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Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment A Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment or a “Phase 2 Subsurface Investigation,” is a direct test of underground materials at a property, to check for the possibility of contamination. A Phase 2 Report is a continuation of the environmental due diligence effort and is in furtherance of a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment. In fact, the Phase 2 ESA scope of work is based on the environmental conditions of a prerequisite Phase 1 ESA. A Phase 2 Environmental Report follows ASTM Standards and requires the responsible charge of a professional geologist. To illustrate, Phase 2 ESAs typically include underground surveys, drilling, sampling, laboratory analysis, and complex risk modeling. Updated January 15, 2020. - Nationwide Bank & Lender-Approval - Certified Engineers & Geologists Not all Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessments lead to a Phase 2 Subsurface Investigation. However, when a Recognized Environmental Condition (REC) or any other environmental issues or conditions are identified, the need for a Phase 2 ESA becomes apparent. And a Phase 1 ESA is the prerequisite to a Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment. Thus, without a valid Phase 1 ESA to base on, a subsurface investigation cannot hold the title “Phase 2.” Phase 2 Subsurface Investigations have many components. Each project starts with a thorough review of historical land-use and geological conditions. And each scope of work pertains to the site-specific details, meanwhile meeting the ASTM standards. Furthermore, an OSHA-compliant health and safety plan is prepared to summarize all fieldwork hazards, as well as the chemicals of concern. The fieldwork process comprises drilling and the sampling of soil, soil-gas, groundwater and indoor air. And after fieldwork, the samples undergo chemical analysis inside a laboratory. Subsequently, scientists examine the laboratory data and run complex vapor intrusion and human health risk models, against regulatory agency standards. The Phase 2 ESA Objective Ultimately, a Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment aims to determine whether there’s a significant pollution concern or health issue at a property. However, a Phase 2 ESA has a limiting scope of work. To clarify, a Phase II Subsurface Investigation only intends to check whether contamination exists or not. It does not define the lateral and vertical extent of contamination. Therefore, if pollution is revealed, a Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment is not likely to comprise enough data for a clean-up plan or estimate. In fact, a proper remediation scope and price quote requires knowing the complete extent of subsurface contamination. As a result, additional testing is necessary when contamination is found. Phase 2 Environmental Scope In general, Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessments must follow ASTM and EPA standards, as well as the guidelines by State and local environmental agencies. Variable site conditions and environmental issues result in differing scopes of work. Thus, no two properties are the same. For instance, the drilling depths, sampling media and chemical analysis for a gas station Phase 2 ESA are likely to be dissimilar to a dry cleaner Phase 2 ESA. Site-Specific Review & Scope Design Geologists and engineers must prepare entirely new scopes of work for each Phase 2 ESA. Laboratory testing parameters are also site-specific and are a function of the land-use. Additionally, local regulations and standards play a role in the scope of work. For example, the San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board has differing contamination standards than the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board or the Texas Commission of Environmental Quality. Environmental permitting is a general prerequisite to Phase 2 Subsurface Investigation fieldwork. For example, most projects within the Los Angeles County and Alameda County jurisdictions require a Well & Drilling Permit. The permit application process can add to the cost and turnaround time-frame of a Phase 2 ESA. In fact, some agencies can take up to ten business days to process drilling permits. Lastly, most drilling permits need closing out and require a closure report to verify all fieldwork abides by environmental laws and regulations. In general, the fieldwork for a Phase 2 environmental project comprises a preliminary site walk, utility clearance marking, a geophysical survey, drilling, and sampling. The typical Phase II ESA includes approximately one to two full days of fieldwork onsite. And additional site visits may be necessary to remove hazardous waste. Health & Safety Health and Safety is an important pillar of the environmental engineering field. Drillers and geologists encounter numerous safety hazards on-site. For instance; heavy drilling rigs with pinch points, open boreholes, toxic chemicals in samples, etc. Thus, its a requirement for health and safety plans to be comprehensively reviewed by all field personnel before starting Phase 2 ESA fieldwork. The safety programs intend to prevent injuries from occurring at work and keep the project in compliance with labor laws and OSHA regulations. Geophysical Survey & Utility Clearance Some Phase II Environmental Site Assessments also require a geophysical survey to delineate the extent of underground storage tanks, utility lines, and other subsurface anomalies. A geophysical survey takes place prior to sampling and applies electromagnetic and ground-penetrating radar technology to investigate subsurface conditions. Geologists review geophysical survey data prior to drilling, in order to design the Phase II ESA scope of work. Data and results control the quantity, frequency, location, and depths of the Phase 2 ESA samples. Drilling & Sampling Under the supervision of a professional geologist, numerous boreholes are strategically advanced on a property. Modern drilling equipment (such as direct-push or hollow-stem auger drilling rigs) allows for the collection of discrete soil and groundwater samples. And driller can also construct soil-gas probes within boreholes, as a soil vapor sampling apparatus for geologists and chemists. Site Maps & Boring Logs Informative site maps and soil boring logs are a necessary requirement of the Phase 2 ESA process. At a minimum, these figures document the location, depth, and purpose of each sample. Moreover, these figures demonstrate the sampling intervals, medias tested and methodology of the fieldwork. Site maps are to scale, and soil logging procedures conform to the Unified Soil Classification System. And these parts of the assessment occur in the field by a professional geologist. Data & Analysis After fieldwork, samples undergo laboratory analysis by chemists, All laboratory methods are in accordance with EPA and ASTM method standards. Utilizing this data, geologists and engineers run risk assessment models and perform toxic vapor intrusion studies. The risk models also follow EPA and ASTM guidelines, as well as State and Federal standards. Human health risk models additionally comprise different functions for properties with residential land-use versus commercial land-use. In conclusion, the risk models evaluate whether there’s a health concern for occupants onsite, beyond a reasonable doubt. Similarly, toxicologists prepare indoor air quality and inhalation risk models. With these methods and more, a Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment provides reliable conclusions and recommendations for the report users. In addition to the use of vapor intrusion risk models and health risk attenuation factors, scientists also compare contaminant detections against government screening levels. In general screening, levels are not legally enforceable standards. Instead, they are considerable guidelines to determine if potential risks exist and whether the encountered contamination may warrant further evaluation. There are numerous environmental screening levels published by various environmental agencies (Local, State, and Federal). The applicability of each publication can vary, depending on the jurisdiction. Moreover, continuous research programs commissioned by environmental agencies advance overtime. Thus, screening levels and their applications do change periodically. Conclusions & Recommendations Upon completion of the investigation, all methodologies, findings, and conclusions are reported in a final Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment Report. Final reports should also include informative data tables and figures that summarize the scope of the assessment. Lastly, per the standard practice of environmental engineering and geology as well as the ASTM and EPA guidelines, recommendations are provided. Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment Shelf Life Phase 2 reports can become obsolete over time. Especially if a property continues its use of an environmental condition after the date of testing. To illustrate, it’s possible for a gas station storage tank to start leaking years after a Phase 2 Subsurface Investigation. In such a case, that Phase 2 ESA is no longer representative of the gasoline station. Various agencies have different shelf-life policies for Phase 2 ESA reports. Thus, a consultation with a professional geologist or engineer is always a recommendation. Beware of Low-Price Phase 2 ESAs Inaccurate and non-representative Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment results are typically a reflection of a suspiciously low sale price. Recent case studies have shown suspiciously low bidders dropping prices below reasonable rates, solely to win the attention of consumers on a budget. However, unknown to the consumer, the scope of work is also usually reduced below industry standards, in order to maintain a profit. This scenario renders a Phase 2 ESA essentially ineffective. For example, shallower drilling depths, fewer drilling locations, shorter geophysical survey time frames, and less laboratory analysis can make a difference of thousands of dollars. Although consequently, severe contamination and underground anomalies can also be missed due to the omissions. Equally important to a proper scope of work, is proper quality of work. Usually, a low-cost Phase 2 ESA also reflects on low-quality service. For instance, laboratory equipment method detection limits can be greater than the minimum significant figures of regulatory agency standards. As a result, significant contamination could exist, without any detection by a laboratory’s testing equipment. The result could be faulty conclusions and recommendations and misleading information. Reliance Letters for Phase II Reports Phase 2 ESA Reliance Letters allow other parties, such as financiers or investment groups, to legally rely upon the technical findings and conclusions of the site assessment report. This must occur during the lifetime of a valid Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment Report. Typically, this letter is jointly written for a Phase 1 ESA, as well as a Phase 2 ESA. A reliance letter does not serve as an update or modification to the technical report. The costs for an average Phase 2 Subsurface Investigation reliance letter can range between $500 and $800 dollars. Request a Consultation: (888) 930-6604 Geo Forward is a leading provider of Phase 2 Environmental Reports. For more information, please call (888) 930-6604 to speak with a professional engineer or geologist. Forward-Thinking Geologists, Engineers & Contractors!	<urn:uuid:210ad5e1-a573-4eb7-8d4a-25646db314c1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://geoforward.com/phase-2-environmental-site-assessment/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00059.warc.gz	en	0.909219	2,164	2.78125	3
dialogue essay format “I am coming home,” Sue announced. “I am really tired and can’t work anymore.” “Okay, I think you should do that,” her husband agreed. Rule #3: Make sure the reader knows who is doing the talking. What is dialogue? When a sentence is interrupted with a speech tag, a comma should be placed after the first segment of speech and at the end of the speech tag. When the speaker tag separates two complete quoted sentences: “But I thought you might stay,” Diane said. There are a couple different types of body language dialogue formats to learn. Meet all your essay deadlines with the help of our expert writers. As high-school or college student, you may have been asked to write special occasion speech for an important event or person. In such case, it is n.	<urn:uuid:d168fd06-0101-4911-b9d4-8b587b4e8417>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://isneurogastronomy.com/dialogue-essay-format/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072366.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413122252-20210413152252-00009.warc.gz	en	0.894979	192	2.90625	3
43. Dieskau Palace and Park Picturesque Dieskau Park dates back to the late 18th century. The landscape park contains several ponds and canals as well as various structures and monuments. Some of these, such as the Chinese tea house, the obelisk, and the statue of Flora have been restored as copies which now adorn the park. The ensemble includes the palace, originally in a Renaissance style, and the restored Baroque church of St Anne. Dieskau Palace was largely built by Hieronymus von Dieskau (1565-1625) as a three-storey Renaissance complex. It underwent various conversions in later centuries to reflect the changing styles of the times. The palace complex includes the Church of St Anne, originally Romanesque, but redecorated in the Baroque style in 1725. The 67 hectare park was created between 1778 and 1784 by Carl Christoph von Hoffmann, the owner of the palace and later chancellor of the University of Halle, and Johann George Schoch the Younger. The Wörlitz gardens served as an inspiration. In an expansive landscape design typical of the Enlightenment, the floodplain of the Reidebach was cleverly integrated with terraced ponds and canals. Paths and seating areas give visitors many charming views of the ”Pleasure Ground” which is directly beside the palace, as well as smaller structures and works of art around the large millpond. These included a Chinese water house and a Tahitian bathhouse. Decorative urns and obelisks were dedicated to Hoffmann's friends and relatives. After 1945, the park was abandoned: sightlines were lost, the ponds and canals silted up, buildings fell into disrepair, and were demolished. Since 1998, selected areas of the park has been undergoing restoration by the Kabelsketal municipality with the support of Park Dieskau e. V. The park represents a valuable habitat for many rare native plants and animal species. A visit to the city of Halle, about 7 km away, with the Giebichenstein and Moritzburg castles is very worthwhile. Halle is also home to three other Garden Dreams Parks: the Amtsgarten, Reichardt's Garden, and the Botanical Garden.	<urn:uuid:7da9ef06-ae4e-4843-8d5b-a0a78f962c64>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://gartentraeume-sachsen-anhalt.info/en/garden-dreams-parks/dieskau-palace-and-park/article-dieskau-park.html?angebot_nr=9	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949533.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331020535-20230331050535-00747.warc.gz	en	0.962904	488	3.015625	3
Compressed Zip File Be sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading and/or purchasing. How to unzip files. 13.49 MB \| 58 pages Students will create sentences and learn about 5 different life cycles. They will sort all of the cards with the same picture into piles. Then students can create the sentence and record it onto the lined paper. These sets are sold separately in my store, but you'll save over 25% with this bundle! Included are 5 sentences in each activity. These activities are a great way to incorporate some science into your literacy work. It practices on science, sentence structure, sequencing, writing, and reading. Each life cycle set come with 2 different versions: 6 cards on a page for whole group instruction or 9 cards on a page for small group work. An answer key is provided for students to check their work. In this packet: -Frog life cycle -Butterfly life cycle -Plant life cycle -Apple life cycle -Pumpkin life cycle Feedback is always appreciated!! Don't forget to click "follow me" at the top of this page!	<urn:uuid:1c99121d-0805-4352-bd24-0ceae94fc080>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Life-Cycle-Scrambled-Sentences-Bundle-684474	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541864.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00314-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.922796	240	3.25	3
Glenn Bigonet, M.A. Social Activist for Racial Equity Facilitating Discussions about Racism "At this point, the only thing needed for racism to continue is for good people to do nothing" White Apathy is basically white people not caring enough to put in the effort to confront racism or get involved with antiracism work. There are many rationalizations for it but the end result is that we don't do anything or do very little to address racism because we have more important things to do or we don't feel like it's our problem because we're not racist so we don't have any power to change it. The end result is that because of white apathy we do nothing and stay silent. As a result we support the white supremist status quo in our society. Layla Saad clarifies this point by saying "White Supremacy is telling you not to fight for what is right, not to involve yourself in the dismantling of a system that benfits you, because if you do, you will lose everything that makes you who you think you are - a person who is conditioned to believe you are superior to people of other races. The conditioned mind wants to cling to what it knows and what has kept it safe, even at the risk of harming other people in the process." (p. 132) Layla's statement above is a hard pill to swallow but I believe she is right on. We are so unconsciously programmed into white supremist thinking that most of us don't even notice it. To truly do the work of antiracism we have to have the courage to look our white supremist bias in the face and see it for what it is and acknowlege the ways we benefit and gain from privilege because of it. How Does White Apathy Show Up? Saad lists examples of how white apathy shows up that I find particularly poignant. (p.130-131) They are as follows: My Experience of White Apathy As I write in my racial identity and history page I was stuck in a place of white apathy for most of my life. Even after I learned more about racism I still felt parlyzed and disempowered to address it. I still bought in to the idea that racism was an individual stance and I did not understand that racism was a system of opression that we all participate in. I knew I had racist programming and I did my best to notice it and reprogram myself to not have it but I did nothing to learn more about racism. I didn't think there was anything else that I could do, so I did nothing with the exception of pointing it out in others and complaining about it but that, in essence, did nothing to change anything. At the same time I would tell my clients that in their relationships that they had no power to change their partner, which they didn't. I would then tell them that the only thing they could do was look at how they were contributing to the problems in their relationship and change their own behaviors. That is the only place where any of us have any power in the world. The paradox of it all is that if we change how we are being with our partner then they have to change because the old pattern between us no longer exists and they have to adjust to our new way of being. I can't tell you how many times I've explained that to my clients all the while I wasn't seeing that, yes, I can't change the racist behaviors of others but if I look at my own racist thinking and understand racism as a cultural system then I can change racism by learning more about how I truly contribute to it. \|Copyright © 2020 Glenn Bigonet, M.A.\|	<urn:uuid:d26803aa-d1bb-42bd-bcd5-6f23b1593bc6>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://glennbigonet.com/WhiteApathy.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154457.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803092648-20210803122648-00129.warc.gz	en	0.982025	765	2.53125	3
Portfolios - Web Mastering Students develop a portfolio that showcases major class projects that were completed throughout the year. Each student creates a CD that introduces the projects and has a functional navigation system to each of them. A Functional Housing MarketStudents will access the Internet to search for housing prices in Houston, Texas, (the location can be changed to accommodate any location) and compare the prices to the number of square feet found in the living area of a house. A linear equation will be derived from this data on a coordinate plane using the "best- fit" method. Using information from the graph of the data and the equations of the function, students will answer questions about housing prices. The Internet Pizza ServerStudents will create their own pizza using choices of toppings. They will be able to "order" their creation from the Internet and see their creation. They will use their order to calculate the area of various size pizzas, determine the "better buy", and calculate the cost per topping. Students will also have to use research skills to answer questions pertaining to the Pizza Home Page. PopClockStudents will review the census site on the Internet and gather data regarding trends in population. They will study this data and make predictions on future populations and compare their results with the information available on the Internet. Designing a TrackStudents will investigate track and field dimensions. Using the informat ion gathered from this information, they will determinea general rule for marking the starting points for the 220 yard (or200 meter) and the 440 yard or (400 meter) race. Using this generalrule, they will then measure an actual track, compare their general rule to the actual dimensions and construct a scale model. A Cylinder WorkshopStudents will work with given formulas to solve for specific variables. They will calculate the volume of a cylinder and analyze the change in volume when there is a constant surface area. They will repeat the problem with a constant perimeter.INDY500Students will find the mean and median speed for the Indianapolis 500. Rates per lap will be calculated as well as the length of each lap. Students will need to research information via the Internet.Houston Area Real-Time Traffic ReportStudents will calculate the time needed to travel a certain distance given the rate of speed. This is an ongoing project. Their data will be collected using "real-time" traffic maps of the greater Houston area. Over a period of one week, one month, and one school year, traffic patterns will be studied at various times of the day using Houston's Real-Time Traffic Map supported by Houston Transtar. Students should keep a journal of their collected data and summarize their findings. Updated June 2005 These pages were made through TeacherTECH, the teacher professional development component of GirlTECH, which is sponsored by the Center for Excellence and Equity in Education (CEEE) with support from the National Science Foundation through EOT-PACI, RGK Foundation, the Verizon Foundation, Rice University, and HiPerSoft. Copyright © Susan Boone, 2005.	<urn:uuid:109e7615-7460-4165-97b5-ec8469a5044a>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/sboone/Lessons/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542828.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00021-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.923019	616	2.59375	3
Basic Rate Interface \|\|This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (March 2013)\| Basic Rate Interface (BRI, 2B+D, 2B1D) or Basic Rate Access is an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) configuration intended primarily for use in subscriber lines similar to those that have long been used for voice-grade telephone service. The BRI configuration provides 2 bearer channels (B channels) at 64 kbit/s each and 1 data channel (D channel) at 16 kbit/s. The B channels are used for voice or user data, and the D channel is used for any combination of data, control/signalling, and X.25 packet networking. The 2 B channels can be aggregated by channel bonding providing a total data rate of 128 kbit/s. The BRI ISDN service is commonly installed for residential or small business service (ISDN PABX) in many countries. The BRI is split in two sections: a) in-house cabling (S/T reference point or S-bus) from the ISDN terminal up to the NT and b) transmission from the NT to the central office (U reference point). - The in-house part is defined in I.430 produced by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The S/T Interface (S0) uses four wires; one pair for the uplink and another pair for the downlink. It offers a full-duplex mode of operation. The I.430 protocol defines 48-bit packets comprising 16 bits from the B1 channel, 16 bits from B2 channel, 4 bits from the D channel, and 12 bits used for synchronization purposes. These packets are sent at a rate of 4 kHz, resulting in a gross bit rate of 192 kbit/s and - giving the data rates listed above - a maximum possible throughput of 144kbit/s. The S0 offers point-to-point or point-to-multipoint operation; Max length: 900m (point-to-point), 300m (point-to-multipoint). - The Up Interface uses two wires. The gross bit rate is 160 kbit/s; 144 kbit/s throughput, 12 kbit/s sync and 4 kbit/s maintenance. The signals on the U reference point are encoded by two modulation techniques: 2B1Q in North America, Italy and Switzerland, and 4B3T elsewhere. Depending of the applicable cable length, two varieties are implemented, UpN and Up0. The Uk0 interface uses one wire pair with echo cancellation for the long last mile cable between the telephone exchange and the network terminator. The maximum length of this BRI section is between 4 and 8 km. - This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.	<urn:uuid:365c200d-c784-4b86-935f-70f0039ecb8b>	CC-MAIN-2015-11	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Rate_Interface	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463093.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00168-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.880386	627	2.703125	3
Argument A logical, well-thought-out presentation of ideas that makes a claim about an issue and supports that claim with reasons and evidence Four Basic Parts of an Argument Issue Claim Support Refutation Issue An issue is a controversy – a problem or idea about which people disagree. When choosing an issue, be sure that it is arguable – one that people have differing opinions on. Don’t argue a pointless argument. Claim A claim is a statement that tells readers your position on the issue. It is best to state your claim in a strong thesis early in the essay. You need a clear and specific claim to build a convincing argument. Claim and Audience Analysis Agreeing Audience – focus on your shared viewpoint and build emotional ties with audience. Neutral or Wavering Audience – establish your credibility, engender readers’ trust, and present solid evidence. Disagreeing Audience – establish common ground and use logical line of reasoning. Support A reason is a general statement that backs up a claim; it answers the question, “Why do I have this opinion on this issue?” You need to support each reason with evidence. Forms of Evidence Facts Statistics Examples Personal experience Expert testimony	<urn:uuid:adc9a9f8-fa67-4aef-83bb-25ec8fea8c33>	CC-MAIN-2015-22	http://www.slideshare.net/mmerrin2/argumentation-6912773	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207932182.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113212-00088-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.92393	249	3.5	4
The human resources of India are its strength and staffing and recruiting qualified candidates for the government jobs is an intricate process in its own right. Recruitment Process and Unique Quotas Government Recruitment Are produced. Many unique quotas are available for minorities, women, scheduled castes and tribes, sportspeople etc. to be able to encourage equal employment opportunities. Right from the Indian services government workers are divided into grades or classes. From higher standing Group An officers into the Grade four level lowest personnel the government of India provides livelihood to millions of citizens working in every corner of the nation. The government also provides opportunities for self-improvement by composing competitive exams for marketing, gaining seniority through exemplary work etc. The government of India is not going to go out of business! Employees would not ever get downsized en masse or be fired due to lack of sex, age, or functionality. Government employee unions are other and financial compensation for employees in addition to bodies that struggle for the improvement of working conditions. Therefore, regular increments, bonuses, H.R.A housing rent allowance, T.A travelling allowance, sanitary working conditions, medical benefits and insurance, vacation packages, affordable work hours, provident funds and gratuity, dearness allowance, scholarships for children of workers, retirement packages, retirement and many other benefits are provided that may be inaccessible for the private labor. Benefits available to Government Employees The work hours are put Standardized and Ahead so that nobody should work additional hours, and they will be compensated concerning over-time payments, if they do. When employees work on weekends or holidays they are supplied with relief’ and can avail of it when required. For people who are employed in the ‘categories’ shift systems have to be carried out with dedication and responsibility and are employed. When the government is cheated; there is a guarantee of payment for the service. Additionally ITI Govt Jobs is possible to avail of discounts from governmental agencies for instance; a railway employee receives discounts from Marti or BSNL which are not given to the remainder of the populace. Additionally, public sector banks are more willing to offer loans like home loans, vehicle loans, and educational loans to government employees as opposed to businesspeople or even those employed by private businesses.	<urn:uuid:c59e72b1-6671-4c45-9f8f-0722591bfc42>	CC-MAIN-2019-35	http://topband-energy.com/news/government-employees-have-iti-govt-jobs-security-in-india/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321786.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824214845-20190825000845-00351.warc.gz	en	0.957027	463	2.640625	3
Have you ever noticed the similarity between different national flags. You would think that when a country designs a flag that it would make an attempt to be different from anything else that has gone before. Though many flags incorporate their history so I guess it is inevitable that the Scandinavian flags, for example, are similar. Many people on Facebook use the incorrect flag icons, and looking at the flags, it is easy to see why People also often place the Union Jack upside down. And purists say it should be called a Union flag of a Union Jack Flag because a jack is flown from the jackstaff of a ship. The flag was formed by combining the crosses of the patron saints of England, Scotland and Ireland – St. George, St. Andrew and St. Patrick. Wales was already a principality of England by this point so didn’t get visual representation on the flag. and…many – if not most – people think that the 12 stars in the EU flag refer to the original countries when the flag was designed. They would be wrong. The number of stars is fixed, twelve being the symbol of perfection and unity. Twelve apostles, twelve hours in a day, twelve months in the year etc.	<urn:uuid:a884056d-b748-4efa-97ae-ad92bbd3d1a0>	CC-MAIN-2021-04	https://thisbugslife.com/2020/12/13/similar-flags-of-the-world-and-more/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519843.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119232006-20210120022006-00478.warc.gz	en	0.957093	246	2.984375	3
\| Developer: Open Source Ruby on Rails with Oracle FAQ by Casimir Saternos Exploring Ruby on Rails (RoR)? This FAQ provides basic information about connecting to Oracle, installation, and creating Oracle Database XE + RoR applications. Published December 2006 1. WHY RUBY ON RAILS? Many platforms are available for Web development including Microsoft’s .NET, Java 2 Enterprise Edition, and PHP. Why, then, is there so much interest in a new platform using a relatively unfamiliar language? By its design, Ruby on Rails (RoR) lets you develop Web applications very quickly. It does this by adhering to conventions rather than forcing you to make all of your configuration decisions upfront. As a result, RoR lets you develop running applications in a surprisingly short length of time. Once you install Ruby and its various required packages, you can create a minimal Web application by running less than a half-dozen commands and editing one file (database.yml). RoR includes code generators or libraries that address many of the most common Web development tasks. The Ruby language has the object-oriented capabilities of a language like Java, yet you can also use it to create simple scripts. The language’s range of capabilities increases your ability to create applications without having to resort to numerous divergent technologies. What is Ruby? Ruby is an object-oriented interpreted scripting language created by Yukihiro Matsumoto. Since the mid 1990s, it has grown in popularity in Japan and has gained recent attention as the language behind the Rails framework. You can use the language for a striking variety of functions—from basic scripting to creating Windows applications to developing Web applications. You can start using Rails without extensive knowledge of the language; the Rails framework generates the fundamental classes needed for the Web application and uses reflection to perform object-relational mapping to the database. What is Rails? Rails is a Web application and persistence framework created by David Heinemeier Hansson. It includes the infrastructure you need to create database-backed Web applications that use the Model-View-Control (MVC) pattern. Rails has gained attention as a development framework that lets you rapidly create full-featured database-backed Web applications. What is the Model-View-Controller Pattern (MVC)? The MVC design pattern is used to separate the following concerns of an application: This pattern has become popular for Web application development, but it has existed for much longer. Implementations of the pattern have been refined over time and products have been developed to implement it as a framework. You can use Java projects such as Struts and Hibernate to develop applications that leverage the MVC architecture. In the Rails framework, ActiveRecord deals with Model concerns. It maps database tables to Ruby objects and provides many other features, including a way to easily access data, represent and traverse relationships between tables, validate data, and get data summaries. It also lets you use straight SQL when desired. The ActionController coordinates interactions between the View and Model layers (letting users change data through the Web). It routes all requests sent to the Web application, provides a filtering mechanism, Web session access, and other features. The ActionView deals with what’s actually displayed to the user (generally in the Web browser). Files that contain HTML and Ruby code are appended with an .rhtml extension. Helper classes are also available to provide data formatting. What is RubyGems? RubyGems (or simply gems) is the Ruby packaging system used to package Rails components. It provides a standard format for distributing Ruby programs and libraries as well as a tool for managing package installation. What is OCI8? The Ruby/Oracle Call Interface (OCI8) is a database driver for Ruby/DBI. RubyDBI provides a database-independent interface for Ruby. You install OCI8 to provide a Ruby interface to the underlying Oracle client software. It’s somewhat analogous to ODBC or JDBC. 3. ORACLE DATABASE CONNECTIONS What do I need to install to run Ruby on Rails using Oracle Database? The minimum installation for an RoR Web application that integrates with Oracle Database must include the following: The Rails installation includes an application server sufficient for development and small implementations (WEBrick - for WEB server toolkit). You can use your favorite text editor to edit source code files associated with your Web application. You’ll need to install either an Oracle Client or Instant Client to work with the OCI8 software. You must configure the TNSNAMES.ora file with the connection information that lets the Oracle client software connect with the database. A great way to get started is to download the free Oracle Database XE, which will install the Oracle client and database. Strictly speaking, you don’t need SQLPlus to run Rails applications. There are Rails-based methods (such as migrations) of creating and maintaining database schemas. How can I test OCI8 connectivity? To do a simple test to see if you can query a database that contains the demo (HR) schema, run the following one-liner. The output will be a pipe-delimited file. Make sure the HR schema exists and the account is unlocked and enabled. Substitute the name of your Oracle database (designated below as ORCL) and HR password (indicated as hr_password below) in the following command: ruby -r oci8 -e "OCI8.new('hr', 'hr_password', 'ORCL').exec('SELECT FROM jobs ORDER BY 1') do \|r\| puts r.join(' \| '); end" If the connection and query were successful, the output should look something like this: AC_ACCOUNT \| Public Accountant \| 4200 \| 9000 AC_MGR \| Accounting Manager \| 8200 \| 16000 AD_ASST \| Administration Assistant \| 3000 \| 6000 AD_PRES \| President \| 20000 \| 40000 AD_VP \| Administration Vice President \| 15000 \| 30000 FI_ACCOUNT \| Accountant \| 4200 \| 9000 FI_MGR \| Finance Manager \| 8200 \| 16000 HR_REP \| Human Resources Representative \| 4000 \| 9000 IT_PROG \| Programmer \| 4000 \| 10000 MK_MAN \| Marketing Manager \| 9000 \| 15000 MK_REP \| Marketing Representative \| 4000 \| 9000 PR_REP \| Public Relations Representative \| 4500 \| 10500 PU_CLERK \| Purchasing Clerk \| 2500 \| 5500 PU_MAN \| Purchasing Manager \| 8000 \| 15000 SA_MAN \| Sales Manager \| 10000 \| 20000 SA_REP \| Sales Representative \| 6000 \| 12000 SH_CLERK \| Shipping Clerk \| 2500 \| 5500 ST_CLERK \| Stock Clerk \| 2000 \| 5000 ST_MAN \| Stock Manager \| 5500 \| 8500 How do I configure an Oracle TNSNAMES.ora entry? The TNSNAMES.ora file is a plain-text file used by Oracle to determine the information needed to connect to a database. You’ll typically find it within the Oracle Home /network/admin directory. Every connection includes the server name (or IP address), the port where the Oracle Listener is running, and the name of the database in view. Here’s an example of a TNS entry that might appear in the file: ORCL = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = server.company.com)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = ORCL) ) ) If you’re using Oracle Express Edition, an entry named XE will appear in this file, indicating the database that was created when you installed the software. To create a new TNS Entry, you can copy an existing entry and modify the database name, port number, and server name accordingly. Depending on your installation, you might also be able to perform the same task with the Oracle Net Configuration Assistant, which provides a GUI that will edit the file for you. What is Oracle Instance Client? Once you install Oracle Instant Client, you can reference databases using Oracle Easy Connect Naming. What is Oracle Easy Connect Naming? If you don’t have a database entry specified in your Oracle TNSNAMES.ora, you can make a connection using easy connect naming. This lets you connect to an Oracle database using only a TCP/IP connect string made up of a host name, port, and service name. You can run a test of OCI8 using Easy Connect Naming as follows (substituting the appropriate values for your password, server, port, and database): ruby -r oci8 -e "OCI8.new('hr', 'hr_password', '//server.company.com:1521/orcl').exec('SELECT * FROM jobs order by 1) do \|r\| puts r.join(' \| '); end" How do I install Rails and its dependencies? Before you install Rails, you must install Ruby and Gems. To install Rails and its dependencies, run the following command: gem install rails --include-dependencies A number of gems are required for Rails to function. These are the versions we used to create the application described in this FAQ: If you’re behind a firewall or if, for other reasons, you can’t access the remote gems, you can install the software locally. How do I install Rails and its dependencies if a remote installation fails? If your machine is located behind a firewall or if, for other reasons, you can’t access the remote gems, download Rails and its dependencies from http://www.rubyforge.org and transfer them to your computer. You can then install each gem locally using a command in the following form: gem install <gem name up to the dash preceding the version number>. gem install actionmailer How do I install Ruby on Rails on the Windows OS? How do I install Ruby on Rails on Linux? Errors During Installation 5. CREATING AN APPLICATION What are the Database Object Conventions required by Rails when using Oracle? Rails is designed to use a number of conventions related to database objects. You can work around them (and you’ll need to when working with legacy databases), but adhering to them greatly speeds application development and results in code that’s easier to maintain. Two conventions are fundamental to Rails development: A number of column names have special significance within a Rails application. The id column serves as the primary key, as mentioned above. Columns that contain ids for related tables are named in the format <singular_form_of_table>_id. A number of columns can be used to track the date and time at which records were changed (created_at, created_on, updated_at, updated_on). Other columns are available to count child records, perform Rails-controlled optimistic locking, and hierarchically categorize data (for use in lists and trees). How do I create a basic Rails application? Once you’ve installed the software, you can immediately begin developing your first Web application. Casimir Saternos is an Oracle Certified DBA, IBM Certified Enterprise Developer, and Sun Certified Java Programmer based in Allentown, Penn.	<urn:uuid:27c098f0-0842-4a29-8e0e-3263231e45fa>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/saternos-ror-faq-097353.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524644.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00062-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.865184	2,398	2.625	3
Mr. Proux's increased susceptibility to cold is mostly likely due to the fact that one of the glucocorticoid effects of prednisone has been the suppression of his immune system. This has made his body less able to ward off the attacks of cold viruses. The development of edema is not easy to explain because the dose of prednisone is not given. The side effect of edema is more closely associated with mineralocorticoids like aldosterone. However, prednisone does have weak mineralocorticoid effects --less than one thousandth as strong as those of aldosterone. Edema is a side effect of mineralocorticoid treatment because Work Step by Step Glucocorticoids like prednisone have powerful anti-inflammatory effects. They are therefore useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-- but not recommended for treatment of osteoarthritis. In Mr. Proulx' case neither the dose of prednisone nor the kind of arthritis is known (given). What is known with certainty is that prednisone is a powerful suppressant of the immune system--much more powerful than cortisol. After treatment, Mr Proulx' was coming down with frequent colds because prednisone had depressed his immune defence against the cold virus. Edema ia a side effect of mineralocorticoid therapy. Given the known very weak mineralocorticoid effect of prednisone (compaired with aldosterone), one suspects that the duration of treatment was too long. Corticoids are usually given for brief periods of from five days to two weeks. Six weeks and eight weeks are long periods to be on oral steroid therapy. When such long periods of steroid therapy are employed, the steroid should be withdrawn slowly to provide time for the anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex to recover and take over the production of the steroids vital for health. In any case , mineralocorticoid therapy is known to produce the following side effects: increase in blood pressure (hypertension), muscle weakness, fatigue, depression , insomnia, and decrease in libido. Treatment with mineralocorticoids also affects the balance of electrolytes: sodium, and calcium ions are retained and excretion of potassium ions is promoted. As a consequence, the body retains water, and edema develops.	<urn:uuid:bb103a7f-3b86-44f0-95fa-4f032f0bad8f>	CC-MAIN-2019-47	https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/science/anatomy-physiology/human-anatomy-and-physiology-9th-edition/chapter-16-the-endocrine-system-review-questions-critical-thinking-and-clinical-application-questions-page-629/5	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668712.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115195132-20191115223132-00265.warc.gz	en	0.943938	483	2.625	3
Video: Lionfish sighting Non-native predators may impact Gulf ecosystems; endanger fishermen and divers CORPUS CHRISTI, Texas, Sept. 26, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Footage shot by scientists with the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies is the first documented video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8MHwZIBuxE&feature=youtu.be) confirmation that a new non-native marine predator may pose a threat to the ecology of the waters along the Texas coast. Lionfish, venomous marine fish previously found mostly in the western Pacific Ocean, have been appearing in the Caribbean since the 1980s. While lionfish are becoming increasingly sighted around the Gulf of Mexico, most previous reports have come from areas east of Louisiana, particularly in Florida's coastal waters. These predators measure up to approximately 18 inches and feed on small fish and invertebrates. Because they have few natural enemies, lionfish may negatively impact native species in the newly-invaded ecosystems. "Reported sightings in the Texas coastal area are rather recent and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first confirmed video documentation of a lionfish from the Texas coastal region," said Dr. Matthew Ajemian, a post-doctoral fellow with the HRI at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi. The video of the lionfish was shot on Friday, Sept. 21, by the HRI's Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV), at an artificial reef located about 40 miles southeast of Port Aransas. HRI scientists are currently working with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department on a fish community assessment of the artificial reefs along the Texas coast which are comprised of liberty ships, barges, and a variety of cut-off and toppled jackets from decommissioned oil and gas platforms. While lionfish do not pose a danger to beachgoers, they are a concern to fishermen and divers because of their venomous fin rays. A lionfish sting can cause extreme pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, breathing difficulties, convulsions, dizziness, and, in rare cases, can cause temporary paralysis of the limbs, heart failure, and death. "The presence of invasive lionfish in our offshore waters is disconcerting due to their aggressive nature, high spawning activity, generalist diet, and because they lack many predators," said Ajemian. "We will be continuing our ROV based surveys through next year. These continued surveys will allow us to examine the pervasiveness of these lionfish across dozens of artificial and natural reef locations off the Texas coast." The Harte Research Institute (HRI) for Gulf of Mexico Studies is an endowed and developing research institute at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi and is an established leader in the preservation of an ecologically and economically sustainable Gulf of Mexico. The HRI encourages a tri-national responsibility and approach to understanding the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem, including the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, and promotes excellence and innovation in interdisciplinary scientific research, public policy initiatives, and education of the public. http://www.harteresearchinstitute.org/ As a premier institution of higher education, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi provides a solid academic reputation, renowned faculty, and highly-rated degree programs. The prestige and strength of a Texas A&M-Corpus Christi degree are known worldwide and well-respected. As a university offering bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees, our undergraduate students learn from faculty who engage in cutting-edge research, serve the greater community, and bring a real-world attitude into the classroom. http://www.tamucc.edu/ SOURCE Texas A&M-Corpus Christi	<urn:uuid:b8b91d91-7c2f-4469-ade4-a3fe78d9c388>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/video-first-confirmed-spotting-of-venomous-lionfish-along-mid-texas-coast-harte-research-institute-for-gulf-of-mexico-studies-reports-171399701.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189534.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00296-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929074	781	2.96875	3
THE TIME TRACK The consecutive record of mental image pictures that accumulates through an individual’s life is called the time track. The time track is a very accurate record of a person’s past. As a rough analogy, the time track could be likened to a motion-picture film—if that film were three-dimensional, had 57 perceptions and could fully react upon the observer. The mind uses these pictures to make decisions that promote survival. The mind’s basic motivation, even though a person might fail in an undertaking or make a mistake, is always survival. That being the case, why don’t all of the actions the mind dictates result in enhanced survival? Why do people sometimes experience irrational fears, doubt their own abilities or entertain negative emotions which seem uncalled for by circumstances? To answer these questions, one needs to understand the parts of the mind.	<urn:uuid:686237e8-7383-4362-9e00-fbfd48925989>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	https://www.scientology-inglewood.org/what-is-dianetics/basic-principles-of-scientology/the-time-track.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347409337.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530133926-20200530163926-00466.warc.gz	en	0.952446	185	2.921875	3
How Wide Is a Point? I have been reading a lot of banter about accuracy and precision, which brings me to this “point.” Errors in measurements can lead to a wide range of issues in the survey profession. The sum of the potential error equals something I like to call “our error budget." How big is your budget? First let’s look at the three types of errors that add to that budget. Gross errors, also known as blunders, can be of any size or nature. They generally occur due to carelessness of the person doing the measuring, like writing down the wrong value or measuring between the wrong points. This error can be reduced or eliminated by using good procedures, but transposing numbers is not uncommon. Systematic errors are errors that can be mathematically modeled and hence corrected. They are caused by using a different mathematical model than that which exists in the real world. A good example of a systematic error is using the slope distance instead of the horizontal distance. This type of error can be reduced by using the correct and complete model. An incomplete model will add to your error budget and cause the final measurement to be skewed. Random errors also have an effect on the measurement but have no apparent cause. These errors are the small differences between repeated measurements of the same quantity. They can be reduced or eliminated from our measurements by statistical procedures. One example would be to create a mean value for a measurement to be used for a later measurement. Now I’m no mathematician or statistical wizard, but I have been around the block a few times in the error buggy. Feedback from others in our profession has always been sharp to criticize a procedure but has also been quick to adopt a procedure once it has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. This reminds me how some of the latest talks have pointed to the question, “Can scan data produce results that are more accurate than the published specifications of the scanner?” The answer is "Yes," because many points are being used to solve the position of a point. In other words, we can use the power of averages to solve the final position. The term "survey accuracy" can be confusing, misused and politicized, especially when a layman is involved. Although the fields of mapping and land surveying have benefited greatly from technology, the resounding question of accuracy continues to exist in cadastral surveying based on measurements or law. There are accepted errors in the National Spatial Reference Systems (NSRS), the Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) and the horizontal and vertical control stations maintained by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS). There are errors in the equipment, human errors introduced by the field surveyor, and accepted errors in the technology. But never before have we dissected and expected such precise accuracy in our profession until we knew we could obtain it. What was accepted as standard practice with traditional surveying is no longer good enough with current technology. The days of dead reckoning stood less criticism than .02 foot laser scanner acquired data. Chaining has become obsolete ... which reminds me of a story about an old man that approached a survey crew. The old man asked the crew chief, “Do you still use a chain?" The crew chief replied, “Sure, whenever we get the truck stuck.” Which makes me ask, just how wide is a point? To leave a comment on this story, please log in:	<urn:uuid:76229382-7a0d-4875-b718-62c8ec684f1c>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://geodatapoint.com/articles/view/how_wide_is_a_point	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164611566/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134331-00092-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95417	709	2.859375	3
Ann and Bess are playing school. Little Min wants to join in on the fun. When the big girls exclude her, Min develops a plan to meet them without crossing the line they have drawn. A great example of a simple beginning reader that’s really well done. The text is fully supported by the illustrations, the story is clear for a young child to understand, and the vocabulary only has a few multiple syllable words. Bonus points for this book showing girls doing STEM activities instead of choosing to make the story about a little boy engineer. Definitely recommended for most public libraries. Great for those looking to increase STEM offering featuring girls and for those looking for very early beginning readers (level 1).	<urn:uuid:04a31db1-34e0-47f1-89a7-8f7da7045c52>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	https://stepupreaders.com/2015/10/01/review-3-2-1-go/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806426.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121204652-20171121224652-00649.warc.gz	en	0.943846	144	2.640625	3
Rights theorists vary quite a bit but many reject egoism and utilitarianism. One reason why many rights advocates reject utilitarianism is that what is most good and least bad overall might "outweigh" the good of individuals or minorities. Rights theories emphasize the dignity and good of individuals, and so common sorts of rights are to life, freedom and welfare. There are six main theories for defending rights: - Intuitionism: Intuitionist rights theorists "intuit" or believe after due consideration that individuals have dignity, and the good of the individual cannot be outweighed by society. - Traditionalism: These rights theorists draw on the liberal tradition that gives rise to rights and appeal to others operating in the same tradition. - Compassion: Some believe that out of compassion we must grant that every individual has rights. - Immanuel Kant’s theory: This German philosopher held that every individual must be treated as an "end in himself and never as a means only. " This means that everyone must be respected, or treated as an end (i.e., everyone’s ends or purposes must be respected), and not merely as a means to other people’s ends (i.e., exploited). Kant’s test of morality was "universalizability": that is, for any given principle that is proposed as moral, can we consistently will it as universal, for all moral agents to follow? For example, Kant held that a person cannot will the breaking of a promise, for universalized, that would mean that the promise-breaker could not depend on anyone else keeping their promise either, and the whole institution of promising would thereby collapse. - John Rawls’ theory: Rawls was a philosopher from Harvard University who believed in the Kantian idea that an individual cannot be sacrificed even for the good of society. Rawls asked us to do a thought experiment. That is, he asked us to imagine that we are spirits who are not yet born in a human body. In this "original position," as Rawls called it, we do not know if we will be born rich or poor, black or white, intelligent or less intelligent, male or female, and so on. Rawls believed that principles of justice that people would agree to in this "original position" would be fair because no one would make principles that are sexist, racist, etc., lest oneself be discriminated against once one is born. - Alan Gewirth’s theory: Gewirth held that everyone needs a certain amount of freedom and well-being in order to do anything at all. This is true. Someone who was completely tied up and unfree, or in the throes of a terrible illness and thus unwell, could hardly be expected to accomplish much. Therefore, Gewirth reasoned, everyone should assert rights to freedom and well-being. However, Gewirth defended what he called the “principle of generic consistency” (which just means being consistent or fair in one’s treatment of kinds of things or genera, which means treating like kinds of things alike unless there is a good reason to do otherwise. Due to this principle, we must treat individuals alike unless there is a good reason to the contrary, and so we must also extend rights to other persons than ourselves. - What are some possible reasons in favour of adopting standard rights theories as a guide to peace and conflict? - What are some possible reasons against adopting standard rights theories as a guide to peace and conflict? click on your home to go to KCI's home	<urn:uuid:48816405-9edc-41ce-88d4-458fb70c03ac>	CC-MAIN-2018-39	http://sztybel.tripod.com/KiplingPeaceProj/P24.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267164925.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926121205-20180926141605-00307.warc.gz	en	0.964216	735	3.421875	3
