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26 Principle 22
Edited By: Jorge E. Viñuales
- Indigenous peoples — Sustainable development
This chapter analyses the rationale, travaux préparatoires, conceptual scope, and normative and jurisprudential relevance of Principle 22 of the Rio Declaration. It addresses the key question relating to the situation of indigenous and tribal peoples within the diverse initiatives undertaken under the banner of sustainable development. | <urn:uuid:a3c382ad-7fe5-485d-98b9-879dab41305f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780199686773.001.0001/law-9780199686773-chapter-26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198868.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920223634-20200921013634-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.751475 | 83 | 2.625 | 3 |
History of Cawthorne
|History of Cawthorne (1882)
|A book about Cawthorne, a village in the metropolitan borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England.
M.A.1881, an out of print text, printed by I.W.Davis, 16, Market Hill, Barnsley OCLC 33663273all editions
A HISTORY OF CAWTHORNE
BY CHARLES T. PRATT, M.A., VICAR OF CAWTHORNE.
"There is not an edifice, a Church, or a Manor-house, a Cross, or a little fragment of ruin, that is not connected with some incident or some character that makes it an object of interest. "-Hunter
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR;1882.
I. W. DAVIS, 16, MARKET HILL.
MANCHESTER: J. HEYWOOD, RIDGEFIELD.
WALTER T. W. SPENCER-STANHOPE,
OF CANNON HALL,
ESQUIRE, M.A., J.P., D.L,&c.,&c.,
TO THE MEMORY OF HER
WHO WAS DEAREST TO HIM,
THE HISTORY OF THEIR PARISH
WITH A HAPPY AND GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE
OF MANY YEARS OF KINDNESS TO
- Derivation and Early History, p.1
- The De Laci Family, Chief Lords of Cawthorne
- The Saxon Ailric and his Descendants, Tenants of Cawthorne, p.15
- (Present Lordship of Manor, p.23)
- Cannon Hall, p.25
- Barnby Hall, Banks Hall, Manor House, &c., p.41
- The Township of Cawthorne, p49
- The Parish Church, The Churchyard, Parochial Registers, p.68
- Endowments of the Church, Incumbents and Curates, p.118
- The Parochial School, p.148
- Parish Vestry Books, p.158
- Parish notes since 1866, p. 167
- Corrections, &c. p.173
- Parochial Events, p.175.
|This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1923.
The author died in 1921, so this work is also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 80 years or less. This work may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works. | <urn:uuid:e9f2571c-2271-4dd9-9269-cfc5ebde305c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Cawthorne | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698411148/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100011-00007-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.860394 | 584 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The field of health care ethics embodies ethical principles that address risks in the areas of autonomy, access, informed consent, practitioner-patient relationships, and confidentiality.
Ethical challenges and problems exist in both the traditional fee-for-service system and in the rapidly developing managed care system, although the incentives, risks, and oversight strategies differ in the two settings.
Cultural competence and sensitivity are ethical issues.
12.1 Managed care organizations should be able to demonstrate that they recognize and have concern for the ethical risks created by managed care systems. Additionally, they should substantiate the use of safeguards that protect and maintain ethical standards and practices. These would include the following:
a clear description of a plan, its benefits, and grievance procedures,
accessible and responsive grievance, complaint, and appeals procedures,
effective strategies to maintain confidentiality while meeting the needs of practitioners to coordinate care,
culturally appropriate and gender-specific service practitioners in the network,
consumer surveys and measures of consumer satisfaction,
consumer representation on policy development and grievance resolution,
continuous improvement protocols to promote better outcomes, and
no contractual or other limitations for physicians and other practitioners concerning the discussion of clinically appropriate treatment options with patients and families.
12.2 A careful review of ethical issues in various settings, for example, managed care organizations, networks, and fee-for-service settings, is needed. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Health Care Financing Agency (HCFA), and Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) should develop a plan to examine ethical issues.
IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1996. Primary Care: America's Health in a New Era. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. | <urn:uuid:66ff5e0e-b3dc-4629-8a01-b8caa2bad2e2> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5477&page=254 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927104.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00042-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904857 | 355 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Third Rockefeller cryo-EM to help tame poorly behaved proteins
A newly constructed room in the Evelyn Gruss Lipper Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center is full of bolts, boxes, metal frames, ladders, and plastic baggies full of wires and washers. But, by mid-October, Mark Ebrahim, senior staff scientist, will have a new transmission cryo-electron microscope—Rockefeller’s third—up and running.
With this additional unit, Rockefeller researchers will be prepared to sleuth out complicated protein structures in increasingly sophisticated ways. “If you look at the systems we had before, they were like the base model. And the one we just added is fully loaded—it’s got the heated seats, the power windows, all the add-ons,” says Ebrahim.
The existing two cryo-EMs on campus, purchased in 2014, have led to dozens of breakthroughs over the past four years, helping scientists understand the configurations and choreography of a range of previously intractable biological molecules. Some of these molecules are trademarks of deadly diseases, including cystic fibrosis, and are thus important therapeutic targets. The demand for these capabilities has been substantial, and has led to long waits for time on the machines. The new machine, a 300 kV Titan Krios, will increase the center’s capacity and also bring enhanced tomographic capabilities, allowing researchers to see further inside the tangled skein of the most trying proteins.
Several new features improve the new Krios’ suitability for more complex experiments. The phase plate substantially increases image contrast and makes it possible to study much smaller molecules. And a spherical aberration (CS) corrector, which measures and corrects defects in the lens system, helps produce sharper images.
Another addition is the Gatan image filter (GIF). Known commonly among scientists as the energy filter, it filters out electrons that lost energy and cannot be properly focused, thus enhancing the image contrast. This is particularly important for thick samples such as those studied via tomography.
“The field is increasingly going towards tomography, and this gives us the proper tools to study it,” says Ebrahim. “I think we are going to see a lot of exciting tomographic data come off of this microscope.”
Perhaps most importantly, the new Krios has a faster camera, the K3, which will improve the speed of data collection.
“A lot of our samples are very complex. To sort it all out, we need a lot of data,” says Thomas Walz, head of the Laboratory of Molecular Electron Microscopy. “The new machine has a camera that is faster and has a bigger array, allowing us to collect more data in less time.” | <urn:uuid:79c3bdad-79ae-4710-b457-5042c9c31cd2> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/23638-third-rockefeller-cryo-em-help-tame-poorly-behaved-proteins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950110.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401160259-20230401190259-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.94545 | 585 | 2.90625 | 3 |
It may seem impossible to ensure you get all the nutrients your body needs. How can you be sure what foods are best and how much you need to be healthy? A lot of people wonder about this when they are trying to figure out proper nutrition for their bodies in order to stay healthy. You can get this information here.
Look at the labels of processed foods very carefully. Some foods which are labeled “reduced-fat” can be unhealthy in other ways, like containing excessive salt or sugar. Stay away from processed foods, as they can make you gain weight. The list of ingredients on the label should be easy for people to recognize. Stay away from those items that have a variety of artificial ingredients.
Try replacing white flour items with whole grain items. Whole grains such as whole wheat are rich in fiber and protein, while refined grains are left lacking. These items keep you satisfied longer and are good for your cholesterol levels. Scan the ingredients listed on the label and make sure that “whole-grain” is listed prominently.
It is wise to keep protein bars close at hand if when you are on the go. You might have noticed that it can be difficult to get regular meals in an airport. Either you rush through security, wait on a flight, or sit hungry on a plane without food. Ensure you keep a few of these bars handy in order to stave off hunger until you land, at which point you can consume a balanced meal.
A good tip to getting the proper nutrition is to not deny yourself foods you like, but exchange them for similar items that are more nutritious. You should learn what nutrients the foods you eat contain, and if necessary, find alternatives that are better for you. The job of doing this has become easier these days, since many restaurants are offering nutritional information about their menus.
A good nutrition tip involves eliminating sugar and replacing it with artificial sweeteners. Heart and physical issues can materialize if you consume too much sugar during the day. Splenda is a great alternative to create the sweet taste that you want without the negative health risks. You won’t even notice the difference.
You should bring your own food to work or to school if you want to lose weight. If you bring your own meal and snacks, you will be less tempted by fast food and other unhealthy options. Just spend a few minutes in the kitchen, and you can create several meal options.
To find new foods that your children like, look for foods with a texture similar to what they already love, rather than looking for a similar taste. For example, if your child finds the texture of a food interesting, tasting might just be another way to explore it.
When eating meals, pace yourself. Busy people often scarf down their food without even thinking about it. Don’t rush through your meals. Take your time. Enjoy the aromas and taste of your food. If you slow down, you will feel satisfied and be able to eat less. Also, you probably will not continue to eat when you are full.
Cook your vegetables in water rather than oil in order to decrease your fat consumption. Vegetables that are steamed or boiled can taste even better than fried ones. If oil is a must for you, use only a small amount of vegetable oil in place of butter.
Eat some salmon every once in a while. Salmon has a high omega-3 fatty acid content and a significant amount of niacin. These fatty acids are known to lower the danger of multiple ailments such as heart disease, cancer and depression, and niacin may ward off Alzheimer’s disease. In order to reduce exposure to dangerous toxins, select wild salmon instead of farmed.
Olive oil can be great for your skin. Olive oil is gentle and effective in sealing in moisture on your face and hands. Its antioxidants help keep you young and healthy from the inside, out and work to keep your skin smooth and young, too. You only need to apply a thin layer two times each day.
Reduce the amount of sugar that you eat per day in your meals. An excess of sugar can cause health issues ranging from diabetes to cardiac concerns. Try using artificial sweeteners like Stevia or Splenda. You won’t even notice the difference.
When you make food, the best cooking methods are grilling, roasting, baking, and broiling. Try cooking spray instead of butter. When browning beef, always remember to strain the beef and rinse it with hot water. This will remove a lot of the excess fat.
Pureed fruits (like pears, berries, or peaches) make a terrific snack that’s both healthy and easy to prepare. Try using the resulting sweet spread on healthy crackers or pita chips, or use it as a tasty dip. Try different kinds of fruit. Change things up often so you don’t become tired of fruit.
Vitamin B12 is great if you are pregnant for its soothing benefits. This is largely because the vitamin may play a role in preventing birth defects. The majority of individuals do not run the risk of B12 deficiencies, but anyone who has dieted significantly needs to ensure proper levels of B12.
If you are making food that is meant to be cooked in the microwave, this is a huge warning that this is not a food you should be eating. There are many preservatives and poor fats in these foods, as you should try to stick to something more natural.
Beets are great for a diet, but be sure to eat fresh ones rather than canned ones. Canned beets are full of salt, but fresh beets are rich in fiber and healthy minerals. Steam up the leafy greens and add those roots to your salads.
Try to stay away from grains for a little while. In the past, humans ate only beans, nuts, fruits, vegetables and meat. Grains are a product that has only been used for a short time. You might even feel better once you omit grains from your diet.
Raw vegetables are the perfect healthy snack. Not only do they satisfy your hunger cravings, they help you feel full by providing valuable vitamins and minerals. All you need to do is to portion them into snack-size containers, and you are ready to go. They are no trouble to clean up after, either. Raw vegetables are a great way to keep the hunger pangs at bay while eating healthy.
There are fourteen drams of great protein in every one hundred grams of grain. Quinoa can be included in lots of different dishes, too. You can use it to replace rice in your favorite pilaf recipe, or eat it as a hot breakfast cereal with chopped apples and honey or brown sugar.
Improving one’s nutritional standing is as simple as preparing meals at home. Replace fried foods with steamed ones to reduce your fat intake. By choosing healthier methods of preparing food, one can ensure good nutrition.
Make a fun meal of kabobs for your family. Children really enjoy this since they can pick out the vegetables and meat for their kabob. The trick is to go with a festive colored arrangement to peak their interest and desire to consume them.
Eat right before working out. When you do, it needs to be a meal that is loaded with vitamins and minerals and easy to digest as you burn calories. Fruit does the job nicely. Don’t eat high fat foods, though.
Consider substituting fruit juice with actual fruit. Store-bought juice usually includes artificial sweetening agents, but the sweet taste of whole fruit comes from natural sugars that are easier to digest. Many commercial fruit juices contain more sugar and sweeteners than soda. On top of this, fresh fruit contains vital nutrients and minerals as well as fiber and vitamins, all of which can help to ward off a myriad of medical issues.
Use one of the online diet trackers to keep track of meals. If you happen to see pounds creeping on, be sure to take a good look at what foods you were eating prior to this. If you don’t move much, even smaller amounts of food that contain a lot of fat and carbs can really add up. If you just keep track of what you are eating you will live a healthier life.
Beets are great to add to a diet if they’re fresh instead of canned. Fresh beets contain a ton of fiber and minerals, but the canned variety contain lots of salt. A good idea would be to steam beat greens or put beetroots in your salad.
Multivitamins are meant to supplement a healthy diet, not replace it. The best nutrients come from food, not pills. Only take one all round multi-vitamin every day unless you receive medical advice to do otherwise. Taking excess vitamins can put your body off balance.
The spongy texture of eggplants makes these vegetables ideal for entrees like baba ghanoush and eggplant parmesan. These vegetables are a wonderful source of potassium and folic acid, among other things.
Try to make sure that you drink enough water. Drinking enough water is especially important because our bodies are largely composed of water. Your goal should be to drink a minimum of sixty-four ounces of water each day, which is eight glasses.
You need to allow yourself to eat anything you want one or two days a month. Not feeling completely restricted will help you to regularly make healthier choices. Say someone in your family is having a birthday part, you can still enjoy a piece of cake and some wine.
Fish has been a major part of the human diet all over the world for much of recorded history. However, in American culture and recently, fish has been replaced by poultry and red meat. Plenty of seafood, including most fish, is not too fatty and has less salt than red meat. Fish also has lots of Omega-3 for boosting brain health. Make sure that fish is a staple in your diet.
Dark chocolate is a great snack to nosh on if you have a sugar craving. Dark chocolate isn’t the most healthy of foods, but it does contain antioxidants that make it at least somewhat of a healthy choice.
You must eat enough every day. Not eating in an effort to lose weight can actually be counterproductive. Under-eating drops your blood sugar levels and makes you susceptible to cravings. Eating small frequent meals throughout the day will help you lose weight and stay healthy.
Children tend to want to participate in their parents’ activities. You should involve your children in preparing healthy meals, filling their lunch boxes, and making healthy snacks. That gives you a chance to explain how they can make good choices and to talk to them about nutrition.
Eat a Mediterranean diet. Mediterranean food are great for your lifespan and heart. Use pitas for sandwiches, and whole wheat pasta for dinner. Eat lots of seeds and nuts, too. Replace cooking oils and butter with olive oil, and be sure to eat lots of vegetables and fruits. Eat fish or poultry instead of red meat as often as possible.
Try to eat foods that have a lot of Vitamin A and Vitamin C. Vitamins C and A are essential in nutrition because they act as antioxidants in the body. A diet rich in antioxidants will reduce the amount of free radicals present in your body which should reduce your risks of developing certain health conditions. You can get good levels of vitamin A from animal products and veggies that are orange or dark green. Vitamin C is found in a lot of vegetables and fruits, such as oranges and broccoli.
If you want to stay healthy you need to learn as much as you can. It’s easy to be tricked into eating foods that seem healthy but really aren’t. Nutrition is a science, and this must be learned to properly so that you can follow a healthy diet.
Be sure that your dairy intake is adequate, but keep in mind exactly what you are eating. g. load up on nonfat yogurt and leave the whole milk at the store. Dairy does increase bone and joint health, but it also adds unnecessary fat to your diet.
Use what you learned here to make a plan for your diet. You can look and feel better if you can take time to plan things out when you eat, along with the correct amount of nutrients.
Eating eggs is a hassle-free way to meet part of your daily nutrition goals, so you should try to eat one egg each day. By eating egg whites and skipping the yolk, you will be eating less cholesterol and fat. The whites have tons of nutrients and none of the cholesterol or fat. | <urn:uuid:ddbd50e6-5456-4648-bb07-14535a3ad10e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://larsenseafood.dk/better-your-nutrition-skills-by-reading-this/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886118195.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823094122-20170823114122-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.961875 | 2,587 | 2.796875 | 3 |
As per the constitution of India an MP who has been nominated by the President to either of the house of the Indian Parliament is not eligible for casting vote in Presidential election. In 545-member Lok Sabha, there are two seats reserved for the persons from Anglo-Indian community. The two Anglo-Indian members are nominated by the President of India.
In Rajya Sabha, there are twelve members, who are nominated by the President and can not vote in Presidential election.
Article 80 (3) of the Constitution of India provides that the members to be nominated by the President to Rajya Sabha should have special knowledge or practical experience in matters like literature, science, art and social service.
Article 84 (b) stipulates that a person shall be of not less than 30 (Thirty) years of age.
Who are Anglo-Indians:Anglo-Indians are people with mixed Indian and British ancestry, or people who have British descent born or living in the Indian Subcontinent or Burma, now mainly historical in the latter sense. | <urn:uuid:e231788d-0cdb-49d3-98df-2a048a913dcd> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://appscmaterial.blogspot.in/2012/07/derek-o-brian-became-first-anglo-indian.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823839.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020063725-20171020083725-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.964221 | 212 | 2.96875 | 3 |
American archaeologists from the University of Arizona and Stanford University conducted excavations at the Italian cemetery, La Necropoli dei Bambini. They found the burial of children-“of vampires” and also were shocked by the practices of local residents with such superstitions.
Write about the Sensational news.
The last burial at this place in the ancient Roman Empire was in the 5th century, when many European countries were prone to malaria epidemics, which killed many babies. People believed that the events associated with the unclean spirits that could possess the bodies of the victims, then to rise again as vampires.
The remains of children were buried with stones in his mouth, and their limbs were tied boulders. Then the people were thrown into the grave of claws of ravens and the bones of frogs and bronze cauldrons filled with ash where the bodies of dead puppies. Such methods had to protect them from the dark forces that want to take a new life.
Previously in Cambodia the male vampire drank the blood of three dogs. | <urn:uuid:490ffc46-8dfc-439a-89f1-d9e955c6e9fb> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://sivpost.com/american-scientists-have-discovered-a-cemetery-child-vampire-photo/26347/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743913.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117230600-20181118012600-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.984808 | 212 | 2.640625 | 3 |
FAQ about e-cigarettes
Read the most frequently asked questions (FAQ) about our electronic cigarettes
What are electronic cigarettes?
Electronic cigarettes (also known as e-cigarettes or personal vaporizers) are an alternative to tobacco cigarettes. They are battery-operated devices that create a mist or vapor that is inhaled instead of smoke. The rechargeable battery powers a heating element called an "atomizer." The element uses low heat to turn liquid in the cartridge, which contains propylene glycol, glycerin, food flavoring and nicotine, into a fog-like mist.
Read more about Ezee e-cigarettes here.
Are e-cigarettes safe?
Do e-cigarettes contain anti-freeze?
No. This myth was created by a 2009 FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) press statement regarding electronic cigarettes. The FDA tested 18 cartridges from 2 companies. Of those 18 cartridges, 1 tested positive for a non-toxic amount of diethylene glycol (approximately 1%). While diethylene glycol is occasionally used in anti-freeze, the chemical is not a standard ingredient in e-cigarette liquid and it has not been found in any other samples tested to date.
The base liquid for e-cigarette liquid is usually propylene glycol. Propylene glycol is considered GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) by the FDA and EPA. While it is also sometimes found in anti-freeze, it is actually added to make the anti-freeze less toxic and safer for small children and pets. Propylene glycol is a common ingredient found in many of the foods we eat, cosmetics we use and medications we take. It is also used in the fog machines used in theaters and night clubs.
Do e-cigarettes cause cancer just like tobacco cigarettes?
Though testing by the FDA and some researchers have discovered trace amounts of tobacco-specific nitrosamines, which are known to cause cancer with high exposure, the amounts found were extremely low and unlikely to cause cancer. To put it in perspective, an e-cigarette contains nearly the exact same trace levels of nitrosamines as the FDA-approved nicotine patch and about 1,300 times less nitrosamines than a Marlboro cigarette. This means that e-cigarettes would not be any more likely to cause cancer than FDA-approved nicotine gums, patches or lozenges.
What about all of the news reports that e-cigarettes contain toxic chemicals and metals?
The reports that there are studies that show potential health risks due to e-cigarette use are premature. In spite of what has been reported, the studies done to date have not only been largely inconclusive, but have actually found that the levels of contaminants detected in e-cigarette liquid and vapor are so low that it is highly doubtful they would even pose a health risk. Most certainly, they are thousands of times less of a risk than continuing to smoke. The fact is, the mere "detection" of a chemical does not mean that a product is hazardous. Every day we harmlessly consume and breathe in chemicals that would be toxic at much higher levels. It is disingenuous for public health organizations that disapprove of e-cigarettes to point to the trace levels found in e-cigarette studies as conclusive evidence of a potential health risk.
Dr. Igor Burstyn, of Drexel University, reviewed all of the available chemistry on e-cigarette vapor and liquid and found that the levels reported — even in those studies that were hyped as showing there is a danger — are well below the level that is of concern. His report was peer-reviewed and published January 2014 on Bio Med Central's Public Health Journal: "Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks"
It is clear to anyone who reviews the more than 60 available studies on e-cigarette liquids and vapor that the benefits of e-cigarettes also "far outweigh the risks."
If there are over 60 studies of e-cigarette vapor and liquid, why do health experts say we don't know what is in them or that they may be more dangerous than traditional cigarettes?
Good question. Unfortunately, we don't have a clear answer. What we do know is that pharmaceutical companies do not like to see smokers switching to e-cigarettes instead of using pharmaceutical drugs and nicotine products. The pharmaceutical industry and its "foundations" fund a lot of anti-tobacco research and supports many of the anti-tobacco organizations and politicians that object to e-cigarettes and tobacco harm reduction policies.
We also know that there is a small, but very vocal, part of the public health community that is against anything that doesn't require 100% abstinence from all tobacco and nicotine. Their objection to e-cigarettes appear to be more ideological than science-based and it seems they would rather smokers remain uncertain enough about e-cigarette safety that they will choose to keep trying to quit smoking with traditional methods instead. Unfortunately, while this may be an option for those smokers who are actively trying to quit, it keeps smokers who aren't trying to quit - or who fail to quit using traditional methods - using the most hazardous product on the market, rather than a far safer alternative.
Can e-cigarettes help me quit smoking?
E-cigarettes are not approved to be marketed as nicotine cessation products like the nicotine gums and patches on the market. However, that doesn't mean that some smokers haven't found them an effective way to wean from nicotine. There is also a lot of real-world evidence and even some studies that strongly indicate that e-cigarettes are an effective alternative to smoking. Surveys show that up to 80% of e-cigarette users quit smoking traditional cigarettes while using e-cigarettes. One study showed e-cigarettes worked at least as well as the nicotine patch for nicotine replacement therapy.
However, while some users have gradually reduced the nicotine levels down to zero, the majority of e-cigarette users treat the devices as an alternate source of nicotine and not as a nicotine cessation program. So there is not as much scientific evidence yet that show how effective e-cigarettes are when used to treat or cure nicotine addiction. Yet, anecdotal reports by users who have used e-cigarettes as a way to wean from nicotine also indicates they seem to be very effective way to break smoking triggers and dramatically reduce nicotine levels. As with pharmaceutical NRTs, it depends upon the smoker and the strength of his or her addiction and resolve to quit. E-cigarettes also appear to be a much safer option for short-term use in the event of relapse.
The good news is, nicotine by itself has very low health risks, so switching to e-cigarettes can be nearly as good as quitting altogether. The most important thing for those who cannot or will not quit nicotine to do is to stop the exposure to the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke and e-cigarettes can help them do it.
What is CASAA's involvement in e-cigarette research?
In late 2010, CASAA's (The Consumer Advocates for Smoke-free Alternatives Association) board of directors discussed CASAA's mission in relation to the current and future involvement in smokeless and e-cigarette research and studies and concluded that CASAA does not have the funding nor the staff to endorse, supervise and/or fund any ongoing research. At that time, the Board agreed to discontinue fundraising for research projects and instead continue to direct its efforts and funding toward the continued education of the public, media and legislators about tobacco harm reduction; provide public access to completed research and studies; and to continue the fight to keep smokeless alternatives available, effective and affordable.
To that end, CASAA forwarded any donations contributed by its members to the studies for which they were intended and voted not to do any more fundraising exclusively for research. Additionally, because CASAA has no first-hand involvement with any research or studies, we are unable to comment on the current progress, fundraising, validity or administration of any ongoing studies.
In 2013, CASAA raised funds from its members for a small grant of $15,000 to Dr. Igor Burstyn, who is an associate professor at Drexel University's Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and a researcher in the field of environmental and occupational health, with training in both epidemiology and occupational hygiene. Dr. Burstyn's paper, "Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks" was peer-reviewed and published in Bio Med Central's Public Health Journal in January 2014. Dr. Burstyn reviewed all of the available chemistry on e-cigarette vapor and liquid and found that the levels reported — even in those studies that were hyped as showing there is a danger — are well below the level that is of concern. This is a definitive study that can be used to respond to claims that contaminants in e-cigarettes are dangerous and that there is a hazard to bystanders that calls for usage restrictions.
What scientific research on the safety and efficacy is available for e-cigarettes? | <urn:uuid:1e06aa24-7580-4046-a889-220d1940a0f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.ezee-e.co.uk/faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531762.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520061824-20220520091824-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.952233 | 1,854 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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The observed abrupt increase of seismic and volcanic activity on our planet for the last few years makes it necessary to combine international efforts with intellectual and technological potential, for maximum decrease of risks from natural cataclysms. One of the most obvious ways to decrease the number of victims and amount of damage from strong earthquakes is rapid development and application of new effective earthquake forecasting technologies.
July 14, 2011
Lat./Lon.: 50.098 -0.648
National Grid: 496.7 km E, 22.9 km N
Originally posted by berkeleygal
what's going on here??? | <urn:uuid:d258d2b0-bcee-467c-90c5-a5321ca64df9> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread642778/pg164 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647556.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321004405-20180321024405-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.874809 | 173 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Scientists have discovered an unusual type of bird in Pennsylvania. The bird is the offspring of the hybrid warbler mother and father of the warbler from a completely different kind. The combination resulted in a three-species hybrid bird, something that had never been recorded before.
"This is extremely rare," said lead author David Toews from Cornell University. "The female is a hybrid of the Golden winged / Blue-winged Warbler – also called Brewster & # 39; s Warbler." Then she associated Warbler with chestnut sides and successfully multiplied. "
A hybrid species arises when two separate species interbreed to produce a hybrid population. While hybridization is common among the Golden-winged and Blue-winged Warbler, the cross between these species and winged chestnuts is extremely rare. In fact, it is something that we never know.
In May 2018, a devoted bird watcher from Pennsylvania noticed strangeness in a unique hybrid bird. He found a male bird singing like a chestnut eagle. Surprisingly, it also had some physical properties of both blue-winged and Golden-winged Warblers. The bird was so different that he knew at once that he did not belong to any known species. Lowell Burket contacted researchers from Cornell to confirm his premonition.
"I tried to make the e-mail sound a bit intellectual, so they did not think I was a monster," Burket said. "The photos and videos helped me, during the week the researcher David Toews went down, we found the bird again, we took a blood sample and measurements, it was a very interesting and exciting morning for me, a few days later I received a text message from Dave & # 39; saying: "You were right !!!"
Genetic analysis showed that the breeding of two separate parent species gave rise to this completely new line of the triple warbler hybrid.
"We've looked at the genome coding different colors of warblers," explains Toews. "In this way, we could recreate what a hybrid mother might look like – the bird counterpart of the detective face composite, but generated from genes." We confirmed that her mother would look like a Brewster Warbler, and my father was a chestnut Warbler. "
This kind of unique hybridization is probably caused by the decline of the warbler population. For example, the Golden-winged Warbler is being prosecuted excessively. The species has been proposed for inclusion in the list in accordance with the Threatened Species Act. Due to their decline, these birds have limited choice.
"The fact that this hybridization occurred among the population of the Golden Winged Warbler suggests a significant drop that females may be the best in a bad situation," said Toews. "He also tells us that wood-warblers in general have remained genetically compatible long after significant differences in appearance have evolved." | <urn:uuid:5e4a4006-d75c-4cbb-9600-ecf6eab48118> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://onties.com/unitedstates/a-three-species-hybrid-bird-was-found/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585828.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023224247-20211024014247-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.979827 | 589 | 3.109375 | 3 |
When Alexander Fleming was awarded a Nobel prize for his discovery of the antibiotic penicillin, he knew there was a downside to the life-saving drug. In his 1945 acceptance speech, he warned (pdf) of the dangers of “exposing…microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant.”
And yet, almost three quarters of a century later, it seems many have forgotten his message.
A new study published yesterday (Jan. 16) in the BMJ found that in 2016 in the US, roughly a quarter of all antibiotics prescribed were likely for conditions that aren’t caused by a bacterial infection. Conversely, only about 13% of antibiotic prescriptions were likely necessary.
The research is based on insurance-claim data from the 2016 Truven Health Analytics Research database, owned by IBM, and which contains claims information for over 19 million US adults whose employers provide their health insurance, and for family members on those plans. Insurance claims include the codes denoting the diagnosis (or diagnoses) assigned to each patient as the reason for every doctor’s visit, as well as the type of drug those patients later picked up from the pharmacy.
The researches grouped the diagnostic codes into categories by whether they “always,” “sometimes,” or “never” merited antibiotics, and compared these categories to the prescriptions picked up for them at pharmacies.
Over the course of the year, there were 15 million prescriptions for antibiotics. Of those, 23.5% of these prescriptions were given for ailments in the “never” category, like upper respiratory infections or coughs, which are usually caused by a virus. Only 12.8% of these prescriptions were given when patients received diagnoses that are classified as “always” meriting antibiotics, which included strep throat, bacterial pneumonia, or a urinary tract infection. Some 35% of prescriptions were for categories the researchers classified as “sometimes” meriting antibiotics; these tend to be conditions that can be caused by viruses or bacteria, but without lab tests, it’s impossible to know.
There are some issues with the study. For example, 28.5% of antibiotic prescriptions didn’t correspond with any diagnostic code. Some of these were refills, which may have been justified. Others might have been prescribed when patients paid out-of-pocket for visits to health care providers or for telemedicine appointments, and so were never reported in insurance claims. Because of the uncertainty in the dataset, the researchers didn’t test their data for statistical significance.
That said, these findings reflect similar data found in previous studies. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that about one third of all antibiotic prescriptions in the US are unnecessary, and a study conducted in the UK found that roughly 9% to 23% of antibiotics were prescribed in error.
Antibiotics aren’t pleasant—they can wipe out most of your gut bacteria, which can cause diarrhea. When you have a bacterial infection, these side effects are worth it to get better.
Without one, though, taking antibiotics does more harm than good, both to you, and to public health more generally. Unnecessary antibiotics raise the risk for the development of drug-resistant bacteria, or superbugs. When antibiotics wipe out all other bacteria, those that are drug-resistant survive and are more likely to repopulate and spread their genes. Infections from superbugs kill an estimated 23,000 in the US annually. Globally, that figure is predicted to skyrocket to 10 million by 2050. | <urn:uuid:a7b07352-ff13-4c99-bf0c-4d2c88dd4c5f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://qz.com/1526329/25-of-antibiotics-prescribed-in-the-us-are-unnecessary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499695.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128220716-20230129010716-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.966406 | 736 | 2.75 | 3 |
About: Brake pad is a(n) research topic. Over the lifetime, 16607 publication(s) have been published within this topic receiving 111288 citation(s).
16 Sep 2000-Environmental Science & Technology
Abstract: Current particulate matter (PM) emission factor models estimate brake wear particulate matter emission rates using data derived from asbestos brakes. However, most brake pads are now produced from nonasbestos materials. Little work has been performed on emissions from brakes using these materials. Therefore, a brake wear study was performed using seven brake pad formulations that were in high volume use in 1998. Included were semi-metallic brakes, brakes using potassium titanate fibers, and brakes using aramid fibers. Brakes were tested on a brake dynamometer under four wear conditions. On average, 35% of the brake pad mass loss was emitted as airborne PM. The observed wear rates correspond to vehicle emission rates of 5.1−14.1 mg/mi. On average, 86 and 63% of the airborne PM was smaller than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) or 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), respectively. The large number of particles observed in some wear tests was attributed to condensation, a process that is highly dependent on dilution condition...
01 Sep 2004-
Abstract: The gradual phasing-out of asbestos in automotive brake friction materials in many parts of the world has sparked the onset of extensive research and development into safer alternatives. As a result, the brake friction industry has seen the birth of different brake pads and shoes in the past decade, each with their own unique composition, yet performing the very same task and claiming to be better than others. This suggests that the selection of brake friction materials is based more on tradition and experimental trial and error rather than fundamental understanding. This review strives to eliminate the cloud of uncertainty by providing an insight into the pros and cons of the common ingredients and make-up used in contemporary dry and wet friction pads and shoes. In this paper typical brake materials are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages in contemporary brake applications are discussed.
01 Jan 2002-Wear
Abstract: The tribological contact in automotive brakes involves dry sliding contact at high speeds and high contact forces. The commonly used organic binder-type brake pad friction materials are extremely inhomogeneous and exhibit very low bulk strengths. Despite the low strength, the specific contact surfaces that form during the use render the pads very good friction and wear characteristics. This paper gives a general view of the contact situation of organic binder brake friction materials against cast iron discs, with special emphasis on many mechanisms for contact surface variations and the corresponding variations of the coefficient of friction.
01 Dec 2000-Tribology International
Abstract: Despite the enormous amount of testing and development of automotive brakes and brake pad materials, rather little is known about their tribological contact situation on a microscopic level. The sliding of an organic brake pad against a grey cast iron rotor is very different from most tribological systems. When worn against the rotor, the complex structure and very inhomogeneous composition of the pads results in a particular surface structure, with large contact plateaus rising a few micrometers above the rest of the surface [Wear 232 (1999) 163; Wear 2000 (submitted for publication); Proceedings of the Nordtrib 2000, vol. 2 (2000), 358]. The present investigation involves a more comprehensive study of the formation, mechanical properties and composition of the tribological surfaces of such pads, using high resolution scanning electron microscopy, nanoindentation, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and three-dimensional profilometry using white light optical interferometry. The observations are discussed and correlated to observed friction phenomena.
17 Jul 2002-Advanced Engineering Materials
Abstract: Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC), based on reinforcements of carbon fibres and matrices of silicon carbide, show superior tribological properties in comparison to grey cast iron or carbon/carbon. In combination with their low density, high thermal shock resistance and good abrasive resistance, these Si-infiltrated carbon/carbon materials, called C/SiC or C/C-SiC composites, are promising candidates for advanced friction systems. Generally, the carbon fibres lead to an improved damage tolerance in comparison to monolithic SiC, whereas the silicon carbide matrix improves the wear resistance compared to carbon/carbon. In combination with new design approaches cost-efficient manufacturing processes have been developed and have lead to successfully tested prototypes of brake pads and disks, especially for passenger cars and emergency brake systems. | <urn:uuid:51f40f2c-f5f3-4347-b00e-cebaea9e6e66> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://typeset.io/topics/brake-pad-2oe6n9d1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334332.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925004536-20220925034536-00730.warc.gz | en | 0.913845 | 1,025 | 3.0625 | 3 |
John Bagnell Bury writing on Voltaire in 1914:
"Perhaps no writer has ever roused more hatred in Christendom than Voltaire. He was looked on as a sort of anti-Christ. That was natural; his attacks were so tremendously effective at the time. But he has been sometimes decried on the ground that he only demolished and made no effort to build up where he had pulled down. This is a narrow complaint. It might be replied that when a sewer is spreading plague in a town, we cannot wait to remove it till we have a new system of drains, and it may fairly be said that religion as practised in contemporary France was a poisonous sewer. But the true answer is that knowledge, and therefore civilization, are advanced by criticism and negation, as well as by construction and positive discovery. When a man has the talent to attack with effect falsehood, prejudice, and imposture, it is his duty, if there are any social duties, to use it." | <urn:uuid:4ef690a0-c896-421e-b91e-f3255edf3629> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://metamagician3000.blogspot.com/2010/10/bury-on-voltaire.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986717235.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020160500-20191020184000-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.988655 | 204 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Material Testing Reactors (MTRs) are necessary for development and qualification of materials and nuclear fuel used in nuclear industry. The related studies contribute to safety and optimization of existing or upcoming nuclear power reactors and to development of future reactors.
Most of the irradiation tools utilized by industry are now ageing in the western world. Sustainability of a high performance experimental capacity and related expertise for the coming decades is mandatory. There is a consensus on the necessity to design and build a new Material Testing Reactor (MTR) to support operation of existing power reactors fleets and qualification of future technologies systems.
JHR will be used for nuclear medicine. It will supply hospitals with short-lived radioisotopes used for medical imaging or therapeutic purposes. This research facility may be promoted through non-nuclear industrial application capabilities. JHR will provide high performance silicon used in electronic power devices, such as those included in electrical and hybrid vehicles or in energy control systems.
|The present production of radioelement at CEA|
|Moly 99 : reactors 2011|
Coping with this context, the Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR), built on the Cadarache site, will be a major infrastructure of European interest in the fission domain, open to the international collaboration.
The Jules Horowitz Reactor will be built and operated in the framework of an international cooperation between several organizations bound by a Consortium Agreement.
The 11th bilateral agreement has been signed on 12th March 2013 with the United Kingdom. Up to now, the present partners are as follows:
|Consortium agreement signature on march 19th, 2007||François Fillon, France Prime minister on visit, the 3th of may 2010|
Revision : 2013-09
©CEA All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:fef3f898-dd2f-49b3-8495-42120d436050> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.cad.cea.fr/rjh/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158481.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00177-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908503 | 362 | 2.625 | 3 |
The cuisine diversity in Afghan food recipes reflects the ethnic, cultural and geographic differences. There are commonalities with India and Pakistan, but Afghan foods are demonstrably different and have long been renowned as a flavorsome cuisine form.
Afghani food has evolved around the country’s primary agricultural crops – wheat, maize, barley and rice. Augmenting those cereals are traditional dairy products such as yogurt and whey, along with nut crops and ‘local’ vegetables. Added to that are a big range of fresh and dried fruits. | <urn:uuid:d13d6404-31d7-4e9e-949f-6773bfbbb5e8> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://asian-recipe.com/afghanistan/page/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.965247 | 111 | 2.5625 | 3 |
It has been discovered that one of the first senses to develop in a developing human Embryo is the hearing. The Foetus can start to hear sounds after the 24th week and the sense of sight is developed by the 28th week.
The next few verses you will be reading from the Qur’an revealed over 1400 years ago amazed me. You will find that the hearing sense is mentioned first in all the verses and to back this up I have also included translations from the other major translators. The Qur’an matches with the discovery of modern Embryology. Another amazing miracle which could not have been known by humans over 1400 years ago.
Then made him proper and blew into him a spirit from Him, and bestowed ears and eyes and hearts to you; very little thanks do you offer! (Qur’an 32:9)
Other Translations of above verse:
Sahih International: Then He proportioned him and breathed into him from His [created] soul and made for you hearing and vision and hearts; little are you grateful.
Pickthall: Then He fashioned him and breathed into him of His Spirit; and appointed for you hearing and sight and hearts. Small thanks give ye!
Yusuf Ali: But He fashioned him in due proportion, and breathed into him something of His spirit. And He gave you (the faculties of) hearing and sight and feeling (and understanding): little thanks do ye give!
Shakir: Then He made him complete and breathed into him of His spirit, and made for you the ears and the eyes and the hearts; little is it that you give thanks.
Muhammad Sarwar: then He gave it proper shape and blew His spirit in it. He made ears, eyes and hearts for you, but you give Him very little thanks.
Mohsin Khan: Then He fashioned him in due proportion, and breathed into him the soul (created by Allah for that person), and He gave you hearing (ears), sight (eyes) and hearts. Little is the thanks you give!
Arberry: then He shaped him, and breathed His spirit in him. And He appointed for you hearing, and sight, and hearts; little thanks you show.
Another verse mentions:
Indeed We have created man from mixed semen; in order to test him – We therefore made him hearing, seeing(Qur’an 76:2)
Other Translations by:
Sahih International: Indeed, We created man from a sperm-drop mixture that We may try him; and We made him hearing and seeing.
Pickthall: Lo! We create man from a drop of thickened fluid to test him; so We make him hearing, knowing.
Yusuf Ali: Verily We created Man from a drop of mingled sperm, in order to try him: So We gave him (the gifts), of Hearing and Sight.
Shakir: Surely We have created man from a small life-germ uniting (itself): We mean to try him, so We have made him hearing, seeing.
Muhammad Sarwar: We created the human being from the union of sperm and egg to test him. We gave him hearing and vision.
Mohsin Khan: Verily, We have created man from Nutfah drops of mixed semen (discharge of man and woman), in order to try him, so We made him hearer, seer.
Arberry: We created man of a sperm-drop, a mingling, and We made him hearing, seeing.
And another verse:
And it is He Who has created ears and eyes and hearts for you; very little is the right you acknowledge. (Qur’an 23:78)
Other Translations by:
Sahih International: And it is He who produced for you hearing and vision and hearts; little are you grateful.
Pickthall: He it is Who hath created for you ears and eyes and hearts. Small thanks give ye!
Yusuf Ali: It is He Who has created for you (the faculties of) hearing, sight, feeling and understanding: little thanks it is ye give!
Shakir: And He it is Who made for you the ears and the eyes and the hearts; little is it that you give thanks.
Muhammad Sarwar: It is God who has created ears, eyes, and hearts for you. Little are the thanks that you give.
Mohsin Khan: It is He, Who has created for you (the sense of) hearing (ears), sight (eyes), and hearts (understanding). Little thanks you give.
Arberry: It is He who produced for you hearing, and eyes, and hearts; little thanks you show.
The sense hearing is mentioned first in every verse. Amazing
God knows best | <urn:uuid:cf36b425-e414-4ebc-9ec9-f47ca610daa8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.startofjourney.com/tag/which-baby-sense-forms-first/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987833766.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023122219-20191023145719-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.975657 | 997 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Currently, the effort to create a healthier generation of Indonesia still needs the attention of all parties. One of the indicators commonly used to see the degree of public health is a Childhood mortality (Red Sea) or the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).
Red Sea, totaling 31.04 / 1000 live births. This means there are 31.04 for every 1,000 babies died in childbirth. The figure was still higher than Malaysia and Singapore, each of which amounted to 16.39 / 1,000 and 2.3 / 1000 live births.
