. L. and Larsen, C.
"The keeping quality of butter.,"
Bulletin: Vol. 7
, Article 1.
Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/bulletin/vol7/iss71/1
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Tips and tricks
I'm a mom and speech therapist here to share the strategies I use in speech therapy and at home, with my own toddler.
but only by a little bit
Girls tend to reach all of their language milestones first, including the number of words they produce, the number of words they understand, the number of words they combine, sentence complexity, and sentence length.
There are different reasons scientists use to explain these differences. One is that girls mature faster and the language portion of their brain becomes more specialized sooner. Other researchers argue that girls elicit more conversation from those around them and therefore receive more input.
While girls do reach their language milestones sooner, these differences should disappear within a few months. In other words, we wouldn’t want to ignore our concerns just because a child is a boy.
While there is a variation in what is normal and children reach milestones at different times, it’s helpful to have a general sense of what to expect in terms of language development:
We expect to see first words around a child’s first birthday, but there is variation in normal. Remember, signs, animal sounds, and exclamations such as “uh-oh” all count as words.
Between your child’s first and second birthdays, you can expect to see a dramatic increase in your toddler’s vocabulary. We often see this marked increase in new words sometime after toddlers have reached the 50-word mark.
By 24 months, we expect toddlers to be using at least 100 words and to start combining words
It’s also helpful to know the factors that put toddlers at risk for persistent language delays. Olswang and his colleagues (1998) have identified several risk factors that put children at risk for more persistent language delays. They are:
If your toddler has a small expressive language vocabulary for their age plus any of the above risk factors, we want to be extra proactive and consult with a Speech Pathologist. It’s always best to seek out help as early as possible.
In summary, boys do talk later than girls. but only by a few months. While boys tend to lag behind in their language skills, we don’t want to dismiss concerns just because a child is a boy. If you have concerns, trust your parent intuition and seek out a Speech-Language Pathologist.
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I'm a pediatric speech therapist, but most importantly, I'm a mom. I know how busy and messy toddler life can be! I'm here to show you the simple things you can do during small, everyday moments that add up that make a big difference for your child's speech and language development.
For tools and tips, follow me on Insta @TheLateTalkerSLP
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GPG, or GNU Privacy Guard, is a public key cryptography implementation. This allows for the secure transmission of information between parties and can be used to verify that the origin of a message is genuine.
In this guide, we will discuss how GPG works and how to implement it. We will be using an Ubuntu 12.04 VPS for this demonstration, but the tools are available on any modern Linux distribution.
How Public Key Encryption Works
A problem that many users face is how to communicate securely and validate the identity of the party they are talking to. Many schemes that attempt to answer this question require, at least at some point, the transfer of a password or other identifying credentials, over an insecure medium.
Ensure That Only the Intended Party Can Read
To get around this issue, GPG relies on a security concept known as public key encryption. The idea is that you can split the encrypting and decrypting stages of the transmission into two separate pieces. That way, you can freely distribute the encrypting portion, as long as you secure the decrypting portion.
This would allow for a one-way message transfer that can be created and encrypted by anyone, but only be decrypted by the designated user (the one with the private decrypting key). If both of the parties create public/private key pairs and give each other their public encrypting keys, they can both encrypt messages to each other.
So in this scenario, each party has their own private key and the other user’s public key.
Validate the Identity of the Sender
Another benefit of this system is that the sender of a message can “sign” the message with their private key. The public key that the receiver has can be used to verify that the signature is actually being sent by the indicated user.
This can prevent a third-party from “spoofing” the identity of someone. It also helps to ensure that the message was transmitted in-full, without damage or file corruption.
Set Up GPG Keys
GPG should be installed by default on Ubuntu 12.04. If it is not, you can install it with:
sudo apt-get install gnupg
To begin using GPG to encrypt your communications, you need to create a key pair. You can do this by issuing the following command:
This will take you through a few questions that will configure your keys.
- Please select what kind of key you want: (1) RSA and RSA (default)
- What keysize do you want? 4096
- Key is valid for? 0
- Is this correct? y
- Real name: your real name here
- Email address: [email protected]
- Comment: Optional comment that will be visible in your signature
- Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? O
- Enter passphrase: Enter a secure passphrase here
At this point, it will need to generate the keys using entropy. This is basically a term to describe the amount of unpredictability that exists in a system. GPG uses this entropy to generate a random set of keys.
It is best to open a new terminal and ssh into the VPS while this runs. Install some software, do some work, and just use the machine as much as possible to let it generate the needed entropy.
This process may take a long time, depending on how active you can make your system.
Create a Revocation Certificate
You need to have a way of invalidating your key pair in case there is a security breach, or in case you lose your secret key. There is an easy way of doing this with the GPG software.
This should be done as soon as you make the key pair, not when you need it. This revocation key must be generated ahead of time and kept in a secure, separate location in case your computer is compromised or inoperable. Type:
gpg --gen-revoke [email protected]
You will be asked for the reason that it is being revoked. You can choose any of the available options, but since this is being done ahead of time, you won’t have the specifics.
You will then be offered to supply a comment and finally, to confirm the selections.
Afterwards, a revocation certificate will be generated to the screen. Copy and paste this to a secure location, or print it for later use:
Revocation certificate created. Please move it to a medium which you can hide away; if Mallory gets access to this certificate he can use it to make your key unusable. It is smart to print this certificate and store it away, just in case your media become unreadable. But have some caution: The print system of your machine might store the data and make it available to others! -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: GnuPG v1.4.11 (GNU/Linux) Comment: A revocation certificate should follow iQIfBCABAgAJBQJSTxNSAh0AAAoJEIKHahUxGx+E15EP/1BL2pCTqSG9IYbz4CMN bCW9HgeNpb24BK9u6fAuyH8aieLVD7It80LnSg/+PgG9t4KlzUky5sOoo54Qc3rD H+JClu4oaRpq25vWd7+Vb2oOwwd/27Y1KRt6TODwK61z20XkGPU2NJ/ATPn9yIR9 4B10QxqqQSpQeB7rr2+Ahsyl5jefswwXmduDziZlZqf+g4lv8lZlJ8C3+GKv06fB FJwE6XO4Y69LNAeL+tzSE9y5lARKVMfqor/wS7lNBdFzo3BE0w68HN6iD+nDbo8r xCdQ9E2ui9os/5yf9Y3Uzky1GTLmBhTqPnl8AOyHHLTqqOT47arpwRXXDeNd4B7C DiE0p1yevG6uZGfhVAkisNfi4VrprTx73NGwyahCc3gO/5e2GnKokCde/NhOknci Wl4oSL/7a3Wx8h/XKeNvkiurInuZugFnZVKbW5kvIbHDWJOanEQnLJp3Q2tvebrr BBHyiVeQiEwOpFRvBuZW3znifoGrIc7KMmuEUPvA243xFcRTO3G1D1X9B3TTSlc/ o8jOlv6y2pcdBfp4aUkFtunE4GfXmIfCF5Vn3TkCyBV/Y2aW/fpA3Y+nUy5hPhSt tprTYmxyjzSvaIw5tjsgylMZ48+qp/Awe34UWL9AWk3DvmydAerAxLdiK/80KJp0 88qdrRRgEuw3qfBJbNZ7oM/o =isbs -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
How To Import Other Users’ Public Keys
GPG would be pretty useless if you could not accept other public keys from people you wished to communicate with.
You can import someone’s public key in a variety of ways. If you’ve obtained a public key from someone in a text file, GPG can import it with the following command:
gpg --import name_of_pub_key_file
There is also the possibility that the person you are wishing to communicate with has uploaded their key to a public key server. These key servers are used to house people’s public keys from all over the world.
A popular key server that syncs its information with a variety of other servers is the MIT public key server. You can search for people by their name or email address by going here in your web browser:
You can also search the key server from within GPG by typing the following:
gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --search-keys search_parameters
How To Verify and Sign Keys
While you can freely distribute your generated public key file and people can use this to contact you in an encrypted way, there is still an issue of trust in the initial public key transmission.
Verify the Other Person’s Identity
How do you know that the person giving you the public key is who they say they are? In some cases, this may be simple. You may be sitting right next to the person with your laptops both open and exchanging keys. This should be a pretty secure way of identifying that you are receiving the correct, legitimate key.
But there are many other circumstances where such personal contact is not possible. You may not know the other party personally, or you may be separated by physical distance. If you never want to communicate over insecure channels, verification of the public key could be problematic.
Luckily, instead of verifying the entire public keys of both parties, you can simply compare the “fingerprint” derived from these keys. This will give you a reasonable assurance that you both are using the same public key information.
You can get the fingerprint of a public key by typing:
gpg --fingerprint [email protected]
pub 4096R/311B1F84 2013-10-04 Key fingerprint = CB9E C70F 2421 AF06 7D72 F980 8287 6A15 311B 1F84 uid Test User <[email protected]> sub 4096R/8822A56A 2013-10-04
This will produce a much more manageable string of numbers to compare. You can compare this string with the person themselves, or someone else who has access to that person.
Sign Their Key
Signing a key tells your software that you trust the key that you have been provided with and that you have verified that it is associated with the person in question.
To sign a key that you’ve imported, simply type:
gpg --sign-key [email protected]
After you’ve signed the key, it means you verify that you trust the person is who he/she claims to be. This can help other people decide whether to trust that person too. If someone trusts you, and they see that you’ve signed this person’s key, they may be more likely to trust their identity too.
You should allow the person whose key you are signing the advantages of your trusted relationship by sending them back the signed key. You can do this by typing:
gpg --export --armor [email protected]
You’ll have to type in your passphrase again. Afterwards, their public key, signed by you, will be spit out on the screen. Send them this, so that they can benefit from gaining your “stamp of approval” when interacting with others.
When they receive this new, signed key, they can import it, adding on the signing information you’ve generated, into their GPG database. They can do this by typing:
gpg --import file_name
How To Make Your Public Key Highly Available
There is not really anything malicious that can happen if unknown people have your public key.
Because of this, it may be beneficial to make your public key easily available. People can then easily find your information to send you secure messages, from the very first communication.
You can send anyone your public key by requesting it from the GPG system:
gpg --armor --export [email protected]
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: GnuPG v1.4.11 (GNU/Linux) mQINBFJPCuABEACiog/sInjg0O2SqgmG1T8n9FroSTdN74uGsRMHHAOuAmGLsTse 9oxeLQpN+r75Ko39RVE88dRcW710fPY0+fjSXBKhpN+raRMUKJp4AX9BJd00YA/4 EpD+8cDK4DuLlLdn1x0q41VUsznXrnMpQedRmAL9f9bL6pbLTJhaKeorTokTvdn6 5VT3pb2o+jr6NETaUxd99ZG/osPar9tNThVLIIzG1nDabcTFbMB+w7wOJuhXyTLQ JBU9xmavTM71PfV6Pkh4j1pfWImXc1D8dS+jcvKeXInBfm2XZsfOCesk12YnK3Nc u1Xe1lxzSt7Cegum4S/YuxmYoh462oGZ7FA4Cr2lvAPVpO9zmgQ8JITXiqYg2wB3 . . .
You can then copy and paste this or send this in an appropriate medium.
If you want to publish your key to a key server, you can do it manually through the forms available on most of the server sites.
Another option is to do this through the GPG interface.
Look up your key ID by typing:
gpg --list-keys [email protected]
The highlighted portion is your key ID. It is a short way to reference the key to the internal software.
pub 4096R/311B1F84 2013-10-04 uid Test User <[email protected]> sub 4096R/8822A56A 2013-10-04
To upload your key to a certain key server, you can then use this syntax:
gpg --send-keys --keyserver pgp.mit.edu key_id
Encrypt and Decrypt Messages with GPG
You can easily encrypt and decrypt messages after you have configured your keys with the other party.
You can encrypt messages using the “–encrypt” flag for GPG. The basic syntax would be:
gpg --encrypt --sign --armor -r [email protected] name_of_file
The parameters basically encrypt the email, sign it with your private key to guarantee that it is coming from you, and generates the message in a text format instead of raw bytes.
You should also include a second “-r” recipient with your own email address if you want to be able to read the message ever. This is because the message will be encrypted with each person’s public key, and will only be able to be decrypted with the associated private key.
So if it was only encrypted with the other party’s public key, you would not be able to view the message again, unless you somehow obtained their private key. Adding yourself as a second recipient encrypts the message two separate times, one for each recipient.
When you receive a message, simply call GPG on the message file:
The software will prompt you as necessary.
If you have the message as a raw text stream, you can copy and paste it after you just typing
gpg without any arguments. You can press “CTRL-D” to signify the end of the message and GPG will decrypt it for you.
There are a number of procedures that you may need to use on a regular basis to manage your key database.
To list your available GPG keys that you have from other people, you can issue this command:
Your key information can become outdated if you are relying on information pulled from public key servers. You do not want to be relying on revoked keys, because that would mean you are trusting potentially compromised keys.
You can update the key information by issuing:
This will fetch new information from the key servers.
You can pull information from a specific key server by using:
gpg --keyserver key_server --refresh-keys
Using GPG correctly can help you secure your communications with different people. This is extremely helpful, especially when dealing with sensitive information, but also when dealing with regular, every day messaging.
Because of the way that certain encrypted communications can be flagged by monitoring programs, it is recommended to use encryption for everything, not just “secret” data. That will make it more difficult for people to know when you are sending important data or just sending a friendly hello.
GPG encryption is only useful when both parties use good security practices and are vigilant about their other security practices. Educate those who you communicate regularly with about the importance of these practices if you want to have the possibility of cryptographically secure communication.
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the meaning of words you don't know by clicking on the dictionary logo
Read the article and as you do decide what
words are missing.
How to bat
We now come
that part of cricket
many is seen as the most important skill.
However much opinions may differ upon this subject, it
certain that without batting, the game would
exist. And without scientific batting
Let us, therefore, consider,
as extended detail as
admit, the science of batting.
A correct attitude in readiness to receive the ball is
the utmost importance.
In one position,
in one only, can a player have
the use of all the muscles he will require at
critical moment. Batting, it must be remembered, is a
succession of sudden starts into activity,
intervals of rest, and not one prolonged
the standard stance and
position the beginner should proceed thus:
Supposing a line be drawn from
middle stump of
the batsman's wicket to the point at which the ball
leaves the bowler's hand, this will cross the popping
right angles; this point of
intersection is called The Guard, and may be marked by
the batsman in
way he likes best (a scratch with
a bat or one of the bails is as useful a way
A moment's consideration will show that the bat,
grounded, and held upright at
by-the-way, called the block-hole)
obstruct the passage of any ball from the bowler
This gives the batsman a fixed point from which to
judge the more
less accuracy of flight of the ball,
and at the same time affords
invaluable guide to
the correct position of the bat while
The guard may be taken at any point between the
popping crease and the wicket, at the pleasure or
the player; but the one mentioned is
the more advisable, as it gives the batsman more room
action, and at the same time a greater command
over the pitch of the ball.
the business of the bowler's umpire
correct guard to the batsman.
The guard being taken and marked, the batsman
to make ready for action.
If a right-handed man, he must stand with his right
shoulder toward his own wicket, and his left towards
right foot parallel with and just
inside the popping crease, and the toe about two or
perhaps three inches
the guard, and
somewhat advanced and pointed forwards.
The bat must
held with the face towards the bowler;
the point touching the guard, and the handle slightly
The right hand grasps the handle of the bat
inches from the shoulder and in the rear, the left
holds the handle a trifle higher up, but from the
front; the hands being thus
opposite sides of the
This is the 'position;' now
For this the player
only three Simple Rules to
To stand as upright and as easily as possible, to
balance the body on the right leg, leaving the left
free for any movement, and
turn the face easily and
naturally towards the bowler, watching him over the
must be kept well forward, the
left elbow well up.
Many good batsmen, indeed most
our very best;
having 'taken guard' in the manner described, rise to
full height - holding the bat still in the line
of the wickets - but swinging a few inches clear of
This attitude, though apparently less cautious than
the former, is
reality, in the case of an
experienced player, far more effective even for
defense, since the increased height of the eye gives
better sight of the ball, and the bat is more ready
for 'bailers,' - balls that rise high to the bails -
my opinion even gaining, in the
power of being down upon 'shooters.'
For, be it remembered, it is far easier to drop the
to raise it.
Moreover, the batsman standing upright has his
muscular powers more
his disposal than when
The player is now ready for the bowler to deliver the
ball; but something more is necessary before he
defend his wicket or strike with full effect.
The bat is merely hanging
perpendicularly in front of the wicket, in order to
in a position to block, that
stop the ball,
or strike, a further movement is necessary.
As the ball is delivered, the point of the bat
be thrown lightly and smoothly back upon the bails,
the right hand to be used as the pivot, and the left
being changed from front
rear, until the whole bat
lies in the line from the top of the middle stump to
the bowler's hand.
This position allows the batsman, by the mere dropping
of the bat
its previous position. If the call be
straight and difficult, to stop it quite as
effectually as if the bat
never been moved, with
this further advantage, that the bat strikes the ball,
not the ball the bat - a point always to
Thus offering the chance of a run,
ball might have fallen dead.
And if the ball be hitable, the bat is ready raised
So thus the batsman is enabled to wait till
moment and hit or block as seems best.
Only let him take
to heart, that if he block, he
block as late and as hard as possible.
Thus have I often seen even fast shooters turned into
capital by a good bat, to the great discomfort
A beginner should practice this action of the bat at
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LANGUAGE POLICY STATEMENT OF THE GARIFUNA NATION
DRAFT (for CABO meeting Dec. 1997)
We, the Garifuna people, although living within the borders of various countries (including but not limited to Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, St. Vincent, and the United States), represent a single, united ethnic community known as the Garifuna Nation. Our language is the Garifuna language. This language has a dictionary, a working orthography, and a corpus of literature and descriptive grammatical work.
The Garifuna people recognize the natural and inherent interconnectedness of language and culture and that our language is the primary vehicle for the transmission of our culture. We believe that our survival depends on both the preservation of our traditional language and on social and economic development. Therefore, language policies and goals described here also impact and are intimately connected with our economic development and cultural survival.
As an indigenous people, the Garifuna Nation has basic rights to autonomy and self-determination, and the right to maintain and preserve Garifuna language and culture. Further, the Garifuna Nation recognizes the right of the Garifuna communities and member organizations in each country to establish and implement local level language policies and development initiatives, and expects these rights to be guaranteed by local governments, as described by the United Nations Draft Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
We, the Garifuna Nation, declare that our ancestral language is Garifuna, and that Garifuna is the language of the Garifuna Nation, regardless of the level of individual competence.
In order to ensure the survival of the Garifuna language, the Garifuna Nation adopts the following language maintenance policies. In the process, we expect recognition of the Garifuna language by the governments of Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua and Guatemala.
These policies are reflected in the thrust of the Garifuna National Language Program, and will result in the formation and execution of language preservation projects and initiatives at all levels within the Garifuna Nation. The Garifuna Nation encourages its various communities to develop local level language maintenance strategies which are tailored to the unique circumstances and needs of the given community.
The Garifuna Nation also mandates the training of teachers and other interested and appropriate individuals in the use of the new Garifuna orthography (reading and writing), in order to promote and promulgate the production of literature, plays, videos, and other cultural materials in Garifuna. Access to publication will also be secured for all regions. We believe that the acquisition of literacy in the ancestral language will expand the domains of use of the Garifuna language, and will allow contemporary Garinagu the maximum potential for creative expression in their language.
Language acquisition and use
For Garifuna parents whose competence in the language is imperfect, local programs to help parents improve their mastery of Garifuna should be implemented.
The Garifuna Nation recognizes the need for greater opportunities to practice and use the ancestral language, and calls for the establishment of fora at all levels promoting use of the language. In addition, we realize that elder speakers are a valuable linguistic resource, and we encourage the consultation of elder speakers and their involvement with language learners. In turn, elder speakers should be encouraging and supportive of language learners.
