text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 7.09k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
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Making a Compost Bin
Pete makes a compost bin for around $34
Gardening Australia received a letter asking how to make a small, but effective compost bin.
Take an ordinary plastic garbage bin, and turn it upside down. Cut a circle out of the bottom.
This makes a lid. Drill a hole through the old lid and put a bolt with a wing nut through the centre and screw it in.
This means you've got a double lid that will go on top and fits over the hole you've just cut.
This bin is perfect for compost such as leaves, straw and manure, and add some fish emulsion.
The lid should be heavy enough to remain on, but if not put a brick on top. It's as simple as that. | <urn:uuid:b203c232-a9b4-4cc5-b820-7ca94e63b115> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/making-a-compost-bin/9426924 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864572.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521235548-20180522015548-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.954408 | 160 | 2.625 | 3 |
Language Counts: Supporting Early Math Development for Dual Language Learners
Around the country, advocates for education equity are paying increased attention to the critical importance of early math skills. Driven by research showing that foundational math knowledge is even more predictive of later school success than literacy, a growing movement is focused on promoting young children’s math skills in both early care settings and at home.
In order to improve equity in early math learning for all students, it is essential for this movement to understand and address the particular needs of dual language learners (DLLs). DLLs, children under the age of 8 with at least one parent who speaks a language other than English at home, represent a large and growing percentage of preschoolers and elementary students in the United States. Faced with systemic inequities and an education system designed for monolingual students, disparities in early math achievement for DLLs are evident as early as kindergarten and persist throughout a student’s academic career and beyond.
In “Language Counts: Supporting Early Math Development for Dual Language Learners,” we explore the current state of knowledge about DLLs’ math achievement and effective strategies for promoting their early math learning. We examine research and practice to identify promising practices for supporting students in early childhood and early elementary school settings, and, importantly, for engaging families of DLL students to provide additional support at home.
Existing research and experts agree that an important principle for educators of DLLs, particularly for English-dominant providers, is to treat the child’s home culture and emerging bilingualism as assets and resources, rather than as deficits. In the classroom, this includes investing time to understand how math language and knowledge are already used in the home, and creating opportunities for DLLs to use play to practice and demonstrate math skills in both languages. Educators should also work with parents to highlight ways in which they already use math language (for example, about shapes, measurement, sorting, and spatial relationships) in daily activities.
To summarize the strategies in the report specifically for childcare providers who work with dual language learners, we’ve created this two-pager:
The report concludes with recommendations, summarized below. Particularly in light of tightening budgets and growing inequities as a result of the global pandemic, it is critical to think strategically about how educators, advocates, policymakers, researchers, and philanthropists can ensure that DLLs have the math foundation they need to succeed in school and beyond.
Recommendations for Policymakers and Advocates
- Engage and listen to DLL families to better understand their needs.
- Include attention to the specific needs of DLLs in COVID-19-related funding and policies.
- Include DLL-related reporting and capacity-building in QRIS systems.
- Support development of grow-your-own bilingual educator certification pathways.
- Establish and sustain funding for educators to learn best practices while working with DLL students.
- Advocate for and establish educator certification requirements to include training related to DLLs.
Recommendations for Early Care Providers, State and District Education Leaders, Community-Based Organizations, and Philanthropic Partners
- Raise awareness about the importance of early math through strategies like family math nights.
- Develop a public campaign around early math targeted to DLL families.
- Develop and pilot training tools related to DLL instruction and family engagement.
- Invest in community organizing efforts for families of DLLs around education equity.
- Support the development of a professional learning community for preparation program providers interested in providing training on educating DLLs.
Recommendations for Institutions of Higher Education, Philanthropic Organizations, and Nonprofits
- Conduct rapid-cycle research on effective distance learning strategies for DLL families in the COVID-19 era.
- Conduct effectiveness research on specific early math instructional strategies for DLLs.
- Refine training tools for DLL instruction and family engagement, based on ongoing research. | <urn:uuid:8e15cb90-2b87-42a8-8b85-e0a3790effaa> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://bellwethereducation.org/publication/language-counts-supporting-early-math-development-dual-language-learners | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107885059.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024223210-20201025013210-00659.warc.gz | en | 0.940441 | 819 | 3.203125 | 3 |
This is probably the most diverse genus of bulbs growing in the western hemisphere. Calochortus are found in western North America, Mexico, and south to Guatemala. Although some have felt that it has warranted its own family, Calochortaceae, currently more authorities are including it in Liliaceae. The greatest concentration of species is found in California.
There are two good sources of information on Calochortus. The first is: Frank Callahan, "The Genus Calochortus," in McGary, 2001 found listed in References. The second is Calochortus, Gerritsen and Parsons, 2007 found listed in References. The authors of this book, Mary Gerritsen and Ron Parsons, have provided a lot of pictures and information that can be found on the species Calochortus wiki pages. In addition, you can view photographs on Mary's Picasa Gallery of Calochortus species and natural hybrids. Hugh MacDonald, former head of the Calochortus Society, has posted a large collection of photos in his Gallery of Calochortus (note that the links in his gallery do not work in Firefox, Chrome, and Safari). Some other information found in our wiki pages was taken with permission from the issues of Mariposa, the newsletter of the Calochortus Society.
Kipp McMichael, a PBS list participant, had spent a season tracking and photographing California native Calochortus in bloom. He shared a written account, and photos, of his experiences in the discussion "Calochortus pursuits". The photos and some excerpts have also been added to the Calochortus pages here on the PBS wiki.
You can find much more detailed informationon Calochortus culture, including advice on soils, pots, and watering schedules, here: How to grow Calochortus
Photos of representatives of the different subsections of Marion Ownbey's section Calochortus
Photos of representatives of the different subsections of Marion Ownbey's section Mariposa
Photos of representatives of the different subsections of Marion Ownbey's section Cyclobothra
The diversity of Calochortus species is reflected in the wide range of English common names applied to the flowers. Unfortunately, the common names do not align cleanly with the scientific subsections above. But here is a quick guide:
For more information and pictures of the species, click on the pages listed below or on the species name in the table below.
Calochortus hybrids - Calochortus species A-B - Calochortus species C-D - Calochortus species E-Lo - Calochortus species Lu-N - Calochortus species O-R - Calochortus species S - Calochortus species T-U - Calochortus species V-Z
|Calochortus albus||Calochortus amabilis||Calochortus ambiguus||Calochortus amoenus|
|Calochortus apiculatus||Calochortus argillosus||Calochortus aureus||Calochortus barbatus|
|Calochortus bruneaunis||Calochortus catalinae||Calochortus cernus||Calochortus clavatus|
|Calochortus coeruleus||Calochortus concolor||Calochortus coxii||Calochortus davidsonianus|
|Calochortus dunnii||Calochortus elegans||Calochortus eurycarpus||Calochortus excavatus|
|Calochortus exilis||Calochortus fimbriatus||Calochortus flexuosus||Calochortus fuscus|
|Calochortus 'Golden Orb'||Calochortus greenei||Calochortus gunnisonii||Calochortus hartwegii|
|Calochortus invenustus||Calochortus kennedyi||Calochortus leichtlinii||Calochortus longebarbatus|
|Calochortus luteus||Calochortus lyallii||Calochortus macrocarpus||Calochortus mendozae|
|Calochortus minimus||Calochortus monophyllus||Calochortus nigrescens||Calochortus nitidus|
|Calochortus nudus||Calochortus nuttallii||Calochortus obispoensis||Calochortus ownbeyi|
|Calochortus palmeri||Calochortus panamintensis||Calochortus persistens||Calochortus plummerae|
|Calochortus pringlei||Calochortus pulchellus||Calochortus purpureus||Calochortus raichei|
|Calochortus simulans||Calochortus spatulatus||Calochortus splendens||Calochortus striatus|
|Calochortus subalpinus||Calochortus superbus||Calochortus syntrophus||Calochortus tiburonensis|
|Calochortus tolmiei||Calochortus umbellatus||Calochortus umpquaensis||Calochortus uniflorus|
|Calochortus venustus||Calochortus vestae||Calochortus weedii||Calochortus westonii| | <urn:uuid:18ec1d9e-b566-4340-b4da-3da25041e69c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Calochortus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541142.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00253-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.725844 | 1,166 | 3 | 3 |
HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL USES OF CANNABIS AND THE CANADIAN "MARIJUANA CLASH"
Prepared For The Senate Special Committee On Illegal Drugs
Law and Government Division
12 April 2002
LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT
Part I – Cultural Uses of Cannabis Throughout the World
A. Historical Origins and Uses of Cannabis
2. Central Asia
3. Ancient Near East
b. Biblical Origins
B. Properties of the Production of Cannabis
1. Climatic Conditions for Cannabis Production
2. Classes of Psychoactive Cannabis Preparations
C. Cultural Uses of Cannabis
3. South America – Brazil
a. Ganja Socialization in the Home and Use Primarily by Males in Lower-Class Working Families
c. Working Class Women in Jamaica
Part II – North American Context of Cannabis Use
A. History of Cannabis in North America
B. Cannabis Use in Canada
Conclusion – The Marijuana Clash in Canada:
A Moral Debate
This paper provides a brief summary of the cultural uses of cannabis throughout history. As far back as the Mesolithic, or Middle Stone Age, the cannabisplant was originally harvested for the fibre from its thick-stemmed girth for use in everything from a ships’ rigging, to the noose that hangmen slipped around the necks of the condemned.() Even today, cannabis is cultivated for similar industrial purposes such as making paper and clothing.
The focus of this paper will be on the much more controversial usage of cannabis. In addition to its production of fibre, the cannabisplant also became known as early as pre-historical times for its thick sticky resin (delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC()), which produces psychoactive effects in humans.
Presently, in some countries this intoxicating resin is illegal (e.g., Canada). Yet, in other countries the use of cannabis is tolerated (e.g., Netherlands). These wandering legalities of cannabisare not rootless and can be best understood with cultural and historical perspectives in mind. As anthropologists and historians have revealed, cultural traditions, climatic differences, medicinal practices, as well as historical, political, legal and economic forces play a large part in the type of role cannabis has in different societies and cultures.() This creates marked cultural differences in uses of the plant as well as the context of its use. For instance, many cultural groups from around the world believe that “the smoking of marijuana is a valuable means of relaxation, introspection, and sociability”() while other cultural groups believe that “marijuana has the immediate effect of producing a burst of energy sufficient for completing laborious tasks.”() The realization that cannabis plays significantly different roles in various cultures is of great significance for Canadians since Canada is a mosaic country containing a cross-section of immigrants from countries throughout the world with varying cultural values regarding cannabis. Recognizing different cultural usages of cannabis is challenging however, because ‘we do not like to see other people defend something we [as Canadians have historically] regard[ed] as morally wrong.’() However such an understanding is important not only for gaining insight into why the cannabis issue has come to a boiling point in Canadian society (as well as many other countries), but also for informing future policy developments on cannabis in Canada.
begin, this paper gives a brief description of the historical origins of the
cultural psychoactive uses of cannabis. Before continuing with further
cultural uses of psychoactive cannabis, a description of the climatic growing
conditions and the potency levels of psychoactive cannabis is given in order
to emphasize that environmental conditions play a significant part in the
cultural use of the cannabis plant. Following this is a discussion of
the various cultural uses of cannabis in regions such as India, Africa, Brazil
and Jamaica. The second half of the paper then discusses the North
American and specifically the Canadian cultural context of the use of the
cannabis plant, including an examination of the economic, political and legal
factors that have influenced its use. It illustrates that Canadian
society did not use cannabis for psychoactive purposes until the middle of the
20th century. The paper concludes by emphasizing that since
Canadians have recently been exposed to different cultural uses of
psychoactive cannabis, knowledge of other cultural uses of cannabis is
important for future policy development of the cannabis issue in Canada.
PART I – CULTURAL USES OF CANNABIS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
It is difficult to say exactly where and when the cannabisplant originated. Some believe its origins were in central Asia. Others however, believe that because of its extensive medical and agricultural documentation in ancient Chinese literature, the cannabis plant actually originated in China. “Although the body of literature concerning hemp (cannabis) has grown rapidly in the last decade, the exact origin of the plant has yet to be established; the historical routes of its diffusion remain obscure.”()
Archaeologists discovered an ancient village in China, containing the earliest known record of the use of the cannabisplant. This village dates back over 10 000 years to the Stone Age. Amongst the debris of this village, archaeologists found small pots with patterns of twisted hemp fibre decorating them. This use of the cannabis plant suggests “men have been using the marijuana plant in some manner since the dawn of history.”() Cannabis fibre (hemp) was not only used in China as decoration, but it was also used to make clothes,() ropes, fishing nets() and paper.() It was also important as a food plant and was originally considered one of China’s five cereal grains.() The cannabis plant took on such great importance in the Chinese culture that early priest doctors began using the cannabis plant’s stalk as a symbol of power to drive away evil.
Eventually, when the process of extraction was developed, the Chinese realized the psychoactive use of the oil (resin) from the cannabis seed and applied this to their medicinal practices. The first evidence of the medicinal use of cannabis is found in the book Pên-ts’ao Ching, attributed to the Emperor Shen-nung of about 2000 B.C. Since Chinese medicine has its origins in magic, this book provides records of the Chinese using marijuana both in their medicinal and ritual practices. It was used in cases involving menstrual fatigue, gout, rheumatism, malaria, constipation, and absentmindedness, and to anaesthetize patients during surgical operations.() Other historical therapeutic uses of cannabis that are also emphasized in folk medicine throughout modern Asia include ‘wasting diseases.’ For example, in Thailand, “cannabis is frequently used to stimulate the appetite of sick people and make them sleep… its use to counteract diarrhoea and dysentery is equally common.”()
There is debate in Chinese history over the hallucinogenic use of the cannabis plant’s psychoactive properties. Some Chinese denounced marijuana as the “liberator of sin.”() This may have been due to the growing Chinese religion of Taoism in which “anything that contains yin, such as marijuana, was regarded with contempt since it enfeebled the body when eaten. Only substances filled with yang, the invigorating principle in nature, were looked upon favourably.”() However a late edition of the Pen Ts’ao asserted that while “ma-fen (the fruits of cannabis)… taken in excess will produce hallucinations (literally ‘seeing devils’), if it is taken over a long term, it makes one communicate with spirits and lightens one’s body.”() By the first century A.D., Taoists were using cannabis seeds in their incense burners to provide hallucinations that they valued as a means to achieving immortality.
However, by the 8th century A.D. cannabis had fallen into the background as a hallucinogen and opium took on much greater significance as a hallucinogen in Chinese culture. This non-adoption of cannabis as a hallucinogen can be explained on a cultural basis.
Opium is an Euphorica, a sedative of mental activity. Cannabis, on the other hand, is a Phantastica, a hallucinogenic drug that causes mental exhilaration and nervous excitation. It distorts the sense of time and space. Overuse may cause rapid movements… these effects were duly noted by Chinese physicians at least from the second century A.D. or earlier. They were in every respect inconsistent with the philosophy and traditions of Chinese life. The discontinuation of the use of cannabis by the Chinese can perhaps simply be referred to its unsuitability to the Chinese temperament and traditions. The conformity of an individual in Chinese society is regulated by a culturally instilled sense of shame. The Confucian personality is a shame-oriented personality. The adoption of opium and the non-adoption of cannabis reflect a behavioural response to traditional Chinese society. The opium user was more likely to remain pacific and sedated, and thus not challenge social norms. Cannabis, with its stimulating of erratic effects, was likely to induce acts that might bring shame upon the user or his family.()
Thus, while the psychoactive properties of cannabis have been cited as used by the Chinese, the value of cannabis in China was primarily as a fibre source. There was, however, a continuous record of hemp cultivation in China from Neolithic times, suggesting that cannabis use may have originated in China, rather than in central Asia() where the origination of cannabis has long been attributed.
Many western scholars attribute the origins of cannabis to the Scythians around the 7th century B.C. in and around Siberia, North Central Asia. According to Herodotus, a Greek historian who lived in the fifth century B.C., marijuana was an integral part of the Scythian cult of the dead wherein they honoured the memory and spirits of their departed leaders.() These funeral ceremonies involved the erection of small tents, into which they placed metal censors containing rocks heated from the funeral fires. The Scythians would throw cannabis seeds onto the heated stones to create a thick vapour that they would inhale and become intoxicated. “Seemingly, the purification was the Scythian counterpart to the hard-drinking frazzled Irish wake, with marijuana instead of alcohol as the ceremonial intoxicant.”()
This first ethnographic description of ancient peoples inhaling marijuana as a psychotropic stimulant was further confirmed by a Russian archaeologist, Professor S.I. Rudenko in 1929, who discovered that marijuana was also used by the Scythians in everyday life.() Not only did Rudenko come across the embalmed body of a man and a bronze cauldron filled with burnt marijuana seeds, but he also found some shirts woven from hemp fibre and some metal censors designed for inhaling marijuana smoke, which did not appear to be connected with any religious rite. “To Rudenko, the evidence suggested that inhalation of smouldering marijuana seeds occurred not only in a religious context, but also as an everyday activity, one in which Scythian women participated alongside the men.”()
As recently as 1993, Russian archaeologists confirmed Rudenko’s theory when they discovered a 2000-year-old woman’s body frozen in a tomb in the same Siberian burial ground where Rudenko had made his first discovery. The female Russian mummy was so well preserved that intricate tattoos were found on her left arm, leading the archaeologists to conclude that she was both a Scythian princess and a priestess. Buried in a hollowed tree trunk, the archaeologists found a few of her possessions buried alongside her, including a small container of cannabis, which ‘archaeologists believe was smoked for pleasure and used in pagan rituals.’()
Several cannabis commentators believe that the peoples of the Near East were the first to use cannabis for religious purposes due to man’s inability to engage in introspection.() The theory is that the cannabis plant assisted in giving man the ability for introspection, but that man initially believed his own introspection was actually the gods speaking to him. According to Julian Jaynes, a psychologist who wrote, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, “ancient people from Mesopotamia to Peru could not ‘think’ as we do today, and were therefore not conscious… they experienced auditory hallucinations – voices of gods, actually heard as in the Old Testament or the Iliad – which, coming from the brain’s right hemisphere, told a person what to do in circumstances of novelty or stress.” Terrence McKenna expanded this theory in his book called Food of the Gods, and suggests that, “psychoactive plants, like the psilocybin mushroom and cannabis, acted as catalysts and accelerators for mankind’s transition into consciousness and self reflection. The hallucinations and mystical insights experienced by those who consumed these plants convinced the ancient worshippers that they had come into contact with the divine.”()
In an example of this, the Sumerians of the Ancient Near East each developed their own ‘personal deity’ whom they would worship each day by burning cannabis. The Sumerians believed that the daily worship of their personal deity assisted them in earning a living and being courageous in battle. However, commentators believe that this ‘personal deity’ was actually just a “personification of a man’s luck, and his capacity for thinking and acting.”() In other words, cannabis became entrenched into Sumerian religion because they believed it was putting them in touch with their gods. Researchers believe however, that cannabis inhalation was actually just facilitating the Sumerians’ discovery of personal inner thinking.
There are many contested theories of the appearance of the use of cannabis by peoples of the Near East in the Old Testament. These theories are often challenged as being quite obscure with no clear history.() However as C. Creighton wrote in his article, On Indications of the Hachish-Vice in the Old Testament, “there are reasons… why there should be no clear history. All vices are veiled from view, and that is true especially of the vices of the East. Where they are alluded to at all, it is in cryptic, subtle, witty and allegorical terms. Therefore, if we are to discover them, we must be prepared to look below the surface of the text.”()
In Creighton’s text, he asserts that cannabis appears to have been eaten by both Saul and Jonathan in I Samuel 14, 25-45. In Jonathan’s case, the Bible passage is as follows:
And all [they of] the land came to a wood, and dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared the oath. But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with the oath; wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand and dipped it in an honey-comb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened.()
Creighton asserts that over the years the Hebrew words ‘yagarah hadebash’ have been translated incorrectly into ‘honey comb.’ He says that, “The earlier [translations], however obscure, show that the ‘honey’ was of a peculiar kind”() and that the Syrian version of the text is actually a better account. The Syrian account says that Jonathan dipped his rod in a field of flower-stalks with resinous exudation, which would be produced in times of heat – similar to the behaviour of cannabis resin.
If proof exists that peoples in the Old Testament used cannabis, this in fact predates the belief that the word ‘cannabis’ originated with the Scythians. Like Creighton, commentators such as Sula Benet, Sara Bentowa and Chris Bennett also delve below the surface of the Biblical text to argue that the word cannabis was actually borrowed by the Scythians from Semitic languages such as Hebrew. The word ‘kaneh bosm’ appears several times in the Old Testament() “both as incense, which was an integral part of religious celebration, and as an intoxicant,”() but a specific example sees Moses using it in Exodus 30:23 when God commanded him to make “holy anointing oil of myrrh, sweet cinnamon, kaneh bosm, and kassia.” Benet explains that in this passage the Hebrew definition of kaneh bosm is ‘aromatic reed,’ kan meaning ‘reed’ or ‘hemp,’ while bosm means ‘aromatic.’() The linguistic resemblance of the word ‘kaneh bosm’ to the Scythian word cannabis, and the Hebrew definition of kaneh bosm provide Benet and Bentowa with enough evidence to assert that the intoxicating properties of cannabis were probably first used by the peoples of the Near East and then spread through contact with the Scythians.()
Today, there are groups such as The Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church who fully believe in the teachings of the Bible and that “marijuana is a godly creation from the beginning of the world… Its purpose in creation is as a fiery sacrifice to be offered to our Redeemer during obligations… Ganja (cannabis) is the sacramental rights of every man worldwide.”() As further confirmation of this belief, they point to the Encyclopedia Brittanica’s section on Pharmacological Cults, which states: “the ceremonial use of incense in contemporary ritual is most likely a relic of the time when the psychoactive properties of incense brought the ancient worshipper into touch with supernatural forces.”()
Before continuing with an outline of several cultural uses of the cannabis plant’s psychoactive properties, it is important to describe the climatic conditions required for growing cannabis since this is an influential factor in the cannabis plant’s production of the psychoactive resin (THC). In addition, it is necessary to clarify that there are different classes of psychoactive cannabis preparations, as well as various cultural names for each class.
Cannabis is like a weed and will grow almost anywhere. However, its optimum resin-producing environment is in very hot climates where cannabis protects itself from death by producing as much resin as is needed in order to trap in water. “Depending on the conditions under which it grows, cannabis will either produce more resin or more fibre. When raised in hot, dry climates, resin is produced in great quantities and fibre quality is poor. In countries with mild, humid weather, less resin is produced and the fibre is stronger and more durable.”() Thus, since Europe has milder, humid weather, it is not surprising that “most Europeans knew very little of the intoxicating properties of cannabis until the 19th century when hashish was imported from India and the Arab countries.”() Prior to the 19th century, most Western countries used the cannabis plant only as a source of fibre.
The cannabis plant has two significant varieties that were catalogued in 1753 by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus. The most common is cannabis sativa, which is gangly, loose-branched, can reach a height of twenty feet and is productive of fibre and inferior seed oil. Cannabis indica grows to three or four feet in height, is densely branched, shaped like a pyramid and yields higher quantities of intoxicating resin.() There are three separate resin potency levels in cannabis plants, subject to which part of the plant is used. Each potency level has a different name dependent upon cultural language.
Mild Potency: Marijuana (Europe and North America), Mariguango (Mexican) Dagga (South Africa), Kif (North Africa), Bhang (India):
The flowering leaves of ripe male and female hemp plants secrete a sticky resin which is the source of all, or almost all, of the THC (delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol, the ingredient which reproduces in man all the mind-altering effects that follow smoking or eating marijuana or hashish) in cannabis. In this form of cannabis use, the leaves and sometimes the stems and even seeds or entire plants are ground up and smoked or baked into cookies. The potency varies with the THC content. Bhang is a little different as it usually involves only leaves, is drunk and is usually somewhat richer in THC than North American marijuana.
Intermediate Potency: Ganja (India):
The dried flowering tops of cultivated plants are covered with THC as a result of not having released their seeds. These are harvested and used in ‘ganja.’ Ganja is usually smoked, however it is also drunk, or baked into sweets. Outside of India, it is virtually unknown.
High Potency: Charas (India), Hashish (Arabia and North America), Hashishi (Syria):
Almost all of the THC is contained in the resin on the leaves near the flowering tops. The resin is scraped off of the leaves, pressed into blocks, and usually smoked. Hashish is about 10 times as powerful as marijuana and is the only cannabis derivative that has the capacity to produce hallucinogenic and psychotomimetic effects with any regularity. An Indian pharmacologist, Chopra, has described another method of harvesting charas: Sometimes men, naked, or dressed in leather suits or jackets, passed through the fields of cannabis sativa rubbing and crushing roughly against the plants early in the morning just after sunrise when a fall of dew has taken place. The resinous material that sticks on is then scraped off them and forms the charas resin of commerce.
Other common names for cannabis include grifa in Spain and Mexico; anascha in Russia; kendir in Tartar; konop in Bulgaria and konope in Poland; momea in Tibet; kanbun in Chaldea; dawamesk in Algeria; liamba or maconha in Brazil; and bust or sheera in Egypt.()
Cannabis has always been a customary part of life in India, and was “intimately associated with magical, medical, religious, and social customs in India for thousands of years.”() This may partially be due to India’s semi-arid climate, perfect for growing an abundance of cannabis.