Whereas, in accordance with the target of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 points, namely in 2015 Indonesia must be able to reduce infant mortality to 17/1000 live births. These data illustrate that the effort to build and maintain healthy Indonesian children is still a big challenge for all concerned.
In addition, there are some diseases that are still often infects children, and even cause death, such as diarrhea. According to note the World Health Organization (WHO), diarrhea kills 1.5 million children in the world every year. While the incidence of diarrhea in most of Indonesia is still high.
In Indonesia, according to the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2007, diarrhea leading cause of death 31.4 percent of infants aged 29 days to 11 months. Approximately 162 thousand children under five die from diarrhea each year, or about 460 children per day.
From the Household Health Survey (SKRT) in Indonesia, diarrhea is the leading cause of death in children under five years the number two and number three for the baby as well as the number five for all ages. Every child in Indonesia is experiencing diarrhea episodes 1.6 – 2 times per year.
Efforts to maintain the survival of Indonesian children, including prevention of diarrhea, worms and other diseases, should focus on preventive measures (prevention). Preventive actions can be performed by civilizing clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS) in each family, which is the easiest and cheapest way.
PHBS such as washing hands with soap (washing hands) has been medically proven to be effective in preventing and fortify the body from various diseases such as diarrhea, intestinal worms, until the bird flu and swine influenza (swine flu). According to WHO studies, washing hands using soap can reduce the incidence of the disease until the 47th cent. | <urn:uuid:7ef9ed66-39ae-4ecb-99f0-eeb5254da4c8> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://leadsloop.com/category/hand-washing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697552127/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094552-00032-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947321 | 483 | 3.390625 | 3 |
UW Health's Sports Medicine doctors treat a wide range of common athletic injuries.
Shoulder instability refers to a variety of disorders that result in dislocation, subluxation (partial dislocation) or a general lack of stability of the glenohumeral (ball and socket) joint. Individuals may experience shoulder instability because of trauma or congenital laxity (extra movement you inherit) of shoulder structures, or because of weakness and improper biomechanics (poor movement patterns). Medical professionals classify shoulder instability according to the degree of extra movement, how often instability occurs, the tissues affected and the direction in which the shoulder becomes unstable.
Signs and Symptoms
Anterior Instability is the most common type of shoulder instability. Approximately 90% of all shoulder dislocations occur in this direction. Active populations that find themselves in an externally rotated (hand away from the body) and abducted (arm away from body) position are the most vulnerable (Figure 1).
Posterior Instability is much less common than anterior instability. Athletes or patients sustaining traumatic forces may sustain posterior instability. However, the most common mechanism for posterior instability is dramatic involuntary muscle contraction by the shoulder. Examples of this include seizure or electric shock.
Multi-directional Instability is most commonly associated with congenital shoulder laxity or the development of laxity because specific shoulder muscles (rotator cuff) are weak or not functioning appropriately. Athletes and patients who have multidirectional instability are often involved in, and have the most symptoms with, repetitive, overhead activities.
Management and Treatment
Immediate Treatment of Acute Dislocation
Immediate treatment involves “reducing” or putting the shoulder back in place as soon as possible. The longer your shoulder is out of place the more difficult it may be to reduce it. This is because of muscle spasm and pain. It is often necessary to administer sedation (relaxation) medication to allow for an appropriate reduction. X-rays will usually be performed before and after reduction to confirm that there are no accompanying fractures and to document an appropriate reduction.
Your shoulder will be placed in a sling for a period of time to allow for healing and comfort. Researchers are currently looking into the optimal position of immobilization to assist healing tissues. More physicians are beginning to use slings that keep your shoulder in a neutral or subtly externally rotated position.
Long Term Treatment Options
Treatment for shoulder instability involves identifying how and when your shoulder becomes unstable. Your age and activity level will often play a large role in determining whether your physician will recommend conservative management (therapy) vs. a surgical intervention. The extent of the tissues injured will also be crucial in determining a direction for care. You will need to identify whether your shoulder is unstable during high demand activities or whether simple activities of daily living contribute to your condition. You will also need to identify whether modifications in activities are reasonable/acceptable to your quality of life. Factoring in this information, your physician will be able to more accurately estimate what probability exists for continued episodes of instability.
Recurrent episodes of instability have been extensively documented. Active individuals less than twenty years of age have on average, a 90% chance of recurrent instability. These percentages drop as we age mainly because we are not as active or provocative on our shoulders.
Conservative Management Strategies
Non-surgical interventions will emphasize recovering range of motion (ROM), strength and normal mechanics to your shoulder. Below is a common progression used in the rehabilitation of shoulder instability (Table 1).
If conservative management has failed or you have been identified as a high risk to have further instability, your physician may recommend a surgical intervention. Surgical procedures will address injured or loose tissues in an attempt to give the shoulder anatomical stability. Procedures include arthroscopy, open surgery and radiofrequency capsular tightening. All of these procedures will be considered based on your specific situation. This will enable your physician to choose the most effective procedure possible.
Conservative Management Strategies
- Phase 1: Rest and immobilization, pain control, reduce secondary injury (relative rest)
- Phase 2: ROM-adduction and flexion emphasis, early isometric srengthening, early isotonic strengthening
- Phase 3: Strength evolution, goal of reaching 90% strength in the injured shoulder when compared to the uninjured, endurance emphasis
- Phase 4: Pain-free provocative position rehabilitation, increase and emulate sport or job specific demand, return to sport or job activities | <urn:uuid:f3f6b10d-2aa9-472e-be50-ce345a062faf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.uwhealth.org/sports-medicine/clinic/shoulder-instability/11484 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280888.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00267-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929112 | 908 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Sinus Infections: Causes, Symptoms & Natural Support Strategies
Millions of Americans suffer from a sinus infection (or sinusitis) at least once a year. They occur when the tissue that lines the sinuses becomes swollen and inflamed. The swelling and inflammation block the sinuses, trapping mucus and air. The increase of trapped mucus can cause infection.
Sinus infections can be painful and difficult to cure. Most people rely on antibiotics and over-the-counter decongestants to treat their sinus infections. If sinus infections are caused by a virus, antibiotics are not effective and can only harm the person. In this article, I will go over a number of helpful natural strategies to support your immune system and help your body heal.
The Facts about Sinus Infections
The sinuses are a group of air-filled, connected spaces in the bones of the head. They are in the forehead and cheeks as well as between the eyes and nose.
Normal sinuses are lined with a thin layer of mucus that traps dust, germs, and other particles in the air. The sinus walls have tiny hair like structures called cilia which sweep the mucus out of your sinuses and into your nose.
Causes of Sinus Infections
A sinus infection occurs when the sinuses become inflamed and infected. When the sinus lining swells, mucus is blocked from draining and air cannot flow. Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can then grow in the nasal cavities causing an infection.
Several conditions place individuals at greater risk for sinus infections. These conditions include people with a weakened immune system, and people who have allergies, asthma, or structural blockages in the nose or sinuses.
Risk of contracting a sinus infection can also depend on the quality of the air you are breathing, whether you are at your home, a commercial building, outside in a city, at the airport, etc. where different pollutants or microbes can reside.
Types of Sinus Infections
Sinus infections are classified into different types depending on the onset and duration of symptoms. An acute sinus infection is temporary and usually begins with a common cold or seasonal allergies. Acute sinusitis usually lasts fewer than 4 weeks. Subacute sinus infections last 4 to 12 weeks.
Chronic sinusitis is an inflammatory disease that lasts longer than 12 weeks despite treatment (1). Recurrent sinusitis occurs several times a year.
Sinus Infections: Signs and Symptoms
Signs you have a sinus infection include blocked nasal passages, post-nasal drip, congestion, and thick discharge from the nose. Other signs include having a cold that lingers or gets worse, a cough, a headache in the forehead area, sinus pressure around the face and eyes, fever, bad breath, and sore throat.
The most telling of these symptoms is the presence of thick yellow, green, or brown discharge from the nose in conjunction with the others mentioned above.
8 Strategies to Support Immune & Nasal Health
There are many natural ways to support immune & nasal health such as diet, supplements, teas, nasal and mouth sprays, and essential oils. It is important to know that these strategies are not FDA approved to prevent, mitigate, treat or cure sinus infections but they can help the body to function better.
These are all strategies that I personally practice if I ever have a sinus infection (which is rare!) and they really help! I recommend my clients practice some of these on a regular basis and others when they feel more susceptible to getting ill. If you begin to have early symptoms, it is a great time to immediately dial in these support strategies.
While fighting a sinus infection, it is vital to consume most of your meals in liquid form. This helps maximize the intake of nutrients, electrolytes, and liquids without investing high amounts of energy for digestion. Eating a liquid diet allows the body to focus its energy on healing instead.
Staying hydrated also keeps mucus thin and loose which can prevent mucus from building up in the sinuses. Drinking liquids can help moisturize your mucus membranes, increasing the movement of the cilia and flushing mucus from your sinuses.
Clean water, broths, smoothies, lemon water, apple cider vinegar water, and low glycemic vegetables are all easily digestible ways to hydrate the body. Bone broths prepared from the bones of pastured chicken or beef are high in the amino acids proline and glycine. These amino acids are great for inhibiting bacterial and viral inflammation.
While eating clean and healing foods is certainly a great strategy to overcome or prevent sinus infections, another powerful strategy is to simply perform a water or broth fast for 1-3 days. Alternatively, intermittent fasting is also great for boosting the immune system.
Garlic and Onions
Garlic and onions are two of the best foods for fighting a sinus infection. They are allium vegetables which are rich in allicin, vitamin C, vitamin B6, selenium, and naturally occurring glutathione. These act as powerful antioxidants in the body to reduce inflammation and boost the immune system.
Garlic has been used for centuries to combat infections due to its broad-spectrum antibacterial effects. The antibacterial activity of garlic is attributed to allicin. Allicin is a sulfur compound that has antioxidant, antibiotic, and antifungal properties (2). Garlic is also rich in selenium, a naturally detoxifying mineral which increases the action of antioxidants.
One of the best ways to use garlic and onions to treat or prevent sinus infections is in a soup or broth. For maximum benefit, use whole garlic cloves rather than processed minced garlic or garlic powder.
Herbal teas provide antioxidant support to fight against infectious organisms. Herbs have the highest Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) which is a measure of antioxidant activity. Herbs support the immune system, assist the body in self-regeneration, and fend off infections. Look for herbal teas with ingredients such as licorice, eucalyptus, peppermint, and ginger to help improve your nasal health.
Licorice is an extensively researched medicinal plant with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. It is an expectorant herb that assists the respiratory system in eliminating excess mucus. Licorice also helps replenish the mucus membranes, clear the bronchial system, and break up congestion.
Eucalyptus has antibacterial and antiviral activities. The powerful vapors of eucalyptus help clear sinus congestion quickly and naturally. Ginger has antibiotic effects, boosts glutathione activity and helps reduce inflammation.
Finally, another superstar herb for fighting sinus infections is Echinacea. Echinacea has powerful antimicrobial and immune-boosting properties that have made it a well-known traditional remedy for hundreds if not thousands of years.
One of my favorite teas for healing sinus infections is Breathe Easy. It contains many healing herbs to support healthy sinuses. Remember, it is not FDA approved to prevent, mitigate, treat or cure sinus infections and should not be interpreted as such.
Adequate amounts of vitamin C are required for proper functioning of the immune system. White blood cells which are the soldiers of the immune system need very high doses of vitamin C to function effectively. Additionally, glutathione, the master antioxidant in the body, helps recycle vitamin C in the body.
The best food sources of vitamin C are yellow bell peppers, guava, lemons and limes, strawberries, papaya, broccoli and kale. Grapefruits, oranges, and kiwi fruit also have good amounts of vitamin C.
To increase your vitamin C levels, it is critical to avoid sugar. Sugar competes with Vitamin C for uptake by white blood cells (3). A low carbohydrate diet is best to ensure vitamin C is properly absorbed by white blood cells.
Other ways to increase your vitamin C levels are to take a vitamin C supplement and implement intermittent fasting. Combining intermittent fasting with vitamin C supplementation and lemon water can benefit blood sugar regulation and immunity.
A high-quality vitamin C supplement with bioflavonoids is key for supporting optimal immune health. I recommend 2 grams of Vitamin C every 2 waking hours if you are very immune susceptible to help support your immune system.
As a general maintenance it is a good idea to take 1 gram of Vitamin C twice a day. We use our Super C formulation here. Remember, it is not FDA approved to prevent, mitigate, treat or cure sinus infections and should not be interpreted as such.
Zinc is a mineral that is essential for immune support. Zinc deficiency is common throughout the world due in part to poor biochemical pathways (such as leaky gut syndrome and poor blood sugar signaling).
There are numerous mechanisms through which zinc supports and boosts the immune system. Zinc produces a protein, called the human cytokine interferon alpha, that inhibits the replication of viruses. Zinc also keeps the Th-1 and Th-2 branches of the immune system in balance.
Another way zinc boosts the immune system is through enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD). Superoxide dismutases are powerful intracellular antioxidant enzymes created by the body. These enzymes help break down potentially harmful oxygen molecules in cells, protect cellular genomics, and help prevent viral infections.
It is a great idea to use a zinc supplement on a regular basis to support your immune system. If I am feeling particularly vulnerable I will even take 20 mg of zinc every 4 waking hours. For health maintenance, 20-40 mg once a day is the recommended dosage. Remember, it is not FDA approved to prevent, mitigate, treat or cure sinus infections and should not be interpreted as such.
Nasal Spray and Mouth Spray
Nasal and mouth sprays can be great tools to support the immune system. Most sprays you find in the store are filled with synthetic chemicals that only cover up symptoms. Finding a natural spray that features antimicrobial and decongesting compounds will likely much more helpful.
Grapefruit seed extract is an extremely potent natural remedy that can effectively fight sinus infections. Grapefruit seed extract is made from the pulp and seeds of the grapefruit. It has antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It also has high vitamin C content and other healing nutrients to help the body fight a sinus infection and relieve congestion.
Castor oil has many useful healing properties. It can help with lymphatic circulation which alleviates blockages and infections. Slippery elm has powerful anti-inflammatory abilities and many other healing properties. Using nasal and mouth sprays with these powerful ingredients can be very helpful for supporting overall sinus health. You can find one of my favorite sprays for this here.
Additionally, colloidal silver can be highly effective as it is a natural anti-microbial that is most effective against bacterial infections but does help with viral and fungal as well. This silver spray here is a great product to use to support sinus and respiratory health. Remember, it is not FDA approved to prevent, mitigate, treat or cure sinus infections and should not be interpreted as such.
Within your sinuses, you have a microbiome that supports the mucus membrane and immune system. Sinus congestion is a warning sign of an overgrowth of pathogens within the sinus cavity.
To help clear this up, silver can be used, and then I also recommend a bioactive carbon based sinus spray that helps break down and detoxify bacterial and fungal biofilms. This is why I like ION Sinus, which is made up of mineral rich bioactive carbons and helps to harmonize the respiratory microbiome.
ION Sinus is a rinse for clearing dust, pollen and other air-born environmental irritants we’re exposed to every day. It’s your microbiome-friendly ally in caring for the respiratory system. Think of it as strengthening your very first line of defense.
Essential oils like eucalyptus, tea tree, and clove can help break up mucus and reduce inflammatory responses. Peppermint oil is another essential oil with healing properties that can be particularly helpful for improving sinus and respiratory health.
Peppermint is a superfood herb that contains rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinic acid blocks the production of pro-inflammatory chemicals called leukotrienes and encourages cells to produce key molecules that keep the airways open for easy breathing (4).
You can diffuse, inhale, ingest, or apply essential oils topically. To diffuse essential oils, add 3-4 drops to half a cup of water and use an essential oil diffuser. You can inhale essential oils directly from the bottle or rub a drop between your hands, cover your nose and mouth and take in a deep breath.
Some essential oils can be ingested, just be sure to read directions for proper amounts. Remember, essential oils are not FDA approved to prevent, mitigate, treat or cure sinus infections and should not be interpreted as such.
Essential Oils and Herbal Sprays
To use essential oils topically, you can apply neat or diluted depending on the oil and specific use. Some essential oils need to be combined with carrier oils such as coconut. You can apply the combination to the bottom of your feet or your reflex points.
Using essential oils, particularly peppermint and eucalyptus, can be an effective strategy for relieving nasal congestion and improving sinus health. My favorite herbal blend for oral use contains peppermint essential oils and wild-crafted organic herbs that are well studied to be effective for respiratory health such as eucalyptus leaf, lemon balm leaf, lungwort leaf and more.
This product is called Allertrex and it is in an easy spray in your mouth form. Remember, it is not FDA approved to prevent, mitigate, treat or cure sinus infections and should not be interpreted as such.
Vitamin D is required for healthy immune system responses. In fact, it is one of the most powerful nutrients for modulating and coordinating the immune system.
A recent review of studies found that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of acute airway infections (5). Low vitamin D levels are also associated with the activation of numerous inflammatory processes.
Optimal vitamin D levels are between 50-80 ng/ml, ideally between 60-100 ng/ml. Our bodies can produce vitamin D with exposure to sunlight. Foods rich in vitamin D include organ meats, wild caught salmon and sardines, and eggs from pasture raised chickens.
Many people do not obtain adequate levels of vitamin D from sunlight and foods. To obtain optimal vitamin D levels, supplementation with a high-quality vitamin D supplement can be extremely beneficial. Look for a vitamin D3 supplement with added vitamin K2 as these vitamins work synergistically.
To support the immune system and give it a great ramp up if you are feeling susceptible, you should take 25,000 IU of Vitamin D twice a day for 3 days. Take 5,000 to 10,000 IU daily as a general maintenance dosage
I have my clients use our D3/K2 Power so they get the proper ratio of D3 and K2 for optimal calcium metabolism in the body. Remember, it is not FDA approved to prevent, mitigate, treat or cure sinus infections and should not be interpreted as such.
Sinusitis is an inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses. When sinuses are blocked, they fill with mucus and an infection can result.
An estimated 35 million Americans suffer from sinus infections each year spending billions of dollars on treatments including over-the counter medications and antibiotics. Most conventional treatments are ineffective or cause other issues. There are numerous natural strategies to support your immune, nasal and sinus health.
It is important to consume a mostly liquid cleansing diet with fasting practices if possible, incorporating garlic and onions and herbal teas. Using essential oils and nasal and mouth sprays can also be very helpful for immune and sinus health. Finally, optimizing your intake of zinc, vitamin C and vitamin D are great for supporting healthy immune, nasal and sinus function.
If you want to work with a functional health coach, I recommend this article with tips on how to find a great coach. Our website offers long-distance functional health coaching programs with our world-class team of health coaches. For further support with your health and other goals, just reach out—our fantastic coaches are here to support your journey. | <urn:uuid:fcd9ac57-b310-486e-a94b-46f7dddc6ecf> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://drjockers.com/sinus-infections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151638.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725045638-20210725075638-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.922401 | 3,429 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Copyright c by Pearson Education. A report by Americans for the Arts states that young people who participate regularly in the arts three hours a day on three days each week through one full year are four times more likely to be recognized for academic achievement, to participate in a math and science fair or to win an award for writing an essay or poem than children who do not participate.
Further, programs that do advocate outdoor play often focus on learning cognitive and academic skills, rather than encouraging needed physical pursuits and social interactions. Particular emphasis should be placed on how playgrounds must encourage all forms of play.
The experience of making decisions and choices in the course of creating art carries over into other parts of life. The dots are so nice and crispy!
Just start with the bare basics, and then add different pieces of information in later installments. Climbing equipment for infants and toddlers should be very basic, including a crawling tunnel, small steps, and a slide.
Not only do children learn lots of basic and fundamental information about how the world works in a very effective manner, they are more likely to remember what they learned because it was concrete and personally meaningful Ormrod, However, there is a growing number of people and organizations that are attempting to reverse this trend.
Outdoor Play Advocacy According to Sutterby and Frost FDtoo many educators, politicians, and parents believe outdoor play takes time away from academic activities.
Although some may regard art education as a luxury, simple creative activities are some of the building blocks of child development. The arts are part of the world we live in.
As spiked regular Frank Furedi has pointed out in his book, Wasted: It is assumed these tests measure intelligence accurately and meaningfully. She is skilled in drawing, painting, mural-making, and printmaking.
Artroom will have a dynamic course for your child to attend. As products of intellectual activity, reflecting the many different trajectories our search for meaning can take, the arts make internal experiences external.
Art tells the story of a people. However, because our children experience fewer and fewer opportunities to explore nature, run, roll, climb, and swing and because outdoor play is part of being a child, we must find a variety of ways to provide quality outdoor play experiences for children, infants through age eight years.
In order for educators to accurately understand our world there, has to be equity in this storytelling, especially in our schools, or else we will continue to omit legacies of truth and beauty from diverse cultures.
We need to look at readiness for formal instruction, and then we need to adjust our pacing, expectations, and activities according to the learning needs of young children.
Developmental Benefits of Art Motor Skills: He has successfully demonstrated how, through systematic and planned enrichment, intelligence can be modified, expanded, and developed.
Learning to create and appreciate visual aesthetics may be more important than ever to the development of the next generation of children as they grow up.
This task is made even more important as our early childhood programs focus more and more on teaching basic skills and early academics. Future braille users need these same models. Art creates a vehicle that can change the hearts and minds of people.
Given this, a successful practice is to enthusiastically respond to all early attempts to read and write, even when they are incorrect, then gradually expect greater and greater accuracy.
Democratisation of the arts — making them accessible to everyone, engendering real public engagement — requires an arts education that properly introduces young people to a range of art forms and gives them a sense that there are others to explore.
Tricycle paths are used for Big Toys, tricycles, scooters, balls, jogging, and wagons. Statistics show teenagers and young adults of low socioeconomic status who have a history of in-depth arts involvement show better academic outcomes than low-socioeconomic status youth with less arts involvement.
And if by our means books were to become stronger, richer, and more varied, that would be an end worth reaching. It is richer and more beneficial because they do so and dramatic play structures should be very simple and basic in design and construction.
Purpose of Outdoor Play There are two fundamental reasons why outdoor play is critical for young children in our early childhood programs and schools. Children need opportunities to explore, experiment, manipulate, reconfigure, expand, influence, change, marvel, discover, practice, dam up, push their limits, yell, sing, and create.
Although this sounds like a passing grade, there lies an equity gap between low-poverty schools and high-poverty schools.
As lessons progress, lessons become longer and longer and expectations for strength and stamina increase. For a variety of obvious reasons many of these things cannot occur indoors.In this article, NAEYC staff and Young Children consulting editors answer the question, “What do you think children learn through block play?” Here are some responses.
The Importance of Being Little: What Young Children Really Need from Grownups [Erika Christakis] on billsimas.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. “Christakis expertly weaves academic research, personal experience and anecdotal evidence into her book a bracing and convincing case that early education has reached a point of crisis her book is a rare thing: a serious work.
1 - International Art in Early Childhood Research Journal, Volume 2, Number 1.
Justifying art activities in early childhood education seems like a trivial task. Everyone knows that young children love to draw, dip their fingers in paint or squeeze playdough. billsimas.com: Of Primary Importance: What's Essential in Teaching Young Writers (): Ann Marie Corgill: Books.
Wild Kratts App Teaches Young Children How to Care for Animals. In this app, kids are charge of feeding, washing, and playing with baby animals. For more ideas on teaching braille to young children, see Laurie Hudson’s new iBook, Introducing Braille. It’s available for download on the iTunes store and includes 14 linked videos showing clips of actual Braille literacy lessons with young children.Download | <urn:uuid:7408152c-f2d8-42d6-97d9-0683092102cb> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://zapalasegucege.billsimas.com/the-importance-of-teaching-art-to-young-children-89848984.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746639.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120191321-20181120212325-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.953003 | 1,262 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Any time we notice a new ache or pain anywhere on our bodies, it can be concerning. After all, your health is your greatest asset! There could be many reasons for pain, including ear pain. A recent trip, seasonal allergies and even a change in elevation can cause discomfort.
Ear pain can also be an indication of an ear infection, so it is important to understand more about how they begin and how you can treat them. Our AFC Urgent Care Mooresville team explains it all below, so check it out!
How Do Ear Infections Start?
Infections stem from a virus or bacteria that enters your body and starts to spread. The same thing happens with ear infections! If a pathogen gets into your inner ear, it can start to grow and cause pain and discomfort.
As the infection begins to grow, it will push against your eardrum. This pressure can cause pain that is dull and throbbing or sharp and stabbing. If the infection becomes widespread enough, it can start to disrupt the fluid drainage process and cause even more discomfort.
What an Ear Infection Feels Like
- Pain inside inner ear
- Discharge coming from ear
- Feeling pressure in your ear
- Difficulty hearing
Should I Get Treated for My Ear Infection?
The majority of ear infections can be handled by our own immune systems. With proper rest and hydration, most people feel better within about three days. Don’t forget that you can also take some OTC pain medication as well! You don’t have to suffer through your symptoms alone.
If you aren’t feeling any relief or your symptoms are getting worse instead of better, come see us. Sometimes more severe ear infections require antibiotics to clear up completely, and we can help with that! Stop by today for quality care and start feeling better now.
Protect Your Ears
- Keep your ears clean and dry.
- Wash your hands frequently.
- Avoid smoking.
- Stay up to date with your vaccination schedule.
Is ear pain affecting your day? Drop by AFC Urgent Care Mooresville to visit with our care team. | <urn:uuid:a3392107-6031-4e39-92b7-f191735a19a4> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.afcurgentcare.com/mooresville-nc/blog/am-i-sick-if-my-ear-hurts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654012.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607175304-20230607205304-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.931039 | 442 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Seven Science Class Note CBSE NCERT
Wind, Storm and Cyclone
Air: Air is a mixture of gases.
Wind: Moving air is called wind.
Air exerts pressure: The fact that Air exerts
pressure can be understood by many examples.
Tube of bicycle gets inflated when air is filled in it. This happens because air
It is difficult to move the bicycle against the direction of wind. Similarly, a
sailor feels it difficult to sail his boat against the direction of wind. This
happens because air exerts pressure.
When boiled water is filled in a tin can and its mouth is closed with the lid;
followed by cold water being poured over it, the can gets distorted. This
happens because air inside the can gets condensed and creates low pressure. The
higher pressure from outside distorts the shape of the can.
You can fly a kite because air exerts pressure from the rear portion of the kite.
Aeroplane can fly because air exerts pressure.
Birds can fly because air exerts pressure.
High speed wind creates area of low air pressure:
Thatched roof is blown off because of high speed wind. This happens because high
speed wind creates an area of low pressure. Due to this, the thatched roof is
sucked up and finally gets blown away. Thus, increase in wind speed is
associated by decrease in air pressure.
Movement of air:
Air moves from high pressure zone to low pressure zone of air. Air; from high
pressure zone; rushes towards the low pressure zone; to fill the gap. Thus,
greater is the pressure difference greater will be the speed of wind and
of Wind Movement:
Pressure difference in the air is cause by differential heating. Warm air rises
up because it becomes lighter. This creates an area of low pressure below the
rising air. The area of low pressure is quickly filled in by cooler air from
around. That is how the wind movement is created on the earth. Thus differential
heating of air creates pressure difference; which makes the wind movement.
Movement of Air Because of Uneven Heating on Earth:
Movement of Air in Equatorial Region: The
Equatorial region gets the highest amount of sunshine throughout the year. Due
to this, the air near the equatorial region gets heated. The warm air rises up
and creates an area of low pressure. The cooler air; from the higher latitudes;
rushes towards the equator to fill the gap. This results in the wind movement
from tropical zones towards the equator. Similarly, wind movement is caused in
other parts of earth.
Movement of Air Because of Uneven Heating of Land and Water:
Sea Breeze: In coastal areas, the land warms
up faster than the ocean surface. Warm air from the land rises up and creates an
area of low pressure near the ground. The low pressure zone is filled in by
cooler air from the ocean surface. This gives rise to the sea breeze.
Land Breeze: During night, the land cools
down faster than the ocean surface. The warmer air from the ocean surface rises
up and creates an area of low pressure near the surface. This is filled in by
cooler air from the land. This gives rise to the land breeze.
Monsoon: The flow of moist air from ocean
towards land in summer is called Monsoon or Monsoon wind. The word Monsoon came
from Arabic word ‘mausim’, which means weather. The term ‘Monsoon’ had
traditionally been used to describe the typical climate of the Indian Peninsula
during the rainy season. Now-a-days, the term ‘Monsoon’ is being also used to
describe the similar climate in other parts of the world.
Monsoon winds carry water vapour which falls over the land in the form of rain
after cooling down. In India, the harvest depends on the monsoon wind because it
is the major factor towards bringing rainfall in India.
Thunderstorm: Many a times, rain is
associated with lightning. Rain with lightning is called thunderstorm. This
happens mostly in the summer. Thunderstorm occurs frequently in hot and humid
tropical areas, such as India.
In summer, the air rises up along with lot of moisture. After rising up to a
certain height water vapour cools down and starts coming down in the form of
water droplets. The swift drifting of water droplets creates electricity among
clouds. This manifests in the form of lighting and sound. This is known as
CYCLONE: Fast moving air towards a centre;
usually with heavy rain; is known as cyclone. Wind direction, wind speed,
humidity and temperature together create cyclone.
When water vapour in the clouds cools down it releases heat. This heat warms the
air around the clouds. The warm air rises up and creates a low pressure zone.
This low pressure zone is quickly filled in by cooler air from the surrounding.
This creates a system in which the centre is having very low pressure and is
surrounded by wind moving around it. The wind from the surroundings moves in a
circular fashion towards the centre and gives rise to cyclone.
The centre of the cyclone is called ‘eye’. A cyclone may be 10 to 15 km high. It
is a rotating mass of air. The diameter of eye may be vary from 10 to 30 km. Eye
of a cyclone is a calm area, but around the eye air may move with high speed
such as 150 to 250 km/h.
Destruction caused by Cyclone: A strong
cyclone can be very destructive.
Since cyclone is accompanied with high speed wind, it can damage houses,
telephone poles, electric poles and uproot trees.
Strong wind of the cyclone may push the sea water towards the sea shore in the
form of high wave. These high waves may damage houses and push water to low land
which may be accompanied with loss of life and properties.
Being the area of very low pressure, eye of cyclone lifts water in the centre.
This may cause the rise of water up to 3 to 15 metre high. This appears like a
water wall. This water wall; when pushed towards seashore; can inundate a large
area, which can cause the loss of live and property.
In India, the eastern coastal region is more vulnerable to cyclones; in terms of
intensity and frequency of cyclones, compared to the western coast.
Cyclone is known by different names in different countries. Cyclone is known as
HURRICANE in the American continent. It is known as TYPHOON in Philippines and
TORNADOES: Tornadoes are the very fast moving dark cloud in the shape of a
funnel. The speed of violent tornadoes may be up to 300km. Tornadoes are as
destructive as cyclone. Tornadoes may form within cyclones.
ANEMOMETER: An instrument which measures the speed of wind.
Effective Safety Measures:
(1) Safety services towards cyclone and other disaster by Government and other
- Cyclone forecast and warning services: With the advances in technology, cyclone
can be forecast in about 24 to 48 hours in advance. This becomes possible
because of satellites and computers. When a cyclone is nearer to the coastline,
the cyclone warning is forecasted almost at every half an hour.
- Rapid communication to the Government and concerned people: Communication about
the cyclone is given quickly to the Government and the people so that proper
safety measures and rescue operations can be carried out.
- Construction of cyclone shelters in the cyclone prone area.
- Shifting the people quickly to a safer place.
(2) Action on the part of people:
- Pay attention towards warning broadcasts from time to time.
- In case of a cyclone warning, stock necessary food items and medicines.
- If possible, move to a safer place.
- Fishermen should not venture into the sea during a cyclone warning.
- Cooperate with others in the community.
- Help the rescue team.
Test Your Knowledge
NCERT Questions And Answer
- Wind: Moving air is called wind.
- Air exerts pressure.
- Air expands on heating.
- Warm air is lighter and rises up.
- Air moves from high pressure to low pressure.
- Air Current: Movement of air from high pressure zone to low pressure zone
creates air current.
- Uneven heating on land creates air current.
- Air moves from 0-30⁰ north and from 0-30⁰ south towards equator.
- Land gets heated as well as loses heat faster than water.
- Monsoon: The flow of air from ocean towards land in summer is called Monsoon or
- Monsoon winds carry vapour which falls over the land in the form of rain after
- In India harvest is depend on monsoon wind, which brings rain.
- Thunderstorm: Rain with lightning is called thunderstorm. This happens mostly in
- Thunderstorm occurs frequently in hot and humid tropical areas, such as India.
- Cyclone: Fast moving air towards a circle usually with heavy rain is known as
- Wind direction, wind speed, humidity and temperature together creates cyclone.
- Eye: Centre of cyclone is known as eye.
- Tornadoes: Tornadoes are the very fast moving dark cloud in the shape of funnel.
Tornadoes may form within cyclones.
- The speed of violent tornadoes may be up to 300km.
- Tornadoes are as destructive as cyclone.
- Anemometer: An instrument which measures the speed of wind. | <urn:uuid:3bcbf083-14f6-41ec-89fa-3e9977563e25> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.excellup.com/seven_science/7_sc_8_WindStromAndCyclone.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542712.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00382-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921199 | 2,081 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The A300 in yesterday's disaster was the first to be involved in an incident causing the death of passengers, apart from the Iranair plane downed by a US missile in July 1988, killing all 290 aboard.
The A300, which normally carries about 240 people, was the first plane produced by the Airbus Industrie consortium in which British Aerospace has a 20 per cent stake. Airbus now has a total of 923 planes in service and a further 900 firm orders.
The plane that crashed yesterday was built in 1977 and was obtained by Pakistani International Airlines (PIA) from a German charter firm in 1986. According to Airbus Industrie, it had flown 39,100 hours on 19,200 flights, average for an aircraft of its age.
The previous crash involving an Airbus was also at Kathmandu. On 31 July a Thai Airways A310 crashed after a failed attempt at landing in difficult weather conditions. The pilot did not use the recommended flight path for an aircraft in such circumstances and crashed into the mountains, killing all 113 people on board.
Preliminary investigations into the Thai Airways crash suggested that navigation error on the part of the pilot was the cause. Kathmandu is a notoriously difficult airport in which to land because a steep descent is required and because it does not have either an instrument landing system or radar. Instead, planes use a radar beam, which requires greater pilot skill.
The three previous crashes of Airbuses all involved the A320, which uses 'fly by wire' computer technology. The most recent disaster occurred in January when an Air Inter plane approaching Strasbourg crashed in the Vosges mountains. Questions were raised about the cockpit lay-out.
However, the preliminary report, while recommending that some technical changes to the controls be made, was also critical of the pilots, who appeared to have been concentrating on the lateral flight path while the aircraft was descending rapidly.
Investigations following the two other A320 crashes, at Habsheim in eastern France in 1988 on a demonstration flight and at Bangalore in India in 1990, concluded that the pilots were to blame.
In August 1989, a PIA Fokker Friendship with 54 people aboard vanished in the mountainous north of Islamabad and was never found, leading to speculation that it crashed into a mountain, was hijacked to Afghanistan or strayed into Indian territory and was shot down. In November 1979, a PIA Boeing 707 crashed in Saudi Arabia killing all 156 people on board, most of them Pakistanis.
Alain Dupiech, a spokesman for Airbus Industrie, said: 'It is too early to speculate about the cause of the crash. We have dispatched a team to Kathmandu.' | <urn:uuid:e3b56b01-ebc4-466a-a2f6-3db021a12809> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/airbus-accident-is-the-fifth-in-four-years-1554270.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186895.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00208-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971967 | 545 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Almost 15% of the UK's electricity was generated from renewables last year, official figures show.
The statistics from the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) show a 30% increase in the power coming from renewables in 2013, bringing the share of electricity from sources such as wind, hydropower and biomass up to 14.9%.
More than a third (36%) of the country's electricity was generated from coal, with 27% coming from more expensive gas, and 20% from nuclear power.
The amount of installed renewable capacity was up 27% on 2012, the figures showed, with another 4.2 gigawatts of renewables on the system.
This was mostly due to a 27% increase in onshore wind, with an extra 1.6 gigawatts installed, and a 59% or 1 gigawatt increase in solar electricity panels, both in small scale domestic and community arrays and large scale solar farms,
The statistics showed that both offshore and onshore wind farms were as efficient as gas-fired power stations, operating at the same or higher percentage of their capacity as gas plants.
Energy Secretary Ed Davey said: "The Government's investment in renewable energy is paying off: renewable electricity has more than doubled in just four years - with around 15% of Britain's electricity already coming from clean renewable sources like wind, solar and hydro.
"This massive investment in green energy is accelerating, with 2013 a record year, with almost £8 billion invested across range of renewable technologies.
"Having a strong UK renewable sector helps to reduce our foreign imports of energy, improving our energy security, as well as helping us tackle climate change and creating new hi-tech green jobs.
"A green energy future that once seemed impossible for Britain is fast becoming a reality."
Some 5.2% of total energy consumption, which includes heating and transport as well as electricity, came from renewables, up from 4.2% the previous year. The UK has a legally-binding EU target to source 15% of its energy from renewables by 2020.
Once differences in temperature, including the very cold start to 2013, are taken into account, total energy consumption was down slightly, by 0.3%, continuing a downward trend over the last nine years.
The statistics showed a fall in production of natural gas, oil and coal in 2013, and that energy imports reached record levels in 2013, up 2.3% from 2012.
While much of the focus on Europe's energy security in light of tensions with Russia over the situation in Ukraine has been on gas, the figures reveal that Russia is a key source of coal for the UK.
The UK imported two fifths (41%) of its coal from Russia in 2013, 25% from the US and 23% from Colombia.
But there was a drop in the amount of electricity coming from coal, down three percentage points on 2012, and major power producers used 7.4% less coal in 2013 as a result of lower demand and more renewables, the statistics showed.
Industry body RenewableUK's director of policy, Dr Gordon Edge, said: "This abundance of excellent statistics should make those in Government who have failed to support wind energy sit up and take notice.
"More than half of Britain's clean electricity now comes from onshore and offshore wind. We're now on course to hit 10% of electricity from wind alone this year.
"That's why it's particularly puzzling to see some politicians fail to back the cheapest and most successful renewable technology - onshore wind - at a time when a majority of voters from all the main parties are telling them that they support it.
"Many will ask why some Government ministers act as cheerleaders for technologies like fracking for shale gas that can only deliver supplies years down the line, when wind is delivering here and now, onshore and offshore, keeping all our bills down by becoming more cost effective year after year."
Jenny Banks, energy and climate specialist at WWF UK, said: "We welcome the news that renewables are providing 15% of the UK electricity with over half of this coming from wind and solar, but we are alarmed that electricity from coal is still stubbornly high at 36%.
"The Government is justifiably proud of its record of pushing for tough climate action on the international stage. Yet their new capacity market seems designed to help keep our inefficient and polluting old coal power plants burning dirty coal for years to come.
"If this or future governments want to retain their credibility on climate change on the international stage then they must sort out the coal problem in their own back yard."
Friends of the Earth renewable energy campaigner Alasdair Cameron said: "It's fantastic to see renewable energy making such a huge contribution to powering our economy, and tackling climate change - and with more government support it could deliver much more.
"The old, dirty model of energy production is crumbling away, but ministers have still not updated their thinking.
"Instead of backing coal and blighting Britain with the threat of fracking the Government should be driving forward renewables like wind, and promoting local energy solutions such as solar for our schools, communities and cities." | <urn:uuid:b8c5c46f-3e4c-4275-b223-d77f21896445> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.messengernewspapers.co.uk/uk_national_news/11379541.15__of_electricity_from_renewables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461216.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00047-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962054 | 1,052 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The night sky may be a lot starrier than we thought.
A study suggests the universe could have triple the number of stars scientists previously calculated. The new estimate is 300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. That's 300 sextillion.
The study questions a key assumption that astronomers often use: that most galaxies have the same properties as our Milky Way. And that's creating a bit of a stink among astronomers who want a more orderly cosmos.
It's one of two studies being published online Wednesday in the journal Nature that focus on red dwarf stars, the most common stars in the universe. The study that proposes the new estimate on the number of stars is led by Yale University astronomer Pieter van Dokkum. He calculates that there are far more red dwarfs than previously thought, and that inflates the total star count.
A second study led by Harvard University scientist Jacob Bean focuses on a distant "super Earth" planet and reveals clues to the content of its atmosphere — the first of this kind of data for this size planet. It orbits a red dwarf.
Red dwarf stars — about a fifth the size of our sun — burn slowly and last much longer than the bigger, brighter stars, such as the sun in the centre of our solar system, said van Dokkum. His study looks at how many red dwarfs are in elliptical-shaped galaxies.
When scientists had estimated previously how many stars there were in the universe, they assumed that all galaxies had the same ratio of dwarf stars as in our galaxy, which is spiral-shaped. Much of our understanding of the universe is based on observations inside our Milky Way that are extrapolated to other galaxies.
But about one-third of the galaxies in the universe are not spiral but elliptical, and van Dokkum found they aren't really made up the same way as ours.
Using the Keck telescope in Hawaii, van Dokkum and a colleague gazed into eight other distant, but elliptical, galaxies and looked at their hard-to-differentiate light signatures. The scientists calculated that elliptical galaxies have more of those dwarf stars — a lot more.
"We're seeing 10 or 20 times more stars than we expected," van Dokkum said. By his calculations, that triples the number of estimated stars to 300 sextillion from 100 sextillion.
For the past month, astronomers have been buzzing about van Dokkum's findings, and many aren't too happy about it, said astronomer Richard Ellis of the California Institute of Technology.
Van Dokkum's paper challenges the assumption of "a more orderly universe" and gives credence to "the idea that the universe is more complicated than we think," Ellis said. "It's a little alarmist."
Ellis said it is too early to tell if van Dokkum is right or wrong, but it is shaking up the field "like a cat among pigeons." | <urn:uuid:56ddaaf5-9e5b-4f70-89da-c2b81498de18> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/star-count-triples-to-300-sextillion-1.922683 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122720.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00025-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952608 | 614 | 3.609375 | 4 |
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what's the technical name for the soft spot on a baby's head, and how long does it last?
- anterior fontanelle
- should close by 12-18 months, but can stay open until 3-5 years (though that seems abnormal)
- it's trouble if it's closed at 6 months
apgar stands for what?