In general, Garifuna people welcome the interest of linguists in our unique language. We expect, however, a high degree of cultural sensitivity and responsibility. In addition, we require copies of any work produced which deals with our language, and especially appreciate materials and other work which may also be utilized in our language preservation and revitalization efforts.
Through this statement, the Garifuna Nation makes known our intention to exercise greater control over the schools in our communities and over the education of our children, rights guaranteed to us in the United Nations Draft Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, as well as other national and regional agreements and legislation.
The Garifuna Nation requires of national and local governments not only recognition of the legal right to maintain our language, but implementation of the effective right to maintain our language through the allocation of resources, personnel, funds and equipment.
Schools in all Garifuna communities will institute a curriculum teaching the history and culture of the Garifuna people, including the story of the origin of the Garinagu and the Garifuna language, aspects of Garifuna cosmology, traditional Garifuna foods, and Garifuna songs and dance.
The Garifuna Nation also expects to act on our right to educate our children in our traditional Garifuna language, through programs designed to meet the educational, linguistic, and cultural preservation needs and goals of each individual Garifuna community within the Garifuna Nation. As an indigenous people, the Garifuna Nation reserves the right for our children to be educated in their ancestral language as a first or second language.
In keeping with the historical Garifuna tradition of academic excellence, the Garifuna Nation expects for our children an education which is culturally sensitive and linguistically responsible, and also prepares our children for the wider social context. We assert that our children are fully capable of developing a high level of mastery in both their ancestral language and the national language, and expect the use of Garifuna as a medium of instruction to increase student success and performance, increase student awareness and knowledge of their culture and history, and enhance educational opportunity; in addition, we believe that the inclusion of our language and culture in the school program in our communities will reaffirm traditional Garifuna values and pride in each of the nation states of which we are a part.
In addition to the use of our ancestral language in the formal education of our children, the Garifuna Nation also calls for the initiation of Garifuna language instruction at all levels for any and all interested persons. These are to include courses of instruction for non-speakers of the language, as well as courses for Garifuna speakers who wish to acquire literacy in the language.
To facilitate and encourage the development and implementation of programs and projects with a view to ensuring the preservation, promotion, development and wider utilization of the Garifuna language.
1) To facilitate the development of the Garifuna language.
1. Language Development
2. A Standardized Orthography
3. The Acquisition of Garifuna Language Skills
4. The Publication of Literature in Garifuna
5. Fora Promoting the Use of Garifuna
6.Secure Financial Resources
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Arthroscopy is a surgical device used by an orthopedic surgeon to see the joint in order to diagnose or treat the disease. Arthroscopy refers to seeing inside the arthro. Arthro means a joint and scopy means seeing. In fact, an arthroscope is a joint. An arthroscope with a view of the joint can detect its problems and arthroscopy.
Complications of arthroscopy are not high, but like any other surgery, there is a possibility of infection, inflammation of the veins, swelling, excessive bleeding, vascular damage and nerves. The probability of complication in arthroscopy, if done correctly, is less than 1%.
Benefits of Arthroscopy:
Arthroscopic treatment is simpler than surgery, with shorter pain in the abdominal cavity. The condition is usually discharged the same day or next day.
At Sedigheh Zahra Hospital, Dr. Dr. Sharifzadeh, this surgery is performed. The cost of this surgeries varies due to the use of different quantities of consumer goods, but about one million patients need to pay one million and six hundred insurance books without it
Dr. Sayyed Reza Sharifzadeh: Specialist in orthopedics and surgeons for joint replacement (knee and hip) and exercise injuries
• Graduate of General Medicine of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
• Encyclopedia of Occupational orthopedics of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Akhtar Hospital
• Advanced Course of Knee Surgery
• University faculty member
His days are in the hospital on Saturday and Wednesday.
|
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In Sweden, at least 4,000 inhabitants carry an electronic device implanted somewhere in the hand, and with advances in this technology it seems that there will be an increase in the use of these electronic devices.
The microchip boom came in 2015 to the Swedish country, being one of the most advanced ones in terms of biohacking or transhumanism, movements that intend to use technology to improve the human body.
In the case of microchips in all their types, in upgrades, models and designs, their main objective is to facilitate daily life to those who have them as if they were some kind of clothing under their skin. And among other things, they allow, for example, access to work or gym, take out products from the vending machine in the office or validate the train ticket with only one hand movement.
New Payment Method
Many people in Sweden have inserted these microchips in themselves, because they can function as credit cards, without direct contact with some type of machine, at the same time there are also key cards and even rail cards in their bodies.
Once the chip is under the skin, there is no need to worry about placing a card or carrying a heavy wallet, something that makes our lives better, more comfortable and convenient.
New Identity Card
Another utility that has been given to this new technology, is to replace the plastic cards of a conventional identity card with an electronic identity, easier to use and without occupying any kind of space.
In Sweden this has happened, and more than 4,000 people are being part of this evolution in the world, with the electronic identity being one of the first advances.
The path of technology has made us evolve as human beings. Every day new things are discovered, and this advance of microchips could be much more useful in the future, but it could also be dangerous because our information would be at the mercy of states that can know our position or all our biological data wherever we are.
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However, these new reports rarely explain what TRIM support actually is, which may make it hard for you to understand why TRIM is such a big deal and why you really do need it on your SSD or any solid state hard drive you might be thinking of buying.
A Quick Solid State Drive Tutorial
Before you can properly understand why tech websites talk so much about TRIM. you need to beef up your knowledge about how solid state hard drives work.
A solid state drive is simply a circuit board full of flash memory chips and a controller which is in charge of figuring out the best way to move data around the drive and to your computer. Flash memory chips are much, much faster than a disks because there is no mechanical element to them. When you write data to a flash memory some electrical charges are manipulated and presto! Your data is saved.
In order for this process to make sense as data, however, the SSD has to arrange data in a certain way. Usually, a flash memory cell will have larger memory chunks called “blocks” which are made up of smaller memory chunks called “pages”.
When a SSD is first installed in a system, it is empty; so everything works as you’d expect. When you write a file to the drive the data is arranged into blocks and pages by the SSD’s controller. Because the drive is empty, this isn’t too complex. The write proceeds normally and is very quick, much quicker than any mechanical hard drive.
The problem comes when you try to write files to pages which are already occupied by data. This isn’t something which happens only when a SSD is nearly full, because writing data to a solid state hard drive isn’t linear.
Let’s say you have six pages available represented by the letters A to F. Intuitively, you’d expect data to be written linearly, progressing from A to F. In reality, data is not so well structured. The order might be B, then D, then A, and so on. There is no mechanical component in a SSD, so data from all pages can be retrieved equally quickly. In addition, Windows does not automatically scrub all data from a page when the information it contains is deleted. A SSD when appears to be half full, may in fact have all of its pages used.
Whenever you try to write data to a page which is used, you encounter something called the “block-rewrite penalty”. Pages are very specifically arranged in blocks. If you have to replace the data in a page, you have to rewrite all the data on the entire block. A page is usually 4KB, and a block is usually 512KB, so suddenly you’re dealing with far more data. All of the information in the block has to be written into the SSD’s cache, so that it is not lost, then the data is re-written to the entire block and all of its pages.
Seems time consuming, doesn’t it? It is. In the best case scenario, an SSD encountering this penalty will write data five times slower. In the worst case, an SSD may be twenty times slower when writing data.
TRIM Saves the Day
Now you may be saying to yourself – jeez, this seems like a silly way of doing things. Why can’t a single page be deleted so that the entire block doesn’t have to be erased and re-written?
The reason, quite simply, is that solid state drives are new. It is only in the last year that an explosion of consumer-level SSDs has occurred. Computers have been using mechanical hard drives for decades now, and operating systems are optimized for them.
TRIM is a command specification which actually gives an operating system the ability to tell a solid state drive specifically what page holds the data which the user has deleted. The SSD’s controller can take this information and then use it to wipe out specific pages rather than entire blocks. The problem of a block-rewrite penalty really boils down to a communication issue. Today’s SSDs have no way of knowing what pages were deleted, which is why they end up erasing and re-writing the entire block.
Implementation of TRIM support has to occur in the operating system and in the SSD’s firmware. Microsoft has implemented TRIM support in Windows 7 and also in Windows Server 2008 RS, and so far they are the only major operating systems to offer TRIM support. Many of today’s solid state drives also ship with TRIM enabled firmware, but not all of them. SSDs with TRIM support include:
- Corsair Nova, Performance and Reactor
- Crucial M225
- Intel X25-M
- G.Skill Falcon
- Kingston SSDNow Drives
- OCZ Agility, Summit and Vertex
- Patriot Torqx
- SuperTalent Ultradrive
This is not every drive on the market, and there is the possibility that drives which don’t support TRIM will have TRIM enabled with a future hardware revision. If you’re in doubt, visit the website of the SSD manufacturer you intend to buy from. They’ll usually trumpet TRIM support if they have it.
TRIM support is a big deal. If you’re buying an SSD now or in the future, you want it. If you already have an SSD, you should check your manufacturer’s website to see if they have a firmware update which enables it on your drive. With TRIM, your computer’s SSD will always be happily buzzing along at its maximum speed.
Image Credit: Avye
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Wisconsin was “discovered” by Jean Nicolet in 1634, while looking for the Northwest Passage to China. In 1763, Wisconsin was part of the territory ceded by France to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris. Twenty years later, the British released their claim to Wisconsin. On May 29, 1848, Wisconsin became the 30th state in the Union. Celebrate your state's history by displaying state symbols, animals, and state flags. Find your supplies at Flagandbanner.com today.
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Lifting a lobster casita is easier than it looks. The device is little more than an underwater cement table on stumpy legs that most people in the Caribbean use in place of lobster traps. To collect the spiny lobsters native to the area, you simply plant your feet in the sand, take a breath, duck into the four-foot-deep water, and flip up the trap. “You have to keep it from falling backwards!” says Mexican fisheries expert Kim Ley Cooper in exasperation. “Ah, there’s too much sand to see anything.”
A small ripple had grabbed the platform like a sail, pushed it vertical and lifted my furiously kicking feet out of the sand like I was a rag doll. In the moment before my feet lifted, I saw the casita’s inhabitant scuttle past to freedom.
Casitas (or “little houses”) are found in lobster fisheries throughout Latin America and parts of Australia. The idea is simple: because spiny lobsters crave shelter, covered structures attract them just as well as baited traps. They require little maintenance, are easy to monitor and yield as many if not more lobsters as conventional traps.
Their effectiveness, however, has led them to become a flash point among Florida fishing communities. Illegal versions—historically made simply of metallic or appliance garbage dumped in the shallows—have given the device a bad reputation in the U.S. A dedicated cadre of dive fishermen, however, are calling for cleaner versions (like those typically used in Mexico) to be legalized, arguing they are friendlier to the environment than conventional traps. But fishers are not convinced and worry that the devices are so effective (pdf) that they may forever change a marine way of life. All this leaves scientists to wrestle with the question: What’s the best way to catch a lobster?
Spiny lobsters, which live in the Caribbean and along the Pacific coast, are very different from iconic Maine lobsters. The latter American species—with massive claws that diners struggle to crack in restaurants—live in cold, dark water and are aggressive toward one another. Spiny lobsters have no claws, forage at night and happily congregate during the day under whatever they can find—be it rocks, coral or debris. In fact, spiny lobsters are so friendly that any piece of cover quickly becomes a magnet for them; they will pack themselves carapace-to-carapace into a crawl space in a matter of weeks, even though they could come and go as they please. Fishermen then simply dive to the shelter and reach in with a sort of metal lasso to snatch them out.
Lobsters today are unquestionably the biggest fishery in the Caribbean. Thanks to a hungry Chinese market, the crustacean fetched as much as $18.50 per pound at one point last year for live spiny lobsters. (The U.S. only eats spiny lobsters that have been frozen.) Florida fishermen alone catch more than five million pounds per year, mostly around the Keys.
In U.S. waters lobsters are caught in conventional traps, cages with one-way entrances and a long rope for hauling up the catch. With so many traps in the sea, some get loose from their buoys and become tangled in coral or bump around aimlessly. As much as 1,600 kilometers of rope is thought to be lost from traps every year. “Lobsters are the highest value species in the entire Caribbean,” says Tom Matthews of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. But “there are far too many traps used in Florida than what would be needed to harvest all the lobster.”
Matthews has been looking at casitas as a potential companion to traps in the U.S. In a recent (unpublished) study he showed that in one lobster-rich area in the Florida Keys, casitas enabled fishermen to collect the same volume in one month that trappers could catch in three.
But trap fishermen say that many of these casitas are little more than junk piles. “Car hoods, PVC pipe, corrugated metal sheets, appliances, bathtubs. God, I’ve even seen boat trailers out there,” says Bill Kelly, executive director of the Florida Keys Commercial Fishermen’s Association. “On the Gulf side, roughly five to six miles off in some areas, we have continuous walls of casitas that extend for miles.”
Casita fishing has been illegal in the U.S. since the 1980s when illegal fishermen made junk-pile casitas, which during storms can cut coral reefs to ribbons. That’s the image that most people have of casitas but in the past decade improved designs have emerged, and with them a devout group of U.S. fans of the little houses. “It’s the 21st century, why are we still using an archaic 1940s box?” says Jim Sharpe, director of pro-casita Environmentally Concerned Commercial Divers, based in Big Pine Key, Fla. “We’ve got a better mousetrap.”
Sharpe says the days of junked refrigerator casitas are long gone and that modern versions are attached to the ocean floor and thus can’t be blown onto the reef during a storm. Many even have a place to clip a boat line so that fishermen do not need an anchor, which also could otherwise damage reefs. Traps require bait (often other lobster), but casitas do not, which means smaller lobsters that might have been bait can go on to breed or be harvested later. And lastly, lobsters left in a trap that has separated from its mooring will eventually die, doing no good for either fisherman or the environment.
For retrieval, however, free divers must swim to depths as far as nine meters to retrieve lobsters by hand. That free-diving component, irrelevant with trap lobstering, is key to why conventional lobstermen see casitas as a threat to their livelihoods. “We have no interest in a casita fishery,” Kelly says. “We have a traditional trap fishery that serves the industry well.”
The conflict has become remarkably heated. The legal standing of casitas in the U.S. may depend on whether they cause less environmental harm than traps do. Both do some damage: Scientists have known for awhile that casitas form a halo of unvegetated sand around them. But careful examination reveals that traps do as well, and might even be worse because they can swing 15 meters in a circle, damaging ocean life.
In addition to operational traps, Matthews (who doesn’t promote one fishing method over another) says that based on surveys of professional lobstermen as many as 100,000 traps are lost every year—a fifth of all traps, posing a threat to reefs and wasting any lobsters caught in them. Kelley says that number is about five times too high but was not able to provide data. If Matthews is right (he plans to publish two papers on the matter soon), it could mean that traps are causing far more damage to the corals than previously thought.
Ley Cooper, with NGO Razonatura, which works to empower coastal communities throughout the Yucatan Peninsula, sees casitas as an easy solution to the problem. As long as fishing grounds are divvied up fairly and fishermen are forbidden from using scuba, casitas are the most sustainable way (pdf), he says, to catch lobster. (Mexican divers must free dive and thus do not harvest breeding lobsters from deeper water, unlike other countries such as Honduras, where the lobster population has plummeted because scuba divers take everything.)
Either way, we in the U.S. won’t see a casita-based fishery soon. Last summer the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ended an investigation into their potential, effectively shutting the door on legal casitas for now
“Managing lobsters is easy,” Matthews says. “It’s managing people that’s difficult. Culturally, I would say that casitas are not compatible with south Florida. However, culture can change.”
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Don't post anything on a a social networking site which gives your real name, address, school, phone number or which will allow a stranger to contact you in real life. Make sure you don't ID your friends either.
Don't upload anything that might might embarrass you at a later date. You might not realise it but things you post on the internet now could come back to cause problems for you later on, for it to be shown to the world then do not hit send. Remember once you send it you have lost control over of that lost control of that image or comment.
Never be pressured into taking pictures of yourself that you wouldn't want other people to see. Trust your gut instinct over this. Once again you hit send, you have lost control over that picture and this can cause anxiety and stress.
If you're using a shared computer at school, in an internet café or library then you'll stay logged on even when you close the browser. So don't forget to log off when you've finished the session. Read more tips about staying safe online.
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|
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||Edmund Bacon settled in the Southern Colonies in North America prior to incorporation into the USA.|
Join: US Southern Colonies Project
Edmund was born in 1641, either in England, or in New Kent County VA. He married Ann Lydall in 1682. Her father, George Lydall, gave them land that would be the Bacon plantation for years. They are "said to have had four daughters...and two sons, Edmund and John, who is the only male descendant of record in New Kent County. Edmund Bacon, the second, probably died in his youth..."
"There would appear to be some question as to the ancestry of William Bacon as well as the fact of Capt. Edmund Bacon being his son. This ancestry has been accepted by a great many descendants; however, more proof would be welcome."
"It is a matter of debate where and when Edmund Bacon was born and who his parents were. Some sources say that he is the son of William Bacon and grandson of Sir James Bacon (1545-1618) of Friston Hall, Suffolk, England. Other sources state that he is the son of Thomas Bacon (1615-1656), son of the Reverend James Bacon (1591-1670) and Martha Woodward whose sister, Bridget Woodward, was married to Sir Thomas Lyddall (d.1627). Sir Thomas Lyddall was the father of Col. George Lyddall. I agree with this latter connection which would make Edmund Bacon and Ann Lyddall cousins. We know for sure that Edmund did not descend from Nathaniel Bacon, “The Rebel”, as he died leaving only daughters and was not old enough to have been Edmund’s father. Also, Col. Nathaniel Bacon, the Governor of Virginia, did not have any children. It is believed that Edmund was probably born in England; the Norfolk/Suffolk region which is the ancestral home of the Bacon families. Year of birth is also in debate as no records can be found. Most histories give him the date of 1640, 1654 or 1660. I feel 1640 is too early a date and 1660 a little too late so I accept the date of 1654. This falls in line with the death of Sir Thomas Bacon who died in 1656. Also, this would make him about equal in age to his wife Ann Lyddall. I feel they were probably married sometime about 1680/81."
From Jouett Taylor Prisley family History and Genealogy:
Background accounts vary, not an unusual circumstance! One source says Edmund patented land in 1687 (October 21st) on the Pamunkey River, naming as "headrights" or immigrants, Anne Lyddall and Thomas Bacon, possibly his wife and a son (also Katherine Davis, Nathaniel Smith and George Pargeter). Another source, and these accounts perhaps do not cancel each other, states that Anne's father gave Edmund in the marriage contract 1,700 acres on Black Creek in the narrows of the York River.
Edmund was for a time sheriff of New Kent Co and a vestryman of St. Peter's. He was a relative of, but could not have been the son of Nathaniel Bacon, "The Rebel". In 1682 Edmund received 6,000 pounds of tobacco as payment for keeping 40 soldiers at his own expense at the Mattaponi fort before he was ordered to reduce the garrison.
Children of Edmund and Anne (not necessarily in this order) were:
Jouett Taylor Prisley family history and genealogy sources:
Do you have a GEDCOM? Login to have every name in your tree searched. It's free (like everything on WikiTree).
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On 7 Nov 2014 at 00:28 GMT Vicki Smith wrote:
Edmund is 19 degrees from Kevin Bacon, 21 degrees from Campbell Braddock, 17 degrees from George Herbert and 17 degrees from Queen Elizabeth II Windsor on our single family tree. Login to find your connection.
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In class recently we have learned about confidence intervals and sampling distributions. I am not sure specifically what topic this particular question falls under/ what formula is involved. Any suggestions on how to get started would be appreciated. Thanks.
Among 30 children (aged five to six years) living in a particular neighborhood, the standard deviation of diastolic blood pressure is 7.9mm Hg and the mean diastolic blood pressure is 56.2mm Hg. A national study indicates that the mean diastolic blood pressure is 64.2 mm Hg for children aged five to six years. Is there evidence that the mean diastolic blood pressure for children in the neighborhood differs from the national mean diastolic blood pressure for children aged five to six years? Any thoughts on how to approach this question? Thanks.