According to legend found written in a collection of four holy books called the Vedas, an Indian god named Siva is described as The Lord of ‘Bhang,’ the drink made of cannabis leaves, milk, sugar and spices. Historically and continuing today, “bhang is to India what alcohol is to the West.”() Orthodox Hindu rules have traditionally prohibited the use of alcohol except for the warrior Rajput caste who, despite the rules, indulge in alcohol. For Members of the Brahmin caste, cannabis was unequivocally sanctioned for social use in order to help achieve the contemplative spiritual life they strive to lead. According to one historian of cannabis, even in the 1940’s bhang was integral to social activities including special festivities and in the home.() In special festivities such as weddings, it was said that a father must bring bhang to the ceremonies to prevent evil spirits from hanging over the bride and groom. Bhang was also a symbol of hospitality. “A host would offer a cup of bhang to a guest as casually as we would offer someone in our home a glass of beer. A host who failed to make such a gesture was despised as being miserly and misanthropic.”()
Cannabis is also renowned in India for its use in the Tantric religious yoga sex acts. About an hour before carrying out the yoga ritual, the devotee would put a bowl of bhang before him and after reciting a mantra to the goddess Kali, the devotee would drink the bhang potion. “The goal of the Tantra initiate was to achieve unity of mind, body, and spirit through yoga and marathon sexual episodes. This was fuelled by bhang, which heightens the experience.”()
The most potent Indian preparation of cannabis called ‘charas’ has the same religious importance to many Hindus that wine has to Christians celebrating the Eucharist. The Hindu mystics who smoked charas in the prayer ceremony called Puja especially favoured charas.() As well, the holy men called ‘fakirs’ who were famous for walking on hot coals and sleeping on beds of nails, believed that charas put them in closer communion with their gods.()
While the cannabis plant’s pre-eminence in India was, and continues to be its association with religious life and as a social lubricant, cannabis was also used as a medicinal aid. In Indian folk medicine, hemp boughs were thrown into fires in order to overcome evil forces. Sushruta, a legendary physician of ancient India, recommended it to relieve congestion, a remedy for diarrhoea and as an ingredient in a cure for fevers.() A number of years later, when the Indian Hemp Drug Commission of 1893-1894 heard testimony from hundreds of both native and Western doctors about the cannabis plant’s therapeutic uses in treatment of everything from cramps and headaches to bronchitis and diabetes as well as its use as an analgesic for toothaches and anaesthetic for minor surgeries, the Commission realized that “hemp drugs appear now to be frequently used for precisely the same purposes and in the same manner as was recommended centuries ago, [and] many uses of these drugs by native doctors are in accord with their application in modern European therapeutics. Cannabis must be looked upon as one of the most important drugs of Indian material medica.”()
the fact that the Indian Hemp Drug Commission rejected total prohibition of
cannabis because of its importance in medicine as well as in cultural rituals
and traditions, in 1896 the British Indian Government passed Act XII to
discourage the habitual use of cannabis and its use as an intoxicant.
The Act requested that state governments improve their local excise systems.
Later in 1930 the Dangerous Drugs Act was passed, empowering state
governments to make rules permitting and regulating the inter-state import and
export from the territories under their administration, the transport,
possession and sale of manufactured drugs (which included medicinal cannabis).()
While there continued to be no national legal provisions for the control of
the cannabis plant, the India national government persisted in pressing state
governments to discourage the use of cannabis. By 1964 India had both
signed and ratified the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 and
then in 1985 the cultivation, possession, use and consumption of any mixture
of cannabis came to be prohibited with severe penalties by the national
government of India under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Act, 1985. Today, although cannabis continues to be an integral
element of cultures in India, the laws seem to have succeeded in discouraging
its use. “From the numerous popular stories that are current among the
people, it would appear that the habitual use of cannabis existed on a much
more extensive scale in India in past centuries.”()
The cultural use of cannabis is widespread throughout Africa. While the plant is not indigenous to Africa, several traditions of religious, medical and recreational cannabis smoking have developed since its introduction to Africa over six centuries ago.
Aside from Egypt, where cannabis has been grown for over a thousand years due to the influence of India and Persia, the first archaeological evidence of cannabis in central and southern parts of Africa comes from 14th century Ethiopia where two ceramic smoking-pipe bowls containing traces of cannabis were discovered.() Researchers hypothesize that since cannabis was outlawed in Egypt in the 3rd century A.D. and was punishable by religious law and judicial authorities, several Muslim communities who wanted to continue to grow cannabis migrated south and introduced cannabis to Ethiopia.() Researchers also believe that later on, around 1500 A.D., the fully developed trade routes between Arabia, Turkey, India and Persia with the East African coast, permitted the Arab traders to introduce cannabis to the more southern parts of Africa.()
While Arab traders and North Africans brought cannabis to the central and southern parts of Africa, they did not import techniques of psychoactive cannabis use. For the Hottentot tribe of the Cape of Good Hope, “the simple but efficacious practice of throwing hemp plants on the burning coals of a fire and staging what might today be called a ‘breathe-in’ seems to have been popular initially.”() The King of another tribe called the Kafirs, also of the Cape of Good Hope, administered cannabis through beverages very similar to the Indian ‘bangue.’ “Those the chief desired to entertain were offered food and intoxicating spirits which they must drink, although against their stomach, not to condemn the king’s bounty.”()
Eventually, by 1705, the Hottentots learned the art of smoking. The habit of smoking cannabis, which many tribes called ‘dagga,’ spread from tribe to tribe quite quickly. The primary method in which southern and central African tribes learned of smoking dagga was through their trading relations with the nomadic ‘San’ tribe hunters. “The hunters were addicted to smoking and so in exchange for tobacco and dagga they supplied feathers, game, and other products collected in the hunt.”() Learning the art of smoking dagga altered African culture from chewing to smoking, and elaborated the techniques of dagga consumption.() Several different pipes began to be developed out of gourds, bamboo stalks and coconut bowls. When smoking cannabis reached the northern areas of Africa, “it was the North Africans who developed the water pipe, which cooled and to some degree purified the smoke.”() North African tribes referred to cannabis under the name kif in this apparatus.
There are several examples of how cannabis took on different prominent symbols in African tribes. In North Africa, “music, literature and even certain aspects of architecture have evolved with cannabis-directed appreciation in mind. Some homes actually have kif rooms, where family groups gather to sing, dance, and relate histories based on ancient cultural traditions.”()
A researcher visiting the Congo, discovered that around 1888, the King of the Balubas tribe, which had conquered several tribes near it with similar rituals,
ordered all the ancient idols and fetishes of conquered territories to be publicly burned. He realized that a multiplicity of tribal gods would hardly serve as a unifying force, so he acted to strengthen his lordship and bind his subjects into one ‘nation’ by replacing the old idols with a new and more powerful one – Cannabis!()
Thus for the Balubas tribe, cannabis took on ritualistic importance on state and feast days and as an evening pastime.
Cannabis was also incorporated into many African tribes’ religious and magical beliefs. The Bashilenge was a religious cult that developed out of several small clubs of hemp smokers who had their own plots of land for the cultivation of hemp.
Each tribesman was required to participate in the cult and show his devotion by smoking as frequently as possible. They attributed universal magical powers to hemp, which was thought to combat all kinds of evil and they took it when they went to war and when they travelled. The hemp pipe assumed a symbolic meaning for the Bashilenge somewhat analogous to the significance that the peace pipe had for American Indians. No holiday, no trade agreement, no peace treaty was transacted without it.()
The Bashilenge tribe also made cannabis an important part of their jurisprudence.
Any native accused of a crime was required to smoke dagga until he either admitted his crime or lost consciousness. In cases of theft, the robber had to pay a fine, consisting of salt, to each person who witnessed his smoking. The crime of adultery required that the guilty male smoke dagga as well. However, there was no fine. The amount of dagga to be smoked depended on the status of the man who had been cuckolded. If the latter were important, the guilty man had to smoke until he lost consciousness. He would then be stripped, pepper would be dropped into his eyes and/or a thin ribbon would be drawn through his nasal bone.()
Several tribes such as the Zulu and the Sothos were known to smoke cannabis prior to going to war. “Young Zulu warriors were especially addicted to dagga and under the exciting stimulation of the drug were capable of accomplishing hazardous feats.”() There are those historians who also believe that the Zulus were intoxicated with dagga when they attacked the Dutch at the Battle of Blood River in 1838.() Similarly, the Sothos tribe used dagga to strengthen their spirits prior to an onslaught.
Besides for Northwest Africa where “cannabis either was not introduced or was not accepted until after the Second World War”() African tribes throughout the rest of the continent also used cannabis in folk traditional medicinal practice. “The plant was used as a remedy for snake bite (Hottentots), to facilitate childbirth (Sotho), and among Africans of Rhodesia as a remedy for anthrax, malaria, blackwater fever, blood poisoning, and dysentery. It was also famous in relieving the symptoms of asthma.”()
Africa became a country of cannabis cultures long before the arrival of Europeans. Despite the Europeans’ attempts to outlaw the psychoactive use of cannabis, it continues to be deeply ingrained in the cultures of several African tribes.
In 1549, the French and the British imported Angolan slaves from the southwest coast of Africa to work as labourers on the sugar plantations of northeastern Brazil. “The slaves carried the seeds in cloth dolls tied to their ragtag clothing. The planters permitted slaves to grow their maconha between the rows of cane, and to smoke and dream during the periods of inactivity between harvests. But the planters stuck to their perfumed cigars.”() Many planters felt that allowing their slaves to smoke marijuana, encouraged them to work hard.()
Cannabis came to be regarded in Brazil as the opium of the poor, used for cordage and clothing, comestible and spice, energizer and invigorant, as well as medicine and euphoriant.() This pattern of cannabis use replicated a pattern that Vera Rubin calls the “ganja complex.” “Except for ritual purposes involving members of the priestly class, regular multipurpose use in the folk stream has been generally confined to the lower social classes: peasants, fishermen, rural and urban artisans and manual labourers.”()
Upper class use of cannabis in Brazil was not unheard of however. In 1808, the Portuguese Royal Court, threatened by Napoleon’s invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, escaped from Portugal to Brazil, settling in Rio de Janeiro. The Court spent approximately six years in Brazil, returning to Portugal at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. In 1817, Queen Carlota Joaquina, wife of Emperor Don Joao VI, King of Portugal and Brazil, was dying. She asked her favourite Angolan slave who accompanied her back to Portugal from Brazil to “bring an infusion of the fibres of damba do amazonas, with which we sent so many enemies to hell.” The slave made an infusion of cannabis and arsenic and gave it to her. “Upon taking the infusion, Dona Carlota felt no pain while dying because of the analgesic action of diamba.”() With this account, there are some anthropologists who believe that it was actually the Portuguese Court who introduced cannabis to Brazil during their short stay.
Whether it was the Angolan slaves or the Portuguese Court who introduced cannabis to Brazil, there are indications that smoking marijuana was also observed among the Indians during the Colonial period.() The Catimbo Indians used marijuana in their own practices in order to receive spirits to cure sick people. An influence of the African Angolan practices led the Catimbo to also use marijuana to induce divination, revelation of secrets and mystic hallucinations.
In the 19th century the use of marijuana was prohibited in Rio de Janeiro. However, the prohibition was not enforced in the provinces where smokers continued to enjoy marijuana use and began growing their own plots next to their houses for personal use.() Often cannabis was used for medicinal and therapeutic purposes: “usually, a preparation of tea, mixed with marijuana leaves is swallowed by the patient to relieve rheumatism, “female troubles,” colic and other common complaints such as toothaches in which marijuana is packed around the aching tooth.”()
Near the beginning of the 20th century, the ‘ganja complex’ had fully developed and many lower class individuals were smoking marijuana both in rural areas and within the cities. Groups of canoemen and fishermen as well as other lower-class Brazilians gathered together on a weekly basis for sessions of collective smoking. This custom, was called Club de Diambistas() in which the primary goal was the search for psychedelic experiences.() It was also smoked in the military barracks and in the prisons, to alleviate boredom and despair.()
Cannabis did not take root in Jamaica until the mid-nineteenth century when East Indian indentured labourers were brought over by the British to work in Jamaica.() Eventually, their knowledge of the cannabis plant and methods of smoking cannabis, or ‘ganja,’ diffused to the black working class.
cannabis is presently officially illegal in Jamaica, ‘cannabis is integrated
with many dimensions of Jamaican culture and is governed by social rules that
guide its use and inhibit abuse.’()
For Jamaicans, ganja is thought of not only as a recreational drug, but
certain cross-cultural groups within Jamaica also view it as an herb that has
both religious and medicinal value. Anthropological studies have shown
that the use of ganja in Jamaica is extraordinarily widespread.()
It is possible to recognize three major groups who use it in culturally varied
ways. First and traditionally, lower-class Jamaicans are socialized to
the uses of ganja at a very young age because of its domestic use in the home.
In addition, young children become exposed to their fathers social use of
ganja. Secondly, members of the Rastafarians, a politico-religious
movement in Jamaica, use ganja as a religious sacrament. Thirdly and
most recently, perhaps due to the growth of Rastafarianism, it is no longer
unusual to see Jamaican women smoking ganja in the manner of their male
a. Ganja Socialization in the Home and Use Primarily by Males in Lower-Class Working Families
Through the ingestion of teas and tonics in herbal remedies, all young children in lower-class working families in Jamaica have at one time or another been exposed to ganja. This social strata of Jamaican society holds the belief that ganja helps to ‘maintain good health and prevent illness and is therapeutic for a variety of complaints including upper respiratory infections, asthma, intestinal problems, glaucoma, gonorrhea, wasting due to malnutrition, and infant diarrhea, endemic fevers, discomfort of teething, and skin burns and abrasions.’() Although the child may have been well aware of the basic ingredient of the teas or tonics, the child never heard the ganja ingredient spoken of by any of the family members because “an aura of secretiveness often surrounds this ordinary practice.”()
Subsequently in a youngster’s adolescent years, even though young boys were cautioned against it, they would often be introduced to smoking ganja by their older peers, who had discovered that their fathers were regular smokers. Not to take part in smoking ganja classified the non-smoker as an outsider because it was symbolic of courage, and of crossing the line from child to man, as well as a sign of friendship and trust.
On one level, smoking the substance is considered adventurous by the adolescent boy: by participating in an illegal practice, even though it is widespread among his elders, the young smoker believes he is demonstrating courage, defiance, and, most importantly, manhood. In subtle ways, the smoking of ganja is considered by the young almost as a rite de passage, an audacious act signifying transition from adolescence to maturity. On another level, particularly for males from the lowest socio-economic rung of the society, smoking symbolizes camaraderie, equality, and belonging; it is a sign of friendship and trustworthiness.()
Not all boys become regular smokers however. To become a regular ganja smoker is dependent on the boy’s reaction to his first experience, and this is determined by the boy himself, as well as his peers through a culturally standardized ‘vision.’ During the first ganja smoking experience, the boy is supposed to see a little dancing person or creature, symbolizing a positive ganja smoking experience. If a boy’s peers decide that he did not see the vision, they say “he doesn’t have the head for it” and this means the boy had a negative ganja smoking experience.() Although a negative experience has the potential of giving the boy social marginality, it is not entirely detrimental, since members of the Jamaican middle and upper class have traditionally disapproved of ganja smoking and considered it illegal. Those who did not participate in ganja smoking had much better chances for upward social mobility.()
When working-class men establish their own households in their twenties, regular users of ganja plant their own supply in an inconspicuous place near their homes. Unlike in younger years when ganja smoking was a central part of social life, at this stage ganja smoking becomes “a natural part of the daily round, an almost unnoticed routine at work parties, lunch breaks, evening visits, and the like.”() Ganja is valued for its ability to increase work capacity, specifically manual labour. The working-class man believes that regular doses of ganja build his blood as well as his strength. In addition, ganja provides immediate bursts of energy.()
Traditional ganja smoking at the working-class level is thus highly based on customary behaviour depending on age, peers and work. Sex could also be another category since traditionally, the female ganja smoker was rare and considered disreputable.()
The Rastafarian cult, unique to Jamaica, is a movement whose members believe that Haile Selasssie, Emperor of Ethiopia, is the Black Messiah who appeared in the flesh for the redemption of all Blacks exiled in the world of White oppressors. For Rastafarians, Ethiopia is the Promised Land where Black people will be repatriated through a wholesale exodus from all Western countries where they have been slaves.()
The Rastafarian movement began to take shape around 1930-33. In 1940, Leonard Howell launched the doctrine of the Rastafarian movement and recruited a large following (between 500-1600 people) to join him in the hills of St. Catherine, overlooking Kingston where he would not be harassed by the police for the radical principles of his doctrine.() Howell became leader of this cult known as “Ethiopian Salvation Society” at the commune called “Pinnacle.” For a living, the people of the commune grew cash crops, including the ganja herb. Many Rastafarians continue to be ganja farmers today.
Ganja became a predominant symbol in the Rastafarian movement and its use became a religious sacrament. Even today, it is believed that ganja is a holy herb and when inhaled, it allows the Rastafarian to ‘loosen up’ his head and truly perceive himself as a Black person without the pre-conditioned forces of European society. This in turn permits the revelation that Haile Selassie is truly their God and Ethiopia, the home of the Blacks.()
The herb is the key to new understanding of the self, the universe, and God. It is the vehicle to cosmic consciousness; it introduces one to levels of reality not ordinarily perceived by the non-Rastafarians, and it develops a certain sense of fusion with all living beings.()
In defence of the belief that cannabis forms part of their heritage, Rastafarians cite several sections of the Bible. They believe that “God who created all things made the herb for human use” and will cite Genesis 1:12 as their proof text:()
And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
also cite the following sections of the Bible as further proof that their use
of cannabis is legitimate:()
…thou shalt eat the herb of the field. (Genesis 3:18)
…eat every herb of the land. (Exodus 10:12)
… Better is a dinner of herb where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith. (Proverbs 15:17)
…He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man. (Psalm 104:14)
Ganja smoking was also a symbol of protest for the Rastafarians against the Jamaican establishment and representative of the Rastafarians freedom from Jamaican laws.
Although Haile Selassie passed away in 1975, ganja continues to be an ideological symbol for Rastafarians and continues to be used in the Rastafarian faith to reinforce their liberating ideology.()
Although traditionally it was socially inappropriate for women to smoke ganja, the present situation in Jamaica shows that the number of women who smoke cannabis in a similar recreational manner to their male counterparts has increased dramatically.() This may be due to the influence of Rastafarianism or possibly due to men’s lack of ability to provide support to women and children due to the harsh economy. “When there are no benefits for conforming to the social norms, social rules tend to be observed less stringently.”()
There are a widespread number of views amongst Jamaican women regarding ganja smoking. Similar to Western medical belief, many Jamaican women believe that it is especially harmful to smoke ganja while pregnant. However a number of other Jamaican women believe that ganja smoking actually aids the mother’s care-taking abilities as well as the health of both the baby and the mother.() In a study carried out in Jamaica in 1980 of 30 ganja smoking pregnant women and 30 non-ganja smoking pregnant women it was found that ganja smoking was indeed beneficial for both mother and baby.()
Of significance in relation to cultural uses of cannabis, the study showed that rather than acting as a recreational outlet, ganja smoking helped the pregnant women to deal with the difficulties of pregnancy in a society where, multiple pregnancies are common, families are often in financial difficulty and women must continue to perform hard labour throughout their pregnancy.
For many women, ganja was seen as an option that provided a solution to problems during pregnancy such as loss of appetite, nausea, and fatigue. Ganja helped to increase their appetites, control and prevent the nausea of pregnancy, assist them to sleep, and give them the energy they needed to work. For women who are responsible for the full support of their households and who need to accomplish work while not feeling well, ganja smoking is an available and inexpensive solution to this problem. The women with several pregnancies, in particular, reported that both social and private smoking alleviated the feelings of depression and desperation attending motherhood in their impoverished communities.()
Melanie Dreher illustrates in her study that ganja smoking not only has become a recreational activity for many women who decide to breach lower-class social norms it also has a symbolic meaning attached to it for many pregnant women in Jamaica.
While there is strong historical evidence illustrating that the psychoactive properties of cannabis have been used as part of cultural practices of several societies throughout the world, it is unclear when the psychoactive properties of cannabis were discovered in North America. Some scholars believe that cannabis probably existed in North America long before the Europeans arrived. In Chris Bennett’s book Green Gold: Marijuana in Magic and Religion he says, “there is some very good physical evidence that indicates cannabis played a part in some of the native cultures prior to the arrival of Columbus.”() In 1985, Bill Fitzgerald discovered resin scrapings of 500-year-old pipes in Morriston, Ontario containing “traces of hemp and tobacco that is five times stronger than the cigarettes smoked today.”() Other archaeological evidence includes stone and wooden pipes and hemp fibre pouches that were found in the Ohio Valley from about 800 A.D.()
Elders of some North American native tribes can also remember their ancestors using cannabis in a ritual manner. According to Richard L. Lingeman in his book Drugs from A to Z, a 79 year old member of the Cinco Putas tribe in California
recalls his grandmother’s daily ritual when he was a small child. She took some cannabis flower tops out of an intricately carved box then rolled it in handmade corn paper. She held the resulting ‘joint’ upright in front of her and, watching the rising swirled smoke, prayed: “Oh thank-you Great Mother!” for each of the gifts the day had brought, as well as thanks for her present relaxation.()
Even today, there are some North American tribes, especially those from Mexico, who have used cannabis as sacred gift under the name Rosa Maria or Santa Rosa, and continue to use it today.
Indians in the Mexican states of Veracruz, Hidalgo, and Puebla practice a communal curing ceremony with a plant called Santa Rosa, identified as cannabis sativa, which is considered both a plant and a sacred intercessor with the Virgin. Although the ceremony is based mainly on Christian elements, the plant is worshipped as an earth deity and is thought to be alive and to represent a part of the heart of God.()
However, some scholars are doubtful that cannabis was an integral part of the cultures of North American native tribes. “With few exceptions, cannabis has not penetrated significantly into many native religious beliefs and ceremonies.”() These scholars believe that the cultivation of cannabis in the New World originated by its introduction through white settlers. Even if North American natives had been using cannabis prior to White man’s arrival “unfortunately much of the religion and culture of the aboriginal peoples of the western hemisphere was destroyed or driven underground by the European invaders.”()
Hence, there is little evidence that the natives of the continent introduced the white settlers to the cannabis plant or its psychoactive properties. The earliest known evidence is that Louis Hebert, Champlain’s apothecary, introduced the cannabis plant to North American white settlers in 1606. However, the white settlers did not discover the psychoactive properties of cannabis until the end of the 19th century. Rather, the cannabis plant was widely grown across North America for its use as a fibre in clothing and cordage and to provide sails and rigging for ships. The pilgrims also planted hemp soon after its introduction, and used it to cover their wagons.
Colonial governments realized quite quickly the profits that could be made from the production of cannabis fibre (hemp). King James I commanded the American colonists to produce hemp, and later in 1619, the government of the colony of Virginia imposed penalties on those who did not produce cannabis, and awarded bounties for cannabis culture and manufacture.
Similar attempts to stimulate the industry occurred in Eastern Canada as well. Hemp was grown under the French regime, and was the first crop to be subsidized by the government. In 1801, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada distributed hemp seeds to farmers. Later, in the 1820’s, a gentleman by the name of Edward Allen Talbot, Esq., wrote Five Years’ Residence in the Canadas. He believed that if Canada produced enough hemp to supply Britain, this would end their dependence on a foreign power and greatly benefit Canadian settlers. In 1822, the provincial parliament of Upper Canada allocated 300 pounds for the purchase of machinery to process hemp and 50 pounds a year over the next three years for repairs. The 1823 budget also offered incentives to domestic producers. Mr. Fielding, Finance Minister said that there was a market in Canada and with some government encouragement a mill could be established in Manitoba to draw from crops in the vicinity. There were six hemp mills in Canada at the time, and the government financed a seventh, the Manitoba Cordage Company. Near the end of the 19th century however, cannabis production became overshadowed by cotton production since it was less labour intensive. Even with the invention of a new machine in 1917 to make it easier to separate cannabis fibre from the internal woody core, cannabis fibre production did not rise in production again. The new petroleum based synthetic textile companies and the large and powerful newspaper/lumber barons saw hemp production as a threat to their businesses. Thus in 1937, the United States enacted the Marijuana Tax Law, and levied an occupational excise tax upon cannabis fibre producers. The Canadian government, following the American lead, also prohibited production under the Opium and Narcotics Act on 1 August 1938.
Between the years of 1840-1900 cannabis was also used in medicinal practice throughout North America. During this time, more than one hundred papers were published in the Western medical literature recommending it for various illnesses and discomforts. The first physician to introduce cannabis to Western medicine was W.B. O’Shaunghnessy of Scotland. He introduced cannabis to Western medicine in 1841 after observing its use in India and performing experiments on animals to satisfy himself that it was safe for human use. Soon after its introduction to North America, physicians began to prescribe cannabis for a variety of physical conditions such as rabies, rheumatism, epilepsy, tetanus and as a muscle relaxant. Cannabis became so common in medicinal use that eventually, cannabis preparations were sold over the counter in drug stores.
In 1860, the first American Governmental Commission study of cannabis and health was conducted. Dr. R. R. M’Meens reported the findings of the Commission to the Ohio State Medical Society. M’Meens found that,
cannabis effects are less intense than opium, and the secretions are not so much suppressed by it. Digestion is not disturbed; the appetite rather increases; the whole effect of hemp being less violent, and producing a more natural sleep, without interfering with the actions of the internal organs, it is certainly often preferable to opium, although it is not equal to that drug in strength and reliability.()
Up until the early 1890’s doctors continued to find cannabis valuable for treatment of various forms of neuralgia especially treating migraine attacks, epilepsy, depression and sometimes for asthma and dysmenorrhoea. Some doctors such as H.A. Hare also recommended cannabis to subdue restlessness and anxiety and distract a patient’s mind in terminal illness. Dr. Hare believed cannabis was as effective a pain reliever as opium.
However, the 1890’s also found some doctors suggesting that the potency of cannabis preparations was too variable, and individual responses to orally ingested cannabis seemed erratic and unpredictable. “Cannabis Indica has fallen considerably in the estimation of the profession, both in the old country and in this, due no doubt to its variability and often noticeable uncertainty of action.”() In addition, since the invention of the hypodermic syringe in the 1850’s, there was an increased use of opiates and soluble drugs that could be injected for faster pain relief. Cannabis was difficult to be administered by injection because it is highly insoluble. Chemically stable drugs such as aspirin, chloral hydrate and barbiturates were also developed at the end of the 19th century. And while barbiturates were found to be quite dangerous, and many people died from aspirin induced bleeding, cannabis continued to fall out of practice as a medicine.