Background: As of March 2021, in the USA, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 500,000 deaths, with a majority being people over 65 years of age. Since the start of the pandemic in March 2020, preventive measures, including lockdowns, social isolation, quarantine, and social distancing, have been implemented to reduce viral spread. These measures, while effective for risk prevention, may contribute to increased social isolation and loneliness among older adults and negatively impact their mental and physical health. Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting “Stay-at-Home” order on the mental and physical health of older adults and to explore ways to safely increase social connectedness among them. Methods: This qualitative study involved older adults living in a Continued Care Senior Housing Community (CCSHC) in southern California, USA. Four 90-minute focus groups were convened using the Zoom Video Communications platform during May 2020, involving 21 CCSHC residents. Participants were asked to describe how they were managing during the “stay-at-home” mandate that was implemented in March 2020, including its impact on their physical and mental health. Transcripts of each focus group were analyzed using qualitative methods. Results: Four themes emerged from the qualitative data: (1) impact of the quarantine on health and well-being, (2) communication innovation and technology use, (3) effective ways of coping with the quarantine, and (4) improving access to technology and training. Participants reported a threat to their mental and physical health directly tied to the quarantine and exacerbated by social isolation and decreased physical activity. Technology was identified as a lifeline for many who are socially isolated from their friends and family. Conclusions: Our study findings suggest that technology access, connectivity, and literacy are potential game-changers to supporting the mental and physical health of older adults and must be prioritized for future research.	<urn:uuid:7b2f963c-eea2-417c-a42f-8bab842ccccf>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://research.ibm.com/publications/health-impacts-of-the-stay-at-home-order-on-community-dwelling-older-adults-and-how-technologies-may-help-focus-group-study	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499768.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129211612-20230130001612-00203.warc.gz	en	0.9677	398	2.84375	3
Relaxation, in a general sense, means letting go of stress, mental fatigue, worry and pressure. It occurs naturally when we do something familiar, comforting, or self-satisfying. Total relaxation of the mind and body takes practice. You might practice relaxation by meditating, conditioned muscle relaxation, T’ai Chi, massage, warm baths, deep breathing, guided imagery, watching movies or television, listening to music, exercising or playing sports, dancing, doing aerobics, knitting, solving puzzles, socializing, or sleeping. Relaxation is an extremely valuable tool for stress management. Techniques like meditation, self-hypnosis, and deep breathing make it possible for you to relax both the body and the mind profoundly for a short period of time. The regular practice of one or more relaxation techniques can provide a wonderfully calming feeling that lasts. Your energy level and ability to cope with the external world are replenished. Practitioners and researchers have reported many positive life effects from the regular practice of one of these techniques. You may want to take a course or read about one of these techniques. They can be easy to learn, but they can be difficult to fit into your schedule. Practice sitting quiet and uninterrupted for fifteen minutes. Let yourself relax by focusing on something peaceful like a beautiful beach or mountain scene. Sometimes negative thoughts or worries create tension. You can practice thought stopping techniques and learn to use positive self-talk to cope with stress. Take a purposeful 10-minute break. Go for a walk, breathe deeply, call a friend, or listen to your favorite music. Remember, you can talk with a counselor to learn more about how to develop relaxation skills. Relaxation techniques reduce stress. There are a variety of relaxation techniques to choose from. However, it is important to recognize that not all techniques work equally well for everyone, and that one technique may not work in every situation. Try to determine a variety of techniques that you can apply in your life to combat the negative effects of stress. Online Resources to Help You Relax Audio Relaxation Exercises Hobart and William Smith Colleges’ Counseling Center provides both progressive and combination relaxation exercises in downloadable MP3 format. You can listen to them on your computer or transfer them to another MP3 device. Counseling and Psychological Service of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill offers Relax Audio (UNC) a series of online audio relaxation exercises that will relieve stress as a soothing voice leads you through your choice of several deep breathing exercises. The Patsy Grey Enterprises Learning Meditation Room provides three to ten minute virtual relaxation experiences that help enhance serenity and calm. These meditations include soothing sounds, imagery, and deep-breathing techniques.	<urn:uuid:349e4972-9675-44e8-8df2-a7d5444d23c9>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://counseling.dasa.ncsu.edu/resources/self-help-resources/relaxation/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358673.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128224316-20211129014316-00621.warc.gz	en	0.925492	564	3	3
We Are Here for You. The Center for Prehospital Care is committed to providing equal access to all programs and co-curricular activities for qualified applicants and students living with permanent or temporary disabilities. Definition of “Disability” As stated in the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendment Act (ADAAA), a disability is defined as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. This includes people who have a record of such an impairment, even if they do not currently have a disability. General examples of disability categories include, but are not limited to: - Learning challenges - Cognitive issues (e.g., ADHD, traumatic brain injury) - Hearing or vision loss/impairment - Mobility difficulties Types of Accommodations Accommodations are personalized to meet the needs of each student based on the information specified in their current, verifiable medical documentation. Examples of accommodations include but are not limited to: - Extended time for exams and quizzes - Note taking support - Distraction reduced testing environment Any accommodation granted by UCLA is strictly for activities within the control of UCLA and may or may not be honored by other agencies, such as NREMT, or hospitals/EMS agencies with whom the student performs a clinical or field rotation.	<urn:uuid:d0a23169-73b7-45a0-bede-c3ef0762604f>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.cpc.mednet.ucla.edu/services/students-with-disabilities	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100047.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129010302-20231129040302-00819.warc.gz	en	0.953362	267	2.640625	3
Harvard University Press has partnered with De Gruyter to make available for sale worldwide virtually all in-copyright HUP books that had become unavailable since their original publication. The 2,800 titles in the “e-ditions” program can be purchased individually as PDF eBooks or as hardcover reprint (“print-on-demand”) editions via the “Available from De Gruyter” link above. They are also available to institutions in ten separate subject-area packages that reflect the entire spectrum of the Press’s catalog. More about the E-ditions Program » Of all the young child’s startling accomplishments, none is more impressive and mysterious than his entrance into the world of language. In this book, Peter and Jill de Villiers provide a lucid and entertaining account of the child’s remarkable linguistic journey. By means of amusing and informative examples, the authors describe how language acquisition happens. As children develop from birth to school age, they gradually master the intricacies of sounds, words, rules, and concepts. Eventually, an awareness of language itself dawns, bringing with it the ability to communicate about things and ideas beyond the here-and-now. Naturally, not all children learn at the same rate; the de Villiers discuss the various physical and intellectual constraints upon learning, including the implications of such conditions as deafness, dysphasia, and autism. Throughout their discussions, the de Villiers demonstrate that the key to understanding the acquisition of language lies in the child’s striking linguistic inventions and systematic errors. A child is unlikely to hear any adult say “ephelant” or “his is gooder than mine,” nor will a parent call the mailman “Daddy.” But children commonly say all these things and what they say reveals a great deal about the learning process. Early Language is a book that is full of children talking and anyone who reads it is bound to come away with an enriched understanding of what children’s talk is all about.	<urn:uuid:ea067d20-4947-4329-bcd0-2cd08d225702>	CC-MAIN-2018-26	http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674331495	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860041.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618031628-20180618051628-00149.warc.gz	en	0.936607	423	3.015625	3
The 2009 Nobel Prize for Physics went, in part, to the inventors of the charge-coupled device George Smith and Willard Boyle this week. Their innovation, sketched out in 1969, is now the imager in millions of digital cameras and telescopes. The very first prototype, pieced together months after Smith and Boyle laid out its working principles, is pictured above. A charge-coupled device, in most applications, translates light into an electronic signal. Photons of light striking an array of capacitors create an electrical charge proportional to their intensity, which the charge-coupler transforms into voltage. That signal can be digitized and transformed by the dull magic of high-performance computing into Hubble’s images. Millions of CCDs are made each year for mass market cameras, but they also proved a transformational technology in science by providing a much more sensitive light sensor than previously existed. After being overlooked for decades, the Nobel win was a mild surprise but well deserved. “There wasn’t anything that could compete in scientific imaging,” said Tony Tyson, an astronomer at the University of California, Davis, who built the first CCD camera for scientific applications in the late 1970s. “You’re interested in getting very high signal-to-noise ratios. There’s nothing that really competes with CCDs.” For the really dim things astronomers look at, the number of photons of light coming from a source is so small that each one counts. Out of every 100 photons, a CCD can record more than 90 of them. Photographic plates can barely reach 10 percent. And your eyes? Their quantum efficiency is in the 1 to 4 percent range. According to lore, Smith and Boyle sketched out the design for the ubiquitous imaging device in an hour, over lunch at Bell Labs in October 1969. Working under the intense pressure applied by their taskmaster of a boss, Jack Morton, the pair had the device fabricated within a couple of months. George Smith took a photo of it, which you can see at the top of the page. The road, though, from the creation of the prototype to the development of an actual technology that could be used by scientists and photographers was long and hard. Though CCDs would come to dominate astronomy, the device, as invented, was nowhere near high enough resolution to be worthwhile. With its poor signal-to-noise ratio, it was not immediately clear that the CCD was destined for greatness. “I joined the company in 1969, the very year that Dick Boyle and George Smith invented this thing,” Tyson said. “I actually, frankly viewed it as a toy. It was so small and awfully noisy.” Historians Robert W. Smith and Joseph N. Tararewicz note that “astronomers could not simply procure a CCD ‘off the shelf’ soon after the device’s invention at Bell Labs.” In fact, a number of other imaging systems were suggested for what became the Hubble Space Telescope including a panoply of image tubes. Some astronomers, though, saw the potential for CCDs down the road. They were in Smith and Tararewicz’s terms, “counting on invention.” In the face of budget cuts in 1974 that threatened the installation of the still speculative, expensive CCD technology on the Large Space Telescope (Hubble), an astronomer delivered an impassioned plea for the technology. “To decide now, eight years before the LST can possibly fly, on what is already an out-dated detector, less than state-of-the-art, will be regarded in the future, I think as a poor choice of the options which are conceivable in other directions for cutting the cost of the LST,” Margaret Burbidge, a prominent astrophysicist, wrote. “It is like deciding to treat a sick patient by cutting out his heart on the grounds he would be saved the energy used by the heart muscles in pumping the blood around the body.” Hard work by hundreds of scientists and engineers pushed CCDs closer to reality over the next few years. Companies like Fairchild, Kodak and Tektronix, rather than Bell Labs, developed the technology into usable form. Military, scientific and consumer applications were all benefiting from the money being thrown at the CCD problems from different directions, but it was still tough. “It was a very painful development,” Tyson said. “There were all these problems making really large cameras and getting uniform CCDs out of companies that were already pushing the envelope.” Still, scientists like Tyson persevered. After nearly a decade, he put his latest camera on the 40-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar Observatory and was able to measure the distribution of the faint blue galaxies. That work became an important piece of evidence that dark energy — the mysterious force propelling the acceleration of the universe outward — actually exists. Now, nearly every major astronomical observatory uses CCDs. They also remain the gold-standard for medical imaging, or really any type of science that needs to capture photons. Though CMOS imaging technology is making inroads in consumer technology, there’s “still nothing like a huge CCD,” Tyson said, for high-end science. Tyson’s latest project is the Large Synoptic Sky Survey, which will incorporate a 3,200-megapixel camera. Plotted against time, CCD performance, measured in pixels, has grown at close to the same dizzying logarithmic rate that computing power has (see below). Clearly, that hour of lunch at Bell Labs opened up a technological development path that was as broad and deep as nearly any in the 20th century. And after decades of being overlooked for the biggest prize in science, the inventors of the CCD are finally getting their due. “Back, say, 30 years ago when I was at Bell Labs, we thought that CCDs could very well be a Nobel Prize,” said Cherry Murray, dean of engineering and physical science at Harvard University and a one-time colleague of Smith and Boyle at Bell Labs. “It had been overlooked for so long … It’s nice to see.” Images: Sent by Tony Tyson to Wired.com. 1. George Smith. 2. Tony Tyson. 3. Tony Tyson. - Nobel Winners Isolate Protein Behind Immortality, Cancer - Cell Illuminators Win Chemistry Nobel - Nobel-Winning Physicist Rumored to Be Obama’s Pick for Energy Secretary - Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded: Fair or Foul? - Nobel Prize Winners Deserved Their Nobel Prize - Nobel Prize Goes to Gene Knockout Scientists - Hard-Drive Technology Pioneers Win Nobel Physics Prize	<urn:uuid:2ebfa12c-b2a0-43be-b95c-94eda805ebbf>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	http://www.wired.com/2009/10/ccd-science/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828313.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00267-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.960848	1,438	3.84375	4
Music forms a part of daily life for most people, regardless of which corner of the world we’re from. It has the power to break down cultural barriers, uniting us all over a shared love for art and creative expression (Gangnam Style, anyone?) Listening to music whilst studying can also improve your concentration skills and spatial-temporal reasoning abilities. This means that students who have tunes playing in the background as they work benefit from the increased ability to concentrate and store information into memorable patterns and sequences. There is also evidence to support the idea that language and musical information processes actually occur in the same area of the brain (Medina 1993). So with music and language being inherently linked in both our hearts and minds, here are some ways in which you can teach a foreign language successfully, through the use of song. Use Contemporary Pop Music Learning the lyrics to a pop song in a foreign language will expand your class’ vocabulary in unexpected ways. Typically the lyrics of songs will include more colourful language than your average text book and as long as the words aren’t offensive, picking up some slang terms and unusual vocab may pique your student’s interest in the subject. Learning the words to a foreign pop song will also help the students naturally pick up the correct pronunciation. Students can sometimes feel slightly embarrassed using the correct pronunciation because they aren’t used to making those sounds with their mouth. Singing lyrics instead of speaking words pitches your voice at a different tone, allowing students to feel less self-conscious of things like rolling your ‘r’s in French, for example. Singing in a different language also gives the singer cognitive training in learning the rhythms of speech. Different languages use a range of different syntax styles and for learners, ordering sentences, off the top of your head, can be tricky. Thus, remembering lyrics can help students build sentences quickly, on an almost subconscious level. Educational Songs and Activities There are also an abundance of songs in foreign languages that are specifically designed for teaching grammar and vocabulary. So if you’re not comfortable with teaching pop music, there are still songs to learn that can help important information stick. Even nursery rhymes aimed at toddlers can adequately expand an older student’s vocabulary, so give them a go. Another advantage to using songs in class is that they can be learned and practiced on the move, as most students have MP3 players at home nowadays. This makes for some fun homework assignments for your class, instead of writing anything down, all they have to do is learn a song and the important information is absorbed, quite often more permanently than it would be in a written essay. In fact, I still remember all the French Christmas songs I learned at school, far better than I remember all the masculine and feminine nouns, and that was over 10 years ago! Introducing Song into the Classroom To focus the song’s impact on the class, play sections of it a few times and ask the class to give you an idea of what they think the song is about. Once you have done that, write some words from the song on the board and play the song again. It will be the job of the class to shout ‘Stop’ when the words are sung. Once they’ve got the hang of that, it’s time for them to learn the words a section at a time. After they have successfully learned the words, you can test them on their understanding by drafting up a list of true of false questions about the lyrics, and see how well they have absorbed it. How do you use song in the classroom? Share in the comments below.	<urn:uuid:a84b1ffc-ab64-4f44-aeda-7c347e321214>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://theinspiredclassroom.com/2013/03/why-you-should-start-teaching-languages-through-song/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335286.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928212030-20220929002030-00385.warc.gz	en	0.961058	759	3.9375	4
That's why sometimes you have to gather your own The consequence of believing in the myth that data (or AI) is neutral, is that it discourages people from asking what agenda that data serves, or what biases it may have. This kind of critical thinking is essential in a world of automated decision making in which that data is used to judge us and govern our working lives. The so called gig economy uses automated systems to manage workers, or contractors, depending upon the jurisdiction. However there’s growing concern that these systems manipulate, exploit, and sometimes cheat the humans who are doing the labour. The problem in attempting to prove this hypothesis is that the platform is always biased towards the platform owner. The data that is collected benefits the company and not the users or in this case workers. What can be done? Well workers could collect their own data, to be able to make their own grievances or demands for justice with the evidence or data to back them up. Armin Samii had been biking for UberEats for a few weeks last July when he accepted a delivery he estimated would take 20 minutes, tops. But the app led him up one of the steepest hills in Pittsburgh, a 4-mile one-way trip that clocked in at an hour. Then he noticed that Uber had only paid him for 1 mile—the distance between his origin and destination as the crow flies, but not as the man bikes. “I’d only done 20 deliveries, and this already happened to me,” Samii says. “For people who do this full-time, are they going to look this deeply into this statement? Are they ever going to find this issue?” Samii is a software engineer. So he created a Google Chrome extension, UberCheats, that helps workers spot pay discrepancies. The extension automatically extracts the start and end points of each trip and calculates the shortest travel distance between the two. If that distance doesn’t match up with what Uber paid for, the extension marks it for closer examination. So far, only a few hundred workers have installed UberCheats on their browsers. Samii doesn’t have access to how couriers are using the extension, but he says some have told him they’ve used it to find pay inconsistencies. Google briefly removed the extension last week when Uber flagged it as a trademark violation, but reversed its decision after Samii appealed. What’s fascinating about this story is both the example of automated injustice resulting from the error the algorithm made in the calculation, as well as the company’s attempt to prevent workers from using this kind of data collection tool. In this case the “organizer” was a software developer, who had the literacy to create a tool to collect data to argue their case against the company. Unfortunately most people do not have that literacy. Perhaps a Union should? At the very least to pool the value and power of that data? But some workers have been drawn to homegrown tools built by other gig workers—and the idea that they might themselves profit off the information that companies collect about them. Driver’s Seat Cooperative launched in 2019 to help workers collect and analyze their own data from ride-hail and delivery apps like Uber, Lyft, DoorDash, and Instacart. More than 600 gig workers in 40 cities have pooled their information through the cooperative, which helps them decide when and where to sign on to each app to make the most money, and how much they are making, after expenses. In turn, the company hopes to sell the data to transportation agencies interested in learning more about gig work, and pass on the profits to cooperative members. Only one city agency, in San Francisco, has paid for the data thus far, for a local mobility study that sent $45,700 to Driver’s Seat. Owen Christofferson has been driving for Uber and Lyft in Portland for six years and signed up to use Driver’s Seat when it launched. He hopes these sort of projects help all drivers keep better track of what they’re spending to earn. “It’s actually really, really complicated to figure out what you, as a gig worker using your own vehicle, are putting into this,” he says. “It's a kind of active disempowerment on the part of the companies, because many drivers might lack the resources or skills to understand their true hourly wage.” In this case however I’m not entirely sure of either the value that can be derived from driver’s data (fractions of a penny per user perhaps)? Similarly awareness of how little they’re being paid means nothing without organized labour and a willingness to strike as a counter to the power of the company and a means of enabling a stronger negotiating position. An open source approach makes more sense if you really wanted to achieve scale across the gig economy. An open source project called WeClock, launched by the UNI Global Union, seeks to help workers collect and then visualize data on their wages and working conditions, tapping into smartphone sensors to determine how often they’re sitting, standing, or traveling, and how they feel when they’re on the job. Once it’s collected, workers control their own information and how it's used, says Christina Colclough, who helped build the app and now runs an organizing consultancy called the Why Not Lab. “We don’t want to further the surveillance that workers are already subjected to,” she says. “We don’t want to be Big Tech with a conscience.” Colclough hopes that, eventually, workers might use WeClock to show they’re working longer hours than agreed. For now, the app is being used by 15 freelance UK TV production workers, who say that production companies don’t always pay fair wages for all the work they do. The participants in the pilot use Apple Watches to track their movements while on set. Overall these are great initiatives, however on their own they pale in comparison to the data and power these companies and platforms posses. There needs to be a scale, whether cooperative, or federated, or affiliated, that enables alternate data sets, with alternate agendas, to be available. At the very least these efforts illustrate the inherent bias and agenda of data and by extension any AI application or algorithm. The question isn’t whether there is bias, but what the bias is, and why. Alternatively what the bias should be. For designers of AI, this is an opportunity. To design systems with deliberate and specific bias(es) that increase the performance and/or enjoyment of the system. We’ll elaborate on this concept as part of our exploration of participatory AI, in the meantime here’s more on the subject of unionizing gig workers.	<urn:uuid:2b1d0c62-8683-4dd5-8075-2374eab7603f>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://jessehirsh.com/data-is-never-neutral/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361253.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202084644-20211202114644-00569.warc.gz	en	0.961039	1,427	2.640625	3
Back to Endocrine Diseases A pheochromocytoma (also phaeochromocytoma, English spelling) is a tumor in the medulla of the adrenal glands (or, rarely, the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system) which secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines, usually epinephrine and norepinephrine. Symptoms and signs Pheochromocytomae occur most often during young-adult to mid-adult life. Less than 10% of pheochromocytomas are malignant (cancerous). These tumors can form a pattern with other endocrine gland cancers which is labelled multiple endocrine neoplasia. Pheochromocytoma is listed within the groups MEN 2a and MEN 2b. The signs and symptoms of a pheochromocytoma are those of sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity: elevated heart rate and blood pressure and anxiety often resembling that of a panic attack. One diagnostic test for a pheochromocytoma is to administer clonidine (Catapres?), a centrally-acting alpha-2 agonist used to treat high blood pressure. Clonidine mimics catacholamines in the brain, causing it to reduce the activity of the sympathetic nerves controlling the adrenal medulla. A healthy adrenal medulla will respond to clonidine by reducing catacholamine production; the lack of a response is evidence of pheochromocytoma. Another test is for the clinician to press gently on the adrenal gland. A pheochromocytoma will often release a burst of catacholamines, with the associated signs and symptoms quickly following. Are you a doctor or a nurse? Do you want to join the Doctors Lounge online medical community? Participate in editorial activities (publish, peer review, edit) and give a helping hand to the largest online community of patients. Click on the link below to see the requirements: Doctors Lounge Membership	<urn:uuid:6cf7fedd-84db-4088-9518-778b0e98c657>	CC-MAIN-2015-35	http://www.doctorslounge.com/endocrinology/diseases/pheochromocytoma.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645396463.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031636-00127-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.80681	440	3.4375	3
It came, it seems, from outer space - and it did so quickly. On the morning of October 22, 1993, local time, the visitor hit the top of the atmosphere over Ellsworth Land in Antarctica. It pierced the sky in a flash of light, moving a hundred times faster than a meteor, passing from the thinnest air and into the ice in a fraction of a second. It cut through the rock below with equal ease, flying through the solid earth in a northeasterly direction. In less than 20 seconds, it had crossed the South Atlantic, deep beneath the ocean floor. When it passed below the southern tip of Africa, it was more or less halfway between Cape Town and the center of Earth. That was as deep as its straight path through the planet would take it; from then on it headed up. Fifteen seconds later, 6,000 kilometers across the Indian Ocean from Cape Town, it left Earth's crust somewhere between Sri Lanka and Thailand. It lanced up through the afternoon sky and headed back out to the stars. The whole visit lasted less than a minute, and nobody saw a thing. It's remarkable that some strange guest should sweep through Earth like a hot wire through wax, and that no one would notice as it did so. But though the visitor was very fast and fairly heavy, it was also extremely small: a mass of as much as 10 tons squeezed into something about the size of a red blood cell. If a 10-ton asteroid fell to Earth at 400 kilometers per second, people would notice; something the size of a small car hitting the unyielding Earth at that speed would give up its kinetic energy in an explosion to rival that of a 200-kiloton nuclear weapon. But condensed to the size of a small amoeba, the same mass wouldn't cause anywhere near as much fuss. The fearsome momentum of the microscopic visitor would shatter the bonds between molecules directly in its path and push the bystanders aside. It would do this vigorously enough to melt a small tunnel as it passed, slicing through the rocky earth almost as easily as it passed through air and water. If there had been a human at the point of entry, she might have seen a split-second burst of light, and the exit through the ocean must have made a fish-startling noise of some sort. But no one saw or heard a thing. No one, that is, for almost 10 years. It was only then that scientists noticed what might have been the visitor's faint signals in an obscure archive of seismological data. Such data piles up at ever-increasing rates as Earth gets more thoroughly wired; every passing planetary groan and tremor now gets recorded, preserved to be pondered by anyone who has the time, training, and curiosity to look. And in the past few years, a small team of physicists has developed the expertise to trawl that data for signs of intruders from outer space. These are researchers who, when the grandest physics project ever conceived was canned, set themselves a task far smaller in cost but arguably grander in ambition: surreptitiously turning a whole planet into a particle detector. Vic Teplitz met Eugene Herrin in 1989. Both were on the faculty of the physics department at Southern Methodist University in Dallas. It was a heady time to be a particle physicist in Texas. Excavation was about to start on the 87 kilometers of underground tunnel, located an hour's drive from campus, that would house the Superconducting Super Collider, the Next Big Thing in science's endeavor to understand the makeup of the universe. The SSC, it was hoped, would produce all sorts of wonderful particles for the world's physicists to study, like the much sought-after Higgs boson. "For a few years," recalls Teplitz, "we were the capital of the planet."	<urn:uuid:8e7d3aa6-2f13-4c95-aa74-d122bf538255>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://www.wired.com/2003/02/matter/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306346.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128212503-20220129002503-00155.warc.gz	en	0.973016	791	3.0625	3
EIA: U.S. Meeting Nearly All of Its Natural Gas Demand The United States is increasingly meeting its own energy needs thanks to American natural gas, new federal data show. Ninety percent of the natural gas used in the United States last year was produced here, according to the Energy Information Administration. For the first time since 1966, the nation experienced back-to-back years where dry natural gas production exceeded consumption, as both domestic production and use reached record levels, EIA reported. Advancements in technology and drilling techniques have catalyzed, and fortified, America’s ongoing shale revolution, which has resulted in the United States establishing itself as both energy independent and energy secure. Along with demonstrating energy independence, the United States has also positioned itself as energy dominant in the global sphere. In the late 2000s, the United States was importing close to 5 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of liquefied natural gas while exporting less than 1 Tcf of LNG. However, the shale revolution has allowed America to reverse its natural gas trade deficit. In 2018, the United States broke its previous record and exported almost 4 Tcf of natural gas. Imports of LNG were around 3 Tcf, the lowest level since 2015. Increased exports of LNG means that the United States is also strengthening allies’ energy security. As U.S. Energy Secretary Rick Perry noted, a recently expanded agreement to export more U.S. LNG to Poland showed a shared “understanding that true energy security is achieved through energy diversity.” Global use of U.S. natural gas and oil is set to continuing growing, reaching nearly a quarter of worldwide production by the early 2030s, according to Rystad Energy, whose CEO recently said: “The world is so dependent on American production that if fracking were ever banned it would cause a global energy crisis… We cannot live without it.” Natural gas consumed in 2018 was primarily used by the industrial and electric power sectors. Combined, these two sectors assumed responsibility for just under 70 percent of total U.S. natural gas consumption. Historically, the industrial sector has always required a large energy supply, and until recently, the bulk of the sector’s energy demand was met by burning coal. Added use of clean-burning natural gas by the power sector has provided unprecedented clean-air benefits, as greenhouse gas emissions have fallen 12 percent since 2005. This continued growth of U.S. natural gas use, and the benefits it generates, have come despite continued and increased efforts by “Keep It in the Ground” activists and politicians like those in New York who have enacted an energy blockade on pipelines that keeps American natural gas from reaching consumers there. Rising domestic natural gas production is bolstering the U.S. economy, cutting costs for consumers, and improving our environment and air quality.	<urn:uuid:2522b8da-196a-4e04-a96b-c3cb4a089ac2>	CC-MAIN-2019-30	https://www.energyindepth.org/eia-u-s-meeting-nearly-all-of-its-natural-gas-demand/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525133.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717081450-20190717103450-00535.warc.gz	en	0.958825	587	2.921875	3
WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FROM MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS Location: Agroecosystems Management Research Unit Project Number: 3625-13000-009-00 Start Date: Apr 23, 2007 End Date: Apr 17, 2012 This project describes Watershed Assessment Studies (WAS) to be conducted in two Iowa watersheds that are benchmark watersheds of ARS’s Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP). This project consists of three objectives that are to: 1) Develop and implement a data system to organize, document, manipulate, and compile water, soil, management, and socio-economic data for assessment of conservation practices at field, farm, and watershed scales for the South Fork of the Iowa River and Walnut Creek, Story County watersheds. 2) Measure and quantify water quality, water quantity, and soil quality effects of conservation practices at the field, farm, and watershed scale for the South Fork of the Iowa River and Walnut Creek (Story County) watersheds. Two sub-objectives are: a) Quantify extent and placement of conservation practices in the South Fork watershed and impacts of those practices on water and soil quality. b) Relate contaminant sources to transport paths and processes for pathogens, antibiotics and nutrients using hydrologic and land use data with isotope- and DNA-based methods. 3)Assess and evaluate watershed and river basin responses to current and improved management practices for water quality by comparing observed to model-predicted results for the South Fork of the Iowa River and Walnut Creek (Story County) watersheds. The work will take place in the Iowa River’s South Fork watershed (78,000 ha), and in Walnut Creek watershed, Story County (5,200 ha). Both watersheds are within the area of most recent glaciation in Iowa (about 10,000 years B.P.), known as the Des Moines lobe. Walnut Creek has a water quality database dating to 1991, and a history of watershed modeling and nutrient-management research. The South Fork watershed also has challenges associated with intensive livestock production. Its water quality database dates back to 2001, and information on conservation practices have been gathered and targeting methods explored. This research will leverage these assets towards attaining CEAP goals through database development, watershed assessments and modeling studies. Watershed assessment studies for the South Fork will include combined geographic analyses of soil survey, topographic, crop cover, and conservation-practices inventory data to improve our ability to assess the targeting of conservation practices towards sensitive lands. Combined hydrologic and water quality data will be used to evaluate effects of practices on runoff water quality and better understand how different pathways of water movement impact water quality as measured at the watershed scale. Source tracking methods for fecal-contaminant indicator bacteria will be developed and tested. Finally watershed models will be evaluated to improve our ability to predict the impact of changes in conservation systems that are reasonable future scenarios. Thereby, the project will develop information that can increase the effectiveness of USDA’s conservation programs in tile-drained watersheds.	<urn:uuid:ba4390b9-1347-417d-8f3d-9e02f82b0ea2>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://seprl.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=411795	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701852492/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105732-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.890806	649	2.828125	3
SALT, a hint of acidic sharpness, and the particular aroma of smoldering coconut wood. Even now I can smell it, and it’s tantalizing. Intangible, and yet somehow so very precise. cise. For smells are not simply mply about the character of f moments, they are a key element of our emotionalonal memory. Neuroscientists haveve not yet fully mapped the relationship between our sense of smell and the e way we form memory, but t the observational evidence ce is profound. Our olfactory ory system, the web of nerves rves in the rear of our nasalal cavity, work in concert rt with the gustatory receptor cells that constitute our taste buds. That said, many mammals have vastly y more complex powers s of smell – dogs, pigs and bears. While we consider aroma a powerful driver, ours pales by comparison to almost every other creature. But what wee may lack in refinement nt we more than make up for through interpretation. Scientists contend that our ability to define aromas is closely linked to our evolutionary capacity for observing patterns. For example example, the memory of an unpleas unpleasant or rancid smell helps us avoid consuming the sam same spoilt food in future. W We know what it is, and we r remember how we feel abou about it. Yet wh what makes this profoun profound is not simply our capacity for identification, but the manner by which we at attach emotional mea meaning. The olfactory system connects with th the amygdala, the po portion of our brain g governing memory a and emotion. And so that f fragrance of a sunny i island beach, with its s slow-burning fire a and citrus-flecked se seafood paella, brings ba back a sense of quiet idy idyll. One mouthful, delic delicate and sweet, is enou enough to put me back on that sa sand, basking in the tranquil sun. At least for a momen moment. Smells... are a key element of our emotional memory	<urn:uuid:d1af967a-ad6f-41ac-9a19-06ffbe356fc1>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.pressreader.com/australia/mt-druitt-st-marys-standard-east/20160803/281865822847378	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00387-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.910227	422	2.671875	3
Words formed when one letter is changed in sweet Letter 1 (S) changed: 1 word found: Letter 2 (W) changed: 3 words found: No words found when changing letter 3 (E). Letter 4 (E) changed: 2 words found: Letter 5 (T) changed: 2 words found: A total of 8 words can be formed from sweet by changing one letter.	<urn:uuid:1efc89e9-e17f-41a4-98c1-8d73de24eed7>	CC-MAIN-2015-22	http://www.morewords.com/change-one-letter-in/sweet/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927824.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00334-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.84399	84	2.6875	3
Buying shares is a popular financial investment activity due to the fact that it offers reduced risk and also high prospective returns. To correctly spend is to dedicate funds with the intent of a particular return/profit in the future. Basically, to correctly spend means to purchase a possession or item of residential or commercial property with the objective of making a profit in the long run or a rise in the market worth of that asset. If done correctly, you can make an outstanding return on your investment. A really typical kind of financial investment is in dealt with mutual fund. These are additionally referred to as mutual fund due to the fact that they hold fixed interest rates for a set duration of time-usually a year or more. The fixed price lasts for the entire duration of the investment and does not transform unless the issuer decides to release an added bond. Most individuals like these sorts of bonds because they offer the safety and security of rate of interest repayments annually with no risk. agnesium rare earth Dealt with rate bonds typically have an issue day, concern rate, major amount, and also term of the bond. They are traded to and fro online between financiers often. Due to the fact that fixed rate of interest financial investments typically have a longer term than most various other sorts of investments, they sustain much less volatility. That means that financiers that are seeking rapid growth should not choose these bonds. However, there are some financiers that view set interest investments positively due to their capability to expand at a quicker rate than the index. Another type of financial investment that has great potential for long-term growth is equity. Equity describes a particular type of property such as supplies, mutual funds, bonds, and residential or commercial property. By acquiring a specific portion of an equity investment, financiers will own a section of that specific firm. These financial investments likewise permit you to meet lasting objectives, such as purchasing a house or saving for retired life. An essential thing to keep in mind with these types of financial investments is that there are numerous dangers. Lots of insurer utilize rewards as an income source. Nevertheless, it is important to bear in mind that there is more danger with equities than with supplies. The best way to choose the proper sort of investment relies on your objectives. Diversification is the key to an effective financial investment profile. By spreading your threat among a number of different assets, you lower your possibilities of enduring a poor loss, but you raise your possibilities of making a healthy and balanced revenue. As an example, if you have some cost savings and also are preparing to acquire a vacation home, after that buying property property is an excellent selection. rare earth neodymium Bond funds provide the greatest return. A regular portfolio will certainly have a mix of supplies, bonds, as well as repaired bank account. Given that bonds usually have lower yearly costs than various other kinds of financial investment, they are an excellent area to start when you are investing for the first time. Similar to any kind of investment, it is a good idea to diversify your profile by putting a few of the bonds in a high interest interest-bearing account, and also utilizing the staying funds to produce revenues. Realty investments come in 2 kinds: fixed price mortgages as well as variable rate home mortgages. Taken care of rate home loans are assured lendings; nevertheless, the rate of interest might vary over time, depending on overall economic variables. Fixed price mortgages commonly pay reduced returns, yet given that they are not impacted by market forces like the rate of stocks and bonds, they are taken into consideration safer financial investments. Variable rate home mortgages are typically chosen when a financier wants to make the most of an upswing in residential property values. There are however numerous advantages in picking equity financial investments over other kinds of investment. The major benefit of equity financial investments is that you will have much more control over the choices of the business. Most equity financial investments however call for that the financier should own a substantial quantity of the firm’s shares. This implies that the opportunities of the investor defaulting on his obligations are fairly low. This is also among the easier types of investment techniques. An additional common kind of investment bonds. Unlike equity financial investments, bonds are traded on significant exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Bond rates of interest are repaired as well as undergo transform. But, if you are a financier who prefers to hold bonds for the long-term like most people do, bonds supply a high incentive for you. Nonetheless, you likewise need to remember that you would need a considerable quantity of cash in order to acquire sufficient bonds to give you a high return on your financial investment. As mentioned earlier, there is likewise a drawback to purchasing these sorts of possessions. Initially, you will certainly have a fixed rate of interest. Regardless, the longer the period you take to mature the reduced the rate of interest will be. This implies that if you pick to hang on to a bond for a long period, you will end up paying an extremely high cost in passion. rare earth 2008 Last but not least, an additional one of one of the most common stock financial investment kinds prevails stock dividends. These sorts of rewards are not subjected to significant market modifications like bonds are. Rather, the distribution of common stock returns depends on how the company’s make money from the stock has been performing in the past. Usually, the far better the efficiency of the business, the greater the dividend will be.	<urn:uuid:2845a78f-0d9d-49cb-a8ef-b384d7c894cb>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	http://hprank.net/2021/08/09/this-is-how-investment-will-resemble-in-10-years-time/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057447.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923195546-20210923225546-00611.warc.gz	en	0.959855	1,121	2.546875	3
IMPORTANT TIPS TO KEEP YOUR DOG SAFE FROM TICKS – Earth Heart, Inc. Any time the temperature rises above 4-degrees celsius, ticks are actively looking for a host. Whether your outdoor adventure is playing fetch in the yard, walking in a tall grass or wooded natural area, perhaps traveling to other parts of Canada and beyond, your dog is likely to be exposed to ticks. According to Alberta Health “most tick bites don’t cause serious health problems.” This is good news, yet with tick-borne disease on the rise across Canada it’s important to know which ticks your dog may be exposed to, the diseases they can transmit, common symptoms, how to protect your pets, and what to do if you find a tick on your pet. Tips to recognize some common tick-borne disease symptoms: - Lyme disease can be transmitted to your dog by an infected black-legged (deer) tick or western black-legged tick in less than 6 hours. Symptoms include lethargy, depression, appetite loss, arthritis, lameness or fever, and may not be apparent for several months. - Ehrlichiosis is carried by an infected brown dog tick and can be transmitted in 24-48 hours. Symptoms may not be obvious, so watch for depression, lethargy, appetite loss, lameness, bruising on the gums and belly, nose bleeds and discharge from the eyes or nose. - Anaplasmosis has two One form is carried by the black-legged tick, and symptoms include loss of appetite, lethargy, lameness, neck or neurological pain. The other form is transmitted by the brown dog tick and can cause bleeding disorders. - Babesiosis is transmitted by the brown dog tick, as well as blood transfer from dog bites or transfusions. Anemia, general weakness, lethargy, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, skin or urine discoloration, and weight loss can occur. - Rocky Mountain spotted fever can be transmitted by an infected American dog tick or lone star tick in just 2-5 hours. In dogs, symptoms include fever, depression, lethargy, appetite loss, edema, bleeding or eye disorders, fever, stiffness and neurological problems. Tips to prevent transmission of tick-borne diseases to your dog: - Acaricides are pesticides that kill ticks. There are topical and oral products that can provide up to 3 months of protection. Topicals used on dogs include dusts, collars, sprays, shampoos or pour-on solutions. Consult your veterinarian before using, especially with puppies, cats, seniors or pregnant animals. - A tick repellent prevents ticks from landing and feeding by masking the scent of the animal. Commercial repellents containing 20% or more DEET can protect for several hours. There are also a number of natural topical tick repellents containing pure essential oils and/or neem seed oil as the main ingredient. [such as http://earthheartinc.com/Buzz_Guard.html ] - Walk your dog on cleared trails in tall grass or wooded areas. - Check your dog immediately after an outdoor activity, and again every few hours because ticks get larger the longer they are attached to their host. - If you find a tick, remove it immediately, and consider asking your veterinarian for a blood test to screen for tick-borne disease. Tips to safely remove a tick and participate in a tick surveillance program: - Using round-tip tweezers, grasp the tick firmly at the base of its head as close to the dog’s skin as possible. Gently and steadily pull straight back without twisting or squishing the tick. - Wash the area with soap and water, apply an antiseptic, and also wash your hands. - Place the tick(s) in a clean empty container or zip-bag without ventilation. - Deliver to a participating veterinary clinic for submission to the Alberta Tick Surveillance Program. Tips to create a tick-free zone at home: - Keep lawns short and trim tree branches. - Remove fallen leaves, brush and trash. - Maintain a wood-chip or gravel border 1-meter wide between the lawn and wooded areas or stone walls. - Keep recreational areas away from wooded areas. - Place stacked wood and bird feeders away from the house or play areas. - Apply an acaricide to the yard. For a more natural approach, food grade diatomaceous earth (D.E) is a powder that can be sprinkled in the yard, and a concentrated garlic spray can be used around the yard as a repellent. Prevention is the best solution to minimize your dog’s exposure to tick-borne disease. If you’ve been in an area that is known to have ticks, and the temperature is above 4-degrees Celsius, check your dog as soon as possible, and then check every couple of hours because tick bites can be hard to find on a dog. Symptoms of a tick-borne disease may not appear for several days or weeks after a tick bite, so watch for changes in your dog’s behavior, physical appearance and appetite. Your veterinarian can help remove a tick, recommend preventive solutions, and give your dog a blood test to check for tick-borne disease. Travel and enjoy your outdoor adventures…just be prepared to look for ticks and get them off your dog…and you…as soon as possible! Vicki Rae Thorne has been formulating essential oil remedies since 1992 and follows guidelines learned in her certification programs that are also endorsed by professional organizations including the Alliance for International Aromatherapy (AIA) and the National Holistic Aromatherapy Association (NAHA). Her company, Earth Heart Inc., has built a reputation for designing safe, affordable and effective natural wellness remedies using plant-based ingredients to help create happier, healthier lives. Products are made in the USA, packaged in BPA free recyclable containers, and are easy to use in your home or business, and while traveling.	<urn:uuid:9c8a20b7-917a-4826-aa60-53afffb1f723>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://calgarydoglife.com/tick-tips-keep-dogs-safe/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381803.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308021603-20210308051603-00524.warc.gz	en	0.920327	1,268	2.9375	3
- Daljit Nagra is writing a version of Ramayana drawing based on all available English versions. In this post, he writes about a particular version he came across One of the most striking written versions I came across in my research is the one commissioned by Rana Jagat Singh of Mewar, which has survived since the 17th century. An illustrated manuscript in seven books, Jagat Singh’s Ramayana was commissioned in 1649 and has been separated for over 150 years: five of the books have been in the British Library since 1844 and the other two books have been in Mumbai and Udaipur. Now the British Library has digitised their holdings and all that remains of the work is to be reunited online. The Jagat Singh Ramayana is not only packed full of remarkable paintings – images that help us visualise an ancient imagination from the viewpoint of 17th-century Indians – it is also dazzlingly multicultural. Commissioned by a Sikh, this Sanskrit text owes a debt to a Hindu storyteller, and was illustrated by a Muslim. Most of the manuscript has also spent a large part of its life in the west. The internet is the rightful home for such a great text. The Ramayana is one of the greatest stories ever written, visualised or heard. As such it should be available to the world. - Since Shiva Rathri was just over, it is a good time to look into the iconography of the Shivalingam at Gudimallam For starters it is the most controversial of subjects in Hindu Iconography and being very much the amateur i am treading a precarious line here, but then what is so special about this form that has seen its spread across the nook and corner of not only India but deep into South East Asia – in central Vietnam, into Cambodia – and that too as early as the 6th and 7th Centuries ? Cannot believe it… Standing a full 4 feet tall, holding the pride of place among exhibits, the massive stone pillar is an awe inspiring site. On closer scrutiny, it is not any stone pillar but a Shiva linga and this is no Indian Museum – this is at the Museum of Vietnamese History, Hochi Minh city, Vietnam and is a local find. Fu Nan period, 6th C CE. - After bringing us the tale of Joao Da Cruz, Maddy has the fascinating story of Koya Pakki, who played a major role in the relation between Cochin, Calicut and the Portuguese. So we see that the shaming of Cabral and the murder of Aires Correa by the Arabs of Calicut had disastrous effects, and resulted in Vasco da Gama coming again- we studied the massacre of the Meri. Koya Pakki as we saw, survived the attack at Calicut in 1500, moved farther to Cannanore and came back as a friend of Portugal, sometimes also as an emissary of the Zamorin as is stated in some books. In fact it is also likely that he may have just carried a commission of the Zamorin to Lisbon in 1515, though not travelling as a formal emissary of the Zamorin, if I read the story right. It is also clear that it was Koya Pakki who assisted the Portuguese in moving their sights to Cochin and Cannanore, thus isolating Calicut from later Portuguese trade. Finally we saw his involvement in the last scene of the play, supporting the Portuguese flight from the Calicut fort and earning punishment from the Zamorin. So that was Pakki, yet again a small fry in the big story, but the person who was key to many an act. - The British Library has two 18th century Mughal maps which show the route from Delhi to Khandahar. Mughal India blog writes It is possible, however, that the British Library maps were based on an earlier model since their details complement rather than duplicate the printed account. They include references to the residence of Maharaja Amar Singh who ruled Patiala from 1748 to 1782, and “the late Burhan al-Mulk”, the first Nawab of Oudh, who died in 1739, besides frequent mention of ruined serais (‘travel-lodges’) which were probably destroyed in the disturbances from the mid to late 18th century. Unlike the memoir, both maps extend the route as far as Kandahar. - The Virtual Victorian has a post about two members of Indian royalty who went to England, got converted and whom Queen Victoria tried to engage in matrimony. With both of the young Indians having converted to Christianity, and with any offspring they might then produce most likely to be Christians themselves, Victoria saw it as her mission to join the pair in matrimony – hoping that this might be the start of the spreading of the Christian faith throughout the whole of the India. However, there is a saying that man may plan but God unplans, and even the plans of a Queen may fail when it comes to matters of matchmaking. Whether or not Gowramma was attracted to Duleep (she was known to be an atrocious flirt, even making eyes at the Prince of Wales, and then discovered in an affair with one of her guardian’s stable boys) the handsome young prince was not convinced to wed his fellow Indian. We welcome contributions to the carnival, if they satisfy the following rules - The entry must be a blog post and not a newspaper article - It should have a connection to India - The e-mail should have “Carnival” in the subject line, else it will escape my filter. Please send your nominations by e-mail to varnam.blog @gmail. The next carnival will be up on April 15th.	<urn:uuid:36167550-8b3e-4a2a-a925-45cde0fbb6d1>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://varnam.nationalinterest.in/2013/03/indian-history-carnival63-ramayana-shiva-linga-koya-pakki-mughal-map-gowramma/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989115.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510064318-20210510094318-00552.warc.gz	en	0.973537	1,205	2.578125	3