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Sebum is composed of lipids, or fats. Lipids don't dissolve in water, which is how sebum is able to create a barrier that traps some water in the skin and keeps other water out. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are all elements in lipids, and lipids are found in both plant and animal cells [source: Medicine Net].
Sebum contains a variety of different lipids, including cholesterol, glycerides, fatty acids, squalene, and wax and cholesterol esters, but the exact composition of sebum varies with a person's age. For example, a newborn's sebum is very similar to an adult's sebum. However, after about six months, the composition changes. Sebum in a young child contains more cholesterol and less wax and squalene. The composition changes again around the age of eight and then again during puberty [source: New Zealand Dermatological Society].
For information on sebum, see the links on the following page.
Related HowStuffWorks Articles
- American Academy of Dermatology. "Glossary." 2008. (Accessed 9/20/09) http://www.skincarephysicians.com/acnenet/glossary.html
- Brown, Sonya K., M.D. and Alan R. Shalita, M.D. "Acne Vulgaris, Folliculitis, and Rosacea." American Academy of Dermatology, 2009. (Accessed 9/20/09) http://www.aad.org/education/students/acnevulgaris.htm
- KidsHealth. "Your Skin." 3/09. (Accessed 9/21/09) http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/skin.html
- Mayo Clinic. "Acne." 4/30/08. (Accessed 9/20/09) http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/acne/DS00169
- Mayo Clinic. "Acne Treatments: Emerging Therapies for Clearer Skin." Mayo Clinic, 4/19/08 (Accessed 9/20/09)http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/acne-treatments/SN00038
- Mayo Clinic. "Cradle Cap." 6/6/08. (Accessed 9/20/09) http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cradle-cap/DS01074
- Medicine Net. "Definition of Lipid." (Accessed 9/21/09) http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4168
- Medline Plus. "Medical Encyclopedia: Hair Follicle Anatomy." 11/13/06. (Accessed 9/21/09) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/9703.htm
- New England Dermatological Society. "Seborrhea." 8/16/09. (Accessed 10/5/09) http://dermnetnz.org/acne/seborrhoea.html
- New Zealand Dermatological Society. "Sebum." 6/15/09. (Accessed 9/20/09) http://dermnetnz.org/acne/sebum.html
- WebMD. "How Skin Ages." (Accessed 10/22/09) http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/effects-of-aging-on-skin
- WebMD. "Understanding Acne: The Basics." (Accessed 10/22/09) http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-acne-basics
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This might be the greatest contribution gardening ever made to space travel.
In the middle of World War II, engineers were trying to figure out how to make pressurized suits for military pilots who were going into ever-thinner layers of the atmosphere. One problem was once you’re on the inside of an inflated balloon, even one with arms and legs, it gets really hard to move. If you bend, the pressure goes up even farther. You tend to just… outstretch.
Goodrich engineer Russell Colley was one of the folks trying to get pilots to bend at the elbow and knee, and had a sudden insight while contemplating a garden pest: “I watched a tomato worm bend about 90 degrees, and the pressure in the worm did not change as far as I could see. It did not increase in diameter; so I tried it on
the suit.” The result was this, the Goodrich XH-5, an important step on the way to the first space suit. Maybe even a larval form of one?
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Pizza a vegetable? Congress saves dough over kids’ health
Recently, Congress stated that tomato paste, the basis of any good pizza, qualifies as a serving of your daily vegetables. Apparently, there is no need to eat your broccoli and carrots anymore, pizza will do just fine. Congress is taking the easy way out in finding healthy school meals that satisfy the regulation on the amount of vegetables served at lunch, while also saving the nation a few bucks.
School lunch lines bring to mind trays filled with cheeseburgers, chicken fingers and french fries, so as we quickly approach 2012, isn’t it our job to change the menu for the better? This is the government’s golden opportunity to influence how students eat for the rest of their lives. Giving them options like pizza and french fries gives the false impression that tomato paste and starchy-potatoes are good choices to fulfill that daily vegetable serving. Incidentally, the tomato is classified as a fruit.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture issued new guidelines and revisions for school lunches in early January. They proposed to increase the availability of fruit, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat milk, among many other things.
The pizza-loving lobbyists were left enraged and, according to The New York Times, spent $5.6 million lobbying against these new regulations. It’s understandable that organic and whole-grain foods cost a pretty-penny but it’s no reason for Congress to turn its back against the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s regulations.
It’s embarrassing to see our government scrounging around for extra money instead of bettering our society by feeding children healthy, satisfying meals. Well fed and healthy students will always one-up the ill-fed students, who’s stomach are filled with pizza — er — I mean vegetables.
Who wants to eat celery, green beans and brown cardboard-like bread when one could settle for pizza and french fries that now satisfy the daily dietary requirements? Clearly, Congress is only looking out for our taste buds and the bottom line rather than our weight, sodium intake or health. Is it not clear to them that obesity is a rising epidemic? The Center for Disease Control and Prevention states that approximately 12.5 million children between the ages of 2-19 are obese. That’s clearly a problem, and giving them the not-so-healthy options at lunch doesn’t help at all.
Yes, foods that lack essential nutrients are cheaper and make it easier to feed so many hungry mouths, but the end result needs to be acknowledged as well. We say it’s okay to feed children chicken nuggets and french fries now, but what happens when the weight gain starts to set in or when diabetes diagnoses run rampant? Congress’s attempt to be frugal in these hard times will result in ballooning childhood obesity that will blow up in their faces.
— Rosie de Queljoe is a journalism freshman. She can be reached at email@example.com.
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On the first of January 2021 the African Continental Free Trade Area commenced trading, making this Trade Fair the first to take place since we reached the most significant milestone in our quest for African economic integration.
In 2018 the first Intra-African Trade Fair opened in Egypt, in the ancient city of Cairo.
Today, it is opening in the southernmost tip of Africa. In due course, we hope the IATF will be held in all parts of the continent. This fair belongs to us all.
The goods, products and services exhibited at the fair represent all the countries of Africa, and its success rests on the participation of all of us.
The AfCFTA aspires to connect all the regions of Africa, to deepen economic integration and to boost intra-African trade and investment. It aspires to create a single market for goods and services across 55 countries and our continent, creating a market of as much as 1.3 billion people with a combined GDP of $3.4 trillion.
This year’s Intra-African Trade Fair is about building bridges.
It brings together governments, buyers, investors, entrepreneurs and manufacturers from more than 55 countries to give life to the African Continental Free Trade Area.
The countries of Africa are open for business. Since ancient times, trade has been the engine that connected communities both near and far. From the ancient centres of learning like Alexandria and Timbuktu, to the northern civilisations in Egypt and Carthage, the western Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, the trans-Saharan trade routes, the eastern trading centres of Zanzibar, Mombasa and Mogadishu, to the ancient southern civilisations of Great Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe, for many centuries Africans traded the goods that they produced.
Throughout history, Africa has had a network of trade routes that facilitated the flow of goods such as beads, carvings, ivory, gold, gum, metal works, salt, textiles and metals. These trade routes enabled African traders to seek out markets beyond the continent.
Colonialism deeply damaged the indigenous development of African trade and caused great harm to our societies. At first, Europeans traded in African lives, carrying millions of slaves across the Atlantic to produce the wealth of their new-found colonies. Then, with the realisation of Africa’s vast raw materials, colonial powers turned to the extraction of Africa’s minerals and agricultural products.
Much of the economic storyline of colonialism persists to this day.
Now Africa is taking concrete steps to write its own economic success story. It is opening up new fields of opportunity. One such opportunity is in Africa's rapid adoption of locally developed fintech, of which M-PESA is the most well-known. It is an example of financial and technological innovation in which Africa leads the world.
A recent report from the Brookings Institution notes that Africa “is already the largest adopter of mobile money transfer systems, comprising nearly half of the globe’s registered mobile money customers, approximately 70 percent of global mobile money transactions, and two-thirds of the transaction volume by value".
It is by harnessing all our capabilities, both existing and emerging, that we will accelerate Africa’s economic growth and integrated development.
It is our expectation that this Intra-African Trade Fair will further cement its position as Africa’s premier trade platform, where African manufacturers can promote and sell more ‘Made in Africa’ goods to one another.
This is critical if we are to change the distorted trade relationship that exists between African countries and the rest of the world.
We can no longer have a situation where Africa exports raw materials and imports finished goods made with those materials.
We can longer have a situation where the resources of Africa provide employment and add value in other economies, while so many of our people live in poverty and conditions of under-development.
By promoting trade between African countries we are strengthening the continent’s industrial base and ensuring that we produce goods for ourselves and each other.
Two key developments of global significance can serve as a stimulus for Africa to act in unison.
Firstly, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the first quarter of 2020 exposed the frailty of African economies. More importantly, it sent a powerful message to our continent about the dangers of over-reliance on external sources to meet its growing demand for food, medicines and other essential supplies. It clearly demonstrated that Africa needs to produce its own food and medicines, to strengthen continental supply chains, and to invest in infrastructure and capacitate African institutions. To illustrate the extent of the challenge, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa estimates that Africa imports about 94 per cent of its pharmaceutical and medicinal needs from outside the continent at an annual cost of $16 billion.
Secondly, the African Continental Free Trade Area has the potential to accelerate economic growth across the continent and create opportunities for entrepreneurs, small and medium enterprises as well as large corporations to flourish. The AfCFTA will provide new export opportunities for ‘Made in Africa’ products and enable member countries to trade with each other without tariffs or other hindrances.
All of this will help the continent to absorb the 10 to 12 million African youth looking to enter the job market annually.
The AfCFTA should therefore be underpinned by strong and ambitious rules of origin, requiring a very high level of value-add here on our continent. We need, as Africans, to resist the temptation to simply become transhipment centres, adding only limited industrial value in Africa.
The AfCFTA will unlock more value and give effect to the dream of African development if it promotes complementary trade between countries.
It is about using the combination of the continent’s raw materials and industrial capacity, finance, services and infrastructure to produce quality finished goods to local and global markets. It is about creating a market large enough to attract investors from across the world to set up their production facilities on the continent.
We need to leverage platforms such as the Intra-African Trade Fair to mobilise all African governments, together with our social partners, to work tirelessly to address youth unemployment.
Half of Africa’s population are women, and they are the dominant actors in the informal sectors of Africa’s economic landscape. Despite this, women only generate around a third of the continent’s combined GDP. It is important that the Intra-African Trade Fair gives special attention to African women in business, recognising their great potential as drivers of economic change across the continent.
Trade is built on a bedrock of investment. We must therefore find ways of attracting more investment into our economies, and, crucially, we must encourage African businesses to invest in each other’s countries. This requires that we improve the ease of doing business in our countries and provide protection for investors through strong and independent legal systems that will ensure the sanctity of contract and fair and expeditious legal processes. It means also that investors must be sensitive to our continent’s development goals: jobs, industrialisation and development of local entrepreneurs.
The conditions of Africa’s workers must improve as part of our development goals and the decent work agenda that all of us have committed to must find expression in our trade, investment and industrial frameworks.
On the 24th of May 1963, independent Ghana’s first President Kwame Nkrumah delivered his famous ‘We must unite now or perish’ speech in Addis Ababa.
His words are as true today as they were when the Organisation of African Unity was formed.
President Nkrumah said: “With our united resources, energies and talents, we have the means, as soon as we have shown the will, to transform the economic structures of our individual states from poverty to that of wealth, from inequality to the satisfaction of popular needs. Only on a continental basis shall we be able to plan the proper utilisation of all our resources for the full development of our continent.”
Now is the hour of action.
As countries let us work with speed to resolve any outstanding issues around the AfCFTA; let those countries who have not already ratified it do so; and let us take the necessary steps towards domestication.
We are greatly encouraged by the sentiment expressed by the African Development Bank a few weeks ago that the implementation of the AfCFTA will be a key component of the bank’s lending programme and that working with the AfCFTA Secretariat the bank hopes to amass a number of AfCFTA aligned investments.
South Africa stands ready to work closely with all African countries to forge more balanced, equitable and fair trade relations among African nations.
By Cyril Ramaphosa
President of the Republic of South Africa
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Tamberlaine Nevada History and
TAMBERLAINE - (1873-?)
T15N R64E Section 10.
The site of TAMBERLAINE is located on the west side of the Schell
Creek Range, a little southeast across the Steptoe Valley from Ely.
Discoveries of good manganese ore were made by a party of Reno
explorers in 1869, but it was not until the spring of 1873 that a
town was laid out and named TAMBERLAINE.
Mining here has
always been intermittent. In 1880, a body of silver ore was
discovered. Some mining occurred during WWI and WWII and during the
1950's the TAMBERLAINE Mine was said to be the largest producer of
manganese in the County.
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The more than two thousand year old Dizi is a traditional Chinese musical instrument that was popular during the Warring States period (472-221 BC) and was used in opera during the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.
There are two opinions about where the Dizi came from. Official Imperial documents say that a messenger for Han Emperor Wudi brought one with him from western China in 199 BC.
However, older bone and bamboo flutes have been found in ancient tombs. One was found in an Eastern Han tomb (206BC – 9 AD). Several bone flutes were found in Zhejiang province and more than thirty flutes have been found that were nine thousand years old. The number of holes varies.
Lloyd Lofthouse is the award-winning author of My Splendid Concubine [3rd edition]. When you love a Chinese woman, you marry her family and culture too. This is the love story Sir Robert Hart did not want the world to discover.
Subscribe to “iLook China”!
Sign up for an E-mail Subscription at the top of this page, or click on the “Following” tab in the WordPress toolbar at the top of the screen.
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I was looking at the web sites of a few colleges the other day which use a “Great Books” curriculum. This is an approach to a core curriculum in which students work their way through a listing of the great books from the past, across a variety of disciplines. Here’s an example from Thomas Aquinas College, a highly-regarded Catholic liberal arts college in Santa Paula, California. St. John’s College is probably the best-known example; I remember getting a mailer from them when I was a senior in high school, and I was fascinated by the idea of attending a Great Books university at the time. There are also a few public universities which offer a great books curriculum as an option within the larger curricular structure of the university, for example as part of an honors program.
Apparently Mortimer Adler is credited with coining the concept of the Great Books, and he gives three criteria for a book to be a Great Book (taken from the Wikipedia article):
- the book has contemporary significance; that is, it has relevance to the problems and issues of our times;
- the book is inexhaustible; it can be read again and again with benefit;
- the book is relevant to a large number of the great ideas and great issues that have occupied the minds of thinking individuals for the last 25 centuries.
I am fairly interested in this concept of the Great Books for the same reason I am interested in the concept of having no textbooks whatsoever
, or free textbooks, or cheap textbooks from a better time
— Great Books appear to provide an affordable, strongly intellectual alternative to overpriced, bloated modern textbooks
which have an increasingly low signal-to-noise ratio in their contents. But one of the things I’ve seen lacking in a lot of the “Great Books” universities’ curricula is mathematical content. St. John’s College has students reading Euclid’s Elements
as well as Descartes’ Geometry
and Discourse on Method
, Pascal’s Conic Sections, Newton’s Principia Mathematica
(!), some philosophical essays by Leibniz (does that count as math?), Dedekind’s Essay on the Theory of Numbers
, and several papers by Einstein in which students are required to work through the math. But St. John’s appears to be by a very great margin the most mathematically-inclined of the Great Books crowd; most such universities have students reading the Elements and that’s it.
What do you think are the Great Books of mathematics? If you were to build a mathematics major around a Great Books framework, what would you include and at what level (freshman, etc.) would you have students encounter them? I think articles and monographs could be considered “great books” as well.
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Who Is At Risk Of Mold
According to the WHO, 15 percent of houses in cold climates show signs of dampness, and about 5 percent have signs of mold problems. In warm climates, however, it is estimated that 20 percent of houses have dampness, and 25 percent have mold. Dampness is most likely to occur in overcrowded houses or those that lack appropriate ventilation, heating and insulation. Because symptoms of mold infection are similar to other respiratory ailments, they are often misdiagnosed.
Remove Mold From Concrete And Cement Walls
Removing black mold from concrete or cement walls is fairly simple. However, in some situations, it may be difficult to completely remove all traces of it, especially if it has gotten deep into the concrete. In this situation, it may be necessary to apply an encapsulation to help seal in any remaining traces of spores, which will prevent it from growing and spreading.
Clean Up Safely After A Flood
Flood water may contain bacteria, petroleum and chemicals. Mold can grow in a flooded home that is not properly cleaned and dried out.
Learn how to safely clean your home after a flood:
Mold , mushrooms, and yeast are all types of fungi. Fungi are found both indoors and outdoors. Hundreds of different kinds of mold are commonly found in the United States and New York City.
Exposure to mold can cause or worsen asthma symptoms and allergies, such as hay fever. People who are allergic or sensitive to mold may experience congestion, runny nose, coughing and trouble breathing.
Some people are at risk for more severe reactions to mold, such as fever and shortness of breath. This includes people who are exposed to large amounts of mold at work such as, agricultural workers and building demolition workers. People who have had or are undergoing certain medical procedures, such as bone marrow or organ transplants and chemotherapy, are also at risk. Health symptoms usually disappear after the mold has been removed.
You May Like: How To Clean Black Mold On Ceiling
How Common Is Mold In Buildings
Mold is very common in homes and buildings.
One 2017 study found mold in every public building studied, with an average of about 14 instances of mold per building.
Another involving 31 European countries found mold in 1 in 6 homes. The author noted that the prevalence of mold may vary greatly depending on the regional climate.
Create A Bleach Mixture
If the black mold growth in your home is small enough for you to treat alone, a simple mixture of bleach and water can help. Add one cup of bleach to one gallon of water and apply it to the moldy spots. You can also find commercial black mold removal products.
Soak a paper towel in the cleaner and press it over the mold growth to dampen the area. Then start scrubbing. Avoid spraying moldy areas, since the droplets will collide with the mold spores and launch them throughout the room, making them easier to breathe in and harder to eradicate.
Be sure to dry the area thoroughly when youre done.
Do NOT mix bleach with ammonia. This combination can create toxic fumes that are far more dangerous than any mold youre trying to clean.
Also Check: How To Get Mold Off The Bathroom Ceiling
Some Natural Recipes To Stop Mold
- Tea Tree Oil
Tea tree oil is one of several natural mold killers that can be used as an alternative to chemicals such as bleach. Combine about 2 teaspoons of tea tree oil with water in a spray bottle. Apply the mixture where you see the black mold. Allow it to saturate, then reapply if necessary. Tea tree oil is said to be one of the best natural mold killers.
- Baking Soda
Baking soda works as a remedy for mold because of its antifungal content. Mix baking soda with water, and spray the content on the moldy area. Scrub off the mold using a brush, then rinse and respray the surface, without scrubbing allow it to dry.
Spay undiluted vinegar on moldy areas, do not rinse or wash off. After a while, the presence of the mold will begin to fade and so will the vinegar smell.
- Grapefruit Seed Extract
Grapefruit seed extract offers an alternative to vinegar because it is odorless and contains an antifungal property that helps fight off mold. Add grapefruit seed to water and spray on the affected area.
- Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide can be used to fight black mold. Spray the hydrogen peroxide around the affected area, let it saturate for about 10 minutes and then scrub thoroughly. Wipe the area with hydrogen peroxide when youre done scrubbing.
Scrub With Baking Soda Or Borax
Sodium bicarbonate and the natural mineral borax each have a high pH that inhibits the growth and survival of mold. Both products are inexpensive and easy to use.
Make a paste of the powders with a few drops of water and apply it to the areas of mold growth. Let it sit for at least 30 minutes and then use a dampened scrub brush to scour the area. Rinse well with fresh water and dry with an old cloth.
Neither product is as effective at killing mold or removing stains as chlorine bleach or vinegar.
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How To Remove Mold From Painted Walls
- Move all furniture and decorative items from the area.