Simultaneously, as cannabis began to fall out of practice as a medicinal drug, its use as a recreational hallucinogen was realized in the United States. In 1916, Puerto Rican Soldiers and Americans stationed in the Panama Canal Zone were reported to have been using marijuana, and military authorities did not enforce its disuse because they did not feel it was as harmful as drinking alcohol. But medical experts began to “consider cannabis as a narcotic, implying the dangers of overdose and habit… and saw it as an aphrodisiac, adding sexual excitement or uncontrollability to its detriments.”()
In 1915 California became the first state to make it illegal to possess cannabis. By the 1920’s marijuana had become a major ‘underground drug,’() traced to an influx of Mexican workers into the Southern United States in the 1910’s and 1920’s.() Subsequent use was apparently largely confined to lower class ethnic minority groups, with a high proportion of urban-dwelling Afro and Spanish Americans among the known users. “When Mexican labourers introduced marijuana smoking to the United States, it spread across the south, and by the 1920’s, its use was established in New Orleans through its importation from Havana, Tampico, and Veracruz by American and Mexican sailors, and use was confined primarily among the poor and minority groups.”() Later in the 1930’s, “cannabis was the first psychoactive substance (besides alcohol) that became a common subject in modern popular music, with jazz classics from the 1930’s such as Louis Armstrong’s Muggles and Cab Calloway’s That Funny Reefer Man topping the bill of marijuana-inspired fare.”()
The recreational spread of cannabis use, especially in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century, assisted in enhancing the narcotic classification of cannabis by medical experts at the end of the 19th century. Therefore, medical experts also supported the American Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, as well as the Canadian Opium and Narcotics Act in 1938, both of which not only controlled the cannabis economic industry with prohibitive taxes, but also prevented further experimentation on the medicinal effects of cannabis. Years later in 1954, a new offence was created in Canada for the ‘possession for the purpose of trafficking’ and in 1956, cannabis was also incorporated into the more comprehensive United States Narcotics Act. Internationally, cannabis began to be controlled in 1961 by the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, requiring states to adopt the necessary legislative and regulatory measures in order to limit the production, distribution and use of prohibited substances to medical and scientific purposes. Canada both signed and ratified the convention in 1961 and the United States later acceded to the convention in 1967.
Thus, while white settlers to North America have used cannabis since the early 1600’s, psychoactive usage for purposes other than medicine was not heard of until the 20th century. Before this, priority was placed on the economic viability of cannabis fibre production and later, the cannabis plant’s scientific medicinal uses. By the time North Americans were exposed to other cultural values of cannabis (smoking marijuana), via methods such as travel to other countries and incoming immigrants, cannabis was already well on its way to being considered by the North American laws, of little value. Despite reports that emphasized the harmless effects of smoking marijuana, such as the La Guardia Report published in 1944 by the New York Academy of Medicine, cannabis continued to be proscribed. These laws were not only prohibitive of industrial production and medical research of cannabis, but also prohibitive of the psychoactive use of cannabis that was, and continues to be, an integral part of the cultures that introduced it to North Americans.
While people in the United States were introduced to the psychoactive use of cannabis (marijuana smoking) in the early 1900’s by way of ethnic immigrant settlers and contact with other cultures outside of the United States, “there are no reliable accounts of the non-medical use of cannabis in Canada which predate the 1930’s.”() Even between the years of 1930-46 there were only 25 convictions for cannabis possession in all of Canada.() Meanwhile in the United States, several newspapers had begun publishing reports of young people using marijuana. In 1933, Detective L.E. Bowery of the Wichita Police Department claimed “no denial can be made of the fact that marijuana smoking is at present a common practice among the young people of the city, and that it is constantly becoming more prevalent…”() Later, by the early 1960’s
cannabis was well established in many American universities and among many high school aged youths. This may have been due to the American involvement in the Vietnamese War, as well as due to the evolution of the 1960’s hippie psychedelic ethos, the growth of underground newspapers, and the mass media’s attention to the drug.()
It was not until the mid-to late 1960s, when this level and type of usage was imitated in Canada. “In 1962 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police reported only 20 cases connected with cannabis. In 1968 the number of cannabis related cases had risen to over 2300, and in 1972 there were nearly 12000 cannabis convictions in Canada.”()
The spread of marijuana use among Canadian youth in the late 1960’s is attributable to an adoption of the American social forces of the psychedelic ‘hippie’ movement. Like their American counterparts, a Canadian ‘counter culture’ began to protest society’s values placed on them and held sit-ins and demonstrations against injustices such as racism, poverty and the lack of women’s rights. One of these demonstrations occurred in 1971 in Vancouver’s Gastown. The event was a ‘smoke-in,’ with a few hundred cannabis activists, and hippies in attendance.()
Travel, is another possibility as to how marijuana use spread quickly throughout Canada during the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. The late 1960’s brought about a time when Canadians followed their fellow American counterparts to regions such as the Far East where they became exposed to different cultural practices of cannabis use in their search for cheap hashish. “Travel and transportation are crucial variables in drug history, just as they are in the history of infectious diseases.”()
Thus in part, the increase of marijuana use in Canada during the 1960’s could also be correlated with the increase in numbers of people travelling from other countries to settle in Canada, bringing with them, an array of cultural practices. Until the 1960’s, Canada’s immigration laws prevented immigrants from countries other than Britain, the United States, and Europe from settling in Canada. Moreover, immigrants were expected to shed their distinctive heritage and assimilate almost entirely to existing cultural norms of a ‘white settler’ society. Therefore until this time, contact with cultures that may have used cannabis for purposes other than industrial or medical purposes, was limited.
In 1961 however, Canadian immigration policy changed and since this time people have travelled from their native countries in Asia, the Caribbean, Africa, Central and South America() to come to live in Canada. But while immigration laws were expanded in 1961, the Government continued to expect immigrants to assimilate to the white settler society. It was not until the late 1960’s to early 1970’s when the Canadian hippie movement came into full swing, that
under pressure from immigrant groups, the Canadian government rejected the assimilationist model of immigration, and instead adopted a more tolerant policy (multi-culturalism policy) that allows and indeed encourages immigrants to maintain various aspects of their ethnic heritage. Immigrants were now free to maintain some of their old customs regarding food, dress, recreation, and religion and to associate with each other to maintain these practices. This is no longer seen as unpatriotic or ‘un-Canadian.’()
However only certain cultural values of incoming migrants were allowed to exist, while others that conflicted with Canadian ‘common-values’ were ignored. For many migrants who came from societies where cannabis was integral to their culture, this was one practice the Canadian Government would not permit. Such is a form of “legal moralism in which the government intervenes in drug use in the name of its responsibility to preserve common values that are vital to the well-being of society.”() However, the increase in cannabis use throughout the 1960’s and 1970’s illustrates that these ‘common values’ regarding cannabis were beginning to deteriorate and new moral values were permeating the cannabis issue in Canadian society. The transnational movement of an array of cultural values was occurring in Canada, even despite laws that legitimated or prohibited them.()
During the period of Canadian social change in the late 1960’s, both by protests from the hippie movement and transnational movement of cultural practices, the Canadian Government seemed prepared to ease up on marijuana prohibition. In the early 1970’s the Le Dain Commission was appointed in Canada to undertake a complete and factual study of marijuana use and its effects. It concluded that, “Canada’s prohibition laws had only served to create a sub-culture with little respect for the law and law enforcement, as well as diverting law enforcement capability, clogging the judicial system, and providing a base of funds for organized crime.”() In 1972, Trudeau added this recommendation to his election platform although his government did not change the marijuana laws after his re-election. As marijuana use continued to steadily grow especially amongst youth throughout the 1970’s, in 1978, yet another report was commissioned on marijuana laws, recommending once again, that marijuana be decriminalized and legalized.() Later in 1979, under the leadership of then Prime Minister Joe Clark, the Progressive Conservative government of 1979-80 gave notice in its Throne Speech that it intended to reform the Criminal Code provisions regarding cannabis, but the Conservative Government was defeated before making these revisions. Meanwhile, a number of regional studies that were conducted in various populations throughout the 1970’s in Canada showed that current use amongst students was fast approaching 25 percent, with 1979 being a peak year where over 30 percent of students in grades 7, 9, 11, and 13 reported use in the previous 12 months.() Youthful cannabis use in the 1970’s could be viewed as a continuation of the epidemic of the sixties.
Despite the 1978 report that advocated the decriminalization and legalization of marijuana, in 1979 the Liberal government made the decision to sign the UN’s Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971). The newly elected American Reagan-Bush Administration heavily influenced this decision with its campaign on the ‘War on Drugs.’ By signing the convention, the Canadian Government halted any plans to legalize marijuana() and prevented conflict with their American neighbours.
Throughout the 1980’s the Reagan-Bush administration carried out ‘The War on Drugs’ campaign. In Canada, regular Gallup polls showed evidence that cannabis use was stabilizing and even may have been decreasing in the youth population.() This may have partly been due to several prohibition measures that were enabled by national, provincial and local organizations in order to suppress cannabis use as well as cannabis trade. And although marijuana use in both the United States and Canada had moved from primarily lower class use to use across a spectrum of societies, the non-using population continued to forcefully object to marijuana use because of the lifestyle they associated with it.() Thus, smoking marijuana became more of a private and personal activity, done at home and out of sight of friends, coworkers and family members. In 1987 Canada’s Drug Strategy (1987) was implemented ‘to address both the supply and demand reduction strategies and programs in enforcement, treatment and prevention programming were funded.’() Some say that at the time, this may have been the most severe cannabis censorship strategy in the world.()
However, the 1990’s saw a substantial increase in cannabis use across Canada. Between 1993-1994 alone, cannabis use increased from 4.2% to 7.4%.() As well, while 1980’s statistics show that cannabis use was much higher in adult populations between the ages of 30-49 years of age, the 1990’s saw a reverse of this trend in Canada. The statistics for Ontario show that between 1996 and 2000, cannabis use among 18-29 year olds increased from 18% to 28%.() According to the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health’s Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, this was a result of weakening perceptions of risk of harm and weakening moral disapproval of drug use.()
Although increasing acceptance of marijuana use may be attributable to a number of factors, the 1990’s were described as the decade of immigration in Canada, with the average number of immigrants per year remaining well over 200 000 throughout.() Thus once again, just as in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, the increasingly permissive attitude of Canadians towards marijuana could potentially be linked to theories of transnational movements of cultural values, therefore leading Canadians to increased exposure and acceptance of different values of marijuana usage. As Kearney suggests, ‘global implosion’ tends to take place when migrants move from their homeland to another nation. They bring with them their cultural practices, which may go through ‘transnational transformations’ as they are adapted to the national culture.()
The mid-1990’s also saw the rise of a cannabis decriminalization movement joined by hundreds of recreational smokers who say that Canada’s laws against cannabis are outdated and out of step with the rest of the Western world. Many governments in a number of European countries, including the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and Spain, have now decided not to prosecute for possession of cannabis for personal use. Despite this, in 1997 the Canadian Government passed the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, which prior to its enactment was criticized by The Canadian Foundation for Drug Policy, The Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, The Canadian Police Association and The Canadian Bar Association, for its war on drugs approach.()
With the enactment of such a heavy-handed law in 1997, which continued the trend of Canadian prohibition of cannabis despite the growing permissive mentality for its use, the past five years have seen the marijuana issue quickly rising to a boiling point. Several Canadians have gone directly to the police and to the courts to challenge what they say are the country’s anachronistic drug laws() and the courts have made decisions in favour of marijuana use for medicinal purposes.
Of significance is the 1997 Terrence Parker case() that ultimately led to Canada’s adoption of a system regulating the medicinal use of marijuana in July 2001. Terrence Parker, who uses marijuana as a means of controlling his epileptic seizures, had been arrested and charged numerous times since 1987 for marijuana possession. However, when he was charged once again in 1997, an Ontario Court judge ruled that people must be able to access necessary medical treatment without fear of arrest. Thus on 10 December 1997 Terrence Parker became the first Canadian to be exempted from further prosecution for possession or cultivation of marijuana.() Later when the case was appealed in 2000, the Court of Appeal for Ontario upheld the decision and said that by making marijuana illegal throughout Canada, Canada’s Controlled Drugs and Substances Act violated the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. At this time, the Court ordered the federal government to clarify the rules surrounding medical marijuana. By April 2001 the Federal Government released its proposed solution. After further deliberations, in July 2001 Canada began regulating the medicinal use of marijuana. The regulations allow access to marijuana for symptoms associated with terminal illnesses, for symptoms associated with medical conditions listed in a schedule and for symptoms associated with other medical conditions. The application process differs depending on the symptoms involved.
Also of recent significance are court challenges that have arisen in Canada regarding the religious use of marijuana. In Canada, Ontario’s Church of the Universe has been arguing for the religious freedom to smoke marijuana in various cases since 1989. Since the ruling in the Terrence Parker case, Brothers Tucker and Baldasaro have filed a challenge that the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act is not only unconstitutional for people who need it for medicinal purposes, but also unconstitutional in their continued battle for the recognition of their rights to use cannabis as a sacrament. However, as of 30 January 2002, Ontario’s Church of the Universe had not yet received a court date.
Similar court cases are also occurring in the United States. For instance, in September 2000, the Supreme Court of Guam dismissed criminal charges against a man who claimed that he is a Rastafarian and was importing marijuana for religious use. The Guam Supreme Court concluded that because marijuana was a necessary sacrament of the Rastafarian religion, and because the prosecution failed to justify the burden placed on the practice of the Rastafarian religion by the law against importing marijuana, the importation ban violated Guam’s free exercise protection.() Because Guam is a United States territory, in November 2001 the case was appealed to an American Federal Court in Honolulu where the American Civil Liberties Union argued,
Just as eight states have passed local laws recognizing the usefulness of marijuana for medicinal purposes, the U.S. territory of Guam should be allowed to guarantee individuals the right to use marijuana for religious purposes without fear of federal interference.()
The American Court will not likely give a ruling until Spring 2002.
While the argument for the religious use of marijuana has not yet been as successful as the argument for the medical use of marijuana, in 1991, a Canadian Law Reform Commission Report entitled Statutory Criminal Law recommended a study:
to determine whether or not any groups in Canada traditionally make use of controlled drugs in their religious practices. If a need for some mechanism is found in the study, the report recommends that a statutory mechanism for application by religious groups for exemption be adopted. Further, the LRCC report recommends that specific exemptions be granted to individual religions to avoid the uncertainty and litigation inherent in a general broadly worded exemption. It also suggests that an exemption from drug offence legislation only be granted when it is sought by a bona fide religion; the drug used is central to a ceremony or practice of the religion; and its use would not indirectly make the drug more widely available in the general community.()
This recommendation by the Law Reform Commission of Canada has not yet been adopted by Canada. Eleven years ago when the study was suggested, this may have been too large of a step in the way of a permissive attitude towards marijuana use for Canadians to take. However, the recent acceptance of marijuana use for medical purposes in Canada does suggest that Canadians are becoming more open-minded to certain valid uses for marijuana.
Such open mindedness to the psychoactive use of cannabis is new to Canada and has only been developing since the 1960’s. Finally, the psychoactive usages of cannabis have reached Canadian soil through Canadians’ exposure to other societies who have known its use for centuries. The past 40 years have seen several different, and fast-paced social developments of psychoactive cannabis users in Canada. The overlapping epidemics of the 1960’s and 1970’s saw the cannabis user as the ‘flamboyant explorer and adventurer() where “young people deserted the suburbs and congregated in costumed array in central city neighbourhoods. In the summertime, they roamed across the country as hitchhiking transients. The media were fascinated by these ‘hippies’ or ‘flower children,’ and sensationalized their drug use.”() The 1960’s and 1970’s saw a steady increase in use especially by youth. However, the 1980’s ‘war on drugs’ era saw a levelling out of cannabis use amongst the youth population, and rather a quiet, but steady increase of use in adults between the ages of 30-49. At this point in time in Canada, studies show that marijuana use “was more frequently reported by single (never married) respondents, people looking for work, and, in the working population, blue-collar workers.”() The 1990’s saw this trend reverse itself, with reports of cannabis use once again steadily increasing amongst those between the ages of 18-29. Between 1996-2000, reports show that for this age range, cannabis use increased from 18.3% to 28.2% with use tending to be highest among those with some post-secondary education and lowest among those with a university degree.() While there is evidence that marijuana smoking is once again becoming a social activity, it is with the worry of protecting oneself from rumours that would refer themselves to as a ‘drug addict.’
Joints are rolled as discreetly as possible, very quickly, and in such as way that they look as much like a cigarette as possible… If there is one thing, however, that is important to young people, it is the image their parents have of them. Rumours spread quickly, and who knows what parents might learn from a neighbour? If they are afraid of police intervention, it is not so much because of the potential risks as it is because they are afraid that the police might burst into the family home. Therefore, they hide from neighbours who could potentially talk with their families, and more readily smoke in public areas where there is less of a chance of running into someone they know.()
While there have been fast-paced increases and decreases of marijuana use over the past 40 years in Canada “in retrospect, cannabis usage rates in the late sixties seem modest”() compared to today. For instance, the proportion of ‘past year cannabis users’ aged 30 to 49 years steadily increased from 15.4% to 46.5% between 1977 and 1996.()
This growing permissive attitude in Canada of marijuana use was validated in a May 2001 survey. University of Lethbridge sociologist Reginald Bibby found that 47 percent of Canadians favour the legalization of marijuana, which is up from 31 percent in 1995 and 26 percent in 1975.() There are also many, such as the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police, the RCMP and the Canadian Medical Association Journal who to varying degrees feel that marijuana should not necessarily be legalized, but at least decriminalized in some manner.()
However, in the face of a much more permissive attitude towards marijuana, there are still many Canadians who are of the traditional Canadian mindset that marijuana use should continue to be illegal. Many continue to believe, as the Canadian Police Association has advocated, that legalizing marijuana use will have several serious harmful societal effects including sending the wrong message to youth, facilitating the use of more harmful drugs, contributing to soaring health-care costs, and encouraging driving while high.()
The conflict between the growing numbers of Canadians who are taking a more permissive attitude towards marijuana use and those who continue to view the marijuana issue in the traditional Canadian manner is coming to a rapid boil in the 21st century. Distinct values in favour of marijuana use are coming to the foreground in Canada, some of which have already led to a reintroduction of the medicinal use of marijuana. Policy makers, who continue to grapple with future policy development on the controversial marijuana issue, must realize that ‘the moralistic legal vision that has dominated Canadian discourse supporting the maintenance of prohibitions against drugs’() may no longer suffice as more and more Canadians step outside of this common morality.
– The Marijuana Clash in Canada:
A Moral Debate
The first half of this paper studied various cultural values found throughout the world in favour of cannabis use for psychoactive purposes, values often deeply embedded in a culture’s historic rituals and practices. In contrast, the second half of this paper examined North American, and more specifically Canadian, values where there is little history of psychoactive cannabis use and traditionally, most of society opposes the psychoactive use of cannabis. The comparison exemplifies that “the use of cannabis has a different meaning in [many] Eastern cultures where a long history and tradition surrounds its use than it does in the West, where it is a relatively recent phenomenon.”()
Cultural differences play a large part in the adoption or non-adoption of marijuana. For example, as mentioned in this paper, the Chinese did not embrace the psychoactive use of cannabis because it was inappropriate in respect of the Chinese temperament and tradition of a shame-oriented personality. They discouraged the use of psychoactive cannabis because they felt it was apt to provoke impulsive acts that might bring shame upon the user or his family. In comparison, anthropological evidence illustrates that several eastern societies actually wanted to adopt the psychoactive use of cannabis for the very reason of its capacity to produce motivational effects, providing increased work capacity (Jamaica) and the ability to win wars (African tribes).
Aside from the recent resurgence of marijuana use for medicinal purposes, Canada has not embraced the psychoactive use of cannabis. Unlike many eastern societies that believe the psychoactive effects of marijuana produce impulsive effects, traditionally, Western culture associates marijuana use with an “introspective, meditative, non-aggressive stereotype”() or the “amotivational syndrome.”() This moral belief developed out of the 1960’s hippie movement use of marijuana. “The public mind often conceives of the marijuana-user as a long-haired hippie”() leading a way of life many believed was irresponsible and lazy. Westerners, who are noted for cultural emphasis on achievement, activity and aggressiveness() tend to associate marijuana use with a life-style and set of values very different from their own.()
Cross-cultural comparisons of cannabis use are therefore difficult to apply to the Western situation – Western society views the effects of psychoactive cannabis differently, and this understanding of its effects gives rise to Western moral opposition towards anyone who uses marijuana no matter what the cultural background is for their use of marijuana.()
Canadian laws have promoted and tried to protect this moral hegemony since the early 1930’s, but especially during the 1980’s when the American “War on Drugs” campaign began. However as a result of several factors such as the hippie movement in the late 1960’s, travel to other countries, and the transnational movement of cultural practices, Canadians have gained exposure to other cultural values of marijuana use which has resulted in the emergence of new Canadian attitudes towards marijuana, threatening the traditional moral hegemony. “Where the moral issue is not accepted uniformly throughout society, it intensifies conflict.”() Since the early 1990’s, groups of Canadians have been forming a decriminalization movement and questioning traditional Canadian values about marijuana use. The Canadian law, which has upheld these traditional Canadian values and morals towards marijuana use, is facing increasing pressure from the Canadian public’s recognition of other values of cannabis use.
Such is the ‘marijuana clash.’ While on the surface the debate includes scientific arguments regarding the harms or benefits of marijuana, below the surface the debate is actually informed by preconceived cultural morals and values.() In other words, prior to seeking an answer to scientific questions, for instance of marijuana’s desirable or noxious effects, it must first be established whom the question is directed to() because this highly influences the answer. “Our morality ebbs and flows in accordance with our personal ethics, where our ethics are the ideal and morality is the means by which we approach that ideal.”() Therefore, it is only natural that cultural backgrounds obscure answers to scientific questions in regards to marijuana. All sides of the debate can represent and defend their moral position by drawing upon scientific reasoning. Thus “the marijuana controversy is primarily a political, rather than a scientific debate” because it pits morals against morals, that are informed by cultural backgrounds. In turn, the ‘marijuana clash’ involves people in Canada who strive to legitimate their moral positions (defended by scientific reasoning) through the enactment of laws.
As Canadian society has recently, over the past forty years, been exposed to other historical cultural values of psychoactive cannabis uses, one can postulate that this may be the reason why marijuana usage rates in Canada have increased. Whether or not they are aware that their permissive attitude may have developed from exposure to other cultural values of cannabis, many groups have begun to promote these ‘new’ values towards cannabis use in opposition to the traditional Canadian moral position. Thus, it is important for Canadian policy makers to be conscious of other cultural values of psychoactive cannabis use. Canadian policy approaches to marijuana in the 21st century failing to take into consideration the existence of other cultural values towards cannabis in Canada will result in ineffective policies that will simply continue to escalate the moral debate over cannabis use. This does not mean that insight into different cultural values of cannabis use will solve the ‘marijuana clash.’ Rather, it will help to deconstruct the moral conflicts that veil the underlying scientific cannabis question in Canada.
() The chemical make-up of the cannabis sativa resin was not discovered until 1964 by an Israeli named Raphael Mechoulam who synthesized the basic chemical properties of the resin. (Solomon Snyder. Uses of Marijuana. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. p. 5.)
() Hui-lin Li. “The Origin and Use of Cannabis in Eastern Asia.” Cannabis and Culture. Ed. Vera Rubin. Chicago: Mouton & Co., 1975. p. 54. A traditional practice dating back to second century B.C. and still seen today, is that mourners for the dead are required to wear clothes made from hemp fabric.
www.cannabisculture.com/backissues/apr95/smoke_in_my_i.html, Bennet discusses several theorists assertions that marijuana assisted man in self-reflection and belief in the divine. This section uses a few of Mr. Bennet’s examples.
() Both Benet and Bentowa put forth arguments as to how Scythians came into contact with the people of the Near East. Benet argues that they were actually Ashkenaz tribe of the Old Testament and Bentowa argues that they were the relatives of the Medes who were neighbours of the people of the Near East.
() Ibid. In order to limit the length of this paper, the History of the cultural uses of cannabis in Europe has been omitted. Suffice it to say that in Europe, the development of the use of cannabis occurred similarly as this paper’s section on the cultural uses of cannabis in North America.
() Chopra and Chopra. http://www.undcp.org/bulletin/bulletin_1957-01-01_1_page003.html.
() According to Barrett, p. 85, Leonard Howell advocated six principles that formed the doctrine of the Rastafarian movement: 1. hatred for the White race; 2. complete superiority of the Black race; 3. revenge on Whites for their wickedness; 4. humiliation and persecution of the government and legal bodies of Jamaica; 5. preparation to go back to Africa; and 6. acknowledging Emperor Haile Selassie as the Supreme Being and only ruler of Black people.
() www.lindesmith.org/library/mmjgrins.html, p. 3.
() Complete History of Cannabis. p. 5. www.cannabisculture.com/library/history_of_pot.html.
() Line Beauchesne. “Conditions for Real Public Policy on Harm Reduction: the Role of the Federal Government.” Brief Submitted to the House of Commons Special Committee on the Non-Medical Use of Drugs. March 2002. p. 4.
() In anthropology, there is a body of literature concerned with forms of population movement and the movement of information, symbols, and cultural practices (cultural values) across transnational boundaries. The theory postulates often these movements initiated by migrants will conflict with the jurisdiction and power of states to which the migrants move and assimilation will take place. At the same time, these movements of cultural values often immensely influence the people of the state and changes to the nation state will occur. I am postulating in this paper that marijuana use, which has been shown to be an integral cultural practice to many different societies in the first part of this essay, is an example of this transnational movement and transformation theory. See: M. Kearney, “The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism”; R. Rouse, “Making sense of settlement: class transformation, cultural struggle, and transnationalism among Mexican migrants in the United States; World Cultures Institute UC Merced, “California, Merced and the Pacific Rim”; Arjun Appadurai, “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy”; Anthony King, ed. “Culture, Globalization and the World-System. Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity.”
() www.cannabisculture.com/articles/1789.html, p. 5.
() Diane Riley, PhD. Drugs and Drug Policy in Canada: A Brief Review & Commentary. November 1998. http://www.cfdp.ca/sen8ex1.htm.
() Usha George and Esme Fuller-Thomson. “To Stay or Not to Stay: Characteristics Associated with Newcomers Planning to Remain in Canada.” Canadian Journal of Regional Science. Spring-Summer 1997. p. 181.