A metaball, sometimes called a "blobby object", is a modeling object that employs "implicit representations" as an alternative to parametric calculations of a surface normal. Implicit representations define the surface of an object as the zero contour of a function containing 2 or 3 variables. This method is advantageous for operations like blending and metamorphosis. The cool thing about metaballs is their expediency for being combined. Visualize, if you will, two globs of mercury floating toward each other in weightlessness. As one surface comes in contact with the other, they slowly meld together. A metaball has a surface and a "sphere of influence" surrounding it. When two metaballs near and the spheres of influence intersect, the effect of each point on each surface on one another is calculated, and the surface is deformed accordingly (deformation is determined by distance and angle, in case you were wondering). As they draw nearer, the surfaces touch and form a "bridge", akin to drops of liquid. Another neat way to use metaballs is to give them a "negative weight", where they do the same thing but inverted. They become invisible fields that create depressions in other metaball surfaces. Metaball is also considered a careless misspelling of the word "meatball" by laymen.	<urn:uuid:4326556a-d0af-4f99-a03b-e8e32356d854>	CC-MAIN-2013-48	http://everything2.com/title/metaball	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164031727/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133351-00061-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.940055	272	3	3
\|Peer Learning Methodology \|\|This module is designed to offer an understanding on the methodology of the project, which is based to the transfer of knowledge and experience of one learner to other. \|Clock hours of reading: 30’min: Presentation of Peer Learning Methodology 30’ min: O2-A4 Initial design of peer learning methodology - The user will in studying this module…. - Be able to give examples of what is peer learning methodology and its main activities - Understand the advantages of peer to peer methodology in the learning procedure - Understand the importance of sharing knowledge in the school community - Be able to implement the methodology through the learning objects - Be able to use the platform tools in order to implement the methodology - The Peer Learning Methodology - Peer Learning implications on Bullying - The Methodology in the SONETBULL project - The Methodology in the SONETBULL platform \|Suggested Training Resources and Additional Materials: - Educational Material Introduction to peer learning methodology - O2 –A4 Initial design of peer learning methodology - Briggs, S. (2013) How Peer Teaching Improves Student Learning and 10 Ways To Encourage It http://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/peer-teaching/ - David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson, and Karl A. Smith (1991). Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom. Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company - Assinder, W. (1991). Peer teaching, peer learning: one model. ELT Journal 45/3: pp. 218-229 - Spratt, M. & Leung, B. (2000). Peer teaching and peer learning revisited. ELT Journal Volume 54/3 July 2000 - Video: Peer to Peer Learning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GQX1tjiZyU. Download the corresponding material from the Repository	<urn:uuid:ad55fd7c-fa93-4e62-a7ea-6e1c423be634>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	http://www.sonetbull-platform.eu/peer-learning-methodology	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334644.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926020051-20220926050051-00250.warc.gz	en	0.818941	474	3.046875	3
The family’s deathly ill, and we mean all of them—Dad, Mom and all the kiddos. Oh, it’s nothing serious—Junior brought home a bug from school that he got from another kid, and now they’ve all got it. It happens maybe once a month, and on the bright side it does give the family some quality time together. But there’s got to be a better way. Don’t you wish there were an answer for a family—like yours—that gets sick all the time? There is—a healthy immune system. But the trick is, of course, to have one in the first place. How to Get Immune Your immune system is your body’s first line of defense against bacteria, germs and viruses, the ones that cause all those colds, all that flu and all those symptoms.When a virus, bacterial infection or antigen invades your body, your immune system goes to work creating antibodies to fight it off. Once created, the antibodies prevent any further infection. It’s a great system, but the system is only as strong as the basic health of the person. After all, the weaker the immune system, the weaker the defense against disease, and the more susceptible you and your family become to the latest bug roaming around. Besides, the immune system, if weakened in the first place, has to fight that much harder—and longer—to get rid of the disease. Typically, a cold or flu bout should be three to four days—people with weak immune systems take up to two weeks to get rid of them. What Weakens Our Immune System? Surprise—Milk! The first answer is our food intake. An inadequate or unbalanced diet is the number one reason for lack of immunity—particularly if the diet includes foods that are tasty but nutritionally weak. These foods will typically have huge doses of white/bleached flour, sugar and salt—the cookies, the cakes, the pastries we love are full of them. And of course, we wash them down with lots of milk. And here’s a big surprise—one major component to the reduction of immunity is ingestion of too much milk. Kids love it; babies need it. It has zinc, calcium and magnesium, and it’s vital for life. But the body wears out if too many milk products, particularly creams or sauces, are taken in, since it requires a lot of energy to break down and digest those complicated sugars and proteins. Your body gets tired if you take in too much dairy. In fact, cow’s milk has mucus and a number of other allergens, all of which can cause chronic coughs, asthma and other respiratory problems, as well as ear and eye and sinus infections, and there are a number of food allergies found in that Mom-recommended white substance as well. So, as hard as it is to believe, reducing and inhibiting (and in some cases eliminating) dairy and milk intake will strengthen your immune system. So What Should You Eat? Any vitamin and mineral rich vegetable—the greener it is, the better it is—will have a great supply of vitamins A, C and E, as well as Selenium and Beta-Carotene, which are antioxidants that the healthy immune system cannot do without. Don’t entirely avoid eggs or red meat either, despite dire warnings from some—they are rich in Zinc, a great immunizer. And beans have magnesium, so don’t skimp on them. And doesn’t a meal of meat, beans and green veggies sound pretty good anyway? Rest That Body for More Immunity What else affects immunity? Lack of sleep. Recent studies show that the healthy immune system needs lots of sleep—up to 14 hours a day for infants and toddlers, and at least eight hours a day for anyone over sixteen. In fact, lack of sleep, along with severe depression and alcoholic addiction, make up the Deadly Three—the triumvirate of the most toxic things that can affect immunity. Get Moving and Get Immune What else affects immunity? Sitting around. At the computer, in front of the TV, just in the house or in that chair in the cubicle, a sedentary lifestyle is a sure path to a weakened immune system. Any diseases we catch—since we’re just sitting around waiting for them—are going to approach us in an enclosed place and settle on us rather quickly. We’ll be a bacterial host, all because we’re just sitting. On the other hand, if we get up and move and work out and run and exercise and walk and breathe deeply, our body is taking in more oxygen, and that helps the cells create immunity. This doesn’t have to include a gym membership; a simple thirty minute walk a day (and you can build to it, ten minutes a week if you like) will give you a superior immune system and a terrific health boost. Finally, a Visit to a Chiropractor—Maybe the Best Boost of All Your nervous system—that one that links in to the body at every point and keeps you going through the brain and spinal cord—controls every other system.Naturally, it controls your immune system. When your spine’s vertebrae experience a displacement or misalignment (what the chiropractors call “vertebral subluxation”), this causes interference to the nervous—and by extension the immune—systems. A visit to the Chiropractor is preventive rather than conventionally reactionary, because it’s made with the idea that it’s more sensible to maintain a thing rather than overwork it. That’s why you lube and oil and tune your car rather than run it until it explodes. The same is true of your immune system. Since this inborn ability to heal ourselves and restore our health is our first defense against any invasive diseases, it makes sense to keep the nervous system in line, and thus keep your immunity in tip top shape as well. The aligned spine and tuned nervous system means a good and strong immunity that won’t desert you at the first sneeze or cough. It’s the oldest rule in the world—take care of your body so your body will take care of you. That way, your family might just have some quality time together in health, rather than in sickness.	<urn:uuid:cd898bd8-1b3f-4b6d-82a4-4df39df7ebc2>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://www.touchofhealthchiropractic.com/the-healthy-immune-system-and-why-you-need-one/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802141221-20210802171221-00463.warc.gz	en	0.948439	1,355	2.53125	3
Review of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) architectures for ... The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is commonly accepted as a viable technology to convert low temperature heat into electricity. Furthermore, ORCs are designed for unmanned operation with little maintenance.Techno economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC ... The layout of the Organic Rankine Cycle is somewhat simpler than that of the steam Rankine cycle: there is no water–steam drum connected to the boiler, and one single heat exchanger can be used to perform the three evaporation phases: preheating, vaporization and superheating.Steam engine A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. This pushing force is transformed, by a connecting rod and flywheel, into rotational force for work.The term "steam engine" is generally applied only to reciprocating engines as just ...Kalina Cycle power systems in waste heat recovery applications Table 1: Kalina cycle case studies from around the world. Operational experience. Canoga Park: Canoga Park was the first large scale power plant to be commissioned using the Kalina Cycle and was built with US Department of Energy (DoE) support to demonstrate the technology. In the initial configuration the energy source was waste heat from a nuclear steam generator test plant.CANDU reactor The basic operation of the CANDU design is similar to other nuclear reactors. Fission reactions in the reactor core heat pressurized water in a primary cooling loop.A heat exchanger, also known as a steam generator, transfers the heat to a secondary cooling loop, which powers a steam turbine with an electric generator attached to it (for a typical Rankine thermodynamic cycle).Engine List Atomic Rockets The RS 10 from Star Born by Andre Norton, 1957.Artwork by Dean Ellis.Judging from the size of the people, the ship is approximately 128 meters high (420 feet).Basic Design Atomic Rockets Everything about fundamental spacecraft design revolves around the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.. Δ v = V e * ln[R]. The variables are the velocity change required by the mission (Δ v or delta V), the propulsion system's exhaust velocity (V e), and the spacecraft's mass ratio (R).Remember the mass ratio is the spacecraft's wet mass (mass fully loaded with propellant) divided by the dry mass ...District energy Ramboll Group District heating. Ramboll has provided consultancy services to more than 200 district heating companies worldwide. In some cases services have been provided to the same clients for more than 30 years.(PDF) Fuell Cell Handbook \| Alok Mani Tripathi Academia.edu Fuell Cell Handbook. Alok Mani Tripathi. Download with Google Download with Facebook or download with emailLED3X Solar Tracker Assembly redrok c1assm c3assm LED3Xc3 & LED3Xc1 Solar Tracker Assembly. c1introduction c3introduction Introduction: The LED3X series of solar trackers are designed to drive satellite dish linear actuators. schematic layout of rankine cycle Gallery parabolic trough solar power plant schematic flow diagram	<urn:uuid:fe9cb9e2-c91d-4ec6-a4ef-e0f1f501339c>	CC-MAIN-2019-13	http://superchangeto.me/post/schematic-layout-of-rankine-cycle	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912206677.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326220507-20190327002507-00537.warc.gz	en	0.920566	674	3.4375	3
is a technique used to improve CRM systems (and many other systems) by identifying, storing, and disseminating "know-how" - facts about how to perform tasks. Amazon.com, suggests products you might enjoy, based on your past browsing and purchasing habits; this is an example of Stores use "____" to get a customer to buy additional products that they might already be purchasing from a different store. A(n) ____ system is used to coordinate operations, resources, and decision making between manufacturing, production, marketing, and human resources. ____ searches for specific information or patterns, using input from multiple business partners and data sources. A(n) ____________________ is an application used in all functions of a business that supports decision making throughout the organization. A supply ____________________ is an integrated network consisting of an organization, its suppliers, transportation companies, and brokers used to deliver goods and services to customers. Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of working with suppliers and other partners in the supply chain to improve procedures for ____________________ products and services. Management activities in the product ____________________ area trace the movement of goods from suppliers to customers. A(n) ____________________ is a third-party exchange (a B2B business model) that provides a platform for buyers and sellers to interact with each other and trade more efficiently online. Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR) is used to _____________ supply chain members through point-of-sale (POS) data sharing and joint planning. Customer relationship management (CRM) ____________________ consists of the processes a company uses to track and organize its contacts with customers. The CRM feature known as ____________________ refers to assisting with such tasks as controlling inventory, processing orders, tracking customer interactions, and analyzing sales forecasts and performance. automated customer service The CRM feature known as ____________________ is used to manage call centers and help desks and can sometimes answer customers' queries automatically. allows customers to modify the standard offering, such as selecting a different home page to be displayed each time you open your Web browser. A(n) ____________________ checks to see if a method works when it is mixed in with other methods to form an overall software package. A good software development practice is to ________ a long / complex task into a group of smaller tasks. The names of classes, objects, methods, and worlds in this book generally follow a pattern called the ____________________ naming convention To implement a binary choice, place the instruction to be executed when the condition is true below the word If, and the instruction to be executed if the condition is false below the word Else. A(n) ____ loop is a special type of sentinel loop in which the sentinel is a counter that is not allowed to go beyond a certain value. Alice has a special instruction, the Loop instruction, used specifically for creating count-controlled loops. Having the iceSkater say "Good morning" if it is before noon and "Good afternoon" if it is after noon is an example of a binary choice. Flowcharts are still commonly used to help people understand the logical structure of algorithms. A(n) ____ is a marker or a condition that tells the computer when to stop executing a loop. Designers describe the methods needed for each object as ____ that perform specific tasks. In a binary bypass, it is possible that nothing will happen and the algorithm will move on to the next step. Alice has a world-level, built-in function is AM, which returns a value of true if the time on the system clock is before 12:00 PM and false if it is not. Binary bypasses and binary choices are both implemented in Alice using an If/Else instruction tile. The three major elements of logical structure that make up every algorithm are linear sequences, selection sequences, and ____________________ sequences. Computer scientists and software engineers use many different types of ____________________to describe computer software. A(n) ____________________ sequence occurs whenever the flow of instructions in a computer program splits into separate paths. There must be a(n) ____________________to determine which path the computer will follow each time the selection sequence is being executed. ___________ branching occurs when the path of logic in an algorithm divides into more than two paths. Binary bypasses and binary choices are both implemented in Alice using a(n) ____________________ instruction tile. Multiple branching can always be rewritten as a series of ____________________ binary branching routines.	<urn:uuid:a50e69c7-1ccf-4c7f-8dce-61be6c3fe9ac>	CC-MAIN-2014-52	http://quizlet.com/24824447/cpt-113-test-2-flash-cards/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767247.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00134-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.89972	963	2.78125	3
The remains of Newark Castle are by no means extensive, but are a picturesque and quiet retreat in this bustling Nottinghamshire market town, a role that is a far cry from the castle’s turbulent past. The site has been the location of a fortification since Saxon times, but was modified into a motte and bailey earthwork castle in 1073 by the Normans, and later rebuilt in stone by the Bishop of Lincoln between 1123 and 1133. The riverside curtain wall was rebuilt around 1300, adjoining a timber building which housed the Great Hall (for dining, with bedrooms above) and the Bishops’ Hall (for entertaining special guests). In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries new fireplaces were installed and the windows enlarged and glazed, indicating the changing use of the castle from a fortification to a comfortable residence. The north curtain wall was three metres thick, housing small rooms and passages. Visitors to the castle would have passed over a moat, through the gatehouse, and encountered a courtyard, around which buildings such as the kitchen and chapel were located. The gatehouse is comparably well-preserved, and is a reminder of just how formidable the castle would have been during the Middle Ages. It housed the bishop’s private apartments, and was most likely the location of King John’s final agonising night, allegedly having been poisoned in October 1216. When the gatehouse was built in the twelfth century, it had three arched windows, the outline of which can be seen beneath the two Tudor windows, whilst the original stone on the northern wall was replaced by newer masonry when the castle was refurbished in the thirteenth century. The castle was an important royalist stronghold during the English Civil War, and withstood three sieges by Parliamentarian forces, though the gatehouse suffered some damage during these assaults. Charles I ordered the castle to surrender in 1646. Fortunately, instructions issued by the victors to destroy the castle were not obeyed, though it did fall victim to pillaging. The North West and South West Towers were added in around 1300, in a similar multi-sided design as Edward I’s Welsh castles, whilst the riverside curtain wall was rebuilt in the contemporary decorative style of stonework in two different colours. The remains of the Watergate, through which supplies were taken from the river to an undercroft, or large cellar, can be seen at the base of the curtain wall. As part of the Edwardian Reformation (1547-1553), the castle passed from Church to private ownership, and during the Elizabethan era was owned by William Cecil, Lord Burghley. Despite its deteriorating state, the castle passed from owner to owner until the nineteenth century, when its grounds housed both a cattle market and public baths, and later a library. To commemorate Queen Victoria’s Jubilee, the grounds were landscaped into public gardens, and opened in 1889. Recently, the gardens were refurbished and a band-stand added, completing the original Victorian design, whilst commemorating the castle’s past and cementing its important role in the present as a park and outdoor venue. * * * * * The sources used for this articles were the plaques at the castle, and the Newark Castle and Information Leaflet available on the Newark and Sherwood District County Council website. The photographs are the author’s own.	<urn:uuid:ec27d426-7dd7-45dc-afc4-e1ed6e6a2a98>	CC-MAIN-2019-43	https://historicalbritain.org/tag/lord-burghley/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986677412.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018005539-20191018033039-00084.warc.gz	en	0.979019	713	2.96875	3
At Expanded Learning Horizon’s (ELH) Changerous Ideas Conference down in Lorne, Victoria, Gary Stager, author of Invent to Learn delivered a thought provoking presentation with a key challenge for educators to ask ourselves: How do I make school today the best 7 hours of a kids life? How do I make school something that a kid wakes up in the middle of night wanting to go to school to work on something that means something to them? Here’s some of Gary’s suggestions for how to make this possible: 1. Technology is a Game Changer Gary believes that technology specifically the following are game changers in making school engaging and relevant for you people: - Fabrication & 3D Printing – giving kids access to the Z access and the design process - Physical Computing – robotics, or more broadly adding intelligence to everyday objects - Programming – not vocational, but gives kids agency – kids aren’t being programmed by computers anymore, they are programming the computers! What does this look like? Gary gave the following examples: - Kids in NYC schools have a device where if you waves it around a person it scans you and they can then create a 3D model of you - Lego Robotics – Mindstorms global competition with tens of thousands tudents, where students use Lego and robotics to build robots while learning about Maths, Physics, design thinking, team work, collaboration and more! - Students are using Cloudbit, a tool available in ToysRUs for $59 to make any dumb thing an internet connected smart thing 2. Schooling vs Making Gary believes that as educators we need to be aware of trends outside of school that can provide us with inspiration, and tools. The big trend to learn from? Makers Faire’s which have been around for 8 years! What is a Maker Faire? Prior to discovering Maker Faire’s Gary found he was accustomed to hearing parents and kids saying “school is boring.” But what he didn’t expect was that when he went to a Maker Faire and parents saw how engaged with learning their child was, he heard parents saying: “school is killing my kid, it’s sucking their soul dry” Schools should be in the business of teaching kids to solve problems their teachers have never been exposed to – and the way to achieve this to place a focus on MAKING. It’s a powerful learning experience to make things – but even more powerful is to learn by making things work. And this needs to be the heart of what school is about. 3. Connect things a kids loves with things they struggle with – and make it about making! Making shouldn’t be a specialised bunker like a computer lab. It should permeate the school – when do kids frankly get the opportunity to become good at something at school. Is deep learning possible? When do kids get to do something longer than a course of antibiotics? The key is to connect things a kid loves with things they struggle with. For example, you frequently hear stories from teachers about students with low numeracy and literacy – struggling at school, and then they start exploring Steam Punk worlds and go and build amazing things. A great example that Gary referred to was Super Awesome Sylvia Show who records videos on how to make things and uploads them to Youtube, which have now been viewed millions of times! She’s been to the White House twice in last year – yet school is threatening her to fail her! 4. You cannot teach 21st century learners if you have not learned in this century. To teach you need to be a learner – and making, and learning to make things work as teacher is the most powerful way to develop these skills! 5. How to make MAKING a reality? As a team of ‘makers’ – building myEd App from the ground up, Gary’s ideas resonated very strongly with our team, as we all reflected that we’ve learned the most in our lives when we’ve been ‘making’ – making something, and making something work! But how can you make MAKING something that happens in your school? We’d recommend you check out Gary Stagers book “Invent to Learn” which has hundreds of examples of projects and things you can start implementing immediately! From working with schools that have Maker Spaces, 3D Printers, Programming classes and a focus on MAKING, we’ve found that scaffolding out the projects for your students and keeping track of everyone can be tricky (on top of learning something new) – myEd App however makes this easy – after all it’s been co-created by schools.	<urn:uuid:e530a4e5-1c2c-46c9-be97-df8c951e82e7>	CC-MAIN-2018-39	https://www.myedonline.com/blog/how-to-make-school-the-best-7-hours-of-a-kids-life-gary-stager/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162809.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926002255-20180926022655-00010.warc.gz	en	0.95544	996	2.90625	3
In my last two articles I talked about selecting lawn types as well as preparation and establishment of new lawns. But what do you do to maintain a healthy and lush lawn? Fortunately, most of lawn maintenance is relatively easy. The most important and most time consuming aspect to lawn maintenance is mowing. This may seem obvious, but incorrect mowing can reduce the health of your lawn. Lawns need to be mown regularly during the growing season. Grass left to grow too long is not only harder to mow; it also thins out at the base. When you do get around to mowing, you are left with a pale, clumpy lawn with many small bare patches – the perfect spots for weeds to take hold. The height of the cut is equally important. While actively growing, the mower blades should be set at the recommended height for your type of grass. When the growth slows down in autumn, the mower bed should be raised a notch or two to ensure that the lawn is not scalped, once again creating footholds for weeds. Lawns are fairly high consumers of nitrogen and some other nutrients. Because we cut the tops off the little plants every time they grow a bit and then we take away these clippings (ideally to the compost heap), not much is being returned to the soil. An established lawn will benefit from a dose of fertiliser every 3 months. Sometimes a lawn loses its lustre and no matter what you try, it doesn’t come good. This can be caused by age, lack of nutrients, mowing too low or compaction due to parking cars or building works. Even the constant rain like we experienced earlier this year can compromise the health of a lawn by altering the structure of the top soil. Damaged lawns will benefit from a renovation which includes dethatching, scalping, topdressing and the application of soil conditioners and fertilisers. This is best to take place in spring, just as the grass is gearing itself up for the summer season. Lawns are affected by several pests and diseases The most noticeable pests are lawn grubs. Lawn grubs may be the Armyworm or the Sod Webworm. Both can do their damage between late spring and late autumn and both are active at night. Lawns infested by these pests can be devastated within a few nights and once you see large dead patches, it is too late to treat that attack, but treatment can prevent further infestations. Insecticides are available to break the life cycle of lawn grubs. These are toxic and may impact on your local ecosystem. Follow the instructions carefully on the labels of any horticultural chemicals you buy and do not over use them. Nature does have its own control for this pest, such as the Ike Newman wasp which lays its eggs in the grub’s body. Insecticides will also kill the wasp. To reduce the size of future attacks check under the eaves of your house. If you see soft yellow mounds, these are the moths’ eggs. Remove these with a broom or soapy wash. Lawns can also be affected by fungi such as Brown Patch and Grey Leaf Spot. Both can be treated with systemic fungicides, but firstly, make sure that the lawn has adequate drainage and good airflow. Once your lawn is established and lush, all you need to do is lay back on it and look for interesting shapes in the clouds. I could have sworn that I saw the Olympic rings among the clouds the other day.	<urn:uuid:18b14ba5-dc07-422b-9824-4dfbe778417c>	CC-MAIN-2019-09	https://www.amberleaflandscaping.com.au/advice/lawn-maintenance/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247493803.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219223509-20190220005509-00132.warc.gz	en	0.964997	730	2.6875	3
The advantages of Vapourised Hydrogen Peroxide biocides Recognition of the need to reduce bioburden, or ‘kill bugs’, can be dated back to Dr John Snow in his pioneering work of 1854. What followed was the understanding that certain chemicals, such as formaldehyde, are ‘very efficient bug killers’, and can mitigate the spread of disease. Unfortunately, however, ‘they are also very good at killing people’, with guidelines being applied in recent years to minimise danger. Here, Howorth Air Technology discusses the advantages of vapourising hydrogen peroxide as a high efficacy biocide. What is Vapourised Hydrogen Peroxide? Vapourised hydrogen peroxide, sometimes known as VHP, HPV, or VHP-UTM is hydrogen peroxide that has been evaporated by various means. When pumped into an enclosure so that it micro-condensates to droplet sizes of <5 microns on surfaces, it has very high efficacy for inactivation of bioburden, and can easily achieve 6-log reduction. Although hydrogen peroxide can exist as a gas, it is invariably used in vapour form as a bio-decontaminant; 60% aqueous hydrogen peroxide can be used, but it has been proven that balancing safety with efficacy, using 33-35% aqueous solution, is the preferred option. An added bonus with vapourised hydrogen peroxide is that it is safe to leave any electronic equipment in the enclosure, and indeed it is advised that computers are left running so that hydrogen peroxide can micro-condensate inside and guarantee that all bioburden is inactivated. Is fogging the same as VHP-UTM generation? The short answer is ‘no’. There is a significant difference in price between a fogger and a vapourised hydrogen peroxide generator, and this is for good reason. The former requires very little hardware to operate, as it is essentially an aerosol spray head. A fogger creates an aerosolised fog of around 5% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution with large droplet size, which is directional, so will suffer from shadowing. It is also necessary to use additives to stabilise the hydrogen peroxide at 5% concentration, which will be present in the aerosolised biocide, and be ultimately left behind as residue after the biocide has decomposed and evaporated. Typically, silver cations are used to stabilise hydrogen peroxide, but often enhancing biocides such as peracetic acid are also added to the ‘cocktail’, which will leave a toxic residue requiring clean-up. In any case, even with additives, using only 5% hydrogen peroxide and creating a large droplet size aerosol will have limited efficacy, and subsequent inactivation of bioburden to log-6 kill is often difficult to achieve. Any confusion as to whether a generator is a fogger or a VHP-UTM system can be resolved by simply looking at the hydrogen peroxide concentration used. If it is less than 10%, the generator is a fogger. Howorth’s Biogen™ DUO decontamination system incorporates ultrasonication technology. Ultrasonication of hydrogen peroxide to produce its vapourised form offers all the benefits of previous generations of design, but with lower cost of ownership and enhanced long-term performance.	<urn:uuid:474f518b-b70b-4464-b33e-ee7b1e14bd96>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	https://howorthgroup.com/the-media/blog/the-advantages-of-vapourised-hydrogen-peroxide-biocides	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058415.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927090448-20210927120448-00094.warc.gz	en	0.95259	712	2.890625	3
Although banned in most other industrialized nations due to the health risks to humans and harm to the animals, Monsanto’s genetically engineered recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH or rBST) is still injected into dairy cows in the US to increase milk-production. So why was rBGH approved? The approval of rBGH in our country is a story of fired whistleblowers, manipulated research, and a corporate takeover of the US Food and Drug Administration. US dairies, responding to the health concerns of consumers by not injecting their herds, now battle for their right to label their milk as rBGH-free. For those familiar with the history of this controversial drug, and Monsanto, this is no surprise. Monsanto’s past is plagued with toxic disasters, lawsuits and cover-ups. \|Your Milk on Drugs – Just Say No! (8:54 min) The Health Hazards in Milk from Cows Injected with rBGH Milk from rBGH-treated cows has much higher levels of IGF-1, a hormone considered to be a high risk factor for breast, prostate, colon, lung, and other cancers. IGF-1 levels in milk from treated cows with rBGH can be up to 10 times higher. Studies suggest that pre-menopausal women below 50 years old with high levels of IGF-1 are seven times more likely to develop breast cancer. Men are four times more likely to develop prostate cancer. IGF-1 is implicated in lung and colon cancer. Milk from rBGH-treated cows with its heightened IGF-1 levels also likely increases the rate of fraternal twin births in humans. In the United States, the number of fraternal twins grew at twice the rate as that in the United Kingdom, where rBGH is banned. Milk from cows injected with rBGH also has lowered nutritional value, increased antibiotics and more pus from infected udders. Cows given rBGH experience higher rates of mastitis, a painful udder infection. When treated with antibiotics that are also used for people, bacteria resistant to these antibiotics end up in the milk, air, soil and water, resulting in increased antibiotic resistance in humans, a major health problem. \|The Health Risks of rbGH\| Labels that Lie Within the US, many school systems have banned milk products from injected cows and dairies have refused to inject their cow with it. But a milk carton from Maine’s Oakhurst Dairy stating, “Our Farmers’ Pledge: No Artificial Growth Hormones” became the subject of controversy when on July 3, 2003 the dairy was sued by Monsanto over their labels. Oakhurst eventually settled, agreeing to add a sentence saying that according to the FDA no significant difference has been shown between milk derived from [rBGH]-treated and non- treated cows. But it’s a statement that is not true. Both Monsanto and FDA scientists had acknowledged the increase of IGF-1 in milk from treated cows. Higher amounts of pus and antibiotic residues in the milk were noted are as well. This misleading addition to the label was written by the FDA’s deputy commissioner of policy, Michael Taylor, previously Monsanto’s outside attorney who, after running policy at the FDA, became vice president of Monsanto. Could this revolving door between Monsanto and the government regulators (i.e. the movement from positions as biotech leaders to government policymaker and back again) be the one of the reasons why the FDA isn’t protecting US consumers? \|Flawed FDA Approval\| Bribes, Fired Scientists and Corporate Hijacking of the FDA and Health Canada In the late 1980s, one FDA scientist was fired after expressing concerns about possible health problems related rBGH-treated cows. Other like-minded FDA scientists at the FDA had been stripped of responsibilities or forced out. Remaining FDA whistle-blowers had to write an anonymous letter to Congress, complaining of fraud and conflict of interest at the agency. In 1998, six Canadian government scientists testified before their Senate that they were being pressured by superiors to approve rBGH, even though they believed it was unsafe. They also testified that documents were stolen from a locked file cabinet and that Monsanto offered them a bribe of $1-2 million to approve the drug. Monsanto responded to the Canadian Broadcasting Company (CBC) story about the alleged bribe, claiming that the scientists misunderstood an offer for research money. (Eventually in 2005, Monsanto was fined for offering bribes to 140 Indonesians, as the company tried to gain approval for their genetically modified cotton.) Muscling the Media—Fox News Intimidated In 1989, Monsanto’s PR firm created “the Dairy Coalition,” a group that included researchers funded by Monsanto, to pressure editors of the USA Today, Boston Globe, New York Times and others, to stop reporting on the health concerns about rBGH. \|Fox News Report (10min)\| The potential link between rBGH and cancer was one of the topics revealed in a four-part news series set to air in February of 1997 by a Tampa-based Fox TV station. Just before the series was to air, however, Fox received threatening letters from Monsanto’s attorney, threatening “dire consequences for Fox News.” The show was postponed indefinitely. The reporters who had created the series later testified that they were offered hush money to leave the station and never speak about the story again. They declined. Progress and New Battles Over the past few years, several organizations have worked to raise awareness of the rBGH issue, such as the Campaign For Safe Food launched by the Oregon Chapter of the Physicians for Social Responsibility. Getting attention to the rBGH issue was slow at first, but by educating consumers about the health dangers associated with rBGH and producers making rBGH-free brands readily available, we have seen a widespread consumer demand for rBGH free dairy products. Within the last two years, Wal-Mart, Starbucks, Kroger, and about 40 of the 100 top dairies removed rBGH products as consumer concerns reached a tipping point on this issue. Having failed to gain a complete ban on “rBGH-free” labeling from the FDA, Monsanto has now gone to the state level by claiming the labels are an “unfair restraint of trade” even with the FDA disclaimer. Also, in an effort to turn public opinion their way, Monsanto has been trying to promote rBGH as having a positive effect on the environment. Of course their position is based on the “bad science” that they have perfected. The reality is that rBGH is anything but green. The Next Big Consumer Tidal Wave Will be the Complete Rejection of Remaining GMOs in Food Products, and You Can be a Part of It The market rejection of rBGH demonstrates that consumers are still at the top of the food chain, dictating the direction of this fight. We expect to see the same tipping point kick GM foods out of the US food supply. Almost 87 million consumers in the United States believe that all GM foods aren’t safe, but can’t always avoid them because they don’t know how. By directing the purchasing power of the tens of millions of health-conscious shoppers, we can reach a new tipping point and push GMOs out of the entire food supply. Here are a couple of things you can do to help. First, view the rBGH free dairy products section of the Non-GMO Shopping Guide and share this with friends. Then, sign on to participate in The Campaign for Healthier Eating in America and you will join the swell that is rising out of the natural food aisles and building into tidal wave of GMO rejection throughout the entire food industry. Adding your name to the Campaign’s growing list of supporters not only addresses you and your family’s health concerns, but also influences the decisions of food manufacturers, distributors, and retailers nationwide. Finally, we invite you to have house party showings of Marie Monique Robin’s terrific documentary film, The World According to Monsanto, which is a part of a packaged two DVD set that includes Your Milk on Drugs – Just Say No! The World According to Monsanto, takes a hard look at Monsanto’s campaign of deception and use of coercive tactics to gain market supremacy. Use this link to purchase the 2-DVD set, The World According to Monsanto and Your Milk on Drugs – Just Say No!	<urn:uuid:e3dc5e7b-aed1-43bf-a6b4-04815441e9a0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://responsibletechnology.org/gmo-education/gm-hormones-in-dairy-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00198.warc.gz	en	0.962398	1,765	2.53125	3
Contents: The Communist Manifesto; The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844; Socialism: Utopian and Scientific With an introduction by Dr. Laurence Marlow. A spectre is haunting Europe (and the world). Not, in the twenty-first century, the spectre of communism, but the spectre of capitalism. Marx's prediction that the state would wither away of its own accord has proved inaccurate, and he did not foresee the tyrannies which have ruled large parts of the globe in his name. Indeed, he would have been appalled if he had witnessed them. But his analysis of the evils and dangers of raw capitalism is as correct now as when it was written, and some of his suggestions (progressive income tax, abolition of child labour, free education for all children) are now accepted with little question. In a world where capitalism is no longer held in check by fear of a communist alternative, The Communist Manifesto (with Socialism Utopian and Scientific, Engels's brief and clear exposition of Marxist thought) is essential reading. The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 is Engels's first, and probably best-known, book. With Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor, it was and is the outstanding study of the working class in Victorian England.	<urn:uuid:552e65c2-2327-4266-9a31-4cd10a231935>	CC-MAIN-2019-47	https://nautilus.ro/non-fictiune/politica/communist-manifesto	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668716.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116005339-20191116033339-00025.warc.gz	en	0.97368	270	2.828125	3
If you’ve been thinking about a new small tree for your yard, the first thing is to remember the adage, “Right place, right plant.” It’s far easier to find the right tree for the place initially than relocating something that isn’t right. Take into account if there are power lines overhead. Even a small tree can grow to be 20 or 30 feet tall, which can interfere with overhead lines. Likewise, before you start digging, make sure you know where your underground gas and electrical lines are located. Once you have a good idea of the space you have, you can start gathering research on which trees fit the bill. Even better, we know of a few trees that don’t require a lot of upkeep—because your life is busy enough! Here are five of the best low-maintenance small trees you can fit in your yard: Ginkgo Maidenhair Tree Ginkgoes are well-known for medicinal properties, and they’re excellent ornament trees for your garden. They can grow almost anywhere, and there are several varieties in case you’re interested in a particular leaf shape or color for fall or spring (as well as some dwarf varieties). The only requirements the ginkgo will have is around six hours of sun a day and good soil drainage. A ginkgo tree will have wide, fan-shaped leaves that turn gold in the autumn. The leaves will drop in the fall, so there is some mess. However, the leaves will drop all around the same time, so you won’t have to go out weekend after weekend to do your fall clean-up. Since we’re talking about low-maintenance options, choose a male tree, which will have pollen cones on it. They’ll look like small catkins, set in clusters. A female tree will have twin ovules at the ends of the stems. If you have a male and female tree next to each other, you can expect to have some fruit, but it can get very messy in the fall if you aren’t prepared for it. Spring has arrived when the dogwoods flower. There are as many as fifty species of dogwoods native to Asia, Europe, and North America, and there are several species native to the Pacific Northwest. The species is broad and encompasses trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. The tree types range from 15 feet to 35 feet tall, and the shrub forms range from 12 to 15 feet. Full sun can burn the leaves of this tree. If you want to put the dogwood in a space with lots of sun, just remember that it will require more water in the summertime and may have scorched leaves. The best thing you can do is place it where it will get sun in the morning and shade in the afternoon. Especially in its first year, the tree will need regular deep watering, twice a week when temperatures are above 80 degrees. After the first year, it won’t require as much attention—dogwoods are adaptable to a variety of soil conditions. The most common dogwood in Portland is the eastern dogwood (Cornus florida), which blooms in May. This kind grows to 15 to 20 feet tall and can be susceptible to diseases, such as anthracnose, which you should watch out for. We love spruces! They don’t drop leaves in the fall and are consistently low effort. There are 40 varieties in the Picea family: they range from Picea abies “Cupressina,” which has an upright narrow shape, to Picea glauca “Pendula,” otherwise known as the weeping white spruce, which has lovely blue-green boughs that droop into a wide skirt. The dwarf varieties can also be planted in containers. Moist, well-drained soil is preferred, but clay soil is also acceptable. They’ll need to be watered more often in the springtime, when they’re growing new candles on the ends of their branches. Once the tree is established, just keep an eye out for mites, aphids, or bagworms—the most common pests that enjoy spruces as much as we do. Prune, shape, and trim the tree from mid-autumn through winter, before the spring growth comes in. This one is colorful all year round: its leaves grow in looking silvery in the spring, turn to green toward the late spring and summer, and then become bright yellow and orange in the autumn. It’s a lovely centerpiece in May when it blooms with white flowers. Later, toward the early fall, you’ll see clusters of orange-red berries. Wildlife will be more visible in the fall as well, when birds and squirrels grab up these berries as a food source. Native to Europe, the whitebeam has adapted well to the Pacific Northwest climate. Plant this tree in loamy to sandy soil, in a sunny place. It will grow to be about 30 feet tall and is cold hardy. Thundercloud Purple Leaf Plum In the early spring, this tree looks like a large pink cloud before the rest of the foliage comes in. The effect is stunning (we think it looks a bit like a giant cotton candy), and continues even when the pink petals fall because the leaves are coppery purple. It does produce small, red, edible fruit, so there can be a little mess in the fall when the fruits start to drop. The fruit will draw birds and squirrels, and it’s resilient to urban pollution. Plant this tree so that it has full sun. It will need regular watering, at least once a week, and more when the temperature gets warm. It can be used in a variety of locations if you’re curating a specific “look,” such as in an urban setting, a wildlife garden, or a woodland glade. This tree will grow about 20 feet tall and about the same wide in a typical round shape. As you can see, there are plenty of options if you have a small space that you want to fill with a low-maintenance tree. We’re always happy to give our thoughts if you have further questions about any of these species—we have certified arborists standing by. Contact Mr. Tree today, whether your tree needs are big (excavation or emergency removal) or small (pruning, shaping, or trimming). Happy planting!	<urn:uuid:82a9def9-6db2-4635-84a6-7aa314659945>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	https://www.freehomeownerlistings.com/5-of-the-best-low-maintenance-small-trees-for-your-yard/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028191655-20201028221655-00491.warc.gz	en	0.951843	1,365	2.640625	3
ORNL, UT and Knoxville invent eco-friendly way to de-ice roads The scientists at Oak Ridge National National Laboratory (ORNL) work hard every day to change the world, but sometimes it takes help from others to get a product out of the lab. In 2016, Dr. Budhendra “Budhu" Bhaduri, director of ORNL's National Security Emerging Technologies Division, had one of those ideas that would require the whole community to come together to save billions of dollars and conserve wildlife in cities around the world. Two years later, it took Bhaduri, one of his colleagues, a UT professor, a local businessman and Knoxville's public service crew to make Precision Delcer, a new way to de-ice roads, a reality. Work on the state-of-the-art software started when Bhaduri and Dr. Olufemi "Femi" Omitaomu, a scientist in his division, were studying ways to implement Lidar data, a mapping tool that scans the earth's surface for geographical figures. "When you have a geographic bend to your outlook of the world, you start asking questions," Bhaduri said. "I started noticing that if you have shades and shadows on the road that prevents the sun from hitting certain spots, that probably triggers a slower melting than others." Bhaduri and Omitaomu knew that in Knoxville, a city that rarely has to spread brine, a saltwater mixture, on the roads, the project had some potential. But they were motivated by how the innovation could help smaller communities that are burdened by the cost of wasteful de-icing methods. "The engineering mechanism (that salt trucks use) was so simple and usually not efficient. It was striking," Bhaduri said. "That's when we started having these conversations about what can we do to address salt issues now." Their work sat untouched until 2018 when Dr. Ernie Cadotte, a professor at the UT's Haslam College of Business, made it the topic of his innovation and creativity class. "I was aware of a lot of technology (at ORNL), and I was also aware that a lot of scientists have ideas but they can't commercialize them because it doesn't fit within their job description," Cadotte said. "I'm always looking for some technology that has some commercial potential, so one day, I asked Budhu if they had any technologies that he thought might have some commercial appeal but needed some work to understand the market." Cadotte challenged his students to develop the scientists' idea into a marketable product. From there, Kevin Homan, president of Clinch River Computing, helped the students create a working prototype and partnered with Knoxville's public service department to equip a salt truck with the invention. Within two semesters, the product was ready to go on the road. "It's was one of those things that I wasn't sure whether it was going to be worthwhile. We needed people who would be open to trying new things and putting some time into it," Cadotte said. "We were lucky in that respect." Precision Delcer goes beyond bringing people together. If used to its fullest potential, the product could save governments billions and make the world a safer place for people and wildlife. How it works The core of Precision Delcer's capabilities is based in Omitaomu's research. He used Lidar data to map every 50 meters of road in Knoxville and rate the sections to determine the amount of brine they would need to melt ice and limit runoff. Most salt trucks spill brine as they drive, but traditional systems do not account for how much salt roads need or the speed of the truck, meaning that some parts of roads get too much or too little brine. Test drives with Precision Delcer's technology show reductions of up to 14% of brine usage, reducing the amount of salt that cities dump into waterways and pile on roads. "Brine is one of the deadliest things that we put out in the environment that not only corrodes our infrastructure but also harms wildlife," Bhaduri said. "Salt runoff from the streets is an enormous detriment to water quality and the aquatic population." Increased salinity in freshwater negatively affects the water we drink and the animals that live in local waterways. Salty roads can also attract deer, who lick salt and cause driving hazards. "There is a huge environmental cost associated with the way governments salt their roads," Bhaduri said. "We want to change that." Precision Delcer also will save governments money that they can use for other projects or increase their salt coverage. "We found that 90% of the U.S. counties that get large snow events are breaking their budget backbone to try to deal with those disasters," Bhaduri said. "Not many people die from snow and ice events – it never makes headlines. But, in the background, it makes a huge impact on local communities, especially small ones." By reducing salt where it's not needed and applying it where the need is greatest, less fuel and fewer fillups are needed, truck routes can be extended and vehicle wear and emission will decline. Safer roads also allow people to get back to work and school more quickly after heavy snow and ice, boosting economic activity. "There is a multibillion-dollar industry out there with this application of brine," Homan said. "It's really a wide open opportunity from a commercial perspective." The first working field prototype went out on a Knoxville salt truck in January 2019. Everyone behind Precision Delcer is hoping it was just the beginning for the product. Homan is taking Precision Delcer a step further by bringing a commercial version of the product to market for communities that are looking for a safer, more affordable option. "Science and technology is very quantitative. We make widgets and engineering systems all the time, but some of these things never go out and make an ultimate impact on our society, unless there is a human element that we recognize," Bhaduri said. "To me, that has been one of the most enjoyable and fascinating aspects of this – how the community as a whole has been able to get themselves wrapped around this concept."	<urn:uuid:809dcc71-7fee-4beb-94ab-87a3be7c96b3>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://www.knoxnews.com/story/money/2020/05/06/ornl-ut-and-knoxville-invent-precision-delcer-better-way-de-ice-roads/5137600002/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657131734.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712051058-20200712081058-00412.warc.gz	en	0.976515	1,297	3.03125	3