- appearance (skin color)
- puylse (HR)
- grimace (reflex irritability)
- activity (muscle tone)
8-9 out of 10
if a baby is born at 28-32 weeks there's a big risk of neurologic complications. Name 3 types
- intraventricular hemorrhage --> spastic hemiparesis, quadriparesis, cog defects
- periventricular leukomalacia
3 types of respiratory complications seen in premature babies
- respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
- bronchpumlonary dysplasia (BPD)
describe the apnea seen in premature babies
- lack of breathing for > 20 sec 2/2 system immaturity... may indicate systemic medical problems
- happens in as many as 90% of infants who weigh less than 1000g at birth
rel between apnea and SIDS?
what's an easy tx for apnea
caffein minimizes frequency of apnea episodes
what is respiratory distress syndrome? - overview from a website
- breathing disorder, seen in infants > 6 weeks premature / earlier than 28 weeks
- develops in first 24 hrs after birth
- it's due to a lack of surfactant, which would help keep the lungs open
- baby has to work harder to get oxygen if lungs are collapsed, and parts of body may get ischemic
- RDS could be an early phase of bronchopulm displasia (BPD), and some tx for RDS cause BPD
- (respiratory distress syndrome)
- hyaline membrane disease
seen in premies younger than 34 weeks -- the numbers seem to vary, but I guess younger than 34 is a risk, younger than 32 it's pretty likely, younger than 28 it's guaranteed
what does surfactant do?
decreases surface tension of smaller airways so alveoli don't collapse
when does the surfactant apparatus get made?
- starts at 28 weeks
- fully formed at 32
3 treatments for RDS/hyaline membrane disease
- surfactant replacement
- in some cases, mechanical ventilation
what babies get BPD (bronchopulmonary disorder)?
- babies that required supplemental 2 a/o mechanical ventilation
- babies born more than 10 weeks early
- wt less than 2 lbs (about 1,000 grams)
- babies with hx of RDS
what happens in BPD?
walls of lung thicken, making O2/CO2 exchange difficult ... actually, I can't tell if this happens because kid has BPD, or if this is one of the things that leads to BPD
2 consequences of BPD
- limited physical activity tolerance, which'll lead to dev delays
- chronic upper respiratory problems / chronic lung disease
cardiac complications seen in premature babies
- patent ductus arteriosus
- heart murmur
how much tummy time does a baby need? simple answer, and more detailed answer
- 81 minutes per day
- doesn't have to be consecutive
- begin placing infant in prone when a few days old (and awake)
- start w a few min/day, work up to an hour/day by end of 3rd month
- place kid prone after each diaper change and each bath
- play in prone
- roll up a towle and palce the infant prone over it
first leading cause of death in infants in first year of life?
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
risk factors for SIDS
- prone sleeping
- sleeping on a soft surface
- smoking during pregnancy
- second hand smoke
- late or no prenatal care
- young maternal age
- premature birth or low birth weight
not getting tummy time can lead to...?
- gross motor delay
- and also contributes to SIDS
abnormal shape of head
plagiocephaly can be due to abnorlal forces on the skull before or after birth. 4 ways to happen pre-birth
- when baby descends into pelvis
- abnormally shaped uterus
- fetus in an odd position
- twins, triplets (it's crowded)
resolution of plagiocephaly if it's due to abnormal forces on the skull pre-birth
usually goes to normal shape in about 6 weeks after birth
however, localized occiput flattening at birth might also be a precursor to deformational plagiocephaly
risk factors for plagiocephaly (the pre-birth kind)
- assisted vaginal delivery (tongs)
- prolonged labor (baby's stuck in canal longer)
- unusual birth position
- multiparity (more babies inside)
- male gender
what causes deformational plagiocephaly?
pressure on occiput of growing skull causing the occiput to flatten
where is plagiocephaly most common?
- flattening on right side > left
- boys more than girls
name for plagiocephaly if it hits the face?
craniofacial asymmetries (esp in eyes)
- premature closure/ossification of sutures in skull
- (this is different from plagiocephaly and craniofacial asymmetries)
how does prematurity raise the risk of plagiocephaly?
- in the last 10 weeks of pregnancy the cranial bones become stronger and harder
- in NICU on a respirator their heads are maintained in a fixed position
developmental delay rel to plagiocephaly
chicken and the egg
can torticollis cause plagiocephally | <urn:uuid:3c8a52e2-8d77-4675-b907-b6a7aa9ea240> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=204318 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891277.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122093724-20180122113724-00699.warc.gz | en | 0.91318 | 1,280 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In the west, we see a little of sound healing and music therapy. But the science of mantra is applied to multiple fields in the east. Not only is it used in meditation and devotional ritual, it’s used in healing, neutralizing karma, developing abilities, architecture, and more.
The trick is, much of it has become couched in ritual and religion making it much less accessible. This was one of Buddha’s big pushes: to throw out superficial ritual and dogma and come back to the core teachings. Father Joseph Girzone also spoke to this on another post.
To understand mantra, the first part to know is the language of nature, the sounds (vibrations) nature uses to build the world. According to Shiksha, a Vedic book on Sanskrit, the closest we have to nature is the Sanskrit alphabet. This is the foundation of all mantra.
Shiksha describes an alphabet of 64 characters but many of these are very rare punctuation and the extra-long 3-count vowels. The working alphabet of common use is about 48 to 50 characters. That’s what is typically taught as a foundation.
Like English, a letter represents a sound, not a word. Sanskrit is twice the size of the English alphabet but has none of the variables. A given letter is only pronounced one way. And unlike many First Nations languages or something like Greek or Russian, the entire Sanskrit alphabet can be represented (transcribed) with English letters, although a few accents may be needed. There is 36 phonemes of 21 unique sounds. The rest are variations in tongue position and length resulting in 4 N’s, 3 S’s, some D’s, short and long vowels, and so forth.
Some of the differences are subtle to a western ear but it is precise and consistent and pretty easy to learn. Sanskrit grammar, however, is much more complex. But to simply read and speak it, little of that is necessary. Just a familiarity with the alphabet and a few common compound consonants like Ksha. (as in kshatriya, the ruling and warrior caste)
Bija mantras are based directly on the Sanskrit alphabet. Add an M to any letter and you have a new, potent tool. Even reciting the alphabet itself is a form of mantra practice, addressing the range of nature. The alphabet also gives you the ability to read many of the old texts directly, checking how the translator interpreted the work.
It’s worth noting here a key aspect of Sanskrit and mantra. In Sanskrit, there is a direct relationship between the sound, the form that sound produces, and the meaning of the sound. These are not just random sounds but sounds that can be experienced in form when heard on the vibrational level of consciousness, known as ritam bhara pragya.
And this is why correct pronunciation and correct choice of mantra is significant. The effects are significant. The sound is the form or effect. The chair you’re sitting on has a Sanskrit name that produces its form. The name also give you its nature, composition and complete history. It’s the signal key to the chairs knowledge base.
Thus, you want to make sure you’re starting with the correct pronunciation. You’ll want an understanding of the right tongue position and audio samples to get it right. A tutor can certainly help.
Another issue is that a lot of the Sanskrit floating around is actually Hindi, a “modernized” version. You’ve undoubtedly seen the Om symbol, looking like a decorated 3. That’s not proper Devanagari Sanskrit even if it says otherwise. The proper A looks like an open hand pointing down because it is – Shiva’s. He is said to be the source of the alphabet. His drum (a damaru) beats out the vibrations and his hands show the correct symbols (letters). We might even call the letter-shapes mudras. That’s why it’s called Deva-nagari. (see comments)(It’s also worth noting that Nature operates in a 3D space. Sanskrit is not used linearly by nature.)
I didn’t find a single on-line alphabet that was correct classical devanagari. I thus decided to prepare a reference file.
The Attached Alphabet (113k) has 3 sections:
1 – The Alphabet with transliteration and some usage examples and modern variants. Also a table of Sanskrit numbers and some compound consonants.
2 – The “Classic” Alphabet alone
3 – The Alphabet with sample words for pronunciation practice plus a mouth position chart for the Tongue position key.
(I’d been meaning to update my scribbled table anyway)
There is a large and growing library of Vedic texts in devanagari on-line, for free. A few are extremely rare.
My own study was in grad school with the man who literally wrote the book used in Universities of the west to learn Sanskrit. But those materials are not available free on-line. And I’m no pronunciation expert.
Once the alphabet is known, you can begin to study mantra. And then you learn technique. If you just say a mantra or think it in your head, it’s just a sound like any other in the noise of the world. Proper technique charges or energizes the mantra so it works on the level of vibration itself. This is, for example, partly the purpose of a guru puja before meditation instruction. Also one of the reasons you want proper instruction in meditation rather than learning from a book.
From these basics you can learn the applications. The mantras for different body parts and locations, for the areas of a building, for special abilities, and for various influences in time. This is also the origin of yagyas or performances to bless a home or new child or marriage.
Without the right mantra at the right time and the right technique, a precisely performed yagya will offer a pleasant blessing rather than a profound result. Much of it is taught traditionally, passed down within families and traditions. It is kept secret from the untrained to avoid folly. But that also makes it hard to find quality information.
In my own experiments with a healing mantra, for example, I tried the right mantra on a joint. It made little difference. But when I used it in a more effective way, putting the sound into the flow of the energy, it was much more potent and brought immediate results.
A good introduction to applications is Mantra Yoga and Primal Sound, Secrets of Seed Mantras by Dr. David Frawley. While I don’t agree with all of his interpretation, the small book is packed with reference charts and detailed background.
While all this may seem kind of strange and foreign, much of our world-context is derived from this ancient set of sciences. Our number system, the way we divide space (360 degrees), the way we divide time (hours, days, etc), and more.
As may now be clear, the basics are simple and powerful but it’s all in the details and it takes some training and practice to become proficient. Still, it’s worth getting to know the alphabet. If you know of any good on-line audio resources, let me know. The British prof who sounds like she’s being poked when she does a, i, u really won’t do. 😉 | <urn:uuid:1650badb-e1e6-4b5c-8304-e0f48a14d64d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://davidya.ca/2013/08/18/mantra-use/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317130.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822130553-20190822152553-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.937631 | 1,557 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A prospective study examining the epidemiology of blisters and, in particular, the association of blisters with subsequent injuries was conducted involving 2,130 male US Marine Corps recruits participating in initial physical training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot in San Diego, California. From January 1993 through September 1994, recruits experienced an incidence of 2.05 blisters per 100 recruit-months. Recruits with blisters were 50% more likely to experience an additional training-related injury. Blisters, in combination with other related injuries, resulted in 159 clinic visits, 103 days of assigned light duty, and 177 lost days of training. This loss of time cost a minimum of $29,529. Extrapolating to the annual population of recruits, this represents an approximate annual expense of $690,000. Aggressive blister prevention and management in this setting has the potential to greatly reduce morbidity and fiscal costs. | <urn:uuid:7a28b4c0-f823-489a-b6a4-147e2530cf20> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://japmaonline.org/search?f_0=author&q_0=SK+Brodine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662532032.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520124557-20220520154557-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.95241 | 181 | 2.578125 | 3 |
by Brooks Hays
Washington (UPI) Nov 12, 2017
Trees in cities around the globe are growing faster than rural trees, according to a new study by researchers at the Technical University of Munich.
The study -- published this week in the journal Nature -- is the first to measure the impact of the heat island effect on urban tree growth.
"While the effects of climate change on tree growth in forests have been extensively studied, there is little information available so far for urban trees," TUM researcher Hans Pretzsch said in a news release.
Studies have shown trees to have a variety of ecological and health benefits, especially for residents of cities. As more of the world's population becomes concentrated in cities, the benefits of urban trees will grow in significance.
Researchers at TUM analyzed heartwood samples from 1,400 trees, including a variety of species, growing in Berlin, Brisbane, Cape Town, Hanoi, Houston, Munich, Paris, Prince George, Santiago de Chile and Sapporo. Trees in rural areas surrounding each city were also sampled for comparison.
"We can show that urban trees of the same age are larger on average than rural trees because urban trees grow faster," Pretzsch said. "While the difference amounts to about a quarter at the age of 50, it is still just under 20 percent at a hundred years of age."
Researchers believe the heat island effect is boosting growth rates of trees in cities. The amount of heat-absorbent materials among buildings and urban infrastructure causes many cities to get between three and ten degrees Celsius warmer during the day than surrounding areas. The warmer temps can encourage photosynthetic activity and lengthen the growing season, allowing city trees to grow faster and get bigger than their rural peers.
The new research also confirmed previous studies that found both urban and rural trees are growing faster -- as a result of global warming -- than they were several decades ago.
"The general acceleration of growth in all trees by about 20 percent, which we report in the current study, is comparable to previous findings on forests. This effect has also been observed in agricultural production," Pretzsch said. "In this context, in addition to global warming, fertilization effects due to the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and increased nitrogen depositions are discussed as potential driving forces."
While so far tree growth has benefited from global warming, researchers warn that tree growth could reach a limit and plateau, allowing the negative consequences of global warming -- including extreme weather such as drought and large storms -- to catch up.
United Nations, United States (AFP) Nov 9, 2017
UN Deputy Secretary-General Amina Mohammed faced accusations from an advocacy group on Thursday that she granted illegal permits to Chinese firms to import endangered Nigerian timber when she was Nigeria's environment minister. Documents provided by Mohammed were used by Chinese importers to clear more than $300 million worth of rosewood logs held up by Chinese border authorities for months, ... read more
Forestry News - Global and Local News, Science and Application
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2017 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. All articles labeled "by Staff Writers" include reports supplied to Space Media Network by industry news wires, PR agencies, corporate press officers and the like. Such articles are individually curated and edited by Space Media Network staff on the basis of the report's information value to our industry and professional readership. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement| | <urn:uuid:902734e3-8907-4fb3-ac5e-cd38b5633f3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Urban_trees_are_growing_faster_than_their_rural_peers_999.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808972.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124214510-20171124234510-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.945822 | 822 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The energy industry creates and maintains thousands of jobs annually, including those in the fields of welding and pipefitting. In recent years, rapid growth in the extraction of oil and gas in key areas of the United States has resulted in a tremendous demand for skilled trades workers. Compounding that demand is a diminishing pool of labor to fill the increasing number of welding and pipefitting positions, as these workers are retiring faster than they’re being replaced.
Major Energy Booms in the United States
- North Dakota: The current Bakken oil boom of North Dakota began in Mountrail County in 2006. By 2014, North Dakota was producing one million barrels of oil per day, accounting for 12% of the country’s crude oil. The state’s 10,459 combined oil and gas rigs create 120 jobs per rig, and shale extraction and refinement show no signs of stopping or slowing in the current market.
- Oklahoma and West Texas: Across Oklahoma and West Texas, technological innovations in fracking have given birth to a new era of oilrigs and thousands of jobs. Overall, oil and gas extraction in Texas created 75% of all oil and gas jobs in the U.S. in 2013, including in the skilled trades.
- Gulf Coast: Starting in early 2014, the Gulf Coast’s energy boom sparked a demand for skilled workers, including those who have completed welder or pipefitter training. The number of pipefitters, welders, electricians and other skilled trades professionals working in the Gulf Coast is projected to rise from 62,000 to 103,000 by the end of 2015. The deep shale deposits of natural gas and oil in this area account for 13% of daily U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) production.
- South Texas: A University of Texas study found that the oil and gas industry in South Texas was responsible for 116,000 jobs in 2012.
Future of Welding and Pipefitting Jobs
The recent growth in the energy industry has resulted in a surplus of oil and gas, which has strained the infrastructure necessary for the transportation and storage of these materials. Natural gas distributor Vectren has seen an incomparable demand for the installation of pipes for new rigs and the replacement of aging pipes. The company has more than $600 million worth of work waiting on the sidelines because there are not enough skilled workers available. Additionally, $64 million is projected to be spent on the expansion of LNG production facilities along the Gulf Coast, further increasing the demand for pipefitters and welders in that region. In general, the Bureau of Labor Statistics 1 expects the pipefitting field to grow by 21% in the next few years. This data is based off of information collected in 2012; therefore, the true growth in this sector of the economy may be significantly higher than projected estimates.
Oil Fields Bring Success: A Case Study
Numerous skilled trades workers have achieved personal success on the oil fields. Bill Key is one of them. After taking welding classes in high school in the 1980s, he found his first job making a few repairs to an oilrig in Oklahoma, for which he made $100. He then borrowed $30,000 from his father-in-law to purchase a welding truck. Within a year, he repaid the loan and still made a profit of nearly $50,000. As the oil boom in Oklahoma and Texas grew, so too did Key’s business. Today, he owns 10 welding trucks, multiple high-end welding and cutting tools, and a 250-ton press brake, as well as a 5-ton overhead crane.
Key’s story is a testament to the economic growth and upward mobility that energy booms across the United States may offer to skilled workers, especially welders and pipefitters. If you’re interested in starting on the path to a successful career in one of these trades, contact Tulsa Welding School to learn about pipefitting training and welding certification. | <urn:uuid:17b55efa-20ae-4e89-bf91-08f68cd1466b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.weldingschool.com/blog/skilled-trades/energy-boom-in-oil-and-gas-calls-for-more-skilled-pipefitters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482954.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206000309-20191206024309-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.956076 | 810 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A spectacular, large butterfly with a powerful flight. Its life cycle depends strictly on the strawberry-tree and is always to found in woodland where this shrub grows. Males often gather on elevated points and take up territories as they wait for females to arrive and choose a mate. This means that they can sometimes be seen some distance from their normal habitats. It flies in two generations: the first is not very common and appears in May-June, while the second is very common and is on the wing in August-October. It hibernates as a larva. Adults never visit flowers to take nectar; instead they are attracted by rotten fruit. If you have fruit trees – and above all figs trees – in your garden and you want close-up views of this species, don’t pick up the fallen fruit at the end of summer. You are more than likely to get a visit from this magnificent insect.
Scientific name: Charaxes jasius
See all butterflies of Menorca | <urn:uuid:00f455ab-e9a4-4dab-a305-c69d1f22029c> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.descobreixmenorca.com/en/butterflies-of-menorca/two-tailed-pasha/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571027.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915093509-20190915115509-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.965436 | 206 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Which Calf Gets How Much?
Many of us feed more milk as calves progress from newborn to weaning age. Decreasing amounts of milk are often fed as calves approach full weaning.
With a computer-controlled automatic feeder the changes in volume fed usually are set in the machine with one schedule for all calves. Periodically the calf care person may review these amounts. However, day-to-day management does not involve these settings.
With these automatic feeders it is essential to monitor drinking behavior of calves (amounts consumed, drinking rates, day-to-day variation).
With manual feeding we may have a bottle or bucket feeding program. I often see calves progress from a base feeding rate to a greater volume. And, at weaning time volumes are cut back. These different feeding rates need to apply consistently to the correct calves.
Which calf gets how much?
Some dairies use a dry-erase white board in the utility room. They post the calf numbers to be fed each volume.
Some dairies use a daily feed sheet (paper) that goes to the barn or hutches.
How about this one? Starting with this calf the rest of this row is fed milk once a day.
They used a discarded bucket lid, tag marker pen and a clip. This was a really cold day!
On this dairy I expected to find a sign with the message in both English and Spanish.
I was surprised to find that the person making the sign assumed that all the calf care persons could read both languages. Nevertheless, the day I visited these calves did not receive any milk.
A native Spanish speaker wrote this one and the supervisor added "o 1 Qrt" to make it bilingual.
The principles are simple:
1. Make the message short and simple.
2. Use the calf care person's language.
3. Make signs easy to move from row to row, from pen to pen, or calf to calf.
4. Make signs durable and weather proof.
5. Inexpensive is nice, too. | <urn:uuid:5367ce95-e419-465b-81e3-c0354e341063> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://dairycalfcare.blogspot.com/2018/07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347428990.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603015534-20200603045534-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.944326 | 426 | 2.78125 | 3 |
An Empirical Study of Three Psychophysical Methods
of the University of
It was the object of this study to compare, on the basis of empirical data, some of the commonly used methods of constructing psychological scales. In order to make such a comparison, it would be necessary to construct the psychological scales from the same material, with the same subjects, and under conditions similar in every respect except the method by which the material was presented to the subject for judging. By such a procedure we can isolate any phenomena which are not inherent in the nature of the material, or in the criteria on which the individual judgments are made, but which are characteristic only of the method of making the judgments. We can learn whether the scale values resulting from the use of the various methods are comparable, and, if they are not, we may be able, by further analysis, to learn which series of values most nearly approximates the true values.
The three methods selected for study are methods which originated in the early psychophysical experiments on lengths of lines, intensities of gray values, lifted weights, etc., where the material could be measured both objectively and subjectively. These methods were later applied to material which could be measured by subjective methods only, and for which no adequate objective measure could be found.
Many such applications of the older psychophysical methods have been made by psychologists who are interested in converting a qualitative series into a series of quantitative differences. The work was begun in America by Cattell, who used the order of merit method for his ratings of scientific men (1). His methods and variations
( 192) of them were subsequently applied to other fields of subjective measurements. The method of equal appearing intervals was used by Thorndike (2) in order to calculate quantitative scale values for a series of subjective differences. Thorndike's methods have also been applied to other fields. These older methods differ from the methods used in this study in the number of items which are judged, in the number of individual judgments made for each item, and in the details of procedure, but more especially in the statistical treatment of the data. The law of comparative judgment, introduced by Thurstone in 1927 (3), has been used in the calculation of these scale values, rather than the older psychophysical processes which involve the use of the probable error as a unit of measurement. The value of this process in calculating scale values, for very complex stimuli which involve a great deal of personal prejudice and bias, has already been demonstrated (3). Its validity for calculating the scale values for the handwriting specimens used in this experiment is further justified by the internal consistency of these data. The average discrepancy between the calculated proportions of each judgment, and the corresponding experimental proportions, which serves as a measure of internal consistency, is less than .03.
The three methods chosen for study were the order of merit method, the method of paired comparison, and the method of equal appearing intervals. The process applied to the first two methods was that of the law of comparative judgment in its simplest form, Case V. A graphical process was used for calculating the scale values in the method of equal appearing intervals. All the details of these procedures are explained in the section on "The Experimental Procedure."
The material chosen for scaling was handwriting. A comparison could therefore be made of the methods when used on psychological values instead of on simple physical stimuli. Since a study of method only was intended, it might be argued that more simple and homogenous material should have been used, e.g., some material which would involve only one variable, such as length of line, intensity of gray value, extent of areas, etc. But the advantage of simplicity, with material of this sort, is offset by the disadvantages of presentation. Such material must be presented by the experimenter in the laboratory to each subject individually, and the amount of time involved would be prohibitive. Since the method was of primary interest, it was essential that there should be a large number of judg-
( 193) -ments on each stimulus, so that the stability of the results should be unquestionable. It seemed necessary, therefore, to prepare material which could be manipulated by the subjects outside the laboratory, and without the help or supervision of the experimenter. Handwriting specimens satisfied these conditions very well, and carried with them the added advantage that they could not be actually weighed or measured by unreliable subjects.
To the layman, the criteria for judging excellence in handwriting are almost entirely subjective. Personal preferences and abilities are involved, as well as the legibility and the pleasing appearance of the writing. Such complexity is typical of most of the variables to which these methods of measuring are being applied at the present time, for example, English composition, specimens of sewing, and other handiwork, nationality and race preferences, and attitudes of various kinds. That the distribution of opinion and preference in regard to these variables follows the normal curve, must be proved in each individual case by the internal consistency of the data, and in this case, with excellence in handwriting as the variable, the proof seems clear.
After some preliminary experimentation, it was decided to define the
handwriting variable more closely by asking the subjects to base their judgments
on three criteria—neatness, uniformity of the slant, and uniformity of the stems
and ovals of the letters. These three criteria were suggested twice in the
instructions to the subjects, and there was also a warning to avoid such factors
as the "character" which the writing showed, and the particular personal
associations which might be called out by certain specimens.
THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Three hundred and twenty individuals were asked to write the phrase "A very good explanation" in their ordinary handwriting on the penciled line of a 4 x 6 card. Those individuals were chosen whose handwriting would give as wide a range as possible in degree of excellence. They included university students, high school and grade school pupils, unskilled laborers, bookkeepers, and handwriting experts. Ten adult subjects then sorted these 320 samples into seven piles, placing all the worst specimens on the pile at the extreme right, all the best specimens on the pile at the extreme left, all the aver-age specimens on the pile in the middle, and arranging the other four piles so that all seven should form a graded series of excellence
( 194) in handwriting. The instructions to the judges in this preliminary experiment were merely: "Judge each specimen by whatever makes it seem good or bad handwriting to you." The judges were allowed to sort and resort as much as they wished, until they were entirely satisfied with their judgments. They consumed on the average an hour and a half in completing their work for this preliminary experiment.
From the results of these experiments, the average position among the piles was reckoned for each of the 320 specimens, and the specimens arranged in rank order on the basis of these averages. Then, beginning with the best specimens and working through the whole series to the worst specimens, approximately every fourth card was selected in order to secure the final series of 72 specimens which was used in the method of equal appearing intervals. Since it was planned to make a scale of slant writing only, the specimens which inclined more to the vertical were avoided. Certain specimens in which the quality of the ink was not well adapted to the zincographing process were also discarded. From this series of 72, again approximately every fourth specimen was selected in order to se-cure another graded series of 20 specimens for the order of merit method. Code numbers were assigned to the 72 specimens, and they were reproduced by a zincographing process on slips of white paper, 1% x 4 inches. The zincographing process reduced the original size of the handwriting very slightly, but otherwise provided a faithful reproduction.
The 20 specimens used in the order of merit method were also used in the method of paired comparison. The code numbers were cut off, and the 190 necessary pairs of specimens were arranged in two parallel columns, on 81/2 x 11-inch pages. Each pair of specimens was set off by heavy black lines in order to reduce the error from side comparisons. The 12 pages containing these specimens were stitched together in the upper left hand corner, and a rotating order was used with them so that the effect of fatigue would not always come on the same pages.
All the material for the experiment was included in a heavy manila envelope, 9 x 12 inches, which could be placed in the subject's hands without further instruction or supervision from the experimenter. The material included (a) the 12 pages of specimens for the method of paired comparison ; (b) an 8 ½ x 4-inch envelope containing the paper clips, the covering slips labelled a, b, c, d ... .
( 195) k, and the 72 specimens for the order of merit method, and (c) the printed page of instructions. The instructions read as follows:
This envelope contains a number of specimens of adult slant writing from which a scale of handwriting is to be constructed. The scale will be made by three different psychophysical methods. In each of the methods you will be asked to compare the different samples and judge the quality of the writing. By "quality" we mean "good appearance," that is, neatness, uniformity of the slant, and uniformity of the stems and ovals of the letters. Base your judgments on these factors, and be careful to eliminate such factors as the "character" which the writing shows, or the particular associations, pleasant or unpleasant, which you may have with certain specimens. The scale is to be made on the basis of:
2) Uniformity of the slant.
3) Uniformity of the stems and ovals of the letters.
1) You are given eleven slips with letters on them, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K. Please arrange these before you in regular order. On slip A put those specimens which you judge to be the best specimens. On slip F put those specimens which you judge to be the average specimens. On slip K put those specimens which you judge to be the worst specimens. On the rest of the slips, arrange the specimens in accordance with the degree of excellence you find in them.
2) This means that when you are through sorting you will have eleven piles arranged in order from A, the best, to K, the worst.
3) Do not try to get the same number on each pile. They are not evenly distributed.
4) The numbers on the slips are code numbers, and have nothing to do with the sorting.
5) You will find it easier to sort them if you look over a number of specimens chosen at random before you begin to sort.
6) It will probably take you about 20 minutes to sort them.
7) When you are through sorting, please clip the piles together, each with
its letter slip on top. Replace the 11 piles, clipped carefully, in the envelope
marked "Method 1," and seal.
In this method, spread out the 20 samples before you and arrange them in sequence according to their merit. Select the best specimen and place it at the extreme left; then find the second best specimen and place it beside the first, and the third best and place it beside the second, and so on down to the worst specimen, which will appear at the extreme right. When the whole sequence is laid out before you, you may wish to make some revisions. When you have finished, gather the specimens together in one pile, with the best one on top and the worst one on the bottom. Place the
( 196) rubber band around the whole pile and seal them in envelope marked "Method 2."
Use the 12 pages of specimens and follow directions given at the top of the first page.
The subject arranged the specimens according to the instructions, fastened the piles securely with paper clips and rubber bands, and sealed them in the proper envelopes. Approximately one hour was spent by each subject in performing this part of the experiment.
The experiment was performed by graduate and undergraduate students in the University of Chicago, and by undergraduate students in Wilson College, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, and in the State College for Teachers, Superior, Wisconsin. Omissions and mistakes made it necessary to eliminate the work of some of these subjects, but the experiment was completely and correctly performed by 370 subjects.
THE STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF THE RESULTS
The results for the method of equal appearing intervals are given in Table 1. This table shows the number of times each specimen appeared in each of the 11 piles. Records are included for each of the 72 specimens, although in this study scale values have been calculated only for those specimens which are also included in the order of merit method and the paired comparison method. In Table 1, these 20 specimens are marked with an asterisk.
The results for the method of paired comparison could be tabulated directly from the 12 pages of specimens, and these results are recorded in Table 2.
Table 3 shows a similar set of data for the order of merit method, although this tabulation could not be made directly from the subject's records, as in the case of the paired comparison method. The rank order of the specimens for each subject was first recorded, and especially prepared data sheets were then used to tabulate for each subject the number of times each specimen was preferred to every
other specimen. The results of this method, in their final form are, therefore, comparable to the results of the method of paired comparison, and the statistical treatment of the results was the same for both methods.
The next step in the study was the calculation of a scale value for each specimen, in each method. In the method of equal appearing intervals the calculation of the scale value was a comparatively simple procedure. From the frequency distribution for each specimen, a cumulative frequency curve was plotted, and the median, the point at which the curve crossed the 50% line, was read directly from the graph. The medians for each of the 20 specimens are given in Table 4.
Since the psychophysical law of comparative judgment can be applied to any situation in which a number of observers make one discriminatory judgment for each possible pair of stimuli in any given stimulus series, this law was applied to the data from both the paired comparison and the order of merit methods. It would
(201) be assumed under this law that the distribution of preference in handwriting is normal on the psychological continuum, and this assumption may be questioned. However, there is already some evidence that the assumption of a normal distribution is justified in the case of a very complex continuum such as nationality preferences (4), as well as for the simple sense distances of the more formal psychophysical experiments; and the assumption, in the case of hand-writing excellence, is undoubtedly a safe one, since there is an aver-age discrepancy of less than .03, when the calculated proportion of each judgment is compared with the corresponding experimental proportion.
The law in complete form is as follows (4, p. 407) :
Sl—S2=X12√σ12 + σ22 – 2r12.σ1.σ2
Sl—S2=the scale distance between the two modal discriminal processes
X12= the sigma value corresponding to the observed proportion of judgments, "Stimulus1 is greater than Stimulus2."The proportion is designated p1>2. The numerical value of X12 is positive when p1>2 is greater than .50, and it is negative when p1>2 is less than .50.
σ1 and σ2=ambiguities (discriminal errors) of the two stimuli.
r12=the correlation between the discriminal deviations involved in the same judgment.
In this study we have used Case V in which the law is applied to a group of subjects, and each subject gives only one judgment for every stimulus pair. In Case V it is assumed that r12=0, and that the value of σ is unity for every stimulus in the series. With these approximations, the law takes the simpler form :
when σ is chosen as the unit of measurement.
From Table 2 which gives the data for the method of paired comparison, a corresponding table of proportions was made, and from this table, the percentage of judges who preferred each specimen to every other specimen could be read directly. The tentative rank order for each specimen could also be easily calculated from this table by summing the percentages for each of the specimens in turn.
The next step was to prepare a table of sigma values corresponding to the percentages. Since a procedure of weighting all the
( 202) proportions in such a calculation as this would be extremely laborious, the most unreliable proportions were not used in calculating the scale values. Those which were dropped were proportions of .97 or above and of .03 or below. Those proportions which were retained were all given equal weight. When the measures of internal consistency were calculated, it was apparent that these approximations were not unwarranted.
From this table of sigma values the scale separation for every consecutive pair of specimens was calculated. Theoretically it would be possible to calculate the scale separation for any pair of specimens in the table, no matter how far apart they might be on the scale, but actually such a procedure would not be practical. When two specimens are widely separated on the scale, many of the proportions are included between zero and .03 and between .97 and 1.00, and are dropped out of the calculations. The scale separation would be calculated from the few remaining pairs of sigma values, and therefore could not be considered satisfactory. For this reason, the scale separations have been calculated only for those specimens which were adjacent in rank order.
It was necessary to prepare a separate table for the calculation of each of the scale separations. The data for these tables was obtained from the table of sigma values, and with these 19 tables the procedure in general was as follows :
Let us suppose that the two specimens for which we are to calculate the separation are the 11th and 12th specimens when arranged in rank order. They will be designated then in general terms by S11k and S12k, respectively. If any of the other specimens be designated by Sk, then from equation (2) page 201 we have
S11k – Sk = X11k√2 (3)
S12k – Sk = X12k√2 (4)
where X11k√2 represents the distance on the scale between specimen S11k and the other given specimen Sk, and X12k√2 represents the distance on the scale between S12k and the given specimen.
Subtracting (4) from (3) we have
S11k – S12k=√2(X11k-X12k) (5)
In other words, √ 2(X11k-X12k) is the scale separation of S11k and S12k when calculated in terms of but one of the 20 specimens.
Summing such values for all the specimens, we have, in general terms,
n(S11k – S12k)=√2Σ[X11k-X12k] (6)
(S11k – S12k)= (√2 / n) [ΣX11k-ΣX12k] (7)
that is, the actual scale separation for any two specimens is equal to the sum of the scale separations for those two in terms of all the other specimens, divided by the total number of such calculated scale separations.
By means of these 19 calculated scale separations the handwriting scale was constructed. Specimen b5, which was preferred more often than any other specimen was arbitrarily chosen as the origin for the handwriting scale, and the scale values of all the other specimens were procured by successive additions of the scale separations. Since all the other specimens were preferred less often than b5, and are therefore lower in a scale of handwriting excellence, a numerically high scale value indicates poor handwriting. The scale values for the 20 specimens by the method of paired comparison are given in Table 4, and they run from .00 to 7.69. The better specimens have the lower numerical values.
After the scale values have been ascertained, it is necessary to apply a test Mr the internal consistency of the data. This can be done by using the scale values of the specimens as starting points, and by reversing the whole process, and finally arriving at a set of calculated proportions which may be compared with the experimental proportions. Since we now know the scale values, we can calculate the value of the X12 in the equation
S1 – S2 = X12 √2
and with the use of the probability table, this value may be converted into the corresponding proportion. The degree of similarity between such calculated proportions and the actual experimental pro-portions will give a measure of the internal consistency of the data.
Twenty tables (one for each specimen) were made in order to calculate this consistency. The average discrepancy between the calculated and the experimental proportions ranged from .038 to .00015, and the average discrepancy for the whole table was .0239.
The procedure for calculating the scale separations and final scale values for the specimens in the order of merit method was exactly the same in every respect as the procedure in the case of the method
of paired comparison. The scale values are given in Table 4, and the average discrepancy between the calculated and the experimental proportions was .012.
COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS
When the scale values for all the specimens have been calculated for each method, the methods can be compared by plotting the scale values for one method against the values obtained from each of the other two. This has been done in Figures 1, 2, and 3. The data from which these figures have been made may be found in
Table 4. In Figure 1, which represents a comparison of the method of paired comparison and the order of merit method, it is apparent that the relation between the two sets of scale values is a linear one. If it be assumed that the correlation between these two sets of data is unity, their regression line will take the form of
y = (y/x) – (y/x)Mx —My
and substituting the actual values of the means and the sigmas, the equation for the line in Figure 1 will be
An inspection shows that this line fits these data very well.
From the practical point of view it is valuable to know that the two methods yield the same results. The "set up" for an experiment with the method of paired comparison is much more elaborate and costly, the method takes more of the subject's time, and with certain kinds of material is almost impossible to apply. The order of merit method is much simpler, requires less material and less of the subject's time, but the collection of the data in order to apply the law of comparative judgment is a very laborious process for the experimenter.
An inspection of Figures 2 and 3 shows that the relation between the method of equal appearing intervals and each of the other two methods is not linear. In each of these figures the best fitting line has been approximated by inspection, and the relation is clearly curvilinear. The similarity of these two curves confirms the results illustrated in Figure 1. The handwriting scale derived from either the order of merit method or the method of paired comparison would be practically the same scale, but a scale derived from the method of equal appearing intervals would be quite different.
In considering the question as to which of these scales is the most reliable and valid, there are several factors which point to the superiority of the method of paired comparison and the order of merit method over the method of equal appearing intervals.
1) The method of paired comparison and the order of merit method give approximately the same scale values, that is, the relationship between them is linear.
2) The scale values from the method of equal appearing intervals are different from those of either of the other two methods. The relationship in each case is curvilinear.
3) In the method of paired comparison and the order of merit method the internal consistency of the data has been clearly demonstrated. In the method of equal appearing. intervals no test for such consistency has been applied and the absence of such a test must, for the present, be counted as the most important argument against it
4) In the method of equal appearing intervals the frequency distributions for those specimens at the extremes of the scale are not normal distributions (see Table 1).They suffer from an "end effect" which produces a skewed curve. This effect cannot be avoided since it is in the nature of the method that the scale must be arbitrarily cut off at either end, but it may be possible to devise a statistical treatment which would correct for it. Then the corrected medians for these skewed distributions would be as representative of the quality of the handwriting at the extremes of the scale as are the medians for those specimens near the center of the scale, where the range is not arbitrarily restricted.
5) The "just noticeable difference" or the discriminal error which is the fundamental psychophysical unit of measurement is incorporated in both the order of merit method and the method of paired comparison but it is not involved in the calculation of the scale values in the method of equal appearing intervals. This constitutes a very important difference, and it is surprising in view of it that the methods agree as well as they do.
It should be possible to work out a psychophysical process which would take
into account the discriminal error for each specimen in calculating its scale
value in the method of equal appearing intervals as well as in the other two.
The invention of such a process, together with a test for internal consistency
is undoubtedly the next step in the analysis of this problem. The assumption
under Case V of the law of comparative judgment, that the sigma values
for all the specimens are equal, is another point of departure for further
analysis, and until these studies are completed the final decision on the
validity and reliability of these methods cannot be pronounced.
The object of this study was to compare the scale values of 20 specimens of handwriting, from data obtained by the paired comparison method, the order of merit method, and the method of equal appearing intervals. The judgments of handwriting excellence were obtained for all three methods from the same 370 subjects.
The scale values for the method of equal appearing intervals were calculated by plotting the cumulative frequency curve from the data for each specimen and reading the value of the median directly from the graph. These scale values are given in Table 4.
The scale values in the method of paired comparison and in the order of merit method were obtained by applying the law of comparative judgment in its simplest form, Case V. These scale values are given in Table 4. The internal consistency of these calculations is shown by the very small discrepancies between the experimental and the calculated proportions. The average discrepancy is .0239 for the paired comparison method and .012 for the order of merit method.
The results show that the scale of excellence in handwriting would be the same whether the data were obtained by the method of paired comparison or by the order of merit method. The relation between the scale values as calculated by these two methods is linear (see Figure 1).
The relationship between the scale values calculated by the method of equal appearing intervals and either of these other two methods is curvilinear and the handwriting scale constructed by the method of equal appearing intervals differs from the scale constructed by either of the other two methods.
In their present state of development and from the point of view of validity and reliability, the scales constructed by either the order of merit method or the method of paired comparison seem to be superior to the scale constructed by the method of equal appearing intervals, because of the following facts:
1) The relationship between the scale values from the two former methods is linear.
2) The relationship between the values from the method of equal appearing intervals and the values from either of the other two methods is curvilinear.
3) The internal consistency has not been demonstrated for the method of equal appearing intervals.
4) There is a source of error in this method from the "end effect."
5) The psychophysical unit, the j.n.d., is not involved in the calculations for the scale values in this method.
As a method of collecting data from which psychological scales are to be
constructed, the method of equal appearing intervals can-not at present be
evaluated. A process must first be invented which will take account of the
j.n.d. in calculating scale values so that these values may be comparable to the
values from the other two methods, and a test for internal consistency must be
1. HOLLINGWORTH, H. L. Professor Cattell's studies by the method of relative position. Columbia Univ. Contrib. Phil & Psychol., 22, No. 30.
2. THORNDIKE, E. L. Handwriting. Teach. Coll. Rec., 1910, 11., 1-81.
3. THURSTONE, L. L. A law of comparative judgment. Psychol. Rev., 1927, 34, 273-286.
4. ———, An experimental study of nationality preferences. J. Gen. Psychol., 1928, 1, 405-425.
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One of the best exhibitions you can now attend in London is being held at the Royal Academy of Arts looks at how much gardens have influenced painters from late XIX century to XX century. The main reason to go is because you can observe how gardens were depicted not only by Monet but also by several of his contemporaries. If you wish to enjoy some of the most emblematic and wonderful paintings where the beauty of those landscapes make you think it’s Spring outside the gallery don’t give it a second thought: the magnificence of its colours will leave you breathless.
Monet cultivated gardens throughout his entire life and he himself said that it was thanks to flowers that he became a painter, finding inner peace and inspiration in his contemplation of them. In the late XIX century, people became more and more interested in horticultural and gardening affairs. Artists also became interested, as new species of plants and flowers were imported from Asia and America and painters were very keen to paint them to experiment and try new colors and textures. Even though Monet is known as the professional in this type of subject the exhibition also features the works of many of his contemporaries and we can see the influence nature had on them.
The exhibition is structured in themed rooms which focus on the development of the Impressionist painters not only in Europe but also in America. All seven rooms feature a wide selection of paintings.
The exhibition starts in the room Impressionists Gardens. In an era of industrialisation, artists treated their gardens as outdoor studios and, even, as works of art. In this room we can find Lady in the garden by Claude Monet, where we see a lady, not facing the public but, looking at the garden where a beautiful rosebush is in bloom. Two of Monet’s contemporaries, Camille Pisarro and Pierre-Auguste Renoir, had very different techniques in approaching painting gardens. Pisarro preferred more classical and conventional approaches to nature, while Renoir’s gardens were wild and free. Here, Renoir’s painting, Claude Monet painting in his garden, and Monet’s depiction of the same situation in The artist’s garden in Argenteuil are in the same room. Pissarro’s piece Jeanne Pissarro, called Minette, sitting in the Garden is a clear example of how the artist knew how to captivate people’s thoughts and feelings in just a single work. In Manet’s Young women among the flowers we find a theme we will see in the rest of the exhibition: how the delicacy of a flower was linked to women’s purity, femininity and beauty.