() Amina Ali and Owen Wood. “The Need for Weed: Medical Marijuana.” CBC News. July 2001. www.cbc.ca/news/indepth/background/medical_marijuana.html.
() Rodolphe Ingold. “A Retrospective Look at Drug Addiction Trends from 1970 to the Year 2000.” Drugs and Drug Addictions: Indicators and Trends. French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addictions. p. 187. This study shows similar patterns as Canadian trends.
() Judith Blackwell. “An Overview of Canadian Illicit Drug Use Epidemiology.” Illicit Drugs in Canada: A Risky Business. Judith Blackwell & Patricia G. Erickson, Eds. Nelson Canada, 1988. p. 237.
() Sylvain Aquatias. “Ethnographic Approach to Cannabis Use in the Parisian Suburbs.” Drugs and Drug Addictions: Indicators and Trends. French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addictions. p. 203.
() Rosenwig, M. Pour une éthique de la clinique des assuétudes et des addictions Conférence prononcée au Colloque Quelle prise en charge des patients toxicomanes… aujourd’hui… demain? Société Belge d’Éthique et de Morale Médicale, Mons, 23 avril, 1999. pp. 3-4. (excerpted from Line Beauchesne). | <urn:uuid:04ea9f56-bd33-41f3-b59d-1d204730f340> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/SEN/Committee/371/ille/library/spicer-e.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928864.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00220-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962328 | 19,008 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Georgia State Capitol, Capitol Square, Atlanta, Fulton County, GA
Significance: This is the fourth capitol building owned by the State and has been in continuous use since its completion in 1889. Located atop a hill near downtown Atlanta, it previously contained the Atlanta City Hall and Fulton County Courthouse as well as one of the first city parks in Atlanta. The Capitol is a monumental classical dome and columned structure with a convincing atmosphere of architectural purity and design integrity. Several interior renovations have caused the loss of historic fabric, most notably the State Library, but overall the original design has not been altered. The exterior has been well-maintained and the building's monumentality was enhanced in 1959 when Georgia gold leaf was applied to the surface of the dome and lantern, adding a flourish to the somber, Neo-Classical-Renaissance Revival building. Today the grounds are filled with statuary and other memorials, as well as extensive landscape plantings. Still used as a state house, the Georgia State Capitol continues to be the prime architectural symbol of the state, representing over 100 years of colorful history. It has been a popular attraction for generations of Georgians and their visitors.
Unprocessed Field note material exists for this structure: N248
Survey number: HABS GA-2109
Building/structure dates: 1889 Initial Construction
National Register of Historic Places NRIS Number: 71001099 | <urn:uuid:ad251e65-3589-49b4-8d34-4566c29e79fa> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://loc.getarchive.net/media/georgia-state-capitol-capitol-square-atlanta-fulton-county-ga-23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.943691 | 291 | 3.296875 | 3 |
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perceptible difference in the crop of grass where
MANURING the guano was used, and where it was not. It is a beautifully wise and sublimely grand
Mr. Sanborn said that he made the common provision of Providence, that the decomposition blunder last year of an over dose of guano on his and decay of all matter, both animal and vegetacorn. He applied five hundred pounds to an thus forming a continual transmigration of mat
ble, is so closely connected with reproduction, acre in the hill, and burnt up his crop so that he ter, and verifying practically that great truth in lost half of it. This year, by no means discour- philosophy, that not a particle of matter can be aged, he repeated bis experiment with corn. He lost, although it exists at different times in differplowed his land with a Michigan plow, sowed on ent forms. This transformation is going on con200 lbs. of Peruvian guano to the acre, plowed stantly before our eyes, in the growth and decay it again lightly, say six inches deep, put 100 lbs. plant that is growing luxuriantly in genial sum
of vegetables, trees, &c.; as, for instance, the in the hill, and 200 lbs. more round the hills, be-mer, imbibing nutriment from decomposing mafore the second boeing, and gathered ninety-eight terials, will itself, in return, mature, die, decay, bushels of shelled corn to the acre, as measured decompose, and its elements contribute to the by his neighbors, and received the first premium growth of successive vegetation in its vicinity. of our County Society, for his crop. He has no tant or advantageous to the farmer than the mor
These truths involve principles no less impormeans of knowing how much the crop was in- alist and the philosopher, as it comprehends madcreased by the guano, but stated that he had no uring in all its variety; the only object of madoubt it added to it
nuring being to furnish nourishment to the growThe foregoing is, perhaps, as much guano as is ing plant, and whatever undergoes decomposition,
whether animal, vegetable, or mineral, does that. profitable for our readers, at one dose. There is good deal going on in the Granite State, in the carbonic acid gas
Every farmer should be aware of the fact, that
actually necessary to the way of agricultural investigations, and nowhere health and growth of vegetation, and that what
than in Hampton Falls. Mr. Sanborn, ever furnishes this gas should be applied as mawhose statements are given above, is a reliable nure as far as practicable. With this view of man, who labors with his own hands, and whose manures, I make it an object, when preparing object is to make his farming profitable. The tes-rotten or decayed wood that can be plowed in,
new ground for cultivation, not to draw off any timony of one such man who practices, is worth but rather to draw it on land where there is none, that of two mere professors of agriculture. As believing it to be as good manure as any other, soon as the facts can be collected, I hope to lay although its effects may not be seen immediately. before the public further experiments, both in Every one who has cultivated a farm, must have
observed that grain,- Indian corn in particular the use of guano, and of super-phosphate of lime, will grow much larger than usual near an old and I pray you not to declare the polls closed on fence or a rotten stump, or log, if there are any these subjects, till the vote of Rockingham Coun- in the field. Now, it is evident that it is not ty is received.
owing to superior cultivation, that such is the Exeter, N. H., Nov. 20, 1854.
case; but, on the contrary, land is seldom plowed as good close to a fence, or around a stump or a
log, as other places; and we are left to the conFor the New England Farmer.
clusion that it is the nourishment they impart
that produces such effects; and when we have AUTUMN PLOWING.
arrived at such a conclusion, we cannot fail to see Mr. Editor :- I am surprised at the remarks
how much better it would be to apply such things of our friend, H. S. Perrin, of Orfordville, N.H., stances that emit carbonic acid gas during de
as fallen leaves, rotten wood, and all other subin relation to fall plowing. It appears to me that no farmer, however inexperienced in cultivating cay, as manure, than to leave them to waste their
richness in an uncultivated place. the soil of New England, can fail to see that fall or autumn plowing is a benefit to the soil. In the
VENTILATION OF STABLES.- We have sometimes first place, Mr. P. thinks that one-fifth of the manure applied is lost; this I conceive to be an the health and comfort of horses, the one with
speculated as to which stable is most inimical to error in which many persons indulge, but I cannot for my life see how the fertilizing qualities of
an inch between each plank in the floor, a hole the manure can escape by the simple process of window in the other with a leaky roof, or a
in the door, a clapboard off one side and a broken turping under what remains upon the surface, after the crops are harvested. I find that lands
small, tightly built one without any means of plowed in the fall is not so liable to drought as of each class in all sections of the country.
ventilation. Unfortunately there are too many
But those plowed in the spring. Fall plowing also serves to destroy those insects which deposit their the number is, we trust, yearly getting less. See eggs in the ground, and in the spring rise up by to build a neat, good, substantial barn, that from
to it, however, you who have had energy enough thousands and destroy the crops. If Mr. P. will lack of judicious ventilation your horses are not take two acres of land, side by side, plow one in the fall and the other in the spring, equally man- of good air and the constant exhalation of nos
as much injured in eyes and lungs fron the lack ure both, I think he will find the result to be in ious vapors, as they would be in other respects in favor of fall plowing: Quincy, Nov. 20, 1851.
the tumble-down barn of your neighbor SHIFTLESS.—Rural New Yorker.
H. F. F.
A. K. P. W.
For the New England Farmer.
I am glad to know that any of our farmers can give a favorable account of the use of guano. So far as I have witnessed its use the present
MR. BROWN-I have perused with much in-season, except where it was applied to grass land terest your paper of this date, (Dec. 2, 1854,) in the early part of the season, but little benefit and particularly the talk of brother F. about has accrued from it. As at present advised, I guano. This is just the talk for farmers. Plain should prefer ashes at ninepence a bushel, to facts brought forward in this familiar manner, guano at $50 per ton, for the growing of grass; will be read and remembered, when a formal and I should prefer ten cords of good stable maessay will be passed without notice. I was par-nure to a ton of guano for the growing of carticularly struck by the fine crop of corn grown rots, turnips or onions. I cannot learn that our by farmer Sanborn, of Hampton Falls-98 bush-growers of onions have experienced any benefit els of corn, actually shelled aud measured, as the whatever from the application of guano to their product of one acre, is what does not often hap- onion fields. My late worthy friend, Dr. N., pen on the farms of New England. I have heard thought, two years ago, that it improved his of larger crops, Plymouth measure; but when in- crop; but it will be remembered that he applied quired into, there is found some exceptions about ashes to the same land-therefore he could not the measure. I have seen many fine crops of be certain which medicine wrought the cure. I corn, but never one that yielded better than this would not discourage the use of guano, but I am Hampton crop. How much of this is to be cred- by no means satisfied that it will be found worth ited to the three times plowing the field, how much using. to the manure spread upon the land, and how much to the guano, it may not be easy to distinguish.
Danvers, Dec. 2, 1854.
THE HURBUT APPLE.
Medial; flattish-conical; pale yellow, mostly covered with red, with bright stripes in the sun; stem medial length, slender, in a rather broad, deep cavity, always covered with russet, often extending on the base; calyx small, closed, in a shallow basin; flesh yellowish white, fine texture, rather tender, remarkably crisp, juicy, of a mild, sprightly, aromatic flavor. Nov. and Dec. We find this as great and stout a grower, in the nursery, as the Baldwin. Great bearer. The original tree is still flourishing on the farm
of Gen. Leonard Hurlbut, Winchester, Ct. It bore 40 bushels one year, and 20 the next. One of the finest of the season, for the dessert and kitchen.
For the New England Farmer. A MAGNIFICENT PAINTING. Many of your readers are doubtless aware that many years ago Congress selected an artist to MAMMOTH OXEN.-There is now on exhibition da at Washington. William H. Powell, was the paint a picture for the vacant panel in the rotunnear the Fitchburg Depot, Boston, a pair of almost unanimous choice. After five years of Oxen said to weigh ninety hundred pounds! One labor, the picture is completed. The subject of of them girts twelve feet and one inch, and is the painting is, " De Soto discovering the Missiseighteen feet in length, from the tip of the nose sippi." A few words of history will render the description more intelligible. De Soto was Govto the end of the tail, and is six feet and four ernor of Cuba. In April, 1539, he set out in inches high! They were raised by Mr. WILLIAM company with several hundred men, on an exploPADDOCK, of Hoosick, Renssellaer county, New ration through Florida to the Mississippi River. York, and worked and fattened by Mr. JOHN He had been an officer under Pizarro in Peru, and LEE, of Washington county, same State. They perhaps expected to find gold among the Indians. "The picture represents the discovery as taking are bright and active, and well worth looking at, place at the last of the Chickasaw Bluffs below and the ninepence which it costs for the oppor- Natchez. De Soto, after months of laborious tunity to do so. travel, has just arrived on the banks of the mighty
river, which is here spread out in all its beauty countenance and the sparkling eye, the mind of and grandeur, and his delight at the discovery of the discoverer carried forward to the realization the long-sought-for object, is well delineated in of that future greatness in population and civilihis features and attitude by the artist. His army zation which is now no longer a matter of imaginconsisted of three hundred mounted men, and a ation. The contemplative, serious delight of the considerable amount of infantry. They were well chief is well contrasted by the waving of hats and equipped, as all Spanish armies at that period the laughing shouts of delight of his followers." were. De Soto's imagination had been inflamed Mr. Powell receives from Government $10,000, by the descriptions of the river which he had for this splendid picture, and so arduous has been heard from the savages of the forest whom he had the work that this sum has proved inadequate. encountered; and he pressed on by means of In- He is permitted to exhibit the painting for his dian guides, overcoming many obstacles that personal benefit for a limited season.
EXTRACTS AND REPLIES.
would have deterred a less daring spirtt. The forests were to be hewn down for his cannon and cavalry, and the Indians had to be fought at every step. Besides, he was in a foreign country, a vast wilderness, of what extent he knew not, and, as he had already ascertained, surrounded by many dangers.
MR. EDITOR-I saw an article in your paper for the building of houses with lime and gravel. I wish you would just give me through your pa
The picture may be divided into four groups. The principals group represents De Soto, mounted per the manner in which they do it, cost, &c., as on a magnificent white horse at the head of his will confer a favor on nigh as you can ascertain. If you will do so, you A SUBSCRIBER. suite of officers, servants aud standard-bearers, Warwick, 1854. and followed by his cavalry, which grow indistinct in the shades of the forest in the distance. The principal feature in this group, of course, is the commander-in-chief, Proudly erect upon his noble steed, the white plumes of his office as Gov
REMEDY FOR BLEEDING AT THE NOSE.
ernor of Cuba shading his brow; blazing with Take good dried beef, grate it fine and press the the splendid armor of a Spanish noble of the six- cavity of the nose full of it, allowing it to remain teenth century; the yellow banneret of Spain, until it comes away of itself. It may be a little and the two headed eagle of Austria waving their oppressive, but is a certain remedy. This is the rich folds over his head, he seems conscious of the experience of Dr. J. N. KNAPP, of Dummerston, dignity of his great mission, which is to take Vt., who has been in the successful practice of possession of this inland sea and fertile country of blood in several instances where the patient medicine, since 1814. He has stopped the flow in the name of European civilization. The second group in advance of De Soto, and has been reduced to a helpless condition, and in immediately on the bank of the river is a group and was determined to be left to die. Direct two cases where the patient has become delirious of native Indians, into whose camp he has just arrived, The third group is formed of some mis- force was used, and the patient recovered. sionaries and soldiers belonging to the army, Randolph, Vt. GEO. F. NUTTING. who are planting a cross as a memento to mark the spot, while the fourth group is composed of a company of men who are preparing to fire a can- the Farmer for years, and I wish now to make some inquiries through its columns. I make
BEST FOOD FOR MILCH COWS---PLASTER.
MR. EDITOR-I have been a constant reader of
non in commemoration of the event.
The group of savages is composed of the chief milk for the Worcester market. I wish to inand his two tall sons, who are coming forward to quire what is the best and cheapest feed for cows offer to the white man, the first they had ever that give milk, and what will make the most seen, the pipe of peace. Tho old chief stands milk for the same money, and also how to feed nearly bent double between his two sons, and them? (a.) holds out the pipe with an expression in his coun- Is it beneficial to sow plaster at this season of tenance of mingled fear and astonishment. One the year on winter rye and on pastures? (b.) of the sons looks at the gay plumage, singular Worcester, Nov. 6, 1854. WORCESTER. costumes and numerous appliances of war of the REMARKS.-(a.) The questions under this head new comers with evident admiration; while the other has drawn himself proudly up, with an ex- can only be answered in a general way without pression of disdain and daring in his countenance long and exact experiments. The "best and which clearly proves what would be his solution cheapest" food for milch cows which we have evof the difficulty, if he had the power. In front er found, was good corn fodder, clover and herd'sof the chief several naked squaws are seen kneel
ing offering presents of game and corn to their grass hay, and half a bushel, or three pecks of conquerers, hoping thus to conciliate their favor. roots,—say, beets, parsnips, carrots, flat turnips
Whilst the Indians are presenting their peace and ruta bagas,-per day, for each cow, fed to offerings, and endeavoring to gain the attention and them in the morning soon after they were milked. good will of their visitors, De Soto deigns not to Under this treatment this gave more milk than cast a glance at the group in front of him, but under any other, and we found it the cheapest. with his eyes directed over their heads to the grandeur of the scene that is spread out before Good corn fodder will produce milk abundanthim, to the majestic river, dotted with islands, ly. and to the far sweep of country that extends beyond, one can imagine he sees in the glowing ter.
(b.) The autumn is a good time to sow plas
W. D. B.
REMARKS.-Will some correspondent who possesses the information reply to the above?
BY B. ROBERTS.
O, a mighty man is the blacksmith,
He'd blow and strike, and hammer and pound,
He's often given to forging,
But never to forgery.
He'll screw and twist, and wrench and turn,
And while he often takes the steel,
He never takes to stealing.
His stock is seldom less than par,
No matter what his virtues are,
His temper it is always good,
And strikes while the iron's hot.
He sometimes sways an iron rod,
And ere his great work is complete,
GOOD USE OF TURNIPS AND SALT-HAY.
MR. EDITOR-I forward for publication in your paper, a copy of a letter that I used in speaking to the farmers of York county, on he 5th inst., at Biddeford. It contains facts, in my opinion, worthy to be remembered. It is supported by the names of Webster and Sprague-as well entitled to credit in such matters as any I know.Let any one pass from Boston to the Kennebec, and take a glance at the salt marshes by the way, and he will see abundant occasion to seek a valu
CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL PRE-
Farming in California is becoming a business of some consequence. We see by the California able use for salt hay, and for the growing of turFarmer-quite a smart paper for the new State- nips, in these days, when the potato has so genethat a great Cattle Show was to come off the rally failed, though I am happy to say that our 4th of October and following days. The State potatoes the present season are much better than awards the Agricultural Society five thousand we had any reason to expect. Eight hundred dollars annually for years, to be given as pre- bushels of turnips to the acre, can be raised as miums. The premiums are decidedly worth get- easily as two hundred bushels of potatoes, or as ting. Among others, for the best farm, $200; 50 bushels of corn, so far as my observation has second best, $175. The premium for the best extended. I was much pleased with the fine workflower garden, ($40) is a new idea this way. ing oxen that I saw at Biddeford; while such anThere is offered a prize of fifteen dollars for the imals can be reared on such farms, there can be best twenty-five ears of seed corn; best fifty little necessity of introducing animals from abroad, pounds of butter, fifty dollars; best quart of cran- at three times the cost for which they can be reared. berries, ten dollars; best evergreen wreath, twenty J. W. PROCTOR. dollars. For the best six pumpkins, (probably proposed by a New Englander,) ten dollars.
Danvers, Mass., Oct. 7, 1854.
TURNIPS AND SALT HAY.
We copy from the Maine Farmer, of October 9, 1854, a paper published under the editorial care of Dr. E. Holmes, at Augusta, the following correspondence, which, if we do not mistake, will be read with interest by many a farmer. We make no pretensions ourselves to a knowledge of the growing of turnips, or the peculiar qualities of salt hay so much of which springs spontaneously, without culture, all along our shores; but when the elements of these products are incorporated in the form of a sirloin of beef, with the streaks of fat and lean properly intermingled, (or to use the expressive phrase of Mr. Sprague, "well marbled") we yield to no one, of our inches, in the ability to do it justice. When we see names like those approving this experiment, gentlemen whose opinions are confirmed by the experiments of many years, we think we are safe in following their lead, and in endeavoring to lead others in like paths. There is more real utility, in one such experiment, well established, than in all the fancy speculations ever put forth, without confirmation by experiment.
Premiums are offered with great liberality for HON. J. W. PROCTOR,
farm vehicles, (why not here?) This is a good Dear Sir :-In answer to your inquiries relative. one: For the best cart horse, to be shown in to my experience of the value of turnips and saltcart, twenty dollars. hay, I can only say that notwithstanding I have The most important "live stock" premium raised from one to two thousand bushels of turproposed was one of one hundred dollars for the nips, beets and carrots, and fed them to my catfinest baby under one year old." Just at the tle, horses and hogs for several years past, I have last moment, the executive committee thought it no data to estimate the real value, but from a sinwouldn't hardly do and withdrew it. Their pru-gle experiment I made at the suggestion of the dence will save unnecessary crying. late and lamented Daniel Webster. Concord, 1854.
W. D. B.
Having purchased a number of young cattle from a drove from Maine, and finding a heifer not The Tippecanoe Farmer is the name of a in calf, and a steer of ordinary quality, I thought new agricultural paper published at Lafayette, I would try what turnips and salt-hay would do Indiana. It is well printed, filled with instructive for them. They were both two years old; the heifmatter, and will undoubtedly do good service iner was thrifty and in fair condition for winter stock; the steer a mean animal, thin of flesh, badthe cause. Edited by A. J. WEAVER and JOHN ly built, a poor feeder, and such as most of our LOVERING. Fifty cents a year. farmers in the vicinity would have thought more
likely to die than live, on such feed as I was about to confine him to. They were put into the stall the latter part of November, and fed on ruta baga turnips and salt hay. The heifer consumed nearly one bushel per day, the steer not much more than one half that quantity. At the end of four months I sold the heifer to the butcher. She opened well, but with not a large quantity of fat on the kidney, or of rough tallow, but the side was thick and well marbled, or mixed with fat and lean. The meat was juicy and well flavored, and much admired by all who saw or tasted it. Being fearful the turnips or salt hay might give an unpleasant flavor to the meat, I gave her, for four or five days previous to her being slaughtered, English hay and a little Indian meal. With this exception she had not a mouthful of food of any kind but turnips and salt-hay. Water was offered them occasionally, but they drank but little. The steer was slaughtered shortly after; he was very decent beef, but no way comparing to the heifer. I was much pleased with the result Some very intelligent farmers will not believe that turnips possess any nutritive quality, and ridicule the idea that an ounce of fat can be made from them. And the opinion is equally strong against the fattening of hay from our salt marshes. This experiment does not show much profit, but it proves a fact of importance, especially to farmers, in the use of salt-hay; and they can raise turnips| by their own labor, and thus fatten their cattle excellent agricultural publications, indulged himintended for the shambles, avoiding the payment self during the past summer in some rambles, of money for corn or other expensive feed.
LUTHER TUCKER, ESQ.
J. AMBROSE WRIGHT, ESQ., Editor of the Prairie Farmer, published at Chicago, and one of our
Yours with respect,
and has given graphic sketches of some of the men
Wilmington, Vt., Nov. 11, 1854.
A POET'S EPITAPH.
Stop, mortal! here thy brother lies,
His books were rivers, woods and skies,
His teachers were the torn heart's wail,
The street, the factory, the jail,
The meanest thing, earth's feeblest worm,
But, honoring in a peasant's form
He bless'd the steward, whose wealth makes
Yet loath'd the haughty wretch that takes
A hand to do, a head to plan,
A heart to feel and dare
Tell man's worst foes, here lies the man
For the New England Farmer.
Among other persons whom he mentions as engaged in the work of agricultural progress, is the gentleman whose name stands at the head of
CHEAP AND EXCELLENT CANDLES. MR. HOLBROOK :-The following receipt I copied from a newspaper, some twelve months since. I this article. He says: have tried it twice, and find it all that it is cracked up to be. I have no doubt that it would "I have already mentioned that I met Luther have been worth more than $20 to me if I had Tucker at Albany. Mr. Tucker is I believe the known it twenty years ago. Most farmers have oldest living publisher of Agricultural papers in the United States. Certain it is, that no man in this country, if anywhere else, has given to the world so many issues of this kind, of such uniform
a surplus of stale fat and dirty grease, which can be made into good candles at a trifling expense.
I kept both tallow and lard candles through| the last summer, the lard candles standing the and enduring value. His old Genesee Farmer, heat best, and burning quite as well, and giving published at Rochester, and of which he put as good a light as the tallow ones. I have never forth, if I recollect right, some dozen volumes, seen it in the New England Farmer; perhaps it was a paper of mark in its day, and has been the has been published there, notwithstanding. real parent of the whole Northern brood of similar name and purposes. Notwithstanding the great
I submit the following directions for making reputation of Judge Buel's Cultivator, that paper good candles from lard: For 12 lbs. of lard, take rose at once in value upon Mr. Tucker's connec1 lb. of saltpetre and 1 lb. of alum; mix them tion with it; and to this day it has never had and pulverize them; dissolve the saltpetre and any rival, which one can from month to month alum with a gill of boiling water; pour the com- turn over, and then put away to be bound up in pound into the lard before it is quite all melted; his Library, with so uniform satisfaction. Mr. stir the whole until it boils; skim off what rises; T. made his editorial beginning with a political let it simmer until the water is all boiled out, or paper, having been educated a printer. From till it ceases to throw off steam; pour off the lard this he published the Genesce Farmer; then the as soon as it is done, and clean the boiler while it Albany Cultivator-still continued in connection is hot. If the candles are to be run, you may with the Country Gentleman, which latter at this commence immediately; if to be dipped, let the time is his real paper-the Cultivator being made lard cool first to a cake, and then treat it as you up from its pages from month to month. In adwould tallow. Respectfully yours,
dition to these, The Horticulturist, edited by Mr. Downing, passed through seven volumes in his hands. It is as a publisher, as much, if not more, | <urn:uuid:153878df-2806-49bd-bdb1-e0f4e670a69d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://books.google.am/books?id=7a4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26&focus=viewport&vq=%22It+will+not+be+doubted+that+with+reference+either+to+individual+or+national+welfare.+Agriculture+is%22&dq=editions:NYPL33433000455547&lr=&hl=hy&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337668.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005203530-20221005233530-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.969245 | 6,461 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Teaching coding in schools ensures that students can understand the technology they
use every day. Generation Alpha (born after 2010) is the first generation born entirely in the 21st century, never knowing a world without sophisticated technology. As a result,
they can take technology for granted. As technology and artificial intelligence become
more and more intertwined with our daily activities, students will learn to create (rather
than just consume) the digital systems that power their lives.
Computational thinking is a very important skill that students need to learn not just for
their future careers, but for every area of their lives. This 21st century skill is critical to
their future success at work and at home.
Understanding the fundamentals of coding has become as important as learning
reading, writing and mathematics. While not every students will grow up to become
a computer scientist, it’s vital that they understand the basics of how computer
Computer science is the study of the principles and use of computers and how digital systems work. It includes software theory, design and development.
Computational thinking refers to the process used to formulate a problem and express the solution in a way a computer can understand and implement. It's comprised of four parts:
Computer programming (or simply, programming) refers to translating desired
actions for a computer into terms the computer will understand and activate.
In other words, it’s how we tell a computer to do something using written code.