- Do not proceed if there are bubbles or cracking in the paint or if you smell a moldy odor it behind the walls.
- In a spray bottle, mix 3 parts warm water and 1 part detergent.
- Spray the affected area and use a cloth or sponge to scrub.
- Fill the spray bottle with clean water and spray to rinse the area. Wipe dry with a towel.
- In a clean spray bottle, mix 1 part bleach and 2 parts water. Spray the bleach mixture onto the affected area and let sit for 10 minutes. Rinse with water and thoroughly dry.
Black Mold Removal Using Essential Oils
Essential oils have mcade aromatherapy a household word, but these natural compounds can do so much more. Tea tree oil is an insect repellant, antiseptic, and deodorizer and its one of the safest methods for getting rid of black mold. Tea tree oil is a natural fungicide that cleans up mold quickly and it helps prevent mold spores from coming back.
Combine one teaspoon of tea tree oil with one cup of water in a spray bottle and shake vigorously to blend the water and oil. Spray the moldy area, leave it to dry for an hour, and then wipe away with a microfiber cloth or dry towel. Make sure to wear protective gloves, because some people find that essential oils can irritate their skin.
Read Also: How To Clean Mold In Bathroom Ceiling
Tips To Keep Black Mold Away Longer
- Reduce moisture levels in your home. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, humidity levels in homes should not exceed 60 percent.
- Repair leaks that keep surfaces wet.
- Add a dehumidifier and use heating and air conditioners to help reduce moisture levels.
- Install moisture barriers in basements.
- Clean mold-prone areas regularly to keep black mold growth in check.
Mold Allergy. Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.
Remove Mold From Cinder Block Walls
If it is growing on the surface of painted cider block in the basement or cinder block in the crawlspace, simply clean it using a good bathroom cleaner. Once the cinder block has been thoroughly cleaned, repaint cinder block using a paint that has an antimicrobial additive added to the paint. Since cinder block is often used in basements, so it the most important thing to do is to stop the moisture from seeping through the cinder block by using a waterproofing system on the walls.
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Determine The Course Of Action
Chances are if you have been smelling mold in your home or having sudden respiratory problems and you discover mold, the mold has been growing for some time. If the growth isn’t widespread, meaning it does not encompass a whole wall, you could try first to remove the problem on your own. If it’s more extensive, skip down to step 8 on tips for hiring a pro.
How Fast Does Black Mold Spread
Mold begins to grow as soon as its spores land on a damp, fibre-rich material and it can spread around the house within 24 to 48 hours. It colonizes in one to twelve days and grows at one square inch per day. In less than a week, it can cover surface areas of several square feet.
Unfortunately in most cases, mold is widespread and already a big problem before a problem is even suspected by the homeowners.
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Possible Symptoms And Health Effects
When there is black mold inside of the walls, it often causes allergy-like symptoms, including watery eyes, sneezing and running nose. If anyone in your home has respiratory problems, such as asthma and those with a weakened immune system may have a higher risk of infections from exposure to the mold. Black mold can also cause more serious illness, such as sleep disorders, memory loss, bleeding lungs in infants and sudden infant death syndrome.
Getting Rid Of Mold With Baking Soda
From absorbing odors in the fridge to relieving heartburn, baking soda has a multitude of uses around the house including black mold removal. Its safe for your family and pets, and it not only kills black mold, it absorbs moisture that attracts mold.
Add one-quarter of a tablespoon of baking soda to a spray bottle of water and shake until it has dissolved. Spray the moldy area with the baking soda and water solution, then use a scrub brush to remove mold from the surface. Next, rinse the surface with water to remove any residue and baking soda. Finally, spray the area again and let the surface dry without wiping. This will kill any left-over mold and help prevent the mold from returning.
For really tough black mold removal, mix two parts baking soda with one part white vinegar and one part water. Stir the mixture until it becomes a thick paste. Spread your mixture liberally onto the surface and let it dry. Scrub away the black mold and stains, and wipe down with water.
Recommended Reading: How To Get Rid Of Mildew On Bathroom Ceiling
Cleaning Products For Black Mold
This list is arranged from least toxic to most . It’s best to start with the least toxic solution. Note: never mix bleach and ammonia as they produce a toxic gas when combined.
Spray it straight on the effected area
Toxic if swallowed it but doesn’t emit dangerous fumes like some other mold killers more effective on tiles, less so on carpet
Mix 1 cup Borax and 1 gallon hot water pour in spray bottle and spray after a few minutes, use a scrub brush or cloth to wipe the mold away don’t rinse
Higher concentrations may be hazardous and will corrode many materials, including human skin in a lower concentration it is safe to use, doesn’t damage the environment, leave a toxic residue, or produce a toxic fume it is a bleaching agent which may cause material to fade
Pour 3% concentration hydrogen peroxide into a spray bottle leave it on effected area for 10 minutes before rinsing
Harsh, toxic chemical like bleach, ammonia will only kill surface mold on hard, non-porous surfaces
Mix a solution of 50% “clear” ammonia and 50% water do not mix with bleach, as this will create an extremely toxic, dangerous fume after spray on effected area and wait 2-3 hours before rinsing
Harsh, corrosive chemical which can damage the materials it’s used on, emits dangerous fumes, and leaves a toxic residue
Mix a ratio of 1 cup of bleach to 1 gallon of water spray it on and don’t rinse
Make A Bleach Mixture
Looking for reliable mold removal products?
One of the best ways to remove household mold is by using bleach or Lysol cleaners. All you need is to make a mixture in the right parts then use it to scrub off the black mold from your surfaces.
To make the perfect household mold cleaner mix, add a cup of bleach to one gallon of water and stir thoroughly to get a good blend. You can pour the mix into a spray bottle and shake again to perfect the blend.
Also Check: How To Clean Bathroom Ceiling
Can I Remove Black Mold Myself
It needs to be gotten rid of, but whether you should remove black mold yourself depends on the extent of the problem. Black mold is harmful, and will not just go away on its own, say the experts at PuroClean.
In worse cases, where the mold-affected area is larger than about 10 square feet, hiring a mold removal company is strongly recommended. Professionals have specialized equipment and implement advanced black mold removal techniques to bring the property back to pre-loss condition.
Removing Mold From Different Surfaces
Once the root cause of the mold has been dealt with, its time to address the visible mold itself. Often the infestation is worse than can be seen with the naked eye, so its important to do more than wipe mold off surfaces and hope for the best. The mold you see is the spores or fruiting body of the fungus, but often the hidden roots survive a first attempt at removal and the mold comes back. Heres how to remove mold for good, wherever you find it in your property.
Before you start: Make sure to ventilate the work area properly, and wear appropriate personal protective equipment to protect against mold spores that will be disturbed when you begin working. Gloves, safety glasses, and an N95 or better mask are all essential. Wear a long sleeved shirt and pants to avoid getting spores on your skin. Try to close off the area from other rooms to prevent spores from spreading throughout your home, and consider renting a HEPA air filter.
Pro Tip: The EPA recommends only removing mold yourself if it covers an area less than 10 square feet. Any larger than that and you need to call in the pros.
Recommended Reading: Ultraviolet Light Mold Removal
How To Kill Mold With Vinegar
This article was co-authored by . Marcus is the owner of Maid Easy, a local residential cleaning company in Phoenix, Arizona. His cleaning roots date back to his grandmother who cleaned homes for valley residents in the 60s through the 70s. After working in tech for over a decade, he came back to the cleaning industry and opened Maid Easy to pass his familys tried and true methods to home dwellers across the Phoenix Metro Area.wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. In this case, 96% of readers who voted found the article helpful, earning it our reader-approved status. This article has been viewed 509,980 times.
Black mold, or Stachybotrys Chartarum, can be unsightly and can also pose a health hazard in your home. Large mold problems should be handled professionally using the necessary cleansers to rid your home of mold. Smaller mold removal projects may be able to be tackled organically using plain distilled white vinegar.
How Do You Identify Mold On Wood
Perhaps the scariest thing about black mold is that even with the significant hazards it poses, it is not easy to identify. For most people, the first sign that warns them of mold is the musty and earthy smell associated with mold. Mold generally prefers damp places and will typically start from the corner and spread out. If you can see discoloration on the wood surface, accompanied by the smell, that is usually a pretty good indicator of dealing with mold.
Dark spots and discolorations can also get confused with mold. These discolorations on wood can be due to natural wood staining, iron stains, sun exposure, and mineral discolorations. If you can see streaks leading from where you have fasteners in your wood, it is probably just iron stains, while greyed wood can be because of sun exposure. Discoloration on a moist piece of wood and the production of a musty smell is the best mold indicator.
If you are still having a problem confirming the presence of mold on wood, you can invest in a mold testing kit or call in a professional to look at it.
Also Check: How To Get Mold Off Bathroom Ceiling
How To Remove Black Mold
Learn how to remove black mold safely and effectively.
A detail shot of disgusting hotel shower bathroom tile sealant with mold and mildew.
Black mold can be an insidious problem for homeowners, potentially leading to a costly removal process and even a host of health problems. But by learning how to get rid of black mold safely and effectively, you can protect the health of your family and the value of your home, without breaking the bank.
Removing black mold is a step-by-step process that requires patience, an investment in protective gear and black mold removal products, and, of course, the courage to brave dark, cramped spaces inhabited by toxic fungus.
First, you must remove the source of any moisture from the affected area. If any leaks or persistent condensation aren’t alleviated, the mold will likely reappear after removal.
Next, seal any doorways or other openings leading to other areas of the home, place heavy plastic over them, then seal the plastic in place with duct tape. If there are outdoor openings in the room, place an exhaust fan near them to help remove mold spores from the room.
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When we think of Valentine’s Day, we usually associate it with chocolates, cards, red roses, restaurants filled with couples on dinner dates, teenagers rendezvous-ing and religious authorities releasing warning statements.
But has this day always been about such things? To know, we must first study the meaning of the day based on its origins in history.
According to legends and known historical records (of which there’s not much of), the origins of Valentine’s Day can be traced back as far as the 6th century B.C in ancient Rome.
Interestingly, it seems that the day actually only came to be celebrated as a day of romance from about 1,900 years later in the 14th century.
Version 1: Lupercalia (6th century B.C)
Valentine’s Day is believed to have originated from the ancient Roman fertility festival, Lupercalia.
Celebrated on 15th February, the festival was dedicated to Faunus, the Roman god of agriculture, as well as the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus.
This pagan tradition involved the members of the Luperci (Roman priests) gathering at a sacred cave and sacrificing a goat, for fertility, and a dog, for purification
After the sacrifice, the priests would then feast and get drunk (basically, they would party).
Then, they would cut the sacrificed goat’s hide into strips, dip them in the sacrificial blood and drunkenly run through the streets of the city slapping both women and crop fields with the bloody goat hide, believing that it would make them fertile.
Later in the day, names of all the women in the city would be placed in a large urn and the bachelors would choose a name and become paired with that woman for the year. These matches often ended in marriage.
Due to the sacrificing and slapping people with bloody animal parts, the festival was deemed non-religious at the end of the 5th century by the Christian Church under Pope Gelasius I, who decided to create a new holiday on top of this pagan one for people to celebrate instead.
He encouraged people to honour a Christian martyr named St Valentine who happened to have been executed on 14 February – thus making the origins of this day much more complicated. Especially since he didn’t particularly specify which St Valentine he meant.
Version 2: St Valentine, ordainer of secret marriages (3rd century A.D)
According to the Catholic Church, there are at least three recognised saints named Valentine or Valentinus.
One possibility is attributed to a priest named Valentine who was martyred around 270 A.D by the emperor Claudius II Gothicus.
This St Valentine ordained secret marriages of young lovers after emperor Claudius outlawed marriage for young men. Apparently, the emperor believed soldiers fought better on the battlefield when they didn’t have a wife and children waiting for them at home.
When St Valentine’s actions were discovered, he was beheaded near Rome by the emperor.
Other accounts claim that the namesake of Valentines Day was a bishop named St Valentine of Terni, also martyred by emperor Claudius II on the outskirts of Rome. Due to the similarities of these accounts, it is also believed that these two Saint Valentines might actually be the same person.
The problem is, some accounts also claim that emperor Claudius apparently executed two men named Valentine on 14 February of different years in the 3rd century A.D.
Version 3: St Valentine, healer of the blind (also 3rd century A.D)
Besides the previously mentioned Valentines, there was also a record of another saint named Valentine.
According to legend, this priest had been jailed and during his imprisonment, fell in love with the jailer’s blind daughter, to whom he wrote a letter signed “From, your Valentine”.
Some accounts also claim that he had cured the young girl’s blindness before his death.
Version 4: A poet invented the day because of the mating season of birds (14th century)
The medieval English poet Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a poem sometime around 1375 where he links a tradition of love courting with the celebration of St Valentine’s day.
The poem refers to 14 February as the day birds (and humans) start coming together to find a suitable mate.
For this was sent on Seynt Valentyne’s day, When every foul cometh ther to choose his mate.Geoffrey Chaucer, circa 1375
Apparently, prior to his poem, which by the way received widespread attention, there were no records of previous associations between courtship and St Valentines.
The meaning of Valentine’s Day
Modern-day Valentine celebrations have evolved into a highly commercialised holiday that just encourages you to spend money and shame single people.
But if you look back at all the varying versions of its origin, you can see some common themes of romance, love, fertility, and surprisingly, marriage.
While Malaysian Muslims might be opposed to the current form of Valentine’s Day, they can take solace in the fact that Catholic priests stopped people from running around drunk and whipping women with bloody animal parts.
Starving forensic investigator turned writer cause she couldn't find a job. Used to search for killers now searches for killer stories.
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WRITTEN BY: NORBERT WERNER
NASA just published a beautiful collage of images of four giant elliptical galaxies, taken with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, from a study I published together with Aurora and several other collaborators.
Giant ellipticals are the largest galaxies in the Universe. They also appear to be very old: most of them stopped forming stars 10 billion years ago. Years back, when I was still a student, I learned that giant ellipticals don’t form stars because they ran out of cold gas – which is the fuel for star formation – long time ago. Instead of cold gas, they have extended atmospheres of diffuse, 10 million degree hot gas, that you can see in these beautiful Chandra images.
Suspecting that our picture might not be complete, four years ago, I decided to search for cold gas in some of these galaxies with the European Herschel Space Observatory in far infrared wavelengths. I must admit that I was scared that after spending many hours observing with this expensive space telescope, we might see nothing, confirming the old ideas taught in school.
I was therefore really happy when the data came back and I saw that there is plenty of cold gas in most of the giant ellipticals that we looked at! For the galaxies containing cold gas, the X-ray data from Chandra show evidence that the hot gas is cooling, providing a source for the cold gas observed with Herschel. This is good news, because it confirms our basic theories for galaxy formation. But if the hot gas cools, producing the fuel for star formation, why do the clouds of cold gas not form stars?
The X-ray images of these galaxies, including NGC 4636 and NGC 5044 displayed on the bottom of the collage, show that their hot atmospheres are disturbed by outbursts – giant explosions – in the vicinity of the supermassive black holes in their centers. These outbursts are probably driven, in part, by the black hole swallowing some of the clumpy, cold gas. They dump most of their energy into the center of the galaxy, where the cold gas is located, preventing the cold gas from cooling sufficiently to form stars, and gradually destroying it.
We also see that the central hot atmospheres of galaxies in which we find no cold gas, such as NGC 4472 and NGC 1399 on the top of the collage, look smoother, less disturbed. Their supermassive black holes swallow hot gas from the X-ray emitting atmospheres, creating even more powerful jets of highly energetic particles. By pushing against the hot gas, these jets heat it, preventing it from cooling and forming cold gas. The centers of NGC 1399 and NGC 4472 look smoother in X-rays than the other galaxies, likely because their more powerful jets extend further from the center, where the X-ray emission is fainter, leaving their bright cores undisturbed.
To read more visit:
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The Natural Order of Things
All men are equal because they are creatures of God, endowed with body and soul, and redeemed by Jesus Christ. Thus, by the dignity common to all, they have an equal right to everything that is proper to the human condition: life, health, work, religion, family, intellectual development, and so on. A just Christian economic and social organization thus rests upon a fundamental feature of true equality.
“But, besides this essential equality, there are among men accidental inequalities placed by God: of virtue, intelligence, health, capacity of labor, and many others. Every organic and living economic and social structure has to be in harmony with the natural order of things.
This natural inequality must therefore be reflected in it. This reflection consists in this: that as long as all have what is just and deserved, those well endowed by nature can, by their honest labor and their economy, acquire more.
“Equality and inequality thus compensate and complement one another, discharging diverse but harmonious roles in the ordering of a just and Christian society.
“This rule constitutes, moreover, one of the most admirable characteristics of universal order. All of God’s creatures have what befits them according to their own nature, and in this they are treated according to the same norm. But, beyond this the Lord gives very much to some, much to others, and to yet others, finally, only what is adequate.
These inequalities form an immense hierarchy, in which each degree is like a musical note that forms part of an immense symphony to chant the divine glory. A totally egalitarian society and economy would, therefore, be anti-natural.
“Seen in this light, inequalities represent a condition of general good order, and thus redound to the advantage of the whole social body, that is, of the great as well as of the small.
“This hierarchical scale is in the plans of Providence as a means to promote the spiritual and material progress of mankind by the incentive given to the better and most capable. Egalitarianism brings with it inertia, stagnation, and, therefore, decadence, because everything inasmuch as it is alive, if it does not progress, deteriorates and dies.
“The parable of the talents is thus explained (Matt. 25: 14-30). For to every one that hath shall be given, and he shall abound: but from him that hath not, that also which he seemeth to have shall be taken away.
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Copyright is a legal right to intellectual property protection that grants the legal rights to the work to the developer(s) or author(s) of an intellectual work - which may be text, photographs, video, music, or software.
Copyright includes control over the reproduction and marketing of the protected work. Copyright specifies the content, scope and use.
The copyright can be granted for a certain period of time, but it can also be unlimited, even in the event of the author's death. Only the author of the software can dispose of it and give his consent for copies, modifications and further developments, as well as whether and in which form the software can be made available to the public.
Traditional copyright law provides that the work may only be used after royalties have been paid to the author. In addition, copyright law restricts the use of software from unknown developers. In addition to copyright, there is copyfree, where there is no monopoly right to the intellectual property, and copyleft with special agreements.
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- Listen. Helping begins with your ability to be an active listener. Your physical presence and desire to listen without judging are critical helping tools. Don’t worry so much about what you will say. Just concentrate on listening to the words that are being shared with you.
- Have compassion. Give the person who is grieving permission to express their feelings without fear of criticism or judgment. Try to learn and understand. Don’t instruct or set expectations.
- Be there. Your ongoing and reliable presence is the most important gift you can give. While you cannot take the pain away (nor should you try to), you can enter into it by being there for the griever. Remain available in the weeks, months, and years to come.
“Being a real friend to someone who is grieving isn’t easy. But I promise that if you commit to being present to someone in grief, companioning him through what might be his darkest hours, you will be rewarded with the deep satisfaction of having helped a fellow human being heal.
“Thank you for making the world a better place.” — Dr. Alan Wolfelt
Talking to children about a death
Speak to a child gently but also honestly and openly, at their level of developmental understanding. Don’t use euphemisms. Say the words “died” and “dead.” Explain what that means if the child is very young. Talk just a little, then stop. Give the child a chance to process what you have said and to respond. If the child asks questions, answer them honestly. If the child wants to go off and play or is hungry or distracted, understand that this is normal. Children can only absorb difficult conceptual realities in small doses. They are naturally self-absorbed, but this does not mean they do not care or are acting inappropriately. It just means they are being children.
How children grieve differently
Any child old enough to love is old enough to mourn, but their mourning often looks different than ours. Children tend to grieve in small spurts, showing sadness only occasionally. Their grief might show up as physical complaints, such as headaches or stomachaches. They also use play to express what they’re thinking and feeling. In general, their behaviors are a better indication of their grief than their words. Their age and developmental stage determines how much they truly understand about death. They are prone to magical thinking, believing that thoughts can cause actions and that their fantasies can become real.