What is a genre piece? Genre art is the pictorial representation in any of various media of scenes or events from everyday life, such as markets, domestic settings, interiors, parties, inn scenes, and street scenes. What genre is a brochure? A brochure is an informative paper document (often also used for advertising) that can be folded into a template, pamphlet, or leaflet. How do I design a brochure? Brochure design: 10 top creative tips - Know your purpose before you start. The Glynebourne 2019 brochure has clear purpose with its vibrant imagery of the company's dramaturgy (Image credit: Toop Studio) ... - Limit your fonts. ... - Take stock of your paper stock. ... - Get your copy right. ... - Put readers first. ... - Use simple statements. ... - Set pen to paper. ... - Keep what works. What is the first page of a brochure? One thing to keep in mind: the set-up of the pages can be a little confusing at first glance. The first page includes the inside flap, back and front of the pamphlet. The second page includes inside left, inside middle and inside right of the pamphlet. What is a brochure for students? A brochure or pamphlet is a single sheet document, often folded into thirds, that is mass- produced to provide information to the public. Brochures have a single focus that may include information about an event or organization, sell a product, or solicit support for a point of view or course of action. How do I make an attractive brochure? Below are 15 tips and tricks on how you or your graphic designer can create the best brochure design for your brand: - Know your objective like the back of your hand. ... - Know your customers. ... - Be creative, be unique. ... - Practice font restraints. ... - Go straight to the point. ... - Avoid big words. ... - Design for your readers. What makes a great brochure? Create the Best Brochure - A good headline is key. The headline on the front of your brochure should always include the interests and perceived problems of your targeted audience, and be followed by the solutions you can provide. ... - Remember the basics. ... - Don't confuse the reader. ... - Avoid big words. ... - Include a call to action. ... - Don't be flimsy. What are the parts of a brochure? Parts of a Brochure - Name and Logo. Your business's name and logo are the building blocks your brochure should be designed around. ... - Brochure Cover. The cover image should make people want to own a piece of the dream you are advertising. ... - Slogan. ... - Main Text. ... - Contact Information. What app can I use to make a brochure? 7 Best Apps to Create Brochures on Android & iOS - Brochure Maker, Graphic Design. - Adobe Spark Post. - Brochure Maker. - Brochure Maker, Pamphlets, Infographic Designer. - Flyers, Poster Maker. Can I make a brochure in PowerPoint? Tip: If you're already in PowerPoint for the web, get to the brochure templates by going to File > New, and then below the template images click More on Office.com. You'll be on the Templates for PowerPoint page. In the list of categories, click Brochures. Can you make a brochure on word? The easiest way to create a brochure in any version of Microsoft Word is to start with a template, which has the columns and placeholders configured. ... In the Search for Online Templates text box, type brochure, then press Enter. Choose the style you want and select Create to download the template. Can I make a brochure on Google Docs? How to make a brochure on Google Docs - Go to docs.google.com. ... - Click "Template Gallery" (if you don't see it, you'll first need to click the three stacked lines in the upper-left corner) and find the "Work" section. ... - Select the template you'd like to use for your brochure. - Edit and replace the filler text and images to suit your needs. What is the best free brochure maker? Following is 8 best free online brochure maker software that will help you to create incredible and promotional brochures. - FlipHTML5 (strongly recommended) - Instant Flipbook. Is there a tri fold brochure template on Google Docs? Although Google Docs doesn't have a tri-fold brochure template, it's pretty easy to create your own. If you're not concerned with the format and just want to make a simple two-page brochure, you can use one of Google Doc's free business brochure templates. What does a brochure look like? A standard print brochure (tri-fold brochure) is on 8 ½" × 11" paper, folded into thirds. On one side of the paper, you have the inside flap, the back cover, and the front cover, from left to right. The core content of the brochure is on the inside. Grid systems are a simple way to line up your content and organize it. - What type of rock is Queen? - Why do an annotated bibliography? - What is a genre easy definition? - What are examples of creative writing? - What does genre in art mean? - What is the full form of music? - Is Anime considered a genre? - What is genre English literature? - What are the different genres of book? - What are the different genres of art? You will be interested - What are different genres of music? - Why a bibliography is important? - Is X-Men Sci Fi? - What are some examples of tropes? - What is a genre marker? - What are the 4 main parts of genre? - What are the different genres in reading? - How much does Gina Rodriguez get paid per episode? - Is a genre which addresses issues of modern womanhood often humorously and light heartedly? - What genre of anime is the promised Neverland?	<urn:uuid:d20b6692-be7c-45fc-97f9-80088c555187>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://archinfos.com/library/lecture/read/13324-what-is-a-genre-piece	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500384.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207035749-20230207065749-00589.warc.gz	en	0.873113	1,395	2.921875	3
If next fall's visit by astronauts is successful, the Hubble Space Telescope will be with us for at least another five years. But plans are already in place to launch NASA's next large space telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope, in 2013 (although I'd be surprised to see it launched that year). Although the Hubble has been well-served by four (and soon a fifth) servicing missions by astronauts, we've always assumed that JWST would not be able to be visited by astronauts. Hubble is in low Earth orbit (just a few hundred miles up), where the Space Shuttle can easily fly. But the JWST is going to be at the second Lagrange point, a spot about 1 million miles away from the Earth where the Earth and the Sun's gravity balance perfectly. The main reason for this distance is to get the telescope, which will look at infrared light, far from the heat of Earth. But none of our current rockets can carry humans to this Lagrange point, so it seems that repair of the telescope is out. So I was surprised today when NASA announced that it was going to add a docking port to JWST in case future astronauts ever visit the spacecraft. Their reasoning is that if this expensive telescope fails to work, their new Orion rockets might be able to take astronauts to the Lagrange point to try and salvage the telescope. If astronauts were to go to the JWST, it would mark the furthest humans had ever ventured away from the Earth -- it is nearly four times further from the Earth than the moon. It would also be a very risky and very expensive mission. Would it be worth the trouble? I don't know. Certainly astronauts would probably like to try if the chance of success seemed reasonable, and I don't doubt their ability to fix the spacecraft. But adding a docking ring adds weight and complexity to the telescope, two things that are not always desirable. I am not a space engineer, so I really do not know how much the docking ring affects the spacecraft. But it could also mean that some science may need to be scaled back to reduce the weight of the telescope. Again, this is just my guess, I don't know. So, I have mixed feelings about the announcement. In some ways, I am glad NASA is thinking ahead and allowing for new possibilities we hadn't previously dreamed of. But I have reservations, and until I know more about the plans, I'll remain skeptical.	<urn:uuid:ed9cbef2-f015-4058-8fcb-ff82db57d7b8>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	http://blog.professorastronomy.com/2007/05/will-astronauts-visit-hubbles.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358570.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128164634-20211128194634-00226.warc.gz	en	0.973671	500	3.0625	3
A place to gather and rest – and rest in peace Fawn AME Zion Church and cemetery 177 Alum Rock Rd, New Park Before the Civil War, Black residents in rural Fawn Township constructed a log church building. There they sang old spirituals and new songs. They heard the voices of a succession of preachers calling the congregation to repentance and faith. Then a cemetery went in nearby, and 18 Civil War veterans were buried there, freedmen who helped others gain their freedom. The current Fawn AME Zion church, constructed in 1954, and rededicated in 2017, is one of two Black congregations worshiping in southeastern York County today. Trinity AME Zion in Delta is the other where those in the pews sing and pray together. Fighting from a trench that he had just dug, 22-year-old John Aquilla Wilson faced an onslaught of Confederate soldiers seeking to capture the Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge in 1863. Facing daunting numbers, Wilson and his comrades retreated across the covered bridge just before Union troops ignited it to stop the Confederate advance. He joined the 32nd Division, United States Colored Troops, a year later and fought in South Carolina. Wilson returned home to York County at the war’s end and died at age 101, one of the last surviving Civil War veterans in the county. He is buried in the Fawn church cemetery. Wilson wanted Black people to be able to own property and vote. “He wanted to have the same rights as everybody else,” his granddaughter Isabella Phillips said. And he was put his life at risk to gain those rights. - Being vulnerable isn’t easy, especially when the world around you commits racial injustices every day. Wanting a place to practice their religion, locals built the church in 1850. It represented safety. The cemetery meant their families could visit them for generations to come. Having the physical house of worship with the land outside finally gave congregants a place to relax, feeling at home. In what ways do we continue to build places where we feel safe? How important is the feeling of safety when participating in religious activities? - You will find the burial site of James Aquilla Wilson in the Fawn AME Zion cemetery. As a young man, he faced an army. A threatening force loomed toward him as he no doubt conquered a fear most of us will never encounter. Even as older adults, war has a lifelong impact on the psyche. How do you think war changed Wilson? How does modern warfare change children today? Related links and sources: Pre-Civil War black church celebrates rebirth; The story of historically black churches in York County begins with 17 members; York Daily Record photo. top. York County History Center, bottom. — By JAMIE KINSLEY and JIM McCLURE	<urn:uuid:4faf1566-6ab7-4af8-a1c7-60837ece138d>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://www.witnessingyork.com/mapping-meaning/fawn-ame-zion-church-cemetery/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516075201-20210516105201-00021.warc.gz	en	0.963143	580	2.671875	3
Sudden cardiac arrest occurs when an electrical malfunction causes the heart to stop beating. It prevents blood flow to the organs, and this can be fatal without immediate treatment. Below, we look at what happens during sudden cardiac arrest, including the signs and symptoms and what to do next. We also explore treatments, survival rates, and risk factors. If anyone shows signs of cardiac arrest, such as a loss of consciousness or detectable pulse, dial 911 or contact a local hospital’s emergency department immediately. The heart receives electrical signals that control how often it pumps and in what rhythm. Each heartbeat pushes blood through a complex network of vessels to organs and cells throughout the body. Disruptions to these electrical signals cause irregular beats, known as arrhythmias. There are many types of arrhythmia. Some cause no symptoms, while others can cause cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest causes the heart to suddenly stop beating, which prevents blood from moving around the body. The first sign of cardiac arrest is Before losing consciousness, some people experience other symptoms, such as: - a racing heartbeat - chest pain - shortness of breath - nausea, with or without vomiting Unlike a heart attack, cardiac arrest Treatment within the If someone shows signs of cardiac arrest: - Contact 911 and ask for emergency medical services. If possible, ask a bystander to do this. - Check if the unconscious person is breathing. If they are not, find an automated external defibrillator (AED) if there is one nearby. - If none is available, administer CPR by hand. Place both hands on the center of the person’s chest and push down firmly 100–120 times per minute. Continueadministering CPR until the emergency responders arrive. AEDs administer a controlled electric shock to people with dangerous heart arrhythmias. They do not release this shock unless there is an abnormal heart rhythm. As a result, they are suitable for anyone to use, with or without training. AEDs are widely available in public spaces. Using one as soon as possible increases the chances of survival. If there are no AEDs nearby, continuously performing CPR keeps blood and oxygen flowing to the organs and brain until a medical professional can use a defibrillator to restart the heart. After receiving emergency treatment, a person who has experienced cardiac arrest At the hospital, doctors closely monitor any symptoms and may use medications to lower the risk of another cardiac arrest. They then perform tests to determine the cause of the arrest. The test results help the doctors develop a long-term treatment plan. For example, a person with heart disease may require surgery to restore blood flow to the heart. The doctors may also recommend an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). ICDs are small devices that deliver electrical shocks to the heart to control arrhythmias. This keeps the heart pumping at a normal rate. A specialized cardiologist places this device beneath the skin of the chest or abdomen. During their hospital stay, the person needs to rest to allow their body to recover. Doctors may recommend that the person adopts a diet and lifestyle that supports heart health. They may also recommend cardiac rehabilitation — a short program that provides information and support. People can survive sudden cardiac arrest. The chances of survival A 2020 review in Other factors, such as age and general health, also influence the likelihood of surviving cardiac arrest. Some health conditions also increase the risk of an electrical problem that could cause cardiac arrest. These include: - ischemic heart disease, which happens when plaque builds up in the arteries, restricting or blocking blood flow - abnormal potassium or magnesium levels - severe blood loss or lack of oxygen - intense exercise, which can trigger cardiac arrest in people with existing heart conditions - structural problems, such as enlargement of the heart - inherited heart conditions, such as long QT syndrome - the use of stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines Other risk factors for cardiac arrest include older age, being male, and having a substance abuse disorder. Anyone can reduce the risk of cardiac arrest by adopting a lifestyle that supports heart health. This includes having a healthful diet, exercising regularly, and not smoking. Having a moderate weight is also important. People with a higher risk of cardiac arrest, such as people with heart disease, may also require medications to prevent or reduce their risk. A doctor may prescribe drugs that lower blood pressure or statins to reduce cholesterol. People who have experienced cardiac arrest before can reduce the risk going forward by having an ICD implanted and closely following their treatment plan. Cardiac arrest occurs when the electrical signals that control the heart’s movements malfunction, causing the heart to stop beating. As a result, the person faints and their pulse becomes undetectable. Immediate treatment with CPR and defibrillation is vital for people experiencing cardiac arrest. People can find defibrillators, called AEDs, in public spaces. If none is available, perform CPR until emergency responders arrive and administer defibrillation. After receiving emergency treatment for cardiac arrest, the person needs ongoing care. A doctor may recommend surgery, medication, diet or lifestyle changes, or a combination. They will create a long-term treatment plan.	<urn:uuid:5de1a986-47bd-4db2-820e-23dc43a1824d>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cardiac-arrest	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511361.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004052258-20231004082258-00157.warc.gz	en	0.919562	1,107	3.71875	4
Bees have excellent color vision, allowing them to distinguish many colors in visible and ultraviolet light wavelengths. They use sight to find the best flowers for forage, but they have learned to associate different colors with threats or non-threatening items. This especially applies to big objects (you know… like humans!) So are there any particular colors that bees dislike? And if so, which ones do they hate the most? What Colors Do Bees Hate? Bees are indifferent to white but actively dislike red, black, brown, and other dark colors. This is because these colors often represent a threat to their natural habitat rather than food. In addition, red appears black to bees because they do not have receptors in their eyes to perceive red. Bees have pretty exceptional eyesight for such a tiny insect, including the ability to distinguish a wide range of colors and light and dark shades. The capability to determine light and dark allows the bees to identify shapes and outlines. This enables them to navigate obstacles during flight, identify common threat shapes, and identify flowers by shape. Plants respond by creating flowers with shapes and colors to attract particular pollinators. Plants that prefer bees as pollinators will produce flower shapes and colors that specifically attract bees. Alternatively, plants that prefer butterflies and birds as pollinators will produce flowers that are more attractive to these insects! Isn’t nature incredible!? And it doesn’t end there… Some plants prefer nighttime pollinators such as bats and moths. Therefore, they will not open their flowers during the daytime but only at night to attract the pollinators that can offer the best service to these plants! Since bees have good color vision, it’s natural that they will show a particular preference for some colors and avoid others. So What Colors Least Attract Bees? Dark colors such as orange, red, brown, and black are the least attractive colors to bees. They cannot perceive red at all since they do not have the correct receptors in their eyes to see this color. Bees can see yellow and white, but these hues are less attractive than blue, purple, and violet colors. Bees consider white a neutral, non-threatening color, which is why most bee suits are white. Tan-colored bee suits are also acceptable since it is a combination of white and yellow, which is not particularly attractive to bees. Bees are primarily attracted to blue, purple, and violet flowers because these are the ones they perceive the easiest. Are There Colors That Bees Hate? Bees do not hate specific colors, but certain colors are more enticing to them than others. Bees can use their perception of light and dark to identify potential threats to the colony. For example, large dark shapes generally represent a large animal approaching the beehive, triggering a defense response in the bees. Bees are more likely to attack people wearing dark colors than light-hued clothing. Did I Hear That Bees Hate The Color Black? Black is not a common color in the plant world, and as such, it is not a color that bees associate with a food source. Bees do not hate black, but they mostly perceive dark objects, including black, as a threat to the colony. Large dark shapes moving in the vicinity of the hive indicate a potential danger, and the bees are more likely to attack black or dark shapes. This does not mean that bees hate black. Still, it is the color most commonly associated with a possible danger to the colony. As a result, the bees will mostly ignore smaller black objects. Why Bees Dislike Certain Colors Bees dislike dark colors such as brown, black and red because these colors typically represent an approaching threat to the colony. Think of large animals, such as humans, bears, and even curious horses. They often damage hives by accident or actively raid the colony for food. These dark colors are associated with danger and are more likely to evoke a defensive reaction in the bees. Do Bees Hate The Color Red? It is a common misconception to think that bees hate red. They do not hate the color red. It is just that they do not have the necessary photoreceptors in their eye structure to perceive this color. Just like humans, a bee’s vision is trichromatic. But where human vision is based on red, blue, and green, a bee’s visual perception is based on green, blue, and UV light. Consequently, bees can’t see red. Red appears black to bees, which is why they treat red the same way as they treat black. A person wearing red will appear as a large black object to the bees, which will cause them to become defensive. Red things like this close to the hive look like a big dark threatening blob! Scuba divers will understand the concept of being unable to see red. Red is the color with the least amount of energy in its wavelength, causing it to be absorbed more easily by water. Therefore, red is no longer visible in the water at a depth of 15 feet or 4.5 meters. Any red object at this depth appears black to the scuba diver. This is the same way bees perceive red because they lack red photoreceptors. Does this mean that bees will not pollinate red flowers? On the contrary, bees will pollinate certain red flowers that display a sheen in the ultraviolet light spectrum, which we can not see. Certain red flowers use this strategy to attract bees and other pollinators. The sheen of these flowers in the ultraviolet spectrum will stand out to bees like lights on a dark runway, and they will land on the flowers to forage. Bees also have an acute sense of smell, which is why flowers produce a fragrance. In addition, bees are attracted to flowers with the combination of scent and color. Thus, if the color is not particularly attractive to the bees, but the smell is, the bees will still be attracted to the flower. An example is a bottle-brush tree, which has red flowers, but the bees love the scent. So you will always find a bottle-brush tree buzzing with bees when the red flowers are in bloom! Are There Any Colors That Keep Bees Away? There are no colors that actively repel bees, so there are no colors that keep bees away. However, there are colors that bees do not show a particular interest in, which makes the bees leave them alone more than other colors. White and light pastel colors, such as light yellow and pale pink, do not stand out in a bee’s vision and are not viewed as a potential danger. If you want a neutral response from bees, these are the colors to go for 🙂 What Color Should You Not Wear Around Bees? The colors you should not wear around bees are bright colors that mimic their favorite flower colors. For example, yellow, blue, purple, and violet will signal bees to come and investigate potential food sources. So forget that oversized flowery shirt when you visit a beehive 🙂 Similarly, do not wear strong fragrances and perfumes around bees, as this will further pique their interest and prompt the bees to investigate. Sounds like my aunt would be in trouble! She loves loud colors and always wears too much perfume… White is the best color to wear around bees since they show disinterest and are more likely to leave you alone. What Color Flowers Do Bees Hate? Bees do not hate any particular color flower, but they are more predisposed to certain hues than others. For example, suppose a white flower is positioned next to a blue or purple flower. In that case, the bee’s natural response will be to go to the blue or purple one. Unless the flower is exuding an irresistible fragrance! But overall, bees are seen in fewer numbers on red, orange, and black flowers than any other colors, making these the least favored by the bees. To sum up… Bees have good color perception and prefer colors in blue, purple, and violet shades. Still, they will visit yellow and white flowers if attracted by the fragrance. Red, black and dark colors such as brown and orange are the least attractive to bees and are often seen as a menace if the object in these colors is large. Yes… that means you, you big scary human!	<urn:uuid:d70217f2-1f61-4c6a-9780-c4863c952dc3>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://beekeepinginsider.com/what-color-do-bees-hate-the-most/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00025.warc.gz	en	0.948285	1,737	3.078125	3
The Common Core Standards' Role in Standardized Testing In the various streams of argument that have been mounted against the Common Core State Standards, an increasingly common theme is that the common core is what's driving the standardized testing that many find objectionable. Most recent Exhibit A? A big blast from comedian Louis C.K., who's ranting on Twitter and in the New York Daily News and other news outlets about the state's tests, which begin this week. C.K., whose daughters attend New York City schools, hit a nerve with testing opponents on Monday with this one: My kids used to love math. Now it makes them cry. Thanks standardized testing and common core!— Louis C.K. (@louisck) April 28, 2014 And this one: But it's changed in recent years. It's all about these tests. It feels like a dark time. And nothing is going in anymore.— Louis C.K. (@louisck) April 28, 2014 After posting photos of test questions that made him cringe, he wraps up: Okay I'm done. This is just one dumb, fat parent's POV. I'm pissed because I love NYC public schools. mice, lice and all.— Louis C.K. (@louisck) April 29, 2014 The common core has indeed sparked—in some places, anyway—a new wave of opposition to standardized tests, their effect on day-to-day education, and how they're used to make decisions about students, teachers and schools. But the argument that common core is responsible for testing, no matter how deeply reviled, is going curiously unchallenged. A dozen years ago—and eight years before the common standards were unveiled—the No Child Left Behind Act required all schools to test children in math and English/language arts in grades 3-8 and once in high school, and to make those results public. That law has been widely credited with shining a light on how poorly our public schools are serving our neediest children. Yet it's also been widely bashed for creating a testing culture in schools, for narrowing the curriculum, and for setting schools up to fail with its punitive approach to school-improvement levers. It's true that the common-core standards arrive in schools with a set of federally funded assessments, designed by the PARCC and Smarter Balanced testing consortia. Nearly every state signed on to use to those tests initially, but more and more are breaking away to do their own thing. That said, all but five states have adopted the standards, so they need tests that reflect those new expectations. Whether they use PARCC, Smarter Balanced or some other test is their call. But they're bound by No Child Left Behind—or agreements they made with the U.S. Department of Education to get waivers from key provisions of that law—to assess their students to see how they're progressing. Whether the common-core assessments, of any stripe, represent more or less testing depends on where you live and on what test your state uses. But the new standards, unveiled in 2010 and adopted by most states in 2010 and 2011, did not mandate standardized testing in the schools. Credit for that sea change goes to No Child Left Behind, approved with bipartisan support and inked with Republican President George W. Bush's signature, in January 2002.	<urn:uuid:3af88bcb-b56b-44b7-81a0-9f9c3c17741a>	CC-MAIN-2016-40	http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/curriculum/2014/04/in_the_various_streams_of.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661962.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00055-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966252	691	2.8125	3
Full Size Original Standard Metropolitan Area Map Standard definitions of metropolitan areas were first issued in 1949 by the then Bureau of the Budget (predecessor of Office of Management and Budget or OMB), under the designation "standard metropolitan area" (SMA). The term was changed to "standard metropolitan statistical area" (SMSA) in 1959, and to "metropolitan statistical area" (MSA) in 1983. The term "metropolitan area" (MA) was adopted in 1990 and referred collectively to metropolitan statistical areas, consolidated metropolitan statistical areas, and primary metropolitan statistical areas.	<urn:uuid:f75e00a8-e1e4-4d28-a532-a23f5a25fff0>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://www.census.gov/main/.in/php_module/lightbox/media.php?I_b2472110d45b484a865ac470a2f4f95e	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922871.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014522-00096-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.916902	118	2.796875	3
Maintenance & Operations The District is responsible for the maintenance of a variety of structures and landscapes in addition to planning for major renovation of aging facilities and for the construction of new facilities. Westside Union School District maintains two middle schools, three senior elementary schools (Kindergarten through 8th grades), and six elementary schools. Additionally, the District contains an administrative facilities center, a maintenance and operations yard, a District warehouse and several vacant properties. At this time, additional projects are in the planning stages. It is the goal of Westside Union School District to implement IPM by focusing on long-term prevention or suppression of pests through accurate pest identification, by frequent monitoring for pest presence, by applying appropriate action levels, and by making the habitat less conducive to pests using sanitation and mechanical and physical controls. Pesticides that are effective will be used in a manner that minimizes risks to people, property, and the environment, and only after other options have been shown ineffective. Our pest management objectives are: - To implement a safe and effective program to protect the health and well-being of students and staff, plus maintain a productive learning environment. - Prevent pests from spreading in the schools and minimize pesticide exposure to students, staff, and the public.	<urn:uuid:bde4fc34-3f3d-405b-b093-2c267f76d9ed>	CC-MAIN-2018-30	https://www.westside.k12.ca.us/departments/maintenance-operations	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590314.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718174111-20180718194111-00312.warc.gz	en	0.940071	255	2.703125	3
San Diego Xconomist Evan Snyder has been called a “stem cell revolutionary” and is regarded as a father in the field of stem cell research. When we talked in his office at San Diego’s Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, he told me he isolated the first neural stem cell in the mid-1980s, as well as the first human neural stem cell in 1998. Snyder’s team demonstrated the concept of stem cell pathotropism (the ability of stem cells to home in on injured or diseased regions of the brain) and helped to establish the concept that stem cells can be used to regenerate and repair diseased and damaged tissue. He arrived in San Diego in 2003 to serve as a professor and director of the Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology Program at the Sanford-Burnham. He also is a scientific leader and researcher at San Diego’s new $127 million Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine. While Snyder is focused primarily on basic research, he talked with me about the prospects for commercial development of stem cell technology—and how the much-publicized regenerative properties of stem cells, while holding tremendous long-term promise, will likely not be the focus of the first market successes. Our conversation, which I’ve condensed and edited, follows here. Xconomy: My general impression is that much of the early promise and enthusiasm over stem cells has been dissipating. Evan Snyder: I don’t think I would agree with that. I think there’s an enormous amount of promise. X: I mean in terms of using stem cells in commercial applications. ES: What the companies and the public thought was that it wouldn’t take any work, that you’d have a cell and you would sprinkle it with pixie dust and everything would get better. That was certainly unrealistic. It might have been fomented by scientists in the early days who were just totally enamored of the fact that you had cells that could read environmental cues and go down different pathways, and they seemed to do this based on their own intrinsic programming. But the fine-tuning in the use of stem cells still comes down to really understanding the biology of the cell. That also entails understanding the biology of development, because … Next Page »	<urn:uuid:696e4394-74ba-434a-bcf4-c8e8bd574a3e>	CC-MAIN-2018-22	https://www.xconomy.com/san-diego/2012/05/25/xconomist-of-the-week-evan-snyder-stem-cell-reality-check/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864725.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522112148-20180522132148-00468.warc.gz	en	0.970641	474	2.65625	3
\|The English used in this help page may not be easy for everybody to understand. You can help Wikipedia by reading Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages, then simplifying the page.\| The fastest way to find information in MediaWiki is to look it up directly. On the left-hand side of your screen there is a search box with two buttons under it labeled "Go" and "Search". If you clicked “Search”, or “Go” and the page you were looking for did not exist, you will be showed a list of articles that matched your search criteria (or a message that no matches were found). How it works[change \| change source] Here's how the search works: - Only the article content is searched - the page title doesn't matter. - The article content is searched in its raw (wikitext) form - i.e., it searches the text that appears in the edit box when you click “change this page”, not the rendered page. This means that content coming from an included template will not be picked up, but the target of piped links will be. - Even if you have a phrase in quotes, the search looks for each word individually. e.g., if you enter "World War 2" it will return pages that contain "world" and "war" and "2". - The search is not case-sensitive, so "MediaWiki", "mediawiki" and "MEDIAWIKI" all give the same result. Restricting the search[change \| change source] If you click the “Search” button without filling in anything, you will be taken to “Special:Search” which gives you extra searching options (also available from any search results list) You may find it useful to restrict a search to pages within a particular namespace e.g., only search within the User pages. Tick the namespaces you want for the search. By default only the namespaces specified in your settings will be searched. Logged-in users can change their settings to specify the namespaces they want to search by default. This can be done by selecting and deselecting boxes in the ”search” section of user settings.	<urn:uuid:f37dd643-19ea-408f-8e77-854462ebe05a>	CC-MAIN-2018-30	https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Searching	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590559.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719051224-20180719071224-00050.warc.gz	en	0.873514	469	2.65625	3
Teach symmetry for kids with these super cute and SIMPLE Valentine’s Day Worksheets. These printable Valentines Day drawing prompts are fun for preschool, pre-k, kindergarten, first grade, and 2nd grade students. This valentines day activities allows students to complete the picture on the free printable to learn about symmetry. The half pictures are all fun Valentiens Day Theme and perfect for a unique valentines day ideas for kids. Simply download pdf file for a fun activities for valentine’s day. Valentines day activities This easy valentines day activities is a fun way to help teach kids about symmetry with a simple valentines day worksheet filled with half a picture drawing prompts for Valentine’s Day for kids. This engaging valentine’s day activities for kids is perfect for toddlers, preschoolers, kindergartners, grade 1, and grade 2 students. Use this valentines day ideas for kids as a parent, teacher, or homeschooler at home or in the classroom to make learning fun during February. Valentine’s Day Worksheets Symmetry for kids Valentines day ideas for kids Next, cut the task cards for this symmetry for kids math activity. This activity is great for extra practice or math centers during the month of February. Valentine’s day activities for kids Students will complete the kindergarten drawing prompts one each card to complete the Valentine’s Day item. Finally, students can color their cards to express their own creativity. This is such a fun symmetry activitiy for toddler, preschool, kindergarten, first grade students. Valentines Day Activities for Kindergartners - Practice counting to 20 and tracing numbers as you prepare the mail in this Valentines Day Math - Count and Trace Valentines Day Worksheets with conversation hearts - Cute Find the Letter Valentine’s Day Worksheets with alphabet candy in the cookie jars - Valentine’s Day ABC Hole PunchingActivity – kids will strengthen hand muscles while working on letter recognition - Pencil Valentine Printable – super cute free printable “looking sharp” Valentine for kids - Penguin Skip Counting Activity - Valentines Day I Spy Printable – this is a fun valentiens day activity that also works on counting and visual discrimination at the same time - Color by Hundreds Chart Valentines Day Worksheets - Valentine sight word coloring pages – kids will have fun reading and gaining fluency with key sight words while revealing these mystery pictures - Rhyming Valentines cut and paste printables – these heart workshets are a fun way for kids to practice identifying rhyming words - Sneak in some fun writing practice with these Febraury Writing Prompts Calendar - Valentines Day Math Clip Cards – practice counting numbers 11-20 with these cute, low prep clip cards - Our kids favorite tradition! Print out these Valentines Day Printables and leave love notes for each other to read on February 14th! - Valentiens Day Symmetry for Kids – kids will have fun learning about symmetry with these drawing prompts. - ABC Valentines Day Worksheets – kids will have fun learning new vocabulary and practicing tracing upper and lowercase letters as they make their very own alphabet book. - Valentines Day Color by Odd and Even Numbers Worksheets - Color by Hundreds Chart Happy valentine’s day mouse activities - Valentine’s Day Math Craft – students will have fun practicing addition and subtraction within 10 while making this super cute cut and paste math craft - Free Printable Valentines Day Math Love Monsters Ten Frame Number Game - Valentines Day Color by Number – students will reveal hidden pictures as they color by number and work on number recognition - Snap Cube Valentines Day Worksheets – with two levels of difficulty these cards help kids practice using logic and spatial reasoning - Dancing Hearts Science Experiment is a fun and simple science experiment that will delight kids of all ages! - Roses are Red Poem Rhyming Puzzles – Valentines rhymes for kids - Valentines Alphabet Activity – students will have fun getting valentines ready to “mail” while matching upper and lowercase letters while working on phonemic awareness and beginning sounds. - Super cute Valentines Day Activity sorting mail by parts of speach! - Practice spelling with this fun, engaging and FREE Printable Valentine’s Day Spelling Activity - A-Z Valentine’s Day Worksheets is fun for kids to practice making capital letters using conversation hearts! - Free Valentine’s day math worksheets – kindergartners will have fun practicing numbers to 100 while they reveal hidden images with these Valentines Day coloring pages - CVC Words Valentines Day Worksheets– students will have fun practicing the sounds letters make while building CVC words with alphabet conversation hearts - Chocolate Shape Valentine Playdough Mats – kids will have fun practicing forming shapes with these chocolate shape playdough mats. - Lock and Key valentine matching game printable – kids will have fun working on color recognition with this fun, Valentine’s Day matching game - Alphabet Valentines Day Worksheets – with a free printable alphabet worksheet for each letter from A to Z, help kids work on letter recognition while decorating these heart cookies - Practice a variety of math and literacy skills with these Free Valentine’s Day Worksheets! Valentines Day Crafts - Heart Fish Craft for Valentines Day – kids will have fun cutting and pasting lots of hearts to make this adorable fish craft - Fingerprint Hearth Tree Valentines Day Craft is super cute and such a precious keepsake craft - Bear treat cup Valentines Day Craft is cute and practical too - Super cute Heart Mobile Valentines Day Craft for Preschoolers - Red Hot Valentines Slime is so pretty and fun to play with! - Try this EASY Chocolate playdough recipe to make your creations look like valentines day candy! - Wow! These FUN Valentine Science Experiments for kids of all ages are sure to keep kids engaged - Beautiful Valentines Art Projects – Matisse Style heart craft for kids - Cactus valentine craft – this is such a fun cut and paste Valentines Day Craft for kids - Salt crystal hearts Science Experiment perfect for February - 30 February Crafts for Kids – so many fun, clever crafts to fill the whole month of February - Don’t miss these fun February activities for kids By downloading from my site you agree to the following: - This is for personal and personal classroom use only - This may NOT be sold, hosted, reproduced, or stored on any other site (including blog, Facebook, Dropbox, etc.) - Graphics Purchased and used with permission - I offer free printables to bless my readers AND to provide for my family. Your frequent visits to my blog & support purchasing through affiliates links and ads keep the lights on so to speak. Thanks you!	<urn:uuid:b271ea9f-3437-42d5-86a5-b6dfb9a9ac9a>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.kindergartenworksheetsandgames.com/valentines-day-symmetry-for-kids/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206031946-20231206061946-00102.warc.gz	en	0.849936	1,466	3.359375	3
ROSAT (Röntgen Satellite) A German-American-British X-ray and ultraviolet astronomy satellite, named for Wilhelm Röntgen who discovered X-rays; it operated for almost nine years. The first six months of the mission were dedicated to an all-sky survey in X-rays (0.1–2.5 keV) and ultraviolet (62–206 eV) using an imaging telescope with a sensitivity about 1,000 times greater than that achievable with the instruments on Uhuru. During the subsequent pointed phase of its mission, ROSAT made deep observations of a wide variety of objects. Its operation ended in Feb. 12, 1999. \|\|Jun. 1, 1990 \|\|539 × 554 km × 53.0° AND SPACE PROBES	<urn:uuid:97987ca4-695f-409e-8b26-399eb898e115>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/ROSAT.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123549.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00386-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.857812	170	3.03125	3
Adolescent dysmenorrhea has long been considered a minor problem of menarche. Its relative frequency, the various degrees of severity, the minimizing attitudes of other family members, multigenerational patterns of selfmedication - all these are factors that have contributed to the lack of interest shown by physicians themselves! In 1981, Dawood began to sensitize American physicians to the extent of the problem by attracting their attention to the social and economic repercussions of both school and work absenteeism because of dysmenorrhea. Since then, the demonstration of a hyperproduction of uterine prostaglandins (PGF2α) has led to the development of a specific treatment whose prototype, flurbiprofene (of the propionate group), has been found to have a remarkable efficacy in treating this adolescent syndrome. Dysmenorrhea, because it is a pain syndrome, is essentially evaluated by subjective report. We have thus defined it as the ensemble of symptoms whose total score is >5; that is, greater than simple pelvic discomfort. Using this criterion, the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in a population of 4,203 adolescents from 14 to 18 years was found to be 21%. It is difficult to compare this result with those of other groups, in part because the definition of dysmenorrhea varies considerably in the literature, rendering quantitative comparison highly questionable. Given the wide differences in definition, it is not surprising to note that the prevalence varies ( table 2) from 43 to 80% - and up to 91% in one group of American adolescents! The relationship between dysmenorrhea and ovulation is unknown, with much contradictory data. The establishment of ovulatory cycles is a perquisite for dysmenorrhea for some groups. Conversely, Balbi et al. reported that early menarche was related to an increase in its prevalence and its severity. In our experience, 31% of the adolescents reported dysmenorrhea at menarche; 34% reported dysmenorrhea appearing 1 year later, and 20%, 2 years later. It therefore seems that neither age of menarche nor the establishment of ovulatory cycles determines the presence of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Conversely, in line with our own observations, several authors have noted that dysmenorrhea included in an adolescent premenstrual syndrome (associating breast tenderness and mood swings) signals the existence of a psychological phenotype specific to the dysmenorrheic adolescent (indolence, lack of athletic activity, mother-daughter symbiosis, familial oversensitivity, and so on). In conclusion, dysmenorrhea leads to important undertreated morbidity in adolescent girls. It is regrettable that, at a time when there are simple, specific and efficacious medications available for the symptoms of dysmenorrhea, they are used by only a third of the adolescents who suffer regularly from this syndrome. This speaks clearly of the need for pediatricians, gynecologists and generalists to better inform their patients of the help that is available! Revision date: June 14, 2011 Last revised: by Tatiana Kuznetsova, D.M.D.	<urn:uuid:c1aca74b-8460-4594-8d10-8f87494e5867>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	http://www.health.am/gyneco/more/adolescent-dysmenorrhea-conclusion/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886939.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117122304-20180117142304-00718.warc.gz	en	0.944156	649	2.9375	3
Sometimes before an earthquake, strange bright orbs and glows are seen in the sky, like the scene visible in this video clip captured a half hour before the 2008 quake in Sichuan, China. You might think these are related to the UFOs that cause the quakes, but new research not only suggests a natural cause but also raises the possibility that the phenomena could be an indicator that a quake is coming. The scientists from Quebec Ministry of Natural Resources and San Jose State University suggest that rocks under high stress deep underground release oxygen ions that eventually make their way to the surface, ionizing air pockets above ground and creating a light-emitting plasma. “If you see visible lights in the sky, and you live in an earthquake-prone area, they might be an early-warning sign that an earthquake is approaching,” geologist Robert Thériault says. More in Smithsonian: "Why Do Lights Sometimes Appear in the Sky During An Earthquake?"	<urn:uuid:55873c13-e485-4800-b685-3a89b78706ce>	CC-MAIN-2015-32	http://boingboing.net/2014/01/06/weird-lights-appearing-before.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438043060830.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002420-00214-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.938036	196	3.34375	3
Mass social movements swept across Eastern Europe 20 years ago, toppling repressive Stalinist regimes that had claimed to be socialist. Mark L Thomas introduces our coverage of the anniversary as he remembers the tumultuous events of 1989 As 1989 began, the one-party states that littered Eastern Europe seemed impregnable, as by and large they had done for the previous four and half decades. Yet by the end of the year, one after another, they had been swept away or were rapidly heading that way. By Christmas Day 1989, when the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu was tried and executed followed a dramatic uprising (all beamed across the world on television), everything had changed utterly. The opening salvo of events, though dwarfed by what was to come, seemed dramatic enough. The leaders of the Solidarity trade union movement in Poland were invited into negotiations about power-sharing in February 1989 by the same ruling Stalinist bureaucracy that had so brutally repressed them just eight years earlier. This was followed by Solidarity sweeping the board in unprecedented elections. The first crack in the monolith had appeared. The once successful state capitalist regimes were desperate. They tried to respond to their deep economic crises by looking to reform from above to solve their problems and stave off revolutions from below. The cracks deepened when the regime in Hungary, looking to do a deal with the opposition, opened its border with Austria. The "Iron Curtain" separating East and West had been breached. Not for the first time, attempts at controlled reform from above by despotic regimes created a space for mass opposition from below to suddenly erupt. Nowhere was this more true than in the Soviet Empire's frontline state, East Germany. As East Germans, ostensibly holidaying in Hungary, took the opportunity to flee into Austria, confidence among those back home grew. Protest seemed possible and repression not inevitable. Demonstrations grew dramatically as thousands attended crammed meetings and took to the streets of Leipzig and other cities and towns across East Germany. The police launched vicious attacks and the regime hesitated on the brink of unleashing massive repression. But it never came. Instead Eric Honecker, the general secretary of the Communist Party since 1971, was pushed out in mid-October leaving the population stunned and euphoric. The dam had well and truly burst. The great turning point came three weeks later when the regime announced that all restrictions of movement to West Germany were lifted. Exuberant crowds tore away huge chunks of the Berlin Wall (erected in 1961 to stem the flood of skilled workers moving to West Germany) on 9 November, and poured through into West Berlin in a night of intense drama and revolutionary symbolism. Events across Eastern Europe were inseparable from those inside the USSR itself. The attempt by part of the bureaucracy to initiate market-based economic restructuring was led by Mikhail Gorbachev. Significantly, it was bound up with the recognition that Soviet tanks would not repeat what they had done in Hungary in 1956 or Czechoslovakia in 1968 to crush popular uprisings. Instead, the Soviet Union's "outer empire" crumbled at its westernmost tip in Berlin and then unravelled eastwards, as the "inner empire" itself began to rapidly disintegrate from the Baltic states to the Caucasus. Nationalist movements erupted, popular protests spread and two massive miners' strikes shook the country in 1989 and again in 1991 as workers acted independently for the first time since the late 1920s. By the end of 1991 the Soviet Union was officially declared dissolved. Writing in this magazine in December 1989, Tony Cliff wrote, "We are witnessing the most massive earthquake of the old social and political order in Eastern Europe. It is on a scale reminiscent of 1848 and 1917." Mass workers' struggles had played a central role in sweeping away the regimes that too many on the left saw as in some, perhaps distorted, way being "workers' states". In reality these societies were state capitalist dictatorships based on competitive accumulation and exploitation every bit as much as their Western counterparts. Cliff was right. Authoritarian rule collapsed, whole states disappeared and became historical curiosities to anyone under 30 (East Germany, Czechoslovakia and, of course, the USSR). Massive gains in rights to organise were won with independent trade unions, elections and public meetings becoming part of the fabric of life. But the greatest gain was that Stalinism, the greatest crime ever perpetrated against socialism, went into the dustbin of history. Yet though the roots of class power were badly shaken, perhaps above all in East Germany, they survived, albeit in new forms. This was in part because the old rulers' scramble towards the market found an echo in huge illusions among ordinary people in what the market would bring. These hopes have been shattered. The deep economic collapse that marked the "transition" to the market across the old Eastern bloc has returned with a vengeance, this time as the sharpest flank of Europe's financial crisis and brutal recession.	<urn:uuid:4b02122f-5666-4dc7-9f61-ba611c155bc7>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	http://socialistreview.org.uk/341/1989-2009-revolutions-brought-down-stalinism	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823565.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211040413-20181211061913-00064.warc.gz	en	0.980616	1,012	2.671875	3
« НазадПродовжити » more of the spirit of moral feeling of the celebrated philosopher of Malmesbury. The narrow scale and fine-drawn distinctions of his political creed made his conversation on such subjects infinitely amusing, particularly when contrasted with that of persons who dealt in the sounding common-places and sweeping clauses of abstract politics. He knew all the cabals and jealousies and heart-burnings in the beginning of the late reign, the changes of administration and the springs of secret influence, the characters of the leading men, Wilkes, Barrè, Dunning, Chatham, Burke, the Marquis of Rockingham, North, Shelburne, Fox, Pitt, and all the vacillating events of the American war :--these formed a curious back-ground to the more prominent figures that occupied the present time, and Mr. Tooke worked out the minute details and touched in the evanescent traits with the pencil of a master. His conversation resembled a political camera obscura—as quaint as it was magical. . To some pompous pretenders he might seem to narrate fabellas aniles (old wives' fables)—but not to those who study human nature, and wish to know the materials of which it is composed. Mr. Tooke’s faculties might appear to have ripened and acquired a finer flavour with age. In a former period of his life he was hardly the man he was latterly; or else he had greater abilities to contend against. He no where makes so poor a figure as in his controversy with Junius. He has evidently the best of the argument, yet he makes nothing out of it. He tells a long story about himself, without wit or point in it; and whines and whimpers like a school-boy under the rod of his master. Junius, after bringing a hasty charge against him, has not a single fact to adduce in support of it; but keeps his ground and fairly beats his adversary out of the field by the mere force of style. One would think that “ Parson Horne” knew who Junius was, and was afraid of him. “ Under him his genius is” quite " rebuked.” With the best cause to defend, he comes off more shabbily from the contest than any other in the LETTERS, except Sir William Draper, who is the very hero of defeat. The great thing which Mr. Horne Tooke has done, and which he has left behind him to posterity, is his work on Grammar, oddly enough entitled THE DIVERSIONS OF Purley. Many people have taken it up as a description of a game-others supposing it to be a novel. It is, in truth, one of the few philosophical works on Grammar that were ever written. The essence of it (and, indeed, almost all that is really valuable in it) is contained in his Letter to Dunning, published about the year 1775. Mr. Tooke's work is truly elementary. Dr. Lowth described Mr. Harris's Hermes as “ the finest specimen of analysis since the days of Aristotle"-a work in which there is no analysis at all, for analysis consists in reducing things to their principles, and not in endless details and subdivisions. Mr. Harris multiplies distinctions, and confounds his readers. Mr. Tooke clears away the rubbish of school-boy technicalities, and strikes at the root of his subject. In accomplishing his arduous task, he was, perhaps, aided not more by the strength and resources of his mind than by its limits and defects. There is a web of old associations wound round language, that is a kind of veil over its natural features; and custom puts on the mask of ignorance. But this veil, this mask the author of The Diversions of Purley threw aside and penetrated to the naked truth of things, by the literal, matter-offact, unimaginative nature of his understanding, and because he was not subject to prejudices or illusions of any kind. Words may be said to “ bear a charmed life, that must not yield to one of woman born”- with womanish weaknesses and confused apprehensions. But this charm was broken in the case of Mr. Tooke, whose mind was the reverse of effeminatehard, unbending, concrete, physical, half-savage--and who saw language stripped of the clothing of habit or sentiment, or the disguises of doting pedantry, naked in its cradle, and in its primitive state. Our author tells us that he found his discovery on Grammar among a number of papers on other subjects, which he had thrown aside and forgotten. Is this an idle boast? Or had he made other discoveries of equal importance, which he did not think it worth his while to communicate to the world, but chose to die the churl of knowledge ? The whole of his reasoning turns upon shewing that the Conjunction That is the pronoun That, which is itself the participle of a verb, and in like manner that all the other mystical and hitherto unintelligible parts of speech are derived from the only two intelligible ones, the Verb and Noun. “ I affirm that gold is yellow,” “ I affirm that fact, or that proposition, viz. gold is yellow.” The secret of the Conjunction on which so many fine heads had split, on which so many learned definitions were thrown away, as if it was its peculiar province and inborn virtue to announce oracles and for mal propositions, and nothing else, like a Doctor of Laws, is here at once accounted for, inasmuch as it is clearly nothing but another part of speech, the pronoun, that, with a third part of speech, the noun, thing, understood. This is getting at a solution of words into their component parts, not glossing over one difficulty by bringing another to parallel it, nor like saying with Mr. Harris, when it is asked, “ what a Conjunction is ?” that there are conjunctions copulative, conjunctions disjunctive, and as many other frivolous varieties of the species as any one chooses to hunt out “ with laborious foolery." Our author hit upon his parent-discovery in the course of a law-suit, while he was examining, with jealous watchfulness, the meaning of words to prevent being entrapped by them; or rather, this circumstance might itself be traced to the habit of satisfying his own mind as to the precise sense in which he himself made use of words. Mr. Tooke, though he had no objection to puzzle others, was mightily averse to being puzzled or mystified himself. All was, to his determined mind, either complete light or complete darkness. There was no hazy, doubtful chiaro-scuro in his understanding. He wanted something “ palpable to feeling as to sight.” What,” he	<urn:uuid:53c28dea-557e-45f7-be63-1ff95dbbea7a>	CC-MAIN-2021-31	https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=JTphAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123&focus=viewport&vq=lines&dq=editions:NYPL33433074796834&lr=&hl=uk&output=html_text	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153392.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727135323-20210727165323-00419.warc.gz	en	0.979945	1,454	2.609375	3
ConceptNet is a critical component of Luminoso’s approach to natural language understanding. It is an open-source semantic knowledge base that has been developed at MIT Media Labs for over a decade. Its ultimate purpose? To teach computers language and the basic facts about the world that people take for granted when we converse with each other. Ultimately, it is a huge step forward in helping software learn and understand language in the same way that people do… making the analysis of unstructured, text-based data that much more accurate. To learn more about ConceptNet, see examples of it in use, and view the documentation, take a look at the official ConceptNet website.View Website For a more in-depth look at our Chief Research Officer Rob Speer’s research and the latest advances we’re making in the field of word embeddings, check out our science blog.View Blog	<urn:uuid:b38a0c77-4d4c-4437-9ec7-acb3d46a5435>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	https://luminoso.com/science/conceptnet	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105922.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819201404-20170819221404-00506.warc.gz	en	0.919108	188	2.953125	3