Coding is a contemporary term for computer programming, and more specifically
refers to writing code. Like programming, it refers to telling a computer how to perform
tasks. In recent years, the term ‘coding’ has become more popular since it’s seen to
be less intimidating and more open for beginners.
Teaching coding in schools isn’t just about creating a new generation of software
engineers. The fundamentals of computational thinking apply to many areas
Computational thinking is rooted in problem solving. While coding is infamous for
being frustrating, it’s critical to give students the ability to understand that when
something isn’t working, they have the ability to fix it. This involves breaking complex
problems down into sequences of simpler, more manageable tasks. Understanding
that some options work to fix the problem, while others won’t, enables students to
broaden the way they think and persist in looking for a solution. This encourages
focus, organization, perseverance and resilience.
Coding is the new creativity. Students feel empowered by programming, creating
something out of nothing. This encourages experimentation, exploration and discovery
and increases student confidence. The possibilities for creation with programming are
infinite and students’ only limitations are their own imaginations.
Coding encourages collaboration and communication. Students need to work
together to solve problems in the classroom, often sharing tools and devices. They
also communicate directly with computers and translate requirements into terms that
are actionable and understood.
Teaching coding in the classroom can be traced all the way back to the theory of
Constructivism, created by Jean Piaget in 1936. Constructivism looked at cognitive
development to understand how learning happens with children constructing mental
models of the world. Piaget didn’t believe that knowledge was a fixed trait but rather
one that was built based on experiences and interactions. A fundamental part of this
theory was based on children learning by doing and exploring.
Educator Seymour Papert later developed these ideas into a programming language
called Logo in the 1960s. Logo enabled students to create keyboard commands
to produce graphics using a small physical robot, the Logo Turtle. This form of
programming utilized major elements of Constructivism: children learn by doing
and physical objects support concrete thinking. Papert advocated children being
creators and encouraged exploration. He believed that students’ curiosity and
independence would enable them to take control of their learning experience by
using the physical materials around them. This would reduce reliance on teachers
and textbooks for answers and encourage independent problem solving. Papert
evolved Piaget’s theory of Constructivism (learning by doing) into his theory of
Constructionism (learning by making).
These key principles were a major part of the development of future hands-on coding
technologies. Coding education began appearing in the classroom in the 1980s with
the implementation of programming languages like Logo and Basic. This led to the
development of Scratch, developed by Mitch Resnick at MIT in 2003. Papert was a
mentor to Resnick and Logo’s user-friendly nature had a major influence on Scratch.
Fast-forwarding to today, SAM Labs embodies these concepts by encouraging
hands-on learning that combines physical and digital elements to create something
meaningful. Combining an intuitive, visual app with wireless blocks, SAM Labs
introduces the ‘learn by making’ philosophy in a new way that’s highly relevant to
Generation Alpha. At the same time, SAM Labs ensures that all activities are rooted
in evidence-based learning outcomes that teachers can effectively assess.
SAM Labs in Your Curriculum
Coding and Computational Thinking: Teaching 5-7 Year Olds
Coding and Computational Thinking: Teaching 7-11 Year Olds
Coding and Computational Thinking: Teaching 11-14 Year Olds
Assessing Computing,Coding and ComputationalThinking in Schools
Coding and Computational Thinking: Glossary | <urn:uuid:a78c1bc9-c6d0-4793-ba47-115ae28db1e7> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://int.samlabs.com/pages/teaching-coding-and-computational-thinking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000894.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627055431-20190627081431-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.93844 | 1,143 | 4.125 | 4 |
The coronavirus has arrived in the U.S., and many are starting to feel nervous about this foreign disease. As officials brace themselves for an epidemic, what measures are they taking to prevent the spread of this disease? What measures do they have in place to treat those who become ill? Do they expect the virus to reach pandemic proportions in this nation? Here’s what you need to know.
What Do Experts Recommend People Do to Protect Themselves?
Like many viruses that cause the common cold, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 travels through person-to-person contact. However, the bug can also linger on surfaces, although scientists don’t know a precise time frame yet. They can estimate, based on the recent SARS and MERS outbreaks, that it can live anywhere from two hours to as long as nine days, depending on the material.
Therefore, the best ways to prevent transmission involve keeping the virus from entering your body through the skin or the mucus membranes. What do experts recommend that individuals do?
Carry Hand Sanitizer
While officials remain unsure how effectively hand sanitizer works against this strain of the coronavirus, keeping as clean as possible can’t hurt. Carry the gel with you everywhere and use it regularly — and correctly. Red Cross instructors recommend that you rub the substance in thoroughly. Wiping the excess on your pants won’t result in maximum germ-killing.
Wear a Mask If You’re Sick
While experts don’t recommend typical surgical masks for disease prevention — the virus can squeeze through — you should wear one if you feel under the weather. This action protects others in your family or social circle from contacting surfaces that are contaminated with droplets from your sneezes or coughs. N95 masks can stop 95% of the disease transmission, but given scarcity concerns, experts recommend that these devices go to health care professionals first.
Wash Your Hands
The best way to prevent the spread of the disease is through thorough handwashing. However, you need to do more than give your digits a cursory rinse after using the restroom. Experts recommend lathering up and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds each time — approximately as long as it takes to sing “Happy Birthday” twice in your head.
Also, strive to keep your hands away from your face. You could accidentally touch a surface contaminated with the virus and introduce it through the membranes of your nose or eyes.
Stay Home If You’re Sick
You have heard newscasters repeat this advice every cold and flu season, but if at all possible, workers should call in if they’re ill. The problem is that, for many workers, a sick day represents a luxury they can’t afford. Fully 25% of all U.S. workers receive no paid leave, many of whom work in the childcare, food service or construction industries. If eight hours of lost hourly wages result in coming up short on rent, going in often proves preferable to eviction.
Will Scientists Create a Vaccine?
Scientists are hard at work to discover a vaccine, but no one knows for sure right now how long approval will take. Some estimates run as high as 12 to 18 months before one is available, and even then, the Trump administration has refused to make it free for all. That poses two problems — how many people will die before a vaccine is developed, and how to inoculate those with insufficient means.
While people should hope that the money invested in a vaccine will lead to rapid results, it isn’t a failsafe. In the meantime, people should continue to protect themselves using the measures above.
What Can Employers Do?
If you’re an employer, you can do your part to help stop the spread of this potential pandemic. Even if you don’t typically offer paid leave, consider instituting an interim policy until the threat passes. It’s not enough to tell your staff to stay home if doing so means they’re unable to eat for the remainder of the month. Exercise empathy.
If your industry allows it, consider implementing telecommuting policies for those who aren’t sure they have this strain or not. It’s far better to lose one employee’s sunny smile for a day or two than to have the entire accounting department risk infection. | <urn:uuid:3a339861-62f7-46f7-9d77-b4087d86c169> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://thecompleteherbalguide.com/entries/respiratory-problems/here-is-how-u-s-health-experts-are-preparing-for-the-coronavirus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103917192.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701004112-20220701034112-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.940678 | 906 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Lessons From Katrina: What A Major Disaster Can Teach Transportation Planners
The evacuation plan functioned relatively well for motorists, but failed to serve people who depend on public transit. Transport planners can help prevent future disasters by demanding that emergency response plans devote at least as much attention to the evacuation and care of non-drivers as they do to motorists.
Non-drivers include many people with various physical, economic and social problems. Planners need to anticipate these peoples needs. This may require special community outreach and communications activities to build understanding and trust among planners and the people they serve.
From a transport planning perspective, the greatest mistake in New Orleans was the lack of a detailed action plan to dispatch buses for evacuating transit-dependent residents. Such a plan would include an inventory of all available buses and essential staff, and pre-established procedures to deploy buses when an evacuation order is announced.
It is important to understand why many people ignored evacuation orders. Many faced logistical or financial barriers obtaining transport out of the city. Many had nowhere to go and were fearful of emergency shelter conditions. Some stayed to protect their property or pets, or out of bravado. Addressing these objections would increase evacuation order response.
A variety of planning policies and programs can help create a more resilient transport system. These increase system diversity and integration, improve user information, prioritize use of infrastructure, and provide special services during emergencies. These can benefit everybody in a community, even people who currently rely on automobile transportation.
[Editor's note: The link below is to a 150K PDF document.]
Thanks to Todd Alexander Litman | <urn:uuid:99010045-f562-498a-ade6-bf744298deaf> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.planetizen.com/node/17443 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104204.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818005345-20170818025345-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.951606 | 324 | 2.90625 | 3 |
(part 1 of 2): A Unique Concept
It is a known fact that every language has one or more terms that are used to refer to God and sometimes to lesser deities at the same time. This is not the case with Allah. Allah is the personal name of the One true God. Nothing else can be called Allah. The term has no plural or gender. This shows its uniqueness when compared with the word “god,” which can be made plural, as in “gods,” or made feminine, as in “goddess.” It is interesting to note that Alah is the personal name of God in Aramaic, the language of Jesus and a sister language of Arabic.
The One true God is a reflection of the unique concept that Islam associates with Allah. To a Muslim, Allah is the Almighty Creator and Sustainer of the universe, Who is similar to nothing, and nothing is comparable to Him. The Prophet Muhammad was asked by his contemporaries about Allah; the answer came directly from Allah Himself in the form of a short chapter of the Quran, which is considered to be the essence of the unity or the motto of monotheism. This is chapter 112, which reads:
“In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate.”
“Say (O Muhammad), He is Allah, the One God, the Self-Sufficient, who has not begotten, nor has been begotten, and equal to Him is not anyone.”
Some non-Muslims allege that God in Islam is a stern and cruel God who demands to be obeyed fully and is, consequently, not loving and kind. Nothing could be farther from the truth than this allegation. It is enough to know that, with the exception of one, each of the 114 chapters of the Quran begins with the verse, “In the name of God, the Merciful; the Compassionate.” In one of the sayings of Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, we are told that:
“God is more loving and kind than a mother to her dear child.”
On the other hand, God is also Just. Hence, evildoers and sinners must have their share of punishment, and the virtuous must have God’s bounties and favors. Actually, God’s attribute of Mercy has full manifestation in His attribute of Justice. People suffering throughout their lives for His sake should not receive similar treatment from their Lord as people who oppress and exploit others their whole lives. Expecting similar treatment for them would amount to negating the very belief in the accountability of man in the Hereafter and thereby negate all the incentives for a moral and virtuous life in this world. The following Quranic verses are very clear and straightforward in this respect.
“Verily, for the Righteous are gardens of Delight, in the Presence of their Lord. Shall We then treat the people of Faith like the people of Sin? What is the matter with you? How judge you?” (Quran 68:34-36)
Islam rejects characterizing God in any human form or depicting Him as favoring certain individuals or nations on the basis of wealth, power or race. He created human-beings as equals. They may distinguish themselves and get His favor through virtue and piety only.
The concepts, such as God resting on the seventh day of creation, God wrestling with one of His soldiers, God being an envious plotter against mankind, or God being incarnate in any human being, are considered blasphemy from the Islamic point of view.
The unique usage of Allah as a personal name of God is a reflection of Islam’s emphasis on the purity of the belief in God that is the essence of the message of all God’s messengers. Because of this, Islam considers associating any deity or personality with God as a deadly sin that God will never forgive, despite the fact that He may forgive all other sins.
The Creator must be of a different nature from the things created because, if He is of the same nature as they are, He will be temporal and will therefore need a maker. It follows, therefore, that nothing is like Him. Furthermore, if the Maker is not temporal, then He must be eternal. If He is eternal, however, He cannot be caused, and if nothing caused Him to come into existence, nothing outside Him causes Him to continue to exist, which means that He must be self-sufficient. And if He does not depend on anything for the continuance of His own existence, then this existence can have no end, so the Creator is, therefore, eternal and everlasting. Hence we know that He is Self-sufficient or Self-subsistent, and Everlasting or, to use a Quranic term, Al-Qayyum: “He is the First and the Last.”
The Creator does not create only in the sense of bringing things into being, He also preserves them and takes them out of existence and is the ultimate cause of whatever happens to them.
“God is the Creator of everything. He is the guardian over everything. Unto Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth…” (Quran 39:62-63)
And God says:
“No creature is there crawling on the earth, but its provision rests on God. He knows its lodging place and its repository…” (Quran 11:16)
(part 2 of 2): His Attributes and His Oneness
If the Creator is Eternal and Everlasting, then His attributes must also be eternal and everlasting. If this is so, then his attributes are absolute. Can there be more than one Creator with such absolute attributes? Can there be, for example, two absolutely powerful Creators? A moment’s thought shows that this is not feasible.
The Quran summarizes this argument in the following verses:
“God has not taken to Himself any son, nor is there any god with Him: for then each god would have taken of that which he created and some of them would have risen up over others.” (Quran 23:91)
“And why, were there gods on earth and heaven other than God, they (heaven and earth) would surely go to ruin.” (Quran 21:22)
The Oneness of God
The Quran reminds us of the falsity of all alleged gods. To the worshippers of man-made objects it asks:
“Do you worship what you have carved yourself?” (Quran 37:95)
“…Or have you taken unto yourself others beside Him to be your protectors, even such as have no power either for good or for harm to themselves?…” (Quran 13:16)
To the worshippers of heavenly bodies it cites the story of Abraham:
“When night outspread over him, he saw a star and said, ‘This is my Lord.’ But when it set, he said, ‘I love not the setters.’ When he saw the moon rising, he said, ‘This is my Lord.’ But when it set, he said, ‘If my Lord does not guide me, I shall surely be of the people gone astray.’ When he saw the sun rising, he said, ‘This is my Lord; this is greater.’ But when it set, he said, ‘O my people, surely I quit that which you associate, I have turned my face to Him who originated the heavens and the earth; a man of pure faith, I am not one of the idolaters.’” (Quran 6:76-79)
The Believer’s Attitude
In order to be a Muslim, that is, to surrender oneself to God, it is necessary to believe in the oneness of God, in the sense of His being the only Creator, Preserver, Nourisher, etc. But this belief is not enough. Many of the idolaters knew and believed that only the Supreme God could do all this. But this was not enough to make them Muslims. In addition to this belief, one must acknowledge the fact that it is God alone who deserves to be worshipped, and thus abstains from worshipping any other thing or being.
Having achieved this knowledge of the one true God, man should constantly have faith in Him, and should allow nothing to induce him to deny truth.
What this means is that, if one submits knowingly to God without reservations, and admits He is the only one worthy of your worship, one must consequently worship Him. That is, knowing we owe Him obedience means putting into practice what we acknowledge in our hearts. God asks, rhetorically:
“Did you think that We had created you in without purpose, and that you would not be brought back to Us?” (Quran 23:115)
He also states categorically:
”I did not create Mankind and Jinn except that they should worship me.” (Quran 51:56)
Hence, when faith enters a person’s heart, it causes certain mental states that result in certain actions. Taken together, these mental states and actions are the proof for the true faith. The Prophet, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, said:
“Faith is that which resides firmly in the heart and which is proved by deeds.”
Foremost among these mental states is the feeling of gratitude towards God, which could be said to be the essence of worship.
The feeling of gratitude is so important that a non-believer is called ‘kafir’, which means ‘one who denies a truth’ and also ‘one who is ungrateful’.
A believer loves, and is grateful to God for the bounties He has bestowed upon him, but being aware of the fact that his good deeds, whether mental or physical, are far from being commensurate with Divine favors, he is always anxious lest God should punish him, here or in the Hereafter. He therefore fears Him, surrenders himself to Him and serves Him with great humility. One cannot be in such a mental state without being almost all the time mindful of God. Remembering God is thus the life force of faith, without which it fades and withers away.
The Quran tries to promote this feeling of gratitude by repeating the attributes of God very frequently. We find most of these attributes mentioned together in the following verses of the Quran:
“He is God; there is no god but He. He is the Knower of the unseen and the visible; He is the All-Merciful, the All-Compassionate. He is God; there is no god but He. He is the King, the All-Holy, the All-Peace, the Guardian of the Faith, the All-Preserver, the All-Mighty, the All-Compeller, the All-Sublime. Glory be to God, above that they associate! He is God, the Creator, the Maker, the Shaper. To Him belong the Names Most Beautiful. All that is in the heavens and the earth magnifies Him; He is the Almighty, the All-Wise.” (Quran 59:22-24)
“There is no god but He, the Living, the Everlasting. Slumber seizes Him not, nor sleep. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and the earth. Who is there that shall intercede with Him save by His leave? He knows what lies before them, and what is after them, and they comprehend not anything of His knowledge save such as He wills. His footstool extends over the heavens and the earth. The preserving of them oppresses Him not; He is the All-High, the All-Glorious.” (Quran 2:255)
“People of the Book, go not beyond the bounds in your religion, and say not as to God but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was only the Messenger of God, and His Word that He laded on Mary, and a Spirit from Him. So believe in God and His Messengers, and say not “Three”. Refrain; better it is for you. God is only one God. Glory be to Him – (He is) above having a son.” (Quran 4:171)
Thus we have three parts to our acknowledgement of God as the Only True God. We must believe he is the ultimate Creator, Controller and Judge of the universe and everything in it; we must refrain from the worship of anything except Him, and then actually direct our Worship to Him; and we must know that He alone has all the divine attributes and names, and we cannot apply them to any other being, no matter who they are. If one merely acknowledges with one’s lips these necessities, even should we refrain from applying them to other gods, it is not enough. They must be sincerely directed to the One you acknowledge as well. | <urn:uuid:dc1dc405-1559-41a1-bd33-6af76dc92089> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.ask-a-muslim.com/es/el-concepto-de-dios-en-el-islam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400228707.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925182046-20200925212046-00652.warc.gz | en | 0.960827 | 2,746 | 3.125 | 3 |
History of Wexford
Wexford began in the 1840's as a crossroads community centred around "The Rising Sun Inn," which was situated on the south-west corner of what is now the Lawrence and Pharmacy Avenue intersection. This popular Inn was owned by Richard Sylvester, who hailed from Wexford County, Ireland.
In 1865, a post office was opened in Sylvester's "Rising Sun Inn." Sylvester named this post office Wexford, which from that time onward, also became the official name of this community.
An historical landmark held over from Wexford's pioneer days is St. Jude's Church, situated on the east side of Victoria Park Avenue, south of Lawrence Avenue. This church was built in 1848 by local farmers. St. Jude's is one of the oldest standing churches in Toronto.
Wexford endured as a quiet farming hamlet until the 1950's, when the present day neighbourhood was developed. | <urn:uuid:e9ce84fa-0faf-464f-8d65-fa99ec71c45e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.torontoneighbourhoods.net/neighbourhoods/scarborough/wexford/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655735.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015005905-20191015033405-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.965611 | 200 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The order of operations of multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction (MDAS) seems a very basic concept, but it is one of the source of misconceptions. The two errors below are very common.
Error 1: Addition must be performed before subtraction.
This is not always the case. If addition and subtraction are adjacent operations, the operations must be performed from left to right. For example, although addition and subtraction are both present in
subtraction must be performed first. Performing the operation, we have
Error 2: Multiplication must be performed before division.
Similar to addition and subtraction, if multiplication and division are adjacent operations, the operation which comes first must be performed. For example, in
you must divide by first, before multipying it by . | <urn:uuid:2ca86937-8b32-4c2f-baa0-7d6538c33563> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://mathandmultimedia.com/2012/08/03/mdas-order-of-operations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500822053.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021342-00158-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954158 | 165 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The strata surrounding Cincinnati, Ohio include some of the most fossiliferous and best preserved marine fauna in the world for the Late Ordovician interval. These rocks have been well studied for over a century. Notably, there is a dramatic change in fauna in strata of the lower Richmondian Stage as an influx of species that evolved in other, previously isolated, marine basins immigrate into the Cincinnati area. This influx of species is known as the Richmondian Invasion, and provides an exceptional opportunity to study invasive species dynamics in a tightly constrained case study.
Results of our work so far have clarified the source regions of the invaders, the impact of the influx of invaders on the endemic species, and the process by which invasive and endemic species partitioned environmental resources to assemble the post-invasion community. Upcoming publications will tackle the invasion dispersal dynamics in detail.
Lam, A.R. & Stigall, A.L. 2015. Pathways and mechanisms of Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian) faunal migrations of Laurentia and Baltica. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 64(1): 62-67. Open Access Supplemental materials: Open Access on figshare
Bauer, J.E. & Stigall, A.L. 2014. Phylogenetic paleobiogeography of Late Ordovician Laurentian brachiopods. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 63(4): 189-194. Open Access Supplemental materials: Open Access on figshare
Stigall, A.L., Bauer, J.E. & Brame, H-M.R. 2014. The Digital Atlas of Ordovician Life: Digitizing and mobilizing data for paleontologists and the public. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 63(4): 312-316. Open Access
Stigall, A.L. 2014. When and how do species achieve niche stability over long time scales? Ecography, 37: 1123-1132. Online
Stigall, A.L. & Brame, H-M.R. 2014. Relating environmental change and species stability in Late Ordovician seas. GFF: A Scandinavia Journal of Earth Sciences, 136: 249-253. Open Access
Brame, H-M.R. & Stigall, A.L. 2014. Controls on niche stability in geologic time: Congruent responses to biotic and abiotic environmental changes among Cincinnatian (Late Ordovician) marine invertebrates. Paleobiology, 40(1): 70-90 .Online
Wright, D.F. & Stigall, A.L. 2013. Geologic drivers of Late Ordovician faunal change in Laurentia: investigating links between tectonics, speciation, and biotic invasions. PLoS One, 8(7): e68353. Open Access
Stigall, A.L. 2012. Using ecological niche modeling to evaluate niche stability in deep time. Journal of Biogeography, 39: 772-781. Online
Malizia, R.W. & Stigall, A.L. 2011. Niche stability in Late Ordovician articulated brachiopod species before, during, and after the Richmondian Invasion. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 311: 154-170. Online
Dudei, N.L. & Stigall, A.L. 2010. Using ecological niche modeling to assess biogeographic and niche response of brachiopod species to the Richmondian Invasion (Late Ordovician) in the Cincinnati Arch. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 296: 28-47. Online
Stigall, A.L. 2010. Using GIS to assess the biogeographic impact of species invasions on native brachiopods during the Richmondian Invasion in the Type-Cincinnatian (Late Ordovician, Cincinnati region). Palaeontologia Electronica, 13: 5A, 19 p. Online
This research has been supported by grants from the National Science Foundation, American Chemical Society’s Petroleum Research Fund, and Ohio University. | <urn:uuid:9535a25c-3042-4273-b307-a68c984af7b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.alyciastigall.org/research/richmondianinvasion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880038.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022195658-20201022225658-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.79795 | 893 | 3.03125 | 3 |
One of the more difficult concepts for middle school students to master is integers. Specifically, adding and subtracting integers. Even when the concept is introduced with concrete and tangible examples, the students still struggle with the often counterintuitive nature of negative numbers.
You see, in elementary school, they are taught that addition always results in more and subtraction, less. But once those numbers become negative, the results are often reversed.
One of the ways I help them remember the rules for adding and subtracting integers in by relating it to relationships:
When a good person comes into your life, it improves the value.
When a good person leaves your life, it reduces the value.
When a bad person comes into your life, it reduces the value.
And the one they have the hardest time understanding…
When a bad person leaves your life, it increases the value. | <urn:uuid:e7241338-7dc7-423e-b21a-417f1c22bedf> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://lessonsfromtheendofamarriage.com/2014/06/when-you-remove-a-negative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202007.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921175057-20200921205057-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.936368 | 178 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Minor instances of mold can be easily killed and cleaned with typical household cleaning products, such as as bleach or another non-ammonia based solution. However, larger infestations can cause numerous health issues and often require intense protective measures from a qualified professional. Destroying mold in the house can take anywhere from a few minutes to a couple of days depending on the severity of the problem.
Locate and identify the mold
Check parts of your home that are damp or wet. Shower curtains, drywall, carpets and wooden structures are the most common growth spots. Mildew is the most visible type of mold, indicated by small, scattered spots that are typically black. Higher concentrations of mold may have an odor.
Scrub and clean small areas
Surface mold that grows on bathroom walls, siding and decks can be cleaned and removed using a solution of water and bleach. Use half a cup of bleach, one quart of water and some detergent. Be sure to wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any direct contact with the mold or chemicals.
Consult a professional for large infestations
If the mold has spread to a carpeted area or drywall, it is best to call your local health department or a professional company for a solution. The carpet or drywall may need to be removed and replaced. Contact a professional as soon as possible to prevent the infestation from spreading and affecting other parts of your home. | <urn:uuid:41d189fb-fdb2-4a64-8bf6-437444449dc6> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.enkiverywell.com/how-to-kill-mold-in-the-house.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670597.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120162215-20191120190215-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.95272 | 292 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Body armor is designed to protect the wearer from ballistic threats by stopping bullets, but is stopping the bullet really all that’s important?
One of the primary concerns associated with body armor is the phenomenon known as back face deformation (BFD).
This article will provide an explanation of back face deformation, its dangers, how it is worse with some types of armor, and ways to mitigate its effects.
What is Back Face Deformation?
Back face deformation occurs when a bullet strikes the outer surface of body armor, causing the armor to flex and deform on the side facing the wearer’s body.
This deformation results in blunt force to the wearer, even though the armor successfully stops the bullet from penetrating.
The extent of back face deformation is typically measured in millimeters and is an important judge in determining the overall effectiveness and safety of body armor.
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the independent rating authority of body armor and accepts up to 44mm of back face deformation as a passing score. To put this into perspective that’s 1.73 inches of deformation that wasn’t there before the plate was shot. If you are wearing said plate, that’s going to hurt, a lot.
Dangers of Back Face Deformation
Although body armor may prevent a bullet from penetrating, the blunt force trauma caused by back face deformation can still result in serious injuries, even death.
The force of the impact can cause severe bruising and contusions leading to a lot of pain and discomfort.
In more dramatic examples, the force of the impact may be strong enough to break ribs or, cause further complications that require medical attention.
Have you ever had a broken or bruised rib? I don’t recommend it.
The energy transferred through the armor can cause damage to internal organs, potentially resulting in life-threatening injuries.
In the most severe cases, the blunt force trauma caused by back face deformation can be fatal, particularly if the impact causes damage to vital organs such as the heart, liver, or lungs even though the bullet was stopped by the armor.