Ways to help
When they are grieving, children need to feel safe, loved, cared for, and heard. You can help by being a grown-up in their lives who provides such conditions. Spend time being present to the child. You don’t need to talk about the death often; just be there to observe their behaviors and answer their questions when they are ready to talk. Model your own grief as well. If you feel like crying, cry. As with everything in life, children need us to teach them how to act. Respond gently if the child misbehaves. Remember that the child’s grief will often come out more through behaviors than words.
Read the book: “Healing a Child’s Grieving Heart”
Talking to teens about a death
Be gentle but honest. Talk a little, then wait for the teen’s response and questions. Follow their lead. Try not to get upset if the teen reacts inconsiderately or seems unmoved. Remember that teenagers are still figuring out how to handle challenging social situations in a “grown-up” way. Do model your own grief, though. Cry if you feel like crying. Express your own thoughts and feelings about the death while keeping the conversation focused on the teen. Offer physical comfort if the teen will allow it.
How teens grieve differently
Death for teens is complicated because it falls at a time when they are naturally gaining independence and separating from their parents and family. They still need comfort and companionship through a death, but they might naturally resist the seeming sense of dependence this brings. Teens often turn toward friends, rather than family, for support. But don’t assume they are getting their needs met by friends alone. Also, the teen’s natural egocentrism can cause them to focus on the effect of the death on them and their future. Grieving teens sometimes act out or pull away from school, friends, family, and activities. Minor stresses seemingly unrelated to the death can trigger dramatic overreactions.
Ways to help
Be present to and patient with grieving teens. They may look like grown-ups on the outside, but they are still very much figuring things out on the inside. If you have a good relationship with the teen, try to spend time with them. This may mean “alongside” activities more than face-to-face conversations. Shoot hoops, go out to dinner, watch a movie together, or just be in the same room (or building!) together, available if and when they want to talk. If you observe dangerous behaviors, then it’s time to be calm but confrontive. Remember that grief and loss are probably contributing to any acting out, so try to be understanding even as you set firm limits.
Accommpanying Article: “Helping Teenagers Cope with Grief”
Read the book: “Healing a Teen’s Grieving Heart”
It’s hard to know how to help someone who’s experienced a significant loss. What are you supposed to say? Is there anything you can do? The first principle to keep in mind is that it’s always better to do something than nothing. When they’re unsure, most people do the latter, which doesn’t help at all. Second, try to be a good listener. Show up, be there, and really pay attention to what your friend is telling you. You don’t need to offer advice, and you shouldn’t judge. Instead, listen and empathize. And third, in addition to your physical presence, give practical help. Don’t ask; just do. Bring a meal, mow the lawn, carpool the kids. Yes, you might make a mistake or step on someone’s toes, but it’s better than avoiding your friend. Reach out—often and humbly. Be a compassionate companion on your friend’s journey through grief.
Accompanying Article: “Helping a Friend in Grief”
Read the book: “Healing a Friend’s Grieving Heart”
When your spouse or partner is grieving, it’s natural to want to help. Keep in mind that your job is not to take away your partner’s pain, though. The hurt is natural and necessary. Instead, you can help by listening and simply being present as he encounters his pain. Be empathetic. Try to understand how your spouse is feeling, from his perspective. Also show your support in a variety of ways. Token gifts, quality time spent together, affirming words, taking care of tasks, and physical touch (these are sometimes called the “five love languages”) are all ways to show your support. If you’re grieving the same loss, however, you may be so consumed by your own thoughts and feelings that you’re not in a position to help your spouse. If that’s the case, perhaps you and your partner can turn to other friends, a support group, or a grief counselor for help.
Read the book: “Healing a Spouse’s Grieving Heart”
Grieving parents have a tough road ahead of them. They need all the love and support you can give. While you can’t make their pain go away, you can be there for them. You can be one of the brave, caring people who doesn’t shy away from them, as so many others will do. Offer your practical help when possible. They might need help with groceries, cooking, cleaning, laundry, carpooling, childcare, or other daily tasks. You can also bear witness to their pain. You can watch and listen as they express whatever they are thinking and feeling. This is not easy, but it’s the kind of help they need to begin to process their grief and move toward healing. Refrain from giving advice, judging, or sharing what others in their shoes have done. Instead, simply let them know they are heard and that you care.
Read the book: “Healing a Parent’s Grieving Heart”
Grieving grandparents grieve twice. They grieve for the grandchild who died, and they grieve for their own child, who is grieving the death of a child. If you know a grandparent who is in this situation, they need your caring and support. You see, grieving grandparents are often forgotten. Their grief tends to be overshadowed by the grief of the child’s immediate family, so it’s common for them to suffer in silence. Tell them you care. Reach out to talk and spend time together. When they share any thoughts and feelings about their loss, listen without judging or offering advice. Be an empathetic, compassionate companion during their time of grief.
Accompanying Article: “Helping a Grandparent Who is Grieving”
Read the book: “Healing a Grandparent’s Grieving Heart”
Grief in the workplace can be tricky. Depending on your organization’s culture, it may or may not be appropriate for people to openly cry, share personal stories, or get emotional. Yet death is a natural part of life, just as much as birthdays, holidays, weddings, and other important life transitions we share with each other at work. So when a coworker is grieving, I urge you to be open and supportive. Acknowledge the death as soon as you hear about it. Call or send an email or text right away. Attend the funeral and/or send flowers. When your colleague returns to work, approach her and share your condolences. Schedule lunches together regularly, or offer to meet up for coffee after work. Be someone she knows will listen whenever she wants to talk.
Accompanying Article: “Helping a Grieving Friend in the Workplace”
Read the book: “Healing Grief at Work”
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Malaria and schistosomiasis represent two of the most prevalent and disabling parasitic infections in developing countries. Few studies have evaluated the effect of maternal schistosomiasis and malaria in the peri-conceptional period on infant's risk of infection.
In Benin, women were followed from the preconception period until delivery. Subsequently, their children were followed from birth to 3 months of age. Pre-pregnancy malaria, malaria in pregnancy (MiP)-determined monthly using a thick blood smear-and urinary schistosomiasis-determined once before pregnancy and once at delivery using urine filtration-were the main maternal exposures. Infant's febrile infection (fever with respiratory, gastrointestinal and/or cutaneous clinical signs anytime during follow-up) was the main outcome. In a secondary analysis, we checked the relation of malaria and schistosomiasis with infant's hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Both effects were separately assessed using logistic/mixed linear regression models.
The prevalence of MiP was 35.7% with 10.8% occurring during the 1st trimester, and the prevalence of schistosomiasis was 21.8%. From birth to 3 months, 25.3% of infants had at least one episode of febrile infection. In multivariate analysis, MiP, particularly malaria in the 1st trimester, was significantly associated with a higher risk of infant's febrile infection (aOR = 4.99 [1.1; 22.6], p = 0.03). In secondary results, pre-pregnancy malaria and schistosomiasis were significantly associated with a lower infant's Hb concentration during the first 3 months.
We evidenced the deleterious effect of maternal parasitic infections on infant's health. Our results argue in favor of the implementation of preventive strategies as early as in the periconception.
- HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION
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In 1862, the Confederates built a startling kind of warship-an ironclad-designed to destroy the blockading Union fleet. But the Union Navy kept right up with them. It too built and ironclad-to make the blockade more perfect!
When the two ships—the Union's Monitor and the Confederacy's Merrimac (or Virginia, to label her correctly)—met at Hampton Roads, the resulting battle became famous all over the world. It has been called a drawn battle, but the nimble Monitor had all the advantages, and its successors were able to keep the ports of the South closed more effectively than ever.
For there was more than one monitor! The Monitor that engaged the Confederate ironclad in battle at Hampton Roads is the one best known to the average reader. However, it was only the first of a large family -all of them the products of the clever brain of an inventor named John Ericsson. Born in Sweden, John Ericsson was one of the thousands who have come from across the sea to enrich the United States with their ideas and skills.
Fletcher Pratt also tells the story of the men who commanded the monitors and ironclad vessels of the Confederate States. The pages of this book take us to Mobile Bay to hear Admiral Farragut's famous cry "Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead!" In the same battle, Captain Craven of of the Tecumseh sacrificed his life to save the life of his pilot.
There is stirring, authentic history in this account of a brilliant inventor, of proud ships, and of the stanch sailor-men who made up their crews.
From the dust jacket
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A massive anti-globalization rally was held in Washington, D.C., in April 2002, at which tens of thousands of demonstrators lambasted multinational corporations for what was called their callous exploitation of people and the environment. However, corporate greed was not the only thing on trial that day: A number of protestors carried signs equating the Magen David, the Star of David, with racism, and comparing Israeli government policies to fascism. How did this revered symbol of Judaism and the Jewish state become targets of anti-globalization rage?
Jews, it is true, played an outsized role in the creation of systems that gave rise to modern corporate capitalism, which is the economic force behind contemporary globalization–the unprecedented flow of capital and commerce across international borders, and the accompanying monoculture that espouses personal fulfillment and material advancement as the highest values. A World Jewish Congress paper, published in 2001, notes that Jews “have always supported globalization…Jewish existence in the Diaspora has been based for hundreds of years on globalization, and in many periods it has been the Jews who supported and spread the concept. In reliance on their ability to build international ties connecting different Diaspora communities, the Jews have always promoted globalization, and have served as its agents.”
The WJC paper emphasized that historic Jewish dispersal, most of it involuntary, has forced Jews to live in far-flung communities. Thus isolated, Jewish cultural and religious survival necessitated the establishment of global business and social connections, the success of which required no apology. (One measure of the early success was that at the end of the 17th century, Jews held one quarter of the shares of the Dutch East Indies Company, the archetype of the multinational corporation.)
Two Jewish traditions in particular contributed to this success–halakhah and the beit din, religious law and rabbinic courts.They provided the insurance that allowed Jews to develop systems of international trade based on trust, that is, on credit, a novel advancement that preceded secular-based civil laws that would later come to regulate business done across great distances and national boundaries. These Jewish innovations made trade safer and easier, prompting both Christian and Muslim rulers to employ Jews as their bankers and business partners.
However, wealth breeds jealousy. When mixed with historical religious and ethnic intolerance, lethal stereotypes often result. For Jews, this meant suffering widespread anti-Semitism, sometimes even in nations where their economic contributions were paramount to the prosperity of the non-Jewish population. Today, this antagonism is continued by many on the extreme left- and right-wings of the burgeoning anti-globalization movement, which has combined its critique of the excesses and materialist values of free market capitalism with unquestioning support for the Palestinian people, who are seen as suffering because of Western political and economic colonial designs.
For many in the movement, Israel is not a nation reconstituted, but a colonialist enclave that survives only because of the support of the United States, the nation that has benefited most from globalization, and is therefore blamed for all its ills. Through this association, Israel has become an anti-globalization bugaboo, and anti-Semitism is tolerated in this social protest movement.
Jewish Involvement in Today’s Activism
It’s little wonder, then, that the organized Jewish community keeps its distance from even more moderate anti-globalization groups, in contrast to the active participation of liberal Catholic and Protestant Christian churches. However, this has not precluded growing numbers of individual Jews from speaking out against globalization. Most are on the liberal-left end of the Jewish political and religious spectrum, although more traditional and conservative voices are also critical of globalization.
Regardless of their particular orientation, however, it is not globalization per se that they object to, but rather the distortion or rejection of long-ingrained Jewish values by the globalization process that prompts their ire. “There is nothing in Torah that relates directly to globalization,” says one critic, the Jewish Renewal rabbi, writer, and Tikkunmagazine editor Michael Lerner, a leading leftwing American Jewish voice. “But if globalization is just the latest twist on the worship of materialism, then it has become idolatry, the antithesis of monotheism, and that, my tradition tells me, is to be opposed.”
On the left, critics such as Lerner argue that Judaism’s call for social justice–the prophetic demand that we work for tikkun olam, “repair of the world”–means Jews must involve themselves in efforts to lessen globalization’s onerous repercussions. Activist and Jewish Renewal Rabbi Arthur Waskow, director of the Philadelphia-based Shalom Center, also invokes Jewish tradition in arguing for direct action against globalization’s inequities. His imagery is Judaism’s most enduring symbol of arrogant authority, the Egyptian pharaoh of the Exodus saga who persecuted Jews even after he was warned to desist from doing so by Moses.
“Globalization is the pharaoh of our day, the absolute archetype of unaccountable power,” says Waskow. “It was the enslavement of workers that brought down upon Egypt a massive ecological catastrophe [the plagues], and that’s where we see globalization headed. What we need is described in Deuteronomy 17, where God puts limits on kingly power. That’s relevant to globalization if you understand the passage as limiting the power of the elite few to unjustly dominate the many, which sums up the sins of globalization.”
While some on the left, including Lerner and Waskow, are also highly critical of the anti-Semitism and anti-Israel stands they see in the anti-globalization movement, other similar Jewish activists are less so. They argue, instead, that an alleged misuse of Jewish wealth and power gained from globalization is what’s stirred the movement’s antagonism, and that because of these gains Jews have a special responsibility to the anti-globalization cause–regardless of any disconcerting anti-Semitism and anti-Israel sentiments. Those that take this position are themselves generally far removed from Jewish religious practice and the organized community, and are also among Israel’s harshest critics.
The more traditional critics, of course, also invoke biblical and rabbinic teachings in their discussions of globalization. The difference is, traditionalists tend to see resistance to globalization as more a reflection of the individual’s ongoing moral and spiritual struggle against corrupting influences than a cause for public activism.
Looking to Traditional Sources
Echoing Lerner, Orthodox Rabbi Asher Meir of the Center for Business Ethics of the Jerusalem College of Technology, likewise maintains that globalization is a neutral phenomenon that must be judged on the basis of intent and utilization. Quoting the Babylonian Talmud, Meir notes that Rabbi Ben Zoma (Berakhot 58a) expressed gratitude for the many individuals who combined to produce his daily bread. Whereas Adam had to do it all himself, including growing the grain, Ben Zoma was thankful to “find all these things done for me”–a statement Meir says bestows Judaism’s blessings on global trade, and, hence, globalization, at least in the abstract.
At the same time, Meir also notes that RabbiShimon bar Yochai criticized the Romans for establishing great commercial centers “in order to have a place for prostitutes, bathhouses to indulge themselves, and bridges in order to collect tolls” (Shabbat 33b). This leads Meir to conclude that although “worldwide markets are a good basis for prosperity and understanding, [Jews] need to be careful not to follow the example of Rome that used them as a bridgehead for immorality and domination.”
Still other traditional critics emphasize globalization’s corrosive effect on the Jewish culture and the State of Israel’s Zionist ethic. Noting that Israeli Jews are no less susceptible to globalization’s siren song than are other people, the late Rabbi Daniel J. Elazar wrote in a 1996 paper for the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs that globalization has diminished Israel’s self-sufficiency while giving the Jewish state no added security.
Local industries, he says, have been undermined by the importation of cheaper foreign products, tens of thousands of non-Jewish foreign workers now live in Israel, and international cable television stations and other global media pound home the message that contemporary Western values are to be preferred over Jewish beliefs and customs–all to the detriment of what Elazar saw as needed Israeli resolve in the face of continuing Arab hostility. “Globalization,” Elazar pointed out, “…means accepting cosmopolitan global political expectations with regard to peace” along with new definitions of human rights, democracy, and the place of religion in the political arena.
Elazar labeled this new dynamic “post-modernization.” Others to his theological and political right have used an ancient Jewish term of denigration to characterize globalization’s new reality: Hellenism, a reference to the widespread acceptance in ancient Judea of Greek culture, the globalization of the day. Such is the language of Moshe Feiglin, a rightwing political and religious activist in Israel.
But put aside all labels, and the Jewish criticism of globalization comes down to a few essential points: The God of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, and Jacob, Rachel, and Leah frowns upon selfishness, indulgence, and exploitation. Additionally, Jews are not to surrender their identity as a people as defined by their Judaism and relationship to the Land of Israel. To the degree that it encourages the former and discourages the latter, globalization runs afoul of the tradition and its subversiveness is suspect.
Pronounced: moe-SHEH, Origin: Hebrew, Moses, whom God chooses to lead the Jews out of Egypt.
Pronunced: TORE-uh, Origin: Hebrew, the Five Books of Moses.
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In 70 AD, the Romans capped their extended campaign to crush a Jewish revolt by destroying the magnificent temple in Jerusalem. The Jews lost their temple. Earlier, they had lost political autonomy and the kingship; later, in 132 AD, another Jewish revolt was suppressed and Jews were barred from living in or even entering Jerusalem. Despite this loss of temple, king, and land, the Jews adapted and Judaism endured. In the 19th century, Mormons had their own sharp if somewhat less dramatic struggle with American government and culture. What did we Mormons lose?
What the Jews Lost
First let’s consider how Judaism managed to endure despite losing the temple, which had been the focus of its ritual worship for almost a millennium. Simon Goldhill’s The Temple of Jerusalem (HUP, 2005) recounts the challenge Judaism faced.
When the Temple was destroyed, it was quite unclear what form Jewish religion should or would take. Without the central institution of sacrifice, the pilgrim festivals and the roles of the priesthood and Levites, the social and religious structure of worship was crushed. Synagogues had existed for many centuries as places of gathering for Jews, especially in the Jewish communities outside Palestine, where, along with a range of other social and intellectual activities, prayer took place …. By the time that the Talmud was written down in its edited form [between about 400 and 700 AD], the synagogue had become the prime focus of religious life. But what parts of Temple worship could take place in the synagogue? … [C]ould sacrifice take place anwhere but on the altar [of the Temple]? Could pilgrim festivals be observed away from Jerusalem and, if so, how? (p. 86-87.)
Judaism refocused religious culture and worship on prayer and study conducted in synagogues led by rabbis, but that change was not a simple process.
The answers to such questions took many years and much debate …. Sacrifice was not again performed: that means of communication between man and God was silenced. But the pilgrim festivals did continue in a changed form. … Passover no longer had the paschal sacrifice, but continued to hold the ritual meal of the Seder-night feast. But for neither, of course, did people leave their villages to travel to Jerusalem. The complex system of sin and guilt offerings was stopped, and how people thought about the relation between action and punishment had to alter radically as a consequence. (p. 87-88.)
What the Mormons Lost
First, let’s compare the Mormon experience with what the Jews lost, temple, king, and land. The Mormons did lose some political power: In January 1845, the Nauvoo Charter was repealed. That partial loss of autonomy reduced the ability of Mormons in Nauvoo to protect themselves from their adversaries in adjoining communities. In 1846, when the bulk of the Mormon community left Nauvoo for good, they left behind their land (the latest place of gathering) and the partially completed Nauvoo temple. But I don’t think these parallel Mormon losses were felt as deeply as the Jewish losses. These did not change the course of Mormonism. Utah became a new place of gathering, with some political autonomy regained (if only because of the remote location). New temples were built in Utah. Relocating Mormons felt ill-treated by their government, but their identity was not lost: most still regarded themselves as loyal Americans.
One thing that was irrevocably lost in 1844 was Joseph Smith and his burst of revelation, imagination, and innovation. While a successor was eventually installed as President of the Church and that office has continued, no successor in office has regularly exercised the variety of prophetic and revelatory gifts displayed by Joseph. Yes, Brigham Young and Orson Pratt discussed several novel and interesting doctrinal ideas in the next few decades, but those ideas were never canonized and are largely forgotten. For the most part, religious innovation died with Joseph.
Related to the loss of Joseph was the loss of the First Presidency as an independent quorum. In the crisis that followed Joseph’s death, Brigham Young and the Quorum of the Twelve emerged as the leadership of the Church. When the First Presidency was reorganized several years later, it was essentially as an executive committee of the Twelve, filled by apostles. It was no longer an independent quorum as it had been under Joseph. With the loss of the First Presidency, the scope of potential disagreement within the senior leadership of the Church was signifcantly reduced.