The Ocean Trap and Line fishery is a multi method, multi species fishery targeting demersal and pelagic fish along the entire NSW coast, in continental shelf and slope waters. Snapper, yellowtail kingfish, leatherjackets, bonito and silver trevally form the bulk of the commercial catch. Other key species include rubberlip (grey) morwong, blue-eye trevalla, sharks, bar cod and yellowfin bream. Spanner crabs are also harvested from Tweed Heads to Korogoro Point, near Hat Head on the mid-north coast of NSW. Tuna and tuna-like species are primarily managed by the Commonwealth Government outside three nautical miles. The fishery uses a variety of methods, most commonly involving traps or lines with hooks. The methods used in the fishery (and the key species taken by each method) include: demersal fish trap (snapper, silver trevally, rubberlip morwong and leatherjackets); setlines/trotlines (snapper and sharks); driftlines (spotted and Spanish mackerel, yellowtail kingfish, and sharks); hand-held line (mulloway, yellowtail kingfish and bonito); dropline (blue-eye and hapuku); trolling/leadlining (yellowtail kingfish, mackerel and tuna); and spanner crab nets, known as a 'dilly'. Snapper is a highly sort after species that makes up approximately 12% of the total catch for the Ocean Trap and Line Fishery each year. This popular species is sold throughout NSW as fresh or frozen fillets or whole fish with the premium quality product able to fetch a high price. The spanner crab is a highly regarded seafood product caught on the north coast of NSW. This species accounts for approximately 11% of the total Ocean Trap and Line Fishery catch each year. A comprehensive Fishery Management Strategy (FMS) has been prepared for the Ocean Trap and Line Fishery and was approved by the Minister for Primary Industries in November 2006. The Strategy includes a description of the fishery and the management arrangements that apply or are proposed. Before the Strategy was finalised, a draft strategy was subject to a comprehensive environmental impact assessment process under the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979. The Environmental Impact Statement was publicly exhibited in March/April 2006. Some of the key changes that will be introduced as a result of the strategy include: The Ocean Trap and Line Fishery is a share management fishery. This means that commercial fishers must hold sufficient shares to be eligible for an endorsement to operate in the fishery. An endorsement authorises the use of specific gear to take fish for sale from certain waters. The rules and regulations that apply to the fishery are contained within the Fisheries Management (Ocean Trap and Line Share Management Plan) Regulation 2006 (www.legislation.nsw.gov.au) the Fisheries Management Act 1994 No 38 (www.legislation.nsw.gov.au) the Fisheries Management (General) Regulation 2010 (www.legislation.nsw.gov.au) and Fisheries Management (Supporting Plan) Regulation 2006 (www.legislation.nsw.gov.au). The fishery is currently managed by input controls which limit the fishing capacity of fishers by indirectly controlling the amount of fish caught. These controls include restrictions on the number of endorsements, the amount, design and dimensions of fishing gear, and the waters that may be worked. The six types of Ocean Trap and Line endorsements in NSW ocean waters are listed below. They specify the methods that may be used and the waters in which fishing may be conducted. 1. Line fishing western zone endorsement A line fishing western zone endorsement authorises the holder to use a line to take fish from ocean waters that are west of the 183 metre (100 fathoms) depth contour. 2. Line fishing eastern zone endorsement A line fishing eastern zone endorsement authorises the holder to use a line to take fish from ocean waters that are east of the 183 metre (100 fathoms) depth contour. 3. Demersal fish trap endorsement A demersal fish trap endorsement authorises the holder to take fish from ocean waters by means of a fish trap set or used on the sea bed. 4. School and gummy shark endorsement A school and gummy shark endorsement authorises the holder to take school and gummy sharks using a line from ocean waters south of a line drawn due east from the northern point of the entrance to Moruya River. 5. Spanner crab northern zone endorsement A spanner crab northern zone endorsement authorises the holder to use a spanner crab net to take spanner crabs from ocean waters that are north of a line drawn due east from the southern break wall at Yamba. 6. Spanner crab southern zone endorsement A spanner crab southern zone endorsement authorises the holder to use a spanner crab net to take spanner crabs from ocean waters that are south of a line drawn due east from the southern break wall at Yamba and north of Korogoro Point (Hat Head). Fishers in the Ocean Trap and Line Fishery are required to submit records on a monthly basis detailing their catch and fishing effort. The information collected assists in the ongoing monitoring and assessment of the status of fish stocks. The catch and effort information collected from commercial fishers has other critical roles in fisheries management including helping to understand patterns of fishing activities and the mix of species from targeted and general fishing operations. Fishers are also required to report any interactions with threatened or endangered species during fishing operations. This information is a vital component of all fisheries and provides management with a better understanding of the impact commercial fishing may have on these species. Fisheries officers are located in coastal and inland areas in NSW. They are responsible for coordinating and implementing compliance strategies. These strategies include: During the 1860s, sail and oar boats were first reported to be line fishing (handlining) in the enclosed waters and nearshore reefs and headlands of Port Jackson. From 1908 onwards, long lines were used regularly to catch snapper, leatherjackets and morwong. This coincides with the development of steam, and later petrol-powered, engines. Long lining and fish trapping in NSW pre-dates trawling and for many years were the main methods used to catch ocean dwelling fish. In the 1930s, fishers began taking tuna by trolling methods. Poling became prevalent in the 1950s, and tuna fishing dominated trap and line activities in the state. By the 1960s and 1970s, larger boats and better engines helped the lining fleet to expand from close inshore operations to 100 nautical miles to sea. In 1991, the Commonwealth and NSW governments signed an Offshore Constitutional Settlement (OCS), giving NSW jurisdiction for all ocean trap and line fishing activities out to approximately 80 nautical miles offshore. Under the current OCS, tuna taken by longline and purse seine methods are managed by the Commonwealth. The Ocean Trap and Line Fishery became a restricted fishery in 1997. Eligibility for endorsements in the fishery was assessed on historical participation and method criteria. The Ocean Trap and Line Fishery is now a category 1 share management fishery. A share management plan for the fishery has been prepared in accordance with the agreed goals, objectives and management responses outlined in the management strategy. For further information on the Ocean Trap & Line Fishery telephone (02) 4916 3920.	<urn:uuid:4194b01c-57ae-4230-9ac3-d026288c422b>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/commercial/fisheries/otl-fishery	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00603-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.932951	1,555	2.578125	3
\|—n , pl -cia\| \|any freshwater protozoan of the genus Paramecium, having an oval body covered with cilia and a ventral ciliated groove for feeding: phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)\| \|[C18: New Latin, from Greek paramēkēs elongated, from \| \|the offspring of a zebra and a donkey.\| \|a scrap or morsel of food left at a meal.\| Paramecium Par·a·me·ci·um (pār'ə-mē'shē-əm, -sē-əm) A genus of freshwater ciliate protozoans, characteristically slipper-shaped and covered with cilia, and commonly used for genetic research and other studies. \|paramecium (pār'ə-mē'sē-əm) Pronunciation Key Plural paramecia or parameciums Any of various freshwater protozoans of the genus Paramecium that are usually oval in shape and that move by means of cilia. Although they consist of a single cell, paramecia are large enough to be visible to the naked eye. Like other ciliates, paramecia contain two nuclei, a macronucleus and a micronucleus. On the cellular surface is a groove that opens into a gullet, into which food particles are absorbed.	<urn:uuid:8e30ac37-961e-4d59-9b8f-6ef30b928ca3>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/paramecium	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709037764/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125717-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.836922	307	3.46875	3
THE CAPTURE of Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, AKA H. Rap Brown, in Lowndes County, Ala., marks the close of two eras in the history of American race relations. Both may be said to have begun in the place where U.S. law-enforcement officials last week apprehended Al-Amin and ended a massive manhunt for the killer of sheriff's deputy Richard Kinchen, who was gunned down in a vicious ambush almost a week earlier in Atlanta. Al-Amin had fled to the rural community where he had begun his political career in the early '60s as a member of Stokely Carmichael's Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. In 1964, he and Carmichael were key activists in the Lowndes County Freedom Organization, a nonviolent Christian group that tried to put black candidates on the ballot under new civil-rights laws, which that very year had put an end to the era of segregation. The emblem of the Lowndes County Freedom Organization was a black panther. Odd for a Christian electoral effort, the panther symbol was soon to inspire a group of urban gang members in Oakland, Calif., led by Huey Newton. Newton called his group the Black Panther Party, a violent, radical paramilitary organization that quickly became the favorite vanguard of the New Left. Tom Hayden even christened the Panthers "America's Vietcong," reflecting the political fantasy of '60s radicals who considered themselves at war with America. In 1968, at Newton's invitation, leaders of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee were inducted into the Panthers and H. Rap Brown, whose path-breaking use of violent rhetoric had given him national notoriety, briefly became its "minister of justice." The alliance was Newton's attempt to unite his political gang with the organization whose symbol he had appropriated. By then Carmichael and Brown had become national figures, Young Turks in the civil-rights movement who were dissatisfied with the extraordinary victories the movement had peacefully achieved. Carmichael and Brown turned their backs on nonviolence and integration, derided the leadership of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., and preached instead a gospel of "black power" and armed revolution. "Violence," Brown declared in the only statement for which he is known, "is as American as cherry pie." Cheered on by the mostly white radical New Left, they reviled King as an Uncle Tom and set themselves on a course of confrontation and violence and—above all— rejection of the American idea into which King sought inclusion for black Americans. The negative impact of the radical black left, which Newton, Brown, and Carmichael inspired over the years, can hardly be overestimated. It spawned a generation of violent rage and separatism and a legacy of black racism, which tarnished the legacy of the civil-rights movement and is still with us today. Posing as a "servant of the people," Newton extorted Oakland's inner-city community, conducting shakedown operations of local "after hours" clubs and other illegal activities. His death came at the hands of a crack dealer he had burned. As soon as the '60s were over, Carmichael left the country to live as a courtier of the dictator Sekou Toure, whose brutal rule caused 250,000 Guinean citizens to flee their West African homeland. After more than a decade in exile, Carmichael—who had changed his name to "Kwame Toure" (thus honoring two dictators, Toure and Kwame Nkrumah)—returned to America to become a follower of Louis Farrakhan and a spewer of anti-American bile and racial hate. H. Rap Brown spent the first five years of the '70s in jail. His violent rages, dressed up as "political protest," had landed him a prison term for attempted armed robbery (lesser charges for inciting a riot were not prosecuted). He emerged from confinement to become a religious Muslim, "imam" of his own mosque, and leader of his own personal cult among drug addicts and the homeless in Atlanta's West End. Many will shrink from the cold look that these lives deserve. They will talk of the "idealism" that was once present and is now lost. An astute black writer and former radical, Earl Ofari Hutchinson, wrote in an article for Netnoir.com, a black webzine: "[Brown's] capture will almost certainly trigger another round of media reflection on how he, the Panthers, and other 1960s black radicals drowned the genuine idealism and passion for social change of thousands of blacks in an ocean of selfishness, greed, opportunism, and nihilistic violence. Some of this will be true, but what it misses is the sacrifice and struggle of thousands of men and women against injustice. And for a time that certainly included Brown." My own view is somewhat different. I don't think there is any chance that either the media or the American public will forget or cease to honor the idealism of the civil-rights movement. What they will take from Al-Amin's criminal trajectory is a lesson about the radicalism that derailed the civil-rights movement and politically rationalized hate. The violent conclusion of Brown's political career will be correctly taken as symbolic of the bankruptcy of the revolutionary left in America's remarkable opportunity society. The hapless victim of Al-Amin's alleged crime was an officer of the law who led an exemplary life and who was black. The chief of the Atlanta Police Department, which led the hunt for the killer, is black and female. Atlanta, once the heart of the slaveholding Confederacy, is today the center of the liberated New South, itself a tribute to the triumphant moral crusade of King, the leader who preached nonviolence and integration, and whom Brown, Carmichael, and Newton temporarily displaced and tried in vain to discredit and destroy. For it is King's legacy that has survived and triumphed. The rule of law is now a rule that not only includes black Americans as King dreamed but is enforced by black Americans as well.	<urn:uuid:03885468-94a1-49a8-915d-28397921edc6>	CC-MAIN-2016-30	http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=24367	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823670.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00226-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97078	1,249	2.828125	3
This Morning: Dr Chris warns bad breath can indicate diseases Periodontal disease occurs when the gums are inflamed and infections are brewing around the gum line and bones that support the teeth. What are the warning signs? According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), alongside bad breath, other indications may include red, swollen, tender or bleeding gums. The condition could also lead to painful chewing, loose and sensitive teeth, and gums that have pulled away from the teeth. What caused periodontal disease? When bacteria in the mouth infects tissue surrounding a tooth, inflammation ensues, and periodontal disease develops. Bacteria on the teeth form plaque, which can then harden to tartar, called calculus. "Tartar build-up can spread below the gum line, which makes the teeth harder to clean," the CDC added. Certain risk factors can increase the risk of periodontal disease, which requires cleaning from a dental professional. Oral health: Do you have halitosis? Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, poor oral hygiene, stress, crooked teeth, and defective fillings. If you have periodontal disease, in order to keep the condition under control, you are required to brush and floss every day. Moreover, an annual dental health check-up can address any symptoms of the condition. Experts at the Mayo Clinic warned that periodontal disease can lead to tooth loss. Not only that, the bacteria responsible for periodontal disease can enter the bloodstream through gum tissue. As such, other body parts can be affected; the condition has been associated with respiratory disease, rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes. Oral hygiene tips Brushing twice a day is standard advice, but did you know you have to floss before you brush your teeth? "Flossing before you brush allows you to clean away the loosened food particles and bacteria," the CDC explained. "Good oral hygiene prevents the development of an environment around your teeth that is favourable to specific bacteria that cause periodontal disease." Treatment methods for periodontal disease can include scaling, root planing, and antibiotics. Scaling removes tartar and bacteria from the tooth surfaces and below the gum line. Root planing, on the other hand, involves smoothing the root surfaces to discourage further build-up of tartar and bacteria. If antibiotics are prescribed by a dentist, the aim is to usually control a bacterial infection. In more advanced stages of the disease, treatment options can include pocket reduction surgery, soft tissue grafts, bone grafting, and guided tissue regeneration. If any of these treatments are needed, your dentist will talk you through the procedure. Should you feel anxious about getting dental treatment, do speak up about it, and hopefully your fears will be alleviated. For those with periodontal disease, you may be required to visit the dentist more often than once a year.	<urn:uuid:1fd2e1ed-c916-47f8-8506-8b935e1eb3ef>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/1582806/oral-health-halitosis-periodontal-disease-symptoms-signs	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00692.warc.gz	en	0.927529	622	3.203125	3
You are hereHome › This is a lesson about the role of computers in space exploration. Learners will investigate various ways to improve mission design to maximize the scientific return. In the first activity, the students examine how the use of flowcharts can help make computer programs error-free and efficient, in this way making the spacecraft more reliable. In the second activity, the students investigate how data can be compressed for transmission over limited bandwidth. By the end of the lesson, the students come to realize that the wealth of data gathered by spacecraft is useless if it cannot be transmitted safely and efficiently to the scientists on the Earth.	<urn:uuid:ca1f1ead-d947-44e4-8aaf-1cd71f6455c7>	CC-MAIN-2015-22	http://www.nasawavelength.org/resource/nw-000-000-003-011/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926964.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00330-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.913421	126	3.9375	4
After you complete this course, you will be able to: - How to locate functions in Excel for statistics - How to apply functions two different ways - Applying Data Analysis add-on to your Excel - Performing statistical analysis with Data Analysis (Examples and Helpful sites) During this course, we will be looking into the basics, as well as some of the advanced techniques, of doing statistics in Excel. By the end of this course, you should know some of the built in functions that you can use in Excel for statistics. In addition, you will learn about the add-on called "Data Analysis". In this video, you will be learning the basics of how to use excel for statistical purposes. When you go through this video, you will find where the statistical functions are located at, as well as how to write a function in a cell that will call upon the function. It is recommend that you do full screen to get the best visual to see what is going on. We will also learn about "Data Analysis" that is an optional add on for Excel. We are going to go over some examples of how to use statistics in Excel. Here is a guide of helpful links on statistical tools you can use on Excel. Microsoft Office and "Data Analysis" tool: Complete list of Excel statistical functions: You made it! Now take what you have learned, and apply it to your own statistical needs.	<urn:uuid:f20d4a73-4346-43e1-9e9f-d6915e9be5ef>	CC-MAIN-2018-22	https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/introduction-into-doing-statistics-in-excel	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863662.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520170536-20180520190536-00553.warc.gz	en	0.937778	297	3.34375	3
10 years ago, 189 nations, including the United States, signed onto the Millennium Declaration, which laid out 8 goals that when achieved, would end extreme poverty and improve the health and well-being of the world's poor. Melanne Verveer, U.S. Ambassador-at-large for Global Women's Issues, has stated that Millennium Development Goal 3 on gender equality is the linchpin to achieving all other Millennium Development Goals. "It is a simple fact," said Ambassador Verveer, "no country can get ahead if half of its citizens are left behind." The United States' strategy for meeting the Millennium Development Goals has been to invest in women and girls through many of its major policy initiatives. The first is the Global Health Initiative – a $63 billion program to improve health and strengthen health systems worldwide, with a focus on maternal and child heath, family planning and nutrition. Women are also a key pillar of the Feed the Future program which is a $3.5 billion commitment by the U.S. to sustainably reduce poverty and hunger through agricultural development and food security, so farmers can support their families and food can be available more broadly. Women farmers in particular need training, access to financial services, markets and to be included in decision-making if they are to become more agriculturally productive. In order to alleviate poverty, economic growth is essential. Because women-run small and medium size businesses are key accelerators of economic growth, the U.S. has focused efforts on increasing women's economic opportunities. In conjunction with the African Growth and Opportunity Act, the U.S. has created the African Women's Entrepreneurship Program to provide women with the tools and skills they need to gain access to financing and markets. Another key indicator of gender equality is the situation of women in conflict and post-conflict settings. The U.S. has been working to accelerate implementation of the U.N Security Council Resolutions 1325, 1820, 1888, and 1889, all of which link women to peace and security. Where women are oppressed and marginalized, societies are more dangerous and extremism is more likely to take hold. Initiatives like these said Ambassador Verveer, "indicate the centrality of investing in women and girls as a fundamental principle of our approach to development and foreign policy. The only way we can hope to meet the fundamental challenges of our time is to incorporate the needs and tap the talents and potential of women and girls around the world."	<urn:uuid:5743af2a-bfec-41bb-b7e8-22046bbb25dd>	CC-MAIN-2020-50	https://editorials.voa.gov/a/advancing-womens-rights-103738454/1482058.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674082.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201104718-20201201134718-00026.warc.gz	en	0.958171	509	3.28125	3
The roots of the instantly recognisable Paisley pattern design may surprise a lot of people, who do not realise that its heritage goes back not only many hundreds of years, but many thousands of miles too. It’s an interesting and varied tale which shows that multi-culturalism is by no means a new phenomenon. It may have experienced its ups and downs in popularity, but it’s always been assured a place in the heart of the local population of Paisley itself, as well as reaching new audiences of fashionistas and design buffs who strive to present their own take on this most traditional and beautiful of patterns. A design that is many hundreds of years old The design itself can trace its origins back to Persia and the Sassanid Dynasty, a period of time that stretches back to around 221AD. Its distinctive shape, likened variously to a tear drop, a kidney or even that most exotic of fruit the Mango was originally called “boteh jegheh” and was created as a motif for a religious movement known as Zoroastrianists. The design was supposed to represent the Cypress Tree which was their symbol of everlasting life. In Tamil culture, another region famed for it’s love of the pattern, the paisley design is known as Mankolam, as it resembles a Mango. Mango fruit is incredibly highly prized amongst the Tamil, it being a symbol of health, peace and prosperity. The symbol was not only used as a design to go into fabric, but something that would also be used in jewellery designs too, particularly modelled in high carat gold earrings or pendants. The spread of the influential pattern Another popular design of the time and of the Persian region was something called the “buteh” which was similar in appearance to the design we’re familiar with but took on more of a floral appearance. This was used to decorate anything to do with the royal line of the time, including crowns and court garments. It was typically woven from gold or silver threads and put onto clothing or apparel that was constructed out of silk. The fashion for using the pattern spread to many other Asian and Indian countries over the following centuries and it was in the Moghul period between the years 1526-1764 that it became the most popular, appearing on everything from stone carvings to the accoutrements and regalia of Princes and Holy Men. It was during the 1600s that the pattern began to appear on shawls that were specifically designed for men. Historians have dated the earliest discovered piece of textile work with the design on to around 1680. Princes of this era wore expensive pashmina shawls with the design that were incredibly labour intensive to make as they included a mixture of tapestry and weaving to produce them. Estimates guess that each shawl could have taken as long as eighteen months to make, such was the level of detail that went into them. The garments were being produced in Kashmir, which incidentally, is the region that gives us the name Cashmere in relation to the goat’s hair that the shawls were woven out of at the time. During the late eighteenth century, when trade and industrialisation were beginning to take hold, men who were working for the British East India Company imported these shawls into the UK. As greatly loved as they were by the people who were importing them, it was recognised that they were going to be incredibly expensive and time consuming to produce so these entrepreneurs wanted to try and find ways of mass producing them much more cheaply. It was during the closing stages of this century that we first see records for Paisley Patterned shawls being made in Norwich in East Anglia and for the first time in Scotland, though it was initially in Edinburgh. If you want to know why Paisley became the epicentre of the design and gave it its name, then we need to look no further than the Napoleonic wars, which occurred at the end of the eighteenth century and spread into the early nineteenth. These wars presented major problems with trading and exporting of goods, meaning that many luxury items simply couldn’t be brought across to the UK, one of these were the intricate shawls. A side effect of trade being interrupted meant that there were many workers in this country who were out of work. At the time, Paisley was a major producer of silk, it therefore had many skilled workers who were unemployed. A story that’s passed into lore tells of a mill in Edinburgh called Patersons who were having trouble completing an order for shawls that they had been sent. The order was sent to some unemployed silk workers in Paisley who did an exceptional job. They realised how much potential money there was for making such garments and from then on, the industry thrived in Paisley and the various mills in the town. The mill workers here were known not only for their immense skill, but for being very well read and educated too. Victorian era onwards By the mid 1840s, the fashion for these shawls and the designs being produced in Paisley were the envy of all of France too and there became something of a problem with the French trying to counterfeit and copy them. Thus, the British Government decided to introduce a patent to the pattern. Whilst the silk workers here were doing an exemplary job, the Industrial Revolution brought into play newfangled machinery such as Jacquard Looms. These pieces of equipment meant that a wider variety of Paisley patterns could be produced in a much quicker and efficient fashion in a wider variety of colours too. By the year 1860 it’s estimated that the weavers in Paisley could produce shawls that had as many as fifteen different colours in them, a marked increase on the number of colours that the same shawls being imported from Kashmir could produce. During the latter stages of the Victorian era, more technological developments meant that as well as the pattern being weaved into shawls it could also be printed onto cloth and garments. Once this happened, its popularity spread further, as it suddenly became much cheaper for the weavers of Paisley to produce and meant that people who couldn’t afford to buy the shawls had a way of incorporating the fashion into their clothes. However, as with many popular trends, it soon fell out of favour. Paisley pattern in fashion The trend for Paisley pattern did sadly wane somewhat into the early stages of the twentieth century; however, it did experience many revivals over the years. During the 1960s it became an essential part of menswear again with everything from paisley patterned shirts and ties being worn and loved by discerning gentlemen keen to get in on a fashion trend. It once again saw a resurgence during the early years of the twenty first century, becoming associated with sporting competitions, when during the Winter Olympics of 2010, the Azerbaijan team wore Paisley patterned trousers as part of their uniform. It made them an instantly recognisable part of the winter sports event, putting the pattern back on the fashion map once again. They were also made famous by the exuberant US golfing star John Daly who took to the fairway of the 2009 PGA Championships in a pair of brightly coloured purple paisley patterned golfing trousers. A character who is never one to shy away from publicity, the trousers certainly got him noticed. It’s clear that while the pattern has experienced ups and downs over the years and tastes have changed, it will never truly disappear and will always have a place somewhere in the fashion lover’s wardrobe. To think of how far it has travelled and how it developed in such a small area of Scotland is truly amazing. http://www.paisley.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/paisley-shawls.jpg428640Paisleyhttp://www.paisley.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paisley-logo-trans.pngPaisley2013-01-24 21:47:262013-11-26 01:21:53Roots of the Paisley Pattern	<urn:uuid:a00b07a1-d6ac-4a4a-b0d6-387e996aea19>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://www.paisley.org.uk/tag/cypress-tree/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170249.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00506-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.985194	1,720	2.515625	3
European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) is the name for a kind of fish. They are a commercially important flatfish. They live on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf. Its geographical range is from the Barents Sea to the Mediterranean. Plaice are characterised by their smooth, brown skin, red spots and bony ridge behind the eyes. The fish feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans and bivalves. They can be found down to about 200 m. Gastronomy[change \| change source] In England they are often used as the fish in fish and chips. In Danish cuisine they are one of the most commonly eaten fishes. Filleted, battered and pan-fried plaice is popular hot or cold as an open sandwich topping together with remoulade sauce and lemon slices. Battered plaice can also be served hot with french fries and remoulade sauce as a main dish; this fish and chips variant is commonly available as a children's special in Danish restaurants. Breaded frozen plaice, ready to be baked or fried at home, are readily available in supermarkets. Fresh plaice is also oven-baked.	<urn:uuid:7e10c3c1-4381-4b38-9924-1c52ec2444cb>	CC-MAIN-2018-34	https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_plaice	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209165.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814150733-20180814170733-00085.warc.gz	en	0.87441	250	3.1875	3
And without the expertise and knowledge to use it, you’re at a disadvantage. (Essentially) Not Related to Java When we say that something is a “lingua franca,” we mean that it’s the medium language between two languages. Simply put, it’s the English (universal language) of the programming world. It is arguably the most used programming language in the world, thanks to its popularity. - Page element animation. It can fade them in and fade them out, as well as resize or move such elements. - It can also validate input values. This helps the web form to ensure that the input is acceptable before being submitted to the server. - Transmitting information about a person’s reading and browsing activities. Different web pages function this way for personalization, analytics, tracking, and other purposes. We know that as a student, you have your priorities. You’re probably thinking of the career you might have after you graduate. You’re probably dreaming of a nice and exciting job as a programmer. In fact, you’re even thinking of earning a lot just by the use of your programming prowess. Would you let a single homework derail all those dreams? You wouldn’t, would you? Unfortunately, some homework are really tough. This is one reason why many students ditch programming. Sometimes, the assignment and tasks are just too overwhelming to finish, if not apparently impossible to finish on time. Barrier 1: Improper Motivation Say, build an app that can make life easier for the world. Or create a website that can connect people even further. Maybe even create a website that improves people’s lives. Things can get really tough. But if your heart’s in the right place, you can find ways. And, just to rub it in, we’re one of those ways. The programming assignments, ajax programming assignment help service we offer lets you become more cognizant of the opportunities you have. When you ask us to do your homework, we also teach you how to do it. You’re not going to entirely depend on us. Rather, it’s a give-and-take relationship. We drive you home, but we give you the keys. Barrier 2: The Logic behind the Code This is especially true for programming homework. The project or the homework excites you. It sends shivers down your spine. The anticipation is too much that you just want to start doing it right off the bat. You’re so excited (and you just can’t hide it). Then, once you hit the road, you’re totally lost. The reason behind this lies in the realm of theory. Anyone can memorize the facts that we mentioned above. Anyone can recite the codes and the syntax. But not everyone can find their way through a huge homework simply because they don’t understand the logic behind it. Logic is very important. Without it, you’re project may never progress one bit. Here’s where we enter the picture. At Assignment Overflow, we make sure that your project is clear to you as much as it is to us. We make sure that you can visualize the end result of the homework before we start doing it. After all, once you start availing our service, we’re practically partners. Barrier 3: No Help This isn’t just a marketing ploy. Having no help is a real barrier when it comes to programming homework. It goes without saying that you’ll do some research, possibly extensive ones. You may even watch video tutorials or join developer communities. Now, let’s say that you found the answer to your problem from someone or somewhere. Chances are you’ll hop right in and celebrate. You will then jump to the next homework. While that makes things go faster, it doesn’t entirely help your learning. We know you need help, and we give you more than help. Why are we the Best? Now that you learned all the barriers, it’s time we tell you the weapons we have to break those pesky walls. We have the best team of programmers in the world Assignment Overflow made it possible to offer high-quality, quick, plagiarism free and cheap homework help by employing the best programmer from around the world. The support team at our command consist of sharp, professional, and highly-competitive programmers. When you entrust us your homework, we make sure you won’t get disappointed. You can even talk to our programming experts if you want or if you have questions or requests. We offer the most reasonable prices per task We know that not all students have the money to burn for their homework. In fact, spending money for a homework sometimes sounds like a crazy idea. But it’s not, especially if the help you get comes with cheap and affordable prices. We offer the fastest turnaround time We delegate tasks to our team of professionals with specialized knowledge. This means that more than one programmer will work on your project. As they say, the more the merrier. You can rest assured that you can beat your deadline to the ground. We have an unparalleled customer support We know that you value open communication and transparency when it comes to your project. You don’t want us to ruin your homework, we know that. So we keep a very efficient and convenient customer support. You can reach us anytime via different communication methods. Whenever you need to, don’t hesitate to tell us what you need and what you want for your projects. We also always keep in touch for any updates that you need. Don’t take just our word. Read these Testimonials! Drop us a message today! All you have to do is submit your assignment! We’re waiting for you to come, and talk to us!	<urn:uuid:186f832e-1eca-4ea3-9c87-643a4de58f36>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	https://www.assignmentoverflow.com/javascript-homework-help/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056297.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918032926-20210918062926-00203.warc.gz	en	0.93495	1,252	2.859375	3
The European Union has set an ambitious 2050 carbon neutral target, and to meet its goals, countries in the bloc will need meaningful policies, collaboration, and decisive action to create change and accomplish this goal. Energy management will undoubtedly be a key component in driving this transformation. In the UK alone, it is estimated that 11% of the UK’s 2050 carbon emissions target could be reached just by implementing household energy efficiency measures – such as the installation of smart meters. While there is a wealth of evidence to suggest that action to address the spiralling climate emergency needs to be quick and decisive in order to stop or reverse the impact on the environment, any measures or developments that will help achieve these targets have to be well considered, forward-looking and not merely responsive. This means there’s a responsibility for all parts of the business ecosystem that are positioned to reduce the carbon footprint of certain industries – such as electricity utilities and smart meter manufacturers – to do so in a secure manner. Smart meters and the ‘green revolution’ Smart meters are so important in the push towards unilaterally reducing our carbon footprint because of the invaluable data they provide to managers of the grid. By understanding peak times for energy usage and consumer behaviours, it is possible to manage the supply and demand of energy, ultimately reducing waste and cost. Smart meters will also be essential in other aspects of the ‘green revolution’, such as the shift to using electric vehicles (EVs), as they can inform consumers when energy costs are cheapest and power sources are greener. This information is a powerful tool for green-minded consumers, who can then choose the best time to top up their EVs. It’s this combination of adaptive wholesale energy provision and citizen empowerment that make smart meters a strong asset in the fight to achieve carbon neutrality. Security threat to the grid While the resulting ‘smart grid’ is well-placed to reduce unnecessary waste and deliver cost savings to consumers, it presents its own share of challenges – specifically around security. My colleagues recently drafted a post detailing how a single entry point – such as a smart meter – for a hacker could be used to destabilise the entire grid. Researchers from Princeton University found that a botnet of compromised power-consuming IoT devices could be ordered to switch on or off simultaneously, abruptly increasing or decreasing power demands. This sort of co-ordinated attack could potentially precipitate a large-scale blackout. The potential weaponisation of elements in the smart energy value chain is clearly a rare possibility, but it’s certainly not completely far-fetched. Other threats, such as a hacker viewing unencrypted data on an unsecured smart meter and using that to predict when people aren’t at home, is a more personal outcome for malicious use of these trends. The possibility of both widespread and targeted attacks on smart meters is a big problem as manufacturers across Europe hope to win consumers over to their benefits as part of a comprehensive shift to the grid. The importance of evolving end-to-end security What this serves to underline is just how key end-to-end security is for manufacturers in the IoT ecosystem. With just one device acting as a possible entry point to the wider network, total collaboration and a security-by-design mentality is necessary if this shift is going to be truly effective. Not only that, it is important to remember that IoT security is a constantly moving target – devices like smart meters need to be upgradeable and updated throughout their entire lifetime. It’s therefore important that each device has a unique identity to ensure these identities are managed throughout their lifecycle, and that software updates that are rolled out can only be accepted by trusted sources. Utilities and smart meter vendors each have their own set of challenges when applying IoT security across millions of meters with a lifetime of 10-15 years. While utilities need vendor-independent options that keep the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) low, smart meter makers need solutions that ensure security without driving up their manufacturing costs. This whitepaper from my colleagues is a useful point of reference for utility companies looking for answers to this conundrum. Alternatively, meter manufacturers looking to implement end-to-end security without incurring exorbitant costs can visit our website. Total collaboration is the key to smart grid success Smart grids have the possibility to be truly transformative and a key component of the EU’s drive to be carbon neutral by 2050. By analysing consumption trends, the smart grid can reduce energy waste and deploy renewable energy sources when the demand isn’t so high. On top of that, it also hands powerful analytics to consumers, granting them control over their energy usage. However, the true effectiveness of the grid will only be realised if all stakeholders involved in its success take a similar security-by-design approach. It only takes one chink in its armour for a hacker to compromise the system, threaten an attack and ultimately undermine consumer belief in the technology. For smart energy to realise its world-saving potential, we need total collaboration on end-to-end security from all parts of the ecosystem. Read more at Woods LLP Licensed from https://dis-blog.thalesgroup.com/iot/2020/10/23/achieving-a-zero-carbon-economy-requires-end-to-end-security/	<urn:uuid:f21ab70d-b88c-44a4-8d03-6a1af72e967e>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://www.woodsllp.com/post/achieving-a-zero-carbon-economy-requires-end-to-end-security	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103989282.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702071223-20220702101223-00780.warc.gz	en	0.937383	1,103	2.953125	3
April 1975 \| Volume 26, Issue 3 The fastest man in the air competed with the Wrights for ten years, became rich, and awakened America to the air age. America has long been celebrated as a nation of inventive tinkerers. As President Grant’s patent commissioner remarked a century ago, “our merchants invent, our soldiers and sailors invent, our schoolmasters invent, our professional men invent, aye, our women and children invent.” On occasion one of these tinkerers among us is touched with enough genius to influence history. Glenn Hammond Curtiss is a case in point. Glenn Curtiss was one of a select handful of true aviation pioneers. His eye-catching, record-breaking flights did more to make his countrymen air-minded than even the Wright brothers. He invented the first practical seaplane and flying boat and taught the United States Navy to fly. He was an innovator in aircraft construction, engines, and control systems. He led in founding the American aviation industry. Yet for all of that his career had its bumpy moments, most notably a bitter feud with the Wright brothers that shook the aeronautical world. Like the Wrights, the pride of Dayton, Ohio, Glenn Curtiss was deeply rooted in small-town Middle America. Hammondsport, New York, where he was born in 1878, was a village of a thousand or so on Keuka Lake in the Finger Lakes region. In those days Hammondsport was known for just one thing, its fine wine grapes, but Curtiss would widen its fame. At age fourteen he completed the eighth grade and set about making his way in the world. His first job was stencilling numbers on rolls of film in George Eastman’s Kodak plant in Rochester. He promptly figured out a way to speed up the process tenfold. Factory routine soon bored him, however, and he hired on with Western Union to deliver telegrams by bicycle—and began a lifelong fascination with speed. He entered all the local bicycle races and won most of them. At nineteen he took a wife and a steadier job as photographer for a Hammondsport studio, canvassing the countryside to take family portraits and cover weddings. But the prospect of tinkering won out over the routine of picture taking, and in 1900 Curtiss went into business for himself, opening a bicycle shop in his hometown. (In that year of 1900 two other bicycle-shop proprietors, Wilbur and Orville Wright, made their first trip to the windy shores of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to test their flight theories with a glider. Encouraging them was sixty-eight-year-old Octave Chanute, the American pioneer in gliding experiments. In Washington, Dr. Samuel P. Langley, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, was at work on a tandem-winged flying machine he called an Aerodrome. Langley’s close friend Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, was conducting aerodynamic studies with unique kites. Aeronautical experimentation, for years a European preserve, was shifting to the United States.) In Curtiss’ view the one thing wrong with a bicycle was that it had to be pedalled. He cobbled together a crude onecylinder gasoline engine, fashioning the carburetor from a half-pint tomato can, and installed it in one of his bicycles. The resulting motorcycle was more noisy than efficient, but he had found an avocation. By 1903 Curtiss was one of Hammondsport’s leading businessmen and certainly its fastest citizen. The G. H. Curtiss Manufacturing Company marketed its own makes of bicycle and motorcycle, and on Memorial Day that year he dazzled the motorcycling fraternity by setting a world onemile speed record of nearly 64 miles an hour. Yet his sporting-press label of the “hell-rider” was hyperbole. Lean and wiry, with a thick mustache and piercing eyes, he spoke little and smiled less. His characteristic frown was not a sign of unfriendliness but rather the mark of a tinkerer preoccupied with some mechanical problem. He had not the faintest trace of what is now called charisma. (Twice in 1903 Dr. Langley tried to get his Aerodrome airborne, and twice the plane and its pilot, Charles M. Manly, tumbled into the Potomac River. Manly was unhurt, but the press pilloried Langley. Editorial writers said that man was not born to fly and declared that the good doctor had better things to do than fritter away fifty thousand dollars in taxpayers’ money provided by the War Department to develop an aerial observation craft. When the Wright brothers made their trailblazing flights at Kitty Hawk on December 17, nine days after Langley’s second failure, the press paid little attention.) The man responsible for exposing Curtiss to “aerial navigation” was Thomas Scott Baldwin, a veteran circus performer and parachute jumper. “Captain Tom” Baldwin saw in lighter-than-air craft a profitable exhibition attraction. What he needed was a light and powerful engine, and that led him, in 1904, to Hammondsport and the G. H. Curtiss Manufacturing Company. Although Baldwin was twice as old as Curtiss and fifty times as flamboyant, the two hit it off immediately. Captain Tom’s airship California Arrow , powered by a Curtiss motorcycle engine, was an instant star at expositions and county fairs. (During 1904 and 1905, outside Dayton, the Wrights literally learned to fly, executing such maneuvers as figure eights and staying aloft for more than a half hour at a time. No powered heavier-than-air craft anywhere else in the world had even gotten off the ground, and would not do so for a year. Their flying was done openly but included no officially witnessed “public” demonstrations. Rather than acclaim the Wrights were seeking patent protection and financial reward, and to shield their invention they stopped flying entirely for two and a half years after 1905. As a consequence few so-called experts would recognize their primacy in aviation for a long time to come.) With his bicycle and motorcycle business booming, Glenn Curtiss at first had only a monetary interest in aviation; as he remarked to a friend, “I get twice as much money for my motors from those aviation cranks.” Baldwin moved his operations to Hammondsport to be near his power supply, and Curtiss’ neighbors grew accustomed to seeing the awkward airships floating by overhead or coming down in their vineyards. Curtiss’ tinkering was then centered on engines. His latest creation was a big air-cooled v-8 of 40 horsepower, which he mounted in a beefed-up motorcycle chassis. In January, 1907, when he headed south for a “speed carnival” at Florida’s Ormond Beach, he took the v-8 monster along to see what it could do. What it did was astonishing. Setting off without benefit of even a test run, Curtiss thundered down the beach and through the measured mile at 136.3 miles an hour, the fastest any man had ever travelled. The mark lasted until 1911, when it was broken by a racing car; as a motorcycle record it stood for twenty-three years. An airplane did not exceed it until World War I. Newspapers proclaimed Glenn Curtiss “the fastest man on earth.” On his way to Florida, Curtiss had stopped off in Washington at the invitation of the celebrated Alexander Graham Bell. Bell’s invention of the telephone thirty-one years before had furnished him the financial security and the leisure to indulge his myriad scientific interests, and his current interest was aeronautics, specifically large kites made of hundreds of tetrahedron-shaped cells that looked like nothing so much as enormous honeycombs. Such kites, Bell explained, would be eminently flyable due to their inherent stability. All that was needed was a power plant. While properly deferential to the world-famous inventor, Curtiss had private doubts about the practicability of a powered kite. Still, he was always willing to sell engines to aviation cranks. But Bell wanted Curtiss himself as much as his engines and offered him twenty-five dollars a day and expenses if he would join the Bell entourage at the inventor’s summer home in Nova Scotia to conduct aeronautical experiments. “Twenty-five dollars a day to lie around on the lawn and talk flying!” Curtiss exclaimed to his shop foreman. “Sure, I’ll take him up on that.” The result, at the end of the summer of 1907, was the Aerial Experiment Association. In additon to Bell and Curtiss the AEA had three younger members: Lieutenant Thomas E. Selfridge, United States Army, on special assignment to learn all there was to know about aviation; John A. McCurdy, the son of one of Bell’s assistants and a student at the University of Toronto; and Frederick “Casey” Baldwin, a friend of McCurdy’s and a recent Toronto engineering graduate. They decided not to limit themselves to Bell’s kites but to investigate flying machines of any sort. Their slogan was simple and direct: “To get into the air.” The AEA was a wholly new experience for Glenn Curtiss. A self-made backyard linkerer with a grade-school education and little talent for scientific theorizing, he was strong on practicality and had a sure touch with things mechanical. The white-bearded sixty-year-old Bell, on the other hand, exhibited a hyperactive scientific curiosity. Gathered at the patriarch’s feet were his young disciples, Selfridge, McCurdy, and Casey Baldwin, college-trained and enthusiastic, eager to be off into the wild blue. In this environment Curtiss was at first even more reticent and withdrawn than usual, but eventually the graciousness of Bell and his wife and the infectious excitement of the three younger men enlisted him in the cause. When Bell’s tetrahedral kite was demolished in a mishap, the group proceeded with their first aerodrome (the term adopted by Bell in memory of his friend Langley, who had died in 1906). Shifting operations to Hammondsport, the AEA began an experimental program with gliders. By now the townspeople were used to the strange goings-on at the Curtiss shop up on Castle Hill, and they hardly blinked an eye at the sight of grown men grasping frail gliders and galloping down snow-covered hillsides to soar into the air. The AEA members collected all the aeronautical literature they could find, including the patent newly granted to the Wrights, and their first aircraft was a blend of others’ ideas as well as their own. It was a biplane with a forward horizontal elevator and a rudder on bamboo outriggers in back. The silk-covered wings were arched toward each other at the tips, a novel attempt to achieve lateral stability. The lightweight v-8 engine of the type Curtiss had used to set his Ormond Beach speed record turned a pusher propeller and was mounted behind the legless kitchen chair that served as the pilot’s seat. The craft was christened Red Wing . On March 12, 1908, with Casey Baldwin at the controls, the engine was fired up, and Red Wing bounded across frozen Keuka Lake and into the air. Its flight was erratic, ending with a sideways lurch into the ice. Baldwin crawled out unhurt to the cheers of townspeople lining the shore. The flight measured 319 feet. Repairs were made and Baldwin essayed a second flight a few days later. This time the wind was gusty and the lack of any real control system quickly reduced Red Wing to a heap of spars and torn silk. It is claimed that Red Wing made the first announced public flight in America, which is true enough but of no real consequence. It was an uncontrollable aircraft, as the AEA members were quick to appreciate, and its real significance was that it got them into the air and invigorated their hopes. The second AEA plane, White Wing , so named for its white muslin wing fabric, had the same six-day lifespan as Red Wing , but it was a major step forward because it was controllable. One of the Wrights’ strokes of genius, and the heart of their patent, was their control system: the combination of horizontal elevators for up-and-down control and wing warping and rudders for lateral control and turning. Simply stated, wing warping changed the angle or pitch of the wings by means of a system of cables. If a gust of wind tipped the plane over to the right, for example, lateral stability was restored by moving the warping-control lever to the left. This flexed the trailing edges of the left wings upward (causing the airflow over them to exert a downward force) and flexed the trailing edges of the right wings downward (causing the airflow to lift them). Carrying this an important step further, the Wrights coordinated the warping and rudder controls to make smooth banked turns. All this was in their patent, and Bell in particular, having endured endless litigation to protect his telephone patents from infringement, had no desire to repeat the experience, on either side of the question. In addition the AEA members felt that making the wings flexible for warping purposes weakened them structurally. It was Bell who suggested a solution to the dilemma. He proposed achieving lateral stability by mounting hinged, controllable panels at the wing tips of White Wing —in other words, ailerons. On May 18, 1908, at Hammondsport’s trotting track, Baldwin made a short hop, and the next day Selfridge flew for the first time. Both flights were brief because of minor mishaps, but on May 21, his thirtieth birthday, Curtiss made his piloting debut and demonstrated that in White Wing the AEA had a real airplane. His maiden effort covered 1,017 feet and included a gentle s-turn to test the controls. White Wing ’s career ended abruptly two days later when McCurdy overcontrolled on his initial flight but walked away from the wreck. The third aerodrome was Curtiss’, and when he set to work, he had a goal—the trophy offered by Scientific American for the hrst officially sanctioned flight of one kilometer (3,281 feet) in the United States. The craft was a considerably improved version of White Wing . When Bell watched its first flight, he christened it June Bug for the flying beetles buzzing about at that time of the year. In further lest flights Curtiss tuned his machine and sharpened his flying skills—and whetted public interest; unlike the Wrights, he was revealing an awareness of the power of publicity. It was announced that on July 4, 1908, in Hammondsport, before officials of the Aero Club of America, Glenn Curtiss would go after the Scientific American Trophy. On the appointed day nearly everyone from Hammondsport and the surrounding countryside turned up with picnic lunches and high hopes of seeing the local boy make good. Not even a brisk wind and thundershowers dampened their enthusiasm. The Pleasant Valley Wine Company added to the festivities with samples of its product. The wind died down by evening, and June Bug was rolled out of its tent. The first flight was aborted because of a misaligned tail assembly, but that was soon set right and Curtiss took off again. This time everything worked perfectly. On and on June Bug soared, over the yelling spectators, over vineyards and fences, over the