Armor Material and Back Face Deformation
Soft body armor, typically made from layers of woven or laminated fibers is designed to absorb and disperse the energy of a bullet across a larger area.
While this reduces the risk of penetration, it may result in more significant back face deformation due to the flexible nature of the material.
Hard body armor made from materials such as steel, ceramic, or polyethylene, is designed to provide superior protection against high-velocity rounds and rifle threats.
The ridged nature of these plates will help minimize back face deformation.
BFD will be worse based on the size and velocity of the round.
I have seen fast-moving M193 5.56 rounds at 3,300fps create greater BFD than a 30-06 AP round at 2,800 FPS on a level 4 plate.
Steel armor typically has the least back face deformation, due to its rigidity however steel armor requires trauma pads because the plate itself offers no trauma protection.
Mitigating Back Face Deformation
There is really only one way to mitigate back face deformation and that is to put padding between the wearer and the bullet. Also known as Trauma Pads.
As mentioned in What You Need To Know About Traumam Pads article, trauma pads are designed to be worn behind body armor plates to help absorb and disperse the energy of an impact.
This can significantly reduce the severity of back face deformation and the associated risks.
You can also use soft body armor to accomplish this task, which has the added benefit of possibly catching a round if it squeaked through the armor plate but was slowed significantly enough.
Choosing body armor with advanced materials and construction techniques can help to minimize back face deformation.
For example, advanced ceramic plates and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) can provide better energy absorption and dispersion than traditional materials.
Materials and construction play a large factor in back face deformation.
A general note is the rigidity of steel lends itself to the least deformation.
However, I advise wearing trauma pads with steel for blunt force trauma, which steel does nothing to mitigate.
Ceramic composite armor typically has a ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as a backer, usually about .5 inch thick.
This helps absorb the blunt force of the bullet and distribute it leading to less deformation.
Pure polyethylene armor has the greatest back face deformation because it lacks a ‘strike face’ of ultra-hard material.
It can still stop certain rifle rounds but will be thicker than other materials in order to do so with acceptable BFD.
It is very important to select body armor that has been rigorously tested and certified to meet established performance standards set by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ).
This ensures that the armor has been proven to provide an adequate level of protection against back face deformation.
Back face deformation is a concern when considering body armor for personal protection.
Understanding the dangers associated with back face deformation allows the user to make the most informed decisions when purchasing plates, as well as choices to minimize this risk.
The opinions expressed in this post are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of Tacticon Armament. | <urn:uuid:cd4f133e-782d-49d8-8b41-e6debce68e01> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://tacticon.com/tactical-products-know-how/back-face-deformation-understanding-risks-and-mitigation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644855.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529105815-20230529135815-00692.warc.gz | en | 0.934898 | 1,123 | 3.125 | 3 |
Extensive forensic, demographic, analytical and comparative evidence demonstrates the impossibility of such a figure. The widely repeated "six million" figure is an irresponsible exaggeration.
Yes. The famous "Nazi hunter" wrote this in Stars and Stripes, Jan. 24, 1993. He also claimed that "gassings" of Jews took place only in Poland.
After the Allies captured Dachau, many GIs and others were led through the camp and shown a building alleged to have been a "gas chamber." The mass media widely, but falsely, continues to assert that Dachau was a "gassing" camp.
Is there any proof that gas chambers were used to kill people there?
No. Auschwitz, captured by the Soviets, was modified after the war, and a room was reconstructed to look like a large "gas chamber." After America's leading expert on gas chamber construction and design, Fred Leuchter, examined this and other alleged Auschwitz gassing facilities, he stated that it was an "absurdity" to claim that they were, or could have been, used for executions.
It was an internment center and part of a large-scale manufacturing complex. Synthetic fuel was produced there, and its inmates were used as a workforce.
During the Boer War (1899-1902), the British set up what they called "concentration camps" in South Africa to hold Afrikaner women and children. Approximately 30,000 died in these hell-holes, which were as terrible as German concentration camps of World War II.
The only significant difference was that the Germans interned persons on the basis of being real or suspected security threats to the German war effort, whereas the Roosevelt administration interned persons on the basis of race alone.
It considered Jews a direct threat to national security. (Jews were overwhelmingly represented in Communist subversion.) However, all suspected security risks - not just Jews - were in danger of internment.
In March 1933, international Jewish organizations declared an international boycott of German goods.
Yes. Newspapers around the world reported this. A front-page headline in the London Daily Express (March 24, 1933), for example, announced "Judea Declares War on Germany."
This was years before the "death camp" stories, which began in 1941-1942.
Britain - on May 11, 1940.
Fewer than six million.
After the war millions of Jews were still alive in Europe. Hundreds of thousands (perhaps as many as one and a half million) had died of all causes during the war. Others had emigrated to Palestine, the United States, and other countries. Still more Jews left Europe after the war.
More than two million fled or were evacuated by the Soviets in 1941-1942. These Jews thus never came under German control.
Perhaps a million (not including those absorbed by the USSR).
He was tortured by British military police, as one of his interrogators later admitted.
Yes. Torture was extensively used to produce fraudulent "evidence" for the infamous Nuremberg trials, and in other postwar "war crimes" trials.
It helps protect Jews as a group from criticism. As a kind of secular religion, it provides an emotional bond between Jews and their leaders. It is a powerful tool in Jewish money-raising campaigns, and is used to justify US aid to Israel.
It justifies the billions of dollars in "reparations" Germany has paid to Israel and many individual "survivors." It is used by the Zionist/Israeli lobby to dictate a pro-Israel American foreign policy in the Middle East, and to force American taxpayer aid to Israel, totaling billions of dollars per year.
The Holocaust story is cited to justify the Old Testament notion of Jews as a holy and eternally persecuted "Chosen People."
It diverted attention from Soviet war mongering and atrocities before, during and after the Second World War.
In much the same way it benefitted the Soviet Union.
Hydrocyanic gas from "Zyklon B," a commercial pesticide that was widely used throughout Europe.
It was a pesticide used to fumigate clothing and quarters to kill typhus-bearing lice and other pests.
No. If the Nazis had intended to use poison gas to exterminate people, far more efficient products were available. Zyklon is a slow-acting fumigation agent.
Normally about 20 hours. The whole procedure is very complicated and dangerous. Gas masks must be used, and only trained technicians are employed.
It can't be explained because had they done so they would have suffered the same fate as the "gassing" victims.
Yes. The Hoess confession is obviously false.
The stories range from dropping gas canisters into a crowded room from a hole in the ceiling, to piping gas through shower heads, to "steam chambers," to "electrocution" machinery. Millions are alleged to have been killed in these ways.
It couldn't have been kept secret. The fact is that there were no mass gassings. The extermination stories originated as wartime atrocity propaganda.
They didn't fight back because they did not believe there was any intention to kill them.
Competent estimates range from about 300,000 to 500,000.
Mainly from recurring typhus epidemics that ravaged war-torn Europe during the war, as well as from starvation and lack of medical attention during the final months of the conflict, when virtually all road and rail transportation had been bombed out by the Allies.
This disease always appears when many people are jammed together under unsanitary conditions. It is carried by lice that infest hair and clothes. Ironically, if the Germans had used more Zyklon B, more Jews might have survived the camps.
A great deal more than the Germans had access to, as there was a substantial fuel shortage during the war.
No. It is impossible for human bodies to be totally consumed by flames in this manner because of lack of oxygen.
About an hour and a half, although the larger bones require further processing afterwards.
To dispose efficiently and sanitarily of the corpses of those who had died.
No. Fifty percent of the time is a generous estimate (12 hours per day). Crematory ovens have to be cleaned thoroughly and regularly when in heavy operation.
After the bone is all ground down, about a shoe box full.
That remains to be "explained." Six million bodies would have produced many tons of ashes, yet there is no evidence of any large ash depositories.
No. In fact, these photographs do not even reveal a trace of the enormous amount of smoke that supposedly was constantly over the camp, nor do they show evidence of the "open pits" in which bodies were allegedly burned.
They forbid marriage and sexual relations between Germans and Jews, similar to laws existing in Israel today.
Years before Hitler's Third Reich, most states in the USA had enacted laws prohibiting marriage between persons of different races.
An official report on the visit of an IRC delegation to Auschwitz in September 1944 pointed out that internees were permitted to receive packages, and that rumors of gas chambers could not be verified.
If there had been an extermination plan, the Vatican would most certainly have been in a position to know about it. But because there was none, the Vatican had no reason to speak out against it, and didn't.
As early as 1933, Hitler's government signed an agreement with the Zionists permitting Jews to emigrate from Germany to Palestine, taking large amounts of capital with them.
After surviving internment in Auschwitz, she succumbed to typhus in the Bergen-Belsen camp, just a few weeks before the end of the war. She was not gassed.
No. Evidence compiled by Dr. Robert Faurisson of France establishes that the famous diary is a literary hoax.
Photographs can be faked, but it's far easier merely to add a misleading caption to a photo or commentary to a piece of footage. Piles of emaciated corpses do not mean that these people were "gassed" or deliberately starved to death. Actually, these were tragic victims of raging epidemics or of starvation due to a lack of food in the camps toward the end of the war.
Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jew, in a book published in 1944.
No. Such films are fictional dramatizations loosely based on history. Unfortunately, all too many people accept them as accurate historical representations.
Dozens. More are in production.
No proof was submitted as a claim on the reward, but the Institute was sued for $17 million by former Auschwitz inmate Mel Mermelstein, who claimed that the reward offer caused him to lose sleep and his business to suffer, and represented "injurious denial of established fact."
This is a smear designed to draw attention away from facts and honest arguments. Scholars who refute Holocaust story claims are of all persuasions and ethnic-religious backgrounds (including Jewish). There is no correlation between "Holocaust" refutation and anti-Semitism or neo-Nazism. Increasing numbers of Jewish scholars openly admit the lack of evidence for key Holocaust claims.
They have been subjected to smear campaigns, loss of academic positions, loss of pensions, destruction of their property and physical violence.
The IHR had been bombed three times, and was completely destroyed on July 4, 1984, in a criminal arson attack. Numerous death threats by telephone have been received. Media coverage of the IHR has been overwhelmingly hostile.
Because for political reasons the Establishment does not want any in-depth discussion about the facts surrounding the Holocaust story.
The Institute for Historical Review, P.O. Box 2739, Newport Beach, CA 92659, carries a wide variety of books, cassette and video tapes on significant historical subjects.
For the current IHR catalog, with a complete listing of books and audio and video tapes, send one dollar to:
Institute For Historical Review Post Office Box 2739 Newport Beach, California 92659 | <urn:uuid:a760bf16-15d3-4046-8010-7f9e4314a855> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | https://www.stormfront.org/revision/questions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928923.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00110-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976612 | 2,069 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Supreme Court Appointment Process: President's Selection of a Nominee [October 19, 2015] [open pdf - 826KB]
"The procedure for appointing a Justice to the Supreme Court is provided for in the U.S. Constitution in only a few words. The 'Appointments Clause' in the Constitution (Article II, Section 2, clause 2) states that the President 'shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court.' While the process of appointing Justices has undergone some changes over two centuries, its most essential feature--the sharing of power between the President and the Senate--has remained unchanged: To receive lifetime appointment to the Court, one must first be formally selected ('nominated') by the President and then approved ('confirmed') by the Senate. For the President, the appointment of a Supreme Court Justice can be a notable measure by which history will judge his Presidency. For the Senate, a decision to confirm is a solemn matter as well, for it is the Senate alone, through its 'Advice and Consent' function, without any formal involvement of the House of Representatives, which acts as a safeguard on the President's judgment. "
CRS Report for Congress, R44235 | <urn:uuid:4054112e-ec96-42f5-b739-c6c12f269a1a> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=790366 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141735600.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204101314-20201204131314-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.94508 | 260 | 2.5625 | 3 |
You can’t seem to go more than a few days without dealing with diarrhea. And maybe you’re also facing abdominal pain, headaches, fatigue, nausea, and joint pain. Could you have celiac disease?
Possibly, said Veronika Panah, MD, a gastroenterologist at Banner Health Clinic in Colorado, “about one in 100 people have celiac disease, and the diagnosis is on the rise.”
What is celiac disease?
Celiac disease is a genetic autoimmune condition. With it, if you eat wheat, barley, rye, or other foods that contain gluten, your small intestine becomes inflamed and damaged. You can have trouble absorbing nutrients.
Because celiac disease is genetic, you can’t prevent it. But you can manage your symptoms and keep the damage from getting worse by eating a gluten-free diet. When you don’t eat gluten, the damage to your small intestine can heal.
It’s important to recognize the difference between celiac disease and gluten intolerance. Both conditions can have the same symptoms, and you can treat both by not eating gluten. But celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder, while gluten intolerance is a sensitivity.
With celiac disease, you need to completely avoid gluten. With gluten intolerance, you can experiment to find the amount of gluten you can tolerate without triggering symptoms.
If you don’t have celiac disease or gluten intolerance, there’s no reason to avoid gluten. Some people use a gluten-free diet to lose weight, but it’s most likely not giving up gluten that’s causing weight loss. It’s giving up the less-healthy processed foods that contain gluten, like white bread and snack chips.
How is celiac disease diagnosed?
If your doctor suspects celiac disease, blood tests and an endoscopy—a scan of the inside of your small intestine—can determine whether you have the condition.
Not everyone with celiac disease has symptoms. Sometimes, doctors spot problems like anemia or elevated liver enzymes on routine bloodwork and it turns out that celiac disease is to blame.
How is celiac disease treated?
To protect your small intestine and avoid symptoms, you need to avoid all gluten. That means avoiding wheat, barley, rye, most oats, and yeast. “This can be difficult as these are ingredients in many common foods, so you need to read nutrition labels carefully,” Dr. Panah said. “It can be a challenging lifestyle at first because you have to learn to eat in a whole different way.” But it’s not insurmountable. These days, you can find a lot of gluten-free products in grocery stores and restaurants.
If you have celiac disease, it’s important to avoid all gluten—even a crumb could trigger symptoms. And untreated, celiac disease can lead to anemia, osteoporosis, infertility, and even cancers or lymphoma of the small intestine. Celiac disease can also cause nutritional deficiencies, so you will probably need vitamin supplements.
The bottom line
Celiac disease is on the rise, but you can treat it by completely avoiding gluten. With treatment, you can get your symptoms under control. If you need help finding out what’s causing your gastrointestinal trouble, connect with a physician at Banner Health.
To learn more about the links between the foods you eat and the way you feel, check out:
- So, You Think You Have Food Allergies?
- Decoding Six Milks and Milk Alternatives
- Food and Mood: Is Your Food (or Lack Thereof) Making You Hangry? | <urn:uuid:23232044-97ef-413f-8b93-0767beda2ce7> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.bannerhealth.com/es/healthcareblog/better-me/are-your-stomach-symptoms-a-sign-of-celiac-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710534.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128171516-20221128201516-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.926342 | 767 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Photos: Segregation of the JewsClick on a thumbnail image to view the full photograph.
In Warsaw, a street sign states, "Jews are forbidden to walk on this side of the street." Jews carried whatever personal belongings they could as they left in mass deportations from Plonsk, a town 50 miles northwest of Warsaw, Poland. On November 14, 1939, the President of Lódz decreed that all Jews must wear arm bands or badges with a Jewish star. Seller of Jewish arm bands on the streets of Warsaw, 1940. Stores owned by Jews had to be marked with a Star of David, another part of the increasing segregation of Jews. In Cracow, Poland, as decreed on March 1, 1940, Jews could only ride in certain areas of the streetcar. The sign indicates which section was for Jews (FÜR JUDEN) and which was for non-Jews (FÜR NICHT JUDEN). A sign states that Jews may not enter parks or the Market Square in Cracow, Poland. April 29, 1940. This picture captures the essence of how many non-Jewish Europeans and Jews related to one another during the rise of Nazism. Return to Other Archival Photographs
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A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology,
College of Education, University of South Florida © 2005. | <urn:uuid:f0323d15-bb38-4f7d-8a59-d7e4f9f52994> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/resource/gallery/G1939.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424239.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723022719-20170723042719-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.929472 | 332 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Prepare UPSC Kannada: Check out Strategy to Prepare UPSC Kannada Optional subject 2021 – Study Strategy. UPSC Mains Kannada Optional subject Preparation Tips are provided here. UPSC Notification 2021 has released. Today we’ve provided a Preparation strategy for UPSC Kannada optional Paper. UPSC has already announced the IAS / Civil Services Exam Dates. Before going to start the preparation strategy for UPSC, know UPSC Mains Syllabus. You can check Suggested Strategy for Kannada optional for the UPSC IAS mains exam.
Content in this Article
How to Prepare UPSC Kannada Optional Subject
Kannada is one of the optional in the IAS main exam. You can opt for the Kannada language as an optional subject if you have graduated in the literature of Kannada language as the main subject. With well-planned strategies, you can easily score well in the Kannada literature. Interest should be the prime criteria for choosing any optional. With the right approach, it is possible to clear this exam in the first attempt but don’t get depressed if you fail.
- know your UPSC Civil Services Exam syllabus
- Select Best Reference Books
- Prepare a Study plan
- Prepare own Preparation Notes
- Practice Previous Question Papers
- Practice few Mock Test Papers
UPSC Preparation Tips
UPSC Aspirants should follow exam tips to write the exam. Preparation tips are needed for any exam. UPSC exam should be conducted once in every year. Planning and hard work are very important to face any competitive exam. Below are some of the tips for preparation. Each UPSC mains Kannada paper consists of 250 marks. The duration for each Kannada language mains paper is 3 hours.
Step 1: Know UPSC Kannada syllabus
In the previous article, we’ve provided UPSC Mains Kannada Syllabus. You can check and find what are the applicable topics and chapter for UPSC IAS Mains 2021 Exam.
Step 2: Select Best Reference Books for UPSC Kannada
To prepare UPSC Kannada Optional Subject, UPSC aspirants should prepare some reference books. We’ve already provided UPSC Reference Books for All optional papers. You can check our best-recommended books for the IAS exam at the given link below. The suggested books are included in optional and language Subjects.
Recommended books for Kannada:
- Linguistics, history of Kannada Language-M.H. Krishnaiah
- Kannada Bhasha Shastra- R.Y. Dharwadkar
- Kannada Sahitya Charitre- R.S. Mugali
- Bettada Jeeva-Shivarama Karanta
- Madhavi-Arupama Niranjana
- Odalaala-Devanuru Mahadeva
- Devaru- A.N. Moorty Rao
- Shudra Tapaswi-Kuvempu
- Tughlaq-Girish Karnad.
- Vachana Kammata, Ed: K. Marulasiddappa K.R. Nagaraj
Step 3: Prepare a Study Plan
The study plan is very important for every exam preparation. It plays a key role in the success of getting a good score in the UPSC exam. Prepare a study plan for the UPSC exam. Make a monthly plan, weekly plan and daily schedule to prepare UPSC Kannada Optional Paper. Allot the time for exam preparation and set the time for playing, eating, watching TV, and studying.
Daily prepare a few hours and spend at least 8 hours for IAS exam preparation.
UPSC Kannada Preparation Plan for 3 months
If you have 3 months of preparation time for the UPSC Mains exam, You can prepare 8-9 hours per day.
|UPSC Preparation Plan for Kannada (Before 3 Months)|
|Paper A – Indian Language||1 hr daily|
|Paper B – English||1 hr daily|
|Paper 2 – General Studies 1||1 hrs. daily|
|Paper 3 – General Studies 2||1 hrs. daily|
|Paper 4 – General Studies 3||1 hrs. daily|
|Paper 5 – General Studies 4||1 hrs. daily|
|Paper 6 – Kannada Optional Paper 1||1 hrs. daily|
|Paper 7 – Kannada Optional Paper 2||1 hrs. daily|
Step 4: Prepare UPSC Kannada Important Topics
Kannada Paper I and Paper II Important Topics
Paper I contains History of Kannada Language, History of Kannada Literature, Modern Kannada literature, Poetics, and literary criticism, Cultural History of Karnataka. Paper-II contains old Kannada literature, Modern Kannada literature, Folk literature.
As you know the marks of the optional paper are crucial to deciding your ranking in the final list, you to have to perform exceptionally well in the paper of your choice. Since the rest of the papers are compulsory for all, its only the optional paper that can make or break your fortune. So don’t try to do selective reading and gamble, as there is only one optional paper now.
Final Step: Prepare UPSC Kannada Previous Question Papers & Practice papers
Download UPSC Mains Kannada Question Papers. We’ve provided UPSC mains Kannada Previous Question papers for download in PDF format.
Who should opt for Kannada?
Kannada Literature is a language widely spoken language in the Karnataka region of South India. UPSC aspirants who have good knowledge in this lingo can opt for this as their optional subject for the UPSC IAS mains Exam. That does not indicate that one must be a Kannada literature graduate. But the aspirant should have good language skills to deal with this optional subject. He/She may score well in Paper I which is like general studies but Paper-II becomes the eliminating factor if it is not covered exhaustively.
- Literature subjects are less informative.
- good for who is creative
- not too difficult to understand
- to score good marks one should have good writing skill
- creativity required
- depth in philosophy required
How much time does it take to prepare?
4-5 months, if you study Kannada 12-15 hours per week. This should be enough. Also, it depends on how much can you recall your graduation concepts.
Ideally, aspirants need 4-5 months to complete the optional subject solely. Here we are giving the best suitable strategies for Kannada optional for UPSC IAS Mains Exam.
- Aspirants should have an exhaustive knowledge about the syllabus of Kannada optional.
- Candidates should know the basic concept of Kannada to tackle Paper-II.
- Improve writing skills because every language should need good writing skills to answer the questions in a particular language.
- In your essay, write in a simple but effective language. Attempt the essay question last with at least 40 minutes to spare. Once you are done with the other sections, you will have enough ‘flow’ to write your essay. Also, you should not waste time writing an elaborate essay at the beginning.
- Apart from your regular newspaper, read a newspaper in the language that you have opted for at least 15 minutes every day. This will familiarise you with the subtleties of the language. It will also give you the modern method of writing in the language.
- The essential part of UPSC IAS Exam preparation is solving the previous year’s UPSC Mains questions papers. For Kannada also aspirants should go through the Previous year question paper to extract an idea about exam patterns, trends, etc.
This article titled “How to Prepare UPSC Kannada Optional subject 2021 – Study Strategy – Suggested by Toppers ” gives the detailed information about the tips for the preparation of the UPSC 2021 exam for all optional papers. Additional information like Reference books for UPSC Mains, IAS Previous question papers are also given above. Students should follow those tips and prepare well for the exam and download the links for more information about UPSC. | <urn:uuid:5ae9845a-b067-4e45-923b-53e92335e6fa> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://examupdates.in/strategy-to-prepare-upsc-kannada-language-paper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154320.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802110046-20210802140046-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.857755 | 1,748 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Maryland Positive Behavior Support Training
Positive Behavior Support Across Three Tiers
The triangle on this page represents an entire organization that provides support to people with disabilities. All of the people who support someone with a disability are involved in positive behavior support: people receiving services, family members, guardians and friends, staff, supervisors and managers, and administrators and leaders. These changes are important since everyone engages in behavior that is sometimes positive and at other times challenging to themselves or others. Positive behavior support can help anyone interested in improving the quality of their life.
The three-tiered positive behavior support model also assumes that everyone can improve on how they use social and emotional skills every day. Each person is unique and the levels of support that are needed to solve social problems are on a continuum starting with tier 1 strategies that are easier for everyone to implement. The goal is to work together as a community while creating a positive climate that is person-centered, safe, predictable, and welcoming. At tier 1, all people in a setting are working together to improve their social and emotional skills, building positive relationships, recognizing and celebrating success, and encouraging people to improve the quality of their lives.
People receiving services, staff, and others may still need additional support at times to improve social interactions and quality of life. tier 2 strategies are used to monitor, and problem solve when minor challenges occur that have an impact on social interactions and quality of life. Simple strategies are used at tier 2 to help increase social and emotional skills using group instruction and targeted interventions. A few people will need more intensive and individualized support at tier 3. The plans at tier 3 provide a more structured plan to address complex challenges. At tier 3, a team forms around a person to help in problem solving. Different types of practices are used at tier 3 based on each person’s strengths and needs. A person-centered plan is often a good place to start before beginning positive behavior support planning.
Definitions of Each Tier
- Create a person-centered and culturally responsive setting
- Identify and teach important social values
- Create a plan to teach, model, and practice social and emotional skills
- Recognize and reinforce positive social behaviors
- Respond to challenges consistently using conflict resolution
- Use data to guide decisions
- Use minor problem solving to understand why challenging behaviors occur (function)
- Collect additional information if it is needed to understand why challenges are occurring
- Add quality of life strategies
- Simple PBS interventions
- Create Group Interventions to teach skills
- Use data to intervene as early as possible before problems become more challenging
- Form a team around a person needing more support
- Provide more structured and individualized plan of support
- Start with a person-centered plan to guide the process
- Include other practices | <urn:uuid:4b40dd66-a404-4c72-9cc3-c38d401b7bbb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://publications.ici.umn.edu/maryland/pbs/modules/introduction-to-pbs/positive-behavior-support-across-three-tiers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.948549 | 568 | 3.1875 | 3 |
3.5 Adaptations of Assignments and Materials
Students with ADHD (particularly those with coexisting learning disabilities) commonly need accommodations and modifications as well as extra support or tools to help them with assignments and enable them to demonstrate their learning.
Accommodations and Modifications of Assignments
- Reduce the number of paper-and-pencil tasks. Provide accommodations to bypass written output difficulties and allow students to show their mastery or understanding of subject matter through means other than writing; possibilities are demonstrations, verbal responses, oral exams, and projects.
- Modify or otherwise adjust the length of tasks. Shorten assignments or work periods.
- For written tasks, allow student to use cursive handwriting or printing (whichever is easier for the student and more legible to read) or the computer.
- Allow student to dictate responses while someone else records or transcribes them.
- Reduce the amount of required copying from the board or books. Provide a photocopy or copying assistance instead.
- Record assignments clearly for students to see and in a consistent location, such as a designated area of the board.
- Back up oral directions with written instructions.
- Provide directions that are clear and listed step-by-step with a few words and pictures if appropriate.