The second room, International Gardens, is where we can see how this interest in gardening expanded internationally. Global painters who were interested in the subject travelled all around the world to find inspiration and to see new gardens, different plants, different colours and search for sources of inspiration. In Johan Krouthén’s View of a garden we can see a family spending a day out, the beauty of the details makes you stop, as the lights, the shadows and its realism make you think for a second that it’s a photograph. In this room we also have several paintings from more international artists: Max Liebermann, Childe Hassam, Alfred Parsons and Henrile Sidaner are among those whose art reflected their passion for nature, flowers and gardening but, perhaps one of the central pieces in this room, is Louis Comfort Tiffany by the Spanish painter Joaquín Sorolla. Here we see Tiffany, an artist and a painter famous for working with glass in a style that was later known as Art Nouveau, relaxing in his mansion’s garden, in Long Island, which had sumptuous gardens and beautiful views.
In Early Years at Giverny, we can find some of Monet’s most famous works, the lilies collection. In 1883 Monet moved to a house in Giverny, a village on the northwest of Paris, and a few years later, after he bought the property, he redesign the garden’s completely. He took inspiration from a water lily garden he had seen at the Paris Universal Exhibition, but also from the Japanese gardens he admired and this is especially visible on his bridges, ponds and flowers. Water lilies, Water pond with lilies and White water lilies are among several paintings at this exhibition that are famous worldwide and recognisable for their colours and special sensitivity. It’s here, then, when the exhibition turns in to something like “Oz”, you feel like you move from a black and white world, to one of a full palette of colours. It is quite a feast for the senses.
Another room, named Avant-Gardens, is where we see how painters such as Van Gogh found endless inspiration in nature and we can enjoy ourselves looking at paintings by Paul Klee, Henri Matisse and Kandinsky. Van Gogh’s fascination with nature and landscapes is well known and here we can admire an example of his art, Daubigny’s Garden. Van Gogh admired the painter Charles – François Daubigny throughout his life and painted his garden three times, these paintings are now on display in different museums around the world. In Gustav Klimt’s Cottage Garden, we can appreciate the garden as if it was full of jewels instead of flowers.
In Gardens of Reverie we can see how painters were trying to find a paradise in gardens, as people were longing for a better world outside of the industrialisation of cities. Two of the painters you can see in this room are Maurice Denis and Pierre Bonnard. Both of them were great admirers and followers of Monet and painted gardens as a bucolic and idyllic place to be. In Denis’ case, his paintings of gardens are greatly influenced by Catholicism and we can see his taste for simplicity and his interest on depicting women’s figures, particularly mother and child. Bonnard, on the other hand, is well known for his intense use of colors and his depiction of gardens full of family members and friends. We can also see Édouard Vuillard’s work in this room. In Vuillard’s gardens, as with the rest of his paintings, everything is executed in a gentle and soft way, full of patterns and geometrical figures.
Finally in the room Monet’s Final Years we can see how the painter spent the last years of his life. At this stage of his life, Monet was deeply depressed: his second wife, Alice, was dead and he was losing his vision due to cataracts. Despite all this – and when he started to recover his vision – he carried on painting large nature paintings. As the first World War started, Monet started to paint weeping willows in homage to the French soldiers who died in the battlefield. He never gave up painting, as he said “As for myself, I’m staying here regardless, and if those savages insist on killing me, they’ll have to do it in the midst of my paintings, before my life’s work.”
This exhibition will captivate both your eyes and your mind from the very first second you walk into it. You shouldn’t miss the chance to visit it and delight yourself in these stunning paintings.
Lucía Vázquez Bonome
Lucia Vázquez Bonome lives and works in London. She holds a degree in Advertising and an MA in Creative Advertising, both issued in Spain. She has undertaken two screenwriting courses at Morley College in London. While studying advertising, she discovered her passion for writing which translated into her professional life: since 2014 she has written articles for the website ‘The State of the Arts’ where she write reviews on theatre plays, movies, books, art galleries and interviewa artists belonging to different artistic fields. Her love for storytelling led her to compile a collection of short stories into a children’s book entitled “Un Verano Mágico”(A magical summer) which was published in Spain and has been translated to English.
Painting the Modern Garden: Monet to Matisse is open until the 20th of April at The Royal Academy of Arts. | <urn:uuid:043e40ee-84ee-4ef4-9632-75a86be602b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://curatingthecontemporary.org/2016/04/11/painting-the-modern-garden-monet-to-matisse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104655865.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705235755-20220706025755-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.980836 | 1,736 | 2.75 | 3 |
Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants - Online edition
Omphalea papuana Pax & K.Hoffm.
Pax, F.A. & Hoffmann, K. (1914) Das Pflanzenreich Heft 63 63: 419. Type: Papuasische Provinz: Neu-Mecklenburg, Namatanai, bei Malabuo (Peekel n. 131!).
Cut twigs produce a watery exudate which turns pink on exposure. Leaf blades about 13-25 x 9-17 cm, petioles about 6.5-14.5 cm long. Two glands usually visible, one on either side of the petiole just prior to its junction with the leaf blade. These glands are particularly obvious on young expanding leaves. Stipules caducous, about 1.5 mm long. Tendrils are modified inflorescences. Very small oil dots visible with a lens in young leaves.
Inflorescence a much-branched panicle with male flowers greatly outnumbering female flowers. Leaf-like bracts about 15-25 x 3-5 mm, present where inflorescence branches arise. Male flowers: Flowers about 3 mm diam., not opening widely. Tepals concave on the inner surface, fleshy, about 3 x 2.5 mm. Anthers fused into a head about 1 mm diam. on a staminal column about 1.5 mm long. Disk large, surrounding the staminal column. Female flowers: Flowers about 5-6 mm diam. Sepals variable, about 1.5-2.5 mm long. Ovary obpyriform, about 3 x 2.5 mm. Style absent. Stigmas 3, inserted in the style in an apical cavity.
Fruits probably larger than 6 x 6 cm. Seeds globose, about 0.25 x 0.25 cm long. Testa covered with a pale brown skin or parchment-like layer. Surface of the testa wrinkled with raised and depressed sections. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, much wider and longer than the radicle. Radicle much shorter and narrower than the cotyledons.
About 4 cataphylls of increasing size produced before the first true leaves. First true leaf lanceolate, three-veined at the base, margin slightly sinuate with 1 or 2 gland-like rounded teeth on each side. Midrib raised on the upper surface. Second, third and fourth leaf deeply trilobed, apices acuminate. Two raised glands present on the side or +/- on the upper surface of the petiole near its junction with the leaf blade. Stipules about 0.8 mm long. At the tenth leaf stage: leaf blade lobed (3-lobed?). Two glands present at the base of the leaf blade one on each side of the petiole. Stipules small, less than 1 mm long. Seed germination time 32 days.
Occurs in CYP. Altitudinal range quite limited, from near sea level to about 50 m. Grows in gallery forest and rain forest. Also occurs in New Guinea.
The seeds of this species comprise a significant part of the drift seed aggregation in the south-west Pacific. Such seeds were thought to belong to a species of Aleurites until quite recently. Fortune Hopkins (2000). | <urn:uuid:7a1a4bc6-6dce-40cd-a550-daa52416018a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/omphalea_papuana.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655092.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608172023-20230608202023-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.85963 | 705 | 2.875 | 3 |
What Could My Strange Obsessive Symptoms Mean?
Behaviors such as attention problems, repetitive actions, and obsessive thoughts may signal several different conditions whose symptoms often overlap. While only a doctor can diagnose the actual root of these issues, here are a few of the most common causes.
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
For people with full-blown OCD, this chronic anxiety disorder can be downright disabling: They become plagued by persistent, unwelcome thoughtssuch a something bad happening to a loved oneand feel that the only way to prevent these thoughts is to engage in rituals such as repetitive hand washing or checking door locks, for example.
Body dysmorphic disorder
Sufferers of this condition obsess about a perceived flaw in their physical appearance, like moles, freckles, scars, acne, or body hair. People with the disorder frequently check themselves in the mirror, avoid having their pictures taken, and repeatedly check, touch, or measure the imagined flaw.
This intense preoccupation with physical health can cause sufferers to worry that minor and imagined physical symptoms are signs of a serious illness. They aren't reassured when tests or doctors' diagnoses come back negative. Read one writer's experience with hypochondria.
People with trichotillomania have an irresistible urge to pull their hair from their head, eyebrows, or body. Pathological skin picking (also called neurotic excoriation, psychogenic excoriation, and dermatotillomania) is similar.
This group of disorders includes Tourette syndrome, in which sufferers make impulsive sounds or movementslike blinking their eyes or shrugging their shouldersover which they have little control. Although Tourette syndrome may be best known for the uncontrollable tendency to blurt out curse words or other inappropriate words or phrases, this symptom (called coprolalia) actually occurs in only a small number of patients.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
This condition is often misdiagnosed, especially in adults, because patients do not in fact have to exhibit symptoms of hyperactivity. Some adult ADHD sufferers can appear quite laid back, even lazy or lethargic, and without the ability to stay focused on important tasks. Instead, people with ADHD often "hyperfocus" on, or become obsessed with, trivial project details or hobbies.
Get the latest health, fitness, anti-aging, and nutrition news, plus special offers, insights and updates from Health.com! | <urn:uuid:a7003d18-4c7f-420d-a97f-ae0e04ed731d> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.health.com/health/condition-article/0,,20266758,00.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+health%2Fadult-adhd+%28Adult+ADHD+Medical+News+%26+Information%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990123.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00012-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936391 | 507 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Hopeful, joyful, peaceful, playful, thankful—these five words are written on the faces of different envelopes to create the five “-ful” envelopes.
According to Barbara Frederickson (and other positive psychologists), these five emotions are among those that contribute to happiness, subjective well-being, and flourishing.
This structured sharing activity helps participants discover how to increase the frequency and intensity of these emotions. This is the first step to increase one's happiness.
To increase the frequency and intensity of positive emotions in your life.
Organize the participants. Divide the participants into five teams of two to eight members. Teams should be approximately the same size.
Review the five positive emotions. Clarify each emotion. Ask participants to give synonyms and examples of each emotion. Here are some suggestions:
Synonyms: assured, auspicious, confident, encouraged, optimistic, promising, sanguine, trusting, upbeat.
Examples: You are convinced that this activity is going to be extremely interesting and your team is going to win.
You just participated in a performance review and you are confident that your manager is going to promote you to a higher-paying job.
Synonyms: happy, cheerful, delighted, ecstatic, elated, glad, jubilant, merry.
Examples: Your friends gave you a big surprise birthday party.
You gave birth to a healthy baby.
Synonyms: calm, centered, collected, content, serene, mellow, quiet, tranquil.
Examples: You take a nap on a deck chair in the shade of an umbrella, listening to the sound of the ocean and the twittering of birds.
You are sitting in front of a fireplace sipping a glass of eggnog while your dog is sleeping at your feet.
Synonyms: amused, fun-loving, antic, comical, frisky, impish, joking, light-hearted
Examples: You play Candyland with a 5-year old daughter
You share “knock-knock” jokes with your nephew.
Synonyms: appreciative, indebted, obliged, grateful.
Examples: A customer service representative listens to your complaint and you receive a replacement laptop computer the next day.
Your neighbour brings you a tasty casserole after hearing that your child is sick.
Explain the task. Announce that the activity requires teams to brainstorm ideas for increasing both the frequency and the intensity of each of these positive feelings. These ideas should apply to everyday activities at work and at home.
Distribute the supplies. Give one “-ful” envelope and four index cards to each team.
Conduct the first round. Ask team members to discuss the positive emotion on the envelope and to generate ideas for experiencing this emotion more frequently and more strongly. Tell team members to write short sentences explaining easy-to-apply suggestions on one index card. Announce a time limit of 3 minutes and encourage the teams to work rapidly. Explain that the teams' response cards will be evaluated in terms of both the number and the quality of the suggestions.
Conclude the first round. After 3 minutes, blow the whistle and announce the end of the first round. Ask each team to place its response card (the index card with the suggestions) inside the envelope and pass the envelope, unsealed, to the next team. Warn the teams not to open the envelope they receive.
Conduct the second round. Ask teams to review the positive emotion on the envelope they received, but not to look at the suggestions on the response card inside. Tell the teams to repeat the earlier procedure and list suggestions on a new response card for achieving this positive emotion more frequently and more intensely. After 3 minutes, blow the whistle and ask teams to place the response card inside the envelope and pass it to the next team.
Conduct more rounds. Conduct two more rounds of the game using the same procedure.
Conduct the synthesis round. Start the fifth round just as you did the previous rounds. However, tell teams that they do not have to write any more suggestions for achieving the positive emotion identified. Instead, teams must select the top five suggestions from among the response cards inside the envelope. They do this by reviewing the individual suggestions on each response card and selecting the ones that can be easily applied to produce significant results. It does not matter if some of these suggestions are found on more than one card. Announce a 5-minute time limit for completing this task.
Present the results. At the end of the time limit, check on the teams to ensure they have selected the top five suggestions for increasing the positive emotion on their envelope. Select a team at random to present its selections. Repeat the procedure with the other teams.
Conduct a debriefing discussion to add value to the activity. Here are some suggested questions:
- What are the interesting patterns among different sets of suggestions?
- Can you find similarities among the suggestions for increasing different positive emotions?
- Which positive emotion was the most difficult one for you to come up with suggestions? Which one was the easiest? Why?
- Reflect on your work environment. Which suggestions could you implement immediately?
Too few participants? Conduct this activity as an individual game: Give a “-ful” envelope to each participant and ask her to write suggestions on the response card and to work through the steps.
Not enough time? Stop the activity after the second round. Ask teams to pass the envelopes one more time and proceed immediately to the synthesis round.
Ample time? Give more time for writing the response cards and for synthesizing them.
Source: Thiagi Group | <urn:uuid:581c2b59-da38-4df1-add4-ecaf97fec2cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.sessionlab.com/methods/five-ful-envelopes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034170.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625034751-20220625064751-00755.warc.gz | en | 0.935652 | 1,189 | 2.75 | 3 |
On the battlefield, keeping an army effective at fighting the enemy often requires what military planners call a set of B's: bullets, beans and bandages.
But more than just ammunition, food, and medical supplies, there's another "B" that modern soldiers on the front lines need plenty of: batteries.
High-tech handheld electronic devices — laser range finders, global positioning systems, encrypted radios, and night-vision goggles, to name a few — have given the U.S. troops in Iraq a clear advantage. But providing enough batteries to keep those war-fighting tools humming along has been quite a challenge for the military's logistics.
That is why for years, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has been funding researching into developing new portable power sources that could hopefully replace the need for batteries altogether.
Researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Wash., think they have developed a key component that could help the military shed its dependency on chemical batteries.
With funding from DARPA, the scientists at the lab have been working with other researchers to make miniature fuel cells a more viable option for soldiers who need electrical power for their portable devices.
Although hydrogen-based fuel cell technology has been well-known and used for larger applications — such as to power cars and spacecraft — getting such cells into miniature electrical devices safely has been difficult, since pure hydrogen is explosive.
"No one wants to walk around with a tank of hydrogen in their hand," said Jamie Holladay, a senior research engineer at PNNL. Instead, PNNL has developed a so-called reformer that will produce the explosive hydrogen gas from other fuels as needed by the fuel cell.
Holladay says PNNL's reformer works by pumping methanol and water into microscopic channels that measure no larger than three strands of human hair.
The liquids interact with a "proprietary catalyst" and are "vaporized" by applying heat of about 250 to 300 degrees Celsius. The chemical reaction produces hydrogen and carbon-dioxide gases. The hydrogen can be used by the fuel cell to produce electricity while the waste carbon-dioxide gas is discarded.
Like other reformers, PNNL's device will make fuel cells more convenient to use. But because the device is no larger than a dime, it will help develop much smaller fuel cells that can be used in portable devices.
In development tests with researchers at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, PNNL's device was incorporated into fuel cells about the size of a common cigarette lighter. Such devices have been able to produce as much electrical energy as batteries that weight three times as much.
Holladay admits that for now, that's still not small or powerful enough for the military's requirements. Among the many obstacles Holladay and other researchers have to work out is producing a complete system.
It's a challenge of getting all the peripherals — the pumps, the packaging — worked out," said Holladay. "We're investigating how to put all those things together." | <urn:uuid:6246757c-6d72-4850-8a79-4786ebe1185f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/FutureTech/story?id=97480&page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825308.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022150946-20171022170946-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.958713 | 619 | 3.484375 | 3 |
An event was held concerning water and sanitation as human rights as well as the opportunities and challenges facing the extension of these rights to the global population. The representative of Germany began by noting that while support for these issues as human rights has increased, climate change and other factors could impede future access to sustainable water sources. Billions of people today live without reliable water and/or proper sanitation facilities. Germany believes that those in need should be included in creating policy for ensuring future access. Current SDG outlines call for universal access by 2030.
Ms. de Albuquerque explained that many states have not had the ability to turn political will into practice regarding protection of these rights. To change this, she created a handbook that provides guidance to states that need it. The handbook is separated into nine issues fundamental to the realization of water and sanitation rights. Mr. Alston hailed the handbook for its ability to “operationalize the wisdom that has been learned” during the rapporteur’s mandate. Further, the consensus created around water and sanitation as human rights is important because it connects them with internationally binding standards and obligations, thus transforming how the issues are approached. People, especially women, must now become empowered to demand their rights, and civil society must pressure governments to adhere to rights standards. UNICEF’s representative stressed the necessity of compiling information in the form of data that allows the international community to monitor the progress of states’ advancement of water and sanitation rights.
The Spanish representative concluded by applauding the conceptual combination of water and sanitation, which has helped increase global awareness of sanitation issues. He also called on the international community to ensure the inclusion of meaningful water and sanitation goals in the post-2015 development agenda.
Meeting: The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: Tools for their Realization and Remedies for Violations.”
Date: 22 October 2014
Location: Dag Hammarskjöld Library Auditorium, UN HQ, New York.
Speakers: Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the Human Right to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation; Philip Alston, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at New York University, Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights; Representative of the Permanent Mission of Germany; Representative of the Permanent Mission of Spain; Representative of UNICEF; Representative of OHCHR.
Written by WIT Representative: Philip Bracey
Edited by WIT Representative: Aslesha Dhillon | <urn:uuid:c8f9d639-02cf-41e4-a5bb-289699cc887d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://voices.worldinfo.org/2014/10/29/human-rights-to-water-and-sanitation-tools-for-their-realization-and-remedies-for-violations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337625.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005105356-20221005135356-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.951511 | 507 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Math Still Matters in Electronic Design
by Tom Lee
"Today's engineer does much more than enter models and run simulations. In fact, analysis performed at Maplesoft indicates that engineers spend 15% to 25% of their time working directly with automated design systems. Furthermore, studies have shown that up to 85% of all product development costs are determined by decisions made at the design stage. So if the design stage determines 85% of all costs but automated design software supports only 15% to 25% of design time, what kind of tools are being used in the vast majority of the design time?"
"The one common framework that connects all of these complementary tasks in automated design is math. Models, formulas, data, graphs, assumptions, constraints—all are forms of math. This perspective is the foundation of the newest generation of general-purpose interactive math systems. These powerful systems offer a range of math solvers and exploratory and knowledge tools to express, manipulate, and manage the core mathematical information accurately and naturally."
Excerpt from "Math Still Matters in Electronic Design", Electronic Design, May 2005. Click here for the full article. | <urn:uuid:824a4af7-abe2-40de-adc9-255f98ab2669> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.maplesoft.com/company/publications/articles/2005/2005-05-ed.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988311.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00271-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943703 | 230 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Anselm is probably the greatest theologian who lived during the time between Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas. His compelling yearning to know and love God as He is revealed to us in Scriptures shaped his life and permeates all of his writings. He found the greatest joy in communion with God, but was thrusted into the difficult political scene of the 11th-12th centuries. He didn’t work well with kings and, at one point, he had most of the English leaders against him. Still, his writings have had a great influence on the Christian church, and his teachings about Christ’s sacrifice and about the relation between faith and reason are a vital part of the historical Christian Confessions.
What can Anselm teach our children? To be inquisitive and use their minds as God’s gifts to discover and understand what He has revealed in His word (Deut.29:29). Particularly, I hope the children will take time to consider and explore Anselm’s question: Why a God-man? What is the meaning of Christ’s sacrifice on the cross? What do we mean when we say, “Jesus died for our sins”? Our understanding of Christ’s atonement shapes all of our theology and our lives.
You can see some sample pages here
First Prize Winner – best biography in the 2014 San Diego Book Awards!!
First Prize Winner of the 2014 Athanatos Christian Writing Contest
Anselm, one of the most original thinkers of the medieval west, lived in a world that is in many ways very different from ours. Yet many of Anselm’s solutions to those timeless problems of how to deal with other people and how to speak about God are fresh even today, nine hundred years after. Simonetta’s book is a very fine introduction for children to Anselm, his world and his role in it.
— Dr. Samu Niskanen, research fellow in history at Helsinki University and author of a new critical edition of Anselm’s correspondence.
Simonetta Carr has again rendered a great service to lovers of church history, and perhaps even more, a service to those not yet captivated by that love. In her sixth biography for young readers, adults and youth alike will rediscover godly Anselm, a man rarely heard of today, but who you will be pleased to get to know. With her usual grace, Carr fascinates us with her subject, making the reader yearn to know more. Though Anselm lived in times and church settings vastly different than our own, this delightful recounting of his story reveals to us a man facing trials and pressures we can identify with, in his fervent pursuit of God. Filled with their trademark beautiful artwork, this set is rapidly becoming one of the finest collections on the characters of church history to be published in many decades. Well done, Simonetta! I cannot recommend these volumes highly enough.
– Dennis Gundersen, President and Owner, Grace and Truth Books and author of Your Child’s Profession of Faith.
The book is very well informed with clear purpose, explaining such important concepts in a very understandable and imaginative way. The story was instructive and informative. One can easily see the moral and spiritual application for children today. In a very subtle, and yet clear way, Simonetta has relayed the importance of theology for our piety and practice as Christians, especially the central role the work of Christ played in Anselm’s work. Overall, I thought it was a creative and edifying outworking of Anselm’s life with a natural discussion of his life events. I especially appreciated the manner in which Simonetta dealt with the delicate topics of the pope and the church/state without being polemical or overly zealous. She did an excellent job in showing how different the religious landscape was and how we cannot place our situation with Rome back into history.
Tim Massaro, WSC Master of Divinity student
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About the Ilustrator
Matt Abraxas has traveled from California to France, studying different approaches to art. He enjoys creating and teaching art, and currently exhibits his work at the SmithKlein Gallery in Boulder, Colorado. Matt lives with his wife Rebecca and two sons, Zorba and Rainer, in Lafayette, Colorado. You may visit his website. The original oil paintings used for the illustrations are on sale. | <urn:uuid:6767bd9b-d7bc-4d72-8204-821de5c50221> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://cbfyr.com/books/anselm-of-canterbury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211933.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817065045-20180817085045-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968447 | 947 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Strabismus is a disorder that causes one eye to be misaligned with the other when focusing.
Strabismus is caused by a lack of coordination between the eyes. As a result, the eyes look in different directions and do not focus at the same time on a single point.
In most cases of strabismus in children, the cause is unknown. In more than half of these cases, the problem is present at or shortly after birth (congenital strabismus).
In children, when the two eyes fail to focus on the same image, the brain may learn to ignore the input from one eye. If this is allowed to continue, the eye that the brain ignores will never see well. This loss of vision is called amblyopia, and it is frequently associated with strabismus.
For more information on Strabismus, click here. | <urn:uuid:8905da68-443a-4e75-af2a-e087c467df72> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://meceye.com/strabismus.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709101476/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125821-00071-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921399 | 183 | 3.859375 | 4 |
– Daniel O’Brien
“The question is, how much distillers grain is being used? The answer is, Every bit of it.”
U. S. livestock and poultry producers will boost use of distillers grains during the next five years and decrease the amount of corn they feed their animals, an agriculture economist said May 12 at a distillers grains conference.
Feed use of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGs) will increase by 23 per cent by the 2015-16 crop year and feed corn use will drop six per cent, Kansas State University economist Daniel O’Brien said at the Distillers Grains Symposium.
Feeders will continue to use roughly five times the amount of corn than distillers grains, but virtually all of the DDGs made during ethanol fuel distillation will be consumed by animals in the U. S. and elsewhere.
“The question is, how much distillers grain is being used? The answer is, Every bit of it,” O’Brien said.
Between 25 to 30 per cent of U. S. distillers grains are forecast to be exported and the rest consumed domestically, mostly by beef and dairy cattle, with hogs and poultry consuming lesser amounts, said Linwood Hoffman, agriculture economist at the U. S. Agriculture Department.
About 17 lbs. (7.1 kg) of distillers grains are produced for each 56 lb.-bushel of corn (25.4 kg) that is made into ethanol.
The fuel distillation process strips the starch from the grain, leaving a protein-rich animal feed that can replace corn and soybean meal in feed rations. | <urn:uuid:fabeded4-a958-459e-ace1-bfd492b088e1> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.manitobacooperator.ca/markets/futures/grain-markets/distillers-grains-making-inroads-in-feed-market/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703515075.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118154332-20210118184332-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.917932 | 353 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Social aggression can be defined as an aggression that stems from fear or frustration. This typically occurs when interacting with unfamiliar people or animals. The most common signs are growling, lunging, and barking. If the social aggression is allowed to continue, it will increase in intensity and can lead to biting.
Social Aggression in Puppies
It is important to prevent aggression from occurring by socializing your puppy from an early age. Socialization creates a safe environment for the puppy which allows them to develop their confidence as well as learn how they should behave in a variety of situations.
Social Aggression Signs in Dogs
The following are some of the symptoms to be aware of in dogs as they might be suffering from social aggression.
Excessive Barking: Usually short, sharp, and precise barking when there is a perceived threat or changes that occurs around the dog. The barking is often accompanied by hiding or attempts to run away.
Growling: This signal is a loud deep growl. It is usually accompanied by staring at the other person or dogs, baring of teeth, and shaking of their entire body.
This signal is a loud deep growl. It is usually accompanied by staring at the other person or dogs, baring of teeth, and shaking of their entire body. Biting: This is a clear signal that the dog is aggressive. They will often bark, lunge and bite.
What causes Social Aggression
In young animals, social aggression can be caused by lack of training. Young dogs need to be trained consistently so they learn what is right and wrong in the world around them. Positive methods of training should be used to help develop your dog’s confidence as well as teach them how to behave in different situations.
Social aggression can also be caused by mites or fleas. These annoying parasites will cause horrible itching and an allergic reaction in your dog. They can be very serious, causing swelling of the face and eyes as well as disruption of the nervous system. If you suspect that your dog has mites, it is vital that they are attended to immediately as severe infestation can lead to blindness.
If your dog’s behaviour is out of the ordinary and is deemed to be aggressive, you should seek veterinary advice. If the aggression continues, it is likely that there are other underlying emotional triggers that are causing the behaviour. It is important to talk to your vet if you suspect that your dog may be suffering from social aggression as it can be addressed with some help and advice.
What causes Social Aggression in Puppies
Social aggression can be caused by a variety of things, including mites or fleas. There is also a possibility that your puppy is just trying to assert their dominance over the others in the household. Puppies are very ‘big dogs’ and will most likely be very dominant over the others in the house. Because they are young, puppies have a deep desire to show off, and this will often come out as aggressive behaviour.
When you are introducing your puppy into the household, you must make sure that everything is done properly and that there is appropriate socialisation of new people or animals. Using positive methods of training can help to develop your puppy’s confidence as well as their ability to behave in a variety of situations.
Is Social Aggression common?
It is difficult to say if social aggression is common, but it definitely does happen. It’s important that you are aware if your puppy might be suffering from social aggression and seek veterinary advice if it continues to be a problem. It could be due to mites or fleas, or even just a simple lack of training. The best way to ensure your puppy isn’t suffering from social aggression is to socialise it from an early age. This will help develop your dog’s confidence as well as teach it how to behave in different situations.
Social Aggression Treatment
Training: Consistency is key with training any dog. Provide them with some clear rules and abide by them. Rules will help to develop the dog’s confidence as well as its ability to behave in a variety of situations.
Sheltering: If your dog is in a shelter, as soon as possible it should be brought into an environment which is fully socialised. This will also allow the dog to understand and learn how to behave in different situations.
Medication: To deal with the underlying cause, treatment may involve anti-inflammatory drugs for allergies or pain relief if your dog has any mites or fleas.
To deal with the underlying cause, treatment may involve anti-inflammatory drugs for allergies or pain relief if your dog has any mites or fleas. Anti-depressants: If your dog is suffering from anxiety or an emotional trigger, anti-depressants may be used to help with the symptoms of aggression.
It’s never easy dealing with any type of dog aggression, and if you do ever find yourself in a situation where your dog is displaying signs of social aggression. But if you do, it is important that you seek veterinary advice as soon as possible. Ignoring the problem can lead to other problems and can cause very significant damage to your dog’s health if left untreated for too long.
Aggressive behaviour in dogs can be caused by a variety of different things, but it is important that you act as soon as possible. Seeking veterinary advice will give you the opportunity to discuss the situation and how you can help your dog to cope. In some cases, social aggression might just be a phase that your dog is going through, and with some training and love, the dog will start to show signs of improvement. It is important that there is consistency and you remain patient; if the problem continues, seeking advice from a specialist can help to put your mind at ease. | <urn:uuid:329a08d7-92ac-4cfc-aa27-39e86bc5ff14> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://fayie.net/pets/dog-101/social-aggression-behaviour-in-dogs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487660269.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620084505-20210620114505-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.966942 | 1,190 | 3.140625 | 3 |
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Oct. 3 , 2006: In June 1912, Novarupta—one of a chain of volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula—erupted in what turned out to be the largest blast of the twentieth century. It was so powerful that it drained magma from under another volcano, Mount Katmai, six miles east, causing the summit of Katmai to collapse to form a caldera half a mile deep. Novarupta also expelled three cubic miles of magma and ash into the air, which fell to cover an area of 3,000 square miles more than a foot deep.
Right: An aerial view of the Novarupta Dome in Alaska. USGS photo by Gene Iwatsubo, July 29, 1987. [More]
Almost a hundred years later, researchers are paying attention. Novarupta is near the Arctic Circle and its impact on climate appears to be quite different from that of "ordinary" tropical volcanoes, according to recent research by climatologists using a NASA computer model.
When a volcano anywhere erupts, it does more than spew clouds of ash, which can shadow a region from sunlight and cool it for a few days. It also spews sulfur dioxide. If the eruption is strongly vertical, it shoots that sulfur dioxide high into the stratosphere more than 10 miles above Earth.
This can create a kind of nuclear winter (a.k.a. "volcanic winter") for a year or more after an eruption. In April 1815, for instance, the Tambora volcano in Indonesia erupted. The following year, 1816, was called "the year without a summer," with snow falling across the United States in July. Even the smaller June 1991 eruption of Pinatubo in the Philippines cooled the average temperature of the northern hemisphere summer of 1992 to well below average.
But both those volcanoes as well as Krakatau were in the tropics.
Novarupta is just south of the Arctic Circle.
Using a NASA computer model at the the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), Prof. Alan Robock of Rutgers University and colleagues found that Novarupta's effects on the world's climate would have been different. (Their research was funded by the National Science Foundation.)
But the NASA GISS climate model showed that aerosols from an arctic eruption such as Novarupta tend to stay north of 30ºN—that is, no further south than the continental United States or Europe. Indeed, they would mix with the rest of Earth's atmosphere only very slowly.
Right: The inner workings of "volcanic winter," from Robock, Alan, 2000: Volcanic eruptions and climate. Rev. Geophys., 38, 191-219. Copyright 2000 AGU. [More]
This bottling up of Novarupta's aerosols in the north would make itself felt, strangely enough, in India. According to the computer model, the Novarupta blast would have weakened India's summer monsoon, producing "an abnormally warm and dry summer over northern India," says Robock.
Why India? Cooling of the northern hemisphere by Novarupta would set in motion a chain of events involving land and sea surface temperatures, the flow of air over the Himalayan mountains and, finally, clouds and rain over India. It's devilishly complex, which is why supercomputers are needed to do the calculations.
To check the results, Robock and colleagues are examining weather and river flow data from Asia, India, and Africa in 1913, the year after Novarupta. They are also investigating the consequences of other high-latitude eruptions in the last few centuries.
Do Indians need to keep an eye on Arctic volcanoes? The GISS computer says so. Stay tuned to Science@NASA for updates.
|More to the story...|
The article "Climatic response to high-latitude volcanic eruptions," by Robock, Schmidt, and three other authors and published in the Journal of Geophysical Research in 2005, can be downloaded here.
Volcanic Eruptions and Climate -- an earlier primer to the entire subject by Alan Robock and published in Review of Geophysics in May 2000
A detailed bibliography about Novarupta from the Alaska Volcano Observatory at .
More about NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies—a laboratory of the Earth-Sun Exploration Division of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and a unit of Columbia University’s Earth Institute | <urn:uuid:f2de0a10-6fd9-440a-9906-82892c398ab6> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/03oct_novarupta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549429485.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727202516-20170727222516-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.942292 | 930 | 4.28125 | 4 |
It is so important for students to develop a relationship with not only their teacher but with each other. To help develop this, I read stories about social situations to students and then we engage in open discussion. These conversations include empathy and questions such as: How would you feel if...? How would you like to be treated when...? We end the day or conversation with each student giving the student to their left or right a compliment. Each time a student exhibits understanding of another student's feelings, they are given positive reinforcement.
- Angela Bogdonas, third grade teacher, Rockford Lutheran Academy | <urn:uuid:9fbf06fc-2521-4df1-8249-c0f1a2d39ba0> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.rrstar.com/article/20140126/NEWS/140129506/10332/NEWS | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948627628.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218215655-20171219001655-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.954865 | 118 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The origins of the graphic collection of the Russian Museum date back to the time of its opening, 7(19) March 1898. On this day sketches, drawings and watercolors by K.Brullov, F. Bruni, A. Egorov, K. Beggrov and other masters of the first half of the nineteenth century were exhibited in two halls of the Mikhailovsky Palace.
Almost half of 979 watercolors and drawings, exhibited for the first time in the museum, were donated by Duchess M. Tenisheva. In this excellent collection were works by O. Kiprensky, K. Brullov, P. Fedotov, I. Kramskoy, I. Repin, V. Serov, as well as members of the Society of Russian Watercolorists. In the following years M.Tenisheva augmented her gift, donating to the museum 196 paintings more by artists of the “World of Art” M. Vrubel, L. Bakst, K. Korovin and others.
The first acquisitions to the museum collection were quite heterogeneous and reflected the choice and taste of the donors. But gradually, as early as the 1910s, the basic principles of the formation of graphic collections evolved, based on the need to fully reflect all significant developments in Russian art. In those years, for the first time it was considered necessary to collect not only drawings and watercolors, but also sketches, studies and drafts of famous painters, sculptors and architects. The widening of the graphic collection was marked by the creation in 1918 of an independent department, which included not only drawings and watercolors, but also engravings.
The department continued to receive new acquisitions. In 1923, the museum received 1713 works from the Makovsky family of artists. Another important part belonged to the collection of S. Botkin. Among the 1320 graphic works, given to the museum by his widow, there were rare watercolors by M. Ivanov, drawings by A. Losenko, M. Kozlovsky, A. Egorov, O. Kiprensky, P. Fedotov, P. Sokolov, I. Repin, V. Surikov, M. Vrubel, V. Serov and other masters of Russian art.
Mention must also be made of the priceless collection of L.Zhemchuzhnikov (4722 pieces, among them are paintings of P.Fedotov), the remarkable collection of A.R. Tomilov and E.G.Shvarts which is based on the works of artists of the first half of the nineteenth century, O. Kiprensky, A. Orlovsky, A. Venetsianov and G. Quarengi, as well as collection of Prince V. Argutinsky-Dolgorukov (1895 pieces) and famous architectural graphics of the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth century.
In 1972, the drawing and engraving section was divided into two separate parts, each of them having unique material reflecting all the stages of the development of Russian graphic art from the eighteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century. Modern graphic art, from 1917, was exhibited in a different museum collection — the department of Soviet graphic art, created in 1932. The formation of this collection from the outset was associated with active participation of department specialists in the artistic life — visiting exhibitions and artists’ studios and maintaining close contacts with collectors and heirs.
At the basis of the collection of modern graphics lies material that was obtained by the Russian Museum in 1926, of paintings and graphic art from the Museum of Artistic Culture. The works by the leading masters of the Russian avant-garde: K. Malevich, M. Chagal, P. Miturich, N. Kulbin, L. Bruni and others have become the pride of the continually growing collection of contemporary graphic art.
In the pre-war years the museum acquired a considerable number of paintings, watercolors and sketches by K. Petrov-Vodkin, V. Lebedev, N. Tyrsa, A. Samokhvalov and V. Konashevich. The graphics performed during World War II became part of an interesting and varied collection, its foundation was made up of works acquired in 1942 for the Russian Museum from the exhibition “Leningrad During the Siege”. In the post-war years the collection of book illustrations significantly increased, including not only originals from actual publications, but also numerous sketches.
The history of the development of Russian drawing in the twentieth century has its own peculiarities. The museum has always been interested specifically in the works of the first third of the twentieth century, when art of drawing prevailed over other art forms. It is no accident that in the recent years the early drawings of Yu.Vasnetsov and V. Ermolaeva, M.Sokolov and R. Florenskaya were acquired to the collection. In the second half of the last century the reception of the graphics changed, witnessed by its genre, thematic and sculptural innovations, and in the collection of the department many new names appeared, for example, P. Shuriga P. Dik, K. Mamonov and A. Agabekov. Among them were artists of the so-called “alternative art” of Moscow and Leningrad of the 1950s to the 1980s; A. Arefyev and R. Vasmi, E. Belyutin and M. Shvartsman.
Of particular importance for the department of drawings and watercolors are the works of one of the greatest artists of the twentieth century, P. Filonov, whose legacy (including more than 200 pieces of graphics) was donated to the museum by his sister E. Glebova in 1987. The largest donation of the past few years can be considered to be the collection of doctor and theatre historian G. Levitin (about 2.300 works, including works by K. Petrov-Vodkin, N. Goncharova, A. Tyshler, and B. Grigorev and many other artists of the twentieth century), which was transferred to the Russian Museum by heirs according to the will of the owner in 1984. Dozens of first-rate works came to the department in 1998, through a donation by famous St. Petersburg collectors brothers I.A. and Y.A. Rzhevsky who had, among other objects, collected graphic art of the twentieth century.
Recent decades have seen important and fundamental changes in the history of the department of drawing. In 1995 it was decided to reorganize the graphic sections of the Russian Museum, and instead of the three that had existed formerly, two departments were established. So the department of “old drawing” as it was commonly called, received materials from the department of Soviet graphics. A new department of drawings and watercolors of the eighteenth to the twenty first centuries appeared, one of the largest in the museum, housing more than 110 thousand pieces.
The collection of national graphic works, which is among the world’s most significant collections, found its completion, allowing a conversation about the common problems of the development of drawing, including its recent movements. It became possible to combine the materials that characterise the development of the art of drawing over three centuries. At one time dividing one collection into two parts, 1917 ceased to be a strict watershed, separating the work of artists into “before” and “after”. The complicated logic of the development of art of the twentieth century can now be restored at least within the traditional forms of the art of drawing.
Pavel Filonov. Pub.
1924. Indian ink, quill, brush and graphite pencil on paper.
Nikolai Tyrsa. Portrait of Anna Akhmatova.
1928. Lamp soot.
The collection of masterpieces, chosen by the Russian Museum will allow you to make a first impression of the collection of the Russian Museum.
Russian Museum - one of the world's largest museums and is perhaps the only country where such a full treasure of national culture are presented.
Virtual tour of the museum complex. 2009 (Rus., Eng., Ger., Fin.)
In the online shop of the Russian Museum presented a huge range of souvenirs, illustrated editions and multimedia disks.
Be informed about news, events and exhibitions of the Russian Museum
The State Russian Museum
The Russian Museum is the exclusive owner of all the interior images and pieces of art of the Russian Museum collection, as well as all the images and text information given on its official site. The usage of the texts and images provided on the site is only allowed with the permission of the Russian Museum. | <urn:uuid:bf7db44b-d7bc-4211-b976-65d02be5a4eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://en.rusmuseum.ru/collections/figure/?customPanel=on&customColor=normal&SECTION_CODE=figure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256887.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522163302-20190522185302-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.957129 | 1,827 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Like Luke vs. Darth, offense vs. defense, and "Tastes Great" vs. "Less Filling," a balance sheet consists of two opposing forces: assets vs. liabilities. We'll tackle them one at a time.
Assets are sources of value that can benefit a company down the road. There are two major categories of assets: current and noncurrent. Current assets are relatively liquid, meaning they can easily be converted into cash. Current assets are expected to be converted into cash or used up within one year. Noncurrent assets, conversely, are not easily converted into cash. These can include property, equipment, goodwill, and deferred charges.
Assets that will be used up within the next year or easily converted into cash within one operating cycle are considered current. An operating cycle is the time it takes to sell a product or service and collect cash from that sale. It can last anywhere from 60 to 180 days or more.
Current assets can also be viewed as operating assets because they fund the day-to-day operation of its business. Running low on current assets will force a company to seek other sources of fuel for its operations, usually leading to debt interest or dilution of shareholder value. Current assets are listed on a balance sheet from top to bottom with the most liquid at the top.
Let's review the terms you'll see under Current Assets.
Cash and Equivalents consist of cold, hard cash or very liquid equivalents, such as money market funds or bearer bonds. This is cash or insta-cash that is at the company's disposal for operations, growth, dividends, and share repurchases.
Short-term Investments are just below cash and equivalents in liquidity. When a company has cash over and above that needed for operations, it can afford to sink some into short-term bonds that will earn interest. While not as readily available as cash and equivalents, short-term investments can be converted into cash without too much difficulty.
Accounts Receivable (A/R) is what is owed to a company by its customers. Products or services have been rendered on credit and the company is now siting next to its mailbox waiting for a check. Usually, A/R will be converted into cash in a relatively short time. However, if a customer cannot or will not pay and sending cousin Louie after 'em doesn't prove beneficial, the company will be forced to take a write-off for bad debt. The Allowance for Bad Debt you see next to A/R in parentheses is money set aside to cover potential delinquent customers.