red flag marking the end of the measured course and well beyond before finally landing. Daisy Bell Fairchild, the inventor’s daughter, recalled how “we all lost our heads and David [her husband] shouted, and I cried, and everyone cheered and clapped, and engines tooted.” Her husband added, “What a moment for the vivid imagination. The thing is done. Man flies!” That was exactly the reaction of many Americans when they opened their newspapers and read of the Independence Day doings in Hammondsport. Most had never heard of the Wright brothers and assumed that Glenn Curtiss was the first American to fly an airplane. The more knowledgeable hoped that now the Wrights would come forward to prove their claims. They did just that. Orville Wright wrote to Curtiss that he understood June Bug had “movable surfaces at the tips of the wings, adjustable to different angles on the right and left sides for maintaining the lateral balance.” He reminded Curtiss that earlier in the year, in response to a query from Lieutenant Selfridge, he and his brother had informed the AEA of their patent, and he added a warning: “We did not intend, of course, to give permission to use the patented features of our machine for exhibitions or in a commercial way.” This letter was the opening salvo of a long war. The Wrights were in a predicament. After many frustrations they had finally generated interest in their “Flyers” on the part of both the United States Army and a French syndicate, and it must have come as a shock when June Bug hit the headlines. Just six months before, in a letter to his confidante Octave Chanute, Wilbur had predicted that “an independent solution of the flying problem would require at least five years.” Now they hastened to protect what they believed was theirs. Wilbur’s spectacular flight demonstrations in France in August, 1908, and Orville’s equally spectacular performances in the army trials held at Fort Myer, Virginia, in September proved the brothers still very much in the aviation lead. But the pack was snapping at their heels. The Fort Myer trials made other news as well. One of Baldwin’s airships, with Captain Tom at the controls and Curtiss at the engine, passed its tests to become Signal Corps Dirigible No. 1. A second event was tragic. In his role as army observer the AEA ’S Tom Selfridge was flying as Orville Wright’s passenger when a propeller blade broke. The craft plunged to the ground, injuring Wright seriously and Selfridge critically. The young lieutenant died on the operating table three hours later, the airplane’s first victim. Aviation had come of age in 1908. First Curtiss and the Aerial Experiment Association wakened American interest in flying, then the Wrights demonstrated the airplane’s capabilities to the whole world. Whatever the promise of “aerial navigation,” Curtiss was determined to cash in on it. The AEA seemed to him too scientifically high-minded for such a goal, so he defected from the Bell group; and on March 19, 1909, the Herring-Curtiss Company was incorporated for the purpose of manufacturing “balloons, aeroplanes, airships, [and] flying machines of any and all types. …” There was a streak of naiveté in Curtiss, never more evident than in his choice of a partner for this pioneering business venture. Augustus M. Herring’s characteristic role was sniffing around the edges of the aviation community like some sort of aeronautical hyena. He had been associated for a time with both Chanute and Langley, who had confessed they were glad to be rid of him. He even tried to insert himself into the Wrights’ operation as nothing less than a full partner—and was coldly ignored. Herring’s line was that back in 1898 he had made the first powered heavier-than-air flight—not the slightest proof of which has ever surfaced—and possessed aeronautical patents in abundance. One thing Herring certainly did have was a convincing manner. His sole contribution to the new company was to be patents, one of which covered a device for automatic stability and supposedly sidestepped any confrontation with the Wright patent. For his part Curtiss put up the entire Hammondsport facilities of his flourishing business in engines, motorcycles, and bicycles, which had shown a $120,000 profit the previous year. (In Curtiss’ defense it should be noted that Herring gulled Captain Tom Baldwin and the millionaire president of the Aero Club, Courtlandt Field Bishop, into joining the venture. Both of them, far more worldly than Curtiss, should have known better.) In any event, all was rosy as the Herring-Curtiss Company embarked on its first project, a plane Curtiss contracted for with the Aeronautical Society of New York. Christened Gold Bug , it was a sharp break with the AEA configuration. Curtiss abandoned the arched wings for sturdier parallel wings, replaced the wing-tip ailerons with a pair of larger ailerons mounted between the wings, reduced the wing span for greater speed, and mounted a watercooled engine for greater reliability. One thing Curtiss retained from his AEA experience was his appreciation for publicity. In June of 1909 he began a series of exhibition flights at Morris Park, just north of Manhattan, that seized the imagination of the nation’s largest city. It was a shrewd move, not unlike bringing a musical polished up out of town to Broadway. In July he scored another coup, winning the Scientific American Trophy for the second time with a flight of nearly twentyfive miles. All this was a publicity windfall, but Curtiss was looking toward something more spectacular. He was to be the lone American entry in the French-sponsored International Air Meet at Rheims, the world’s first aviation contest. His craft was a refined version of Gold Bug , with one major difference: he was going to Rheims with a new and more powerful v-8 engine, just as he had gone to Ormond Beach with an advanced motorcycle engine to win the crown of “fastest man on earth.” The Rheims meeting in August, 1909, was the first air spectacular. Over the course of a week some five hundred thousand people, including royalty of various stripes, watched in astonishment as airplanes flew faster, higher, and farther than ever before. All the leading aviators were there except the Wrights, and they were represented by five Flyers built under license in France. Louis Blériot, fresh from his celebrated flight across the English Channel, was a heavy favorite for the speed events. Lacking even a spare engine, Curtiss husbanded his resources. Except for two shorter races, which he split with Blériot, he pointed for the main event—the twenty-kilometer speed trial for the Gordon Bennett Trophy donated by newspaper publisher James Gordon Bennett, Jr. Race day, August 28, dawned clear and windless, and Curtiss decided to make his trial while conditions held. He took off, climbed to five hundred feet, and dove hard for the first pylon. At full throttle he ranged twice around the ten-kilometer course, shaving the pylons so closely that he left the spectators gasping. His time was announced as 15 minutes, 50 seconds, or 46.5 miles an hour. While the other contestants took turns at the mark Blériot tuned and retuned his monoplane’s big engine. Curtiss was still in first place when the Frenchman made his bid in late afternoon. It was a fast flight all the way, and although some noted how he slipped into a wide turn on lap two, Curtiss thought he was beaten. But suddenly the Stars and Stripes was fluttering from the flagstaff and the band was playing “The Star-Spangled Banner” and the crowd was in an uproar. Blériot had fallen short by six seconds. The New York Herald was quick to point out that Glenn Curtiss was now “the fastest man of the earth and skies.” His quiet elation was tempered by stunning news recently arrived from the United States. In a New York federal court the Wright brothers had filed suit against the Herring-Curtiss Company and Curtiss personally, seeking an injunction to bar all sales and exhibitions on the grounds of patent infringement. The Wright-Curtiss patent fight, a convoluted affair of charges and countercharges, injunctions and appeals, would drag on for eight years, with profound effects on the participants themselves and on aviation in general. The crux of the issue was the Wrights’ control system. The Curtiss ailerons were clearly different from the Wrights’ wing warping, and far more practical. Yet having filed suit, the Wrights stuck to warping long after progress passed them by. Moreover, the basic principle of changing the angle of wing surfaces relative to the airflow to maintain lateral stability could be considered the same. And principle was very much involved; the Wrights contended that as sole inventors of the airplane they deserved the broadest possible interpretation for their “pioneer patent.” In January, 1910, a federal judge granted them a temporary injunction. Six months later Curtiss won a stay on appeal, and the whole case began another long, slow progress through the courts. Attempts made to settle the expensive legal war out of court got nowhere. Wilbur and Orville Wright were prideful men, stiff-backed in their rectitude. They could claim one of the great inventions of all time, yet their reward had been public scorn and, they said, surreptitious efforts by “the Curtiss crowd” to “pick their brains.” They were ironbound in their determination for recognition and financial benefit. Glenn Curtiss gave nothing away when it came to prideful stubbornness. He was sure his aileron control was both different and superior; but even more important, he was fighting for his business life. The Wrights demanded a license fee of a thousand dollars a machine, and with Curtiss planes of the period carrying a five-thousanddollar price tag, that came to a ruinous 20 per cent royalty. The gulf between the contestants would widen after 1912, when Wilbur Wright died. Orville was convinced that the strains of the court battle had weakened his brother’s health, leaving him prey to the typhoid fever that killed him. Another issue strongly coloring the Wright-Curtiss feud was the matter of monopoly. This was an era when the words monopoly and trust rang sinister to many ears. The oil trust, the steel trust, the sugar trust, the money trust were only the best known; many others flourished beyond the light of publicity. Late in 1909, three months after filing suit, the Wrights formed a million-dollar corporation backed by Wall Street titans, and fears of monopoly were suddenly very real. A Chicago paper raised the specter of an air trust “which will practically control the aviation of the world.” The Wrights’ actions, remarks Marvin McFarland, the editor of their papers, “turned the hand of almost every man in aviation against them.” While stubbornness and personal pride prevented the issues from being settled out of court, the root of the problem was the administration of the patent laws of the day. The Wrights unquestionably deserved financial reward for their lonely and dedicated pioneering, but monopoly was something else. Aviation progress stagnated, particularly in the United States, birthplace of the airplane. Bonds had to be posted before exhibitions or air shows could take place. The threat of further suits and of monopoly frightened off prospective purchasers and dried up investment capital, squelching the competition that stimulates technological advances. Even the principals in the suit were affected. Wright aircraft, hampered by the stubborn adherence to wing warping, reflected few real advances in these years. Curtiss remained innovative, but mostly in the area of broadening the airplane’s usefulness; the standard Curtiss craft of 1913 or 1914 was simply a refinement of 1909 models. But all this was in the future when Curtiss returned from Europe with his Rheims laurels in September, 1909. Fully expecting the Wright suit to be thrown out of court, he set about turning his new fame into more substantial rewards. Herring-Curtiss was awash in requests for exhibition flights and air-meet appearances and purchase orders. While the plant labored to fill the orders Curtiss began training pilots to help him with exhibition dates. He performed well in these events, and by all odds it should have been an invigorating, profitable time. Instead it was a period of pure frustration. In part this was due to the Wright suit’s threat to profits from sales and exhibitions, but the more immediate problem was Augustus Herring. Herring had revealed his true colors, and they were not pretty. While single-mindedly trying to cash in on his partner’s fame he evaded every demand to produce the sheaf of patents that comprised his share of the partnership. Finally it became clear that the patents simply did not exist and that Curtiss had been hoodwinked. The antagonism degenerated into a battle for corporate control, and in the spring of 1910 the Herring-Curtiss Company was declared bankrupt. Eventually Herring was forced out and Curtiss was able to organize a new company, but it was a painful disillusionment. His solace from business and financial troubles was tinkering, and this time he produced a plane destined to carry him on his most spectacular flight. The craft was named the Hudson Flyer and his goal was the longest and most dangerous cross-country flight yet attempted in the United States. Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World had put up a tenthousand-dollar prize for the first aviator to follow the course of the Hudson River between New York and Albany —152 miles—“in a mechanically propelled airship either lighter or heavier than air.” The flight was to be completed within twenty-four hours, and two refuelling stops were permitted. This was intended as the capstone to the Hudson-Fulton Celebration commemorating (by stretching dates a bit) Henry Hudson’s discovery of the river three hundred years before and Robert Fulton’s famous voyage upriver in the steamboat Clermont in 1807. As Curtiss discovered when he surveyed the route, the risk factor was high indeed. Strong winds and violent turbulence were common in the air space over the river, and the rugged terrain along the banks offered few places for an emergency landing. He decided to start at Albany to take advantage of the prevailing winds. His first refuelling stop, he calculated, should be near Poughkeepsie. The grounds of a state mental hospital looked promising, and the superintendent was glad to oblige. “Why, certainly, Mr. Curtiss, come right in here,” he exclaimed. “Here’s where all the flying machine inventors land.” Curtiss chose a spot on the other side of town. The Hudson Flyer was equipped with a pair of airtight metal canisters under the wings and several air bags on a plank rigged to the landing gear; if forced down on the river it might float—and it might not. Curtiss prudently donned a pair of fisherman’s waders and a cork lifepreserver and early on the morning of May 29, 1910, took off on the great adventure. Early in the flight the air was blessedly calm. “I felt an immense sense of relief,” he said later. “The motor sounded like music.” Keeping pace was a special train chartered by the New York Times , the passengers (including Mrs. Curtiss) waving handkerchiefs and craning out the windows for a glimpse at what reporters described as the “intrepid birdman.” A hitch developed at the Poughkeepsie fuelling stop when the promised gasoline was not there, but two passing motorists obligingly filled the plane’s tank from their spare fuel cans, and Curtiss was off again within an hour. Now the turbulence hit him, and Curtiss had to call on all his flying skills. The Flyer kicked and bucked in wind currents he compared to a mountain stream plunging through a gorge. At Storm King Mountain he was caught in a sudden downdraft and nearly fell out of the plane before he could regain control. But that was the worst. Soon New York’s skyscrapers were in sight. After a quick landing in upper Manhattan to top off his fuel and oil, he headed on downstream for Governors Island in the harbor. Throngs on roofs and balconies cheered and waved as he buzzed past the city, and ships tooted their whistles. After circling the Statue of Liberty he glided in for a landing on Governors Island. His flying time from Albany was under three hours, an average speed of fifty-two miles an hour. The flight was front-page news across the nation. “It was a splendid feat, with wonderful courage and skill,” said the Times , “and it seems to make human flying more of a reality than hitherto it has been.” Some papers were carried away, comparing it to Cook’s and Peary’s recent Arctic achievements and predicting that transatlantic flight was just around the corner. Besides pocketing the World ’s ten-thousand-dollar check, Curtiss was awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the third year in a row. In the afterglow of this latest triumph he organized the Curtiss Exhibition Company, and when in self-defense the Wrights set up a rival company, aerial barnstorming was born. Flying from cow pastures and county fairgrounds and ball diamonds across the nation, a colorful gallery of aviators—and a few “aviatrixes”—put their frail craft through maneuvers billed with perfect accuracy as “deathdefying.” Uncounted Americans got their first glimpse of a flying machine, and uncounted small boys got a new species of hero. But the mortality rate in barnstorming proved terribly high, and at his wife’s urging Curtiss gave up such appearances. In any case he had a new preoccupation—the seaplane. The idea of a “hydroaeroplane” had been in the back of his mind since the AEA days, when he experimented briefly with turning June Bug into a “water bug.” Now, in the autumn of 1910, his interest coincided with the United States Navy’s first look at aviation. In charge of the looking was Captain Washington Irving Chambers, an innovative, forward-thinking officer. Chambers sought to impress the navy brass by staging the takeoff of an airplane from a warship. Wilbur Wright turned down the idea as too risky, but Curtiss pilot Eugene Ely was willing. On November 14, in Hampton Roads off the Virginia coast, he cranked up the Hudson Flyer and sped down a wooden platform built over the forecastle of the cruiser Birmingham . The Flyer lurched over the bow, clipped the wave tops, and struggled into the air. The date is celebrated as the birth of naval aviation. Curtiss notified the Secretary of the Navy that he was setting up a “winter experimental station” in California and that to investigate the “adaptability of the aeroplane to Military purposes” he would give free pilot training to any officer the Navy cared to assign. In January of 1911 Lieutenant Theodore Ellyson, late of the submarine service, reported to Curtiss on the West Coast “for instruction in the art of aviation.” As the experimental station they chose San Diego’s North Island, flat, uninhabited, and accessible only by boat. In this pleasant seclusion Curtiss set about looking into the seaplane question. First, however, he and Chambers and Ely combined for another navy spectacular. A platform was hammered together over the quarterdeck of the cruiser Pennsylvania anchored in San Francisco Harbor, an arrester gear of cables and sandbags was assembled, and on January 18 Ely made history’s first carrier landing. After lunching with the ship’s officers he took off without mishap. Ely’s flights began a highly productive partnership between Curtiss and the Navy. Chambers extolled Curtiss for achieving “more for the development of naval aviation than any other man in the world … always ready to make experiments and as progressive as the Wrights were conservative.” The seaplane was a prime example. Less than a year before, Frenchman Henri Fahre had managed to get an ungainly float plane airborne, but nothing more came of that. A practical seaplane remained to be invented, and Curtiss proceeded to do it in less than two weeks. It was tinkering of a high order. There was no scientific study of hydrodynamics, no carefully shaped models towed in testing tanks. Old-fashioned trial and error was the Curtiss way. Lieutenant Ellyson reported that some fifty pontoon designs and modifications were tried before, on January 26, 1911, Curtiss taxied away from the beach, applied full throttle, and soared off the water. As he circled North Island his flight crew ran up and down the beach, throwing their hats into the air. That was only the beginning. Fitting a retractable landing gear resulted in the first amphibian; since it was operable on land, sea, and in the air, Curtiss christened it Triad . The following year, applying what he had learned to hull design, he invented the first flying boat. These were Glenn Curtiss’ happiest years. Augustus Herring was gone, and the Hammondsport facilities were back in his hands. His exhibition pilots were getting all the bookings they could handle. Two flying schools were busy teaching fledgling aviators from all over the world. Enough plane orders were coming in from the military, from private buyers, and from overseas so that the Hammondsport plant had to put on a night shift. The Wright suit was still making its slow and expensive way through the courts, scaring off most other competitors, but Curtiss was confident enough he would win to push ahead full tilt. His widening fame hardly touched him. He still prowled the shop, rolling up his sleeves to overhaul an engine, tossing out ideas, sketching a design for a pontoon or a control system, working with his long-time foreman Henry Kleckler on the prototype of the famous ox-5 engine. John H. Towers, one of his student pilots who would one day be chief of the Navy’s Bureau of Aeronautics, recalled the relaxed atmosphere of the place. Blueprints were nonexistent, Towers noted. Instead Curtiss and Kleckler drew sketches on the walls of the shop for the guidance of the workmen. One day a new employee was told to clean up the shop, and in his eagerness to please he whitewashed the walls. The first navy plane order was delayed two weeks while everyone pitched in to work out again such details as proper wing areas and control placements. This pleasant life went into a tailspin in January, 1914, when a federal circuit court of appeals upheld the Wright patent-infringement suit and granted a permanent injunction. An aviation monopoly was a reality. Orville Wright assured the press that he would follow a “policy of leniency” toward all who applied for licenses—all except Glenn Curtiss. There would be no leniency for Curtiss, he said, and the full 20 per cent royalty per machine would be demanded, retroactive to 1909. Curtiss and his lawyer searched frantically for a loophole. Unless new evidence was uncovered to buttress a fresh legal approach, the company would be in deep financial waters. Their search led to the unsavory climax of the Wright-Curtiss feud—what some have called the Hammondsport Hoax. With the cooperation of the Smithsonian Institution arrangements were made to exhume the old Langley 1903 Aerodrome, refurbish it at the Curtiss plant in Hammondsport, and flight-test it. If it could be demonstrated that Langley’s original Aerodrome had been capable of flight before the Wrights’ success and without using their control system, that it had been balked only by a faulty catapult launching device, it would shake the basic Wright contention that their patent was entitled to the broadest interpretation. In April, 1914, the battered old machine was packed in a freight car and delivered to Hammondsport. On May 28, “restored” and equipped with floats and with Curtiss himself at the controls, it skimmed down Keuka Lake and became airborne for some five seconds. Samuel Langley, the press declared, was vindicated. After a later series of extensive modifications and flight tests to study the Langley tandem-wing arrangement, the Aerodrome was returned to the Smithsonian, restored to its original configuration, and put on display as “the first man-carrying aeroplane in the history of the world capable of sustained free flight.” Nothing of the sort had been proved. As a furious Orville Wright was to demonstrate, the Langley machine had been importantly altered before the Curtiss flight. Modifying the aged engine to bring it close to its original horsepower was no doubt defensible. But the installation of floats and their bracing substantially strengthened the dragonflylike wings and improved their aerodynamic properties—and it was in wing design that Langley’s flight theories had been weakest. The Aerodrome that Curtiss flew in May, 1914, was simply not the same Aerodrome that twice utterly failed to achieve flight in 1903. Curtiss was certainly aware of the stakes when he undertook the project. As he wrote to a friend, if the Langley machine could be coaxed to fly, “we would get a better [legal] decision next time?’ His new lawyer encouraged the experiment, and he was someone worth listening to: W. Benton Crisp, the spearhead of Henry Ford’s successful assault on the monopolistic auto patent of George Seiden. But whether Curtiss and his foreman Henry Kleckler consciously plotted a fraud is less sure. Both vigorously denied it, and being seat-of-the-pants tinkerers they may have been unaware of the finer aerodynamic changes they were actually making. In any case, everyone involved came out with honor tarnished. Over the years there had grown up an unofficial cadre of “friends of Langley,” centered around the Smithsonian. The Wrights’ prickly defense of their aeronautical primacy and their attempt at a monopoly had not endeared them to this group, whose aim was to vindicate Langley and reduce the power of the Wrights. The Hammondsport trials of the Aerodrome brought the simmering feud to heat. That Langley’s successor as Smithsonian secretary, Charles D. Walcott, permitted Curtiss to conduct an experiment that might overturn the legal judgment against him was perhaps an impropriety. That the Institution sent as its official observer Dr. Albert F. Zahm, an outspoken Wright foe and a witness for Curtiss in the recent patent suit, was certainly not an example of scientific impartiality. And that the Smithsonian then stuck to its indefensible position for twenty-eight years was deplorable. In the tart judgment of aviation historian Charles Gibbs-Smith it was “an intrigue which Langley himself would have condemned unequivocally had he been alive.” The episode completed Orville Wright’s embitterment. When the Smithsonian refused to retract its claims for the Aerodrome, he sent the historic Kitty Hawk plane, a national treasure, to the Science Museum in London. Not until 1942 did a new Smithsonian secretary, Dr. Charles G. Abbot, set the record straight by publishing a repudiation of the Hammondsport Hoax. In 1948, the year of Orville Wright’s death, the Kitty Hawk machine took its rightful place in the Smithsonian as the undisputed pioneer airplane. As for Curtiss, any blot on his reputation faded in the rush of events. As his lawyer continued sidestepping the infringement judgment plane orders poured in from Europe’s warring powers. In 1917, after America’s entry into the war, a patent cross-licensing agreement was forced on the aviation industry by Washington. Patents were pooled, and a nominal royalty imposed on each aircraft built was divided among the various patent holders. The Wright legal monopoly was ended. In fact the Curtiss patents put into the pool were judged equal in value to the Wright patents, and each company was awarded two million dollars as an advance against royalties. World War I swept Glenn Curtiss pell-mell into big business. As his biographer, C. R. Roseberry, observes, “he chanced to be operating the only manufactory on the American continent which was geared to produce airplanes on a quantity basis at short notice.” In the first years of the war the British placed over twenty million dollars in orders for flying boats, trainers, and engines. Engine production was centered in Hammondsport, airframe assembly in Buffalo. Production skyrocketed; in 1918 United States government orders alone totalled some $150 million. The most famous Curtiss product of this era was the model JN -the celebrated “Jenny.” Thousands of student pilots won their wings in this rugged, forgiving trainer, and war-surplus Jennys became the backbone of the Twenties’ barnstorming craze. Another wartime development was the huge four-engine NC flying boat, conceived as a long-range hunter of German u-boats. Although none of the NC ’S saw action before the armistice, in 1919 one of them, the NC -4, made the first transatlantic crossing. [See “First to Fly the Atlantic,” A MERICAN H ERITAGE , June, 1969.] Curtiss was no administrator and played little part in the management of the enormous complex his company had become. Most of his time was spent at its engineering center on Long Island, helping develop engines and propellers and prototypes for a long line of graceful racers and Curtiss Hawk fighters. Being a millionaire changed him very little; he customarily rode to the “shop” on a bicycle. But aircraft design was becoming an increasingly sophisticated slide-rule operation. “Aviation has just passed me by,” he admitted to friends. “It’s now big business … for engineers, financiers, and the like.” In 1921 he stepped out of the industry he had done so much to start a little more than a decade before. In the perspective of history his decision symbolized a changing of the guard. The era of aviation’s handy tinkerers, of trial and error, was passing. A whole range of new technologies—in metallurgy, in airframe design, in engines, in instrumentation—was replacing wood and piano wire and fabric. A new generation of pioneers of the stripe of William Boeing and Donald Douglas—and a young pilot named Charles Lindbergh—was about to come on stage. Only in his early forties, Curtiss was not yet ready to slow down. He added to his already substantial fortune by investing in Florida real estate and was a developer of three Miami-area resort communities: Hialeah, Miami Springs, and Opa-locka. Nor did he stop tinkering, developing among other things a streamlined auto trailer and an “air-boat”—driven by an air propeller—for navigating shallow waterways. And he was very much an elder statesman of the aviation community. There were celebrations commemorating the twentieth anniversaries of his June Bug and Hudson River flights, and the press regularly sought his views on new aeronautical developments. The 1929 merger of the Wright and Curtiss companies into the giant Curtiss-Wright Corporation appeared to signal the end of the old feud, but in fact it was only irony raised to a high power. Neither Curtiss nor Orville Wright played any role in the merger, and there was no reconciliation between the two pioneers. And there never would be. OnJuIy 23, i93o, following surgery for acute appendicitis, Glenn Curtiss died of a pulmonary embolism. He was fifty-two. During the burial services in Hammondsport ten aircraft circled overhead, releasing hundreds of flowers to drift down over the grave of the man who had awakened America to the air age.	<urn:uuid:14e7c89f-43f9-472a-9c22-4354c1756e9e>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.americanheritage.com/print/53261?page=7	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00252-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976985	10,148	2.6875	3
There was a time when the killing of endangered animals was fairly easy to cover. Elephants were slaughtered in great numbers for their tusks, bears for their gallbladders, and, of course, tigers and other large cats for their fur. These “byproducts of death” entered the market, the poachers returned to the hunt, never having to look over their shoulders, and life–or is it death?–went on. Enter the US Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory in Ashland, Oregon. This one-of-a-kind facility utilizes state-of-the-art forensic science techniques to determine the origin of any animal product. In many cases, this will lead investigators to the animal’s place of origin and then to the poachers themselves. Couldn’t happen to a nicer group.	<urn:uuid:e09a99a7-74c9-4168-9d5a-bdda689fdbf8>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	https://writersforensicsblog.wordpress.com/2013/02/03/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446248.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00142-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962505	172	2.78125	3
There is a prevailing in which we think about sin in the modern day, especially among Protestants. When we sin, there is some mark made against us in the registers of heaven that when God forgives through the death of Jesus, God blots out and forgets. After it is committed, sin is thought to exist in some ethereal space, some cosmic guilt that will eventually catch up with us if Jesus’ blood doesn’t cover us. However, in light of recent research in Paul when it comes to embodiment, it seems more like to suggest that the principal concern about sin in the New Testament is how it inhabits the person, not so much some sense of a “transcendent guilt” that it brings about. In Romans 7.7-25, Paul talks about sin causing the person to sin when he heard the commandment against coveting. In v. 14, he specifically says that he is made of flesh and has been sold slavery to sin. The imagery portrayed here and throughout Romans 7 casts sin as inhabiting the body. The problem of sin is not understood in a non-bodily sense, but it is recognized as a bodily problem. Hence, Paul repeatedly describes the flesh as the source of sin in people’s lives. However, the anthropological implications of the relationship of the body and sin has not been well developed in Protestant theology. For instance, in the 19th century, Charles Hodge explicitly reject sin as a physical evil, consider it to be associated with dualist gnosticism that regards sin as eternal and suggesting it is inconsistent with theism, disregards sin as a moral evil, and negative human responsibility.1 He later rejects “the sensuous theory,” where the lower desires of the body overcome the higher values of the spirit, associating it with Roman Catholic doctrine.2 Rather, the Protestant doctrine of sin has focused on sin as a transgressive action in relation to God’s law that demands rectifying. As a result, sin is principally as “moral” problem related to ignorance and the lack of self control, which is ultimately a “spiritual” problem in need of a “spiritual” solution. However, if we take Paul’s connection of sin with the flesh more seriously, it would lead to the consideration of how the body and sin are related to each other. Certainly, the danger that lies here is the gnostic dualism, treating the body as the source of evil that we must be released from. This isn’t the Paul’s view of sin and the body though. Rather, it is the reverse: the body is in need of redemption from sin. Paul speaks of disciplining his body in 1 Corinthians 9.27 right before describe the sin of Israel in the wilderness in chapter 10. While he doesn’t explicitly make the connection, it seems that just as he gave an example of sin enslaved the person in their flesh in Romans 7, Paul sees his apostolic journey entailed the enslaving of his body through usage of the metaphor of exercise. This explains why Jesus’ death and resurrection is so central to Paul, as it enables the person to overcome the control of sin through death with Christ and the ultimate redemption of the body in the general resurrection. However, the stranglehold of sin over the body is not rooted in some sort of timeless, sinful nature present at birth. Rather, in Romans 7.7-14, Paul intimates that knowledge of the commandment about not coveting lead to the proliferation of coveting, leading to the ‘resuscitation’ of sin and the death of the person. Briefly put, the continuous enactment of sin, especially the knowing enactment of such, gives power to sin over the person’s life. To that end, Paul’s picture of sin isn’t that far off from the psychological theory of habit-formation. The advantage of this is that we can more naturally connect why Jesus’ death and resurrection is an atonement for sin: as death and resurrection occurs in the body of Jesus, so too does sin inhabit and enslave the bodies of people. Rather than having to posit some metaphysical scheme that explains why the death of Christ atones for what ultimately amounts to be a non-physical problem, the bodily atonement Christ atones for the bodily problem of sin; the reference to the body at the end of Romans 6.1-14 is explained as how the union with Christ’ death and resurrection actualizes itself among believers. The effect of this shift is to move away from atonement as primarily bearing forgiveness, but rather atonement as bringing about change and transformation in the bodily life of believers. But at the Last Supper, doesn’t Jesus say that his blood was the blood of the covenant for the forgiveness of sin (Matthew 26.28)? Not actually. The Greek word usually translated as forgiveness, ἄφεσιν, is conventionally used in both the LXX and the NT to refer to an act of releasing. There is perhaps good reason for treating this word as release. In the description of the scape goat in LXX Leviticus 16, the goat that is released in the wilderness is said to be sent εἰς ἄφεσιν, just as Jesus’ blood is εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν. There is likely a comparison here, where Jesus is likened to the goat that is slaughtered and sin is like the goat that is released into the wilderness, away from the people. However, the idea of “releasing of sins” sounds rather odd to our ears, because we don’t typically consider sins to be something tangible, so letting them go seems hard to metaphorically imagine. However, if it was understood that sin had an effect on the actual person, that sin somehow left a trace of itself in the person, we can begin to imagine how a “releasing of sins” could work metaphorically. We something like that being expressed in LXX Proverbs 11.17, where a merciless person is said to destroy their body. However, we see a more explicit relationship between sin and the nature of the body come up in the Wisdom of Solomon. In Wisdom 1.4, a body is said to be indebted (κατάχρεῳ) to sin, metaphorically entail some sort of control of the body by sin. In Wisdom 8.19-20, the child who had a good soul and was good had an undefiled body. Furthermore, when Jesus talks about impurity, Jesus says what comes out of a mouth defiles them, rather than what goes in the mouth (Matthew 15.11). Given that impurity was understood to be about the body, it would be a natural extension to suggest that Jesus understood sinful actions as somehow defiling the body, in line with how the Wisdom of Solomon consider being a good child prevents the defilement of the body. It is not out of bounds then to consider that Jesus understood sin to leave a trace of itself in the body, rather than it being simply a “spiritual” problem. If this is the right way to read Jesus, and Paul, this leaves us at an interesting place of exploring the relationship of Christian theology and psychology, particularly when it comes to increasing recognition of the relationship of the body to the mind, including the possibility that memories are encoding not just neurally but within the body itself. We are readily aware of the relationship between the body and memory when it comes to trauma, given the particular extreme effects that trauma can have on bodily experience, but there are plenty of reasons to connect memories to our body in cause of non-trauma. In that case, we may be able to go so far as to suggest sin, both in its doing and being the ‘victim’ of interpersonal sins, leaves a trace within out bodies. While we need to careful not to confuse the ancient metaphysics of the body with the more scientific understanding of the body, or try to create an artificial “interface” between the two to “explain” the atonement in relationship to modern science,3 this is a fruitful route for exploration in my mind.	<urn:uuid:1a01d374-c5ae-43f0-9e17-a4de56f916fb>	CC-MAIN-2020-45	http://owenweddle.com/sin-and-embodiment-rethinking-jesus-blood-of-the-covenant-and-the-mechanism-of-the-atonement/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107904039.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029095029-20201029125029-00214.warc.gz	en	0.956934	1,738	2.6875	3
Now, more than ever, we know how important it is to not only wash our hands, but also to wash our fruits & vegetables as well. With our new normal comes the responsibility to make sure all the produce we come into contact with is thoroughly cleaned, and not just rinsed, so we can protect our family from a variety of contaminants. Fruit & Vegetable Wash Stop Rinsing. Start Cleaning! Washing with water alone is not enough! Veggie Wash is specially formulated with unique vegetable-derived, non-GMO ingredients, to work safely and effectively. It breaks down the wax to let you wash away contaminants, dirt, pesticides, bacteria, and people-handling residue quickly and easily. It also rinses clean and leaves no aftertaste, only the delicious, natural flavor of your fruits & vegetables. By washing with Veggie Wash, you can be sure that the fruits & vegetables your family eats are really clean and safe. Why We Should Clean Our Fruits & Vegetables—Every Time! Whether the produce that you eat is grown on the ground or on trees, contaminants exist in the soil and in the air. Rain-resistant pesticides are used regularly, and often times organic farms are located next to regular farms that use pesticides. Wind and rain can transport those pesticides “across the street” to the organic farms. Anywhere between 10-15 people can touch your fruits and vegetables between the farm and the store shelf leaving behind harmful residues. In addition, produce is waxed before it reaches the store shelf so that it looks better and lasts longer. This wax traps all of the bad stuff under it, in it, and on it, increasing the possibility of illnesses caused by bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria. You want to protect your family and have them enjoy the benefits of fresh, clean, healthy produce. Rinsing alone with tap water is not enough to remove the water-resistant wax that is trapping all of that bad stuff. How Do I Use It? It’s very easy to use! Before cutting up your fruits and vegetables, simply spray hard produce (apples, peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, etc.), rub for 20 – 30 seconds, and then rinse and dry. For soft, leafy produce (lettuce, broccoli, cauliflower, strawberries, etc.) soak and swish for 30 seconds, and then rinse and dry. That’s it! By washing with Veggie Wash you can be sure that the fruits and vegetables your family eats are really clean. Veggie Wash is certified Kosher and has been protecting families since 1998. How About Organic Produce? Just because your produce has been organically grown (no pesticides or growth hormones used) doesn’t necessarily mean it’s free of contaminants. Natural fertilizers can contain harmful pollutants. Wind-carried chemicals drift over from non-organic farms, and there is still people-handling residue from the farm to the store. The FDA has stated that all fruits and vegetables should be cleaned, even if they are organic or bought at a farmer’s market. Veggie Wash Organic is made with organic ingredients, and is certified “Organic” in accordance with USDA NOP standards by Oregon Tilth, the leading certifier and advocate for organic agriculture. It cleans your organic produce without changing their organic characteristics, and it’s ideal for non-organic produce as well. What People are Saying about Veggie Wash®! “Wait until you see the crud and waxes that wash off your produce when you use this. This is the best veggie wash!” – Gary P. “An amazing product when it comes to washing the veggies. Gets them clean, takes off waxy residue, and makes them taste fresh. Easy to follow instructions.” – Rosie E. “Of all of the veggie wash brands we have tried so far, this one is our favorite.” – Linda R.	<urn:uuid:e26b864a-ecd8-4cc1-a1a9-f54085275701>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://www.veggie-wash.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039375537.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420025739-20210420055739-00098.warc.gz	en	0.939355	849	2.890625	3
1) There is a whole number multiple of the empirical formula in the molecular formula MF – (EF) n Molar mass/ empirical formula mass = n EMPRICIAL FORMULA FROM COMBUSTION DATA 1) In a combustion reaction an organism sample is burned in the presence of oxygen and produces CO2 and H2O as main products. 2) A hydrocarbon is a molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen 3) Combustion analysis of naphthalene, a hydrocarbon used in mothballs, produced 8.80g CO2 and 1.44 H2O. Calculate the empirical formula for naphthalene. 8.80g CO2 (find moles of Carbon by dividing the molar mass and doing the molar ratio of C and CO2 = 0.200mol C. 1.44H2O (find moles of Hydrogen by dividing the molar mass of water and doing the ratio of 2moil H/1molH2O) 0.160mol H divide them by the smallest number of moles C = 1.25 Multiply 4= 5, H=4 1) If the molar mass of naphthalene is 128.18g/mol what is the molecular formula of naphthalene? C5H4 = 64.093g/mol Summary of process for determining molecular formulas 1) Find the mass of each element present 2) Change mass to moles 3) Find the mole ratio 4) Change to a whole number ratio for the empirical formula 5) Use the molar mass and the empirical formula mass to determine the number of empirical formula units in the molecule. Wiring and balancing chemical equation 1) chemical equations: a representation of the chemical reaction taking place, reactants are being converted into products. 2) Takes advantage of the law of conservation of mass. 3) The number and identities of the atoms on the reactants side should be the same as the number and identities of the atoms on the products side. Why do we balance equations? 1) to know the appropriate ratios to mix reactants 2) to predict the appropriate amounts of products produced. Writing and balancing chemical equations 1) always balance with whole numbers! Cannot have frations...	<urn:uuid:64774a8a-df63-4ffc-8c53-593813212966>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	http://www.studymode.com/essays/Biology-Notes-1311750.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121865.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00316-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.851475	472	3.578125	4
The Shi Family Courtyard is located in Yangliuqing Town, about 16 kilometers away from Tianjin city. Built in 1875, the courtyard was originally the residence of the Shi Family, which was one of the eight prominent families of Tianjin in the ancient times. The Shi Family got rich by doing the grain and cotton trade along the Grand Canal. They took advantage of convenient canal transportation. The Shi Family made enough money to buy land and build their own houses. They subsequently opened up shops, factories and private banks to multiply their wealth. During the reign of Emperor Jiaqing (1760 – 1820), the family owned thousands of hectares of land and 500 houses. Why the Shi Family Courtyard is special The Shi Family Courtyard covers an area of more than 6,000 square meters, including 12 quadrangle courtyards with over 200 folk houses, and a few additional elegant gardens. The courtyard features Chinese buildings, furniture, paintings and garden which display local folk art, customs and traditional furnishings and crafts. Shi Family Courtyard highlights The residence is based on the axis formed by a passage way in the middle, on which there are four archways. On the east side of the courtyard, there are traditional single-story houses with rows of rooms around the four sides, which was once the living area for the Shi Family. The rooms on north side were the accountants' office. On the west are the major constructions including the family hall for worshiping Buddha, theater and the south reception room. On both sides of the residence are side yard rooms for maids and servants. Shifu Garden, covers 1,200 square meters, incorporates the elegance of imperial garden and delicacy of south garden. Today, part of the buildings has been turned into the Yangliuqing Museum. The museum boasts more than 600 pieces of Yangliuqing woodblock prints, over 10,000 New Year pictures collected since the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), and more than 6,400 pieces of painting plates.	<urn:uuid:0798d150-83f5-44df-85ad-5c38c74b181b>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://www.cits.net/china-travel-guide/tianjin/shi-family-courtyard-.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190183.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00056-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.972151	422	2.53125	3
Pity the poor boy: stripped naked, tied up, blindfolded, made to kneel, prodded by the horns of beasts, beaten, and roundly abused. Then again, we are told he deserved no better: "An ill-tempered soul," was how the Greek poet Moschus described Eros: "A voice of honey, but a heart of gall; boorish, deceitful, an inveterate liar, fond of childish pranks and cruel practical jokes." Is it just me, or is this a case of too much protesting? Eros - or Cupid, the Roman version of the god - was, after all, pretty cute. He crops up several times in an exquisite show at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum called "The Triumph of Marriage: Painted Cassoni of the Renaissance." The show, put together by Cristelle Baskins, takes a hard look at paintings that adorned wedding chests, called cassoni, in 15th-century Tuscany. The paintings, all horizontal in format, number less than a dozen. But they brim with human actors in resplendent costumes, as well as jewel-like depictions of animals, landscapes, and architecture. Even for those well versed in the history of art, however, these paintings test one's mettle. They illustrate stories and allegories, many of which now seem obscure; they are full of didactic content that can seem strange and at times downright off-putting; and they were made with purposes in mind that need a good deal of explaining. Don't be put off: The show comes with a free brochure that summarizes the content of each painting in four or five crisp sentences. It's also accompanied by a splendid catalog, with clear introductory essays by Baskins and three of her colleagues. What's more, the show coincides with "Art and Love in Renaissance Italy," an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York that examines similar subject matter, though with a much wider purview. Up until about 1460, important weddings in Italy were commonly marked with a procession from the bride's home to her new husband's. Not only was the bride herself paraded, but her possessions, too. These would be carried in a chest whose panels were painted with images intended to instruct, as well as delight and divert. Many of them invite subtle and even contradictory interpretations, affirming traditional female virtues like chastity and modesty on the one hand while inciting desire on the other. But in Francesco di Giorgio's "Triumph of Chastity," the message is difficult to miss; it reads, indeed, like a rather brutal threat. Cupid, evidently in his adolescence, stands blindfolded with his arms tied behind his back. Behind him is a float pulled by two unusually malignant-looking unicorns (imagine hyenas crossed with wolfhounds). Chastity, riding atop the float in a sumptuous gown, has already seen to it that Cupid's chariot is burned and his white horses killed. She is surrounded by personified virtues (Honesty, Modesty, Wisdom, etc.) and exemplary historical figures, including Hippo (who drowned rather than be raped by pirates) and Scipio (the Roman general who honorably returned a female captive to her fiance rather than having his own way with her). The panel was inspired - like many of the paintings here - by Petrarch's "The Triumphs," a cycle of poems about the progress of the human soul that the early Renaissance poet and scholar left unfinished when he died. Following Petrarch's lead, the painter has pulled out all the stops to get across the socially responsible message that chastity is good and promiscuity (as represented by Cupid) will be punished. Eventually, laws intended to limit public displays of wealth put an end to wedding processions. But cassoni continued to be decorated with paintings, which frequently riffed on the idea of a parade or procession by illustrating triumphant military processions. If you're wondering what the connection between marriage and military triumphs might be, your first guess is probably right: It was a crude, patriarchal fixation that likened the groom's success in carrying off a bride and her possessions to a successful war party, which in turn reflected glory back onto his family. But in poetry and on painted cassoni, this connection was imagined in a way that was also part of the Renaissance's broader revival of ancient culture. Thus, one painting here depicts Alexander the Great in a triumphant procession, carrying the spoils of victory over the Persian king Darius. Among the spoils are Darius's kinswomen. The point of the painting is that Alexander preserved the women's chastity - facing away from them to preserve their modesty but dressing them resplendently as befitted their status - rather than degrading them as he might have. Presumably we are meant to disregard the possibility that Alexander was simply uninterested in women. Instead, his honorable behavior was to be regarded as a model for relations between grooms (who tended to be in their late 20s) and new brides (generally 16-18). Most cassoni were painted by workshops, rather than by the individual hand of recognized masters. And because they were made, ultimately, to decorate domestic interiors, they tended to be ignored by art historians until a recent revival of interest in the social history of the Renaissance, and particularly the role of women, put them under the spotlight. A show like this, therefore, is an excellent chance to contribute to an area of scholarship that remains hazy, and Baskins has not disappointed. Indeed, she has proposed a whole new reading for one painting in the show, a superb work by Biagio d'Antonio from the National Gallery of Art in Washington. Again, the theme is a triumphal procession, this time an entry into Rome in the republican era. Until now, it was thought to represent Marcus Furius Camillus's victory parade after defeating the Gauls in 390 BC. But, drawing on arcane clues in the picture and various literary sources, Baskins proposes a convincing new interpretation. The painting, she argues, represents the triumphal procession after Camillus's victory over the rival city of Veii, not the Gauls. That victory came about after the Romans, at the end of a 10-year siege, tunneled under the enemy city, emerged into the temple of Juno, and routed the enemy. According to Livy, a Roman soldier asked the statue of Juno in the temple if she wanted to go to Rome, and the statue - a model of female acquiescence! - nodded her head in assent. Since Juno was the goddess of family and fertility, and thus a Roman antecedent of the Virgin Mary, the subject seems especially apt for the "triumph of marriage." The show's most curious item is a pair of paintings that, with terrific economy, tell the story of Antiochus and Stratonice. At the far left of the first painting we see a lovesick Antiochus being tended to by a physician. The source of his problems seems to be the beautiful Stratonice, her skirts suggestively agitated, who unfortunately happens to be his stepmother. At the other end of this panel we see the physician revealing the cause of Antiochus's listlessness to his father, the king Seleucus. Miraculously, in the next panel, Seleucus presides over the marriage of his son to Stratonice, an act of staggering magnanimity celebrated by Petrarch in his poem "The Triumph of Love": "To give another his beloved spouse: O utmost love, unheard of courtesy!" There are many subtleties to admire in the painting. But perhaps the most extraordinary thing about it relates to its former owner, Arabella Duval Huntington. Huntington married Collis P. Huntington in 1884 and then, three decades later, his younger nephew, Henry E. Huntington. She bought this painting the year before she remarried. Sebastian Smee can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.	<urn:uuid:bd6d8d18-7ca8-41cf-8590-4b3e27adc37a>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2008/12/19/parading_their_virtues/?camp=pm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500833461.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021353-00458-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973359	1,685	2.59375	3
Antarctica's nonstop winters make it impossible to grow food outdoors. Fruits and vegetables are instead shipped long distances from overseas, just a few times per year. The farm will feature a year-round greenhouse that can grow food for researchers at the Neumayer III polar station on the Ekstrom Ice Shelf. Called the Eden-ISS, the farm exists inside a climate-controlled shipping container. The greenhouse relies on a technique called vertical farming, in which food grows on trays or hanging modules under LEDs instead of natural sunlight. Take a look at the farm, which will come to Antarctica in October, below. The 135-square-foot farm can grow all sorts of produce indoors. Harvesting food outdoors is impossible in Antarctica due to its endless winters. Since the farm is climate-controlled, it can grow crops year-round in a place where temperatures can plummet as low as -100 degrees Fahrenheit. As Modern Farmer notes, some sub-Arctic regions are experiencing somewhat of an agricultural boom, due partly to climate change. Over the past 100 years, Arctic temperatures have increased at nearly twice the global average, making it possible to grow crops in once-desolate places like Yellowknife in Canada and Greenland.	<urn:uuid:d6ae4f09-6581-466c-b3d6-6eba0de16947>	CC-MAIN-2018-13	http://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-greenhouse-dlr-german-aerospace-center-2017-9?op=1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648207.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323102828-20180323122828-00425.warc.gz	en	0.912699	255	3.265625	3