- Simplify complex directions.
- Monitor the student closely as he or she begins assignments to ensure understanding.
- Assist students in getting started on assignments.
- Many students ... | <urn:uuid:4befa8d6-d154-46df-9eb4-b11653cfa0a5> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-adhd-book/9781118937754/057_section3-5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247487624.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218175932-20190218201932-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.935362 | 299 | 3.46875 | 3 |
|Click here to print a PDF of this page|
|The Dorper sheep is a South African mutton
breed developed in the 1930's from the Dorset Horn
and Blackheaded Persian. The Dorper does well in
various range and feeding conditions and reacts very
favorably under intensive feeding conditions. The
Dorper is hardy and can thrive under range conditions
where other breeds can barely exist and the ewe can
raise a lamb of reasonable quality under fairly severe
conditions. One of the most fertile of sheep breeds that
is hornless with good body length and a short light
covering of hair and wool.
The Dorper and White Dorper are considered to be two separate breeds due to genetic background and colour. The are maintained under separate registries. The Dorper has the characteristic black head and the White Dorper the characteristic white head.
The breed shows exceptional adaptability, hardiness, reproduction rates and growth (reaching 36 kg [80 lbs] at three and a half to four months) as well as good mothering abilities. The Dorper is primarily a mutton sheep with a long breeding season which is not seasonally limited. The Dorper lamb grows rapidly and attains a high weaning weight; 36 kg can be reached by the age of 3- 4 months. This ensures a high quality carcass of approximately 16 kg. This is associated with the inherent growth potential of the Dorper lamb and its ability to graze at an early age. The Dorper has the characteristic black head and the White Dorper the characteristic white head. | <urn:uuid:5c3da00a-b488-4bb0-8b06-7ea84a2e750e> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.ocflock.com/dorpers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891377.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122133636-20180122153636-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.922456 | 328 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Week 3: The Counter-Reformation
Primary Source Readings
Your assigned readings are the next section of this module, Primary Readings, and the detailed description of assignment requirements are in the Dropbox folder for this week’s Primary Source Reading.
This semester, you will read two primary sources every other week. The topic of each reading set relates to the subjects that we will be studying in the history of Western Civilization. I have selected two readings for every topic that contrast and conflict one another.
Watch the Following Supplemental Videos
- Introduction to the Protestant Reformation: The Counter-Reformation [Enter key starts video]
Learn about the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.
- The Renaissance: Was it a Thing? [Enter key starts video]
In which John Green teaches you about the European Renaissance. European learning changed the world in the 15th and 16th century, but was it a cultural revolution, or an evolution? We’d argue that any cultural shift that occurs over a couple of hundred years isn’t too overwhelming to the people who live through it. In retrospect though, the cultural bloom in Europe during this time was pretty impressive. In addition to investigating what caused the Renaissance and who benefited from the changes that occurred, John will tell you just how the Ninja Turtles got mixed up in all this. Created by EcoGeek. | <urn:uuid:7a35da08-29db-4f73-a7b1-e23d61c1e75f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-pima-westerncivilization2/chapter/information-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400191780.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919110805-20200919140805-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.925568 | 287 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Where and when did the titanic sink
The amazing story of the Titanic begins 13 miles under sea-level. The Titanic was only 963 miles northeast of New York, which is well over the half way point. They were close to land but still too far for any recuse boats to make it in time.
When did the Titanic Sink
The Titanic sank on April 4, 2011 at 11:40pm and was on the sea bed around 2:20am. A 100 year anniversary took place in 2012 to remember all the souls lost on that dreadful day.
Where exactly did the Titanic Sink
The neatest land was actually Newfoundland, Canada and they were only about 400 miles away. Of course, even recuse boats from here could still not reach the Titanic in time. Titanic was on its own for several hours. However Titanic Sank within three hours. Two hours after the sinking of Titanic, Carpathia arrived to pick up 705 survivors. Titanic carried 1,517 passengers and crew members
The Titanic was found on the ocean floor about 13.5 miles away from their last known location. The wreckage of the Titanic was spreed over a half mile. The reason for the distance is most like the currents at the time which was moving the ship southeastward and as the ship was coming apart sections of the ship were being carried.
The orange lines indicates the ocean currents in 1911 and just to the east of New York, you can see the current moving in an eastward motion and this is one of the reasons why the ship was spreed across the ocean floor. She is about 12,600 feet, 2 miles, below sea level. To give you a comparison, the United States Rocky Mountains is about 14,440 feet high. That s just 200 feet telling then the depth of the Titanic. At those depths the waters are extremely cold and highly pressurized, that is why missions to visit Titanic are rare.
Unlike the movie, it is unknown why Titanic hit the iceberg. In James Cameron movie, the Titanic sank for two reasons. One, The Titanic was trying to make it quicker to New York and secondly because the watchmen crew members were not actually watching the seas but instead were worried about the cold temperatures. | <urn:uuid:646df562-4eaf-4f04-9a8d-b9e712736647> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://besttitanicquotes.com/titanic-sink/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281001.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00401-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982387 | 455 | 3.515625 | 4 |
A recent study by the Real Estate Board of New York (REBNY) concluded that by preserving 27.7% of buildings in Manhattan, “the city is landmarking away its economic future.” REBNY is challenging the Landmarks Preservation Commission, arguing it has too much power when it comes to planning decisions, and that by making business so difficult for developers it is stifling the growth of the city.
Yet not three days before releasing this study, president of REBNY Steve Spinola said in an interview with WNYC that “if you ask my members, they will tell you [the twelve years of Mayor Bloomberg's tenure] has been a great period of time for them”. The conclusion of WNYC is that the past decade has actually been a period of increased growth for developers, rather than a period of stagnation.
It would be easy to echo the opinion of Simeon Bankoff, executive director of the Historic Districts Council, who believes the actions of REBNY come down to greed, even comparing its members to Gordon Gekko, the anti-hero of the film Wall Street. But is greed really what’s behind this attack on the Landmarks Preservation Commission? Find out after the break.
Architecture historian Francis Morrone provides a more balanced view, saying that the growth that was enabled by Mayor Bloomberg’s policies was part of an attempt to keep pace with other global cities. But he believes this attempt has a serious flaw: instead of improving the city, this investment is pushing up prices and forcing all but the richest citizens to leave New York altogether:
“The city is going to survive. The City is going to thrive,” he cautions, however, that “Not all the people in the city are going to thrive, or even continue living here.”
This approach begs the question “what is a city for?”
Edward Glaeser’s book Triumph of the City places people at the centre of a city’s purpose. Cities provide opportunity and prosperity to the people who inhabit them, which isn’t available in rural areas. Glaeser believes that by bringing together people of diverse backgrounds with different ideas, and placing them at close proximity in dense living conditions, cities afford chance encounters and cross-seeding of new ideas, and therefore create the innovation which drives economic prosperity.
When we look at the new global cities – most notably in China and India – we see that their explosive growth over the past decade has been fuelled by an unprecedented urban migration. Furthermore, the expansion of these cities has entailed an attitude to preservation which would probably horrify most New Yorkers.
In a city such as Shanghai, the population has yet to peak, increasing by an astounding 40% between 2000 and 2010. The population now stands at over 23 million. As a city which still has its best years ahead of it, the existing buildings are willingly sacrificed, with the understanding that their replacements will be more representative of their aspirations for the future – for lack of a more precise word, the new buildings are assumed to be ‘better’.
Because New York has already been through this process, during the industrial revolution and the earlier part of the 20th century, the numbers involved are lower: the population of New York peaked just short of 8 million in 1950 – a figure which it only returned to and finally surpassed around the turn of the millennium, now reaching about 8.3 million. As a result, the majority of its significant buildings, which form part of its cultural history, date from before the 1950s, and many of these are the jewels in the crown of the landmarks commission.
Very simply, Shanghai is at a different stage in its life cycle, and when it does finally stop expanding it could conceivably be four or five times the size of New York. For the city of New York to put such an emphasis on competing with Shanghai economically at this point would be pure vanity.
This sentiment is echoed by Michael Kimmelman in a recent article about the proposal to re-zone East Midtown: “New York can surely never win a skyscraper race with Shanghai or Singapore. Its future, including the future of Midtown real estate values, depends on strengthening and expanding what already makes the city a global magnet and model. This means mass transit, pedestrian-friendly streets, social diversity, neighborhoods that don’t shut down after 5 p.m., parks and landmarks like Grand Central Terminal and the Chrysler Building.”
For New York, whose growth is to some extent restricted by a geography, infrastructure and culture which would never support 20 million or more people, a much better plan would be to stop competing and to thrive on its own terms. How could it go about doing this?
To return to the current argument between developers and preservationists, in simple economic terms, real estate developers are on the supply side of building. In a city such as New York, which is currently suffering a housing shortage, development would be expected to decrease costs as the supply of living space increases.
Preservation, on the other hand, limits new supply and also creates a ‘cultural commodity’ of preserved buildings, both of which would increase the cost of living. How is it, then, that Francis Morrone cites new development as part of the problem, rather than the solution to rising costs?
Quite simply, the members of REBNY are building the wrong type of development: where developers do get the opportunity to build without restriction, they are too often building luxury apartments that are only an option for the super-rich. This may be good for their short-term profit margins, but it is bad for the long-term vitality of the city, as those who are not astoundingly wealthy are forced to leave – and the city becomes less diverse and less productive as a result.
The Real Estate Board is right in arguing that preservation of buildings can cause stagnation and inflation, but it forgets that preservation adds value to the surrounding neighborhood and the city as a whole. What developers need to do is make this cultural commodity available to all by building a greater variety of new buildings, particularly when it comes to apartments. This will diminish their returns in the short run, but will generate gradual yet sustainable growth in New York, in turn ensuring a more sustainable revenue stream for the members of the Real Estate Board of New York themselves – and they still have 72.3% of Manhattan to do that in. | <urn:uuid:b5fa6779-a2b2-4c7e-87df-b8961b2df095> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.archdaily.com/407469/is-nyc-landmarking-away-its-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936466999.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074106-00001-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965313 | 1,334 | 2.546875 | 3 |
About the artist:
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, (15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669) was a Dutch painter and etcher. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history and the most important in Dutch history. His contributions to art came in a period that historians call the Dutch Golden Age. Having achieved youthful success as a portrait painter, his later years were marked by personal tragedy and financial hardships. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, and for twenty years he taught many important Dutch painters. Rembrandt's greatest creative triumphs are exemplified especially in his portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible. His self-portraits form a unique and intimate biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and with the utmost sincerity. In his paintings and prints he exhibited knowledge of classical iconography, which he molded to fit the requirements of his own experience; thus, the depiction of a biblical scene was informed by Rembrandt's knowledge of the specific text, his assimilation of classical composition, and his observations of Amsterdam's Jewish population. Because of his empathy for the human condition, he has been called "one of the great prophets of civilization. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on 15 July 1606 in Leiden, in the Dutch Republic, nowadays the Netherlands. He was the ninth child born to Harmen Gerritszoon van Rijn and Neeltgen Willemsdochter van Zuytbrouck. His family was quite well-to-do; his father was a miller and his mother was a baker's daughter. As a boy he attended Latin school and was enrolled at the University of Leiden, although according to a contemporary he had a greater inclination towards painting; he was soon apprenticed to a Leiden history painter, Jacob van Swanenburgh, with whom he spent three years. After a brief but important apprenticeship of six months with the famous painter Pieter Lastman in Amsterdam, Rembrandt opened a studio in Leiden in 1624 or 1625, which he shared with friend and colleague Jan Lievens. In 1627, Rembrandt began to accept students, among them Gerrit Dou. In 1629 Rembrandt was discovered by the statesman Constantijn Huygens, the father of Christiaan Huygens (a famous Dutch mathematician and physicist), who procured for Rembrandt important commissions from the court of The Hague. As a result of this connection, Prince Frederik Hendrik continued to purchase paintings from Rembrandt until 1646. At the end of 1631 Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam, then rapidly expanding as the new business capital of the Netherlands, and began to practice as a professional portraitist for the first time, with great success. He initially stayed with an art dealer, Hendrick van Uylenburg, and in 1634, married Hendrick's cousin, Saskia van Uylenburg. Saskia came from a good family: her father had been lawyer and burgemeester (mayor) of Leeuwarden. When Saskia, as the youngest daughter, became an orphan, she lived with an older sister in Het Bildt. They were married in the local church of St. Annaparochie without the presence of his relatives. In the same year, Rembrandt became a burgess of Amsterdam and a member of the local guild of painters. He also acquired a number of students, among them Ferdinand Bol and Govert Flinck. In a letter to Huyghens, Rembrandt offered the only surviving explanation of what he sought to achieve through his art: the greatest and most natural movement, translated from de meeste en de natuurlijkste beweegelijkheid. The word "beweechgelickhijt" is also argued to mean "emotion" or "motive." Whether this refers to objectives, material or otherwise is open to interpretation; either way, Rembrandt seamlessly melded the earthly and spiritual as has no other painter in Western art. Earlier 20th century connoisseurs claimed Rembrandt had produced over 600 paintings, nearly 400 etchings and 2,000 drawings. More recent scholarship, from the 1960s to the present day (led by the Rembrandt Research Project), often controversially, has winnowed his oeuvre to nearer 300 paintings. His prints, traditionally all called etchings, although many are produced in whole or part by engraving and sometimes drypoint, have a much more stable total of slightly under 300. It is likely he made many more drawings in his lifetime than 2,000, but those extant are more rare than presumed. Two experts claim that the number of drawings whose autograph status can be regarded as effectively "certain" is no higher than about 75, although this is disputed. The list was to be unveiled at a scholarly meeting in February 2010. embrandt produced etchings for most of his career, from 1626 to 1660, when he was forced to sell his printing-press and virtually abandoned etching. Only the troubled year of 1649 produced no dated work. He took easily to etching and, though he also learned to use a burin and partly engraved many plates, the freedom of etching technique was fundamental to his work. He was very closely involved in the whole process of printmaking, and must have printed at least early examples of his etchings himself. At first he used a style based on drawing, but soon moved to one based on painting, using a mass of lines and numerous bitings with the acid to achieve different strengths of line. Towards the end of the 1630s, he reacted against this manner and moved to a simpler style, with fewer bitings. He worked on the so-called Hundred Guilder Print in stages throughout the 1640s, and it was the "critical work in the middle of his career", from which his final etching style began to emerge. Although the print only survives in two states, the first very rare, evidence of much reworking can be seen underneath the final print and many drawings survive for elements of it. In the mature works of the 1650s, Rembrandt was more ready to improvise on the plate and large prints typically survive in several states, up to eleven, often radically changed. He now uses hatching to create his dark areas, which often take up much of the plate. He also experimented with the effects of printing on different kinds of paper, including Japanese paper, which he used frequently, and on vellum. He began to use "surface tone," leaving a thin film of ink on parts of the plate instead of wiping it completely clean to print each impression. He made more use of drypoint, exploiting, especially in landscapes, the rich fuzzy burr that this technique gives to the first few impressions. His prints have similar subjects to his paintings, although the twenty-seven self-portraits are relatively more common, and portraits of other people less so. There are forty-six landscapes, mostly small, which largely set the course for the graphic treatment of landscape until the end of the 19th century. One third of his etchings are of religious subjects, many treated with a homely simplicity, whilst others are his most monumental prints. A few erotic, or just obscene, compositions have no equivalent in his paintings. He owned, until forced to sell it, a magnificent collection of prints by other artists, and many borrowings and influences in his work can be traced to artists as diverse as Mantegna, Raphael, Hercules Segers, and Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione. At one time about ninety paintings were counted as Rembrandt self-portraits, but it is now known that he had his students copy his own self-portraits as part of their training. Modern scholarship has reduced the autograph count to over forty paintings, as well as a few drawings and thirty-one etchings, which include many of the most remarkable images of the group. Some show him posing in quasi-historical fancy dress, or pulling faces at himself. His oil paintings trace the progress from an uncertain young man, through the dapper and very successful portrait-painter of the 1630s, to the troubled but massively powerful portraits of his old age. Together they give a remarkably clear picture of the man, his appearance and his psychological make-up, as revealed by his richly weathered face. In a number of biblical works, including The Raising of the Cross, Joseph Telling His Dreams and The Stoning of Saint Stephen, Rembrandt painted himself as a character in the crowd. Durham suggests that this was because the Bible was for Rembrandt, "a kind of diary, an account of moments in his own life." Among the more prominent characteristics of his work are his use of chiaroscuro, the theatrical employment of light and shadow derived from Caravaggio, or, more likely, from the Dutch Caravaggisti, but adapted for very personal means. Also notable are his dramatic and lively presentation of subjects, devoid of the rigid formality that his contemporaries often displayed, and a deeply felt compassion for mankind, irrespective of wealth and age. His immediate family—his wife Saskia, his son Titus and his common-law wife Hendrickje—often figured prominently in his paintings, many of which had mythical, biblical or historical themes. The most notable collections of Rembrandt's work are at Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum, including De Nachtwacht (The Night Watch) and Het Joodse bruidje (The Jewish Bride), The Hague's Mauritshuis, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, the National Gallery, London, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden, New York City, Washington, D.C., The Louvre, Nationalmuseum Stockholm and Kassel. His home, preserved as the Rembrandt House Museum in Amsterdam, displays many examples of his etchings; all major print rooms have the majority of these, although a number exist in only a handful of impressions (copies).
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, (15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669) was a Dutch painter and etcher. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history and the most important in Dutch history. His | <urn:uuid:97eb2ac0-a857-42ab-8454-ed8b76062eb2> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.rogallery.com/artists/rembrandt-van-rijn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145774.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223123852-20200223153852-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.982045 | 2,188 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Census in Ireland
|This article originally appeared in Finding Answers in British Isles Census Records by Echo King, AG.|
Due to its physical proximity, and the frequent migration of people to and from Ireland, it is worth discussing the basics of the census in Ireland. The first census in Ireland took place in 1813. The next census was taken in 1821, and every ten years thereafter until 1911. Due to civil war, the next census was not until 1926 and then again in 1936. From 1946 to 1971 censuses were taken every five years. Since 1971, a census has been taken every ten years.
The census of 1813 no longer exists. Most of the returns from 1821 to 1851 were destroyed in a fire. The government destroyed all of the returns from 1861 to 1891 once the statistical information had been compiled. The censuses of 1901 and 1911 are archived at the National Archives in Dublin.
- The National Archives
- Bishop Street
- Dublin 8
- Tel: 353 (1) 407 2300
- Fax: 353 (1) 407 2333
- E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
The 1901 and 1911 censuses are available on line, The site is http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/search/
The questions asked on the Irish census are different than those on the censuses for England, Wales, and Scotland. For the surviving censuses of 1821 to 1851, the only one that did not request individual information for every member of the house is 1831. All of the others asked about each individual and include questions regarding name, age, occupation, and relationship to the head of the house. In 1841 and 1851, the marital status, sex, and birthplace was also recorded.
In 1851, two additional forms were available. One was for absent members of the house and the other was for members of the household that had died since the last census. The latter form is valuable as it records date of and age at death for those individuals.
The 1901 and 1911 censuses asked about name, age, sex, relationship to the head of the house, religion, occupation, marital status, county of birth (except for foreign births, which give country only), whether the individual spoke Irish, and whether the individual could read or write. The 1911 census also had questions for married women, including the number of years she had been married to her current husband, the number of children that had been born to them, and the number of their children who were still alive.
A more detailed examination of the census of Ireland, and Irish records in general, can be found in Finding Your Irish Ancestors: A Beginner’s Guide, by David Ouimette (Ancestry, 2005). | <urn:uuid:5f4315b8-e8de-4c21-bf4d-3afe45ec3f36> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.ancestry.com/wiki/index.php?title=Census_in_Ireland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446997.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00284-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976794 | 571 | 3.09375 | 3 |
An increasing issue in the UK and across the European Union is the growth of high-risk credit and short-term loans, often called “payday loans” as they are marketed to give people an advance until the end of the month when they are paid. These services are generally aimed at the poorer members of society, who are unable to take out longer-term loans due to poor credit histories, and who are most likely to need fast access to money to pay bills or buy essential goods.
While these services provide a lifeline to some, this comes at a cost. The major warning coming from companies like North Shore Advisory is that, the interest rates charged on these loans is generally very high, to offset the risk to the loan provider and the short period of time the loan is taken over. A loan from http://www.wonga.com for £200 for fifteen days results in a total payment of £235.90.
Paying £35.90 to get access to money to pay for food may seem fair, but as stated above these description loans are aimed at the poorest in society, to whom £35.90 may represent a significant sum. It is likely that a number of those taking out this type of loan will find it difficult to pay off the full loan at the end of the period, and companies exploit this by offering further loans to cover the fees, and increasing the amount that can be borrowed. Therefore, individuals can find themselves trapped in a spiralling debt problem, having to take on an increased loan the following month to pay off not only the £200 borrowed but also the charges of £35.90. Borrowing £236 for fifteen days would cost £277.23. Borrowing £278 for fifteen days would cost £325,44.
There have been a number of campaigns launched to spread awareness of how personal installment loans can lead to long-term debt difficulties. However, this spiralling debt issue does not only apply to individuals. Entire countries have borrowed considerable sums and must maintain interest payments in order to remain solvent. The US, for example, must pay over $400 billion in interest each year – or borrow further sums to pay this off. In some cases, countries have found themselves unable to pay the interest or repayments needed, where the debts have become a large part of GDP, and have needed international bailouts to continue. Debts of a number of developing countries have been wiped as it was recognised that interest payments were preventing them from growing and paying off the loans.
How can individuals or countries escape the debt spiral? Moving to lower-priced finance, with lower interest rates, should be a first concern; spending (and therefore borrowing) less is also crucial. However, convincing the electorate of a country of the need to implement such cost savings can raise its own political problems … | <urn:uuid:eb988cf0-20ab-4fa7-8a8c-35cbcd89100c> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://www.economic-truth.co.uk/?p=357&share=linkedin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439019.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604032435-20200604062435-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.979343 | 578 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Basalt. It’s the fine grained igneous rock that makes up the sea floor and sometimes spews forth from volcanoes on the continents. End of story right? Wrong! That black rock sample I remember sitting in my classroom draw was interesting but it was about to become a whole lot more interesting when I first visited Hawaii back in the 1980’s.
Basalt is quite a common rock on Earth. It makes up all the ocean floors as well as some huge areas of some of the continents. It is a dark fine grained rock made up of the minerals olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase feldspars (notice…no quartz). Almost always these minerals are too fine grained to be seen with the naked eye. However sometimes Olivine can be seen as small sand-sized grains of olive-green glass in the specimen.
At other times larger crystals of plagioclase feldspar can be seen.
But on an active basaltic volcano, basalt can look very different from what most of us have seen in our classroom samples. Basalt can be glassy black with amazing irredescence. It can be bright red. It can also be rough chocolate brown. Basalt can be solid or full of gass bubbles. It can be little tear shaped pieces (called Pele’s Tears) or thin drawn out glass fibers (called Pele’s Hair). It can look like rope or even intestines!
Ropey pahoehoe basalt flow
Dark grey pahoehoe flow over chocolate brown aa flow – all basalt of approximately the same age.
Basalt cinder from a fire fountain
Red colors of basalt from close to vent
A delicate form of basalt froth – Reticulite
All this variation is due to the way the basalt has been erupted onto the Earth’s surface. So while it is all the same rock type chemically, it’s appearance can be so varied.
Want to discover all this and more about basalt? Why not join us on our Discover Hawaii Adventure. | <urn:uuid:fad7a2af-8907-410a-9057-3e6ce253b1f1> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://geoetc.com/the-strange-thing-about-basalt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986682998.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018131050-20191018154550-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.919273 | 442 | 3.453125 | 3 |
facile french pronunciation
c'est plus facile 1425. Keeping your lips firmly circular, try to say "eee". No registration required. The Qubecois language has seven accents that differ based on the place where it is spoken. superficiel, superficielle adj. Non-euphemistically. It's normal to have a hard time hearing the difference between "" and . Form a round circle with your lips as if you were going to say "who". More French words for facile. Enchante, Robert. - Basta prendersela comoda! He should ask for help with his French. The French r is probably the hardest consonant for English speakers to pronounce . readily manifested and often lacking sincerity or depth. For beginners, the subtle differences between the vowels "e", "o" and "u" are often quite difficult to distinguish. Pronunciation Example. You'll be able to mark your mistakes quite easily. This kind of facile thinking will not solve any of our problems. Improve your audio comprehension skills, build vocabulary & read classics . ee-ya. Our online tool can help you learn. 00:00. Want a more Authentic French Accent?Then Mastering French Pronunciation is for YOU!. English Translation of "facile" | The official Collins French-English Dictionary online. Make a circle with your lips and try to say "eee" (the [i] sound from "see," "me," and "she"). nobody, anything, anywhere (exercise) imperative and double pronoun in negative form. Look through examples of fabule translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Our online tool can help you learn. How to pronounce facile. 4- ENT at the end of a adverb IS pronounced. French, like English, can be very difficult in terms of pronunciation, due to intricacies like silent letters, multiple sounds for a single letter, and endless exceptions to whatever rules you find.This site contains numerous lessons which explain the rules and exceptions of French pronunciation in great detail, which is fine for advanced students but can be very confusing for beginners. Par exemple: Absolutely: absolum ent. 2. 1. superficially impressive, but lacking depth and attention to the true complexities of a subject 2. performing adroitly and without effort 3. expressing yourself readily, clearly, effectively Familiarity information: FACILE used as an adjective is uncommon. A proper name is one you'll capitalize - Josh, John, and Elizabeth, for example ;-). facile adj. French Pronunciation app teaches you how to pronounce French text, words and or phrases properly. lower only the tip of your tongue and press it hard against the back of your LOWER front teeth. English words for facile include easy, simple, quick, facile, effortless, light, handy, cheap, soft and fluent. A facile remark or theory is too simple and has not been thought about enough: 2. While this text is called " une fable " and not " un pome " in French, its rhyming verses make it easy to memorize and to set to music.