The final loss was polygamy. Ironically, what was initially lost in 1844 was the option to reverse course and abandon the practice. Only Joseph had the institutional power and credibility to end polygamy at that time. After his death, its continuation became something like a test of faith for the Church and for individual leaders. After the death of Joseph and the emergence of the Twelve to lead the Church, we were stuck with polygamy for the short term.
In 1890, the other shoe dropped. Faced with mounting pressure from the United States government, Wilford Woodruff announced (more or less) that the Church would abandon the practcie of polygamy. It was that or lose control of and title to LDS temples. Good choice. In hindsight, it’s safe to say that temples have done us a lot more good than polygamy. In fact, it’s hard to even describe the loss of polygamy as a loss. In the wake of the abandonment of polygamy, Utah gained statehood, national politics came to Utah, and the LDS Church gradually entered the social and cultural mainstream. This permitted the sustained growth of the Church, first within North America and later on other continents, over the course of the 20th century.
Any other ideas on what we lost or gained as we moved from the struggle and conflict of the 19th century to the acceptability of the 20th and 21st centuries?
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Up-to-date and Ahead: Arguments and Persuasive Language: an essay-writing guide (2017) helps students in Years 11/12 unlock the key to an A+ essay
Eddie Mabo’s landmark struggle for justice by Dr Jennifer Minter
(English Works Notes, 2015) Your essay will depend upon a clever use of the film techniques to analyse Rachel Perkin’s views, values and narrative intentions.
Released in 2012, Rachel Perkins film, Mabo, depicts the trials and tribulations associated with Eddie Kioki Mabo’s fight for his rights as a Meriam man. Concerned that their land is legally not their own, Mabo takes his fight to the High Court where he challenges the traditional, colonial perception of terra nullius. This legal concept, which considered Australia an empty country prior to white settlement, systematically denied the First Australians the legal and moral rights to their land. Perkins draws upon documentary-style footage to depict, as authentically as possible, the magnitude of Eddie’s struggle and to foreground the strength of his convictions as he wages a difficult battle with the powerful representatives of the Queensland and Federal Parliaments. However, against the tumultuous background of black activism, Perkins also depicts a story that is more powerful than Eddie. Through the juxtaposition of the white and black narratives, Perkins depicts the oppression faced by the First Australians on a daily basis and the groundswell of activism, both black and white, that is critical to Eddie’s success. By depicting Eddie symbolically as both father and son, Perkins also raises questions about their struggle for identity and their future in a changing world. Finally, Mabo also depicts a beautifully powerful love story. Netta’s love and devotion are critical to Eddie’s search for justice.
Cultural ties; father and son and natural leader
During the opening scenes, Perkins uses a variety of film techniques to accentuate cultural difference, such as the music of the Murray Islanders, their use of the Meriam language and sub-titles, and Indigenous customary law. (Much of their cultural belief systems revolve around the Malo-Bomai myth. The Murray Islanders have a historical tribal law called Malo’s law, named after the god Malo, who lived among the Murray Islanders many years ago. One villager, Sam Passi, stated in one court hearing that “the only real Murray Islander is one who follows Malo’s law”).
The Meriam Islanders and their cultural heritage is at the basis of their land rights claim that challenge the notion of terra nullius.
Contrastingly, the white man with his own laws and dialect/language comes belatedly to the land that he seeks to conquer. Eddie Mabo is shocked by Henry Reynold’s statement that he does not have “ownership rights” to the land on which he and his father and their forefathers have cultivated their livelihood.
- The opening scene strategically positions father and son as fisherman on their beach of their beloved Murray Island which highlights the intense connection with the land and the sea. Haunting indigenous music underpins their deeply personal bond. It is also symbolic of inter-generational ties and of the family links that are “active” and “unbroken” and that will form the basis of Koiki Mabo’s land rights claim. As a custodian of Meriam law, Benny tells Eddie that “everything here” on Murray Island is “yours” and that the land passes “from father to son”. Benny speaks in the Meriam language with subtitles to emphasise cultural difference and the Murray Islanders’ prior connection to the land.
- These flashbacks of father and son reoccur at critical moments in Eddie’s life as he sentimentally remembers his promise to his father (not to forget his cultural origins) and his obligation to Meriam customs and law. (Cultural differences are apparent in the customary court session, by indigenous elders, who remind Eddie, “you’re bound by the law”.) The tin box and a coconut from Murray Island sent by the father later serve as symbolic “reminder(s) of home”. David Passi explains: ‘Pesu’ is part of a coconut tree, and the law is, that if it falls to the ground, you must let it rot in the ground. And that of course feeds the soil”. It is part of the fertilisation process and must not be disturbed. (Significantly, Eddie also transmits this knowledge to his own son, ensuring that his children proudly recall stories of their own octopus creation story. The octopus is one of the changing shapes of the god Bomai. )
- The wide-angled photographic images of the mountainous land and the vastness of the sea capture the beauty of the landscape as well as the “Land is Me” attitude of the Murray Islanders. Accordingly, land is not just a territorial piece of physical land but a place of cultural and spiritual origin and pride.
- Phone: Perkins often uses the centrally-located public phone on the Murray Island beach to depict the technological isolation of the Islanders. Close-up images of the phone also enable Perkins to emphasise the different life-style of the islanders who still live subsistently. Indirectly, the phone also reinforces the first Australians’ consistent and traditional links to the land that entitle them to ownership. The hanging phone dominates one of the final scenes when Bonita conveys the landmark decision to the Murray Islanders.
- (The sense of expectation and “natural” entitlement contrast with the eventual shock at the news that Eddie does not have legal entitlement according to the Australian legal system.)
- Perkins also depicts Eddie’s relationship with his own son from a cultural perspective of continuity and inter-generational strength and knowledge. Just as Eddie’s father presumes that Eddie will be the custodian of Indigenous cultural values and spiritual knowledge, so too is Eddie intent to pass this knowledge on to his own son. The totemic story of the octopus reflects Perkins’ view that “ownership” of the land is much more than physical possession. According to the spiritual ancestors, on arriving at Mer, Malo (the law of the Meriam), originally a whale, took the form of an octopus, and became the god of the eight clans of the Meriam. He decreed that clans keep to their own paths and “swim with their own kind”.
- Furthermore, Eddie’s connection with his culture is shown in the scene where he receives the coconut in the mail while on the mainland. A medium close-up shot captures Eddie cradling the coconut in both hands and resting his head on it, as he remembers his father’s voice, “I’m sending you this coconut as a reminder of home”.
Eddie’s pride as Mabo’s son
Perkins juxtaposes Eddie’s love for his cultural heritage with his ironic exile from Murray Island, which serves to reinforce the strength of his ancestral ties and cultural differences. Contravening customary law creates a dilemma for Eddie who must either work as Killoran’s “slave” or find an alternative path on the “mainlaind”. From the beginning of the film, and at strategic moments throughout Eddie’s journey, Perkins positions father and son as fisherman on the edge of the island; from sweeping wide-angle perspectives, to close-up profiles, the camera draws the viewer’s attention to their intimacy as well as to the authority of Eddie’s father, as a source of wisdom.
- Admiringly, Eddie looks up to his father, whose respect he will seek to regain throughout his personal and collective journey.
- This father-and-son relationship becomes symbolic of inter-generational ties which imply automatic ownership of land and challenge the myth of terra nullius. The haunting soulful music which effectively works with the subtitles distinctly shows the cultural differences towards land held by Indigenous (“Everything here is yours”) and white Australians.
- The octopus totem, knowledge of which also passes from father to son, also symbolises the spiritual sense of belonging among the Meriam people.
- Under the influence of alcohol, Eddie was seen with a girl “in a compromising position,” which contravened customary law. The focus on these personal flaws generates the perception that Eddie, too, is flawed. Accordingly, one aspect of his journey is to regain his father’s respect and to prove his father wrong in his prediction that he will forget his cultural roots and ancestors.
Performing a tribal dance during one of the opening scenes, Eddie is positioned, naturally, in the centre of the group. Through the use of non-diegetic sound, Perkins includes the song of the Piadrem clan to reinforce Eddie’s charismatic personality and to suggest that he is being groomed by the Meriam elders to take on a leadership position. During his isolated hours on the mainstream, Eddie remembers ‘his people’: typical close up shots that capture his sentimental and conflicting emotions, also highlight the raw determination that engulfs Eddie whenever he recalls his homeland.
This position of centrality is evident in numerous scenes such as the march on May Day for equal pay, during which , holding a banner, “Equal Pay … for equal work”, Eddie Koika Mabo marched with other key Indigenous activists such as Charles Perkins, the director’s father, who also held the Ride for Freedom campaign in 1965. (Mabo’s predilection for reading the dictionary, and later his preoccupation with books in the library, also foreshadow his determination to act as a spokesperson for the First Australians.)
The political and social context: racism
- Perkins juxtaposes archival documentary-style footage of Eddie’s and Bonita’s experiences to depict the social, political and historical context of Eddie’s struggle for justice and equal rights.
- The contrasting attitudes initially held by Eddie and Bonita reflect the different responses of the First Australians. Bonita’s cooperative attitude, “We can’t afford to be troublemakers”, is typical of those who reluctantly endure persecution because they have become accustomed to defeat and hardship. Perkins suggests that Bonita’s attitude reflects years of ingrained racism, persecution and a conditioned sense of inferiority.
- Contrastingly, Eddie confidently believes that “People like us have no choice but to be troublemakers; because if we don’t we don’t have any pride left.” Eddie’s determination and confrontational attitude challenges racist beliefs; his vision stands as a beacon to the aborigines. With Bonita’s help he defies the stereotype of the drunken Indigenous Australian and gains status, esteem, and respect. His single-handed pursuit of his rights and determination in the justice of his cause also make him a natural leader.
Racism in Australia
- The black-and-white video footage of the cinema-goers highlights the extent of the discrimination in the 1950s and 1960s Australia during Eddie’s formative years. The cinema-goers are asked “Are Aboriginal people allowed to enter the cinema?” A young girl replies, “Yes, they go through that door there (pointing to the rear of the theatre) and sit in a different section”. The camera zooms in on the cinema door handle which dominates the frame; it becomes a stark symbol of exclusion and discrimination. This shows the extent to which Australians have been conditioned to accept the unofficial colour segregation rules and how White Australians intuitively perpetuate the ingrained stereotypes of the aborigines.
- The eerily sinister flashing lights and the blasting siren create an oppressive backdrop to the policeman who encounters Eddie one dark night as he walks home along the train tracks. The policeman’s blunt comment, “you know the drill. Empty your pockets” implies that such an encounter with the forces of law and order happen constantly in the lives of the aborigines. They are frequently typecast as drunk and disorderly criminals.
- Not only does Perkins focus on the discrimination but the paternalistic and racist attitude of the State Government. When Eddie is told he has to be punished, one of the chief clerks, Patrick Killoran (Rob Carlton), refers to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Protection Act and smugly explains to Eddie, using a very broad Australian accent, why aborigines need protection: “you’re too young and too hotheaded”, so “I protect you from yourself”. Proudly, Koiki Mabo refuses to work slavishly on the “green truck” (“for a red penny”). “I’m not working as a slave”.
Perkins uses archival footage to depict, as authentically as possible, Eddie Mabo’s participation in a variety of marches for justice such as the May Day march, which also reflect the increasing awareness of discrimination in the community. Proudly, he raises the banner, “Equal pay irrespective of colour.”
A love story
- Symbol: Symbolically and romantically, Bonita often refers to the first moment she saw Eddie, framed by the door, and silhouetted by the burning sun in the background. The camera zooms in on Bonita’s back profile, as she hangs up streamers during their cousin’s wedding. Slowly and dramatically she turns to focus on Eddie and their conversational banter about their names reinforces their intuitive love. This scene reinforces family ties but also the sun reflects Eddie’s leadership and iconic status. As Bonita says, “it was the moment I fell in love with you. I knew you were going to make history”. (Also her quiet dignity, charm, poise and moral strength enable Eddie to resist the “devil’s filth”.)
- Several times, Eddie and Bonita dance romantically; as their love strengthens and blossoms. One song, “is love strong enough” challenges the strength of their love. Bonita tells him, “you’re a drop of the hat sook”. As they dance, the words of the music, “only my will that keeps me alive”, captures both their spirit. (Jimmy Cliff’s non-indigenous song, “many rivers to cross”) – they will battle the hardships together.)
- Sacrifice and personal courage: Throughout, Bonita staunchly supports Eddie’s fight even though it often causes a great deal of hardship, such as the time she must, humiliated, beg the neighbour to look after the children. She has to do several jobs and Eddie, unbeknown to her, has spent most of the night in the lockup. Not only is she worried, but a lonely scene, poignantly captured by cinematographer Andrew Commiss, captures Bonita, heavily pregnant, riding her bike home at 2 am. A silhouette image ominously depicts her courage and struggle as she finds herself increasingly the breadwinner who binds the family together.
- Bonita refuses to leave the house: she will get into bed “same as I done every night for thirty years”
- Hint of violence because of the extreme stress: In a fit of frustration, when Eddie strikes Netta, the high-to-low angle camera perspective portrays Netta’s feeling of powerlessness.
- Aware of his impending death, Eddie’s love letter to Bonita expresses his heartfelt gratitude at her support: he regrets he did not spend more time at home: “what a beautiful bunch … never knew how hard it was for you to grow up. Sorry I didn’t help you more.”.
- She is instrumental to his transformation as symbolised by his costume change from ragged and torn clothes on the hot and dry railroads to the black suit at court fighting the Queensland government.
As an activist and leader
- In one particular mise-en-scene early in the film, Perkins captures Eddie’s transformation to activist. Normally, the First Australians are served “out the back”. This time, Eddie sits in the public bar determined to be served along with his fellow workers. The close-up shot of the hotel door symbolises the exclusive policies of the publican (hotel owner) who refuses to serve “Aboriginal” people in the bistro. Perkins juxtaposes (puts side by side) shots of Eddie with those of the other (white) hotel guests and union members. Eddie’s humiliation and anger are clear as he sits by himself with his lonely sign: “I’m not leaving until I get a drink”.
- Contrastingly, his fellow union workers do not support his cause. (Hypocritically, they exploit Eddie when it suits, but do not support his protest.) At one stage the union leader encourages Eddie to voice his concerns, “if you wanna raise stuff mate, do it yourself. You’ve got a voice, haven’t ya?”, but they leave him alone to voice discrimination. (Their lack of support in the hotel contradicts the union leader’s earlier claim to Eddie, “works two ways, Eddie. We help you blokes by helping our own and vice versa.”) Perkins suggests that there is distinct absence of reciprocation when it counts.
- Once again, Bonita reflects the attitude that activists are communists and encourages caution; Eddie reminds Bonita that it’s “not against the law to be in the union. Not against the law to be black.”
- As an activist, Eddie later resigns in protest at the reduction in his pay: “They cut my pay; they put me on the shore with a sledgehammer.” Koiki Mabo marches with the unions on May Day raising a banner, “Equal pay irrespective of colour.” Once again, archival footage of the historical May Day march blends with Eddie’s and Bonita’s proud faces in the crowd.
- Eddie joins the Aboriginal Advancement League in Cairns because he realises that progress can only come through solidarity. “They lobby, they fundraise and they fight to make things better.” (Previously reading a dictionary while taking a break on the railway lines, Mabo educates himself in the library at the James Cook University thus drawing the attention of Noel Loos.)
- Henry Reynolds warns him, “it’s not an easy path, the road of the activist. “Special branch has files on everyone; they know every move you make; they will find a way to silence you.” Indeed, during one scene, a member of ASIO films Eddie marching. Ominously, the clicking of the camera becomes a stark reminder of the powerful voices that seek to silence Eddie. Eddie wonders, “what more can they do to me that they haven’t already done.” (One mis-en-scene focuses on the surveillance tactics employed by ASIO. The loud clicking sounds of the camera and the threatening phone calls reinforce the inherent dangers in Eddie’s legal quest. Eventually, the tension mounts and even Eddie becomes abusive to Netta during a very low and desperate moment in his life.)
Political and legal context
Real-life historians (Henry Reynolds) and groundbreaking legal experts (Ron Castan and Bryan Keon Cohen) also provide an authentic backdrop to the historical events. A critical turning point in Eddie’s fight for justice occurs when Henry Reynolds stuns Eddie with the information that “the land is technically not yours”. Eddie retorts: “We’ve been farming on that place since before you mob set foot on that land. We handed down from father to son-how can we not own it?” “You think some white fella sticking a Union Jack in the sand wipes out sixteen generations.”
A close-up camera shot captures Eddie’s fierce determination and indignation as he tells Henry Reynolds: “We have been farming on that place since before you set foot on it. We hand it down from father to son. How can we not own it?” I own that land as much as we own this house. I can prove it five generations at least.” I’m a Piadrem man.”
He tells the family, “I’m gonna make history. I’m the son of Benny Mabo . . . I’m taking the government to court to get our land.”
The legal challenge is so significant that the briefing solicitor tells the barrister, “You’re gonna have to think carefully Bryan. It’ll pretty much shape the rest of your career” — the briefs he will get and those he won’t.
The fight for justice, ethnically and legally, makes Eddie a constant target of the authorities. He asks Henry Reynolds, “what more can they do to me that they haven’t already done?”. The ASIO officer pursues him, taking photos of his activities; but nevertheless Eddie tells Bonita to the backdrop of the romantic song, “only my will that keeps me alive”; “may as well curl up and die right now” if he did not pursue the fight. Also Bonita refuses to move. “It’s my home.”
A fight for justice; a fight for human rights and for land rights
- Perkins opens the film with news clips of the contrasting state and federal views with regards to potential land rights claims. This state and federal conflict is central to the film and informs critical decisions undertaken by Eddie. (These contrasting views also provide the dramatic backdrop of the film.)
- The Prime Minister at the time, Paul Keating is supportive, “Mabo establishes a fundamental truth and lays the basis for justice.” (The Federal Racial Discrimination Act 1975, introduced by the Whitlam Labour Government, will become critical to the basis of Eddie’s land claim.
- This is Eddie’s fight; but it is also a fight for the rights of all First Australians; it is also a fight for justice and for human rights. Eddie instinctively and intuitively fights for his rights as a Meriam man, (“it’s not against the law to be black”) and seeks to prove their prior ownership of the land.
- Perkins shows that the stronger and the more oppressive the state becomes, then the more Eddie must rely on the strength of his conviction to succeed.
- The black-and-white video clips relating to Joh Bjelke Peterson’s scaremongering campaign depict the powerful opposition that seeks to sideline and ridicule Eddie’s fight; viewers are able to recognise in a more objective sense the degree to which the politicians and officials intimidate Eddie. Bjelke Peterson is brutally frank, “it’s a clever snide way of getting something for nothing.” Another time, he suggests they are greedily seeking the royalties from the uranium mines and “getting away with murder”. Right from the opening scene, which shows media coverage of the controversy, Perkins also suggests that the media is complicit in the powerful attempt to oppress the aborigines’ rights. (The Premier states, they are “plotting violence and disorder … and until their intentions are known, they will not be tolerated by the Government”.) The negative portrayal of the aborigines as duplicitous, treacherous and opportunistic foreshadows Eddie’s long and difficult fight for justice. (The contrasting views between the State and Federal Governments as evident in Paul Keating’s contrasting comments provide much of the dramatic tension in the film.)
- Patrick Killoran also scornfully tells him, “You always were one to get above yourself, Eddie”. (His character symbolises and reflects the Government’s paternalistic view of aborigines who must be protected and “helped”);
- The State seeks to divide the three claimants, Eddie Mabo, David Passi and James Rice.
- They tarnish Eddie’s reputation and suggest that he is greedy and that he entertains delusions about becoming a ruler. (1990) His legal fight is discredited in the Supreme Court. He remarks, they thought I was “greedy” and “selfish”. which sparks an angry altercation with Netta.