Look at the rate of growth or decline in A/R and compare it to that of revenue. Although an asset, A/R is not something you want to see growing, much less outpacing revenues. A good portion of assets, such as A/R, are paradoxical in nature -- we'll get more into that another day.
Inventories are the goods a company has for sale and the materials used to produce those goods. It's idle money, like a caterpillar in a cocoon, waiting to blossom merrily into flight and provide cash. Sitting in that cocoon too long, however, is not only claustrophobic, it can be costly. Companies need to turn inventory into cash as quickly as possible to put that money back to work for them. Like A/R, inventories outpacing revenue growth is a sign of trouble ahead.
Non-Trade Receivables is money due from sources other than customer purchases. These can include tax refunds, interest income, or the sale of property or equipment.
Restricted Cash is money set aside for a specific purpose, generally spelled out in a contract. A company may not use restricted cash for business operations, therefore it is listed separately from Cash and Equivalents on a balance sheet.
Prepaid Assets, to finish off current assets, are assets for which the company has paid the bill in advance for products or services rendered. Although not a liquid asset, prepaid assets are a bonus because these bills will not have to be paid in the future, leaving greater future revenues at your disposal.
We'll close here for tonight. Next week, we'll look at the power of liquidity (and I don't mean Supersoakers) and finish up the asset side of things with noncurrent assets.
Drip on, Fools! | <urn:uuid:66227ab2-9cd5-4845-9a9b-ca652858c7e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.fool.com/dripport/2000/dripport000120.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320869.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626221252-20170627001252-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.966332 | 897 | 3 | 3 |
During the period of our incarceration
Kantos Kan and I became well acquainted, and formed a warm personal friendship.
That from the father mentioned that most unexpectedly finding himself in the novel position of having been disappointed of a remittance from the City on which he had confidently counted, he took up his pen, being restrained by the unhappy circumstance of his incarceration
during three-and-twenty years (doubly underlined), from coming himself, as he would otherwise certainly have done--took up his pen to entreat Mr Clennam to advance him the sum of Three Pounds Ten Shillings upon his I.
Let it not be supposed by the enemies of 'the system,' that, during the period of his solitary incarceration
, Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the advantages of religious consolation.
The increase in incarcerations
among women and its impact on the grandmother caregiver: Some racial considerations.
the timing, duration, and frequency of parental incarcerations
The traditional solution to the problem has been more arrests, more incarcerations
, more institutions and more staff.
For both groups, incarceration
rates rose consistently, except in the year 2000 when the number of Indigenous incarcerations
declined by 8.
prisoner-generating machine, producing incarcerations
We are talking here about the forced removal of millions of children from parents who have done nothing wrong; mass incarcerations
of those parents without trial; forced confessions; government seizure of the private papers, property, and homes of citizens accused of nothing; children used as government informers against their parents; doctored court records; involuntary litigants shaken down on pain of incarceration
for the fees of lawyers and psychotherapists they have not hired; and much more.
75) The imbalance in declines--incarceration
declining more slowly than the crime rate--again reflects the narrowing of discretion in sentencing and the continuing rise in incarcerations
per felony prosecution.
According to Al-Ahram, a source within the public prosecution said the extended incarceration
will take effect once other temporary incarcerations
related to other cases have been served.
Roettger noted "this is of particular concern within poor and minority communities where incarcerations
are disproportionately located. | <urn:uuid:98b50d1e-9d14-4532-a09d-f357e63aa34c> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/incarcerations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609305.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527225634-20170528005634-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.963782 | 468 | 2.703125 | 3 |
As I glanced out the ship’s window during breakfast, I realized we were approaching the city of Valletta, Malta. I grabbed my camera and headed out to the nearest deck. The previous night the cruise director on our Adriatic Sea cruise told us that entrance to this city was one of the most spectacular of any European port. So a few remaining bites of muffin weren’t enough to keep me from hurrying outside to watch the dramatic entrance.
|Massive fortifications protected the ancient port of Valletta, Malta.|
The heavy fortifications instituted by de la Valletta were utilized over many centuries as protection against invasions from Phoenicians, Romans, Arabs, Berbers, Turks, and the British. Why did so many civilizations attack Malta? Because of its strategic location in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Located 52 miles south of Sicily, the island was important to invading nations, even as recent as World War II.
|The protected inlet made Malta a preferred destination.|
These ancient stone fortifications truly were incredible, a sight not to be missed as the ship moved slowly into the harbor. Large, craggy walls and imposing buildings made of cream-colored limestone contrasted with the blue-green of the sea creating a scene that could have come straight from a Medieval-era movie. The harbor is still a busy place today filled with cranes loading and unloading multitudes of ships that use the port.
|The port is filled with ships and boats today as the city|
During a tour around the island by jeep, we learned that the Maltese archipelago consists of three inhabited islands of which Malta, population is 370,000, is the largest. Valletta is the capital and largest city of this independent nation. Built on rocks at the water’s edge, the city extends above the sea on a secondary level accessed by a steep path—or a modern lift (elevator). Since the island is composed of limestone, many buildings are constructed to blend into the landscape, which gives it a clean and neat appearance. A modern highway winds through newer government buildings, schools, and shops on the upper level.
|Valletta extends onto a second level above the sea.|
Malta became part of the British Empire in the early 1800s, so there is a large British influence, and most tourists are from the UK. During our jeep tour, we met a British family who had relocated to a small waterfront town to experience a slower pace of life. They were somewhat surprised to see American visitors, but we found Malta to be delightful, and I’ll tell more about our tour in another article.
Photos by Beverly Burmeier
Post a Comment | <urn:uuid:b8151ef4-9efe-4e20-b932-d95c1f4b65d1> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.goingonadventures.com/2014/05/malta-stunning-port-entrance.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648858.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602204755-20230602234755-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.965207 | 573 | 2.578125 | 3 |
When it comes to talking with school colleagues across content areas about literacy, I can’t even count the number of times I have heard, “Oh, I don’t have to worry about that, my ELA teammate has it covered!” I personally believe it is such a common misconception that literacy instruction is just an ELA skill. Has no one else ever heard the expression “It takes a village!”? Well, that village just got some reinforcements in the form of Flocabulary. Literacy can and should be incorporated across all content areas, and Flocabulary can help.
You might be asking yourself, “How can Flocabulary help literacy? Isn’t it just raps?” Well, sit back, get comfy and get your popcorn ready, because this feature film on literacy starts NOW! Here are five ways you can use Flocabulary to support literacy instruction, no matter the subject.
1. Use Printable Lyrics as an Anticipation Guide
We are always on the hunt for a fun way to get our students interested in our content. Let’s be honest, it’s not all fun and games! I have helped increase student engagement and participation by printing out the complete lyrics of a Flocabulary rap I am going to utilize in class, like the the Author’s Purpose rap. I print off the lyrics and cut them into sections. Each section goes to a group. As a group, the students read over their lyrics section and synthesize their thoughts on their section. Then, we come together whole group and listen to the rap and see if they were right or wrong in their inferences! You could use this strategy for any Flocabulary unit across subject areas.
2. Train Students to Annotate as They Listen
An important literacy skill for students to acquire is the ability to talk to a text. Annotations are a great way to get students jotting down those thought bubbles that pop up as they read. You can use the Lyric Notes handout to have students jot down those thoughts as they come to mind. For example, I have used this strategy for the Five Elements of a Story rap. You can also use this method to pose questions to your students OR utilizing Flocabulary’s Pause & Play feature and have your students answer the Pause & Play questions on the Lyric Notes page.
3. Take Some Time for Pause & Play
One amazing feature that you can find on Flocabulary is “Pause & Play.” This is a fantastic feature to use for socratic seminars or whole class discussions. You simply slide the button next to the words “Pause & Play” at the bottom of the video, and press play! Flocabulary has included periodic stopping points with questions to help facilitate discussion and student collaboration. Make this a multi-literacy skill activity by having students listen and discuss in pairs, then use a writing prompt to bring the activity full circle.
Note: Pause & Play is available on an ever-growing number of Flocabulary units. Find a list of units featuring Pause & Play here.
4. Try a Bit of APP-SMASHING!
It isn’t a Friday if Flocabulary’s current events program, The Week in Rap, isn’t on! My students love it. Try app-smashing this tool with another popular edtech tool like Newsela. View The Week in Rap whole class and then challenge students to hop on Newsela and find corresponding articles to some of the news events discussed in The Week in Rap!
P.S. Don’t forget tip #2. You can print off The Week in Rap Lyric Notes and have students practice those annotation skills! Here’s a recent example.
5. Have Students Write Raps to Summarize a Major Concept
A student FAVORITE Flocabulary feature is the amazing LYRIC LAB. Lyric Lab is great for the novice rapper AND the seasoned rap lyricist! With hip-hop music being such a popular genre today, you might as well jump on that train. I guarantee you, even your most reluctant participant will love the ease of use with Lyric Lab. Lyric Lab provides your students with key terms they should include, a whole bunch of beats to use and helps them with rhyming too.
Lyric Lab is a great support for literacy instruction as it not only gets students writing, (which, by the way, doesn’t have to be structured like a five-paragraph essay—it can be as simple as a rap) it also gets them speaking! Literacy encompasses several skills, and speaking is an important one. Lyric Lab is a great summative assessment for any lesson, and you can’t top the student engagement. | <urn:uuid:422f8dfe-9413-44ae-80a5-6db8408212b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://blog.flocabulary.com/five-ways-to-teach-literacy-across-content-areas-with-flocabulary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589222.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716060836-20180716080836-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.929548 | 1,010 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Spotting cancer without radiation
Common methods of cancer detection like positron emission tomography (PET) or computed tomography (CT) scans, use radiation to spot tumors. However, new studies show there may be a promising alternative.
Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine in California say a new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that effectively diagnoses patients without the use of radiation, is holding promise.
The study, published in The Lancet Oncology, described the method of detection using an iron supplement called ferumoxytol. This supplement acts as a “contrast agent” that increases the visibility of tumors to MRI machines.
The ability to detect and monitor tumors without radiation would greatly lower the risk for children to have future, secondary cancers, study leaders said. They say statistics show the risk for lifetime cancer triples for children who have been given high doses of radiation for PET or CT scans. Experts also say that these scans triple the lifetime risk of secondary leukemia and brain cancer.
Still in its beginning stages, researchers hope further testing can help make this radiation option a clinical alternative to PET/CT scans.
The cost of the procedure is similar to traditional methods but the side effects differ greatly. There are no side effects to the new treatment, other than the potential allergic reaction to the iron supplement, researchers say. Study leaders say these added benefits make the method worth studying further.
Looking forward, lead author of the study, Dr. Heike Daldrup-Link, said in a statement, “We are in the process of applying for funding at the moment and if all goes well, might be able to start the multi-center trial this fall. We already received requests from two centers in Europe who want to join in as well.”
About the Author
health enews staff is a group of experienced writers from our Advocate Aurora Health sites, which also includes freelance or intern writers. | <urn:uuid:ddf38214-ba6a-490b-bbab-4660c24112c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.aurorahealthcareblog.org/2014/02/20/spotting-cancer-without-radiation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499966.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209112510-20230209142510-00818.warc.gz | en | 0.934568 | 397 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Today on Museum Bites we’re rolling back the clock to the Atomic Age, with a tour through the National Atomic Testing Museum in Las Vegas, Nevada. On July 16, 1945, Gadget, the first atomic bomb was detonated in the predawn light. The resulting blast wave ripped across the New Mexico desert and a massive mushroom cloud churned overhead. It was the dawn of the Atomic Age and the world was forever changed.
Some people began digging fallout shelters and stocking up on Civil Defense rations, while others went mad for all things atomic. Movies featured irradiated and city-smashing beasts like Godzilla and Mothra. Vegas casinos featured atomic slot machines and cocktails.
Kids were wowed by atomic bomb kitsch in their cereal boxes and comic book superheroes with radiation-induced super powers. Whether you were agitated or accepting, atomic fever had consumed the nation. Following are some of the more bizarre bits that came about as a result of the Atomic Age.
Duck and Cover (1951): This nine-minute Civil Defense film was shown to school children across the nation to educate and prepare them for a nuclear blast. The grainy black and white video features cartoon duck and cover expert, Bert the Turtle. A sugary soundtrack encourages us to “duck and cover” ad nauseum, while various scenarios show kids when and how to get the job done.
Here’s Tony going to his cub scout meeting. Tony knows the bomb can go off any time of the year day or night. He is ready for it. Duck and cover! That’ a boy Tony! That flash means act fast. ~Duck & Cover, U.S. Civil Defense Film (1951)
While I applaud the emphasis on preparedness, today this film comes across as dreadfully naïve. Click on this Duck and Cover video link and decide for yourself.
Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab (1951-1952): Famous for giving us the Erector Set, the A. C. Gilbert Company debuted its U-238 Atomic Energy Lab in 1951. Advertised as “Exciting!” and “Safe!” this do-it-yourself science kit included a Geiger counter, electroscope, spinthariscope and Wilson cloud chamber, for the low, low price of $50. This do-it-yourself atomic lab included not one but three radiation sources! Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. But wait there’s more! The Atomic Energy Lab comes with three, count ‘em 1-2-3 illustrated books. The Gilbert Atomic Energy Instructions, Prospecting for Uranium, and my personal favorite, How Dagwood Splits the Atom. Citing low sales, the A. C. Gilbert Company pulled the U-238 Atomic Energy Lab from store shelves after only a year on the market. Not to worry, A. C. Gilbert quickly followed with the Fun with Chemistry as well as the Lab Technician Set for Girls, featuring the highly volatile and toxic solvent, xylene.
Atomic City: Between 1951 and 1962, 100 atomic bombs were detonated above ground at the Nevada Test Site. Just 65 miles down the road, Las Vegas capitalized on the spectacle. Showgirls were trotted out for photo ops sporting mushroom cloud tiaras and dubbed Miss Atomic Bomb, Miss Atomic Blast, and Miss A-Bomb. Atomic cocktails and mushroom cloud souvenirs were gobbled up. Casinos offered pricey penthouses and rooftop seating, while picnickers flocked to favorable vantage points. The paparazzi jockeyed for a closer view, eager to capture the firestorm on film.
Approximately 100 miles northeast of the Nevada Test Site, the residents of St. George, Utah were initially thrilled with their backyard view of the blasts. Residents woke early and gathered outside to enjoy the predawn show.
When a pinkish-red cloud drifted over St. George hours later, the parents were not frightened. After all, the Atomic Energy Commission had assured them that ‘there is no danger’ from radioactive fallout. Some parents even held Geiger counters on their children and exclaimed in wonder as the needles jumped. ~TIME magazine (1951, 2015)
Tragically, many of these children developed leukemia and died, and still others contracted thyroid cancer as adults.
A total of 928 nuclear bombs (100 above & 828 below ground) were detonated at the Nevada Test Site. All testing ceased on October 2, 1992, when the United States agreed to participate in a unilateral moratorium.
Fatal Fission Facts: On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Over four square miles of the city was obliterated and 70,000 people were immediately killed. A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945, instantly killing 40,000 people and incinerating two square miles of the city.
We’re packing our bags and bidding a fond farewell to Las Vegas. Next week we’ll be tackling tornadoes, in the meantime, have a great week! | <urn:uuid:719610f1-986e-44e1-961e-cb75e4a48250> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://cjverb.com/2017/04/21/atomic-age/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320215.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624031945-20170624051945-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.944459 | 1,052 | 3.046875 | 3 |
By Tim Frank Anderson:
“The history of the board game Go can be traced back several thousand years to Asia, particularly China where it’s thought to have originated. Go is played on a board of various sizes (standard size is 19×19 grids, but can also be played on 13×13 or 9×9). The board itself may look similar to Othello for example, but the Go pieces are not played inside the squares (that is to say, not placed in the squares like Ludo King or Monopoly) – rather, the stone game pieces are placed on the intersections of the squares, directly on the grids.
The objective of Go is basically to own the largest section of territory on the board, achieved by strategic piece placement, and effectively blockading your opponent. It is a highly strategic game that really flourished in feudal Japan, with several schools popping up during the Shogunate era, and stipends being awarded to the best Go players. However, despite its huge popularity in Japan, it is generally agreed upon that Go originated in China, and was considered one of the “Four Accomplishments” that should be mastered by Chinese gentlemen – the other three being the qin (a stringed musical instrument), shu (Chinese calligraphy), and hua (painting)….”
Read More Here: | <urn:uuid:9752b894-57b1-482e-8b2c-51ff6a8d3c4f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://theboardgamingway.com/columbia-games-history-board-game-go/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655092.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608172023-20230608202023-00770.warc.gz | en | 0.973005 | 278 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Prematurity and the benefits of breast milk
Because the fetus grows far more rapidly in the third trimester than the term infant does in the first months of life, deprivation of critical nutrients in the early days of life affects the premature infant more significantly than it does the full-term infant. Prolonged hospitalization, invasive procedures, and an immature immune system provide fertile ground for infection. The premature infant's gastrointestinal system also is immature, increasing susceptibility to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The optimal nutrition provided by breast milk provides both early and long-term protection against these and other threats.
Early benefits of breast milk include decreased incidence and severity of NEC and reduced likelihood of perforation and later stricture formation.1-3 Premature infants fed human milk have shorter hospitalizations than those receiving formula, probably because of decreased incidence for NEC and sepsis.1 These benefits increase with the quantity of breast milk a baby receives and with duration of feeding.
Long-term benefits of breast milk include protection against illness beyond weaning and decreased incidence of allergies. How much protection depends on the dose, duration, and exclusivity of breastfeeding.4 Breast milk also is associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes in premature infants, again with a dose-response relationship.5,6 Visual acuity may also be improved in preterm infants, possibly because of the lipid profile in breast milk.7
Maternal benefits. Pumping and breastfeeding improve the mother's postpartum physical recovery and are an important part of her psychological healing. Many mothers feel guilty for delivering prematurely. Providing breast milk restores to the mother a sense of competency and the recognition that she can protect, nurture, and nourish her infant. Another potential benefit is demonstrated in a large study published in 2002, that for every 12 months a woman breastfeeds, the chance of developing breast cancer decreases by more than 4%.8
Overcoming obstacles to breastfeeding
Centers vary greatly in the proportion of mothers of premature babies who provide breast milk to their infants during hospitalization and after discharge. A large multicenter study of more than 42,000 infants showed that fewer than half of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) graduates received any breast milk by the time of discharge.9 The authors suggest that variables in the culture of individual sites highly influence these rates. In sites where use of breast milk was high, for example, physicians openly supported breastfeeding and breast milk production (see Table).
A mother's ability to provide her premature infant with breast milk may be limited by an inadequate milk supply or difficulties in transitioning to the breast.
Insufficient milk production. When she goes home, the mother who produces less than about 15 ounces of milk a day must use triple feeding—breastfeeding, followed by supplementation (most commonly with a bottle), followed by pumping. An inadequate milk supply makes it less likely the mother eventually will transition from bottle feeding to breastfeeding.
Impaired lactogenesis can have a preglandular, glandular, or postglandular cause.10Preglandular causes are associated with an unfavorable hormonal profile, which primarily reduces the action of prolactin or oxytocin (for example, because of a retained placenta). An example of a glandular cause would include breast surgery, fibrosis related to a history of sever mastitis or radiation therapy, or insufficient mammary glandular development. Postglandular impaired lactogenesis is related to any situation that results in ineffective or infrequent milk removal beginning on the first postpartum day. Most impaired lactogenesis is of this latter type and is likely to be preventable.
For the mother who delivers prematurely, postglandular impaired lactogenesis represents a failure to overcome 3 pumping hurdles: delayed initiation of pumping, infrequent pumping, and inadequate emptying of the breasts.
These hurdles can be conquered in several ways:
- Begin frequent pumping on day 1.
- Be alert to causes of possible pumping difficulties, such as breakdown in mother's schedule, pump problems (inadequate pump or poor-fitting shields, outflow obstruction (engorgement, mastitis), or impaired let-down.
- Use early nonpharmacologic interventions, such as skin-to-skin care, nonnutritive sucking at the breast, pumping at the bedside and the use of trophic feeds.
- Consider early use of galactogogues (agents that increase prolactin) such as dopamine inhibitors.
- Have mothers vigilantly watch for mastitis and, if it occurs, treat promptly.
Failure to transition to the breast. Transitioning to the breast is important because mothers who are not exclusively breastfeeding at 1 month after discharge are unlikely to continue providing human milk to their babies.11 The strategy for reaching this goal is fourfold:
- Start breastfeeding early. Keep in mind that the premature baby lacks normal final trimester growth and experience. She needs to learn how to latch onto the breast, how to suck effectively, and how to coordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing.
- Avoid caloric deprivation, a serious and common problem in NICUs frequently related to unnecessary volume restriction.12,13
While today, fewer preterm infants develop chronic lung disease than in the past, the practice of restricting feeding volumes to 150 mL/kg/day has been slow to change, despite recommendations to feed extremely low birth-weight infants 180 mL/kg/day.14
Counterproductive behaviors, such as crying, excessive pacifier use, and bottle feeding when energy-saving gavage feeding is more appropriate, may contribute to the "content to starve" behavior, so well-recognized in underfed term infants, who fall asleep at the breast because of exhaustion rather than satiety.15
- Abbreviate hospitalization as much as possible; one study demonstrated that each additional week of hospitalization reduced the odds of the infant's transitioning to direct breastfeeding by 14%.16 Achieving breastfeeding competency at the expense of prolonging the infant-mother separation may be counterproductive.
- Define a rational approach to bottle feeds, based on maternal milk volume, the baby's competency at the breast, and gestational age. If mothers are high producers and therefore are more likely to eventually transition to breastfeeding, it makes sense to delay introducing bottles until the infant establishes some degree of breastfeeding competency. In contrast, infants of mothers whose production has plateaued at low levels may benefit from earlier bottle introduction, in an effort to decrease the transition time to full oral feeds.17
Most mothers who have depended on pumping to maintain milk production cannot immediately begin exclusive breastfeeding when they leave the hospital. These mothers should start with time-limited breastfeeding—say 30 minutes—followed by liberal supplementation, followed by pumping (yes, triple feeding). Once the baby shows good weight gain, Mom can alternate between time-limited breastfeeding followed by supplementation and time-limited breastfeeding followed by pumping. With continued good infant weight gain, she can move on to unlimited demand breastfeeding, gradually tapering the pumping.
- Schanler RJ, Shulman RJ, Lau C. Feeding strategies for premature infants. Beneficial outcomes of feeding fortified human milk versus preterm formula. Pediatrics 1999;103:1150-57.
- Lucas A, Cole TJ. Breast milk and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Lancet 1990;336:1519-23.
- Covert RF, Barman N, Domanico RS, et al. Prior enteral nutrition with human milk protects against intestinal perforation in infants who develop necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 1995;37:305A.
- Heinig MJ. Host defense benefits of breastfeeding for the infant: effect of breastfeeding duration and exclusitivity. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;48:105-23.
- Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Remley DT. Breastfeeding and cognitive development: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:525-35.
- Lucas A, Morely R, Cole TJ, et al.Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet 1992;339:261-64.
- Carlson SE, Ford AJ, Werkman SH, et al. Visual acuity and fatty acid status of term infants fed human milk and formula with and without docosahexaenoate from egg yolk lecithin. Pediatr Res 1996;39:882-88.
- Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50,302 women with breast cancer and 96,973 without the disease. Lancet 2002;360:187-95.
- Powers H, Clark RH, Bloom BT, et al. Site variation in rates of breastmilk feedings in neonates discharged from intensive care units. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine News and Views 2001;7:37. Abstract.
- Neville MC, Morton J, Umemura S.Lactogenesis: the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001;Feb;48:35-52.
- Bier JA, Oliver T, Ferguson AE, et al. Human milk improves cognitive and motor development of premature infants during infancy. J Hum Lact 2002;18:361-67.
- Clark RH, Thomas P, Peabody J. Extrauterine growth restriction remains a serious problem in prematurely born neonates. Pediatrics 2003;111:986-90.
- Colsen IE, Richardson DK, Schmide CH, et al. Intersite differences in weight growth velocity of extremely premature infants. Pediatrics 2002;110:1125-32.
- Hay WW, Lucas A, Heird WC, et al. Workshop summary: nutrition of the ELBW infant. Pediatrics 1999;104:1360-68.
- Habbick BF, Gerrard JW. Failure to thrive in the contented breast-fed baby. Can Med Assoc J. 1984;31:765-68.
- Smith MM, Durkin M, Hinton VJ, et al. Initiation of breastfeeding among mothers of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2003;111:1337-42.
- Simpson C, Schanler RJ, Lau C. Early introduction of oral feeding in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2003;110:517-22. | <urn:uuid:2b71ab83-045d-47c0-8411-0487c9fb246f> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://gerber82.fusionapps.com/nutrition-health-topics/breastfeeding/articles/a-preemie-needs-his-mother | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868239.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527091644-20180527111644-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.895247 | 2,146 | 2.96875 | 3 |
We reported a cautious victory in early 2013, when these two proposed projects — Incheon Bay Tidal Power Plant and Ganghwa Tidal Power Plant — appeared to have lost their support from the national government.
- In October 2012, the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) rejected a request by Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power to incorporate the Incheon Bay Tidal Power Plant into MLTM’s plans for reclamation.
- Similarly, Ganghwa Tidal Power Company voluntarily withdrew its request for including the Ganghwa Tidal Power Plant in MLTM’s reclamation plan. The Ministry of Environment had already refused the project’s Environmental Impact Statement in 2011, and was planning to send an official comment to MLTM opposing the project.
South Korea is several Presidents removed from 2012, so we have to remain vigilant on South Korean energy policy and other environmental issues.
As we reported in early 2012:
Although the administration in South Korea created ambitious plans for “green growth”, some important parts of these plans do not match an objective definition of “green” or “sustainable”. A large component of South Korea’s new renewable-energy policy under the “green growth” model is power derived from tidal action, mostly from huge tidal power plants (TPPs) along the country’s western coast. These power plants, using the “tidal barrage” method to convert tidal movement to energy, would wall off the shallow seas. The rising tide would pass through openings in the walls, the water would be held inside the walls at high-tide levels while the tide recedes outside, and then the high water would flow through power-generating turbines on its way back out to sea.
SAVE International, along with our partners in South Korea and at the University of California – Berkeley, studied how these TPPs would affect the coastal ecosystem, including the tidal wetlands that Black-faced Spoonbills and other birds need in order to survive. Tidal power, which might seem to be an ideal source of non-polluting energy, is a much more complicated issue; what the South Korean government and its private partners proposed would have disastrous effects on the nation’s environment.
Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co. applied for carbon-reduction credits for its proposed project, Incheon Tidal Power Station (also known as Incheon Bay Tidal Power Station or Incheon Bay Tidal Power Plant). The credits were to come from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The project’s proponents admitted that it would not economically feasible without these credits. Comments about the CDM application for Incheon Tidal Power Station were open to the public in November-December 2011. SAVE identified many glaring errors and omissions in the application, and we submitted comments addressing these issues.
Links on SAVE’s campaign about tidal power in South Korea:
Click here (link) to read the article “Tidal Power Makes a Surprising Comeback” by Peter Fairley, published in IEEE Spectrum (by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), June 19, 2013. This article includes a quote from SAVE’s Yekang Ko.
Click here (link) to read the IUCN Intertidal Report (“IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea)”) by John MacKinnon, Yvonne I. Verkuil and Nicholas Murray, published 2012. This report refers to the 2011 Environment article (linked below) by Yekang Ko, Derek Schubert, and Randolph Hester.
Click here (PDF) to read SAVE’s comments and supporting documentation against the CDM application for Incheon Tidal Power Station, December 11, 2011.
Click here (link) to read the special report “South Korea’s Plans for Tidal Power: When a ‘Green’ Solution Creates More Problems” by Yekang Ko and Derek K. Schubert, published by the Nautilus Institute, November 29, 2011.
Click here (link) to read the article “‘Green’ New Deal Projects Threaten Korea’s Rivers and Tidal Flats” by Yekang Ko and Derek K. Schubert, published in World Rivers Review (by International Rivers), Vol. 26, No. 3, September 2011.
Click here (link) to read the article “A Conflict of Greens: Green Growth vs. Habitat Preservation – The Case of Incheon, South Korea” by Yekang Ko, Derek K. Schubert, and Randolph T. Hester, published in the magazine Environment, May-June 2011.
Click here (PDF) to read SAVE International’s statement, endorsing the campaign by the Ganghwa Citizens’ Committee to oppose two mega-scale tidal power plants near Incheon, South Korea. | <urn:uuid:e577b300-3cc0-4236-84f7-1fb5dca0e60b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://saveinternational.org/saveinaction/tidal-power-in-south-korea/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488504969.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622002655-20210622032655-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.924384 | 1,065 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Cancer cells can bypass the immune system by pretending to be harmless. But researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill’s Eshelman School of Pharmacy, led by Moo J. Cho, Ph.D., an associate professor of molecular pharmaceutics, are creating a way to expose these cancer cells and alert the immune system to recognize and attack the tumor.
“It’s like planting a big red flag on the tumor to attract the attention of the body’s immune system, which normally ignores cancerous cells,” Cho said. “It’s a great idea. We just don’t know how to do it yet.”
The Natinal Cancer Institute has awarded Dr. Cho, a member of UNC’s Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. The goal of the research is to develop a unique way to intravenously administer a nucleic acid derived from bacteria and deliver it to a tumor. While it is possible to inject some tumors directly, many are relatively inaccessible and can be better reached through the body’s own pathways, Cho said.
The bacteria’s nucleic acid would normally be excreted very rapidly from the body when delivered via IV. Cho plans to add a molecule to the nucleic acid that will allow it to latch on to a class of proteins called IgG immunoglobulin that occur naturally in the body.
“We will ask the IgG antibodies to carry the bacteria-derived nucleic acid as a guest throughout the body,” Cho said. “This will allow the nucleic acid to circulate for days, which is different from how antibodies have been used in classical targeted delivery.”
Cho believes that eventually enough nucleic acid will be carried to the tumor to attract the attention of nearby immune cells, which recognize the nucleic acids as an invading pathogen, triggering an anti-tumor immune response. This approach differs from the classical method of actively targeting a tumor based on specific markers.
“Rapidly growing solid tumors are surrounded by imperfect, almost chaotic, blood flow,” Cho said. “The tissue is very leaky. Because of this unusual permeability, the antibody-nucleic acid complex should become lodged in the tumor periphery. This should mimic a local infection, which the body will work to eliminate.”
Infecting a tumor so that the body can see it and kill it is one element of immunotherapy, a cancer-treatment option that has been used since the late nineteenth century but has fallen out of favor since the development of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Radiation and chemotherapy are well understood and relatively predictable, but they can kill healthy cells as well as cancerous ones, suppress the immune system, and come with unpleasant and often dangerous side effects.
“You can use a sledgehammer to kill a fly,” Cho said. “But I prefer to try a lighter touch.” | <urn:uuid:b5bb51f1-7d59-4b28-9e5a-8890c92096a9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://mednews.com/cancer-research-immune-system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038118762.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417071833-20210417101833-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.947076 | 612 | 3.171875 | 3 |
In preschool art classes, students are taught about the use of color in the world and their teachers help them develop an understanding of using color in many forms. A fun song for teaching colors:
Simply print out and cut in half lengthwise for a simple colour related activity.
Teaching colours to kindergarten. Early identification of colors helps to create the cognitive link between visual clues and words. Colors worksheets for preschool and kindergarten students. A set of worksheets introducing the basic colors (blue, red, green, orange, pink, brown, yellow, purple, white, black) and aimed at developing instant recognition of colors.
Read the post at this link and get the printable: Recognizing the colors and identifying the color names is an important part of a child’s development. It may also help if the colors are not introduced all at once, but maybe 1 to 3 each day.
Here are the top color word songs on video, in my opinion, for kindergarten. Kids learning station is the perfect place to teach kids colors. Available with british english and american english spellings of colour / color.
This game is easy, but you have to make sure that the young learners are familiar with the vocabulary you want to practice and check with them or else they will feel discouraged and find it difficult to play. Then stick the sheets on the walls of the classroom, at a height your students can reach. The use of vibrant blues and greens in classrooms for young students gives an air of peace and calmness to the.
When teaching colors, let your kids paint with finger paint of that week’s color; Show them how to layer cellophane and tissue over the construction paper to make different colors, then invite them to try it. I have shared these 10 preschool transitions, but today i am getting more specific and sharing 10 preschool songs about color.at the end of this post is a free printable for the pdf versions of these songs.
Colours and fruit is a great game for kindergarten. There are 252 to choose from with most being for beginners since talking about colours is pretty basic and straightforward.this worksheet here has been designed to test students’ knowledge of colors. Browse my teaching station free color by number printable worksheets and download yours today.
On each sheet draw a large circle which fills up the sheet (or download and print our wall circle sheet). Worksheets, flash cards and coloring pages. On brown week, put potatoes in water and watch them grow
Browse teaching colors to kindergarten resources on teachers pay teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Here are the available worksheets about colours! Before class, prepare 7 large sheets of white paper (or if you are teaching less colors that day, enough sheets of paper for the colors you are teaching).
While it might be tempting to simply drill and quiz kids on colors throughout the year, students tend to be less engaged in learning when topics and skills are taught in isolation. This is a great tool to use and a handy snapshot to have on display in your house. For this lesson on light and color, students complete four different activities which include mixing colors, creating secondary colors from primary colors and observing the colors in a bubble.
Kindergarten themes to teach colors. Teaching colors with flashcards will familiarize your child with colors and the sight word for each color. Julie brasington is a preschool director, wife of a south florida worship pastor and mom of 3 boys.
To teach colours you can use flashcards or simply. Children will learn colors through a collection of preschool color worksheets that involve matching, drawing, recognition and of course coloring. Tips on teaching children colors.
Help your children to learn about primary and secondary colours using our free printable poster. Color by number worksheets will help teach your young child about basic number recognition, colors and understanding a legend while promoting their fine motor skills. Using images red orange *the teacher points to each image and speaks out the name of the color.
On brown week, talk about sand and play in the sand pit; Yellow green *the teacher points to each image and speaks out the name of the color. In fact, i love using songs so much that i created more songs to teach every sight word required by our district!
See more ideas about teaching colors, preschool colors, color activities. See more ideas about teaching colors, activities, learning activities. What colors give that, “welcome, come on in,” feeling?
What color is it olesia rogovaya. In pack 1 each flashcard contains the color and the color word below. Come and have fun with free printable activities to practice colors, an extension of colors preschool activities and crafts theme.
Free reading and math worksheets from k5 learning. Aim products, indore, kindergarten teaching aids indiamart intermesh limited. Encourage children to work together.
I don't know about you but we used these songs repeatedly to teach how to spell color words in kindergarten. When teaching colors, bring books about colors from the library; Color red, preschool, preschool teaching tips, red, teaching colors 14 comments.
On green week, talk about nature and plants and plant something in your garden patch; Students explore primary and secondary colors. Unfortunately i am a kindergarten teacher.
Student have the opportunity to learn about the different primary and secondary colors as well as how we use color to understand the world around us or create colorful masterpieces. Cat's colors by jane cabrera. Children need to first acquire informational pieces before they can begin to understand color as a concept.
Sing a song about colors to remind your students of the names they will be using in this activity, alternatively, have your students watch a video that reviews the names of color. She writes at happy home fairy where you can find easy craft ideas, free printables, simple recipes, holiday fun, thoughts on raising kids. When teaching with these cards, it can be beneficial for the student if the teacher starts with shorter words like red and blue.
Color recognition is a basic skill that kids should master by the end of kindergarten. Show students the materials they will be using today. Another way to introduce your child to colors is using a color chart.
If you have other ideas of teaching a high quality lessons to the kindergarten ears please do share with me. Kindergarten colors lesson plans these kindergarten lesson plans are extended educational activities that focus on colors. Crisp, bright orange, yellow and green are the most welcoming colors.
Preschoolers love songs and i believe it is very important to bring music into the preschool classroom or home preschool. These are suitable for toddlers, preschool and kindergarten. If you are using a theme, review a little about it now.
Walls in a kindergarten classroom painted in these shades create a warm and happy space. My many colored days by dr. See more ideas about kindergarten colors, preschool colors, teaching colors.
There are so many good teachable ideas for prekindergarten; Which papers do not create a different color when layered? We have a wide range of free printable colors worksheets that are perfect for teaching colors to preschool aged kids. | <urn:uuid:ac23893c-d3bb-4198-882a-47c258ae25de> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.vadepares.cat/teaching-colours-to-kindergarten/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152129.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726120442-20210726150442-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.929343 | 1,487 | 4.28125 | 4 |
In part 3 of this photography basics series, I taught you how to shoot in aperture priority and manual mode on your camera. In this installment, I'm going to teach you how to develop strong compositions in your photos.
Here's the thing about composition. There are a few basic rules of composition that you'll easily understand from this article, but you'll soon see as you get out and practice photography that finding a strong composition is a process of trial-and-error which you'll only learn with time and practice.
Simply put, composition means meticulously selecting what elements will appear in the picture, and then carefully placing those elements in the frame to create a creative, balanced, and interesting organization.
Ever had a driver's license photo taken? Or a mug shot? Hopefully not the mug shot, but we all know how horrendous those photos look. You can look your absolute best when you get to the driver's license place, but the photo always makes you look terrible. Why? Because they position you in the middle of the frame, and then make you square off your shoulders to the camera.
From the photo below, you can see a humorous example of how photographers often envision a picture, and what the camera actually captures. It's funny, but unless you start paying attention to your composition, your pictures will always look like mugshots.
The Rule of Thirds
Imagine a tic-tac-toe board placed on your picture. The rule of thirds says that you should place whatever is most interesting or eye-catching in the photo on the intersection of the lines on the photo. That's really all there is to it!
If you're shooting a portrait, decide which eye of the model is the focal point of the image. Usually, it's the eye closest to the camera. Then, adjust the framing of the picture until the eye is on the intersection of the imaginary tic-tac-toe board. Bingo! You followed the rule of thirds.
The same is true when shooting a landscape. In many or most landscapes, we like to include some of the foreground up close to the camera so as to give the sweeping landscape a sense of depth. So if there is an interesting rock or plant in the foreground, I'll place it on the bottom-right or bottom-left intersection of the frame. The same is true without a foreground element. You can place the horizon on the top or bottom third-line so that the horizon doesn't cut the picture in half.
I wrote a much more complete article about the rule of thirds, which you can check out as well.
The REAL Rule of Composition
Ask most amateur photographers in the world what composition is, and 90% of them would answer something like “The rule of thirds and leading lines.” Those are certainly important principles to follow, but I have found that these basic principles are far too simplistic.
When I go out and shoot, I usually find that trial-and-error is the only way to get strong compositions. I loosely follow the rule of thirds and other compositional principles, but mostly it's about getting down low and shooting up, or finding something to stand on to shoot down, or moving my tripod an inch here an an inch there, and really playing around until everything in the picture looks balanced and solid. Don't over-analyze the rules.
In the next lesson of this Photography Basics series, I'm going to talk about proper focusing techniques.
Want to know even more about how you can get that epic composition in less time? Check out Jim's Block Method video workshop! | <urn:uuid:ff5d2094-fc14-447c-b875-d186682b584a> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://improvephotography.com/photography-basics/photo-basics-lesson-4-creative-composition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591216.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719183926-20180719203926-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.954907 | 736 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The 1940s and 1950s were a pivotal time for sōsaku hanga, the “creative prints” movement in Japan. Artists who had been trained primarily as oil painters turned to traditional woodblock printing to give full expression to their often somber images. Some of the most haunting portraits produced in Japan were created in this era, and they speak to the effort these artists made to imbue their subjects with a depth and psychological nuance entirely new to the medium.
This exhibition features the work of two such artists, Onchi Kōshirō (1891–1955) and Saitō Kiyoshi (1907–1997). Onchi, the main advocate of sōsaku hanga and one of the movement’s major artists, created prints that are decidedly Western oriented in style, with Vasily Kandinsky and Edvard Munch among his major influences. His portrait of poet and friend Hagiwara Sakutarō has been hailed as one of the most powerful prints produced by a 20th-century Japanese artist. The dark tones and wrinkled skin of its subject make for a disturbing image, in keeping with Hagiwara’s tendency toward depression brought on by war.
In 1944, Saitō Kiyoshi joined Onchi’s prolific, avant-garde circle (called Ichimokukai), whose members cherished the woodblock’s potential for radical self-expression. Having begun his career as an oil painter, Saitō later embraced the technique of woodblock print making, finding inspiration for subject matter and style in the works of Odilon Redon, Paul Gauguin, and, like Onchi, Munch. In 1951, he stunned Japanese art circles when he was awarded first prize at the São Paulo Biennale.
Modern Japanese Portraits presents nearly 30 groundbreaking works by Onchi, Saitō, and other artists of the movement. All of the portraits, including many rare editions, are drawn from the Art Institute’s major collection of 20th-century prints. | <urn:uuid:6b844826-5e0e-4392-a553-07e0459443e7> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.artic.edu/exhibitions/9021/modern-japanese-portraits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654012.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607175304-20230607205304-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.971224 | 427 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Movement inside the bubble of plug-in vehicle technology known as "vehicle to grid" has been noted in Colorado since this past March, 2008. Xcel Energy in Boulder County has finally initiated their $150,000 funded Phase One of their plan to put the theory of vehicle to grid in practice under the watchful guise of four Toyota Prius plug-in hybrids.
Enthusiasts have been waiting a long time to see movement on this front. Vehicle to grid for those who are not familiar with its term, is an idea of allowing the grid to pull power from a plug-in vehicles battery peak periods of high energy draw, such as during the mid day.
These energy companies will then pay the owners of these vehicles for the usage of the energy stored in their batteries. There will be an automated system that monitors the energy draw, making sure that the vehicle retains a certain amount of energy for the owner to make it back home once they unplug and leave the station.
Boulder County will be testing its SmartGridCity, which will put Colorado's notable sunny days to good use in harnessing the renewable energy of the sun to help power the charging station located on their West Wing courthouse. The prototype smart grid power stations will allow Xcel energy to note how the overall system works and make any necessary changes before the larger scale, Phase Two, is put into effect.
If Phase One is successful, Xcel energy plans to incorporate another 500 plug-in hybrids (starting with 60 initially) into the system. They will also build solar powered smart charging stations across Boulder from which to feed from. They are currently seeking the funds for these later phases to the tune of about $6 million.