Louis Markos on Why C. S. Lewis Was Right About Chests Though public education in the United States has not fully abandoned the concept of ethics and morality, it has quite clearly abandoned what C. S. Lewis dubbed the Tao. As Lewis explained it in The Abolition of Man, the Tao is the universal moral law code known and understood by all peoples at all times through the dual media of natural reason and divinely revealed law codes. Although the Tao has always played a central role in the education of the young, modern Western educators have, in defiance of both our Greco-Roman and our Judeo-Christian heritage, rejected it as the basis for education. This rejection they have justified on at least three grounds: “scientific” (modern education is to rest on logic, reason, and empirical evidence, not on anything “subjective” and “private”), sociological-anthropological (what we in the West call morality is not universal but culture-specific), and political (a “religious” concept like the Tao has no place in public, state-run education). Even when traditional morality is taught in the classroom, it is not linked to the Tao, but treated as a personal choice that cannot be granted the universal status given to, say, the numerical value of pi or the scientific theory of evolution. By rejecting the Tao, the educational system has courted disaster. Borrowing a metaphor from Plato, Lewis argued in The Abolition of Man that in all human beings there exists a perpetual war between the head (reason) and the belly (appetite). Through the head we are drawn up toward the angels, and through the belly we are drawn down toward the beasts. In a straight fight between the two, the belly will win every time. Luckily, however, the head is aided by the chest, which is the seat “of Magnanimity, of emotions organized by trained habit into stable sentiments.” As Lewis put it: “The Chest—Magnanimity—Sentiment—these are the indispensable liaison officers between cerebral man and visceral man. It may even be said that it is by this middle element that man is man: for by his intellect he is mere spirit and by his appetite mere animal.” Without the chest, the head is easy prey for the belly; in the absence of the Tao, we cease to be human beings at all. Modern education, by debunking the real, objective status of Tao-based virtues (as opposed to man-made, culture-specific values), leaves the chest to shrivel, producing, in his famous phrase, “men without chests.” It is not enough to teach young students knowledge of the Tao. In addition to learning how to distinguish virtuous behavior from vicious behavior, the student must be taught how he is to feel about virtue and vice. The student must be trained from a young age to feel good when he performs a virtuous action and to feel a sense of internal disgust (but not self-hatred) when he does something vicious. As fallen creatures to whom sin, pride, and disobedience come naturally, our emotions must be trained along with our minds and souls. By such means is the chest strengthened and expanded. Education in the West tends to shrivel the chest in three ways: (1) by killing the imagination in the name of reason and logic; (2) by asserting pure ethical relativism; and (3) by removing that vital feeling of disgust that should and must accompany breaches of the Tao. Not surprisingly, much great literature identifies the natural, causal link between values-free education and the loss of the chest, and we see these three ways illustrated in Charles Dickens’s Hard Times, Aristophanes’ Clouds, and Dante’s Inferno. Shriveling the Chest The first manifestation is a uniquely modern one. In a fit of prophetic passion not far removed from that which drove Lewis to write The Abolition of Man, Charles Dickens produced a short novel that was really a parable in disguise. Hard Times (1845) tells the unsettling tale of a modern, well-intentioned father, Thomas Gradgrind, who, by educating his children in a Tao-less vacuum that exalts facts above all else, produces a pair of human monsters. Totally unschooled in the affairs of the heart and of the proper feelings associated with love and marriage, his daughter Louisa first marries an aged, “filthy-capitalist” banker whom she does not love and who crushes what little spirit she has, and then, overpowered by passions she cannot understand, runs off with an amoral rake who uses and abandons her. She ends up an empty shell of a woman, a living indictment of her father’s faulty theories of education. Gradgrind’s son Tom, bereft of any internal sense of moral and ethical behavior, becomes a thief and a scoundrel who frames an innocent and godly worker and then justifies his crimes to his father in the name of the scientific, utilitarian “values” he had been taught. As if to drive home the cause-and-effect theme of his novel (namely, that men without chests will be incapable of virtue, honor, and love), Dickens titles the three sections of his novel Sowing, Reaping, and Garnering. A proper schooling in the Tao calls not only for the instilling of virtues, but also for the ordering of those virtues. Gradgrind’s modern, “scientific” education has left out the most vital part, the part that makes us the most human and that brings us the most joy. The things taught in his utilitarian classroom are all things that can be taken away; that which is most lasting and valuable is simply ignored. Such education focuses on the temporal and fleeting at the expense of the durable and perennial. Unfortunately, the would-be restorer of the Tao to our modern educational system must contend with far more than this devaluing of imagination, sentiment, and the classical virtues. The anti-Tao stance of modern Western education also manifests itself in a simple dismissal of all set standards, a very old impulse that can be traced back to the Sophists of the fifth century B.C., itinerant teachers who, for a price, would teach their pupils the arts of rhetoric and logic by which they could learn to make the weaker argument the stronger. (They were also, incidentally, the first cultural and ethical relativists, who taught that morality shifted from one Greek polis to the next.) The great Greek comic playwright Aristophanes was an arch-enemy of the Sophists and saw full well the danger their educational theories posed to the polis. To illustrate the dangers of a sophistical, values-free education and to show that we reap what we sow, Aristophanes wrote a brilliant comedy that is as parable-like in its form as Hard Times. In the play Clouds, Strepsiades, a father with grand designs for his progeny, sends his son Pheidippides to the school of the Sophists to learn how to make the weaker argument the stronger. His reasons for doing so are purely practical. He is in debt, and he wishes to find a way to relieve himself of the burden of paying off his creditors. At first, he goes himself to the school of the Sophists, but he is too old and slow-witted to learn their wisdom. With much effort, he persuades Pheidippides to go in his place, and, in the second half of the play, he gets his debts cancelled by making use of the relativistic logic of sophistry. Unfortunately for the triumphant father, the play does not end there. In the closing scene, Strepsiades and his son get into a debate, and Pheidippides strikes his father. When Strepsiades balks at this treatment and appeals to his son to heed the laws of the polis and of piety, Pheidippides uses his new-learned “logic” to show his father why he is, in fact, committing a proper action in beating (literally) his own father. Repeating what both he and his father had learned from the Sophists, Pheidippides argues that the laws of the state are merely man-made and can therefore be changed, and that, as far as piety goes, there really is no such person as Zeus. Hard Times and Clouds both focus specifically on schools that educate their young charges in accordance with a faulty and destructive pedagogy. The thirtieth canto of Dante’s Inferno, though it is not presented in terms of a school, exposes powerfully what awaits a society that not only debunks the Tao but fails to instill in its youth the proper feelings that we should associate with virtuous and vicious behavior. In this truly gruesome canto, Virgil and Dante make their way through the final bolgia (or pit) of level eight, which houses for eternity the falsifiers. Here they meet Sinon (who deceived the Trojans into accepting the Wooden Horse) and Master Adam (a notorious counterfeiter of Dante’s day). As Dante looks on, Sinon and Master Adam become embroiled in a nasty debate. Neither feels any shame in recounting the indecencies of his crimes and punishments. Dante slowly becomes mesmerized by their petty quarrel and (like a modern American watching two amoral antagonists hash it out on The Jerry Springer Show) finds himself hanging on their every word. When Virgil realizes that Dante will continue to listen unless he is shaken out of his stupor, he scolds him sharply and tells him that his desire to listen to such base and unedifying speech is itself degrading. Dante immediately blushes and asks forgiveness, and Virgil tells him that the very shame he feels is sufficient to erase his offense. Surely there is nothing wrong with watching such a display, protests the typical American, but there is. To listen, to absorb, perhaps to enjoy such petty and degrading speech is to dull and finally suspend what has come to be known as our “sense of outrage” (that is to say, that sense of disgust we should feel when the Tao is violated). Too often today, public education invites its pupils to witness, like Dante, the Jerry Springer Show of Hell. Before the impressionable eyes and ears of children and teens, classical virtues are dismissed, scorned, and even ridiculed, all in the name of tolerance, egalitarianism, and (God preserve us) the separation of church and state. Well, that’s just human nature, we are trained to think; there’s nothing really wrong with it, and it’s not something that we should really feel ashamed about. But, of course, that is the very problem. We should feel ashamed. We are told constantly that today’s teens are wilder than those of the 1950s, but that is not really true. Some young people have always, lacking wisdom, been wild. Today, more and more, the teen performs his rebellious and sinful acts in a guiltless void. As terrifying as were the actual killings that took place at Columbine High School in the 1990s, even more unsettling was what appeared to be the killers’ complete lack of remorse or sense of shame. The chest has not only shriveled; it has completely disappeared. Virtuous sentiment has been swallowed up, and the shells of human beings that remain are left without any moral compass to guide them or ethical boundaries to protect them. Lewis, I believe, saw all these dangers, but he also knew that they would take several generations to fully manifest themselves. Society may break away from (and ridicule) the Tao, but as long as the young of that society have the Tao (and the proper feelings associated with it) instilled in them by parents and teachers, they will generally return to it. But if those children grow up and raise their children without the Tao, and those children in turn raise their own children without the Tao, then will society begin to be plagued by a generation that acts without remorse in a Tao-less vacuum. “Train up a child in the way he should go,” Proverbs 22 tells us, “and when he is old, he will not depart from it.” This works in reverse as well: Train up a child without any sense of right and wrong as fixed and transcendent, as our educators do, and when he is old, he will depart from morality altogether. • Louis Markos (www.Loumarkos.com), Professor in English and Scholar in Residence at Houston Baptist University, holds the Robert H. Ray Chair in Humanities. His books include From Achilles to Christ (IVP), Apologetics for the 21st Century (Crossway), and Literature: A Student's Guide (Crossway). His On the Shoulders of Hobbits: The Road to Virtue with Tolkien and Lewis was released by Moody in October 2012. Not a subscriber? Subscribe to Touchstone today for full online access. Over 30 years of content! Get a one-year full-access subscription to the Touchstone online archives for only $19.95. That's only $1.66 per month! Get six issues (one year) of Touchstone PLUS full online access for only $29.95. That's only $2.50 per month! Transactions will be processed on the secure server of The Fellowship of St. James website, the publisher of Touchstone. OR get a subscription to Touchstone to read on your Kindle for only $1.99 per month! (This option is KINDLE ONLY and does not include either print or online.) Your subscription goes a long way to ensure that Touchstone is able to continue its mission of publishing quality Christian articles and commentary. more from the touchstone online archives	<urn:uuid:9bbab9bc-8c26-4c12-bb0a-2eebbb22328f>	CC-MAIN-2017-47	http://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=18-06-016-v	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807146.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124070019-20171124090019-00257.warc.gz	en	0.96455	2,891	2.921875	3
Alongside and connected to the rise of Italian fascism came a revolution in the drinking habits of the Italian public. It might sound peculiar, but what has become known as THE Italian way to brew coffee in the home, Moka Pot (or Stovetop Espresso) Brewing is linked to the social, technological, and economic changes that Italian fascism advanced during the 1930s. Prof. Jeffrey T. Schnapp in his article, “The Romance of Caffeine and Aluminum” (Critical Inquiry, Vol. 28 No. 1, Autumn 2001 U. of Chicago) covers this ground in detail. Schnapp shows how the Italian desire to move into the era of modernity in the early 20th century was expressed through the “marriage” between two, ostensibly very different materials, caffeine and aluminum. While my article summarizes him, I must accept all responsibility for any additions, misinterpretations, or mistakes that may have entered it. Bialetti Ad In Trade Fair Catalog Caffeine and Aluminum are two materials that carry a common symbolism linking them to the age of modernity: Lightness, speed and mobility, strength, energy, and electricity, are terms that fit both these materials and are associated with the new lifestyle that modern man was seeking. Coffee and Aluminum: Icons of Modernity While both caffeine and aluminum were isolated (or discovered) in the early to the mid 19th century, it was the fascist drive to make Aluminum the national metal of Italy in the 1930s that brought these two materials together in a way that would affect every Italian home! In 1933, Alfonso Bialetti fashioned and crafted the first Aluminum Stovetop espresso coffee maker. This coffee machine, The Moka Express, would find itself in 90% of all Italian homes (as well as in the Guinness Book of Records) thus changing the essence of Italian coffee culture. Bialetti changed not only the coffee brewing technique but also the Italian social fabric. Coffee was generally consumed publicly. Public coffeehouses dominated the coffee trade in all aspects from buying and selling to roasting and consumption. They were the birthplaces of many ideological and political movements throughout Europe. Public coffee consumption was the realm of the male who made the coffee bar his home away from home. Consumption of coffee by women was associated with their move to emancipation. Inventors sought how to use new developments in technology to create better and more powerful coffee machines for the public sphere. The coffeehouse was associated with the developing modern psyche. (On the other hand, domestic coffee machines remained quite “tame”, being simple and basic.) Increased consciousness of the effect Caffeine had on the individual also served as a catalyst for these developments. Caffeine, isolated in 1820, was associated with creativity, agitation, and activity, Honore de Balzac wrote of the effects of coffee: Ideas surge forth like the battalions of a great army…Memories attack with their banners unfurled…witticisms appear as sharpshooters. Figures begin to take shape. The paper covers itself with ink for the mighty labor begins and ends with torrents of black water… Decades later the Italian founder of the Futurist movement would call himself the “caffeine of Europe” who, as Schnapp writes, “envisaged himself both as a purgative agent, dedicated to freeing Europe from its idolatry of the past, and as a new sort of industrial-era human being-a hyperactive multiplied man…” These developments and concepts gave birth to what was to become THE ultimate Italian form of coffee: Cafe Espresso, a strong and powerfully intense cup. The 19th century saw a number of attempts to brew coffee with steam. The goal was to brew a strong cup of coffee very quickly. One coffee brewer actually took the shape of a train locomotive (see image) highlighting the connection between speed and power and the use of water boilers used for both modern travel and making “modern” coffee. In 1901 Luigi Bezzera filed his first patent for a large espresso machine. This machine, like the railroad locomotives, was a dazzling piece of equipment-loud, shining with brass fittings, and manned by its own “train engineer”, the professional barista. Locomotive Coffee Machine The Italian artist Leonetto Cappiello beautifully captured this association in the 1922 advertising poster created for “La Victoria Aduino”, manufacturer of espresso machines. La Victoria Aduino by L. Cappiello (1922) How different than the simple coffee machines, like the Napolitana still used in the home. The home machines were like sedate tea brewers that brewed by letting hot water gently trickle over the coffee grinds. The Espresso brewed at the public coffee bar “was power-packed, intense, and quickly consumed It translated the values of efficiency and excitement associated with the express train into an everyday beverage. In comparison to coffeehouse espresso, the domestic coffee was but a slow and pallid imitation.” (Schnapp p 251). One can understand how the Espresso Bar became a magnet for the Italian man. But, in 1933 Alfonso Bialetti invented a brewing system that changed the image of domestic coffee in Italy. His chances for success were increased as the invention brought about the marriage of two materials Aluminum and coffee. Beyond their appeal as symbols of modernity, these two substances were significant to the Italian nation during the 1930s. The Italian Commitment to Aluminum Fascism’s “March on Rome” wanted to create a break with the past and at once restore Italy to its old glory. The use of Aluminum would suit this two-fold desire. In a huge national advertising campaign during the ’30s, Aluminum would be described as being both AVIONAL and ANTICORODAL. “Avional”-from the word meaning “airplane”, would suggest the modern technological aspect highlighting both speed and strength. “Anticorodal”, and “non-corroding”, would highlight traditional values, everlasting and sturdy. Beyond this double symbolism, Aluminum work was associated with the combination of high technological achievement with the traditional Italian values of craftsmanship and fine design. So it was quite natural to call Italians to “Rally” around this material as was done in a 1931 editorial: “…(A)cknowledge that a new and decisively important protagonist has emerged in the nation’s economic life: ALUMINUM. An Italian metal, the abundance of which makes us the envy of the world…Aluminum is sure to permit us to reduce to a bare minimum the importation of other metals, freeing the Fatherland from the onerous tributes that, to this day, continue to be exacted abroad…(Aluminum) embodies Italy’s unyielding destiny!” Note the words of Arnoldo Mussolini, the brother of “il Duce”: “We have often said: just like the 19th century was the century of iron, heavy metals and carbon, so the 20th century should be the century of light metals, electricity and petroleum. In the course of history discoveries sometimes serve as the beneficiaries of peoples. If we (Italians) haven’t iron, we have Aluminum.” Besides promising economic independence, Aluminum was seen as particularly suited to the Italian craftsman. In an article from 1932 we read “…we would be tempted to assert the Latinity of aluminum to the degree than other metal lends itself so well the temperament of the Latin peoples, in general and of the Italians, in particular. ..one can declare without hesitation that Italy has achieved a degree of aesthetic expressivity…that place it in the forefront.” Hand casting Aluminum Parts in the Bialetti Factory Coffee was also seen as highlighting nationalistic values, particularly, EMPIRE and AUTARCHY. “Empire”, in that Italy had invaded Ethiopia-a major producer of coffee beans. “Autarchy”, freedom from subjugation to the nations of the world, because Brazil had continued to supply Italy with coffee beans against League of Nations decisions to apply sanctions. Alfonso Bialetti Creates His Stove Top Espresso Machine Coffee, a national beverage thanks to the spread of espresso bars during the beginning of the 20th century, and Aluminum, the national metal, wed when Alfonso Bialetti returned from France, where he worked in the Aluminum industry. He started his own machine shop in 1918 in an area of Italy known, since WWI, as a center for manufacturing metal house-wares. During the 1920’s Bialetti noticed the laundry methods used by local women. The wash was boiled in tubs with a central pipe in the middle. This pipe would draw the soapy water up and redistribute it over the laundry. Bialetti’s creative mind brought him to the conclusion that a simple coffee machine could be fashioned on this model and could produce real “espresso type” coffee in the private home. Moka Express (Exploded View) At this time, other Italians were busy trying to create new and better ways to brew coffee-using pressure rather than steam to extract the best from the coffee bean. But the high pressure-lower than boiling water solutions of companies like Gaggia were to take years of developing. These modern “true” espresso machines would remain fairly large and costly, using complex systems to attain their superior results. Italians were still used to the steam pressured “espresso” machines that dominated the coffeehouse scene and were, therefore, open to simpler solutions that would give them the same style of coffee at home. In 1933, after some years of tinkering and solving technical problems Alfonso Bialetti invented the Moka Express. Bialetti’s coffee machine, made of Aluminum, was similar in shape and design to silver coffee services popular in well-to-do homes. Thus he combined modern technology with the Italian tradition for elegance and craftsmanship. The Stovetop Espresso machine was simple and compact, yet capable of making the power-packed brew associated with the large espresso machine of the Espresso Bar. The express claim of Bialetti was that “without requiring any ability whatsoever” yet one could enjoy “in casa un espresso come al bar” (“An espresso in the home just like one in the bar.) The Little Man with Mustache is the Bialetti Mascot Alfonso Bialetti had the vision and invented the Moka Express, which would remain virtually unchanged until today. But Bialetti did not have the marketing success to move the revolution forward. Bialetti Growth in Post-War Italy Prior to the war (1936-1940), Alfonso was able to market about 10,000 units per year. He personally sold his product at stands set up at public markets held weekly. He advanced to regional marketing but never thought in terms of a national effort or of industrializing production. The final domestication of “espresso” would have to wait until after WWII when Alfonso’s son, Renato returned from a German POW camp to unpack the machinery his father had packed away during the war. Renato began a massive marketing campaign. With increased sales, he had to raise production up to a rate of about 1,000 per day! He combined focus on production (dropping all the products his father used to produce besides the Moka Express) with breadth in advertising vision (utilizing billboards, radio campaigns as well as newspapers and magazines.) Billboards during the Trade Fair in Milano During the post-war boom, competitors entered the field and it was necessary to differentiate the Bialetti product. In 1953 Renato invented the company mascot, “omino con I baffi” (little man with a mustache). This character was a caricature of Renato’s father Alfonso and conjured up the image of the Italian father or dear elder family member who had lived his life in the coffeehouse. It was a symbol that evoked feelings of nostalgia and fondness. This patriarchal figure though is a man on the move. With his finger raised he could be hailing a taxi or commanding attention as he orders his espresso. Every year Renato Bialetti “conquered” Milan during its most important annual trade show “Fiera di Milano”. He rented every available billboard in the city and created outstanding installations. For example, in 1956, besides the booth in the Fair itself, Bialetti erected a huge outdoor sculpture consisting of a giant Moka Express supported by, what looked like, a stream of coffee being poured into an equally large coffee cup. An Outdoor Installation at Milano Fair “Espresso in the Home Just Like in the Bar” The billboards proclaimed: “in casa un espresso come al bar” (“An espresso in the home just like one in the bar.) The little-mustached man no longer needed to find his home away from home in the neighborhood coffee bar but could bring the coffee bar into his own private house. The post-war years saw an economic boom in Italy. The Fascist period was put behind and American-influenced values became prevalent. The Italian home became the focus of the nuclear family and increased in size and comfort. Egalitarian values meant that men would find themselves expected to be more active in the home. The advertising campaign of Bialetti fit this trend as stressed that: - The Moka Pot gave you a drink at home as intense and good as what you normally get at a Coffee Bar - Papa’s place was now in the kitchen where he could make his own cup of coffee. (However, he could feel as if he were playing the role of “barista” brewing a masculine beverage.) Besides addressing the social and marketing factors, Renato addressed the organizational and industrial aspects. He moved production operations to a newly designed factory in the 1950s that was specially designed to efficiently move materials. He modernized while preserving quality craftsmanship at crucial stages of production. To this day the bottom boiler unit continues to be handcrafted by expert workmen just as it had been done in 1933. With this arrangement, Renato pushed production to 18,000 pieces a day, or 4 million Moka pots per year! At this rate of production, we can well believe the claim that nearly 300,000,000 Moka pots have been sold since the 1950s. 90% of all Italian homes have at least one Moka Pot-making this a true symbol of Italy. While many competitors have moved exclusively into stainless steel models, the people of Bialetti continue to claim that the use of Aluminum improves the quality of the brew. The “interesting” aspect of this claim is that they say that the residue of coffee from previous brews adds flavor and depth to future brews. It is not recommended to clean the Moka pot too thoroughly! It is true that Aluminum is an excellent conductor of heat and even heating of the water may contribute to the quality of the brew. Bialetti’s Moka Express continues to be a respected Italian icon. In a recent survey of Italian design, the Moka Express ranked as the fifth-best design to have come out of Italy in the 20th century. Its place of honor is alongside the likes of the 1957 Fiat 500, a 1946 Vespa, and… Nutella, which won first place. Bialetti has also added new lines of Moka Pots using stainless steel and designs that are modern and elegant. They have developed new technologies, creating electric models and a new pressure system (the Brikka system) that produces an improved cup of coffee with a layer of “crema”. As espresso technology in the coffee bars (and at home) has improved over the years, Bialetti continues to strive to offer “in casa un espresso come al bar” (An espresso in the home just like one in the bar.) John Wenzel – Moka Pot 1999 Stovetop Espresso Brewing Tutorial – INeedCoffee coffee brewing tutorial. Leonetto Cappiello – Wikipedia page on the creator of the 1922 poster La Victoria Aduino. The Pleasures and Pains of Coffee by Honore de Balzac ToxFAQs(TM) for Aluminum – Government health report that downplays the health risks of aluminum.	<urn:uuid:da6d0444-b6c3-4aff-9dde-c3d337e37329>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://ineedcoffee.com/the-story-of-the-bialetti-moka-express/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337428.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003164901-20221003194901-00026.warc.gz	en	0.96594	3,471	2.9375	3
This is a simple way to get electricity. Photovoltaic panels can be put on the roof of a house to provide electricity or can be used in remote places where there is not electricity from other sources. Solar energy also powers cars without the use of gasoline which is made from the fossil fuel oil. Solar-powered vehicles (SPV’s), such as cars, boats, bicycles, and even airplanes, use solar energy to either power an electric motor directly, and/or use solar energy to charge a battery, which powers the motor. They use an array of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells (or modules made of cells) that convert sunlight into electricity. Solar Energy is also very efficient. The panels could be charged during the day and when there is no sun, the energy from the previous day is already stored. “You can use home solar panels as a partial or full source of electrical energy for your home. These residential solar panels can be tied into the electric grid, or you can produce all energy you need and live "off the grid". Solar systems that are tied into the grid can even sell unused electricity back to a power company”. This type of energy has not always been used to its full advantage and now it can be. Solar energy is the obvious choice for the United States to start using more because of its financial benefits that lead to reduced electric bills and jobs. Also solar energy is an asset because of the environmental services it allows. With having no byproducts and no waste solar energy leads to a more green world. The supporters of solar energy are very widely spread from state representative to the makers of the solar panels. In contrast, the indirect conversion of solar energy through CSP techniques involves the generation of heat energy and using the resultant steam to operate power generators (Hirschmann 36). Similar to the photovoltaics structure, this system does not have any environment-degrading emissions. The high-energy intensity obtained from the sun is the main reason why solar power is considered reliable and useful in establishing and maintaining profitable commercial projects with the main aim of increasing the local and global economies (Mahaney 112). For instance, various scientific experts have proved that the sun is able to provide the world with enough power to run all domestic and commercial projects for a year by shining for one hour. This fact is the underlying principle behind the recent operations of the National Center for Photovoltaics (NCPV). This is one of the most important steps to overcome the global warming crisis. In addition, solar energy is a renewable energy source. This means that we will never run out of solar energy. Solar energy is available everywhere on Earth; not only in the countries that are closest to the Equator. Some people think that solar energy only works in sunny regions, but that’s not true. Solar is getting more popular and even things like solar powered cars are being made. The Ford C Max energi has a solar panel on the roof to harness the suns energy and keep it going. Solar is much better energy source than anything else. If everyone has solar panels and batteries we would not need to worry about power being messed up with trees falling or digging in the ground. With solar we could all have our own “power plant”. Solar energy is capable of becoming the world's future power supply because, it is renewable, eco-friendly, and extremely efficient when strategically placed. Solar energy is clean energy that does not affect our environment. Solar power utilizes the sun’s energy to produce electricity, unlike other sources of energy, which rely on continual mining for raw materials. Consequently, producing solar energy from the heat from the sun does not result into the annihilation of the ecosystem, compared to the extraction of fossil fuels (Bode, 2005). Therefore, with the use of solar energy, it will help keep the environment clean, thus help to combat the issue of global warming, which is a threat to the world’s ecosystem worldwide. There are many industrial instruments and process, which require heat or electric energy as raw materials. Many places use direct solar emitted heat rays as energy, but to store in other form of energy requires a particular type of devices to collect, convert and store. Many devices serve to receive and store solar heats, but the most affordable and popular solar energy collectors are Solar Ponds, Parabolic Troughs and Photovoltaic systems. Solar Ponds Human use many ways ... ... middle of paper ... ...p to reduce production cost of solar devices in near future, and make it very competitive compare to other energy sources. Federal funding is increasing to prevent any future energy crisis, which United States experienced three decade ago. What is solar energy? Solar energy is, simply, energy provided by the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which makes the production of solar electricity possible. Solar energy produces electricity when it is in demand – during the day particularly hot days when air-conditioners drive up electricity demand. In use, solar energy produces no emissions.	<urn:uuid:e55ebd05-fb8d-4f67-b634-21ea20ddffd1>	CC-MAIN-2021-39	https://www.123helpme.com/essay/The-Importance-of-Solar-Energy-405990	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057119.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920221430-20210921011430-00109.warc.gz	en	0.939538	1,035	3.53125	4
Special & General Relativity Questions and Answers If Einstein says that everything is relative, how can there exist any firm constants upon which to base a Unified Theory of Nature? Because relativity doesn't say that EVERYTHING is relative, only the way that we describe them. Relativity has as its core the concept that there are some quantities that remain 'invariant' regardless of which observers are making a measurement. This is because the 'thing' that is invariant has to be described by its complete 4-dimensional properties. For example, if you were to take a yard stick and rotate it, the length would still read one yard when you compute the distance between its endpoints in 3-d space. But suppose you only computed its endpoints in terms of 2 of its coordinates? The length of the yard stick would change depending on its orientation in space, just as its shadow on a wall will have any length. What special and general relativity show is that all observers will agree on the value or 'length' of a quantity if it is expressed in its complete 4-dimensional form. The search for a Unified Theory is now rooted in the search for these 'invariants' and their 'covariant' descriptions which lead to consistent field theories. Return to the Special & General Relativity Questions and Answers page. All answers are provided by Dr. Sten Odenwald (Raytheon STX) for the NASA Astronomy Cafe, part of the NASA Education and Public Outreach program.	<urn:uuid:a2b9a04d-72d6-4d15-9daa-923f9049c3b8>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	http://einstein.stanford.edu/content/relativity/q796.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544140.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00402-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963045	307	3.328125	3
The Blood of Abel by Henry M. Morris, Ph.D. "And to Jesus the mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling, that speaketh better things than that of Abel." (Hebrews 12:24) There are three references to the blood of Abel in the Bible, with each instance indicating that the shedding of Abel's blood by his brother Cain was a type of the shed blood of Christ. In fact, the very first reference to blood in the Bible (thus, by the "law of first mention," a reference of foundational significance) is God's accusation to Abel's murderer: "The voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground" (Genesis 4:10). Abel was the first of multitudes through the centuries whose blood has been shed because of their witness for divine righteousness (note 1 John 3:12). This indictment of human wickedness reached its zenith in the spilling of the blood of the one who was perfectly righteous. "That upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias" (Matthew 23:35; also Luke 11:50-51). But if the blood of Abel cries out for vengeance along with "the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus" (Revelation 17:6), the blood of Christ Himself, as our text assures us, speaks of better things than those called forth by Abel's blood. There was an old covenant, demanding blood for blood, with the atoning blood of animals substituting for that of sinners. "And Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and said, Behold the blood of the covenant" (Exodus 24:8). But Jesus "is the mediator of the new testament . . . for the redemption of the transgressions that were under the first testament" (Hebrews 9:15), and with His blood, we have "our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience . . . to serve the living God" (Hebrews 10:22; 9:14). HMM	<urn:uuid:b7ea1580-e843-4a61-8704-8a122948c81b>	CC-MAIN-2016-22	http://www.icr.org/article/6981/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049272823.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002112-00239-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.94603	450	2.625	3
The lands near the confluence of the Ussury and the Amur, where today's Khabarovsk stands, have been populated by many centuries by Tungusic people, probably related to the Jurchens of the past and/or the Nanais of the present day. Chinese expeditions reached this area as early as the first half of the 15th century, when the fleets of the Ming eunuch Yishiha sailed several times from Jilin City all the way to Tyr on the lower Amur. In the middle of the 17th century the Amur Valley became the scene of hostilities between the Russian Cossacks, trying to expand into the region and to collect tribute from the natives, and the rising Manchu Qing Dynasty, intent on securing the region for itself. The Russian explorers and raiders of the 1650s set up a number of more or less fortified camps (ostrogs) on the Amur; most of them were in use for only a few months, and later destroyed. It is usually thought that the first such camp in the general area of today's Khabarovsk was the fortified winter camp named Achansk , built by the Cossacks of Yerofey Khabarov in September 1651 after they had sailed to the area from the upper Amur. The fort was named after the local tribe whom Khabarov's people called "Achans". Already on October 8 the fort was unsuccessfully attacked by joint forces of Achans and Duchers (who had good reasons to hate the Cossacks, due to their rather heavy-handed tribute-extraction tactics), while many Russians were out fishing. In late November, Khabarov's people undertook a three-day campaign against the local chief Zhakshur (whose name is also known in a more Russian version, Zaksor (Заксор)), collecting a large amount of tribute and announcing that the locals were now subjects of the Russian Czar. Similar campaign was waged later in winter against the Ducher chief Nechiga (Нечига), farther away from Achansk. On March 24 (or 26) 1652, Fort Achansk was attacked by Manchu cavalry, led by Ninguta's commander Haise, reinforced by Ducher auxiliaries, but the Cossacks stood their ground in a day-long battle and even managed to seize the attackers' supply train. Once the ice on the Amur broke in the spring of 1652, Khabarov's people destroyed their fort and sailed away.	<urn:uuid:9431cb0f-89b8-4517-9015-c4d162a427da>	CC-MAIN-2019-26	http://intermarkrelocation.ru/about/maprussia/khabarovsk/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998581.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617223249-20190618005249-00233.warc.gz	en	0.983874	529	3.609375	4
We always admire people for going beyond the call of duty. We also admire almost anything that pushes the boundaries of science. Well, what about scientists who go far and beyond the call of duty for the cause of scientific research? Maybe. Here are six of the most dedicated individuals to scientific research in history. Some you will likely admire, others will make you cringe. 6. John Paul Stapp In the wake of World War Two, the United Stated Air Force was eager to push the boundaries of their flight technology. At the time it was believed that the human body could only withstand 18 g of force, meaning any pilot ejecting from an aircraft was risking fatal injuries. Flight surgeon John Paul Stapp set out to determine if this was true – with his own body. From 1947, Stapp underwent went more ‘peak’ g experiences than anyone else alive, in the process suffering broken bones, detached retina, and permanently burst blood vessels in his eyes. In his last flight Stapp experienced 46.2 times the gravitational force of the earth, faster than a bullet. His efforts as a human flight guinea pig resulted in wide-reaching developments in aviation safety, and even laid the groundwork for seat belts in cars. 5. John Scott Haldane During the end of the 19th century and the first few decades of the 20th, John Scott Haldane was responsible for some of the most important revelations concerning the nature of the human respiratory system. Haldane’s investigations led to the development of a system for deep-sea divers to avoid the Bends, the placement of canaries and flame safety lamps in mines in order to detect dangerous gas levels, and the invention of the gas mask after experiments at the front during WW1. How did Haldane make these breakthroughs in science? By subjecting himself, and his young son John B. S. Haldane, to his own experiments. Haldane would reportedly lock himself in a sealed chamber, and fill it with poisonous gasses while recording the effect they were having on his body and mind. His son would come to follow in his footsteps, conducting his own self-experiments concerning the effects of oxygen deprivation. 4. Edwin Katskee Cocaine is now regarded as a dangerous and illicit drug, but for early modern medicine it had important uses as an anesthetic. However, it’s use could sometimes prove harmful to patients. In 1936, Edwin Katskee resolved to investigate the effects of the drug – first hand. Katskee administered himself a large dose of cocaine and proceeded to write a first hand account of the drugs effects on him on the wall of his room. Unfortunately, the amount of cocaine Katskee had injected proved fatal. To add to the sting of this, Katskee’s ‘death diary’, as the media dubbed it, was deemed to have no scientific value due to its incoherent nature. 3. Giovanni Battista Grassi Apparently, voluntarily consuming the eggs of parasites has a history as a relatively common means of experimentation among parasitologists. It seems the originator of this practice was Giovanni Battista Grassi. In 1878, while performing an autopsy, Grassi found an infestation of tapeworm in the large intestine of the corpse he was working on. Grassi immediately decided to ingest the eggs in order to prove that this was a viable way of becoming infected with tapeworm. However, Grassi figured he’d have to first establish that he did not already have tapeworm. He stored the eggs from the corpse in a solution of fresh excrement, only fishing them back out when he’d examined his own feces for over a year and found them devoid of tapeworm eggs. After swallowing the eggs, Grassi found his hypothesis proven true, finding tapeworm eggs in his stool. He then killed the parasites with a herbal anti-worm medicine. Since then his self-experiment has been repeated with other parasites by other parasitologists. 2. Werner Forssmann In 1929, German physician Werner Forssmann developed a breakthrough technique of delivering medicine directly to the heart of a patient. His experiment was in response to a belief that this treatment would be more effective than using I.V. treatments. Forssmann proved the truth of his hypothesis by inserting a catheter into his own heart. To do the experiment, Forssmann tried to gain permission from the Chief of his medical institution, but it was refused due to fears for Forssmann’s safety – if the catheter had pierced a vein, Forssmann’s life would have been in danger. Not scared off by this, Forssmann convinced the OR nurse who supervised sterile equipment. She agreed to help Forssmann, but on the condition that he did the experiment on her rather than himself. Forssmann agreed, then proceeded to tie her down, and insert the catheter into his own arm up to the shoulder before the nurse realized it was not her he was experimenting on. Forssmann untied the nurse, and both of them walked one story down to the X-Ray department, where Forssmann got X-Ray film showing the catheter lying inside the right atrium of his heart, proving his hypothesis. Forssmann would later receive the Nobel Prize for this discovery. 1. Pierre and Marie Curie Radiation has been a well-known phenomenon since at least the dropping of the first atomic bombs. The specter of its death and cancer-causing presence has been a common feature in apocalyptic and futuristic horror for decades. But when Pierre and Marie Curie were doing their experiments on radiation during the turn of the 20th century, radiation was a recently discovered mystery. Radioactive elements were known to give off rays, but the causes and effects of these rays were unknown. With Marie in the lead, the Curie’s proceeded to begin investigating – by locking themselves in a small, unventilated makeshift lab where they processed radioactive materials. Their most extreme experiment was an investigation into what radioactive rays would do to healthy flesh. Pierre proceeded to strap a piece of radium to his arm and record the gradual and profound damage to the flesh. Their groundbreaking investigations led to the discovery of two radioactive elements, radium and polonium, and the definition of the word ‘radioactivity’.	<urn:uuid:fdf502ce-9f00-4477-8665-3eccffc4a73b>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	http://kizaz.com/2014/01/07/6-amazingly-dedicated-scientists/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447769.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00307-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973858	1,314	3.578125	4
Sergey Nivens - Fotolia When vulnerabilities are disclosed in well-known and widely used security protocols, the infosec community is quick to react, both in terms of finding a fix and debating at length the root cause of the vulnerabilities. The research team that wrote about newly discovered vulnerabilities in Open Pretty Good Privacy (OpenPGP) and Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) caused additional controversy. Not only was the URL to their research report, "Efail: Breaking S/MIME and OpenPGP Email Encryption using Exfiltration Channels" leaked via a tweet, but because many disagree with their conclusions that the vulnerabilities are inherent flaws in the protocols and with their recommendations for mitigating them. Many in the community believe instead that the vulnerabilities are caused by poor protocol implementations in email clients. How Efail works The report explains how the Efail flaws occur in email clients supporting the OpenPGP or S/MIME standards, leaving them vulnerable to a ciphertext feedback mode or a cipher block chaining (CBC) gadget attack, respectively tracked as CVE-2017-17688 and CVE-2017-17689. This enables an attacker to inject content into an encrypted email which could establish an exfiltration channel when the content is decrypted by the victim's email client. For example, by injecting an HTML image tag, the flaw can enable an attacker to exfiltrate the plaintext as part of an HTTP request when the message is rendered by the email client. The researchers found that some email clients that don't isolate multiple MIME parts can also enable attackers to sandwich encrypted messages between plaintext MIME parts with specially formatted remote resource links. When those messages are decrypted and rendered by the email client in an HTML-based back channel, it eliminates the need to perform gadget attacks. Any Efail-based attack depends on whether the email client has properly implemented authenticated encryption standards, such as modification detection code (MDC), a cryptographic hash function used as an integrity check to see if messages have been tampered with. Efail is more effective against S/MIME, as it doesn't currently support MDC, so attackers can exploit the properties of CBC-based encryption to inject the attack into messages. This is probably why Efail appears to affect more clients using S/MIME than OpenPGP. Robert J. Hansen, an evangelist for GnuPG, a free implementation of the OpenPGP standard, pointed out that when GnuPG sees a message without MDC, it generates the following warning by default: "WARNING: Message was not integrity protected." However, it's then up to the email client to take the appropriate action, such as not displaying the message. For backward-compatibility reasons, the OpenPGP spec does technically allow for messages that have not been encrypted with MDC, but modern OpenPGP clients shouldn't silently ignore warnings of missing or malformed MDCs, as this can enable the Efail attack. This makes it seem as if it is the developer's implementation and HTML rendering issues with email clients that enable the attacks, and not OpenPGP itself. The authors' table of affected email clients also shows that not all clients are affected. Whether the OpenPGP and S/MIME protocols should be updated to strictly enforce MDC to prevent an attacker from exploiting the Efail flaws is another matter. How to defend against it One suggested method to defend against Efail is to reject all email with HTML attachments, but that is not practical for the majority of enterprises, and Efail attacks are easy to detect at the network perimeter. However, email clients should also be prevented from automatically loading remote resources such as images, as this will not only prevent exfiltration channels from being opened by the email client, but it can also prevent tracking via invisible images. Enterprises should be aware that although their users' email clients may be Efail safe, there is no way to guarantee that the recipients have updated their software or configurations. This means that there is the possibility of a sender's encrypted message being read by an Efail attacker. One workaround is to manually encrypt the message body with a tool like gpg4usb or Gpg4win and then paste it into an email. Likewise, incoming emails can be decrypted outside of the email client to prevent the client from opening exfiltration channels. Whatever people's thoughts on Efail, it shows the importance of keeping all software up to date and ensuring users deploy only the latest and strongest encryption ciphers. This certainly isn't the end of the road for OpenPGP or S/MIME, but many observers think that blockchain-based authentication is the future.	<urn:uuid:b70a03f3-aa31-496f-a744-2544a64a53f7>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/How-to-mitigate-the-Efail-flaws-in-OpenPGP-and-S-MIME	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583814455.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121213506-20190121235326-00031.warc.gz	en	0.936314	973	2.609375	3
As with any interaction with the school related to yourchild’s needs, consider recording the key events related to the school and your child on paper. Use a bound note book. Print or hand write, write objective statements. Use statements that are positive and display a patient, positive but focussed attitude on your part. Date the entry. Sample Entry (to be written or printed) 14. (1) The principal of the school at which a pupil is enrolled, (a) may on written notice to a parent of the pupil; and (b) shall at the written request of a parent of the pupil, refer the pupil to a committee established by the board, for a decision as to whether the pupil should be identified as an exceptional pupil and, if so, what the placement of the pupil should be. O. Reg. 181/98, s. 14 (1). This right is also found in most School Board Guide to Special Education programs and Services as mandated by the Ministry of Education. This guide will be likely located somewhere on your Board’s website and is generally found when using Google and searching Parents Guide to Special Education Programs and Services along with your Board’s name. The Toronto District School Board is the largest Board in the province and has a wonderful website. This right to request an IPRC is found a s follows on the TDSB Guide. The ministry document special education in Ontario – kindergarten to grade 12 – 2017 also includes this parental bright on page D38 Two weeks later. To Identify Or Not Identify… This article explores the identification question in the ASD context. Spoiler alert. There is no question. Let’s’ assume that the school was in someway reticent to schedule an IPRC. Comment: The principal and the school acted appropriately by taking immediate action to provide initial programs and services and to collaborate with the parent. Relevant legislation and legal principles. The concreteness of the visual impairment makes it obvious and self evident that Emily should be in school. It is also always clear that a child with a visual impairment should and could be identified with an exceptionality. The above regulation states that programming and services must not wait until the child is identified. The Education Act states that all children have a right to be school. Ontario’s human rights regimen would also come into play if the school in any way either denied or limited access to school or denied or limited appropriate accommodations for Emily to have meaningful access to education. Under the Code, education providers in both the publicly funded system and in private schools have a legal duty to accommodate students with disabilities up to the point of undue hardship. Ontario Human Rights Commission – Elementary and Secondary Education In Emily’s case if you were a dispute her right to be registered in school. However, children with other needs help at times encounter difficulties registering their children. We will explore this possibility in the next post. The case of Emily Emily Green is six years old and is of grade one age . She has moved from another province. She is visually impaired. She blindness is profound. Emily has a medical diagnosis of profound vison impairment. There is no concern about or evidence of any other limitation or condition. There are no behavioural or safety issues. Emily has no system in place to allow her to access the curriculum. The other children can look at pictures and learn to read and print and draw but Emily cannot. In September her mother, Ms. Green, walked into the neighbourhood community school on the first day to register her daughter. She also asked to meet immediately with the principal to talk about her daughter. Let’s explore the rights and responsibilities of both parents and schools with regard to Emily. In that her visual impairment is fairly straightforward, The way forward, entrenched in legislation and law will seem intuitively obvious and born of commonsense. The need to understand fundamental special education regulations is an essential component of solid advocacy. In 2007, the Ontario Ministry of Education released the resource document Shared Solutions – A Guide to Preventing and Resolving Conflicts Regarding Programs and Services for Students With Special Education Needs Shared Solutions points to a remedy to the power imbalance felt by parents.. “Conflicts may also arise if parents and/or educators are not fully informed about ministry regulations and policy documents with respect to regular and special education. As well, it is important for all parties – educators, other professionals, students, and parents – to be aware of their roles and responsibilities in the planning, implementation, and monitoring of special education programs and services.” Shared Solutions, p.14 Shared Solutions also points toward a key plank of the special education platform in the second paragraph of its Overview of Special Education. (Page 6) “The children and youth who require special education programs and services are a diverse group. Some students with special education needs are formally identified by an Identification, Placement, and Review Committee (IPRC);” The center piece of Special Education in Ontario Schools is the Individual Placement and Review Process. When the special education regimen in Ontario was created, the legislature made the IPRC the pivotal process where the parental common law rights of procedural fairness were found. Therefore, our initial work here will be to understand the IPRC thoroughly. Doing that, however, we will look at many concepts that are intertwined and flow through the IPRC. As we progress through a series of scenarios I will identify what I believe are pivotal, important aspects of the process as well as areas and concepts that often can, although mandated in legislation and cited in tribunal decisions, be less than familiar to some educators. I beginning to plan to hold a series of Advocacy workshops across Ontario. I’m imagining an intensive workshop that really focusses on practical take away skills. I would appreciate any thoughts regarding topic areas to cover, venues, locations, towns to cover, people I should talk too, etc… I’m also looking for any comments if my workshops have been helpful to you. I am looking to Sept 2019 to begin.	<urn:uuid:d255ab01-9e40-48f3-933c-b672ded74d71>	CC-MAIN-2019-26	https://mahonyadvocacy.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998475.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617123027-20190617145027-00022.warc.gz	en	0.959488	1,274	2.578125	3
Our society is sending mixed messages about bullies. A couple of decades ago we “discovered” elementary and middle school bullies and the damage they were doing to our kids. So we started spending money trying to stop it. Non-profits were formed; curriculum was developed; kids’ books were written; in-service sessions were held; hall monitors were instructed. In some places police officers were placed in the schools. All with the goal of decreasing or eliminating bullying behavior in schools and on the buses. Bullying behavior? That’s name calling, pushing, hitting, intimidating another kid or taking away something that was his or hers. But there are exceptions. On the ball field or in the hockey rink pushing, hitting, intimidating and stealing are expected, encouraged even. And we expect the kids to keep the boundaries straight – rewarded here, punished there. As those kids become adults and some of them stay on the football field or in the hockey rink, the rewards get even bigger. For some the result of pushing everyone else out of the way, grounding the other guy, and stealing the puck or the ball is some really big money. We still expect them to keep the boundaries straight. It is okay to hit the quarterback really hard, but not your girlfriend or your four year old. It is okay to take the ball away from the other team’s offense, but not the electronics from Walmart. It is okay to intimidate the other team’s defense to get what you want, but not your girlfriend. It seems simple enough doesn’t it? But some of the best players, those who have learned how to be the best bullies, just don’t seem to get it. I’m just saying. What do you think?	<urn:uuid:8c6ef34a-b498-4856-874c-d6272d129234>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://outofthepews.blogspot.com/2014/09/bullies-on-and-off-playing-field.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423764.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721082219-20170721102219-00199.warc.gz	en	0.978223	362	2.65625	3