- Eddie realises the extent of their legal powers when the state government passes laws to “kill us off”. The Queensland Government reacted to the land rights claim by passing the Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act 1985 (Qld) which decreed that the Torres Strait Islander rights and claims had been extinguished in 1879 when the islands came under the rule of the Queensland government.
Narrow Focus on adopted versus biological family:
Judge Moynihan’s case in the Supreme Court concluded that whilst there is some merit in the land rights claim, such a claim is not applicable to Eddie Mabo, the adopted son of Benny and his aunt, Maigo. Although they adopted Eddie after his mother’s death as a toddler, this did not mean that the land would automatically pass to Eddie.
- Strikingly, David Passi was encouraged to bow out of the trial, but he would have had a greater chance of success. One wonders whether a white adopted child would have had greater familial rights?
- During the trial in the Supreme Court of Queesland, O’Callaran manipulates the unsuspecting David Passi and his criticisms of Eddie go deep. He also alarms David with the realisation that a loss would mean large costs. “You can’t win”, and he discredits Eddie as a “smooth talker”. He further unsettles him: Eddie has the backing of the “Melbourne silks”; but David would be unprotected, or so he seems to suggest. David immediately gets on the phone. He intimidates him by suggesting that he is undermining “Joh” and Joh is not happy. After all their houses “need painting”. (Later Killoran tells Eddie that he is one to “get ahead of yourself”).
- The Judge bases his findings on a narrow-reading of “family” as well as on an unworthy characterisation of Eddie’s character.
- In terms of family, the Judge believes that the defence case is using irrelevant examples to prove that there is a link between land and cultural associations and connections. Ron Castan, (barrister) believes that the notion of burial grounds is integral to Meriam indigenous cultural traditions.
- The Judge made a mockery of Ron’s questions regarding the burial. The Judge tended the analogy of the King Square, which just about summed up his whole attitude to Eddie’s case – an irrelevant search by a gold-digger.
A personal journey
On a personal level, Eddie wishes to prove his father’s prediction wrong. He does not go to the mainland and “forget everything”. Owing to his cultural pride, he is desperate to gain his father’s respect for his monumental fight for justice for the Meriam people.
Sadly, the Protection Board does not grant Eddie permission to return to Murray Island to see his dying father. A close-up shot shows an anxious Eddie, urgently, waiting for his pass. He sends the indigenous officer back to the office several times, but the answer is always in the negative. Dejected, he realises he will not make up to his beloved father and give him the chance to be proud of his son. (The audience once again is positioned to sympathetically side with Eddie’s outrage: “They have been doing this to me since I was 19 years old”) Typically, the camera zooms in on the scornful gaze of Patrick Killoran, who derisively, tells Eddie, “You always were one to get above yourself, Eddie”. (His character symbolises and reflects the state’s paternalistic view of aborigines who must be protected and helped).
Eddie always dreams of taking his family home to Murray island. While courting Bonita, Eddie tells her, sentimentally, while sitting on the beach, “I’m gonna take you to Murray one day”. His love and pride in his cultural origins are evident in all his actions. After he marries Bonita, Eddie informs his parents, “I’m coming back for sure.” He paints the sacred mountains as a reminder of his strong ties.
On his sick bed, he urges Bonita to one day take his remains and the family back to his beloved Murray Island.
On 3 June 1992 six of the seven High Court Judges ruled: ‘The Meriam people are entitled as against the whole world, to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the lands of the Murray Islands’
The High Court judge states: “The nation as a whole must remain diminished unless and until there is an acknowledgment of and a retreat from those past injustices.”
After an 11-year fight, Eddie Mabo died of cancer in February 1992, just 4 months before this historic high court ruling that would change Australian land law. The historic judgement overturned the idea of terra nullius and claimed that native title survived in many places, even though the land had been taken by the Crown.
- Please do a critical short list of the film techniques and think about the director’s views and values.
- See notes on Social Context
- See Mabo has not been the panacea many visualised, by George Williams The Age (Also practice your language analysis skills)
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The miners of Potosi eat their coca leaves one by one. They place the stem between their front teeth and pull it through with their fingers, cleaving the juicy waxy leaflets, which go to join a pile that they store – like a cow collects its cud – in their cheeks. The miners of Potosi will each emerge from a frighteningly small hole up to 10 times in a 12-hour day to spit and replenish this revitalizing mouthful. They do not eat anything else while they work: the devil will not allow it. A proclamation in Quechua (the local Indian dialect that is the common language in the mine) is etched in stone at the entrance to a network of honeycomb tunnels. It reads ‘The fallen angel defied god, but beneath this rock, we defy the odds’. And they do – every day – to spite the hellhole inside.
Sitting on a barren ridge in the Bolivian Andes, at 3,976 metres above sea-level, Potosi is the highest city in the world – a city that owes its existence to a mountain full of minerals which have been eaten away by the hands of men since 1545. Santa Rosa – The Rich Mountain – was first mined for a colonial interest in its silver – most of which ballasted galleons sailed back to Spain. When the silver became scarce the men who worked the lease turned their hands to the other minerals that lay beneath.
‘ It’s a little about luck,’ says Pedro Soles, ‘and a lot about defiance. After all, this is our mountain; its tunnels are lined with the blood of our ancestors.’
Pedro leads the way through the mine. Narrow corridors open out to sullen hollows. Workers crouch – sweat pours from their brows; coca leaf bulges in their cheeks as they work by the dim light of carbide lamps hammering dynamite holes into thin veins of mineralization. Pedro says that the miners work for a corporation which pays them according to the quality of ore they extract. The 10 tons of ore that an experienced worker can remove in a good week translates to a meager $150: not enough to justify a move to more modern, mechanical mining techniques. As a consequence, many of these miners will develop
the debilitating disease silicosis in their early forties. But this tenuous survival is pushed to one side by a humble unity and pride.
Though primarily Catholic in faith, when the miners enter the mountain they pay homage to a deity whom they refer to as ‘Uncle’. An abandoned shaft has been turned into a shrine. Perched atop a rocky pedestal sits a demonic looking clay statue, an effigy of the devil; complete with real rams horns and a human-hair goatee beard. Workers pass every day to shower the statue with offerings of fresh coca leaves, cigarettes and cheap raw alcohol. The spirit is 95-per-cent proof and the miners drink it neat – pure – in order to entice the devil’s favour in finding ‘pure’ ore veins.
Wide smiles fill the dimly lit den and the babble of Quechua rings out proud. ‘Ahhh-yeee, the devil be damned, for today I am a rich man,’ yells a miner, and the others all whistle, scream and laugh out loud.
‘ He’ll not take my soul,’ yells another as he throws a cup of the heady spirit into the effigy’s face. Then Pedro turns smiling and says: ‘There is always time for jokes and laughter, we’re more than a team: we’re brothers.’
Later in the afternoon the local soccer team takes on the Bolivian national team. The ground is packed with people, most supporting Potosi. But as the national team is held in such high esteem a jovial mood prevails. A group of police in riot gear stand by the barbed-wired pitch ready to deal with any shift in the mood. The Andean sun bears down, harsh and strong, in stark contrast to a chilly wind blowing from the mountain.
Then after the game, through the centre of the city, there is a parade. A large brass band leads a select group of politicians and dignitaries who walk beneath an embroidered banner. They are followed by a cross-section of the working city: police, firefighters, doctors, nurses, bus drivers. Bringing up the rear, lolling beneath a nondescript homemade banner, walk the miners. The dusty, sweat-strewn men who were at work in the mountain earlier that morning are now attired in their Sunday finest: a pair of secondhand jeans or a worn suit coat, many times mended. Faces are freshly shaven. Hair is neatly parted. They walk with their heads held high, sharing cigarettes, cracking jokes, laughing out loud; throwing insolence towards the formalities of the event and indifference to a questionable future.
© Copyright 2003 New Internationalist
Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.
This first appeared in our award-winning magazine - to read more, subscribe from just £7
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Here we will look at the imbalance in estrogen level. The symptoms that follow when estrogen levels drop are:
· Irregular or Missed menstruation:
The function of Estrogen in women is to help uterus to receive fertilized egg from ovaries. After the age of 40-50 years the ovaries stop functioning and cause less or complete cessation of menstruation. Women whose ovaries have stopped functioning also suffer from hot flashes. It is the primary indication of low estrogen.
· The Skin
Due to low estrogen, related to menopause, the skin gets affected and appears dryer and easily develop acne. The dryness of skin can be cured with estrogen replacement therapy, but is not safe because it can cause other health problems. It is concluded through research that supplements which contain red clover isoflavones can maintain elasticity and firmness of skin and help in reducing effects on skin due to decrease in estrogenlevel.
Thinning of bones or osteoporosis is another known symptom of showing decrease in estrogen level. After menopause, estrogen level drops and this lack of estrogen slows down the absorption of calcium and vitamin D in body, both of which are the basic requirement for keeping healthy and strong bones. Therefore following menopause, after the age of 50 years, it is important for women to take calcium and vitamin D supplements to reduce the symptoms of decrease in estrogen.
It has been proved that estrogen level plays an important role in women's sexual health. Vaginal dryness and thinness is caused by Low estrogen, which makes the intercourse painful and thus decreases sex desire in women. The lack of sex desire again causes vaginal disorders.
But on the other hand, in some women, in spite of vaginal dryness, sex drive increases after menopause as there is no risk of pregnancy. Vaginal dryness, in most cases can be relieved by using any K-Y lubricants.
· The Brain
After menopause, most women suffer from:
- Mood swings
- Memory problems
- Trouble concentrating
It is noted that women who went through anxiety and depression before their menopause are likely to have these symptoms more after the menopause. It is necessary to treat depression especially if it is leading to suicidal thoughts.
Mild depression and mood swings due to low estrogen level can be treated with natural anti-depressants. Some symptoms of low estrogen can also be reduced with dietary supplements.
Post a Comment
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Nothing says spring like a bouquet of freshly cut tulips, but it is discouraging to wake up the next day to a vase of wilted tulips. The common myths -- that tulips do not endure as cut flowers and that wilting is natural --- are not true; if properly cared for, fresh tulips can last for 7 to 10 days. It's possible to revive wilting tulips, but it is best to prevent the wilting in the first place.
Fill a clean vase with lukewarm water for your freshly cut tulips.
Add fresh flower preservative to the water. Mix according to package directions.
Cut off about ½ inch from the stems, making diagonal cuts with garden shears. Keep the stems under running water when cutting to keep air from getting into the stems.
Remove the lower leaves from the stems by pulling them off gently or clipping with garden shears.
Place the cut tulips into the vase of water with the fresh flower preservative.
Cut 1 inch from the stems every 3 to 4 days to maintain water flow.
Clean the vase and add fresh water when you recut the stems.
Wrap tulip stems tightly in a paper, creating a cone around them. The blooms should not extend above the top of the cone.
Secure the paper with rubber bands.
Immerse the entire stem portion in lukewarm water.
Place the tulips under a light.
Leave the tulips for 2 hours.
Remove the paper and replace the tulips in the vase of clean water.
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The Office of Special Education is a service-oriented group that seeks to enhance the training expertise for children with disabilities. We attempt to nurture a dedicated staff by intense professional development opportunities, subject expertise, and particular person accountability.
This database is a web based reference instrument designed to offer practical support to academics in search of continuous professional growth alternatives within the area of inclusion and special instructional wants. It brings together in a single place an in depth range of data regarding CPD options, delivered by a variety of different suppliers.
Another time period chances are you’ll hear is supplementary aids and providers.” These can embrace tailored equipment, reminiscent of a particular cushion that can help youngsters with consideration or sensory processing points keep seated and centered for longer intervals of time. Other examples of supplementary help embody assistive expertise and coaching for employees, students and oldsters.
Student protesters argue that attempts by heart-left President Michelle Bachelet to improve quality and entry to greater training have been inadequate. Reforms by her government thus far do not provide sufficient Chileans with free college training, they say. They additionally complain that the government did not seek their advice when drafting legislation.
At CSUB, our primary mission is to arrange future particular schooling academics who can work successfully with college students with Mild/Moderate or Moderate/Severe disabilities. Our students develop the academic, interpersonal and administration expertise which are critical to success in this area. Graduates change into efficient academics and caring, reflective, decision-making professionals.
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The Engaging Minds topic for the month of July was Logical and Reasoning games. It was arranged for the children of Playschool, Prep I and Prep II at AVM BW Santacruz Premises.
Mind games help stimulate the brain and make children think in unconventional ways to solve a problem. Just like the physical exercises, the brain needs its own form of stimulation to improve upon areas like analytical thinking, creativity and problem solving.
The session started by sharing the importance of Engaging Minds with the children followed by a Brain Gym exercise (Hook-Ups) with children.
Six corners were arranged for the Engaging Minds activity – Magic Key (match the correct key to its outline), Fun with shapes (Tangram Puzzle), Match my pattern (Sequencing), Memory game, Things that go together and Spot the difference.
Overall it was an enriching and fun filled Engaging minds session.
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Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because Athey always lead to the same cellular response.
B.they amplify the original signal manyfold.
Cthe number of molecules used is small and fixed.
D.they are species specific.
E.they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases.
Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?
A.. intracellular receptor
B. G protein-coupled receptor
C. receptor tyrosine kinase
D. phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase dimer
E. ligand-gated ion channel
The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by
A. GTP hydrolysis.
B. channel protein shape change.
C. dimerization and IP3 binding.
D. dimerization and phosphorylation.
E. a phosphorylation cascade.
Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because
A. only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segments.
B. intracellular receptors are present only in target cells.
C. only target cells possess the cytosolic enzymes that transduce the testosterone.
D. only in target cells is testosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade leading to activated transcription factor.
E. most cells lack the Y chromosome required.
Consider this pathway: epinephrine- (G protein-coupled receptor)- protein adenylyl cyclase- cAMP. Identify the second messenger.
A. adenylyl cyclase
B. G protein-coupled receptor
E. G protein
Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?
A. lysis of the cell
B. digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells
C. cell-signaling pathways
D. fragmentation of the DNA
E. activation of cellular enzymes
Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells?
A. Receptor studies indicated that epinephrine was a ligand.
B. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to intact cells.
C. Enzymatic activity was proportional to the amount of calcium added to a cell-free extract.
D. Epinephrine was known to have different effects on different types of cells.
E. Glycogen breakdown was observed when epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase were combined.
Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except
A. enzyme activation.
B. activation of protein kinase molecules.
C. activation of G protein-coupled receptors.
D. regulation of transcription by extracellular signaling molecules.
E. activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.
Select the statement that correctly distinguishes between relay proteins and second messengers in signal transduction pathways.
A. Relay proteins are the "first messengers," the extracellular signaling molecules that bind to the membrane receptor. The signal transduction pathways are then formed by the second messengers, which are the relay molecules that respond to the first messengers.
B. Signal transduction pathways are multistep pathways in which relay proteins and second messengers alternate.
C. Signal transduction pathways are multistep pathways that include relay proteins and small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions called second messengers.
Which statement correctly distinguishes the roles of protein kinases and protein phosphatases in signal transduction pathways?
A. Protein kinases activate enzymes by phosphorylating or adding phosphate groups to them. Protein phosphatases dephosphorylate or remove phosphate groups from enzymes, including protein kinases.
B. Protein kinases are involved in signal transduction in unicellular eukaryotes such as yeast. Protein phosphatases are involved in signal transduction in multicellular eukaryotes.
C. Protein kinases are more critical than protein phosphatases to signal transduction enzymes.
Cyclic GMP, or cGMP, acts as a signaling molecule whose effects include relaxation of smooth muscle cells in artery walls. In the penis, this signaling pathway and the resulting dilation of blood vessels leads to an erection. Select the correct statement about the effect of Viagra on this signaling pathway.
A. Viagra increases the rate of hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP.
B. Viagra inhibits the hydrolysis of GMP to GMP.
C. Viagra prevents the formation of cGMP.
The cholera bacterium Vibrio cholerae produces an enzyme toxin that chemically modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion in intestinal cells. Stuck in its active form, the modified G protein stimulates the production of a high concentration of cAMP, which causes the intestinal cells to secrete large amounts of salts into the intestines, with water following by osmosis. An infected person quickly develops profuse diarrhea and if left untreated can soon die from the loss of water and salts. What is the basic effect of the cholera toxin?
A.The basic effect of the cholera toxin is loss of specificity of the response of intestinal cells to a signaling molecule.
B. The basic effect of the cholera toxin is premature termination of a signaling pathway.
C. The basic effect of the cholera toxin is signal amplification.
Select all that apply.What are the functions of signal transduction pathways?
A. Signal transduction pathways amplify the effect of a signal molecule.
B. Signal transduction pathways allow different types of cells to respond differently to the same signal molecule.
C. Signal transduction pathways convert a signal on a cell's surface to a specific cellular response.
Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because
A. they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases.
B. they amplify the original signal manyfold.
C. they always lead to the same cellular response.
D. they are species specific.
E. the number of molecules used is small and fixed.
Which of the following provides molecular evidence that signal transduction pathways evolved early in the history of life?
A. Receptor molecules have been identified in preparations of fossilized organisms billions of years old.
B. Simple forms of life, such as prokaryotic cells, utilize cell signaling.
C. The pathways in primitive organisms, such as bacteria, are short, whereas those in advanced forms, such as mammals, are long.
D. Cell signaling is observed in organisms that do not utilize sexual reproduction.
E. The molecular details of cell signaling are quite similar in organisms whose last common ancestor was a billion years ago.
Which of the following is a substance that acts at a long distance from the site at which it is secreted?
A. synaptic signal
B. paracrine signal
E. local regulator
What is most likely to happen to an animal's target cells that lack receptors for local regulators?
A. Hormones would not be able to interact with target cells.
B. They could divide but never reach full size.
C. They might compensate by receiving nutrients via a factor.
D. They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead.
E. They might not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.
Which of the following is characterized by a cell releasing a signal molecule into the environment, followed by a number of cells in the immediate vicinity responding?
A. endocrine signaling
B. synaptic signaling
C. autocrine signaling
D. hormonal signaling
E. paracrine signaling
In the formation of biofilms, such as those forming on unbrushed teeth, cell signaling serves which function?
A. digestion of unwanted parasite populations
B. aggregation of bacteria that can cause cavities
C. secretion of substances that inhibit foreign bacteria
D. secretion of apoptotic signals
E. formation of mating complexes
In which of the following ways do plant hormones differ from hormones in animals?
A. Plant hormones interact primarily with intracellular receptors.
B. Plant hormones may travel in air or through vascular systems.
C. Animal hormones are primarily for mating and embryonic development.
D. Plant hormones are synthesized from two or more distinct molecules.
E. Animal hormones are found in much greater concentration.
When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?
B. endocrine molecule
D. signal molecule
E. relay molecule
The following question is based on the figure below:Which of the following types of signaling is represented in the figure?
E. long distance
The following question is based on the figure below:In the figure, the dots in the space between the two structures represent which of the following?
B. receptor molecules
C. signal transducers
In yeast signal transduction, a yeast cell
A. produces signal molecules that change the cell itself, allowing it to interact with another cell.
B. must physically and directly interact with another yeast cell.
C. secretes molecules that result in responses by other yeast cells.
D. produces response molecules that diffuse to other yeast cells.
E. mates with another cell, after which the new cells secrete hybrid signals.
To what does the term "ligand" refer in cell biology?
A. the target cell of a signal molecule
B. the change in shape that occurs when a signaling molecule binds to its receptor
C. any small molecule that can bind in a specific manner to a larger one
D. the bond that forms between a signaling molecule and its receptor
E. a molecule that can occupy a receptor site while not activating the receptor
Dioxin, produced as a by-product of various industrial chemical processes, is suspected of contributing to the development of cancer and birth defects in animals and humans. It apparently acts by entering cells by simple diffusion and binding to proteins in the cytoplasm, then altering the pattern of gene expression. Which of the following are likely to be the cytoplasmic proteins to which dioxin binds?
A. growth factor receptors
C. DNA polymerases
E. transcription factors
What is the function of tyrosine-kinase receptors?