This prototype will allow local government to finally put the theory of "vehicle to grid" into action and see for themselves the actual potential that such a system could offer our cities. | <urn:uuid:8be022fc-35f7-48b3-a3c3-ae8da4921a26> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/boulder-county-vehicle-to-grid-program-initiates-phase-one.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512499.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019232929-20181020014429-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.966753 | 384 | 2.625 | 3 |
Location: University of Toronto (U of T)
The Translational Biology and Engineering Program (TBEP) drives research at the interface of engineering and medicine. With a roster of multidisciplinary investigators, the goal is to develop strategies that will repair or regenerate heart muscle.
This U of T program embeds a diverse range of engineers and scientists in one environment with the same mission – a rare opportunity to make fundamental discoveries into the mechanisms of heart failure and new ways to diagnose and treat it.
TBEP is a consortium of labs, each with its own principal investigator, research staff, and students supporting projects aligning with the Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research mission. While these researchers collaborate on projects with colleagues at The Hospital for Sick Children, University Health Network, and elsewhere, they also collaborate within TBEP creating bridges of expertise between labs.
Launched in late 2015, this program has specific areas of focus designed to make the most significant advances in research possible.
Regenerating the heart
Regenerating a failing heart to its former function is the ultimate treatment goal. TBEP researchers are studying how to deliver cells, molecules and biomaterials into the heart for regeneration. This also means ensuring that they will work once inside the heart, necessitating a cardiac environment that is amenable to these cells. TBEP researchers can modify such environments to make them more supportive of cell delivery, perhaps creating a biomaterial that helps those cells function in the heart. Or if there is scar tissue, our scientists can develop strategies to break down the scar and deliver the cells effectively.
The heart has an innate ability to repair itself, but it’s lost over time. This is how we can teach it to remember. We can also study what went wrong in a failing heart, and either stop or reverse the process.
Enabling discovery through advanced model systems
TBEP is a center for heart failure model systems. Our scientists have broad expertise in animal models of heart failure and disease and in tissue models that replicate the actual conditions within human heart muscle, valves, and blood vessels. Model systems are critical to understand how heart failure occurs and to evaluate therapies.
Currently, enormous funds and time are spent studying medications in plastic dishes that do not replicate the body’s actual physiological conditions. The animal models and tissue models that TBEP engineers and scientists are building will lead to more relevant, translatable and real results. As these model systems will provide medical researchers with advanced environments to test their novel ideas and uncover the most promising avenues to diagnosing, preventing and treating heart failure.
For more information please contact Soror Sharifpoor, research program manager. | <urn:uuid:5e8405d3-e50e-4e8a-abe9-aa7052f39e78> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://tedrogersresearch.ca/TBEP/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591578.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720100114-20180720120114-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.933509 | 537 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Treaty of Miramar
A convention, followed by secret additional articles, having been concluded on April 10, 1864, between France and Mexico, to settle the conditions of the sojourn of French troops in Mexico, the said convention and secret additional articles are as follows:
The government of H.M. the Emperor of the French and H.M. the Emperor of Mexico, animated with an equal desire to assure the reestablishment of order in Mexico and to consolidate the new empire, have resolved to settle through a convention the conditions of the sojourn of the French troops in that country, and have appointed to that effect: H.M. the Emperor of the French, M. Charles François Édouard Herbet, Minister Plenipotenciary of the First Class, etc., and H.M. the Emperor of Mexico, M. Joaquin Velazquez de Leon, his Minister of State without a portfolio, etc., who, after communicating their full powers to one another, these having been found to be in good and due form, have agreed upon the following articles:
ARTICLE I. The French troops actually in Mexico shall, as soon as possible, be reduced to a corps of twenty-five thousand men, including the foreign legion. This corps, as a safeguard to the interests which have brought about the French intervention, shall temporarily remain in Mexico under the conditions agreed upon in the following articles.
ARTICLE II. The French troops shall gradually evacuate Mexico as H.M. the Emperor of Mexico shall be able to organize the troops necessary to take their place.
ARTICLE III. The foreign legion in the service of France, composed of eight thousand men, shall, however, remain for six years in Mexico after all other French forces shall have been recalled under Article II. From that date said legion shall pass into the service and pay of the Mexican government, the Mexican government reserving unto itself the right to shorten the duration of the employment in Mexico of the foreign legion.
ARTICLE IV. The points of the territory to be occupied by the French troops, as well as the military expeditions of said troops if necessary, shall be determined under direct agreement between H.M. the Emperor of Mexico and the commander-in-chief of the French corps.
ARTICLE V. Upon all points where a garrison shall not be exclusively composed of Mexican troops, the military command shall devolve upon the French commander. In case of combined expeditions of French and Mexican troops the superior command shall also belong to the French commander.
ARTICLE VI. The French commanders shall not interfere with any branch of the Mexican administration.
ARTICLE VII. So long as the needs of the French army-corps will require every two months a service of transports between France and the port of Vera Cruz, the expense of this service, fixed at the sum of four hundred thousand francs per journey, including return, shall be borne by the Mexican government and paid in Mexico.
ARTICLE IX. The cost of the French expedition in Mexico, to be reimbursed by the Mexican government, is fixed at the sum of two hundred and seventy million francs at the time of the expedition to July 1, 1864. That sum shall bear interest at three per cent a year.
ARTICLE X. The indemnity to be paid to France by the Mexican government for the pay and support of the army-corps from July 1, 1864, shall be fixed at the rate of one thousand francs per man a year.
ARTICLE XI. The Mexican government shall remit to the French government the sum of sixty-six millions in loan securities at par, i.e., fifty-four millions to be deducted from the debt mentioned in Article IX, and twelve millions as an instalment on the indemnities due the French under Article XIV of the present agreement.
ARTICLE XII. In payment of the balance of war expenses and of the charges mentioned in Articles VII, X, and XIV, the Mexican government agrees to pay to France the annual sum of twenty-five million francs in cash. That sum shall be credited, first, to the sums due under Articles VII and X; second, to the amount, interest and principal, of the sum fixed in Article IX; third, to the indemnities still due to French subjects under Article XIV and following.
ARTICLE XIII. The Mexican government shall pay on the last day of every month, in Mexico, into the hands of the paymaster-general of the army, the amount necessary to cover the expense of the French troops remaining in Mexico, in conformity with Article X.
ARTICLE XIV. The Mexican government agrees to indemnify French subjects for the grievances unduly suffered by them and which caused the expedition.
ARTICLE XV. A mixed commission composed of three Frenchmen and three Mexicans, appointed by their respective governments, shall meet in Mexico within three months to examine into and settle these claims.
ARTICLE XVI. A mission of revision composed of two Frenchmen and two Mexicans, appointed as above and sitting in Paris, shall proceed to the definite settlement of the claims already admitted by the commission mentioned in the preceding article, and shall pass upon those the settlement of which shall be reserved to them.
ARTICLE XVII. The French government shall set free all Mexican prisoners of war as soon as H.M. the Emperor of Mexico shall have entered his empire.
ARTICLE XVIII. The present convention shall be ratified and the ratification shall be exchanged as soon as possible.
Done at the Castle of Miramar, on April 10, 1864.
Additional Secret Articles
ARTICLE I. H.M. the Emperor of Mexico, approving the principles and promises announced in General Forey's proclamation, dated June 12, 1863, as well as the measures taken by the regency and by the French general-in-chief in accordance with said declaration, has resolved to inform his people, by a manifesto, of his intentions in the matter.
ARTICLE II. On his side, H.M. the Emperor of the French declares that the actual effective force of the French corps of thirty-eight thousand men shall only be reduced gradually and from year to year, in such a way that the French troops remaining in Mexico, including the foreign legion, shall be of twenty-eight thousand men in 1865, of twenty-five thousand in 1866, of twenty thousand in 1867.
ARTICLE III. When the said foreign legion, under the terms of Article III of the above convention, shall pass into the service and pay of Mexico, as it nevertheless shall continue to serve a cause in which France is interested, its generals and officers shall preserve their quality of Frenchmen and their claim to promotion in the French army according to law.
Done at the Castle of Miramar, April 10, 1864. | <urn:uuid:f6657890-6475-4b5d-9470-bae84a6f92cd> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Miramar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540932.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00485-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96101 | 1,402 | 3.109375 | 3 |
In the pond ecosystem, when organic matter gets decomposed it gives rise to NH3, H2S, CH4 and other gases. NH3 is oxidized to NO2 and further to NO3. NO3 is absorbed by algae and aquatic plants along with phosphate, which is available in water, giving rise to prolific algal bloom catalyzed by the presence of sunlight.
Algal bloom causes various hazardous impact to the culturing stock
Chocking of gills and dirty appendages
Hyper concentration of dissolved oxygen in water during day time due to vigorous rate of photosynthesis and drastically low during night and cloudy days because of prolific respiration.
Interrupts penetration of light in the water column
The culturing stocks become lethargic, decreased in feeding, stunted growth and prone to diseases.
In order to solve the problem of algal bloom, BioXcell has developed a blend of ecofriendly microorganisms, which occurs naturally.
The microorganisms of Algal bloom control convert NH3 to NO2 and further oxidized to NO3, which is a ready to use form of nutrient for algae. Another group of microorganisms reduce NO2 and NO3 to elementary Nitrogen, which is not a consumable form of nitrogen source for algae. Thus availability of NO3 to the algae is blocked or highly reduced, thereby make the algae starve from nutrients resulting in death of algae and resist further multiplication. It also contains other microorganisms, which utilize NO3 and PO4 as their source of energy and compete with algae.
Uses of algal bloom control:
Do not have any adverse effect in the pond ecosystem, contrary to that of chemicals.
Cleans up algal bloom and prevents further growth
Keeps the clean and clear
Degrades waste materials
Eliminates ammonia, nitrite and other malodor
Improves the aquatic ecosystem for shrimp and fishes
After application, it is safe for human, animal, and culturing stock.
Application: Mix with Water or Feed or zeolite or Sand and broad cost over the Pond.
Dosage: 1 Kg per Hector Pond
Storage: Store in a cool dry place. | <urn:uuid:99711906-f6ef-47c3-a522-52f42fea83e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.bioxcell.net/algal-bloom-control-probiotic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103915196.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630213820-20220701003820-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.915642 | 449 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Though the conductor Otto Klemperer’s career in the United States lasted just six years before complications from an unnecessary surgery forced him temporarily from the podium, he had an enormous impact on classical music in America.
Letters from Arnold Schoenberg in the LBI archives attest to the leading role he played in introducing American audiences to new music. As the director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic between 1933, he regularly inserted new works by composers including Stravinsky and Schoenberg into programs alongside the German romantic repertoire with which he is so closely associated.
Schoenberg recognized that Klemperer was the leading champion of new music in America, but in a 1934 circular letter received by the lawyer and musician Max Kowalksi in the LBI archives, he expressed frustration with the fact that Klemperer seemed more interested in his earlier, tonal works than the challenging pieces he was composing in the United States.
In 1933, just a few years after President Hindenberg had granted Klemperer the Goethe Medal for “the advancement of German culture,” he was dismissed from his post at the State Opera in Berlin. In response to the Nazi takeover, he composed the piece J’Accuse, echoing Emile Zola’s famous response to Anti-Semitism in France during the Dreyfuss Affair. LBI has a rare copy of the score with corrections by the composer. | <urn:uuid:fd003f3c-357d-44a1-bf5b-2faff51e0698> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.lbi.org/2010/10/otto-klemperer-conductor-1885-1973/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246651471.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045731-00035-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975738 | 295 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Rice cooked for breakfast is best eaten at breakfast time. It is still good for lunch and often not for dinner. There are rice varieties that stay good for longer periods, cooked rice in the morning is still for until dinner.
Some rice are naturally watery or moist after cooking. Others are naturally dry. Too moist are called malata while too dry are maligat. Dry varieties can last longer without spoilage. Less moisture prohibits microbial activities. While more will encourage it.
The above statement is not always true. A cooked rice might be panis (spoiled) few hours after, regardless of being dry or moist. The culprit is the cauldron cover. After cooking the rice is still hot and the water is evaporating. The cover traps moisture then condensation will occur. Water droplets will fall to cooked rice making it more moist and prone to spoilage. | <urn:uuid:48ad03b6-2377-45c9-9c3d-c4f29f0ad1e1> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://foodrecap.net/health/safety/panis-na-kanin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946564.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424041828-20180424061828-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.942465 | 180 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Born January 27, 1873, Richard Wilhelm 'Willy' Böckl was born in Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, a southern Austrian city which borders with present day Slovenia. His skating club was the Eislaufverein Wörthersee, but during his competitive skating career he also spent some time training in Vienna while studying at the University Of Vienna. His mother Paula was a great supporter of his skating.
Photo courtesy Sveriges Centralförening för Idrottens Främjande Archive
Photo courtesy National Archives of Poland
Perhaps most notable when talking about Willy's contribution to the sport in a historical context, however, is his pioneering role in emphasizing sheer athleticism in an era where excellence in school figures and presentation where the focus of many of his peers. He wasn't doing triple Axels by any means, but Willy's free skating performances focused on high single axels, a peppering of easier double jumps, split variations, steps and figures. He has been (unofficially) credited as the inventor of the inside axel and with performing the first double loop.
Left: Harald Rooth, Andor Szende and Willy Böckl. Right: Willy Böckl and Gillis Grafström. Photo courtesy "Skating Through The Years".
As for his competitive career, Willy won a total of four Austrian titles, eight medals at the European Championships (six of them gold), nine medals at the World Championships (four of them gold) and silver medals at both the 1924 and 1928 Winter Olympics behind Gillis Grafström. It should also be noted that at the 1924 Games in Chamonix, he was actually the winner of the free skate. Not to diminish his strength in school figures (because he was regarded by many as excellent) but the times he did seem to lose, figures were often the reason why. For instance, the February 22, 1914 edition of the Neue Freie Presse newspaper noted of his bronze medal win at the 1914 European Championships in Vienna that "third place went to Willy Böckl, whose free skating [was] the best of the day while [what] he did in the compulsory exercises what not on the usual level." He retired from competition in 1928 on a high, defeating future Olympic Gold Medallist Karl Schäfer at that year's World Championships in Berlin. His coach for much of his competitive career was Pepi Weisz.
Off the ice, Willy was a mathematician and shipbuilding engineer by trade. In a business capacity, he actually travelled back and forth from Austria and Germany to the United States on a yearly basis between 1928 and 1935 on such ships as the Aquitania, Ile De France, Columbus, Milwaukee, Hamburg, Rex and S.S. New York. During this same period, he kept active in skating as an international judge, putting his educations in both mathematics and skating to practical use. It wouldn't be long before he made the decision to immigrate to the U.S. and take up jobs coaching at the Skating Club of New York and in Lake Placid. Among his considerable stable of students were future professional star Dorothy Goos, Eastern Champion Kathryn Ehlers and U.S. Medallist, Skating Club of New York President, national judge and 1961 Sabena Crash victim Eddie LeMaire.
Willy Böckl and Gillis Grafström. Photo courtesy "Skating" magazine.
Willy penned the books "Willy Boeckl On Figure Skating" and "How To Judge Figure Skating", the latter offering one of the most thorough guides to the judging of school figures I've ever seen. He was an advocate for hands on education for judges, writing that becoming a good judge "needs a great deal of practice in watching good skaters and bad ones, gathering information everywhere. I would say to become a good judge needs practically as much practice as it does to become a good skater, not so much physically, perhaps, but certainly mentally. Become a skater does a figure he has time to ponder, but a judge has not much time to think. A swiftly moving free skating program passes like a film, you have to take everything of it in split seconds and only in the well trained judge's mind will everything register as far as the human mind is able to register the multitude of quickly similar following moves."
As if winning six European titles, four World titles, two Olympic medals, judging, coaching and writing about skating weren't enough, in August 1938, Willy was elected the first President of the American Teacher's Guild, an early forerunner of today's Professional Skater's Association. In the fifties, he was even part of Royal Dutch Airlines' international tour program, personally conducting tours Anna McGoldrick style to 'the internationally famous ice skating rinks in Europe.' In the spring of 1940, he survived an emergency appendix operation.
Photo courtesy National Archives of Poland
Willy retired from coaching in 1944, taking up the position of President of the Universal Tire Company in Boston. Information regarding his death is unclear. Several non-primary sources cite his passing as occurring in the city he was born (Klagenfurt am Wörthersee) although his Social Security Index Records seems to imply that his death actually occured in Massachusetts. We do know that he passed away on April 22, 1975 and is missed by many. Two years later, he was inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall Of Fame alongside fellow World Champions Lawrence Demmy, Donald Jackson and Jean Westwood. His trophies were ultimately donated by his daughter to the World Figure Skating Museum's collection after his death.
Courtesy the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek
Skate Guard is a blog dedicated to preserving the rich, colourful and fascinating history of figure skating and archives hundreds of compelling features and interviews in a searchable format for readers worldwide. Though there never has been nor will there be a charge for access to these resources, you taking the time to 'like' on the blog's Facebook page at http://www.facebook.com/SkateGuard would be so very much appreciated. Already 'liking'? Consider sharing this feature for others via social media. It would make all the difference in the blog reaching a wider audience. Have a question or comment regarding anything you have read here or have a suggestion for a topic related to figure skating history you would like to see covered? I'd love to hear from you! Learn the many ways you can reach out at http://skateguard1.blogspot.ca/p/contact.html. | <urn:uuid:c4687f18-ef21-4dad-a6a9-9b1d5e5120c3> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://skateguard1.blogspot.com/2015/08/bockl-up-its-time-to-talk-skating-big.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655919952.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711001811-20200711031811-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.971455 | 1,376 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Background: This research review provides an analysis of current research related to school and district data use, with a particular focus on identifying key characteristics of schools and districts with effective “data using cultures.” The research review identifies and analyzes findings in five key areas of practice: communicating professional expectations for data use; providing resources and assistance to make meaning from data; participating in the flow of information for data use; providing professional development on data use knowledge and skills; and providing leadership to nurture a culture of data use.
Purpose: The goal of this literature review was to identify key elements that the research identifies as essential to developing a school or district culture of data use. Through the literature review and analysis, this article proposes a conceptual framework for school and district data use practices that can be used to guide professional learning in the area of data use.
Research Design: The research design is an analytic essay. The article includes an analysis of current literature on school and district data use, compares key concepts presented in current studies and literature reviews, and offers conclusions based on these findings.
Conclusions: This research review provides a conceptual framework of five elements that school and district leaders can use to guide professional learning in data use. The framework provides a “mental map” for addressing the range of knowledge and skills teachers must learn to use data as a routine part of their daily practice. In particular, the Culture of Data Use Framework is designed to help school and district leaders and professional development providers tease apart the specific areas of focus for training and support. The author outlines considerations for professional learning for each of the five framework elements and closes with a set of questions that may help to highlight future research needs in the area of school-level data use. | <urn:uuid:2771deca-121f-455c-a936-8d9a60504501> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=17854 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427766.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170729112938-20170729132938-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.928829 | 351 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (CZI) was announced in December 2015 by the Facebook founder, Mark Zuckerberg, and his wife, Priscilla Chan at the announcement of the birth of their first daughter. The couple committed 99% of their Facebook stock to the philanthropic project to “advance human potential and promote equality in areas such as health, education, scientific research and energy”. In September last year they announced plans to invest $3bn over the next 10 years towards the goal of eradicating all diseases.
“By investing in science today,’ said paediatrician Chan, “we hope to build a future in which all of our children can live long and rewarding lives.”
Jeremy Freeman is manager of computational biology at the CZI.
What attracted you to the Chan Zuckerberg initiative?
I was working at the Janelia Research Campus and I was spending about half my time doing neuroscience research and the other half building tools and technologies to help science happen faster, including methods of data analysis and data sharing. As I did that work, I began to view that as what I was most excited about and where I could see an opportunity. So when I saw the CZI announcement I was struck by what CZI was trying to do – to develop new ways to use technology to accelerate the progress of science.
The aims of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative are laudable and ambitious – “to cure, prevent or manage all disease during our children’s lifetime”. When would you expect to start seeing results?
It’s definitely ambitious. If we said we wanted to achieve some of those things in a thousand years it might seem achievable or doable. So really the question is: how do we make a thousand years of progress in, say, a hundred years? So then we need to think about how we do accelerate the process by which we all do science and we all understand biology.
Can you explain what a computational neuroscientist does?
Neuroscience is understanding how the brain works all of the complex behaviours that organisms and animals, including humans, are capable of. How it is that our brains allow us to learn, remember and perceive. That is fundamentally a question of biology and when you try and study it, it turns out that the systems are so complex it quickly becomes a problem that requires a lot of maths and analysis mediated by modern software. That includes processing, analysing and visualisation data and it also includes statistical analysis and using mathematical models to understand biology.
At what stage is the CZI project? Do you have a building? Are you funding projects?
We have a building; we’ve moved already in the time I’ve been here. We’re very much getting started. In terms of identifying projects, we are growing rapidly, especially in the intersection of science and engineering, to accelerate science.
We are in the process of listening to the scientific community; we’re doing things like holding workshops, we’re bringing together experts to talk to us about key problems and areas where we could help and collaborate with the existing scientific community.
Is there a project you are particularly excited about?
A key one is the Human Cell Atlas. This is a large international collaborative effort to characterise and catalogue all the cells in the human body. Which will be a reference resource for both understanding basic biology as well as understanding disease. We are trying to find ways to help support it and to accelerate it, especially in its early stages. Aspects of it that we are especially excited about are developing experimental technology to find new and better ways to characterise gene expression patterns in individual cells, as well as think through data architecture, strategies for organising, sharing and openly distributing data across a large complex international project.
Is the CZI mission statement the same thing as saying that you’d like everyone to live for ever?
No, I wouldn’t say that. We are broad in what we are exploring right now. That we want to work on these problems doesn’t mean that no one will ever get sick. Right now, people die from five things: heart disease, cancer stroke, neurodegenerative disease and infectious disease. We think we can help speed up progress on these problems and other problems. As well as accelerate the process by which basic science and biology happens – you don’t know how to cure something until you understand it.
Are you saying that they way biomedical companies and academia do science is too slow and there are things that could be done to speed up the process?
Through my career, I have spent time in traditional academic university settings, I’ve been in independent research institutes and now I am here – and I can say honestly that all of these modes of doing science are incredibly valuable. But what I’m very super-excited about is to bring a lot of the modern advances in software development to bear on some really hard and challenging problems when it comes to working with the vast quantities of complex data that is currently coming out of biology.
Will any engineers from Facebook be working on CZI projects? Is there any overlap between the two organisations at all?
The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative and Facebook are entirely separate entities.
Have you met Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan? How much involvement do they have in your work?
They are passionate, engaged, and really excited about our efforts, and they’re actively involved, especially as we’re ramping up initial projects.
Will all your research be peer-reviewed, published in journals and published for all to see?
We are absolutely committed to open dissemination of data and code and knowledge; that’s something I have been committed to all the time I’ve been a scientist.
You’re working on a project to eradicate disease, you co-edited a book called The Future of the Brain – you like a challenge?
Yes, that’s definitely true. It’s good to have potential very far off ambitious goals. It doesn’t mean you’ll achieve them right away but they guide you and help you measure work and effort.
Jeremy Freeman will be speaking in London at Wired Health on 9 March | <urn:uuid:74c49a89-470b-43e7-9069-ae2018783763> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/mar/05/chan-zuckerberg-initiative-scientist-jeremy-freeman | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133032.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824043524-20170824063524-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.965484 | 1,283 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Design an assessment and evaluation plan for high school in English Curriculum.
Using Kirkpatrick's level of evaluation the evaluation plan should include tools used for assessment in level and content area.
The tools and the plan should be guided by a curriculum evaluation model.
Explain your rationale for using the model
Describe the evaluation model chosen and its directives.
The assessment plan for high school in English Curriculum will have the objectives of evaluating if the grade level subject matter has been delivered successfully. The high school students must feel that the English Curriculum was a valuable experience, their knowledge of, skills, and abilities in English language have increased, that the students make use of correct English language when speaking, and writing, and the high school students use correct and effective English in written and spoken communication in other courses.
We use Kirkpatrick's level of evaluation and include tools used for assessment in level and content areas.
Level 1: Reaction: For this level the assessment and evaluation tool will be a questionnaire that will ask them about their experience. They will be required to respond to questions such as how valuable the teaching was, what additions should be made to the curriculum, and how was the teacher? High school students are mature to answer questions of this nature.
Level 2: Learning: There will be a pretest before the curriculum is introduced and there will be a post test after the curriculum is over. The test results will be ...
This solution explains evaluation and assessment plans for high school English Curriculum. The sources used are also included in the solution. | <urn:uuid:d26c8eeb-a92c-48e2-ae7d-c5f9d05c1e5e> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://brainmass.com/education/evaluation-assessment/educational-assessment-english-curriculum-588928 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661289.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00063-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950207 | 319 | 3.609375 | 4 |
A chemical chain is a series of chemical reactions where the products of the reaction contribute to the reactants of another reaction.
These chain reactions are generally triggered by a single initial reaction where an unstable product from the first reaction becomes the reactant. This process occurs until the system reaches some stable state.
There are three "phases" to a chemical chain reaction:
Termination is the last stage where the system reaches the stable state.
The most common example of Chemical Chain is the Fire or Burning Candle.
When a flammable material is surrounded by enough oxygen and is exposed to a source of heat or temperature above the flash point, a fire starts. If there is sufficient oxygen, fuel, and heat while the fire is burning it will continue to burn until there is no longer enough of one of these three components to maintain the chemical chain reaction of the fire. | <urn:uuid:ef7169e6-bfc9-4d95-b080-2b785be74ba8> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.sarthaks.in/150/explain-about-chemical-chain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644701.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317055142-20180317075142-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.932084 | 177 | 3.921875 | 4 |
On October 5 2017, the New York Times published an article detailing serious sexual harassment allegations against famous Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein. Three days later, his company’s Board of Directors terminated his employment effective immediately. In this context, actress Alyssa Milano took to Twitter, encouraging all women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted to change their status to “Me Too” (a hashtag originally coined by activist Tarana Burke) in order to give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem. Since then, “Me Too” hashtags spread virally across the world’s social media accounts, having reportedly been posted or commented on millions of times. The women who came forward about sexual harassment allegations were referred to as “silence breakers”, and Time Magazine named these “silence breakers” its “2017 Person of the Year”. This movement led to an outpouring of new allegations against various male celebrities and public figures on an ongoing basis. What followed was the rapid downfall of many of those accused, leading to prompt resignations and terminations from their respective roles.
Meanwhile in Canada, two high profile politicians recently resigned promptly after public allegations of sexual harassment and/or misconduct were made. Amidst the #metoo movement, the Toronto Rape Crisis Centre reported an increase in calls. It appears many employers experienced a similar spike in sexual harassment related complaints, likely due to heightened awareness of the issues and women encouraged to speak out by those who already had. Workplace sexual harassment is a complicated subject. It involves far more than inappropriate comments or unwanted sexual advances. Sometimes consensual relationships can be considered sexual harassment when a significant power imbalance exists. Consensual relationships gone sour can turn into sexual harassment if reprisals or unwanted advances occur after the relationship ends. Joking co-workers and jock culture may create a toxic working environment for those exposed to it. Complainants may not wish to come forward due to fear of losing their jobs. Not all complaints are meritorious, leaving some respondents wrongly accused, stigmatized and/or wrongfully dismissed. When receiving a sexual harassment complaint, employers have an obligation to inquire most often by way of an investigation. Third-party or external investigators may be most appropriate in sensitive situations. Given the complexity of sexual harassment issues, findings and fault may not always be clear cut. In some cases, employers should terminate the respondent. In other cases, substantiated findings may not warrant termination, but instead discipline and training. The workplace culture must be considered and may require change, and every circumstance must be considered based on its own facts.
The #metoo movement has empowered many women who were the victims of unjust behaviour to come forward, although the movement has its own inequities by persecuting and often impacting the livelihood of the accused without due process, or any process whatsoever. The court of public opinion quickly makes judgment, but employers should not do the same. Due process is important for all parties, as an employer has an obligation to all of its employees, both in terms of maintaining a safe workplace for all, and in terms of not summarily dismissing someone simply because an allegation is made. This article will explore the complex considerations regarding sexual harassment in Canadian workplaces, consider the roles and obligations of all parties involved, and review the importance of investigations and due process in relation to workplace sexual harassment complaints.
Download Full Article (link below footnotes)
Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey. “Harvey Weinstein Paid Off Sexual Harassment Accusers for Decades”, NYTimes.com, last modified October 5, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/us/harvey-weinstein-harassment-allegations.html
Robehmed, Natalie. “Harvey Weinstein Fired From The Weinstein Company”, Forbes.com, last modified October 8, 2017,https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2017/10/08/harvey-weinstein-fired-from-the-weinstein-company/#12af4f216681
Milano, Alyssa (@Alyssa_Milano). “If you’ve been sexually harassed or assaulted write ‘me too’ as a reply to this tweet.” 15 October 2017, 1:21 pm. Tweet.
Unknown. “More than 12M “Me Too” Facebook posts, comments, reactions in 24 hours”, CBSNews.com, last modified October 17, 2017, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/metoo-more-than-12-million-facebook-posts-comments-reactions-24-hours/
Stephanie Zacharek, Eliana Dockterman and Haley Sweetland Edwards “Time Magazine Person of the Year”. Retrieved from: http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/
McLaughlin, Amara. “Toronto sexual assault, harassment services flooded by calls triggered by #MeToo movement”, CBC.ca, last modified October 27, 2017, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-sexual-assault-harassment-services-flooded-by-calls-triggered-by-metoo-movement-1.4375827 | <urn:uuid:7c605649-66d8-4be4-bb6a-fbd937436554> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://irc.queensu.ca/workplace-harassment-after-metoo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943695.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321095704-20230321125704-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.936451 | 1,149 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Terahertz food inspection
It is critical for quality control and nondestructive testing to avoid the usage of ionizing radiation (X-rays) due to its detrimental effect on biological agents. This is where Terahertz imaging technology, developed and commercialized by Terasense, is extremely useful, and there are many examples of THz imaging’s useful application in the food industry.
THz food scanner
Instead of using X-ray machines, food manufacturers and packagers can use our terahertz food scanner to, for instance, check if a pick-and-place robotic arm has put all candy bars into the cardboard carton. Seeing through cardboard or PE packaging poses no problem to our THz imagers—individual chocolate bars can be wrapped in any material, even metal-containing foil, which is impervious to THz rays. In fact, metal foil would create even better contrast in THz images. In this picture, we can clearly see that one of the candy bars is missing.
Another good application is checking noodle packs to see if they contain a sachet with seasoning. A sachet must be placed inside every noodle pack, and whether it’s packed manually or by a machine, mistakes can be made. Our THz food scanner can gently and quickly prompt the conveyor-line operator and indicate if a sachet is missing. The dark spot in the THz image clearly indicates the presence of a sachet. Noodle containers are usually made of plastic or synthetic foam (polyfoam), which is transparent to THz waves.
THz food safety
Reports of insects and other foreign objects found in food are a serious cause of concern for consumers, food manufacturers, and retailers alike. Unwrapping a chocolate bar might reveal an unpleasant surprise such as an insect, pieces of metal or glass, or clots of dirt.
This may not only kill the consumer’s appetite but also cause a broken tooth or poisoning. On top of that, a producer or retailer in certain countries may end up being sued, potentially leading to million-dollar fines and lawsuits.
Specifically for food industry applications we made some tests meant to show our capability to identify extraneous objects (e.g. insects, pieces of plastics, metal, stones or soil) inside of some food products.
|A common housefly||Terahertz image of a housefly|
|A housefly under polyethylene bags|
about 2 cm thick
|Terahertz image of a housefly|
under polyethylene bags
As the above pictures clearly show, our THz imaging systems can easily detect a common housefly through several polyethylene bags, even if total thickness of such PET coating exceeds 20 mm.
Detecting metal or plastic debris inside food packaging is just as important. These THz images show metal debris inside a chocolate bar or in a powdered substance. In the latter case, THz imaging was performed though a plastic container filled with flour.
|A metal screw on a chocolate bar||Terahertz image of a metal screw|
on a chocolate bar
Of course, instead of chocolate or flour it can be any other dry food.
For our THz technology to be effective, metal foil should not be used as wrapping or packaging materials. Metal is impervious to THz rays.
|A metal stick in flour||Terahertz image of a metal stick|
We receive many inquiries related to using our products in the food industry. There are certain problems that conventional approaches based on infrared, visual, and X-ray inspection methods cannot solve, and this is exactly where Terasense THz imagers show their strengths.
A very important issue in food manufacturing is the noninvasive detection of fungus, which grows in all products over time. Terasense imaging systems reveal carcinogenic Mycotoxin fungus that contaminates peanuts, corn, hazelnuts, and other grain crops and oil plants. For instance, with the aid of our THz imagers, industrial customers can detect any sign of infections such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which exude the extremely dangerous carcinogen Aflatoxins B1.
|Two hazelnuts within nutshell||Terahertz image of the hazelnuts inside of nutshell|
The figure demonstrates the capability of terahertz imaging to detect nuts infected with the Mycotoxin fungus. The THz image was taken in the transmission mode. Red color designates 100% THz transmission, green 50%, and blue 20% at the frequency of 0.1 THz. The picture clearly shows a detectable defect—the upper nut, which is infected with the fungus, produces a much darker image.
These are just a few examples of the noninvasive application of Terasense’s THz technology. The Terasense THz food-imaging technology arrived in the market at the right time: the number of food products, their variety, and, consequently, the applications for THz imaging technology are rapidly growing. | <urn:uuid:f4b56c5a-4da4-4f14-acfe-4a760cbdcb7c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://terasense.com/applications/terahertz-food-inspection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540579703.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214014220-20191214042220-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.902961 | 1,047 | 2.75 | 3 |
A new PBS Frontline documentary profiles a student at a high-needs Bronx middle school that we wrote about in May.
The 13-minute film, called “Middle School Moment“, follows eighth grader Omarina Cabrera, an academic star at M.S. 244 who became one of the school’s early intervention data system’s first success stories.
Cabrera was evicted from her home in sixth grade, a time that researchers have found to be the most vulnerable for young students. Cabrera was a promising student, but as her personal life faced increasing upheaval, her school performance slumped.
The film also follows Principal Dolores Peterson and a team of administrators, deans, counselors and teachers who work to provide its student body with social and emotional support.
Here’s what we wrote about the school and its approach to tracking students in need of early intervention:
At M.S. 244, a committee of deans, counselors, and teachers meets each week to pore over data linked to student progress, not all of which can be found on a bubble sheet. Using a Google Doc spreadsheet that is based on a color-coded “stoplight” system, the school looks at trends in attendance, behavior, and grades in English and math.
Those four categories are what John Hopkins University researcher Robert Balfanz found to be the most crucial indicators for sixth-grade students. If students begin to fall behind in any of the four categories, he found, they are dramatically more likely to drop out of high school.
Peterson said the Balfanz model has helped make M.S. 244’s monitoring more organized, allowing her to see know precisely what’s going on behind the scenes when an indicator is flagged. Before, school officials didn’t know precisely how many students needed help, why they needed it, or how they did once they received assistance. | <urn:uuid:024e11e9-43dc-4ac7-9005-3a176d23fbfc> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://ny.chalkbeat.org/2012/7/20/21089218/a-new-pbs-documentary-illuminates-success-of-a-bronx-school | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058222.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926235727-20210927025727-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.965513 | 394 | 2.75 | 3 |
Gender Pay Gap Report
Published 24 March 2021
As a public sector employer with over 250 employees, we're required to publish data on our gender pay gap. The difference between the average hourly pay of all men and women we employ.
Although we're required to publish this data under the Equality Act 2010, by publishing this report we're reaffirming our commitment to being and modern and inclusive employer. This report is only one way in which we're promoting equality of opportunity for everyone and will help us to identify new ways in which we can become a modern employer of the future.
The information within this report is based on a snapshot of pay on 31 March 2021. This information will only include employees employed on this date and in receipt of their normal full pay; it will not include employees who were on reduced pay like those on maternity leave.
What's a gender pay gap?
The gender pay gap is the difference between the average earnings of men and women across the organisation. It's calculated as a difference in the mean and median hourly rates on 31 March 2021 and is expressed as a percentage of the average earnings of men.
This is not the same as equal pay.
Equal Pay is about:
Pay differences between men and women who carry out the same jobs, similar jobs or work of equal value.
Men and women are paid equally for the same work.
Gender Pay Gap is about:
Differences in average hourly pay and bonuses between all men and women in a workforce, expressed as a percentage of men's earnings.
We're required to publish the following:
Mean Gender Pay Gap
The difference between the mean hourly rate of pay of male and female employees.
Median Gender Pay Gap
The difference between the median hourly rate of pay of male and female employees.
Mean Bonus Gender Pay Gap
The difference between the mean bonus pay paid to male and female employees.
Median Bonus Gender Pay Gap
The difference between the median bonus pay paid to male and female employees.
The Proportion of Employees Receiving a Bonus
The proportion of male and female employees who were paid bonus pay.
The Quartile Pay Bands
The proportion of male and female employees in each of four pay bands. These are:
- Upper quartile
- Upper middle quartile
- Lower middle quartile
- Lower quartile
Our Gender Pay Gap
Mean Hourly Pay
5.51% Pay Gap
Median Hourly Pay
5.25% Pay Gap
Proportion of employees receiving bonus pay
Men = 14.04%
Women = 11.07%
Summary of data
Our pay structure follows a standard public sector approach to pay and grading and covers grades from manual job roles to senior managerial levels. Grades vary according to the level of responsibility and each grade is evaluated through a job evaluation process in accordance with our Job Evaluation scheme. We also have a clear policy of paying employees equally for the same or equivalent work, regardless of their gender.
Our overall mean gender pay gap is 5.51% which means for all full and part time employees, men earned on average 5.51% more than women hourly.
The median gender pay gap is 5.25%. The average median hourly rate for a male is £14.47 and for a female £13.71.
Our gender pay gap for isn't significantly large and is around the same level as the national average for Local Government employers. The gender split across all employees is 54% female and 46% male, which is lower than the traditional gender split in Local Government of 70% female and 30% male. Due to this more even split, female and male employees are more evenly distributed between the pay grades, which reduces the gender pay gap.
The key reason for the difference in the median and mean pay rates is the structure of the pay scales and the length of service of males and females. Our pay scales introduced in 2006, with some minor amendments in 2012, were designed to minimise equal pay issues as they reduced the number of annual incremental points. They have between two and four incremental points which reflect the increased level of skill and experience gained in a role over time. There are also a number of high-performance increments in the highest four grades. This allows flexibility of senior roles to take on new responsibilities and add value to the organisation through income generation.
Bonus pay is defined as any payment or remuneration in the form of money or vouchers that relates to productivity, performance, incentive or commission. For us, it covers cash awards for exceptional performance and long service awards in the form of vouchers.
The difference between the mean bonus pay paid to male employees and that paid to female employees is 68%; however, there is no median bonus pay gap. We operate a long service award scheme, where employees are given vouchers after completing a certain amount of service. Long service awards are paid after 10 years’ service, and then for every 5 years’ service thereafter. The value of the award increases over time, and the same award is offered to female and male staff members. Although there is not a big difference in the proportion of males and females receiving a bonus payment, the bonus gender pay gap is relatively large. This is mainly because a higher proportion of female staff received a long service award for 10 or 15 years’ service, where a nominal award of £10 or £15 is given. There were 15 bonus payments for long service awards of either £150 or £200, with each recipient being a male. There's also 1 male employee who's in receipt of a bonus payment as part of their TUPE terms and conditions. It's for these reasons that a large mean bonus pay gap exists.
How Does This Compare With 2020?
Mean Gender Pay Gap
6.44% in 2020
5.51% in 2021
Median Gender Pay Gap
3.45% in 2020
5.25% in 2021
Although there's been a marginal increase in the median gender pay gap, there's been a marginal decrease in the mean gender pay gap since the previous year. However, the gender pay gap does not stem from paying male and female employees differently for the same or equivalent work. It's the result of the roles in which our male and females work and the salaries these roles attract.
There have been very marginal changes to the proportion of males and females within the quartile pay bands:
Proportion of Males
Proportion of Females
Male Proportion Increase
Upper Middle Quartile
Lower Middle Quartile
Our gender split is 54% female and 46% male overall. In order for there to be no gender pay gap, there would need to be an equal ratio of male to female in each quartile. However, the gender split is not evenly spread throughout all grades as can be seen from the gender breakdown for each pay grade in the table. Although we employ more females than males, a higher percentage of females are employed within the middle quartiles.
How Does This Compare With Similar Organisations?
Nationally, the mean gender pay gap was on average 5.9% in 2021 for Local Government organisations; the average median gender pay gap was 4.3%.
When looking at other Councils within Kent, the average mean gender pay gap was 5.96%; the average median gender pay gap was 7.26%. Although we do not have the smallest gender pay gap across Councils within Kent, our mean gender pay gap is lower than the county and national average.
Mean Pay Gap
Median Pay Gap
Ashford Borough Council1
Canterbury City Council1
Dartford Borough Council1
Dover District Council1
Folkestone & Hythe District Council1
Gravesham Borough Council1
Sevenoaks District Council1
Swale Borough Council1
Thanet District Council1
Tonbridge & Malling Borough Council1
Tunbridge Wells Borough Council1
Kent County Council1
Local Government Kent Average
Local Government National Average2
Maidstone Borough Council
1 gender-pay-gap.service.gov.uk (2020/21 submission)
2 Local government workforce summary March 2021, Local Government Association
What Steps Do We Take To Minimise Any Gender Pay Gap?
We're committed to providing a fair and balanced work environment to all our employees, with equal opportunities provided for everyone. Our leadership team monitors our workforce statistics on a quarterly basis which includes information on staff turnover, exit information, recruitment, employee relations matters and our equalities profile. This regular monitoring ensures trends can be identified, and appropriate action taken if there are areas of concern.
We have a number of policies relating to pay that ensure transparency, fairness and equity. These include:
- Job evaluation scheme (HAY) for all roles. This is a significant part of ensuring gender-neutrality in the assessment of roles as it takes no account of individuals and is purely based on the job role and its requirements
- A well-designed pay scale with no overlapping grades and a restricted number of incremental points
- Formal authorisation processes for the change in pay
- A clear policy at appointment which should be at the first point of grade
- An equal pay approved Market Supplement Policy
- Enhanced Shared Parental Pay to mirror Maternity Pay
- Exit interviews to gain feedback on employment experiences
- The provision of Recruitment & Selection training to ensure interviewers have relevant knowledge and an understanding of Equalities and Diversity including unconscious bias
- Equal pay report that considers not only gender but disability and race
We have a clear approach to pay and reward which is well controlled.