According to the Department of Energy, motor-driven equipment—such as pumps, fans and compressors—consume about 16 percent of the energy used in U.S. industrial applications, amounting to $30 billion spent annually. For variable torque applications, installing a variable frequency drive (VFD) with the latest motor control technology is a simple and cost-effective way to achieve significant energy savings. Whether moving air or water, or controlling production speed, the ability to match the speed of the motor or pump to the desired output can reduce energy consumption and save on costs and resources. Energy and the associated cost savings are the main motives for using VFDs. When a drive is applied to a fan or pump, the return on investment can be realized in as few as three to four months. VFDs are designed to provide variable speed control. They maintain the optimal speed required for an application to enhance production and save energy. Low- and medium-voltage drives gradually accelerate and decelerate motors and pumps, helping protect mechanical components and extend their life, while reducing inrush currents, which helps save energy. VFDs are used in a broad range of industries and applications—including HVAC, water and wastewater, and oil and gas. History of VFDs AC induction motors were developed in the late 1800s, using polyphase electrical current to develop a rotating magnetic field. The rotor of the alternating current (AC) induction motor follows the rotating magnetic field and can connect to rotating equipment such as pumps, fans and machinery. The limitation of the induction motor is that it can only rotate at a speed comparable to the frequency of the AC power provided. The AC VFD significantly changed the way that AC induction motors could be used by providing an efficient, electronic way to vary the frequency of the supply current, which then varied the speed of the motor. Early on, VFDs were used in process control for manufacturing synthetic fiber, steel bars and aluminum foil. VFDs improved process performance and reduced maintenance costs. As a result, they were used to replace motor generator sets and direct current (DC) drives. Later, during the 1970s energy crisis, saving energy was crucial. VFDs were increasingly tapped to help reduce energy consumption in large pump applications and eventually in HVAC fan systems. VFDs are a critical component of motor speed control. They improve efficiency, reduce wear on mechanical components and improve system performance. Fundamentally, they are used to control the frequency and voltage supply to the motor and match the application’s speed requirements. The Affinity Laws The affinity laws can determine the system performance for centrifugal devices, defining both theoretical load requirements and possible energy savings. The three affinity laws are shown in Figure 1. \|Figure 1. The affinity laws\| 1. Flow/volume varies linearly with speed. (Graph A) 2. Pressure/head varies as a square of the speed. (Graph B) 3. Power or energy consumption varies as a cube of the speed. (Graph C) Determining the system curve (see Figure 2) is important to select the proper system pump. This curve describes what flow will occur given a specific pressure. Static head or lift and friction head need to be defined. Static head/lift is the height that the fluid must be lifted from the source to the outlet. Friction head is the power required to overcome losses caused by the flow of fluid in the piping, valves, bends and other devices in the system. These losses are flow-dependent and are nonlinear. \|Figure 2. Elements of a system curve\| In Figure 2, the system curve and pump performance curve intersect at the desired operating point of 120 feet of pressure and 160 gallons per minute of flow. The system will have a single operating point unless a device is added, and a pumping application rarely requires the pump to produce maximum flow. VFDs Versus Throttling Devices A mechanical throttling device is often used to limit flow. This is an effective control method. However, it wastes both mechanical and electrical energy. Energy use with a throttling device is shown in Figure 5. The lower curve shows energy use with a VFD. Since VFDs adjust the frequency of an AC motor, flow and energy consumption are reduced. The green shaded area shows the energy saved. \|Figure 5. The amount of energy saved by using a variable frequency drive versus a valve to control flow\| A throttling device is typically used as a mechanical way to reduce the flow rate in a pumping system. Applying a throttling device to the system changes the system curve (see Figure 3). The throttling device reduces the flow of the system, yet the pump curve is not changed. This wastes energy and creates mechanical stress. Since the pump operates at full speed, a tremendous amount of energy is used. Also, mechanical stresses on the pump system can prematurely result in seal or bearing failures.	<urn:uuid:95638be4-539c-4763-9eb4-9ff064a5df8f>	CC-MAIN-2014-41	http://www.pumpsandsystems.com/topics/motors/vfds-save-energy-pump-applications	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663711.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00336-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.935355	1,020	3.515625	4
Posted by Brandi on . I'm still having trouble deciding if the answer should be this or that on the sentence below. Let's exchange _______ bread for these crackers. I know that this means close by and that means further away. But the way the sentence is worded it is confusing me. Language Arts - Either that or this is correct. It depends on the context. However, if you must choose, the answer is probably "this" to be consistent with "these."	<urn:uuid:e5050a52-48d1-4486-9f5d-d68835623df8>	CC-MAIN-2017-13	http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1330462593	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189088.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00349-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969846	104	2.875	3
This file is also available in Adobe Acrobat PDF format This book is about the impossibility of religious freedom. Many laws, constitutions, and international treaties today grant legally enforceable rights to those whose religious freedom is infringed. Stories of the conflict between the demands of religion and the demands of law are daily news items all over the world, and take a familiar patterned form. Schoolgirls in France seek permission to wear the hijab to school. Sikhs in Britain seek exemption from motorcycle helmet laws. Muslim women seek civil divorces in India on the same ground as their Hindu and Christian neighbors. The Jehovah's Witnesses seek the right to be a recognized religious organization in Russia and to be exempt from patriotic exercises in Greece. Native Americans seek repatriation of religious items in the cases of U.S. museums. In each of these cases a court or a legislature or an administrative official must make a determination as to whether the religious practice in question is legally religious. In other words, in order to enforce laws guaranteeing religious freedom you must first have religion. The impossibility of religious freedom is not obvious, nor is the advocacy of such a position popular. A commitment to religious freedom is a taken-for-granted part of modern political identity in much of the world. Certainly this is so in the United States. Even most of those whose own personal stance is fiercely secular would include the right to religious freedom among those rights fundamental to a free democratic society. Indeed, Americans who may be able to agree on little else agree that religious freedom is one of the shining achievements of the United States, one that they are often anxious to export around the world.1 Nowhere, as Americans understand it, is religion so strong and so free. Not in Europe, which is believed to be pervasively and irredeemably atheistic, and where new religious movements are persecuted. Not in the Muslim world, where it is believed that adherence to Islam is enforced by authoritarian regimes and non-Muslims are discriminated against. Not in China, where it is believed that all religion is suspect. But there is a very real sense in which religious freedom is turning out to be impossible to realize, even in the United States. Drawing a line around what counts as religion and what does not is not as easy as periodically recommitting ourselves politically to religious freedom. Defining religion is very difficult, particularly at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Who is to say what is the authentic way for an American to be Christian or Jewish or Muslim or Inuit or Daoist or . . . ? This book tells two stories. First, it tells the story of how a motley group of ordinary Americans buried their dead in one cemetery in a small Florida city in the 1980s and 1990s, in defiance of local regulation, and then challenged the federal courts to enforce their right to the free exercise of their religion. Second, in light of the sometimes heroic effort of this group of ordinary American Protestants, Catholics, and Jews to explain what they did and why they did it to a group of ordinary American lawyers and judges and city officials, it tells the story of the impossibility of religious freedom today. The story of the trial itself is a small but moving local tale of a dispute that is now in its second decade. The implications of these local events are, however, arguably of wider significance. Warner v. Boca Raton (hereinafter the Warner case)2 was brought on behalf of a group of Florida residents who sought to prevent the forced removal of the numerous statues, plantings, crosses, Stars of David, and other individually crafted installations that, with the tacit permission of city officials, they had placed on the individual graves of their deceased relatives over the course of ten to fifteen years (see photographs between pp. 31 and 32). The suit sought a statutory and constitutional free-exercise-of-religion exemption from local cemetery regulations that limit the size and placement of memorials to small flat metal plaques, flush with the ground, giving only names and dates, and that can be easily mowed over. The principal issue at trial was whether the nonconforming memorial arrangements assembled by plaintiffs were an "exercise of religion," and therefore protected by the relevant statutes and constitutional provisions. The burial practices of the Warner plaintiffs belong to a grouping of religious beliefs and practices that one might call "lived religion," or "folk religion," that is, religion that takes place beneath the radar of religious officials and institutions. These practices, as with the familiar impromptu memorials constructed at the side of the road at the site of automobile accidents or at places of national tragedy such as that of the Oklahoma City bombing, reflect U.S. religious diversity, immigrant piety, political idealism, and a do-it-yourself style of religious ritual and iconography. This kind of religion is, for the most part, local and family-centered--but it is also linked in important ways to international and transnational religious communities and traditions. The lived religion of the Warner plaintiffs, as represented by the Boca Raton cemetery memorials, will be seen in the context of this trial as resistant to, and yet shaped in fundamental ways by the larger U.S. religious and legal history and landscape of which they are a part. But the religious practices described in this book and the conditions set by the legal context in which they find themselves are not exclusive to the U.S. context; with some local shading, they are common throughout the world. We live increasingly in a world of diaspora religious communities in which all religions are everywhere, in which all religions everywhere are governed by secular legal regimes, and in which all religions everywhere are being reinvented by their adherents to suit new circumstances. The Warner trial provides a case study for how and whether, given these conditions, law anywhere today can do what it is being asked to do: guarantee freedom of religion. Courts need some way of deciding what counts as religion if they are to enforce these laws. Is it possible to do this without setting up a legal hierarchy of religious orthodoxy? And who is legally and constitutionally qualified to make such judgments? Can "lived religion" ever be protected by laws guaranteeing religious freedom? Religion and law today speak in languages largely opaque to each other. When they intersect, whether in the work of academics or in the public square, it is usually in one of several familiar ways: in debates concerning certain issues of public policy--such as abortion, homosexuality, cloning, and euthanasia--or in the high-profile stories of the asserted denial of religious freedom mentioned above, such as prohibitions against Islamic veiling in France and Turkey, or of government funding of faith-based initiatives in the United States. These debates and these stories, for the most part, focus on the political questions and assume an unproblematic understanding of secular law, its history, and how it works today. They assume that, given the political will, laws--and courts--can do the work of enforcing the rights of religion. Less attention is given to how and whether law affects religion in these cases--to the actual encounter in courtrooms today between the religious lives of ordinary people and secular legal regimes. How can courts fairly assess evidence about religious practice? How can courts determine what counts as religious for the many laws all over the world that give persons whose actions are religiously motivated special privileges in law?3 This book is, then, on the smallest scale, about what counts as religion, legally, in Boca Raton, Florida, at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The book will consider the Warner case itself in some detail, but I will first put the case, and my own involvement in it, in a somewhat larger legal context. On the fifth and final day of the trial, in March 1999, just before giving his ruling from the bench, the Honorable Kenneth L. Ryskamp, U.S. district judge for the Southern District of Florida, announced: "I must admit that I enjoyed the four days immensely. I mean it's not very often where you can spent [sic] four days in court and talk theology all day. And I happen to enjoy that. And I thought it was interesting. It's an experience unlike anything I've had in 13 years on the bench."4 It should come as a surprise--to Americans at least--that a federal judge would describe a four-day trial as "talking theology all day." "Talking theology," we might think, is something that properly happens in churches and seminaries, or--at the very least--among private citizens. It is certainly not something that a federal judge should be doing while on the bench. It is not something that the government should be doing at all--if, by "talking theology," we mean talking about God.5 Characterizing all Americans is certainly almost as difficult as defining religion; but American attitudes toward religion are the product of a distinctive history, and Americans, on the whole, tend to be quite fastidious about the line between religion and government. Europeans, while often more secular in their personal orientations, are much more used to living with a lingering religious "establishment" of sorts and consequently less squeamish about public displays of religion and public involvement of religion in the life of the community and governmental involvement in the operations of religious communities. Religious freedom is often understood in Europe not to be incompatible with public funding of religion, for example.6 Some Americans might be more tolerant of generalized religious references and more comfortable with ceremonial religiosity than others; but most would recoil at the idea that a federal judge should be deciding in a federal court, for the purposes of secular law, what does and what does not count as real religion--what counts as what we might call "legal" religion. When Judge Ryskamp speaks of "talking theology" he is referring to his efforts to determine exactly what counts as religion for the purposes of law. The Warner case does not seem at first blush to have the marks usually associated with important legal cases in this country. It is not yet a Supreme Court case. It is not regarded as a landmark case in the legal literature. It seems now unlikely to be widely cited or discussed in legal circles. Furthermore, protection of the practices at issue in this case were not necessary for the survival, or even central to the identity, of a religious community, as was the case in many of the well-known American judicial decisions about religion: cases concerning Jehovah's Witnesses proselytizing, Mormon polygamy, Amish educational practices, or Native American sacred lands, to mention just a few.7 The practices for which protection was sought in the Warner case are more modest and more typically mainstream American. The Warner plaintiffs are not members of a religious elite. They are ordinary Americans attending to the most critical events of their lives--the deaths of their children, spouses, and parents. They are ordinary Americans seeking to create a place for mourning within the spaces set out by city, state, and federal laws, and by the cemetery industry. But if the religious activities at these graves are seen as unimportant and as not deserving of protection, legally speaking, then statutes guaranteeing religious freedom may be accomplishing just the reverse of their stated intent. These laws may be harming rather than fostering freedom of religion. In the important area of defining legal religion and legally protecting religious freedom, the Warner case provides, I believe, a valuable example. Those "talking theology" in federal court with Judge Ryskamp in this trial in March 1999 included the plaintiffs (relatives of those whose remains were buried in the cemetery), city officials and managers of the cemetery, a financial analyst, two experts on the cemetery industry, five experts on religion, the lawyers, and the judge. I was the third of the three religion experts hired by the plaintiffs' lawyers. The other two expert witnesses for the plaintiffs were a priest and a rabbi, both also academics. The City hired two religion scholars as experts. The testimony of all of those testifying at this trial was often at cross-purposes. As with many religion cases in the American courts, to read the testimony and the legal arguments in the Warner v. Boca Raton case with the eye of a scholar of religion is to wade into a murky mixture of half-remembered childhood teachings (whether at the knee of one's grandmother or in formal religious instruction), ideas promoted in the popular literature of spirituality, fragments of Supreme Court opinions, the demands of the politics of identity, academic theories and opinions, and genuine, if often uninformed, fascination and concern. Indeed, one could say that the process of the trial itself, not just the ultimate decision, was somehow at times indecent, however unintentionally, in its ignorance about religion and in the resulting harassment of the plaintiffs. Certainly by bringing suit the plaintiffs consented, in some sense, to intrusive questioning--but did they consent to ill-informed and sometimes humiliating badgering about their religious beliefs and practices? And to what purpose? The Warner case, in its very modesty, nicely illustrates the modern legal conditioning and predicament of religion. And it does so in the context of the peculiarly American conjunction between a strict separationist political ideology and a widespread evangelical style of religiosity, a conjunction further distinguished by the very American sense that everyone is an expert when it comes to religion. The United States is, as many have observed, at once a profoundly secular and a profoundly religious society. "Separation of church and state" means that there is no established authority. A reformed evangelical piety means that each person is enthusiastically open to new religious experience, his or her own and everyone else's. Together, these conditions produce a religious field both diverse and uniform. Throughout the Warner trial Judge Ryskamp inhabited this American double consciousness, at once separationist and evangelical, uneasily, I think, not sure how to resolve it. He confidently asserted the entire and complete right of every American to believe as she or he chooses while at the same time thoroughly enjoying arbitrating among competing views. This practice of his, his arbitration among views, was what he called "talking theology." Biblically literate in a lay sense, Ryskamp felt no hesitation in openly preferring his own reading of the Hebrew Bible to that of the rabbi. He also felt no compunction about preferring his own version of church history to that of the church historian. Religion appeared to be judged in his courtroom according to the fabled "I know it when I see it" standard.8 Judge Ryskamp is like many Americans, I think, both in his obvious pleasure in "talking theology" and in his self-confident evaluation of the available evidence about religion. He was interested in religion and he was entirely democratic, if often uninformed, when debating authoritative sources. Religious authority was located for him in the individual, not in the religious community. Summarizing his reaction to the plaintiffs' testimony in the Warner case, he revealed his own very American brand of broadmindedness when it comes to religion: I would say at the outset, of all the plaintiffs who testified and the depositions that I've read, I believe that all of them have sincere religious beliefs. This does not require any testimony of orthodoxy, because orthodoxy is not an issue In listening to the testimony, the views expressed weren't necessarily my views but I recognize them as all valid religious beliefs that are entitled to protection under the law. I'm sure that if I express my religious views some people would say that's very weird and that's very strange, you know, I can't agree with that. That's unorthodox. And that's what makes up religion, is that we all have the right in this country to have whatever religious views we choose to have. So I would say as a blanket matter at the beginning that I recognize all of these views that have been expressed as sincerely held religious views.9 "Sincerity" is the only standard, he says here.10 Each person is entitled to his or her own beliefs. Yet, legally defined orthodoxy, not sincerity, was the final standard used in the Warner trial. The case before him demanded that Judge Ryskamp make a decision about what counts as religion. Where else was he to look for authority, other than his own judgment? The five expert witnesses on religion in the Warner case, of which I was one, did not have an obvious place in the conversation. We did not speak out of his largely individualistic and self-taught evangelical epistemology. We spoke of history and culture and tradition. Ryskamp was suspicious about our claims to authority and reluctant to credit our testimony. Our claims of authority, whether scholarly in a religious or in a secular sense, were un-American. A federal judge has a great deal of power. Academic expertise can be impotent in such a place, particularly, perhaps, if the expertise is about religion. In the end Ryskamp drew back from the implications of the embracing antiauthoritarianism expressed above, falling back on his own authority as a federal judge and as a religious American. Religious freedom and the legal disestablishment of religion, as political ideas, find their origin in the early modern period in Europe.11 With other markers of modernity identified by scholars--the rise of the nation state, the maturing of an international market, the invention of modern warfare, the advent of printing and literacy, the emergence of a middle class, among others--a new relationship of religion to political governance was created with the breakup of the monopoly of the Roman Church.12 For perhaps the first time since Constantine, religious affiliation in Europe began to be detached again from political identity. National and religious identity no longer necessarily went hand in hand. To be sure, at first, new national religious establishments were created to take the place of the continental monopoly of the Roman Catholic Church, but over the centuries religion was both consciously and unconsciously remodeled to accommodate the new secular political order and new ideas of citizenship. Religion was thereby politically and legally divided into modern and antimodern, long before the reappearance of "fundamentalism" in the 1970s.13 The precondition for political participation by religion increasingly became cooperation with liberal theories and forms of governance.14 As a result, the modern religio-political arrangement has been largely, although not exclusively, indebted, theologically and phenomenologically, to protestant reflection and culture.15 Particularly in its American manifestation. "Protestant" is here spelled with a small "p." I use "protestant" not in a narrow churchy sense, but rather loosely to describe a set of political ideas and cultural practices that emerged in early modern Europe in and after the Reformation; that is, I refer to "protestant," as opposed to "catholic," models of church/state relations. (According to this use, Protestants can be "catholic" and Catholics can be "protestant.") Religion--"true" religion some would say--on this modern protestant reading, came to be understood as being private, voluntary, individual, textual, and believed. Public, coercive, communal, oral, and enacted religion, on the other hand, was seen to be "false." The second kind of religion, iconically represented historically in the United States, for the most part by the Roman Catholic Church (and by Islam today), was, and perhaps still is, the religion of most of the world. Indeed, from a contemporary academic perspective, that religion with which many religion scholars are most concerned has been carefully and systematically excluded, both rhetorically and legally, from modern public space. Crudely speaking, it is the first kind--the modern protestant kind--that is "free." The other kind is closely regulated by law. It is not incidental that most of the plaintiffs in the Warner case, the case considered in this book, are Catholic. This book, to reiterate, is about the impossibility of religious freedom. Not the impossibility of societies in which persons are free to believe what they want and to associate themselves freely with others who believe in similar ways. Or in which persons are free to speak of religious matters openly and freely. Or in which government is prohibited from disfavoring one group of citizens for invidious reasons. These are rights that belong to all peoples. What is arguably impossible is justly enforcing laws granting persons rights that are defined with respect to their religious beliefs or practices. Forsaking religious freedom as a legally enforced right might enable greater equality among persons and greater clarity and self-determination for religious individuals and communities. Such a change would end discrimination against those who do not self-identify as religious or whose religion is disfavored. It might also force religious groups to fend for themselves politically, economically, and philosophically in a new world of radical normative pluralism.16 In this book I will, as I have said, describe one trial in detail. I intend by so doing to provide "ethnographic"17 evidence from which to question the received wisdom that legal guarantees of religious freedom are logically, or even morally, necessary elements of the emerging international legal order. A detailed look at one trial permits the fine-grained texture of this problem to emerge--in a way impossible, I would argue, in larger-scale studies of modern religion and law or politics, whether historical, sociological, or philosophical. The Warner case is not unusual. I see it as typical. Philosophers may consider the metaphysical underpinnings of human rights from above.18 Here I intend a bottom-up look at the problem. A careful reading of the words and actions of the participants in the Warner trial--the witnesses, the lawyers, and the judge--shows a fragile and complex religious life unreachable by legal enforcement of the rights of religion. The religious practices at issue in this case concern death. They are burial and mourning practices. If religion is anything, it could be said to be about what human beings do in relation to their mortality. Indeed prehistoric peoples are understood to be religious on the basis of the evidence of their burial practices. If these practices do not fall within the scope of protected religion under the most recent American statutes designed to protect religion from government burdens, how can such laws be rationally defended? In October 1998, about six months before the Warner trial, I received a telephone call from Jim Green, one of the lawyers for the plaintiffs in the Warner case, a call in which he asked me to serve as an expert witness in the case. Jim found me because I had served as an expert witness in an earlier religion case concerning the impact of Wisconsin state-prison regulations on the prisoners' exercise of religion.19 Our telephone conversation followed what I have since come to see, after a number of such conversations, as a fairly typical pattern. I am sitting in my office. Out of the blue, a lawyer calls me, asking me to testify at a trial. He wants me to testify that a certain religious group believes certain things, or does certain things. I am usually asked to testify in one of two ways, depending on whether the case is a "free exercise" or an "establishment"-clause case, in American constitutional parlance:20 In the first kind of case, a "free exercise" case, I am asked to testify that, if required to conform to laws that impinge on or prohibit a particular religious practice, the religious lives of the members of the group performing such a practice will, in some sense, be "substantially burdened"; in the second kind, an "establishment" case, I am asked to testify that if a particular law were to continue to be enforced, the government, through the legal favor shown to a particular religious group, would be "endorsing" one religion while discriminating against other religious groups, as well as against individual believers and nonbelievers with different religious commitments or orientations. Other scholars of religion also receive these calls with some frequency. Lawsuits in which religion is at issue occur with regularity in state and federal courts all over the United States, either because an individual's religious practice conflicts with the requirements of law or because government is seen, in some sense, to be unconstitutionally benefiting a particular religious point of view or religious practice. Religion scholars and anthropologists regularly testify as to the authenticity of the religious views and practices in question in these cases. I am almost always uncomfortable with the way the lawyer poses the question to me in these telephone calls (as are other experts, I am sure). I find myself explaining to him that religion does not work that way. I say that religion, particularly American religion, fits uneasily into a legal scheme that demands such categories and such expert certainty. Rationalizing religion in the ways proposed by courts and legislatures in this country fails to capture the nature of people's religious lives at the beginning of the twenty-first century, maybe of any century. Such rationalization also asks the government to be the arbiter of religious orthodoxy. My instinct in these phone calls is to say that these issues do not belong in courts--that "law" in a modern secular society ought not to be occupied with "religion" in any way, but certainly not in such a way as to put courts in the position of defining which religious belief or practice is authentic, and therefore legally significant. And yet these cases are often poignant: cases of ordinary Americans going about their lives, often in very modest ways, and coming up against legal regulation and legal ignorance of various sorts. I have served, and am serving, as an expert in several cases, including the case considered in this book. In each case I have, perhaps arrogantly, perhaps naively, thought that I could be helpful in educating the court about religion, helping to put the parties' actions into contexts in which they might be understood as religious, or not. I am concernedabout the way the line between religion and not-religion is being drawn in this country and elsewhere. Courts, legislatures, and other government agencies judge the activities of persons as religious or not, as protected or not, based on models of religion that often make a poor fit with religion as it is lived. In the phone calls I have withlawyers, I tell them what I think I can say that might be helpful, and I conclude with a warning that I have written academic articles--and now this book--suggesting that legal protection for religion is certainly theoretically incoherent and possibly unconstitutional. But--I think to myself--cases continue to be brought, and surely education is better than ignorance. This book is about one particular case in which I happened to be involved, but there is a sense in which it could be about almost any case regarding religion in a country in which a secular state polices religion. In the United States recent cases have included the following occasions in which religion and law have come in conflict: An inmate in a Wisconsin prison wants, contrary to prison regulations, to wear a cross; Indians want, contrary to the regulations of the National Park Service and in competition with park visitors, to use land sacred to their ancestors; evangelical chaplains in the navy want equal opportunity to promotion with chaplains of other Christian denominations; a county in Georgia, in a gesture arguably favoring Christianity and Judaism, depicts the Ten Commandments on its seal; a prison, also arguably favoring Christianity, funds an Evangelical Christian prison fellowship administering a program in an Iowa prison.21 There are hundreds, perhaps thousands, of such cases, here and in other secular jurisdictions. The word "religion" or "religious" appears over 14,000 times in state and federal statutes and regulations in the United States alone.22 What can these words mean, in law? I did not choose this case. It chose me. I was asked, as I have said, to serve as an expert witness for the plaintiffs in this case. I agreed, with some uncertainty about the extent of my expertise on the matter in question and with some concerns about the effect on the plaintiffs' case of my published skepticism concerning the kinds of legal claims being made. I first made a rather limited commitment, carefully circumscribing what I believed I could do to be of use to the plaintiffs and what I believed I could do with integrity, given my views. The City, the defendant in the Warner case, had argued that what the plaintiffs had done was not an "exercise of religion." I thought that I could comfortably testify that what the plaintiffs had done would be considered religion by most religion scholars. What people do with respect to death is at the heart of religion, I thought. I wrote a short report summarizing my opinion and was scheduled to fly in for a short appearance at the trial. Expert witnessing takes a peculiar form in U.S. courts. Expert witnesses are hired by the parties and are examined and cross-examined in an adversary context, both in depositions and at trial.23 There are studies that show that in the United States, juries certainly, and perhaps judges as well, regard expert witnesses, whatever their expertise, with a somewhat jaundiced eye and tend to discount their testimony, viewing it as bought and paid for.24 The dubious evidentiary value of such witnessing is compounded by the professional and ethical challenges faced by the experts themselves, some peculiar to religious studies, but many shared by all academic experts. The legal process demands a level of certainty with which most academics are justifiably very uncomfortable. A number of academics who have served as expert witnesses have written about the moral and professional ambiguities raised by serving as an expert.25 These are unquestionably serious issues, and I acknowledge and honor those who have written eloquently about the impossibilities of achieving the kind of scholarly objectivity and certainty demanded by the courts.26 I do think, however, that scholars have a public-service obligation to offer their expertise, when it can be helpful, conscious of the dangers of making the situation worse, and that the experience can have a kind of bracing honesty about it, one that challenges academics to come to terms with how the words they use may have direct effect on people's lives.27 Over the course of the time of trial preparation during which I had periodic telephone conversations with the plaintiffs' lawyers, I was gradually drawn in and came to think that I could be of some real help in a case I consider a valuable exemplar for those promoting religious freedom in this country and elsewhere. I came to believe that there were discrimination issues--that there were issues of justice and fairness. I was pressed into service as consultant to the plaintiffs' lawyers for the whole trial,28 an exhilarating experience for a former litigator. I found that questions I had been thinking about for years gained a certain urgency and clarity when considered in connection with the very real lives of people accidentally made visible by the legal system. I will not use my own participation in this trial as a central organizing principle for this book. In a real sense I was a bystander. I hope that the fact of my presence does not distract from the argument here. I did not personally interview any of the participants. Everything here described and interpreted, with the exception of my own experience of being there, is a part of the public record in the case. I have not sought the permission of either the plaintiffs or the plaintiffs' lawyers in the publication of this book, but have tried faithfully to represent their public actions and words as I experienced them. These are my reflections on this case, and not a brief on their behalf. I will try to describe my own role accurately, as I will the other expert witnesses' at trial, but this book is not about me . . . and other stories could be told about these events. Return to Book Description File created: 8/7/2007 Questions and comments to: firstname.lastname@example.org Princeton University Press	<urn:uuid:16f5be0e-bc82-495d-aa7f-cb87d4e74513>	CC-MAIN-2015-27	http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7977.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435376093097.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627033453-00020-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971052	6,510	2.734375	3
Economics as Moral Philosophy Among the many dimensions I have listed in “New Directions in Macroeconomics”, the most important is the moral dimension. If we take Adam Smith as the founder, economics was born as a branch of moral philosophy. However, modern economists claim that the subject is purely positive and scientific, and makes no value judgments. Before we can discuss moral dimensions of economic theories, we must counter this claim, and establish that, contrary to claims made by economists, the subject is deeply and inherently normative. The level of cognitive dissonance required to maintain that economics is objective and value free is much greater than that required to maintain that the earth is flat. How apparently rational and sane people can hold such a stance is in itself a puzzle. I have attempted to provide an explanation of this puzzle in Section 2 of “Islam’s Gift: An Economy of Spiritual Development”. Because economists deny their existence, it is necessary to unearth and expose the norms at the foundations of modern economics, in order to create the room for rational discussion of alternatives. In “The Normative Foundations of Scarcity”, I have displayed three major normative assumptions, all of which are required to make scarcity the foundation of economics. A book length examination of the topic by Hausman and MacPherson on “Economic Analysis, Moral Philosophy, and Public Policy” comes to the conclusion that morals are so deeply embedded in economic theories that economists must learn to become moral philosophers. One obviously normative concept is the idea that “rational” behavior consists of the attempt to maximize pleasure obtained from consumption of goods and services. My post on “The Coca-Cola Theory of Happiness” explains the inherent fallacy of this concept. The discovery of Easterlin’s Paradox in the 70’s, that massive increases in consumption of goods and services have not led to increased happiness, led to a much deeper study of sources of human welfare. These studies lead us back to the ancient wisdom that long-run happiness depends on good social relationships and cultivation of certain good character traits, not on consumption of goods and services. In “Secrets of Happiness”, I summarize some of these developments. How can a poisonous moral philosophy masquerade as an objective science, and achieve hegemonic status, displacing all alternatives? This is due to the enormous and increasing inequality, which allows a tiny minority to control the discourse, and shape knowledge imparted to students in universities all over the globe. Maintenance of power by a small minority requires the willing consent of the vast majority. This consent is manufactured by the spread of false theories which justify the economic system and paint it as just, fair, and efficient (see ET1%:Blindfolds Created by Economics). One of the key tasks of modern economics is to justify the highly inequitable distribution of wealth produced by capitalism. This is done via the argument that wages are the marginal product of labor and interest is the marginal product of capital. That is, both factors of production get what they deserve, according to their productivity. There are many ways to counter this argument. A very simple counter comes from noting that this can only hold for a Cobb-Douglass type production function. In a constant proportion production function, both factors jointly produce the output. Thus the entire output is the marginal product of both factors, who cannot both get the full value of the product. For a more detailed discussion of the flaws in the economic theory arguments justifying the exploitation of labor and the wealth of the capitalists, see Chapter 8 of the Hill and Myat Economics Anti-Textbook. For a broader critique on multiple dimensions, see “Economics for the 21st Century”. It is not enough to critique the hidden moral foundations of modern economics. We must find alternatives. Noting the power/knowledge duality of Foucault, an attempt to modify the moral foundations of economics is a direct assault on the wealth and power of the ruling elites, metaphorically known as the 1%. In my estimation, this task is well-nigh impossible in the heartland of capitalism, where the 1% has a stranglehold on education. See my paper on “Challenging the Current Economics Curriculum: Creating Challengers and Change” for some of the obstacles to a revolution. The anti-social philosophies of individualism, freedom, hedonism, greed, competition have taken a deep hold on the populace. Thus, the solidarity, social networking, and sacrifice of personal gains for social goals required for collective action seems almost impossible to achieve. To create this, one needs to find some basis for working together. This is why “Christian” economics is not a viable option — it would not command sufficient consensus in the West to create a basis for collective action. Secular humanism is basically a live and let live philosophy which encourage us all to seek personal pleasure and not create constraints on others pursuits of their pleasures. At least to me, an outsider, this does not seem to provide a basis for collective action to create alternative moral foundations for economic theory. The repeated failure of excellent alternatives to orthodoxy, and the current dismal status of heterodoxy in the West, leads me to the conclusion that an internal revolution within the heartlands is impossible. These brief comments require further elaboration, which I plan to make in a subsequent post. In my view, even though the bottom 90% in the West is equally oppressed by capitalism, the only possibility for a revolution lies in the East. The poisonous philosophies of individualism, hedonism, greed and competition, are spreading throughout the world (for my personal view of evolving portrayals of love from Hollywood, see “Shut Up and Deal”). Nonetheless, enough survives of traditional social norms, cultures, and philosophies based on generosity, cooperation, social responsibility in the East, that it appears possible to build a counter-movement to capitalism. Any proposed alternative moral foundation must command sufficient consensus to provide foundations for a revolution. This provides the context for my efforts to launch a revolution on the basis of moral foundations provided by Islamic teachings, which would command widespread consensus within the Islamic world. Most of the moral teachings, like the Golden Rule, are widely accepted by most human beings. This leads to a possibility of creating a moral framework which is in accordance with Islamic teachings, but would be generally acceptable to a much broader audience. Choice between these two alternatives for creating a moral foundation is a political act. One must balance the gain in terms of a larger audience, against the loss in terms of appeal to Muslims by dilution of the message. My own judgment is that constructing an Islamic Economics on purely Islamic moral foundations is an essential first step. We must demonstrate a practical living example of alternative to capitalism, before trying to generalize the lessons to be more inclusive of others. Others, with different judgments may choose different paths to alternative moral foundations for a revolution in economics. A number of different moral philosophies would provide adequate foundations, but all who take this path would do well to examine the fate of Marxist Economics — I hope to provide a deeper discussion of this issue in a later post. A brief introduction to Islamic Economics is given in my interview on the topic: “Islamic Economics”.	<urn:uuid:73ce1f25-385e-48b2-a60e-d75d888a1eb8>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://asaduzaman.medium.com/economics-as-moral-philosophy-9345ba773293?readmore=1&source=user_profile---------4-------------------------------	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00068.warc.gz	en	0.941487	1,482	2.734375	3
Convergent evolution is Anolis Lizards’ middle name, and so it is with great interest that we read two brand-spanking new papers on convergent evolution. The first is by Arbuckle et al. out of the University of Liverpool. Published in Methods in Ecology and Evolution, the paper describes a new method for quantifying the strength of convergent evolution. You’ll have to read the paper for the details, but the gist of the method is that convergence is greatest either when species are greatly different phenotypically from other species or when the convergent species are distantly related phylogenetically. And the focal taxon used to demonstrate the method with empirical data? Why, none other than Greater Antillean ecomorphs. The paper found that in “In Anolis lizard data set, perhaps the most notable finding is that ecomorphs differ in the strength of their convergence—grass-bush and trunk-ground anoles stand out as having particularly strong convergence compared to others. Furthermore, some traits are more strongly convergent within some ecomorphs but not others. Therefore, patterns of convergence in particular traits are ecomorph specific.” Specifically, “analyses found the strongest convergence in limb length occurred in grass-bush anoles compared to the other ecomorphs, consistent with Losos’ (1990b, 2009) finding of relationships between limb length and jumping and sprinting (perhaps particularly important for grass-bush anoles). The strong convergence of lamellae number detected in trunkground anoles suggests that there is a notable degree of adaptation in this trait.” The abstract of the paper is appended at the bottom of this post. Meanwhile, in a non-anole example, Collar and colleagues, in a paper in the American Naturalist, looked at convergent evolution in snail-eating moray eels. The authors found that the durophagous eels evolved in generally the same direction morphologically relative to their non-snailivorous relatives, but that there was substantial variation among the shell-crackers, actually more variation than seen among their relatives. The authors explain this “imperfect convergence” in this way: “we show that following 10 transitions to durophagy (eating hard-shelled prey) in moray eels (Muraenidae), cranial morphology repeatedly evolved toward a novel region of morphological space indicative of enhanced feeding performance on hard prey. Disparity among the resulting 15 durophagous species, however, is greater than disparity among ancestors that fed on large evasive prey, contradicting the pattern expected under convergence. This elevated disparity is a consequence of lineage specific responses to durophagy, in which independent transitions vary in the suites of traits exhibiting the largest changes. Our results reveal a pattern of imperfect convergence, which suggests shared selection may actually promote diversification because lineages often differ in their phenotypic responses to similar selective demands.” Such imperfect convergence is not unknown among anoles. For example, Langerhans et al. showed that despite the convergence among the ecomorphs, there were also island-specific effects that produced variation among members of an ecomorph. Moreover, a larger scale example is the comparison of mainland and Greater Antillean anoles. Is the lack of convergence due to environmental differences, or is it an example of species evolving different adaptations to living in the same environment? Exciting times for those of us interested in convergent evolution! The abstract of the Arbuckle et al. paper: 1. Convergent evolution, the independent occurrence of phenotypic similarity, is a widespread and common phenomenon. Methods have been developed to identify instances of convergence, but there is a lack of techniques for quantifying the strength of convergence.We therefore investigated whether convergent evolution can be quantified in a meaningful way. 2. We have developed a simple metric (the Wheatsheaf index) that provides an index of the strength of convergent evolution incorporating both phenotypic similarity and phylogenetic relatedness. The index is comparable across any quantitative or semiquantitative traits and thus will enable the testing of various hypotheses relating to convergence. 3. The index performs well over a range of conditions.We apply it to an empirical example using Anolis lizard ecomorphs to demonstrate how it can be used. 4. The Wheatsheaf index provides an additional tool that complements methods aimed at identifying cases of convergent evolution. It will enable cases of convergence to be analysed in more detail, test hypotheses about its mechanics as an evolutionary process and, more generally, the predictability of evolution (how often do we see strong convergence and does this mean evolutionary solutions are limited?).	<urn:uuid:c448fb34-101e-40b6-afdc-6eb426869a8e>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	http://www.anoleannals.org/2014/06/05/new-papers-on-convergent-evolution/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890314.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121060717-20180121080717-00535.warc.gz	en	0.916035	983	2.671875	3
Cleveland Clinic Researchers Discover Insight Into Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Pregnant women with preeclampsia lack key enzyme Researchers have identified an enzyme linked to pregnancy-induced hypertension – also known as pre-eclampsia – a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid retention. The findings could be used to better screen for – and treat – this condition. Pregnancy-induced hypertension, which occurs in approximately 10 percent of pregnancies, is a major cause of maternal and fetal deaths, yet the cause is unknown. The study, led by researchers in Cleveland Clinic’s Lerner Research Institute, examined mice for corin – an enzyme normally present in the heart – and determined that the deficiency of this enzyme in the uterus may be an underlying cause of the disease. Pregnancy poses a major challenge for controlling blood pressure. As blood volume increases, maintaining normal blood pressure becomes more difficult. During pregnancy, the narrow, curly uterine arteries are enlarged to thin-walled vessels, an adaptive change important for maintaining normal maternal blood pressure and boosting blood flow to the fetus. However, in pregnant women with hypertension, the changes in uterine arteries become defective. While this study was initially conducted on mice, the researchers extended their study to patients with pre-eclampsia. The researchers found that many pre-eclamptic patients had low levels of corin in their uterus, and corin gene mutations in pre-eclamptic patients were identified. “Additional studies on corin or its related molecules may help to develop new methods to diagnose and treat pregnancy-induced hypertension,” said Qingyu Wu, M.D., Ph.D., a researcher in the Department of Molecular Cardiology in Cleveland Clinic’s Lerner Research Institute and the lead researcher on the study. In this study, Dr. Wu and his staff collaborated with investigators at the Cyrus Tang Hematology Center of Soochow University in Suzhou, China, and Shanghai Jiaotong University in China, who conducted clinical studies. On the Net:	<urn:uuid:e31f0d9e-6a73-4f66-a8f9-4f677bac4f20>	CC-MAIN-2013-20	http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112499175/cleveland-clinic-researchers-discover-insight-into-pregnancy-induced-hypertension/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696384181/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092624-00097-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942133	429	2.71875	3
- Buergers Disease - Smoking Facts about Thromboangiitis Obliterans and Digit Amputation Buergers disease or thromboangiitis obliterans is one of the diseases caused by smoking. The facts reveal that people with this condition must stop smoking tobacco if they are to avoid severe risk to the peripheral circulation such as tissue necrosis and subsequent amputation Tissue necrosis simply means death of body tissues. If circulation is not restored gangrene will result and the dead tissue will have to be removed. This usually means an amputation. All parts of your body require good circulation to deliver oxygen to all tissues and keep them healthy. Anything that interrupts the flow of good healthy oxygen rich blood to your body parts can result in This is precisely what happens in thromboangiitis obliterans or Buerger's disease. First described in the literature over 100 years ago this is one of the more severe smoking diseases that blocks circulation and blood flow. It is characterized by recurring inflammation of the small arteries and small veins (vasculitis) of the lower and upper extremities of the body. Inflammation leads to swelling and subsequent blockage of blood flow. It commonly affects the smallest blood vessels leaving the fingers and toes most vulnerable to lack of oxygen and subsequent tissue necrosis. Gangrene can also develop. It is common for blood clots to be present along with the inflammation and this presents further problems with maintaining circulation to the fingers and toes. Smoking Facts and Buerger's disease Thromboangiitis obliterans is one of the inflammatory diseases caused by smoking and it is not known why the inflammation progresses in some people and not in others. Even though reasons for why this condition develops is not understood it is known that tobacco use must be present to both initiate and maintain the disease process. It affects about 6 in every 10,000 people. Almost always affects people with a history of tobacco use. Predominantly affects men age 20-40. When it occurs in women it is only seen in female smokers and is unheard of in the non-smoking female population. People with Buerger's disease often have a history of thrombophlebitis which is a term for blood clot formation especially in the larger veins of the legs. blood vessels of the feet are more commonly affected than the hands. there is definitely a familial connection and it is more common among people from Asia, India and the Middle East. It is less common in people with northern European heritage. This fact further strengthens the theory that there is a genetic component for the predisposition to the inflammation that is triggered by use of tobacco. There is no cure for thromboangiitis obliterans. The only effective treatment is to stop smoking tobacco. If smokers continue with their tobacco use, in 43% of people an amputation will be necessary because of the tissue necrosis that develops. Other diseases caused by smoking that affect circulation are mostly due to atherosclerotic processes. Buerger's Disease is a non-atherosclerotic vascular disease. by Beverly OMalley Have your say about what you just read! Leave me a comment in the box below. The purpose of the information provided here is to help you cooperate with your doctor and other health practitioners. It is not intended to take the place of medical advice and you are encouraged to discuss health concerns with your physician or a professional health care provider who is familiar with you and your unique personal health context. --end GA code?> -----end ST code?> Return to top	<urn:uuid:ce3aba38-938f-46b9-a55a-8320e3c3b497>	CC-MAIN-2016-50	http://www.smoking-facts-and-fiction.com/buergers_disease.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542687.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00464-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.937466	759	3.265625	3
The Fire and Emergency Services Authority (FESA) in Western Australia says an increase in the number of carbon capturing tree plantations poses a huge fire risk. More native plantations have arisen in traditional farming areas since the onset of the carbon farming industry, after the Kyoto Protocol ratification came into effect in 2008 and more are expected to be planted via the CFI and the Biodiversity Fund. While there is no method for trading soil carbon offsets, trees are threatening to dominate farmland. Most of the plantations are owned by companies so have no-one onsite to put out fires when they start."By their definition these areas are carbon sequestration areas which means that in theory they're not burnt and they remain a repository to trap the carbon," says Great Southern area manager John Tonkin. "Not withstanding that, there are natural effects like lightning ... which may occur that may ... [start] these parcels of land on fire."	<urn:uuid:86f88732-cab1-42f7-a6b6-74d15c9feb7f>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://carboncoalitionoz.blogspot.com/2012/02/plantation-carbon-trees-dangerous-fire.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103910.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817185948-20170817205948-00385.warc.gz	en	0.95382	184	3.0625	3

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