A. enzymatic degrading of GTP to GDP
B. enzymatic phosphorylation of tyrosine in the receptor protein
C. enzymatic hydrolyzing of the signaling molecule shortly after its arrival
D. allowing specific ions to enter the cell after ligand binding
E. binding to nonpolar signaling molecules such as nitric oxide or the steroid hormones
Which of the following is true of transcription factors?
A. They initiate the epinephrine response in animal cells.
B. They transcribe ATP into cAMP.
C. They regulate the synthesis of lipids in the cytoplasm.
D. They control gene expression.
E. They regulate the synthesis of DNA in response to a signal.
One of the major categories of receptors in the plasma membrane reacts by forming dimers, adding phosphate groups, and then activating relay proteins. Which type does this?
A. ligand-gated ion channels
B. receptor tyrosine kinases
C. G protein-coupled receptors
D. steroid receptors
Use this description to answer the following question.A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane α helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others.
Where would you expect to find the carboxyl end?
A. between the membrane layers
B. at the exterior surface
C. at the cytosol surface
D. connected with the loop at H5 and H6
Use this description to answer the following question.
A major group of G protein-coupled receptors contains seven transmembrane α helices. The amino end of the protein lies at the exterior of the plasma membrane. Loops of amino acids connect the helices either at the exterior face or on the cytosol face of the membrane. The loop on the cytosol side between helices 5 and 6 is usually substantially longer than the others.
The coupled G protein most likely interacts with this receptor
A. along the exterior margin.
B. along the interior margin.
C. at the loop between H5 and H6.
D. at the NH3 end.
E. at the COO- end.
Testosterone functions inside a cell by
A. acting as a signal receptor that activates tyrosine kinases.
B. coordinating a phosphorylation cascade that increases spermatogenesis.
C. acting as a steroid signal receptor that activates ion channel proteins.
D. binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes.
E. becoming a second messenger that inhibits nitric oxide.
If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, what might happen to its signaling system?
A. It could activate only the epinephrine system.
B. It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
C. It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal.
D. It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
E. It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messenger.
When protein membrane receptors are activated, what usually happens?
A. The receptors open and close in response to protein signals.
B. A change occurs on only one membrane surface: exterior or interior.
C. The receptor preferentially binds with lipid or glycolipid signal molecules.
D. A change occurs in intracellular ion concentration.
E. The receptor changes conformation after binding with signal polypeptides.
Particular receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that promote excessive cell division are found at high levels on various cancer cells. A protein, Herceptin, has been found to bind to an RTK known as HER2. HER2 is sometimes excessive in cancer cells. This information can now be utilized in breast cancer treatment if which of the following is true?
A. If the patient's cancer cells have excessive levels of HER2.
B. If HER2, administered by injection, causes cell division.
C. If the patient has RTKs only in cancer cells.
D. If Herceptin is found in the breast lymph nodes of the patient.
E. If the patient's genome codes for the HER2 receptor.
Which of the following is true of steroid receptors?
A. The receptor may be inside the nuclear membrane.
B. The receptor molecules are free to move in and out of most organelles.
C. The receptor molecules are themselves lipids or glycolipids.
D. The unbound steroid receptors are quickly recycled by lysosomes.
E. The concentration of steroid receptors must be relatively high in most cells.
Which of the following are among the most common second messengers?
A. kinase and phosphate groups
B. G proteins and GTP
C. kinase and phosphatase
D. GTP and GDP
E. calcium ion and cAMP
Which of the following sequences is correct?
A. binding of a signaling molecule to its receptor → G protein activation → adenylyl cyclase activation → cAMP production → protein phosphorylation
B. diffusion of a signaling molecule across the plasma membrane → binding of the signaling molecule to its receptor → movement of the signaling molecule-receptor complex into the nucleus → transcription
C. binding of a growth factor to its receptor → phosphorylation cascade → activation of transcription factor → transcription
D. binding of a signaling molecule to its receptor → G protein activation → phospholipase C activation → IP3 production → increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration
E. All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is the best explanation for the inability of a specific animal cell to reduce the Ca2+ concentration in its cytosol compared with the extracellular fluid?
A. loss of transcription factors
B. blockage of the synaptic signal
C. low oxygen concentration around the cell
D. insufficient ATP levels in the cytoplasm
E. low levels of protein kinase in the cell
An inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity would have which of the following effects?
A. prolong the effect of epinephrine by maintaining elevated cAMP levels in the cytoplasm
B. decrease the amount of cAMP in the cytoplasm
C. block the response of epinephrine
D. block the activation of G proteins in response to epinephrine binding to its receptor
E. block the activation of protein kinase A
Adenylyl cyclase has the opposite effect of which of the following?
C. protein phosphatase
D. protein kinase
Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of
B. phosphorylated proteins.
D. adenylyl cyclase.
E. activated G proteins.
If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar levels, one approach might be to design a compound
A. that increases phosphorylase activity.
B. to block G protein activity in liver cells.
C. that activates epinephrine receptors.
D.that increases cAMP production in liver cells.
E. that keeps sugar molecules from crossing the plasma membrane of liver cells.
If a pharmaceutical company wished to design a drug to maintain low blood sugar levels, one approach might be to design a compound
A. that increases phosphodiesterase activity.
B. to stimulate G protein activity in liver cells.
C. that mimics epinephrine and can bind to the epinephrine receptor.
D. that stimulates cAMP production in liver cells.
E. that does any of the above.
An inhibitor of which of the following could be used to block the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
A. adenylyl cyclase
B. tyrosine kinases
C. phospholipase C
D. serine/threonine kinases
Which of the following statements is true of signal molecules?
A. When signal molecules first bind to receptor tyrosine kinases, the receptors phosphorylate a number of nearby molecules.
B. In most cases, signal molecules interact with the cell at the plasma membrane and then enter the cell and eventually the nucleus.
C. In response to some G protein-mediated signals, a special type of lipid molecule associated with the plasma membrane is cleaved to form IP3 and calcium.
D. Toxins such as those that cause botulism and cholera interfere with the ability of activated G proteins to hydrolyze GTP to GDP, resulting in phosphodiesterase activity in the absence of an appropriate signal molecule.
E. Protein kinase A activation is one possible result of signal molecules binding to G protein-coupled receptors.
Which of the following is a correct association?
A. phosphorylase activity and the catabolism of glucose
B. kinase activity and the addition of a tyrosine
C. adenylyl cyclase activity and the conversion of cAMP to AMP
D. phosphodiesterase activity and the removal of phosphate groups
E. GTPase activity and hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
Which of the following amino acids are most frequently phosphorylated by protein kinases in the cytoplasm during signal transduction?
A. glycine and histidine
C. serine and threonine
D. glycine and glutamic acid
E. Any of the 20 amino acids are equally phosphorylated.
The function of phosphatases in signal transduction is best described as to
A. inactivate protein kinases and turn off the signal transduction.
B. amplify the second messengers such as cAMP.
C. prevent a protein kinase from being reused when there is another extracellular signal.
D. move the phosphate group of the transduction pathway to the next molecule of a series.
E. amplify the transduction signal so it affects multiple transducers.
What explains the increased concentration of in the ER?
A. Calcium levels in the blood or other body fluids are extremely low.
B. Calcium concentration is kept low in the cytoplasm because of its high usage level.
C. Calcium cannot enter the plasma membrane through ion channels.
D. Calcium ions are actively imported from the cytoplasm into the ER.
E. The CA+ ions are recycled from other molecules in the ER.
The toxin of Vibrio cholerae causes profuse diarrhea because it
A. modifies a G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion.
B. modifies calmodulin and activates a cascade of protein kinases.
C. signals IP3 to act as a second messenger for the release of calcium.
D. binds with adenylyl cyclase and triggers the formation of cAMP.
E. decreases the cytosolic concentration of calcium ions, making the cells hypotonic.
Which of the following would be inhibited by a drug that specifically blocks the addition of phosphate groups to proteins?
A. G protein-coupled receptor binding
B. ligand-gated ion channel signaling
C. receptor tyrosine kinase activity
D. adenylyl cyclase activity
E phosphatase activity
Viagra causes dilation of blood vessels and increased blood flow to the penis, facilitating erection. Viagra acts by inhibiting
A. the hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP.
B. the removal of GMP from the cell.
C. the phosphorylation of GDP.
D. the dephosphorylation of cGMP.
E. the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.
In general, a signal transmitted via phosphorylation of a series of proteins
A. allows target cells to change their shape and therefore their activity.
B. requires binding of a hormone to a cytosol receptor.
C. requires phosphorylase activity.
D. brings a conformational change to each protein.
E. cannot occur in yeasts because they lack protein phosphatases.
Which of the following most likely would be an immediate result of growth factor binding to its receptor?
A. phosphorylase activity
B. protein kinase activity
C. protein phosphatase activity
D. adenylyl cyclase activity
E. GTPase activity
In which of the following ways could signal transduction most probably be explored in research to treat cancer?
A. increase in the concentration of phosphodiesterases in order to produce more AMP
B. alteration of protein kinases in cell cycle regulation in order to slow cancer growth
C. removal of serine/threonine phosphate acceptors from transduction pathways in colon pre-cancerous growths
D. expansion of the role of transduction inhibitors in the cells before they give rise to cancer
E. increase in calcium ion uptake into the cytoplasm in order to modulate the effects of environmental carcinogens
Sutherland discovered that the signaling molecule epinephrine:
A. elevates cytosolic concentrations of cyclic AMP.
B. interacts directly with glycogen phosphorylase.
C. causes lower blood glucose by binding to liver cells.
D. brings about a decrease in levels of cAMP as a result of bypassing the plasma membrane.
E. interacts with insulin inside muscle cells.
For the greatest advantage of multiple steps in a transduction pathway is:
A. Each individual step can remove excess phosphate groups from the cytoplasm.
B. Having multiple steps provides for greater possible amplification of a signal.
C. Each step can be activated by several G proteins simultaneously.
D. Many of the steps can be used in multiple pathways.
E. Having multiple steps in a pathway requires the least amount of ATP.
Why are there often so many steps between the original signal event and the cell's response?
A. Long, highly specific pathways minimize the possibility that a relay molecule accidentally could activate a pathway leading to a secondary response.
B. The accumulation of genetic mutations over time has added redundant steps to the pathway.
C. Each transduction is a checkpoint.
D. Lengthy pathways provide the opportunity for the initial pathway molecules to recycle back to inactive forms should additional signaling molecules be present.
E. Each step in a cascade produces a large number of activated products, causing signal amplification as the cascade progresses.
Why can a signaling molecule cause different responses in different cells?
A. Different cells possess different enzymes, which modify the signaling molecule into different molecules after it has arrived.
B. Different cells have membrane receptors that bind to different sides of the signaling molecule.
C. The transduction process is unique to each cell type; to respond to a signal, different cells require only a similar membrane receptor.
D. The transduction pathway in cells has a variable length.
E. All of the above are correct.
A drug designed to inhibit the response of cells to testosterone would almost certainly result in which of the following?
A. a decrease in G protein activity
B. an increase in receptor tyrosine kinase activity
C. an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration
D. a decrease in transcriptional activity of certain genes
E. lower cytoplasmic levels of cAMP
At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogens and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects?
A. Estrogen is produced in very large concentration and therefore diffuses widely.
B. Estrogen is kept away from the surface of any cells not able to bind it at the surface.
C. Estrogen has specific receptors inside several cell types, but each cell responds in the same way to its binding.
D. Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each of which have different responses to its binding.
E. The subcomponents of estrogen, when metabolized, can influence cell response.
What are scaffolding proteins?
A. microtubular protein arrays that allow lipid-soluble hormones to get from the cell membrane to the nuclear pores
B. ladderlike proteins that allow receptor-ligand complexes to climb through cells from one position to another
C. large molecules to which several relay proteins attach to facilitate cascade effects
D. relay proteins that orient receptors and their ligands in appropriate directions to facilitate their complexing
E. proteins that can reach into the nucleus of a cell to affect transcription
GTPase activity is important in the regulation of signal transduction because it
A. phosphorylates protein kinases.
B. converts cGMP to GTP.
C. hydrolyzes GTP to GDP thus shutting down the pathway.
D. decreases the amount of G protein in the membrane.
E. increases the available concentration of phosphate.
What is apoptosis?
A. a way to stimulate transcription
B. a type of second messenger
C. a type of membrane receptor
D. controlled cell suicide
E. a metabolic step in blood clotting
Why has C. elegans proven to be a useful model for understanding apoptosis?
A. The animal has as many genes as complex organisms, but finding those responsible is easier than in a more complex organism.
B. While the organism ages, its cells die progressively until the whole organism is dead.
C. All of its genes are constantly being expressed so all of its proteins are available from each cell.
D. The nematode undergoes a fixed and easy-to-visualize number of apoptotic events during its normal development.
E. This plant has a long-studied aging mechanism that has made understanding its death just a last stage.
Why is apoptosis potentially threatening to the healthy "neighbors" of a dying cell?
A. Released cellular energy would interfere with the neighbors' energy budget.
B. Neighboring cells would activate immunological responses.
C. Cell death would usually spread from one cell to the next via paracrine signals.
D. Lysosomal enzymes exiting the dying cell would damage surrounding cells.
E. Bits of membrane from the dying cell could merge with neighbors and bring in foreign receptors.
In C. elegans, ced-9 prevents apoptosis in a normal cell in which of the following ways?
A. Ced-9 remains inactive until it is signaled by ced-3 and other caspases.
B. Ced-9 cleaves to produce ced-3 and ced-4.
C. It prevents the caspase activity of ced-3 and ced-4.
D. Ced-9 prevents blebbing by its action on the cell membrane.
E. Ced-9 enters the nucleus and activates apoptotic genes.
Which of the following describes the events of apoptosis?
A. The cell's DNA and organelles become fragmented, the cell dies, and it is phagocytized.
B. The cell dies, and the presence of its fragmented contents stimulates nearby cells to divide.
C. The cell's DNA and organelles become fragmented, the cell shrinks and forms blebs, and the cell's parts are packaged in vesicles that are digested by specialized cells.
D. The cell's nucleus and organelles are lysed, and the cell enlarges and bursts.
E. The cell dies, it is lysed, its organelles are phagocytized, and its contents are recycled.
If an adult person has a faulty version of the human analog to ced-4 of the nematode, which of the following is most likely to result?
A. excess skin loss
B. activation of a developmental pathway found in the worm but not in humans
C. formation of molecular pores in the mitochondrial outer membrane
E. a form of cancer in which there is insufficient apoptosis
In research on aging (both cellular aging and organismal aging), it has been found that aged cells do not progress through the cell cycle as they had previously. Which of the following would provide evidence that this is related to cell signaling?
A. cAMP levels change very frequently.
B. Their lower hormone concentrations elicit a lesser response.
C. ATP production decreases.
D. Enzymatic activity declines.
E. Growth factor ligands do not bind as efficiently to receptors.
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A marble statue
of a (male) human torso. It was found in Miletus
. It dates from around 480 - 470 BCE
. It is in the Louvre
museum, in Paris
The torso is the part of the human body where the limbs are attached. Some people also call it the trunk. It is made of chest, back, and abdomen.
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Shekel (Also Spelled "Sheqel")
SHEKEL (also spelled "sheqel")
Anciently, a Hebrew word designating the donation that was due to the Temple, and also a unit of weight corresponding to less than half an ounce. Currently it is the name of the national money of the State of Israel, the New Israel Shekel (NIS), which was introduced in 1985. This replaced the "old" shekel, which in 1980 had replaced the Israeli pound, at a rate of one NIS per thousand. As of September 2004, the exchange rate was about 4.48 NIS per U.S. dollar and 5.51 NIS per Euro.
"Shekel (Also Spelled "Sheqel")." Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 10, 2018). https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/shekel-also-spelled-sheqel
"Shekel (Also Spelled "Sheqel")." Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. . Retrieved December 10, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/shekel-also-spelled-sheqel
Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).
Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.
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- Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates.
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Pointing to the many times in Bamidbar that Jews are counted, Ilana Kaufman explores the question: Who is counted? Being counted matters because to be counted is an affirmation of belonging; being counted provides context and identity. Using National census and Jewish studies data, Kaufman shows that Jews of Color are already a substantial percentage of the Jewish population. Yet, because of institutional racism and microaggressions from white Jews, synagogues and Jewish organizations alienate and turn away Jews of Color. Kaufman argues that racism hurts the entire Jewish community and urges us to implement a continental strategic plan in order to begin building an inclusive community reflective of the ethnic and racial diversity of the Jewish people.
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PICT file extension - Bitmap graphics file format
What is pict file? How to open pict files?
File type specification:
pict file icon:
The pict file extension is generally used for pictures. One of the most known PICT formats is a Mac graphic file format used for and for screen display in page-layout applications as an intermediary file format for transferring files between programs.
The PICT format supports RGB files with a single alpha channel, and indexed-color, grayscale, and Bitmap files without alpha channels. It is not used for printed images since the format does not carry the information needed for separations.
MIME: image/x-pict, image/pict
The default software associated to pict file type:
Company or developer:
OS X or Mac OS X is Unix-based operating system developed by Apple Inc. for Macintosh computers. It contains basic core applications for everyday use, such as Finder basic file manager, Safari for Internet browsing, QuickTime for video, iTunes for managing audio data and iPod, iOS devices management , iMessage instant messaging, Mail, Contacts, Calendar and many more.
The latest version 10.11 of OS X is called El Capitan. It is available to purchase on Mac App Store as well as is distributed with new Mac computers and notebooks. It includes features to improve the security, performance, design and usability.
OS X operating system was replaced by new macOS in 2016!
List of software applications associated to the .pict file extension
Recommended software programs are sorted by OS platform (Windows, Mac OS X etc.) and possible program actions
that can be done with the file: like open pict file, edit pict file, convert pict file, view pict file, play pict file etc. (if exist software for corresponding action in File-Extensions.org's database).
Click on the tab below to simply browse between the application actions, to quickly get a list of recommended software, which is able to perform the specified software action, such as opening, editing or converting of the pict files.
- Open pict file
- Save pict file
- Edit pict file
- View pict file
- Convert pict file
- Create pict file
- Export pict file
- Print pict file
- Others pict file
Software that open pict file - Bitmap graphics file format
Click on the link to get more information about listed programs for open pict file action.
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| 0.903852
| 498
| 2.625
| 3
|
Salt of the Earth is Episode 4 in the six-part series "Tides of Change", exploring amazing NASA ocean science to celebrate Earth Science Week 2009. To find out more visit http://climate.nasa.gov/esw Want more? Subscribe to NASA on iTunes! http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?id=283424434 Or get tweeted by NASA: http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard Salinity plays a major role in how ocean waters circulate around the globe. Salinity changes can create ocean circulation changes that, in turn, may impact regional and global climates. The extent to which salinity impacts our global ocean circulation is still relatively unknown, but NASA's new Aquarius mission will help advance that understanding by painting a global picture of our planet's salty waters.
Questions about NASA | Earth Science Week: Salt of the Earth
Want more info about NASA | Earth Science Week: Salt of the Earth?
Get free advice from education experts and Noodle community members.
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| 0.800592
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| 3
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Sublimation of frozen carbon dioxide ("dry ice") is common at the surfaces of comets when they warm up upon approaching the Sun. This is an artist's depiction of sublimation on a comet's surface.
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Evaporation is not quite the correct term to describe what happens to a comet as it approaches the Sun. The correct term is sublimation. The term describes what happens when a frozen material changes to gaseous form. Evaporation describes what happens when a liquid changes to a vapor.
The most common example of sublimation is that of dry ice, which is the common name of frozen carbon dioxide. When dry ice is exposed to the air it begins to sublimate, or change to vapor, before your very eyes. This happens to dry ice because at room temperature the molecules in the ice begin to move so rapidly that they escape the solid and become gases.
When a comet approaches the sun, the comet comes to a region of space where it is warm enough that the ices inside the nucleus become gases. That is when the tails and coma of the comet form.
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