One of the factors that can influence the gender pay gap is the distribution of males and females within the grades. Therefore, the following actions are recommended:
- The recruitment processes to be monitored on an annual basis by our HR team to avoid any unfairness including the wording in advertisements to ensure there is no gender bias
- To increase Managers awareness of 'unconscious bias's as part of the recruitment and selection training
- Encourage managers to consider job redesign if there are aspects of a job that prevents or stops employees applying for them on a part-time or flexible basis
- Encourage more males and females to apply for jobs in grades where there are a lower representation of these genders | <urn:uuid:799c7dbb-f403-459f-af08-f0e026681546> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://maidstone.gov.uk/home/primary-services/council-and-democracy/primary-areas/information-and-data/tier-3-primary-areas/council-performance-reports/tier-3-primary-areas/strategies-and-plans/gender-pay-gap-report-documents/gender-pay-gap-report | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016949.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528154416-20220528184416-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.953004 | 2,410 | 3.1875 | 3 |
An expert on the history of the Ku Klux Klan will share his insights about the organization’s activities and impact Oct. 16 at East Carolina University.
Dr. David Cunningham, associate professor and chair of the Department of Sociology at Brandeis University in Massachusetts, will present “The Contemporary Significance of the Klan and its Role in Communities in Eastern N.C., from 11 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. at a brown bag lunch event in Room 1006 in the Bate Building. He will also present “Klansville USA” from 4:30 – 6 p.m. in Sheppard Memorial Library Meeting Room A.
Cunningham is the author of “Klansville USA: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-Era Ku Klux Klan,” the first substantial history of the civil rights-era KKK’s rise and fall. The book focuses on why the United Klans of America flourished in North Carolina and how its rise shines a light on the complex appeal of the Klan as a whole.
Drawing on a range of new archival sources and interviews with Klan members, including state and national leaders, the book uncovers the complex logic of KKK activity. Cunningham demonstrates that the Klan organized most successfully where whites perceived civil rights reforms to be a significant threat to their status, where mainstream outlets for segregationist resistance were lacking and where the policing of the Klan’s activities was lax.
By connecting the Klan to the more mainstream segregationist and anti-communist groups across the South, Cunningham provides insight into Southern conservatism, its resistance to civil rights, and the region’s subsequent shift to supporting the Republican Party.
Cunningham’s work is unique not only in its focus on the Klan in North Carolina during the Civil Rights-era but also because his focus is largely on the Klan as an organization, its day-to-day activities, and its role and impact within communities. He conducted research at ECU, drawing from archival records available through the ECU library and conducting interviews.
His work has received significant national attention from outlets including NPR and The Washington Post. Follow the links below to review a selection of articles about his work.
Cunningham’s appearance is part of the annual Social Issues lecture series sponsored by the ECU Department of Sociology and its Center for Diversity and Inequality Research. Previous speakers have included Dr. Shirley Laska, University of New Orleans, and Dr. David Williams, Harvard University. | <urn:uuid:7b791d5e-f3f6-4119-8049-9289415fbc78> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://blog.ecu.edu/sites/poeight/blog/2013/10/07/ku-klux-klan-expert-to-speak-on-organizations-impact-in-eastern-n-c/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701145578.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193905-00061-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932656 | 523 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A CLASSROOM RESOURCE TO HELP STUDENTS BETTER UNDERSTAND GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION - presented in association with Stonewall National Education Project
Just Gender for High School is a complete, easyto-use multimedia package for educators that includes everything needed to lead focused and productive classroom discussions that:
• Pave the way to deeper understanding
• Help reduce bullying and violence
• Make it easier for students to do their work without unnecessary distractions
• Encourage an atmosphere of acceptance and inclusivity
• Remove obstacles to school harmony and unity
- teacher-training manual
- classroom discussion guide
- 24-minute DVD of specially selected clips from the acclaimed feature documentary, Just Gender.
Total suggested classroom time for implementation: 1-2 hours. Click on the RESOURCES tab above right for a downloadable PDF copy of the product brochure.
AN OPPORTUNITY TO HELP ALL STUDENTS LEARN AND GROW
Most educators, parents and students will admit that even conventional gender roles present formidable challenges for adolescents, so it isn't difficult to see how the lives and appearances of transgender people can seem confusing, mysterious - even threatening.
But transgender is real - not a sickness or a delusion. And for transgender people, navigating even everyday experiences can be difficult...even dangerous, in ways the rest of us might find hard to imagine. Transgender students become targets for discrimination, bullying and violence much more often, but suppression of their specific identies is also unhealthy, frequently leading to depression, addiction and suicide. Conflict aside, transgender people want what the same thing most of us want - a chance to lead satisfying lives.
Fortunately, widespread experience demonstrates that when students gain better understanding of the nature of gender identity, discrimination decreases, along with bullying. In an inclusive school environment, all students are better able to focus on - and share in - opportunites that really matter.
And that's what Just Gender for High School is created to help accomplish - a change in attitude through better understanding. It's a program created by nationally respected experts in resolving transgender issues for institutions, and proven to work in pilot programs. For only $89, it can be available at your school or institution.
"Just Gender for High School video and discussion guide is a viable tool for our schools during critical times of our students' and families' deeper exploration and understanding of gender identity and gender expression. With sensitivity and education, this powerful video helps us to more clearly embrace the challenges of persons, young and older, who identify as transgender in hopes of developing empathy and to ensure safety for transgender youth, staff and families in our schools and communities. A timely and worthwhile educational tool for our school populations." De Palazzo, Broward County Public Schools LGBTQ Coordinator | <urn:uuid:8d45efd8-ac39-4230-b5b3-65b9c5a5858c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.kinolorberedu.com/film/justgenderforhighschool | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521082340-20190521104340-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.92084 | 566 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Cassava leaf extract as an acid-base indicator abstract this research was conducted to test the feasibility of cassava (manihot esculenta) leaf extracts as acid-ba. Hands-on activity: red cabbage chemistry bases & acid rain: bases and indicators are and how they can be used. Preparation of natural indicators from plants prepare waakye leaf extract for the testing the colour of the natural indicators in different acid – base. Chem 241l lab exam review study to determine the pka of the acid-base indicator bromothymol blue using a the extract becomes progressively darker in color. Manufactured indicators are one type and the second type is natural indicators we decided to come up with a study about lampunaya leaf extract as an acid-base. Is an acid‐base indicator made from the bodies of dried female cochineal insects, found in • the intrinsic ph of the extract was 288.
An indicator is usually some weak organic acid or base dye that changes colors at definite ph values we have many acid-base indicators extract indicator. Effect of terminalia catappa fruit meal fermented by betel leaf extract: 3 of terminalia catappa fruits as an acid-base indicator in different. Ncea science level 1 chemistry: ph, indicators and acid base reactions - duration: acid base experiments with red cabbage indicator - duration: 8:31. 34 chemistry 1b experiment 9 9 acid-base indicators and ph introduction acid-base indicators can be used to determine the ph of a solution. 3532 prepare acid-base plant extract indicators soak cut pieces of red cabbage leaf in boiling water for 30 minutes then remove them pour cabbage water into.
Acid – base indicators are organic dyes possessing different a study on ph indicator property of flowers of ipomea extract indicator gave sharp colour. Extraction: isolation of caffeine from tea leaves notes water- this is the initial solvent used to extract the caffeine from the solid an acid-base extraction. Red cabbage indicator an acid–base activity tear the leaf into 1-inch pieces and place the pieces in a universal indicator red cabbage extract color chart. Free essay: chapter i background of the study chemical compounds can be classified as acidic, basic, or neutral substances based on several conditions one.
Read this essay and over 1,500,000 others like it now don't miss your chance to earn better grades and be a better writer. Making an acid-base indicator from red cabbage first we had to extract the purple dye to do this we tore our red cabbage leaves into very tiny pieces.
Plant extract as acid base indicator: an overview leaf extract as an extract as natural ph extract as a natural indicator in acid base titration. In acid-base titrations a gradient of red cabbage extract ph indicator from acidic solution on the left to basic on the right. Three jars containing red cabbage juice, turned red by adding lemon (acid), green by adding soap (alkali), and blue with nothing added clive streeter / getty. Making an acid-base indicator three-fourths full of the cabbage leaf you have made is cabbage extract indicator, and can be used for acid-base.
Red cabbage indicator edit 0 1 suggest why the red cabbage extract is called an acid–base indicator. Acid, base or neutral ingredients it changes colors depend if it is exposed to an acid or a base (cabbage juice is known as an acid/base indicator) cabbage. Colour changing acid-base indicator from the cabbage • follow the procedure on page 5 of the teacher notes to extract the ph indicator solution.
Red cabbage chemistry (a neutral) has a ph of 7 on a scale of 0–14 scientists can tell if a substance is an acid or a base by means of an indicator. Leaf extract of this plant potentiate the effects of toxicity with clinical bases: bioassay-of-vitex-negundo-l-lagundi-aqueous-extract&catid. A visual acid-base indicator is just a weak acid with differently colored acid and conjugate base forms flower and leaf smmart science: radish ph paper. But how can you test whether a substance is an acid or base in this experiment if the substance is an acid (ie lemon juice), the indicator should turn bright. The colored pigment in red cabbage is one of a number of naturally occurring acid-base indicator dyes (another is litmus, which is extracted from a lichen. Natural indicator as a eco-friendly in acid base titration indicator of acid and alkali for example, leaf, flower flower extract as an indicator in acid.
Cassava leaf extract as an acid-base indicator abstractthis research was conducted to test the feasibility of cassava (manihot esculenta) leaf. | <urn:uuid:3cdad948-55ce-474f-9175-8597c3a20292> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://smcourseworkahxw.newsglobal.us/lampunaya-leaf-extract-as-an-acid-base-indicator.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864022.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621040124-20180621060124-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.904242 | 973 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Worrying about how your kids are coping with a family member’s cancer diagnosis and treatment can be overwhelming. Sometimes just talking about it isn’t enough. There are other ways for you and your children to find comfort. Turn to the outdoors, creative classes, meditation, music and reading to bring relief and peace to everyone’s world, if even for a moment.
In the United States, there are several free camps for kids who have been affected because a family member has cancer. One such camp can be found in the quad cities of Iowa and Illinois where the Genesis Cancer Care Institute offers a week-long camp. This is a time for kids to relate to their peers and camp counselors. They can work through their feelings and emotions in a natural, wooded setting. Camp is an opportunity to escape the pain and hardship associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment and provides a safe, intimate environment for kids to share and relate to one another’s experiences.
In Canada, one such camp can also be found in Alberta. For more information, check out Kids Cancer Care camp and community web page.
Sometimes words alone can’t express children’s emotions and feelings.Taking creative classes and workshops sometimes brings out what’s troubling these kids. Much like Dr. Lynn Eldridge, who found peace in dealing with her cancer through art in a “Watercolor and Cancer Healing” class, adults and kids can often put feelings of confusion and pain into perspective with art, music, photography, pottery or dance. They don’t have to be good at it to reap the benefits—sometimes just engaging in the activities can be cathartic and interacting with others who are going through a similar struggle can help these kids cope.
If yoga and meditation fit your lifestyle, these are positive ways to assist with the healing process for yourself and your children when going through cancer. A similar on-the-go method (recommended by the New York Times, Self Magazine and the Huffington Post) is an app called Simply Being, designed by Meditation Oasis for iPhone, iPad, Android and BlackBerry. The experience offers a voice-guided journey through 5-20 minute meditation sessions complete with optional music and nature sounds.
Swedish Professor Fereshteh Ahmadi conducted interviews with more than 15 cancer patients who had all listened to music as a form of coping with the disease. Ahmadi concluded that different styles of music helped the patients (aged 24-73) in different ways.
- Cheerful music: Helps cope with psychological effects including depression and creates a happier imaginary world for them to inhabit.
- Heavy-Metal music: offers an outlet for anger.
- Religious music: Strengthens faith.
- Nature sounds: Helps patients feel part of something bigger than themselves as they relate to the world on a more spiritual level.
This information was published in “Arts & Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice” Volume 5, Issue 2, 2013.
Books are often a great way to get the conversations started. The characters in the books answer the hard questions so that you can springboard into discussions:
- Punk Wig by Lori Ries
- Butterfly Kisses and Wishes on Wings: When Someone You Love Has Cancer by Ellen McVicker
- The Goodbye Cancer Garden by Janna Matthies
Some other great resources include the American Cancer Society’s guide for helping children deal with a family member’s cancer treatment, and BC Cancer Agency’s guide for ideas on how parents can reach out to their children when cancer interrupts their family life. | <urn:uuid:4d4bab0e-1a5d-4077-b8ff-25818a03d48d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.helpmesara.com/2013/09/how-to-help-kids-cope-with-cancer-in-the-family/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507045.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116195918-20210116225918-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.940933 | 749 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Reptiles and birds have what’s called a cloaca through which they excrete waste material from their body. Occasionally, for various reasons, this tissue can become prolapsed or protrude outside of the body. This condition alone isn’t fatal, but left long enough exposed to air and allowed to become necrotic dehydrated tissue, this condition can be more dangerous. It is important to replace the tissue from where it came as soon as possible.
The Reeves Turtle, or Mauremys reevesii, is an endangered species from Southeast Asia. These turtles are very popular pets in Asia and are produced in large numbers in turtle farms. For centuries, their popularity with humans has led to their being taken out of areas where they naturally occur, only to be released in new areas, much like the Red Eared Slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, here in the United States. This makes it tough to set up genetically appropriate conservation programs.
The Reeves Turtle that came into our hospital for a prolapsed cloaca, came from Japan in 1999 and is approximately 25 years old. This particular turtle was just transported to a new environment and is in the process of acclimating to its surroundings. Stress alone can be one of the reasons that cloacal tissue prolapses.
PROLAPSED CLOACA — BEFORE:
The cloaca tissue is the pink tissue in the picture below. As you can see, it is bulging outside of the turtle. The tissue was lubricated and manipulated back into the body.
CLOACA — AFTER:
A suture pattern called a purse-string suture is placed around the opening of the cloaca to prevent it from prolapsing again. This suture can stay in place for several weeks while the tissue heals inside the body, safe where it belongs.
This turtle, coincidentally named Diva, can now go on to eat and excrete waste like normal! Happy Trails, Diva!
I just started reading Dr. Diva’s newsletter and I LOVE IT! It is interesting and informative for pet owners and animal lovers. I appreciated her candid product review of the cost and benefits of the automatic pet feeder system – I think the Bluetooth feature would be a good addition to the system and one that I would find helpful. I look forward to what “Off The Leash” will bring next – thank you, Dr. Diva! | <urn:uuid:c039afb0-a351-4124-a500-ec4708782bf1> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://drdivaofftheleash.com/2018/08/04/outie-or-an-innie/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649518.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604061300-20230604091300-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.963049 | 508 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Substrate characteristics are estimated either visually in shallow, clear waters or from examination of sampler contents. Characterization consists of identifying the dominant and co-dominant substrate size fractions and embeddedness class. The substra te classifications and two-letter substrate codes are listed at the bottom of the "MICROHABITAT CHARACTERIZATION" section. The substrate size and embeddedness classifications are identical to those set forth in the habitat protocol (Meador, Hupp, and ot hers, 1993).
Snag sampling differs from other types of semi-quantitative sampling activities. Consequently, there is a separate data sheet for snag sampling (fig. 16). This data sheet differs from other semi-quantitative data sheets in that the "SAMPLER CODES" secti on contains only samplers appropriate for snags, and the "MICROHABITAT CHARACTERIZATION" section includes space for recording approximate length and width of the branches sampled and the depth to the snag and streambed. More than one snag may be collecte d from a given location, such as several branches collected from a single large tree or debris accumulation. The dimensions of each of these branches are entered on the data sheet and associated with the same location number. At least five snag locations (if available), numbered sequentially from the downstream to the upstream end of the reach, are sampled within the sampling reach.
Benthic invertebrate sample processing, enumeration, and taxonomic identifications are done by outside contract laboratories under the direction of the USGS Quality Management Group's Biological Quality-Assurance Unit (BQAU), located at the National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) in Arvada, Colo. The BQAU oversees and coordinates all contracts for the processing and identification of benthic invertebrate samples according to standardized qualification, processing, and QA/QC criteria (Cuffney and others, 1993). It is responsible for overseeing the quality of samples processed by outside contract laboratories, in terms of the accuracy of enumeration and taxonomic identifications, and for resolving taxonomic issues within and among study units. The BQAU also oversees the entry of contractor data into the National Water Information System-II (NWIS-II) data base, maintains reference collections, and deposits voucher specimens in outside museums.
Study-unit personnel send sample components to the contract laboratory (large-rare and main-body sample components) and the BQAU (elutriate and split-sample components) as soon as possible, preferably directly from the field. This procedure helps to mini mize storage of formalin-containing samples and reduces the damage or loss of specimens and samples during shipment and storage. The study-unit biologist contacts the BQAU, prior to collection of the invertebrate samples, to determine which contract labo ratory will receive the samples. The contract laboratory receives only the large-rare and main-body sample components and is not apprised of the existence or identity of quality-assurance samples. | <urn:uuid:75346c8e-95d8-4408-a2d3-6b2a6c7ea44d> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/protocols/OFR-93-406/invp54.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398456289.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205416-00323-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899918 | 629 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Weapons ID Portal
Understanding small arms proliferation requires information on the types of weapons and ammunition circulating on the world's illicit markets. Researchers, journalists, peacekeepers, advocacy organizations, and policy-makers can all benefit from being able to identify and trace the origin of arms and ammunition.
The Small Arms Survey has created this Weapons ID portal to host two identification systems, each of which is designed to enhance reporting on small arms, light weapons, and ammunition. These systems are:
|A field guide and reporting system for generating information on the global distribution of small calibre ammunition.||A searchable database containing downloadable Weapons ID Sheets for some of the most common small arms and light weapons.|
Each system is designed to be used by people who regularly come into contact with small arms, light weapons, and ammunition. Interested parties should read the important safety information on all Small Arms Survey ID documentation before conducting research into arms and ammunition.
Research and development by James Bevan
Website design by Thomas Messerli | <urn:uuid:94adb214-4d47-44bc-932f-8f27a4b4fc8e> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://weaponsid.smallarmssurvey.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825125.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00171-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907422 | 205 | 2.71875 | 3 |
interesting information about the History, Development and Architecture
This section detailing information about
Middle Ages castles illustrate the strength, magnificence and power of
the warlords of the era. The architecture of the Middle Ages castles moved
from the early wooden Motte and Bailey castles hastily built by the
Normans after the
Battle of Hastings and during their conquest and invasion of England to their
fortification in stone with the addition of the great Norman stone
keeps. The kings, knights and warlords who travelled to the crusades and
who embarked on siege warfare in the Holy Land were influenced by the
design and architecture of the fortresses in the far East.
King Edward I
of England used this information and knowledge to design and build the
massive concentric castles in England. His policy enabled the conquest
of Wales. Siege warfare, the development of new weapons demanded
that a castle was built considering the possibilities of both attack and
defence. The designs of the massive stone castles therefore altered during
the centuries when building was at its pinnacle.
Development and Architecture
The history and development of Medieval Castles is fascinating. The
history, development, architecture and building of these great
fortresses changed as time progressed, influenced by important
historical events such as the Crusades and the technology of siege
warfare. The development of castles continued when the timber structures
were replaced with stone. The development of the Norman stone fortresses
gave them a power base from which to dominate England.
Famous Medieval Castles
The famous castles built in the era include the Tower of London, Warwick
Castle, Leeds Castle, Windsor Castle, Caernarvon Castle and the Chateau
Life in Medieval Castles
Life in the castles of the Middle Ages was either hard work or very
boring. Read about the daily life of a lord, a knight, the soldiers, the
servants and the serfs who lived in the castles of the Middle Ages. How
did the life in the Norman castles of the early Middle Ages differ from
the massive concentric castles built by King Edward I (1239–1307)?
Until 1066 there were no castles in England.
William the conqueror introduced Norman castles to England when he defeated King
Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. These Norman castles gave the
Normans of 1066 power bases from which they could subjugate the English
population. What was a Motte and Bailey Castle? When was the first Motte
and Bailey Castle built? The Motte and Bailey Castles were first built
in timber and then in Stone. Also read about the connection between the
Motte and Bailey Castle and
Concentric Castles built by King Edward I
King Edward I ( Longshanks ) employed the services of the best architect
and builder of the period who was called Master James of St
George to build the concentric castles. Concentric
castles were heavily defended. Defence features were added
to concentric castles design including the Drawbridge,
Barbican, Portcullis, Gatehouse, Moat, Crenellations and
Murder Holes. Descriptions of the major parts of the Middle
Ages castles and what they were used for are also described.
Destroying and Attacking Castles
The Middle Ages were a violent time where men fought for land and power.
Successfully defending a castle during the Medival times of the Middle Ages depended on
whether the castle and its inhabitants could withstand a siege.
Understanding Siege warfare was critical during the Medieval times and era. The
siege engines when attacking a castle in Medival Times were the
Trebuchet, Ballista, Catapult, Mangonel, Battering Ram and Siege Towers.
The Medieval Life and Times website provides interesting facts, history
and information about great people, places and important
events in Medival history which scatter the History books. The Sitemap
provides full details of all of the information and facts about
the fascinating subject of the lives of the people who lived
during the historical period of the Middle Ages. The content of these articles on
the castles provide free educational details, facts and information for reference and research for schools, colleges and homework for history courses and history coursework. | <urn:uuid:b41722ca-b868-49a6-b1a1-005d27423f7d> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-castles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529962.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420180854-20190420202854-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.93729 | 889 | 3.625 | 4 |
By Pedro Tavares, Editor-in-Chief seguranca-informatica.pt
We are living in an age where ransomware continues to grow and the number of attacks has increased especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data encryption malware is an emergent threat evolving and changing its Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP) along the time.
In general, data encryption malware so-called ransomware is a type of malware that prevents victims from accessing their systems and demands ransom payments in order to regain access to the data. The affected systems include network assets, servers, backups, personal data, and so on.
In early ransomware versions – the 1980s, the ransom paid was paid via snail mail. Today the schema evolves an order sent via cryptocurrency (bitcoin) and credit card.
These kinds of attacks generally start via email, with social engineering campaigns in place, namely malspam, malvertising, and phishing schemas sent to a huge group of users every day.
Ransomware can be grouped into some categories, namely:
- Scareware: includes rogue security software and tech support scams.
- Screen lockers: freeze the system and a window is presented after login with payment details.
- Encrypting ransomware: the files are encrypted and a ransom must be paid to recover the data.
- Destructive ransomware: less common, it only aims to destroy systems.
There is a collection of mediatic ransomware that has been made headlines due to their damage.
GoldenEye: One of the most well-known ransomware in the world is GoldenEye, which was responsible for a complete shutdown, crashing Ukrainian systems. The impact of this attack hit the banking networks, the system of the largest airport in the country, and the main electricity company. Three crucial points for society, which proved to be extremely vulnerable.
Wannacry: A cryptographic malware that hijacks and blocks files and folders promising to return them only by paying a ransom in bitcoins (virtual currency). This ransomware was based on a security breach and was largely responsible for an internet blackout. Criminals asked for $600 to unlock the content on each computer.
Locky: it encrypts files and holds them hostage for ransom. Locky was first discovered at the beginning of 2016 and immediately became one of the most significant malware threats in the wild. This ransomware was developed by the same hackers in charge of Dridex botnet, considered one of the largest botnet networks in the world.
Jigsaw: it was inspired by the protagonist of the “Mortal Games” movie franchise. This attack begins with a salute, followed by a request for ransom. The malware encrypts computer files and gradually deletes them unless a ransom is paid to decrypt the files.
Ryuk: it’s specifically used to target enterprise environments. Ryuk is a modified version of Hermes ransomware. Ryuk ransomware is more lucrative than its predecessor. It targets large organizations and government agencies that end up paying up large amounts based on the exfiltrated information.
Ragnar Locker: This is one of the most recent pieces of ransomware. Ragnar Locker is a ransomware-type, designed not only to encrypt data but also to terminate installed programs (like ConnectWise and Kaseya) that are commonly used by managed service providers and various Windows services.
How to Prevent a Ransomware Attack
There is no perfect solution to prevent attacks of this nature, however, there is a set of good practices that can be applied in order to minimize the impact of data encryption malware. I can enumerate some of them below.
- Use live, active anti-virus which are regularly updated.
- Patch updates regularly. Update all software including operating systems, network devices, applications, mobile phones, and other software.
- Maintain a proper backup mechanism and made it mandatory.
- Regularly test the recovery function of backup and restore procedure and also test the data integrity of backups.
- Conduct simulated ransomware preparedness test.
- Install Microsoft Office viewers and always keep macros disabled.
- Limit end-user access to mapped drives and don’t enable file sharing.
- Don’t enable remote services. The organizations with RDP, VPN, proxies, and servers are to be provided with better IT Security standards.
Take home message: Implement effective security awareness training to improve cyber education and don’t download anything from unknown sources.
About the Author
Pedro Tavares is a cybersecurity professional and a founding member of CSIRT.UBI and Editor-in-Chief of seguranca-informatica.pt. In recent years he has invested in the field of information security, exploring and analyzing a wide range of topics, malware, ethical hacking (OSCP-certified), cybersecurity, IoT, and security in computer networks. He is also a Freelance Writer.
Segurança Informática blog: www.seguranca-informatica.pt
Contact me: email@example.com | <urn:uuid:c024f155-3cb7-442c-850e-26e21781077b> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/the-ransomware/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990419.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511214444-20210512004444-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.918898 | 1,047 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Now many mothers and fathers are trying in order to free of charge their kids from actual training. Meanwhile, bodily schooling at college will be needed so that will children have the opportunity to take a rest from mental stress by doing physical exercises. Educators noticed that children right after physical training from school get in the good mood and so are prepared for new intellectual achievements.
Not everyone after graduating will certainly have to remember integrals or chemical recipes at least once, while a normal, well-designed program associated with physical activity assists an individual stay healthful and work successfully for many years. The lifestyle of modern children can be sedentary, most often they spend their leisure time passively, and rather than sports equipment, they may be accompanied by gadgets.
But this is the normal physical activity associated with children and children that determines their physical advancement, plus not the final put in place this can be physical schooling at school. In order to attract the attention associated with schoolchildren to this particular issue, it is usually important to bring its teaching to a brand new level that fulfills the particular needs of contemporary kids and children.
The major importance of physical education is the particular development of motor activity plus various physical qualities in children, training schoolchildren the particular basics of a healthful lifestyle, along with presenting students in order to indie sports plus bodily exercises. This will be especially true whenever many children direct a sedentary way of living, giving preference not to walks in the fresh air, but in order to computer games. In addition, playing sports activities or at least continuously going to physical education classes have the positive effect on the particular formation associated with this kind of important ideals?? to get modern society as the desire to accomplish success, the desire to earn, the ability to resist not only one’s opponents, but also one’s very own weaknesses.
It is not difficult to guess that a specialist which not only did not really play sports activities, but also skipped actual physical education classes at school, will not be capable of meet up with the requirements put forward by the profession. Therefore , by allowing the youngster to as soon as again by pass actual physical education, moms and dads to some extent perform him a disservice, which the upcoming may prevent him from achieving profession success.
Regarding normal actual development, a developing organism must shift a lot and in a variety of ways, ideally within fresh air. This provides active blood flow, an adequate supply associated with oxygen for all internal organs, which generates the best conditions for the harmonious development associated with almost all body systems.
With the particular beginning of faculty life, the organic engine activity characteristic associated with children is sharply limited. Instead of outside games within the fresh air, these people have to sit for a long time first in the training within stuffy classrooms, plus then at home, performing homework. Make up for destruction from a long stay in a static placement helps active motions in the fractures among classes plus on weekends.
However, contemporary facts are in a way that the majority of children stay inactive even in their own free time, finding passive leisure routines. The reason behind the mass personality of this phenomenon, to begin with, is usually insufficient parent manage. Unfortunately, not all mom and dad understand how much the physical advancement children and adolescents depends on regular engine load.
Numerous parents prefer to notice their child at home in the computer compared to to be worried about their safety, causing to play in the particular lawn. Not everybody has the ability plus desire to take those guys to sports sections. A big is actually also the malnutrition of kids, leading to morbid obesity. Overweight students are usually inactive. This even more ruins their lag in physical development. This proves the importance of bodily schooling .
This is in youth and adolescence that health can be put down for life. Therefore , it is so important to pay for maximum attention to the particular physical development associated with schoolchildren. For this, the teaching associated with physical training should be brought in order to a brand new level, which usually will meet the needs of the current period.
Today, the problem of low physical activity of children and children is incredibly acute. Simultaneously, mothers and fathers increasingly started to question whether their child should go to physical education classes. Let’s figure benefits associated with actual ed out there:
Among the primary advantages of physical ed are usually:
Actual exercise is simply as important for learners as mental workout and there are a lot of benefits for actual education and learning. Moreover, it is thanks a lot to sports that children cope along with psychological stress more easily, plus their particular body develops without any deviations. Of training course, bodily education courses at school are not enough for a full-fledged physical development. And best of all, if the child can additionally attend several sports section. At the same time, it will not matter with all what sort of sport your child selects, the main point is that this individual moves. Move communicate health and success in every area of your life! | <urn:uuid:844c847d-4d0a-4d5a-aefa-30402845598f> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://writerben.com/topic/importance-physical-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334855.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926082131-20220926112131-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.960721 | 1,010 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Positive reinforcement is the act of enhancing a behavior pattern a rewarding mechanism when the behavior is exhibited. For example clapping or giving a high five each time the desired behavior is exhibited.
Negative reinforcement on the other hand is when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is extinguished after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of voiding the aversive stimulus. For example, a teacher can ease restrictions from a pupil when he starts to behave well. | <urn:uuid:06765774-b581-4ca3-9520-ed29b36dac85> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.assignmentexpert.com/homework-answers/psychology/question-145598 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038071212.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413000853-20210413030853-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.914663 | 106 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The West Bank — A Biblical Backgrounder
Stand for Israel | November 20, 2019
While the world debates the legality of Jewish settlements in Judea and Samaria (the West Bank), the Bible documents the millennia-old Jewish presence in this ancient land.
Most people today call it the West Bank. But the Jews who live there – as well as anyone who is familiar with the Bible – know it as Judea and Samaria.
With the U.S. decision to no longer consider Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal, the world’s eyes are again focused on this region that is so often a source of controversy.
As the world continues to question the right of Jews to settle here, it’s worth taking a look back at the rich history of the Jewish connection to this land, which is documented so thoroughly in the Bible.
Judea and Samaria
Judea and Samaria is the heart of Israel’s biblical homeland. Today, the Jewish people have returned to this land and built cities, towns, and communities. According to Israel’s Population Registry, as of January 2018 some 435,000 Jews live in Judea and Samaria.
In the Bible
In Judea and Samaria, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob walked the land and tended their flocks, as chronicled in the book of Genesis.
Joshua fought the Canaanites and drove them out of the land (Joshua 1-12).
For centuries, this was home to the Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant after the Israelites settled in Canaan, and is where the High Priest Eli and his sons officiated.
Here, Ruth married Boaz (Ruth 4).
Judea and Samaria is the birthplace of King David (1 Samuel 1:20).
God promised this land to His people:
“Then Moses climbed Mount Nebo from the plains of Moab to the top of Pisgah, across from Jericho. There the Lord showed him the whole land—from Gilead to Dan, all of Naphtali, the territory of Ephraim and Manasseh, all the land of Judah as far as the Mediterranean Sea, the Negev and the whole region from the Valley of Jericho, the City of Palms, as far as Zoar. Then the Lord said to him, ‘This is the land I promised on oath to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob when I said, ‘I will give it to your descendants’” (Deuteronomy 34: 1-4).
While some of the Jewish communities in Judea and Samaria are new, some are built on the sites of ancient Jewish cities.
Judea and Samaria is the location of Shiloh:
“But look, there is the annual festival of the Lord in Shiloh, which lies north of Bethel, east of the road that goes from Bethel to Shechem, and south of Lebonah” (Judges 21:19).
“The whole assembly of the Israelites gathered at Shiloh and set up the tent of meeting there. The country was brought under their control” (Joshua 18:1).
It is also the location of Jericho, where Joshua fought the Canaanites:
“Then the Lord said to Joshua, ‘See, I have delivered Jericho into your hands, along with its king and its fighting men. March around the city once with all the armed men. Do this for six days. Have seven priests carry trumpets of rams’ horns in front of the ark. On the seventh day, march around the city seven times, with the priests blowing the trumpets. When you hear them sound a long blast on the trumpets, have the whole army give a loud shout; then the wall of the city will collapse and the army will go up, everyone straight in’” (Joshua 6:2-5).
“When the trumpets sounded, the army shouted, and at the sound of the trumpet, when the men gave a loud shout, the wall collapsed; so everyone charged straight in, and they took the city” (Joshua 6:20).
It is the location of Hebron, home of the Tomb of the Patriarchs (see below).
There are key Jewish holy sites in Judea and Samaria.
Rachel’s Tomb (near Bethlehem):
“So Rachel died and was buried on the way to Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem). Over her tomb Jacob set up a pillar, and to this day that pillar marks Rachel’s tomb” (Genesis 35: 19-20).
Joseph’s Tomb (near Nablus) – The Arab city of Nablus is built on the site of the biblical Jewish city of Shechem:
“Abram traveled through the land as far as the site of the great tree of Moreh at Shechem. At that time the Canaanites were in the land. The Lord appeared to Abram and said, ‘To your offspring I will give this land.’ So he built an altar there to the Lord, who had appeared to him” (Genesis 12: 6-7).
Tomb of the Patriarchs (Hebron) – Despite the fact that this is the second holiest site for the Jewish people, because of its location many restrictions are imposed on Jewish worshipers who want to make a pilgrimage here.
Death and burial of Abraham and Sarah – “Abraham lived a hundred and seventy-five years. Then Abraham breathed his last and died at a good old age, an old man and full of years; and he was gathered to his people. His sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah near Mamre, in the field of Ephron son of Zohar the Hittite, the field Abraham had bought from the Hittites. There Abraham was buried with his wife Sarah” (Genesis 25: 7-10).
Death and burial of Isaac – “Jacob came home to his father Isaac in Mamre, near Kiriath Arba (that is, Hebron), where Abraham and Isaac had stayed. Isaac lived a hundred and eighty years. Then he breathed his last and died and was gathered to his people, old and full of years. And his sons Esau and Jacob buried him” (Genesis 35: 27-29).
Death and burial of Jacob – “Then [Jacob] gave them these instructions: ‘I am about to be gathered to my people. Bury me with my fathers in the cave in the field of Ephron the Hittite, the cave in the field of Machpelah, near Mamre in Canaan, which Abraham bought along with the field as a burial place from Ephron the Hittite. There Abraham and his wife Sarah were buried, there Isaac and his wife Rebekah were buried, and there I buried Leah. The field and the cave in it were bought from the Hittites.’ When Jacob had finished giving instructions to his sons, he drew his feet up into the bed, breathed his last and was gathered to his people” (Genesis 49: 29-33).
Jerusalem, the Holy City
To understand the Jewish people and their faith, both from a biblical and historical perspective, one needs to begin in Jerusalem. East Jerusalem is in the West Bank – thus, Jewish homes there are considered illegal under international law.
But the Bible makes clear the millennia-old Jewish connection to Jerusalem. Jerusalem is mentioned well over 600 times by name in the Hebrew Bible, and hundreds of times by other names such as Zion (Isaiah 1:8), City of David (2 Samuel 5:9), Moriah (Genesis 22:2), and Ariel (Isaiah 29), to name a few.
The Five Books of Moses (the Torah) begin with the creation of the world, and end with the Israelites on the verge of entering the land of Israel with the ultimate goal of conquering Jerusalem and building the Temple there.
Jerusalem has been the capital of the Jewish people for over 3,000 years. No other nation has claimed Jerusalem as its capital.
In the Bible:
“I have posted watchmen on your walls, Jerusalem; they will never be silent day or night” (Isaiah 62:6).
“For Zion’s sake I will not keep silent, for Jerusalem’s sake I will not remain quiet” (Isaiah 62:1).
“If I forget you, Jerusalem, may my right hand forget its skill. May my tongue cling to the roof of my mouth if I do not remember you, if I do not consider Jerusalem my highest joy” (Psalm 137: 5-6).
“Judah will be inhabited forever and Jerusalem through all generations” (Joel 3:20).
“On that day I will set out to destroy all the nations that attack Jerusalem” (Zechariah 12:9).
“I rejoiced with those who said to me, ‘Let us go to the house of the Lord.’ Our feet are standing in your gates, Jerusalem” (Psalm 122: 1-2).
“But now I have chosen Jerusalem for my Name to be there, and I have chosen David to rule my people Israel” (2 Chronicles 6:6).
“Nevertheless, for David’s sake the Lord his God gave him a lamp in Jerusalem by raising up a son to succeed him and by making Jerusalem strong” (1 Kings 15:4). | <urn:uuid:143a20e3-9296-41b4-b90c-c94403ec9973> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ifcj.org/news/stand-for-israel-blog/the-west-bank-a-biblical-backgrounder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.961791 | 2,018 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Prior to becoming a world-renown helicopter-maker, Sikorsky delivered to the United States military and civilian markets many fixed-wing aircraft types. One product of the pre-World War 2 years was the "S-43" flying boat / amphibious boat which arrived during the middle part of the 1930s. Fifty-three examples were competed with most of the stock taken on by Pan American World Airways to service passenger routes between the United States, the Caribbean and Central America. During its time in service, the aircraft came to be known as the "Baby Clipper".
The aircraft, on the whole, relied on proven flying boat qualities such as a high-wing mainplane, boat-like hull and deep fuselage. The high-wing arrangement mounted the twin air-cooled radial piston engines well-above the waterline to protect them from the salty sea spray. The boat-like hull was necessary for water landings and take-offs to which outboard pontoons ensured that the aircraft did not tip over in seas. The S-43 also became a true "amphibian" in that a wheeled, retractable undercarriage was also part of its base design which allowed for operation from traditional airstrips. Beyond its standard operating crew of two, the passenger cabin accommodated up to 25 in relative comfort. A conventional tail unit was featured showcasing a single vertical fin and low-set horizontal planes. However, the "S-43B" variant introduced a twin-fin appearance.
Beyond its service in and around Latin America, S-43 aircraft were featured as an inter-island flyer over Hawaii and was one of the aircraft types present at the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December of 1941. Some operated over Alaska and portions of South America while American aviation pioneer Howard Hughes thought enough of the type to purchase one for his collection. At least five examples were taken on by the U.S. Army in 1937 as the "OA-8" and the U.S. Navy operated some seventeen of the type from 1937 onward under the designation of "JRS-1" (a pair from this stock was also in use by the USMC for a time).
S-43s were in active use up until the latter part of the 1940s by which time most were given up for better alternatives or lost to accident and not reclaimed.
As completed, the S-43 design was powered by 2 x Pratt & Whitney R-1690-52 series radial piston engines of 750 horsepower each. Maximum speed was 190 miles per hour with a range out to 775 miles. Its service ceiling reached 20,700 feet. An S-43 carrying 1,100lb in cargo set an altitude record for a flying boat / amphibian on April 14th, 1936, reaching 27,950 feet over Stamford, Connecticut.
(OPERATORS list includes past, present, and future operators when applicable)
✓Special-Mission: Search & Rescue (SAR)
Ability to locate and extract personnel from areas of potential harm or peril (i.e. downed airmen in the sea).
✓Maritime / Navy
Land-based or shipborne capability for operating over-water in various maritime-related roles while supported by allied naval surface elements.
General transport functionality to move supplies/cargo or personnel (including wounded and VIP) over range.
Used in roles serving the commercial aviation market, ferrying both passengers and goods over range.
✓Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance (ISR), Scout
Surveil ground targets / target areas to assess environmental threat levels, enemy strength, or enemy movement.
51.2 ft (15.60 m)
86.0 ft (26.21 m)
17.7 ft (5.38 m)
12,754 lb (5,785 kg)
19,092 lb (8,660 kg)
+6,338 lb (+2,875 kg)
(Showcased structural values pertain to the Sikorsky S-43A production variant)
(Not all ordnance types may be represented in the showcase above)
S-43 - Sikorsky Company Model; initial production model.
S-43B - Twin-Tailed Design
OA-8 - US Army Air Corps Designation; five aircraft acquired.
JRS-1 - US Navy / USMC Designation; 17 aircraft acquired; 2 examples serving with USMC.
"Baby Clipper" - Nickname
Ribbon graphics not necessarily indicative of actual historical campaign ribbons. Ribbons are clickable to their respective aerial campaigns / operations / aviation periods.
The "Military Factory" name and MilitaryFactory.com logo are registered ® U.S. trademarks protected by all applicable domestic and international intellectual property laws. All written content, illustrations, and photography are unique to this website (unless where indicated) and not for reuse/reproduction in any form. Material presented throughout this website is for historical and entertainment value only and should not to be construed as usable for hardware restoration, maintenance, or general operation. We do not sell any of the items showcased on this site. Please direct all other inquiries to militaryfactory AT gmail.com.
Part of a network of sites that includes GlobalFirepower, a data-driven property used in ranking the top military powers of the world, WDMMA.org, the World Directory of Modern Military Aircraft, and SR71blackbird.org, detailing the history of the world's most iconic spyplane. | <urn:uuid:fbb5dfac-2408-4ff6-a53d-1772aaf8f317> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.php?aircraft_id=267 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585203.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018124412-20211018154412-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.947191 | 1,142 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Now think about the amount of time you spend with an electronic device within the last hour before you start trying to fall asleep at night. Do you fall asleep with the TV on in the background? Are you checking your favorite forms of social media on your computer? Are you video calling a loved one on a tablet? Or are you trying to pass that last level of Candy Crush on your cell phone? If you guiltily laughed to any of these, chances are you wake up in the morning still tired and no where near refreshed from a full night's rest.
The Science Behind Why Your Electronics Are Affecting Your Sleep
Studies show that the blue light emitted from our electronic devices can harm our sleep patterns. When we are ready for bed, we turn off all the lights, close our eyes and our bodies start the production of melatonin. Light has a serious effect on our body’s naturally produced sleeping aid. This is a reason we tend to want to stay in bed on dark and raining days, our body’s response to the amount of light and may alter the body’s normal pattern of melatonin secretion. While any form of light can harm our beauty sleep, blue light can especially have some dark side effects. Experiments from Harvard Medical School have quantified the difference between exposure to green light and the exposure to blue light. These studies have shown that in comparison “blue light suppresses melatonin for about twice as long as the green light and shifted circadian rhythms by twice as much (3 hours vs. 1.5 hours)”. Using our electronic devices before bed has become a part of many people’s nightly routine. You put on your pajamas, brush your teeth, set your alarm, and check your mobile device one last time, just in case you missed a text or notification. While it’s all fun and games to play on our phones before bed the only ones we are really harming is tomorrow’s you.
How to Get a Better Night’s Sleep
It might seem obvious, but a solution to this sleeping issue is to stop using your electronic devices 2-3 hours before you plan to go to bed. Although the answer is simple, it might not be realistic to your lifestyle. There are not many people that are willing to sit in the dark hours before they are ready to go to bed Luckily, there are a few alternative actions you can take in order to get the most out of your sleep.
1) If you have an iPhone, go to settings->Display & Brightness-> and turn on Night Shift. This will allow you to set the hours in which your phone will automatically change the display of your phone. It will lower the brightness and adjust the colors to be less harmful late at night.
2) Blue-Blocking Glasses
3) Use Dim Red Lights in your bedroom (this type of light is the least harmful to your sleep)
4) Increase your exposure to light during the day
5) Stop using electronics for at least 30-60 minutes before bed
6) Try reading a physical book, rather than staring at an electronic device
7) Take a dose of Melatonin before bed
8) Avoid sleeping pills such as Tylenol PM and Advil PM. Although it will knock you out for the night, it is very common to form a sleep dependency on these over-the-counter drugs.
9) Create a bed time routine. Your body will get use to your repeated actions and will signal that it is time for bed. | <urn:uuid:c34e3816-e0f9-4943-9ed0-6ee437476eda> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.cellularoutfitter.com/blogs/cellularoutfitter-phone-news-blog/blue-light-is-keeping-you-awake | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203438.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324103739-20190324125739-00310.warc.gz | en | 0.935109 | 725 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Hubble Telescope was designed to:
Investigate celestial bodies by studying their composition, physical
characteristics, and dynamics.
The scientific objectives will be acheived by research into:
Observe the formation of stars and galaxies, and study their formation
Study the history and evolution of the universe.
Provide a long-term space-based research facility for optical astronomy.
Galaxies and Clusters - Extragalactic distances, star clusters,
interacting galaxies, cosmological tests.
Information about the science objectives of the Hubble Space Telescope was
obtained from the Space Telescope Science Institute. The Space Telescope
Science Institute's Starcatcher
Series has further information about the scientific discove
ries of the Hubble Space Telescope.
Interstellar Medium - Dust and extinction, supernovae remnants,
planetary nebulae, star formation, circumstellar nebulosity.
Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei - Quasi-stellar objects,
Seyfert galaxies, BL Lac objects, radio galaxies, galacitc jets, gravitational
Stellar Astrophysics - Stellar Atmospheres and chemical composition,
binary and variable stars, stellar photometry and polarimetry, parallaxes
and proper motions of stars.
Stellar Populations - Color-magnitude and luminosity studies
of star clusters, dynamics of clusters, structure of the galaxy and
Solar System - Planetary features and atomspheres, satellites
and rings, asteroids and comets, extra-solar planets, tests of general
from the Edge of Time and Space: Discoveries about quasars, spiral
and elliptical galaxies.
Science '94: Findings about Black Holes, the Great Comet Crash,
and the Death of Stars.
Now: Information on technology spinoffs here on Earth. | <urn:uuid:0fd0943a-b051-41b7-8669-4990360e89c6> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://quest.nasa.gov/hst/about/science.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770815.118/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00142-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.767353 | 381 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Visiting Sword Exper in Warriors Gallery
by Rory M. Cory, Collections Technician, Military History
In 2004 an expert from Shanxi province in China came to see our permanent military history exhibits. The most exciting part of Eric Gao's visit was a Chinese sword on display at the entrance to the Warriors gallery in a case full of firearms, swords and other weapons from around the world. It was immediately apparent to Mr. Gao that this was no ordinary sword, and he contacted the Military History department to provide further information about it. Previously all that was known about the sword was that it dated to the 19th century, during the Qing dynasty. Mr. Gao pointed out that the writing on the blade of the sword was archaic Chinese script and he was able to provide a partial translation for us. Apparently the inscription is a dedication from the original owner to his son or grandson, and the presence of the imperial seal meant that this was worn in the imperial court. The use of archaic Chinese characters may also indicate that the blade significantly predates the hilt (or handle) of the sword.
But Mr. Gao did not stop there. He also examined the other Chinese swords in our collection and identified one that was used by Emperor Qian-long's (1736-1795) honour guard. This particular sword is quite rare and is beautifully decorated with inlaid gold and silver filigree work. It has been featured in an issue of the "New World Chinese News Magazine" and will also be highlighted in an upcoming issue of Alberta Museums Review.
We are always grateful when experts in a particular area can tell us more about our collection. The military history collection alone has nearly 28,000 artifacts covering over 4,000 years of history, and it is not possible to know everything about all aspects of the collection. With the information Mr. Gao provided we now know that we have some very important pieces of Chinese culture that were designed to bring meaning and vibrancy to the court of the Chinese emperors.
The Qing dynasty sword is featured in our popular Warriors gallery visited by numerous school groups each year and is further brought to life by Glenbow Museum's signature family programs. | <urn:uuid:5ba2874a-af7c-43a4-be39-2118a15fa780> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://glenbow.org/about/behind/warrior.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463606.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00315-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974667 | 444 | 2.90625 | 3 |
“With Coronavirus Antibodies Fading Fast, Vaccine Hopes Fade, Too,” read a recent headline in the San Francisco Chronicle (7/17/20). As of July 20, it was the most popular article on the paper’s website—which isn’t surprising, given that it stokes one of many people’s greatest fears right now, which is that there will be no clear end in sight to their completely upended lives. But is it true? Or just clickbait?
The Chronicle wasn’t alone in its doomsday reporting. At Fortune (7/13/20), under the headline “Vanishing Antibodies Could Doom the Race to Develop a One-and-Done Coronavirus Vaccine, Study Shows,” Katherine Dunn’s lead warned of “a potentially huge blow to the global pursuit of developing an effective COVID-19 cure.” Forbes (7/15/20) ran the headline: “Study: Immunity to Coronavirus May Fade Away Within Weeks.”
Leaning on recent studies, these articles seemed to offer hard scientific evidence to support their suggestions. The Chronicle article began with a dire pronouncement:
Disturbing new revelations that permanent immunity to the coronavirus may not be possible have jeopardized vaccine development and reinforced a decision by scientists at UCSF and affiliated laboratories to focus exclusively on treatments.
The paper’s Peter Fimrite laid out the evidence, with the “latest bad news” coming in a study that found that only 17% of Covid patients in a small study still had “potent” antibodies a few months after the onset of symptoms.
In case you weren’t convinced, Fimrite wrote: “The report is the latest in a growing chain of evidence that immunity to Covid-19 is short-lived,” pointing to a study published in Nature (6/18/20) that came to similar conclusions. Fimrite summarized:
There is still hope that the remaining antibodies will bestow some immunity, but infectious disease specialists around the world were surprised and discouraged by the rapid reduction observed in the studies.
If you read to the end, though, you find that only one source is quoted who seems to take this stance—a molecular biologist whose work on treatments is referenced in the lead. The other expert who opined on the subject returned in paragraph 33 to note that the situation is “not hopeless,” since the human immune system uses both B cells and T cells, and these studies only look at the B cell response: “It may be that a T cell response does not require as many antibodies to be effective, she said.”
It’s a very important point, but Fimrite buried it and explored it no further, leaving one little “not hopeless” to counter the foregrounded “disturbing,” “bad news,” “jeopardized” and “discouraged.”
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And Fimrite’s main source certainly seems to be either an outlier or seriously misconstrued. On Twitter, respected public health experts called the Chronicle article “dangerously misleading,” “garbage” and “alarmist kaka.”
Granted, it’s not easy being a journalist covering the pandemic. Scientific knowledge on the virus moves quickly, and experts don’t always agree. But that makes it all the more important to tread carefully and not spread alarmist kaka.
And some journalists are certainly succeeding at that. In the New York Times, for instance, Apoorva Mandavilli (6/18/20) reported the Nature study’s findings, but relayed experts’ cautions that rapidly falling antibody levels “does not necessarily mean that these people can be infected a second time.”
In fact, one of the experts she consulted argued that such studies “highlight the need to develop strong vaccines, because immunity that develops naturally during infection is suboptimal and short-lived in most people.” In other words, it means a vaccination program is even more important.
In the Atlantic (7/20/20), Derek Thompson directly worked to allay fears based on the recent reporting, interviewing several scientists to offer a more nuanced take on the research. The upshot—as also described by Mandavilli and other journalists, and hinted at by Fimrite at the end of his piece—is that the immune system is much more than its antibodies, so conclusions shouldn’t be drawn based on those levels alone. As Thompson writes:
Evaluating an immune response without accounting for T cells is like inventorying a national air force but leaving out the bomber jets. And, in the case of COVID-19, those bomber jets could make the biggest difference.
There’s evidence that people can have potent T-cell responses without detectable levels of antibodies.
There are also memory B cells that can be triggered by a second infection and begin producing antibodies, Mandavilli and Thompson both reported. Finally, finding fading antibodies is not even unusual; for some vaccines, antibodies drop dramatically some months after peak levels, but still protect people for decades.
In other words, while there is much that’s uncertain about the search for a vaccine, these antibody studies are not cause for despair. But the problem of the clickbait headline and accompanying reporting goes beyond its impact on readers’ mental health; this kind of story surely promotes a nihilistic outlook and undermines the efforts needed to convince a wary public to participate in a vaccination program—which really is something to panic about. | <urn:uuid:b05beca5-88d8-4da3-9507-b4c85ccb1ac4> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/07/24/stories-dooming-vaccine-hopes-overlook-immunitys-complexity-search-easy-clicks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038921860.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419235235-20210420025235-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.952495 | 1,225 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The H in H1N1 stands for hemagglutinin, the virus’s outer protein and one that human immune systems respond to. There are 15 known versions of the protein, only five of which are specific to human disease. So by targeting these hemagglutinin proteins, Inovio’s system should, at least in theory, be effective not just for seasonal flu, but for avian (H5N1) and swine (H1N1) flu as well. “There’s nothing magical about swine H1N1 versus seasonal flu,” Kim says. “It’s just a divergence from what your body has been exposed to, and looks different enough to the immune system to evade it.”
In animal tests, this certainly seems to be the case. The company has tested the H1 component of the vaccine in mice infected with the virulent, epidemic-causing 1918 version of the H1N1 virus. The vaccine prevented any visible symptoms in inoculated mice, while every single one of the nonvaccinated mice died.
Of course, putting something as novel as an electroporation vaccine into widespread use could prove difficult especially because it requires its own technology, which is currently expensive. “If you have to do electroporation, that could potentially be a difficult thing to implement, certainly more difficult than spraying something up someone’s nose,” says Greg Poland, director of the Mayo Clinic’s Vaccine Research Group, in Rochester, MN. (This is how live, weakened-virus flu vaccines are currently administered; inactivated-virus vaccines are given with the classic needle and syringe.)
As far as the vaccine itself goes, most of the experts are in agreement. “The idea is a very good one, the need is a great one, and any company that would make a dent into this would certainly be a winner,” says virologist Peter Palese, head of the microbiology department at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, in New York City. But, although the company’s animal studies are an improvement over earlier DNA vaccination results, he notes that “the proof of the pudding will lie in human trials.”
Inovio has tested its H1 and H5 components in animals, and the group hopes to start human trials of the H5 component in early 2010. H1 tests, they believe, are just a short distance behind. “We think it would likely take two shots, a month apart, and then a booster every five years,” Kim says.
Inovio isn’t limiting itself to influenza, either. It has an HIV vaccine in development and is also working to create vaccines for diseases that are of greater concern in developing countries: malaria and dengue are at the top of the list. In contrast to the $20 billion flu-vaccine market, though, “such vaccines hold promise but will never even start to pay for themselves,” says Scripps’s Tom Edgington. “It’s a long path to something that helps the public and changes the world.” | <urn:uuid:00fe7783-dcd8-4bd7-894a-ae2f30127571> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.technologyreview.com/news/415411/toward-a-universal-flu-vaccine/page/2/?a=f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010437227/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090717-00067-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963373 | 667 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids
Diphtheria and tetanus are both serious diseases that can be caused by bacteria:
- Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, causes the muscles to tighten painfully—in
most cases all over the body, including the jaw, which tightens and prevents
the victim from opening their mouth or swallowing. Tetanus is fatal in
approximately 10% of cases.
- Diphtheria is an infection that results in a thick sheet of gray matter
coating the nose, throat, and airways and impairing breathing.
Tetanus & Diphtheria Vaccine
While tetanus is usually caused by contamination through a cut in the body,
diphtheria can be contracted as a result of contact with an infected individual.
There is an available vaccine that is largely effective in preventing
tetanus and diphtheria. This vaccine is administered in a series of shots.
Typically, a child seven years of age or older will receive the first shot,
to be followed by booster shots given 4 to 8 weeks after the first shot,
and then 6 to 12 months after the second shot. IT is also recommended
that children 11 or 12 years of age receive a booster shot if it has been
more than 5 years after their last vaccine.
After the initial series, teens / adults should schedule booster shots
every 10 years. If you believe you may have been exposed to tetanus and
it has been over 5 years since your last booster, it may be necessary
to get an emergency booster. Ask your doctor for advice tailored to you,
as your booster schedule may differ from these recommendations. | <urn:uuid:965fc214-b86e-4a41-8cfc-a5c1e2e6726c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.mywtmf.com/Services/Immigration-Physicals/Vaccination-Immunization-Requirements/Tetanus-and-Diphtheria-Toxoids.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178378043.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307170119-20210307200119-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.941636 | 350 | 3.5 | 4 |
Monday morning an earthen dam broke at the nation’s largest public utility in Harriman, Tennessee. Twelve homes were damaged and hundreds of acres are under water.
The Tennessee Valley Authority uses the 40-acre retention pond to hold ash generated by the coal-burning Kingston Steam Plant about 50 miles west of Knoxville. The road and railroad tracks leading to the plant were buried under several feet of dark gray ashy mud.
According to the authorities no one was injured when the dam gave way at 1 a.m.
An investigation is now underway to determine why the dam was breached. Heavy rains and freezing temperatures may hold one of the reasons.
MSNBC reports of one resident whose husband was trapped inside of their home while she was returning from Knoxville:
“I am still in shock,” said Crystell Flinn, 49, whose ranch-style house was pushed off its foundations and driven more than 30 feet onto a road. “I don’t think it really has hit me yet.”
Two people were rescued from partially collapsed homes. Using four-wheel drives the workers retrieved others who couldn’t get out of their driveways.
Those who are unable to live in their homes are being put up by the plant in motel rooms.
Nearly 100 people using 30 pieces of heavy equipment are involved in the cleanup effort. A dam on the Clinch River has been reduced in an effort to prevent pollution from the runoff of the flood. | <urn:uuid:8d85015f-a4be-4ee4-87ca-a72797ced3f1> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://timeinmoments.wordpress.com/2008/12/24/tennessee-dam-bursts-in-harriman-tennessee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424945.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725002242-20170725022242-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.980171 | 307 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Essential Skills for Classroom Management provide for safe, supportive, and well-ordered learning environments which promote high standards of achievement and responsible behaviour in all students. This framework was designed to assist in reinforcing the expectations, principles and standards developed in the ELC Behaviour Management Policy by outlining the expected strategies required for effective classroom management.
This framework provides students with clear expectations, direction (redirection) and acknowledgement.
THE BALANCE MODEL
The Balance Model is made up of three sets of information:
1. The strategies teachers use to teach their expectations to students.
2. How teachers acknowledge students when they are behaving appropriately.
3. How teachers correct students when they behave inappropriately. When a classroom is ‘in balance’ it has:
- clearly articulated their expectations for students
- established evenness (balance) in use of verbal and non-verbal language to acknowledge appropriate behaviour and correct inappropriate behaviour.
‘The Balance Model of Behaviour Management’.
THE 10 ESSENTIAL SKILLS FOR CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
ESTABLISHING EXPECTATIONS – Making rules.
This skill is all about making rules. As the teacher you are required to convey and demonstrate the boundaries or rule. Strategies to assist in developing and implementing expectation include:
- Have a maximum of three to four short and simple rules written as positive actions g., Listen when others speak.
- Include the students in the development of the classroom The students are more likely to respect and abide by the rules if they feel they have contributed to the development of them.
- Display the rules/expectations where they are highly visible and can be viewed from all areas of the classroom.
- Be an optimist and focus on the Promote the expected behaviours NOT the unexpected behaviours.
- Discuss rules and associated consequences for breaking the rules openly with all members of the class.
- Most importantly model the behaviour you expect from your
GIVING INSTRUCTIONS – Telling students what to
This skill involves being able to give clear concise instructions to tell the students what to do and when. The most important aspect of this skill is being able to tell if all your students are focused before giving them the instruction. Here is a list of strategies to assist in gaining student attention:
- Use a combination of verbal and non-verbal cues to gain student
- Wait and scan – skill 3
- Be concise and keep instructions to a bare
- Follow the instruction with a short pause and scan the
- Separate the instruction from the ‘content’ talk
- Rephrase the question
- Use ‘thanks’ not ‘please’.
- Use ‘now’ if the student/s are unlikely to comply
- Give instructions in a firm and calm voice
WAITING AND SCANNING – Stopping to assess what is
The waiting and scanning skill involves stopping to wait and look at your students for 5-10 seconds after you have given an instruction to assess what is happening. It is vital that you do not view this skill as ‘wasting time’ as if you do not wait and scan the students will be more likely to ignore your instruction.
The wait and scan process takes place after giving an instruction. You need to wait quietly for 5-10 seconds while maintaining eye contact to gain or keep the students attention. After you have their attention, continue with your next instruction or prompt them to follow your instructions. The wait and scan strategy promotes periods of quiet focus and can assist independent focused work. It is also a great time for you to reflect, calm down or think ahead. You can also extend on this strategy to include a verbal descriptive encourager (skill 6) to redirect behaviour when necessary.
CUEING WITH PARALLEL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – Praising a particular student to prompt
This skill encompasses acknowledging or praising a students on task behaviour so that other students who may be off task will mirror that student’s behaviour. Here are some key strategies to assist the effectiveness of the skill:
- Choose a student to praise in proximity of the student whose behaviour you want to
- Acknowledge the student using a descriptive statement of encouragement (Skill 6) in a loud enough voice for others to hear.
- Follow up with a low-key acknowledgement to the student who has corrected their
BODY LANGUAGE ENCOURAGING – Smiling, nodding, gesturing, and moving
This skill involves using your proximity, body language, gestures, and facial expressions to remain on task. Teachers MUST constantly move around the room and interact with students. This increases the teacher’s level of monitoring as well as reduced inappropriate or unexpected behaviour.
How to use your body to encourage on task behaviour:
- After setting a task, immediately move around the room non-verbally signally to students who are off task that they should be Make sure you walk near all students in the class so that students do not feel they are being singled out.
- Touch the work of students’ who are off
- After completing one rotation of the room pause maintaining minimal teacher talk and walk slowly but directly towards the off-task Then stand next to the student so that your proximity will redirect the student. Avoid standing too close to the student as this may make them feel intimidated and this could prompt hostility or an adverse reaction.
- Smile and make eye contact with students to acknowledge appropriate This will assist in making students feel noticed, valued, and welcomed.
- Make discreet movements such as nodding or hand signals when appropriate to acknowledge on task behaviour and redirect off task behaviour.
DESCRIPTIVE ENCOURAGING – Praise describing
Praising good behaviour is the essence of this skill. This skill “encourages student to become more aware of their competence by describing exactly what you see or hear”. When using this skill, it is important to pay particular attention to the timing of its use as well as the tone of voice used.
- Describe EXACTLY what you see and/or hear from the student that you want to see more frequently from other students.
- It is important to use a respectful measured tone of voice rather than an exaggerated voice otherwise it can come across as
- Use descriptive praises sooner rather than later, as time passes so does its
- This can be done privately or It’s important to know your students, some student might not appreciate having the attention drawn to them and this could result in an adverse reaction or hostility.
- Use this skill Students respond better to positive reinforcement than negative reinforcement.
- AVOID generic or conditional praise. An example of a generic praise is “Good job!” it does not describe the student’s behaviour while an example of conditional praise is “Well done, why didn’t you do this before?” this too does not describe what the student has been successful at doing.
SELECTIVE ATTENDING – Not obviously reacting to certain
Selective attending involves giving minimal attention to SAFE off task or inappropriate behaviour.
- Only use this skill when the off-task student is not distracting or disrupting other
- Always keep this student in your vision and plan that they student will become on task, and you will use a descriptive encourager (Skill 6).
- Attend to the off-task student if:
- Seriously disrupt
- The inappropriate behaviour as remained over an extended
REDIRECTING TO THE LEARNING – Prompting on-task behaviour
This skill involves either verbally or non-verbally redirecting a student displaying off task or inappropriate behaviour in a respectful manner.
It is important to redirect student to the learning not their behaviour. Here are some ways you could redirect students to the learning:
- A verbal redirection could be:
- Asking a question about the set
- Give specific instruction about the behaviour you would like the student to
- Give a choice (see skill 9).
- A non-verbal redirection could involve implementing Skill 5, Body Language Encouraging such as using your proximity to the student to redirect to the learning.
- Giving a choice – Describing the student’s options and likely consequences of their
This skill involves respectfully confronting the off-task student and outlining the student’s choices
and likely consequences associated with their choice.
It is vital that you carefully consider the choice you give the student as it need to have the aim of redirecting the student back to their learning. You also need to give the student the appropriate amount of time to process their choices and respond.
Try to seek choices first that may have a positive option for example peer tutoring in class. When giving the student the choice it is important that the student does not feel threatened or that they are being punished. One strategy you can implement to avoid this is, after you have explained
to the student the choices and associate consequences pause briefly before turning your attention slightly away to prevent a ‘standoff’ situation. Lastly always use and maintain a firm, calm, and restrained voice.
FOLLOWING THROUGH – Doing what you said you
Follow through means doing what you said. When all the other skills have failed or not been effective, it is important to behave with confidence and follow through with the consequence. “The certainty of the consequence is more important than the severity.” Execute confidence when following through:
- Use appropriate body language and a calm voice
- Provide wait time for the student to
- Repeat and rephase what you expect the student to do and what their choices and consequences are.
- Consider removing the class and not the individual student if safety is a
- Always ask for help from your Head of School if you become flustered or believe things are getting out of control.
Praise is a very powerful tool. It must be specific and often. Rule of thumb is give verbal and non verbal praise at least 15 times in an hour lesson. This can be the whole class and individual.
LOGICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOUR AND FOLLOW THROUGH
A logical consequence is an action that naturally and automatically results from a behaviour. This is not a punishment and is not designed to embarrass a student. Where possible avoid making a big deal about the consequence.
Logical consequences are a reinforcement that creates an environment where students feel safe to take responsibility for their actions.
USING LOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN YOUR CLASSROOM
- Show some empathy when enforcing
- Keep consequences short and to the
- Consistency is Everyone needs to learn the same behaviour for it to be effective.
- Remain calm and avoid raising your voice while enforcing
- The consequence should not affect the student’s success in the long term. Once a consequence is over, move on and do not continue to bring up the inappropriate
- Give yourself some time before implementing a logical consequence to make sure you’veread the situation correctly and be prepared to apologise if you misread the situation.
- Teach students positive behaviours. Teach them how to correct their own mistakes so they can independently fix the consequences that follow inappropriate actions.
- Implement a consequence as soon as possible. Try not to wait for the next day to give them the consequence.
- Read students behaviours and with students that are struggling with their emotions, try using redirection, discussion, and empathy before consequence.
- Avoid arguing when giving consequences. Stay firm and explain why certain actions will result in specific consequences.
- When applying a consequence think about what your students need to learn to prevent similar behaviour in the future.
- Make sure students understand why their actions resulted in consequences. Be clear and concise with your explanations.
- Give yourself a minute to think before giving a logical consequence. Make sure you have everything planned out.
- Make sure you allow for student reflection and recovery after following through with a logical consequence.
At ELC detention and taking up lunch times for poor in class behaviour are last resorts. Detention is rarely acceptable for young students in the junior primary school. Usually, students who have the time to be regularly physically active are less likely to cause disruption in class. However, if the inappropriate behaviour occurs during play time or during recess, lunch, or physical activity then the logical consequence is to remove the student from the activity.
Students must NEVER be sent outside the classroom or locked out of the class. This is a Duty of Care. Please arrange a buddy class if removing the student from class is required.
Bad language or physical aggression between students or to staff are never acceptable and must be dealt with immediately. Please ensure you provide a note describing the issue to your Head of School if their intervention is required.
It is very important to read your students as they enter the classroom. Every teacher should greet their students at the door at the beginning of each lesson. If a student appears unsettled or in a “bad mood” do not let them continue with the lesson. Take the time to quietly talk to them and find out what the problem is and give them a strategy for “time out” if they need it. Inform other teachers that this student may need some space during the day.
AUSTRALIAN PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS FOR TEACHERS
Professional Standard 4 ‘Create and maintain supportive and safe learning environments’ of the Australian Professional Standards for Teacher states that a graduate teacher must:
- Identify strategies to support inclusive student participation and engagement in classroom activities
- Demonstrate the capacity to organise classroom activities and provide clear directions
- Describe strategies that support students’ wellbeing and safety working within school and/or system, curriculum, and legislative requirements | <urn:uuid:5cc4a2c8-5673-4b36-aedb-1a167a86f268> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.elc.tas.edu.au/the-essential-skills-for-classroom-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945144.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323100829-20230323130829-00768.warc.gz | en | 0.933791 | 2,846 | 4.03125 | 4 |
During the second world war my grand parent’s island, Guernsey, was occupied by the Germans and cut off from all imported food supplies. After a few months people began to get very hungry, particularly during the Spring when home grown vegetables were scarce, and resorted to some desperate measures to stay alive. Some people stole food from the Germans and when they were caught they were sent to concentration camps, others grew their own food and hid it from the Germans who, themselves, would also try and steal it. Strangely, if the Germans were caught stealing they were shot.
My Grandmother would make soup from nettles, which was surprisingly nutritious, stews from rats and, secretly, she would make chutney with earwigs and cockroaches. In the last case she was not worried about being caught by the Germans, but more so by the other members of the family who would no doubt be horrified to learn what they were eating!
READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON INSTRUCTABLES | <urn:uuid:1a9b55c1-427f-4a8b-9b66-61a120e18eec> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.bugsfordinner.com/earwig-chutney-a-grandmothers-confession-98889.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578596541.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423074936-20190423100936-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.994022 | 205 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Studies of low-energy processes, such as neutron beta-decay, contribute important information regarding die rent aspects of physics including nuclear and particle physics and cosmology. The information from these systems is often complementary to that obtained from high-energy sources. Neutron decay is the most basic charged-current weak interaction in baryons. Precise measurement of the parameters characterizing it can be used to study the Standard Model as well set limits on possible extensions to it. This paper gives an overview of some of the basic features of neutron beta-decay and summarizes the status of some recent developments.
Citation: Journal of Physics G-Nuclear and Particle Physics
Pub Type: Journals
beta decay, cold neutrons, CKM matrix, discrete symmetries, parity violation, ultracold neutrons, weak interactions | <urn:uuid:722af906-9a49-464b-8c5b-f09397a2277e> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.nist.gov/node/616586?pub_id=902353 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542009.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00496-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866825 | 169 | 2.859375 | 3 |
By Mario N. Armenise,Caterina Ciminelli,Francesco Dell'Olio,Vittorio M. N. Passaro
The ebook is meant for researchers and Ph.D. scholars drawn to modelling, layout and fabrication of gyros. The booklet could be a invaluable schooling help in a few collage classes keen on gyro technologies.
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The small shelly fauna or small shelly fossils, abbreviated to SSF, are mineralized fossils, many only a few millimetres long, with a nearly continuous record from the latest stages of the Ediacaran to the end of the Early Cambrian period. They are very diverse, and there is no formal definition of "small shelly fauna" or "small shelly fossils". Almost all are from earlier rocks than more familiar fossils such as trilobites. Since most SSFs were preserved by being covered quickly with phosphate and this method of preservation is mainly limited to the Late Ediacaran and Early Cambrian periods, the animals that made them may actually have arisen earlier and persisted after this time span.
Some of the fossils represent the entire skeletons of small organisms, including the mysterious Cloudina and some snail-like molluscs. However, the bulk of the fossils are fragments or disarticulated remains of larger organisms, including sponges, molluscs, slug-like halkieriids, brachiopods, echinoderms, and onychophoran-like organisms that may have been close to the ancestors of arthropods.
One of the early explanations for the appearance of the SSFs - and therefore the evolution of mineralized skeletons - suggested a sudden increase in the ocean's concentration of calcium. However, many SSFs are constructed of other minerals, such as silica. Because the first SSFs appear around the same time as organisms first started burrowing to avoid predation, it is more likely that they represent early steps in an evolutionary arms race between predators and increasingly well-defended prey. On the other hand mineralized skeletons may have evolved simply because they are stronger and cheaper to produce than all-organic skeletons like those of insects. Nevertheless it is still true that the animals used minerals that were most easily accessible.
Although the small size and often fragmentary nature of SSFs makes it difficult to identify and classify them, they provide very important evidence for how the main groups of marine invertebrates evolved, and particularly for the pace and pattern of evolution in the Cambrian explosion. Besides including the earliest known representatives of some modern phyla, they have the great advantage of presenting a nearly continuous record of Early Cambrian organisms whose bodies include hard parts.
The term "small shelly fossils" was coined by Samuel Matthews and V.V. Missarzhevsky in 1975. It is quite a misnomer since, as Stefan Bengtson says, "they are not always small, they are commonly not shelly – and the term might equally well apply to Pleistocene periwinkles." Paleontologists have been unable to invent a better term and have vented their frustration in parodies such as "small silly fossils" and "small smellies". The term is often abbreviated to "small shellies" or "SSF".
The great majority of all the morphological features of later shelled organisms appear among the SSFs. No-one has attempted a formal definition of "small shelly fauna", "small shelly fossils" or other similar phrases.
Specimens and sometimes quite rich collections of these fossils were discovered between 1872 and 1967, but no-one drew the conclusion that the Early Cambrian contained a diverse range of animals in addition to the traditionally recognized trilobites, archaeocyathans, etc. In the late 1960s Soviet paleontologists discovered even richer collections of SSFs in beds below and therefore earlier than those containing Cambrian trilobites. Unfortunately the papers that described these discoveries were in Russian, and the 1975 paper by Matthews and Missarzhevsky first brought the SSFs to the serious attention of the non-Russian-reading world.
There was already a vigorous debate about the early evolution of animals. Preston Cloud argued in 1948 and 1968 that the process was "explosive", and in the early 1970s Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould developed their theory of punctuated equilibrium, which views evolution as long intervals of near-stasis "punctuated" by short periods of rapid change. On the other hand around the same time Wyatt Durham and Martin Glaessner both argued that the animal kingdom had a long Proterozoic history that was hidden by the lack of fossils.
There are different views about the time range of the SSFs. The Russian discoveries of the late 1960s were assigned to the Tommotian age of the Cambrian period, and for some time the term "small shelly fauna" was applied only to that age. On the other hand Bengston includes in "SSF" Ediacaran fossils like Cloudina and post-Tommotian fossils like Microdictyon from the Maotianshan shales lagerstätte. SSFs have been found in layers that also contain fossil trilobites. The mass extinction at the end of the Cambrian period's Botomian age was thought to have wiped out most of the SSF, but in 2004 halkieriid fossils were reported from Mid-Cambrian rocks of the Georgina Basin in Australia.
Small shelly fossils are typically, although not always, preserved in phosphate, which may or may not have been their original mineral composition. They are usually extracted from limestone by placing the limestone in a weak acid, typically acetic acid; the phosphatized fossils remain after the rock is dissolved away. Preservation by a covering of phosphate only seems to have been common during the early Cambrian, becoming rarer with time as a result of increased disturbance of sea-floors by burrowing animals. If not protected in this way, small shelly fossils would have dissolved in the acids used to extract them. Hence perhaps the animals that produced these fossils lived earlier and later than the period in which they are commonly found, but were simply not successfully extracted from rocks – the apparent extinction of most SSFs by the end of the Cambrian may be an illusion.[3 ] For decades it was thought that halkieriids, whose "armor plates" are a common type of SSF, perished in the end-Botomian mass extinction; but in 2004 halkieriid armor plates were reported from Mid Cambrian rocks in Australia, a good 10 million years more recent than that.
Small shelly fossils are composed of a variety of minerals, the most important being silica, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. The minerals used by each organism are influenced by the chemistry of the oceans in which the organism first evolved, but then continue to be used even if the ocean chemistry changes. For example in the Ediacaran period and the Nemakit-Daldynian age of the Cambrian, those animals that used calcium carbonate used the form called aragonite. On the other hand animals that first appeared in the following Tommotian age used another form, calcite.
A recently-discovered modern gastropod that lives near deep-sea hydrothermal vents illustrates the influence of both earlier and contemporary local chemical environments: its shell is made of aragonite, which is found in the earliest fossil molluscs; but it also has armor plates on the sides of its foot, and these are mineralized with the iron sulfides pyrite and greigite, which had never previously been found in any metazoan but whose ingredients are emitted in large quantities by the vents.
Methods of constructing shells vary widely among the SSF, and in most cases the exact mechanisms are not known.
Biomineralization is the production of mineralized parts by organisms. Hypotheses to explain the evolution of biomineralization include physiological adaptation to changing chemistry of the oceans, defense against predators and the opportunity to grow larger. The functions of biomineralization in SSFs vary: some SSFs are not yet understood; some are components of armor; and some are skeletons. A skeleton is any fairly rigid structure of an animal, irrespective of whether it has joints and irrespective of whether it is biomineralized. Although some SSFs may not be skeletons, SSFs are biomineralized by definition, being shelly. Skeletons provide a wide range of possible advantages, including : protection, support, attachment to a surface, a platform or set of levers for muscles to act on, traction when moving on a surface, food handling, provision of filtration chambers and storage of essential substances.
It has often been suggested that biomineralization evolved as a response to an increase in the concentration of calcium in the seas, which happened around the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, and that biomineralization's main benefit was to store harmlessly minerals that might have disrupted organisms' internal processes. For example Mikhail A. Fedonkin suggested that an increase in the length of food chains may have contributed, as animals higher up the food chain accumulate greater amounts of waste products and toxins relative to their size, and biomineralization may have been a way of isolating excess carbonates or silicates consumed with prey.[22 ] However, biomineralizing a skeleton is a fairly expensive way to dispose safely of excess minerals, as the main construction cost is the organic matrix, mostly proteins and polysaccharides, with which minerals are combined to form composite materials. The idea that biomineralization was a response to changes in ocean chemistry is also undermined by the fact that small shelly fossils made of calcite, aragonite, calcium phosphate and silica appeared virtually simultaneously in a range of environments.
Organisms started burrowing to avoid predation at around the same time. Jerzy Dzik suggested that biomineralization of skeletons was a defense against predators, marking the start of an evolutionary arms race. He cited as another example of hardened defenses from this time the fact that the earliest protective "skeletons" included glued-together collections of inorganic objects — for example the Early Cambrian worm Onuphionella built a tube covered with mica flakes. Such a strategy required both anatomical adaptations that allowed organisms to collect and glue objects and also moderately sophisticated nervous systems to co-ordinate this behavior.
On the other hand Bernard Cohen argued that biomineralized skeletons arose for "engineering" reasons rather than as defenses. There are many other defensive strategies available to prey animals including mobility and acute senses, chemical defenses, and concealment. Mineral-organic composites are both stronger and cheaper to build than all-organic skeletons, and these two advantages would have made it possible for animals to grow larger and, in some cases, more muscular — in animals beyond a certain size, the larger muscles and their greater leverage produce forces which all-organic skeletons are not rigid enough to withstand. The development of modern brachiopods includes a progression from all-organic to mineral-organic composite shells, which may be a clue to their evolutionary development. The evolution of rigid biomineralized exoskeletons may then have started an arms race in which predators developed drills or chemical weapons capable of penetrating shells, some prey animals developed heavier, tougher shells, etc.
Fedonkin suggested another explanation for the appearance of biomineralization around the start of the Cambrian: the Ediacara biota evolved and flourished in cold waters, which slowed their metabolisms and left them with insufficient spare energy for biomineralization; but there are signs of global warming around the start of the Cambrian, which would have made biomineralization easier. A similar pattern is visible in living marine animals, since biomineralized skeletons are rarer and more fragile in polar waters than in the tropics.[22 ]
In some locations, up to 20% of Cloudina fossils show borings, holes that are thought to have been made by predators.[25 ][26 ] The very similar shelly fossil Sinotubulites, which is often found in the same locations, was not affected by borings. In addition, the distribution of borings in Cloudina suggests selection for size – the largest holes appear in the largest shells. This evidence of selective attacks by predators suggests that new species may have arisen in response to predation, which is often presented as a potential cause of the rapid diversification of animals in the Early Cambrian.[26 ]
The small shellies provide a relatively continuous record throughout the early Cambrian, and thus provide a more useful insight into the Cambrian explosion than instances of exceptional preservation. Although most of the SSFs are difficult to identify, those which have been assigned positions in modern taxa, or in their stem groups of evolutionary "aunts" or "cousins", enable scientists to assess the pattern and speed of animal evolution on the strength of the small shelly evidence. Such an assessment shows that the earliest small shellies are the most basal. As time goes on, they can be placed in the stem group to an ever smaller clade. In other words, the earliest (Ediacaran) small shellies can be tentatively considered diploblastic, in other words made of two main tissue layers. Later shellies are more convincingly diploblastic. Subsequently the Helcionellids are the first shelly fossils that can be placed in the stem group to a phylum (mollusca). As one looks at more recent SSFs, the arguments for stem group placements become stronger, and by the Atdabanian, some SSFs can be assigned to the crown group of a modern phylum, echinoderms. By the Atdabanian age, which followed the Tommotian, some SSFs can be assigned to the crown group of a modern phylum, echinoderms. This gives the impression that the first SSF animals, from the late Ediacaran, were basal members of later clades, with the phyla subsequently appearing in a "rapid, but nevertheless resolvable and orderly" fashion, rather than as a "sudden jumble",:163 and thus reveals the true pace of the Cambrian explosion.
The few collections of SSF from the Ediacaran period have a limited range of forms Fully and partially mineralized tubes are common and form a really mixed collection: the structures and compositions of their walls vary widely; specimens have been classified as members of a wide range of clades including foraminiferans, cnidarians, polychaete and pogonophoran annelids, sipunculids and others. Cloudina’s "tube", which was 8 to 150 millimetres (0.31 to 5.9 in) long, consisted of nested cones that were mineralized with calcium carbonate but left unmineralized gaps between the cones. Sinotubulites built long thin tubes that were more flexible but probably had mineralized ridges.
Namacalathus, which may have been a cnidarian, closely related to jellyfish and corals, built goblet-like dwellings with stalks up to 30 millimetres (1.2 in) long. This type of shape is known as a "stalked test", since "test" in biology means a roughly spherical shell.
In finds from the early Cambrian, tubes and spicules become more abundant and diverse, and new types of SSF appear. Many have been attributed to well-known groups such as molluscs, slug-like halkieriids, brachiopods, echinoderms, and onychophoran-like organisms that may have been close to the ancestors of arthropods.
Most of the Cambrian SSF consists of sclerites, fragments which once made up the external armor of early animals, such as Halkieria or "scale worms". Fairly complete and assembled sets, which are rare, are called "scleritomes". In many cases the body shapes of sclerites' creators and the distribution of sclerites on their bodies are not known. The "coat of mail" generally disintegrated once the animal died, and its fragments became dispersed and sometimes fossilized. Reconstructing these elements usually relies upon a fully articulated fossil being found in an exceptionally preserved lagerstatte. Such discoveries may in turn enable paleontologists to make sense of other similar fragments, such as those labelled Maikhanella.
Many sclerites are of the type called "coelosclerites", which have a mineralized shell around a space originally filled with organic tissue and which show no evidence of accretionary growth. It is not clear whether coelosclerites evolved independently in different groups of animals or were inherited from a common ancestor. Halkieriids produced scale- or spine-shaped coelosclerites, and complete specimens show that the animals were slug-shaped, and had cap-shaped shell plates at both ends in addition to the sclerites. Chancelloriids produced star-shaped composite coelosclerites. They are known to have been animals that looked like cacti and have been described as internally like sponges, although they may have been more closely related to halkieriids.[39 ]
Some sclerites are mineralized with calcium phosphate rather than calcium carbonate. Tommotiids have a wide range of sclerite shapes and internal structures, and may in fact represent a polyphyletic set of lineages, in other words they may have independently developed phosphatic scleritomes rather than inheriting them from a common ancestor. On the other hand they may be closely related to the ancestors of modern brachiopods, animals which at first sight look like bivalve molluscs, but brachiopods stand on fleshy stalks and their internal anatomy is different. Some sclerites and small pieces of "debris" are regarded as the remains of echinoderms. Other phosphatic sclerites include tooth-shaped, hook-shaped and plate-like objects, mostly of unknown origin. However it is known that some, including Microdictyon, were produced by lobopods, animals that looked like worms with legs and are thought to be close to the ancestors of arthropods.
Univalved and bivalved shells are fairly common. Some cap-shaped shells are thought to be the only sclerite covering their creators, while others are known to be parts of a more complex armor system like Halkieria’s. The Helcionellids are thought to be early molluscs with somewhat snail-like shells. Some have horizontal "exhaust pipes" on the concave edges of their shells, and there is debate about whether these pointed forwards or backwards. Hyoliths left small conical shells. These animals may have been molluscs or worm-like Sipuncula. Other molluscan univalved shells have been found in Canada. Some bivalve shells have been found with both parts still joined, and include both brachiopods and bivalve molluscs. Fossils have been found which resemble the opercula ("lids") used by snails to close the openings in their armor, and are attributed to hyoliths, small animals that had conical shells and may have been molluscs or worm-like Sipuncula. | <urn:uuid:a2c6950a-db19-4a71-939c-42010e66fa0f> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.thefullwiki.org/Small_shelly_fauna | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982911825.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200831-00008-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959854 | 3,990 | 3.65625 | 4 |
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