On these pages we've examined the top-30 apps for learning French.On this pages we've written comprehensive reviews for Pimsleur (great for people struggling with pronunciation), Rosetta Stone and FrenchPod101 (both great for visual learners). For example, you can consider the pronunciation of numbers like onze, douze, treize, quatorze, etc . Read French Vowels in very simple words https://t.co/Q1oNYr7Drb facile [fasil] IPA x0.5 x0.75 x1 x0.5 x1 x0.5 x1. The biggest difference between the two languages is their pronunciation. If it's a verb you don't pronounce the "ENT". These sounds are more open (tongue lower in mouth) than the vowel sound in the English words hey, bay, say, lays. Very difficult. Master French speaking with lessons and exercises grouped by French CEFR level with free personalised tests.Revise and improve your French with personalised learning tools for exam and test preparation. audible audiobook denmark europe books. Italian is arguably easier as the pronunciation rules are more consistent and there are fewer sounds. listen to a text : (never) ne jamais. With each season, the language difficulty increases. The pleasure of love lasts only a moment. Listen to the audio pronunciation of plus facile dire qu' faire on pronouncekiwi Sign in to disable ALL ads. 3 ratings. How to say facile in French What's the French word for facile? Dropping the L in Your "il" and Your "elle". 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton ], The Anatomy of Melancholy: [ ], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, OCLC 54573970: . Spoken pronunciation of facile in Konkani and in English. French Vocabulary. You'll also learn how to talk about your nationality. Here are 3 tips that should help you perfect your French pronunciation of 'fac':. This preparation step is very important: concentrate and really try to glue your tongue, back and front to the roof of your mouth. Plaisir d'amour ne dure qu'un moment. Dictionary entry overview: What does facile mean? The common language spoken in Qubec - Qubecois - can be easily identified by its distinct accent. 2- When a word ends with the letter e, it is generally not pronounced. Don't forget that a prepositional phrase says where someone/something is in location to another person/place/thing. Pronouncing your "il" and "elle" like French speakers is both easier than pronouncing it the "proper" way, and an effective way to make your colloquial speech sound much more natural. Duolingo. French Today Audiobook Player. Easy on the S's - Facile con le S; Aging them is easy - Invecchiarli facile; Just take it easy! Simply upload a file, watch the transcription service turn the . Cur qui soupire n'a pas ce qu'il dsire. a good choice for Christian homeschoolers: it works with all ages from about kindergarten through adult, it does not require a parent/teacher who already knows French, it has Christian content, and it uses a variety of methods based on research about foreign language acquisition. Our audio translator app can transcribe French speech into English, Chinese, Japanese, or any foreign language you choose. 1.-. facile definition: 1. This 8 chapter Video and Audio Course will give you the tools you need to Sound More French by teaching you the mechanics of What the French do to Sound French, while also correcting English tendencies.The result is a more Authentic Accent and boosted sense of Self Confidence when speaking the beautiful French . Translation French - English Collins Dictionary. Do you learn or teach French? Here are 4 tips that should help you perfect your pronunciation of 'facile': Break 'facile' down into sounds : [FAS] + [EYEL] - say it out loud and exaggerate the sounds until you can consistently produce them. Other translations. French (France) Pronunciation: French (France) Pronunciation: French (France) Pronunciation: French (France) Pronunciation: French (France) Pronunciation: Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume. Our tool helps you prepare for conversations with native speakers and get a sense of French pronunciation. If it's not a verb, you do pronounce the "ENT". Silent letters are useful in French. a few easy steps - pochi semplici passaggi; a lady of easy virtue - una signora di facile virt; a little too easy - un po' troppo facile Each lesson also includes simple explanations of French grammar and many examples of French grammar in use. Keep doing this. These on-demand exercises can help you learn independently, anytime and anywhere. facile pronunciation in American English. Break 'fac' down into sounds: say it out loud and exaggerate the sounds until you can consistently produce them. Below is a table showing the French alphabet and how it is pronounced in English, and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word. In this channel there are many online resources for studying or teaching French as a foreign language. LanguageGuide.org French. French pronunciation: learn to speak French, speak it right! He's good at everything, and that just so happens to encompass French, to be more precise. There's that charming sound to the spoken French language that everyone seems to find delightful. Turn French Audio Into English Text. since, ago : a fait que + past+negative form. Translation by words-battery. 41 free texts Premium: 120 texts. Listen to the audio pronunciation in the Cambridge English Dictionary. Hello, my name is Robert. FACILE (adjective) The adjective FACILE has 3 senses:. For beginning learners, we offer an enjoyable way to improve your comprehension with the brief, text-based lessons below. Plus, dialogues that come with audio components (we'll cover several later in this post) also help you hear authentic French pronunciation. The useful and common French phrases you need. Difficult. Check 'fabule' translations into Sambahsa. Bakugou is good at French. Memrise. nobody, anything, anywhere (exercise) imperative and double pronoun in negative form. lecture facile. used or comprehended with ease. French homophones: *French homophones can cause difficulties in oral comprehension and spelling because they are words that sound alike, but have different meanings. (How to) Pronounce. shallow, simplistic. French Language Tutorial includes more than 200 pages of grammar and vocabulary topics, sample sentences, informal ways of speaking, cultural information about France, and an overview of French pronunciation.This e-book also comes with 200+ mp3s (more than FIVE HOURS) recorded by three native speakers and FREE lifetime updates. interesting facts about jean talon SERVICE. facile vivre easy-going. Practice pronunciation of facile and other French words with our Pronunciation Trainer. It's simple. Consider the following two sounds: ee-lee-ya. 4 /5. Each French conversation has an English discussion and analysis at the end. French Grammar. It'll inspire you to keep learning. Over 100,000 French translations of English words and phrases. (21 votes) Very easy. For example: "matin" (in the singular), "matins" (in the plural), the letter -s is not pronounced. It is usually pronounced more or less like the 'A' in "father," but with the lips wider in French than in English: listen . You can use the search bar below to search for a specific French sentence or phrase. This is easily. Pronunciation of facile with 4 audio pronunciations, 17 synonyms, 2 meanings, 1 antonym, 5 sentences and more for facile. Tags for the entry "facile" What does facile means in English, facile meaning in English, facile definition, explanation, pronunciations and examples of facile in English Easy. French Translation of "facile" | The official Collins English-French Dictionary online. Learn more. It's extremely important to get it right in order to have elegant French pronunciation. French Pronunciation Guide: Learn how to pronounce French words the right way. It is simple. When your content reaches new parts of the world, you need to overcome barriers to communication by translating each video. So you see it's not that hard! Moderate. r - letter of the French alphabet air - (masculine noun) air; appearance Il a l'air malade - He looks sick une aire - area, zone, eyrie Je cherche une aire de jeux - I'm looking for a playground une re - era En l'an 1999 de notre re - In 1900 AD la reine - queen le renne - reindeer la rose - rose J'aime bien les roses - I really like roses A number of features make Le Franais Facile! Make a circle with your lips and try to pronounce the syllable sound from the middle of words like "day" and "hey" (similar to the French [e]). | <urn:uuid:bda029d7-6104-4b24-8dde-cf259fd49929> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://easternartreport.net/mazda/injective,/south/10622900a1e749bec6b2a1dbd-facile-french-pronunciation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945289.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324211121-20230325001121-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.907257 | 2,619 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Q&AZ: Why Is Interstate 17 Not A State Route?
Have you ever wondered why Interstate 17, which does not go beyond the state of Arizona, is called an interstate and not a state route? Brian Joseph Lesinski asked via our reporting project Q&AZ.
Believe it or not, it’s really a simple answer. First, some context: I-17 is the main artery between Phoenix and Flagstaff, from there you can connect to I-40 — a major east-west highway that runs through several states. Doug Hecox is with Federal Highway Administration.
"So interstates, those routes which are designated with an 'I' and then a number after it, the interstates are all routes that are designed to accommodate heavy traffic: commercial, freight truck traffic, larger volumes of vehicle traffic just larger volumes of vehicle just generally more stuff and heavier stuff than all other roads in the country," Hecox said.
Hecox says other states, including Hawaii, also have interstates that don’t cross states lines or large bodies of water. | <urn:uuid:b178f35e-6237-47ee-bf7d-ac5a596f6eeb> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://fronterasdesk.org/content/728071/qaz-why-interstate-17-not-state-route | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.963727 | 221 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Updated 2018 November 17
A group is a set S with an operation + and an identity element 0 such that:
By additive inverse property, there exists a -x with (-x)+x=0. Likewise by the additive inverse property there exists a -(-x) with -(-x)+(-x)=0. Then adding -(-x) to both sides of the first equation, -(-x)+(-x)+x=-(-x), implies x=-(-x). | <urn:uuid:c6ad31ff-7c99-4e68-960b-b1d394ddd8b6> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.michael-redman.name/math/groups.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256546.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521182616-20190521204616-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.849772 | 97 | 2.875 | 3 |
Modified Bitumen (MB) roofing is an asphalt-based, close cousin of the Built up Roof (BUR) designed for buildings with low-slope or “flat” roof structures. This roofing system originated in Europe but began being used successfully in the United States back in the mid 70’s. With five layers of protection, Modified Bitumen Roofing Systems are designed to withstand extreme environmental elements.
Modified Bitumen replaced the older Asphalt and Gravel roofing systems of the 60’s and early 70’s because with those other roofs it was very difficult to create a proper seal at all seams and connection points. Those types of roofs failed early in their lifespan, causing leaks and required much more maintenance. As the Modified Bitumen Roofing System is made from asphalt and a variety of rubber modifiers and solvents that allow strong seals at all connection points and seams. There are two ways to apply this roofing system. The heat application process is where the seams are heated to melt the asphalt together and create a seal. There is also hot-mopped application, similar to how conventional built-up roofs are installed. In the cold application adhesives and self-adhesive membranes are utilized. Another benefit of Modified Bitumen membrane roofing systems is that they contain materials that resist expansion and contraction, as well as reflect much of the UV rays. Since the Modified Bitumen roofing membranes either lack seams or have strong seams, what expansion and contraction does occur does not create leaks and breaks at these seams. These newer roofing systems are also attached directly to the top of a building, which eliminates the need for excess weight above. The Modified Bitumen Roofing System is one of the most trusted flat roofing systems in the industry today.
The framework for Modified Bitumen Roofing Systems is a five-layer combination of roofing components. | <urn:uuid:55d37fa0-3785-455b-9ceb-ec150172d078> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.pinnaclearoofing.com/modified/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573908.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920071824-20190920093824-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.945644 | 385 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Portuguese translation of 'accelerate'
transitive verb, intransitive verb
Copyright © 2014 by HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved.
Video: pronunciation of 'accelerate'
Example Sentences Including 'accelerate'
These examples have been automatically selected and may contain sensitive content. Read more…
That will make him more desperate to accelerate his plan, whatever it is.THE LAST PLACE (2002)
He'd better accelerate the programme and give it its next tweak that evening.GRACE (2002)
`She mightn't be sorry to accelerate your departure from Holtchester.FORESTS OF THE NIGHT (2002)
It was automatic in him to accelerate fast away: he didn't pay for the fuel; he drove that way even when he wasn't out to impress.DEATH AND TRANSFIGURATION (2002)
Trends of 'accelerate'
In Common Usage. accelerate is one of the 10000 most commonly used words in the Collins dictionary
View usage for:
'accelerate' in Other Languages
British English: accelerate /ækˈsɛləˌreɪt/ VERB
If the rate of something accelerates, or if something accelerates it, it gets faster.
Growth will accelerate to 2.9 per cent next year.
- American English: accelerate
- Arabic: يُسْرِعُ
- Brazilian Portuguese: acelerar
- Chinese: 加速
- Croatian: ubrzati se
- Czech: zrychlit
- Danish: accelerere
- Dutch: versnellen
- European Spanish: acelerar
- Finnish: lisätä vauhtia
- French: accélérer
- German: beschleunigen
- Greek: επιταχύνω
- Italian: accelerare
- Japanese: 加速する
- Korean: 가속하다
- Norwegian: akselerere
- Polish: przyspieszyć
- European Portuguese: acelerar
- Romanian: a accelera
- Russian: ускорять
- Spanish: acelerar
- Swedish: accelerera
- Thai: เร่งความเร็ว
- Turkish: hızlanmak
- Ukrainian: прискорюватися
- Vietnamese: tăng tốc
Translation of accelerate from the Collins English to Portuguese Dictionary | <urn:uuid:e59c9537-00f7-4fc6-adff-cc919cfa87c4> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-portuguese/accelerate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744368.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118114534-20181118140534-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.771274 | 580 | 2.546875 | 3 |
NASA has awarded $500,000 and payload flight opportunities for research and technology development onboard the International Space Station to academic institutions across the U.S. The awards are through NASA’s Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research.
The academic research to be conducted by space station astronauts is in areas important to the agency’s missions. These include testing leak detection techniques using ultrasonic sensors arrays, and improving spacewalking suits by incorporating self-healing polymers that are tested against micrometeor impacts. These types of research also help university faculty develop science and technology curricula and support higher education students pursuing studies in science, technology, engineering and math.
Each of the five winning proposals selected through a merit-based, peer-reviewed competition was awarded $100,000. One proposal was selected from each of the following academic institutions:
- University of Kentucky, Lexington
- Maine Space Grant Consortium, Augusta
- Montana State University, Bozeman
- University of Nebraska, Omaha
- University of Delaware, Newark
EPSCoR is managed by NASA’s Office of Education. EPSCoR helps develop partnerships among NASA research missions and programs, academic institutions and industry.† It also helps the awardees establish long-term academic research enterprises that will be self-sustaining, competitive and will contribute to their local and state economic viability and development.
For additional information about the 2014 EPSCoR education flight opportunity selectees, visit http://www.nasa.gov/epscor. | <urn:uuid:4c18e507-1a17-4748-8785-db23436c613d> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.aerotechnews.com/news/2014/06/18/nasa-announces-award-recipients-for-space-station-research-flight-opportunity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462035.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00178-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932718 | 311 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Note: This is a full day workshop and will be held on Sunday September 24 from 10am to 5pm, and is available to those with a WORKS or WORKSHOP ticket.
When you’re visiting a site, your eyes are constantly scanning the digital landscape to create a spatial map of what it’s seeing. We are biologically trained to notice anything in this environment that’s moving- it draws our eye. Because of this, animation has the power to guide your users, define symbols and meaning, and even reflect your branding. But it has to be done well.
In this full-day workshop, Sarah will explain in detail how you can craft delightful SVG animations and everything you need to start using them in production — both on small and large scale. We’ll cover animation in general, and then dive deep into SVG, exploring all its different facets, technical issues and gotchas, performance benefits, and possibilities for accessibility.
SVGs, with their potential for high-quality and performant graphics, have myriad uses on the web. In this course, you’ll learn how to work with SVGs to create informative graphics, build well-optimized and high performance images, and manipulate them to create UX animations and powerful illustrations.
You are a curious developer interested in expanding your horizons with performant and cutting-edge programming techniques.
Please bring your own laptop (Mac or Win) with your favorite text editor. Preferred: downloaded copy of Illustrator, Inkscape, or Sketch.
Five things audiences will learn
- How create an informative and stable animation, or even a more complex animation that is production-ready
- How to make SVG cross-browser compatible, backwards compatible, and how to optimize it properly
- The nuts and bolts of how SVG is used to create beautiful and powerful data visualization
- How to leverage the powerful GreenSock API to control and manipulate multiple tweens to create stable animations for production
- How to use a variety of tools and techniques to create a seamless and engaging complex SVG animation that guides your users and compliments your branding | <urn:uuid:7630d6f5-b1a2-439c-8b4a-140e5d73e2f2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://fitc.ca/presentation/workshop-building-animating-svgs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924223409-20230925013409-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.902894 | 457 | 2.625 | 3 |
1. When was Memoirs of Gluckel of Hameln published in its current edition?
2. Memoirs of Gluckel of Hameln takes place beginning in what year?
3. How many children did Gluckel bear?
4. Who wrote the introduction to the book?
5. In what year did Gluckel's first husband die?
6. In what language were the diaries originally written?
7. In what year did Gluckel complete her diaries?
8. Where was Gluckel born?
9. Where did Gluckel's family go when the Jews were expelled from her hometown?
10. When did the Swedes take over Altona?
11. What was the name of Gluckel's father?
12. Life in Hamburg was granted at the mercy of whom?
This section contains 2,915 words
(approx. 10 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:d3098be3-6d76-4a07-81f8-dd5eea91ea81> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/memoirs-of-glueckel-of-hameln/shortanswer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670601.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120185646-20191120213646-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.976178 | 199 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Tibetan Buddhist Monuments in Context
- Module Code:
- Module Not Running 2018/2019
- Year of study:
- Taught in:
- Term 1
Tibetan Buddhist monuments are known for their complexity and extremely rich artistic decoration. This course is designed to introduce into this richness by using a historically important monument or architectural complex of Tibetan Buddhism as an anchor to discuss a distinctive era of Tibetan Buddhist art from a variety of perspectives. This format allows presenting the monument in considerable detail, in relation to its geographical and temporal neighbors, and its wider relationships.
In terms of detail, particular emphasis is given to reading the architectural complex, a single monument within it, and the artistic decoration contained in their interrelationship. In addition, particular themes within the decoration are discussed in their wider cultural, religious and historical context. In terms of the wider context the monument or complex is placed within architectural history, the development of Buddhist monastic complexes and its buildings, and the purpose and usage of the buildings in relation to Buddhist practice. When appropriate, the monuments are also related to or contrasted with monuments in neighboring regions, in particular India, Nepal and Central Asia.
Regardless of the chosen key monument, the course will introduce a range of deities of the Tibetan Buddhist pantheon, and explain their function and relationship to each other using fundamental Tibetan taxonomies. It also introduces selected schools of Tibetan Buddhism in greater detail.
Objectives and learning outcomes of the module
The main goal of this course is to support the student in developing literacy in the interpretation of a Tibetan monument or architectural complex in terms of its architecture, its content, and its place within larger frameworks, such as the history of the art and architecture of Tibet, the development of Buddhism and Buddhist practice, and the cultural history of Tibet.
With this course the student gains concentrated knowledge on a particular period in Tibetan Buddhist art, its diverse visual manifestations, and its wider relationships. Thus, at the end of the course the student should be able to demonstrate the ability to:
- describe the discussed monument in architectural terms, the interrelationship of its different parts, and their respective decoration and use;
- situate the monument and the discussed artistic decoration within the wider nexus of the development of Tibetan Buddhist Art;
- reflect on and communicate the different sources pertaining to the monument and its wider historical context, the diverse research opinions discussed, and open research questions;
- evaluate scholarly positions in light of the evidence, and to articulate and justify ones own position within that debate.
- One hour Lecture , one hour Seminar
Scope and syllabus
2015/16: Temples of Lo Manthang
Built in the fifteenth century at the height of a newly established kingdom controlling much of the trade between the Tibetan plateau and South Asia, two temples of Lo Manthang in Mustang, Nepal, are used to explore one of the most intriguing questions of the history of Tibetan art, namely the role of artists from the Newar community in Nepal in its creation. While the art of the Kathmandu valley can readily be distinguished from Tibetan art, a considerable part of Tibetan art is ascribed to Newar craftsmanship. This is especially true for the period from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century and the Sakya School of Tibetan Buddhism and its sub-schools, which are also prominent in Mustang. In addition, the fifteenth century is also crucial for the establishment of new trends in Tibetan art, such as the emergence of landscape in Tibetan painting and expressive portraiture.
Method of assessment
- One 1 000 words essay (worth 30%)
- One 2 000 words essay (worth 70%) | <urn:uuid:2329acfe-04ff-4cbc-994d-1e92c1dfc641> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.soas.ac.uk/courseunits/15PARH075.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741660.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114062005-20181114084005-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.922363 | 749 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Big data, Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robots, drones, autonomous green vehicles, 3D / 4D printing, renewable energy, virtual reality (VR),leap motion, eye controlled technology are just part of the present and new technologies that are here or will be here in the near future to influence our lives.
The cities are evolving as well, by becoming Smart Cities. From Singapore to Amsterdam and Barcelona, from Dubai to Stockholm,from New York to Manchester and even Alba Iulia in Romania, information and communication technology is used to enhance quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government. Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real-time responses.
The smart city concept integrates information and communication technology and various physical devices connected to the network (IoT) to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens. Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving.
According to the IESE Cities in Motion Index 2017, quoted by Forbes, which analyses all aspects that make up sustainability and quality of life in 180 key world cities, New York is again the smartest city in the world, followed by London and Paris.
To compile the index, the authors analyze 79 indicators across 10 different dimensions of urban life: the economy, technology, human capital, social cohesion, international outreach, the environment, mobility and transportation, urban planning, public administration and governance. The results show that almost all of the dimension measured in the ranking are led by European and North American cities. The exception is technology, where Taipei rules.
In top 10 are present three other American cities (Boston 4th, San Francisco 5th, and Washington, D.C. 6th), two other European cities (Berlin 9th and Amsterdam 10th), and two Asian (Seoul 7th and Tokyo 8th).
Moreover, according to CityMetric, Singapore is also a leading example of a smart city, and is constantly evolving its “city brain,” a backbone of technologies used to help control pollution, monitor traffic, allocate parking, communicate with citizens, and even issue traffic fines. “The behavioral aspect is not to be overlooked. Singapore’s “brain” is attempting to modify human behavior – for example, one system rewards drivers for using recommended mapped routes, and punishes those who do not. Ultimately, Singapore’s planners hope to discourage driving, and guide most commuters to making greater use of public transportation. The city is planning for 100m “smart objects” including smart traffic lights, lamp posts, sensors, and cameras on its roadways, which will be used to monitor and enforce laws,” wrote Fast Future for CityMetric.
But how will those smart cities look in the future and what can we expect from them and the specialists living and creating in them? “The number of smart cities around the world is expected to grow exponentially over the next few years and by 2050, 70 per cent of the world’s population will be living in smart cities,” believes Nick Ismail in his piece for information-age.com.
Moreover, it appears that 2030 will bring the introduction of Connected street lights, which will stream data between millions of devices and improve city services such as light, traffic, air quality, public safety and parking. Lighting technology will be at the heart of urban life in 2030 as well, helping deliver more sustainable and better-connected smart cities. “And if that wasn’t enough, by 2050 take-aways will be delivered by drones, replacing motorbikes and cars. One pizza manufacturer has already tested drone delivery and some predict these automated flying machines will fill the skies replacing the couriers of today,” adds Ismail. | <urn:uuid:3ae2578a-b464-44ed-93b1-a35f0a151d27> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://brandminds.ro/how-will-the-city-of-the-future-look-like/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320299894.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220129002459-20220129032459-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.932768 | 810 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Blood cancers develop when abnormal blood cells grow out of control. When that happens, they keep normal, healthy blood cells from fighting off infection and producing new cells. We treat all types of blood cancers, which include leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.
Your team will include specialists such as medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, hematologists, and certified oncology nurses. Together, we work to create your treatment plan and help make sure you have the right choices for your type of blood cancer.
Types of Blood Cancers
These types of cancers begin in the bone marrow, blood, and lymphatic system. Each one has unique features and may need different treatments.
Leukemia. This is a cancer of the white blood cells, which form in the bone marrow. The abnormal white blood cells force out and replace normal blood and marrow cells. There are many types of leukemia. Some of the more common ones include:
- Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Affects the blood and bone marrow and develops quickly.
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Affects the blood and bone marrow with rapid progression.
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Most often grows slowly. It begins in the bone marrow then spreads to the blood.
- Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It starts in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow before spreading to the blood.
- Hairy cell leukemia (HCL). This is a rare blood cancer that develops in the bone marrow and progresses slowly.
- Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). These are related diseases that begin when the bone marrow doesn’t produce enough functioning red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
Lymphomas. These cancers develop in a part of the immune system called the lymph system. They mainly fall into two categories: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Hodgkin lymphoma. It is often diagnosed at an early stage, which makes it one of the most treatable cancers.
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This condition may arise in lymph nodes anywhere in the body. This is why most cases of this cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage.
Myeloma. This cancer develops in the bone marrow. It affects plasma cells, which are cells that help keep you healthy. The disease can damage or weaken bones and become painful.
Other types of bone marrow and blood disease include Myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative diseases.
- Myelodysplastic diseases. These begin when blood stem cells do not mature into healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. This causes fewer healthy cells.
- Myeloproliferative diseases. These develop when an abnormal number of blood stem cells join into one or more types of blood cells. This causes the total number of blood cells to slowly increase, leading to disease.
Diagnosing Blood Cancers
We use advanced tools and methods to diagnose blood cancers.
- Biopsy. With this test, the doctor takes a small sample of tissue from your body and tests it in a laboratory to look for abnormalities in the tissue cells.
- Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. The test uses a small needle to remove bone marrow, blood, and a small piece of bone. These samples are examined under a microscope for signs of cancer.
- Complete blood count. This test collects a blood sample and counts red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to see if there are abnormalities in the number of cells.
- Lab tests. These include examining blood or urine samples to measure antibodies; testing the thickness of the blood; and measuring the number and percentage of cells in a sample.
- Lumbar puncture (spinal tap). The test takes fluid from the spine in the lower back through a hollow needle and checks it for abnormalities.
Treating Blood Cancers
Hope and healing start with your personalized plan and the latest treatments. You can feel confident knowing we have a complete understanding of what works best for your condition — and the experience to back it up. These are the treatments we will tailor to your blood cancer diagnosis (in alphabetical order):
- Chemotherapy. This treatment can cure or help control cancer and ease its symptoms. Chemo treatments use specialized medicines to kill cancer cells. Our locations provide chemotherapy infusions in comfortable, private bays that are supported by highly trained infusion nurses.
- Immunotherapy. Your immune system protects your body from illness and harmful foreign substances. Immunotherapy is just one of the forms of precision medicine we offer that boosts your body's immune system and helps it recognize and attack cancer cells.
- Radiation therapy. This treatment can be used by itself, with surgery, chemotherapy, or both. Radiation shrinks or destroys cancer cells. Radioactive sources or linear accelerators cause precisely focused, high-energy beams to attack the cells in the area being treated while still protecting healthy tissue. We use image guided radiation therapy (IGRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and others.
- Stem cell transplant. Also called a bone marrow transplant, this treatment replaces your bone marrow with healthy cells that can either come from your own body or a donor.
- Targeted therapy. This treatment targets certain proteins on cancer cells that control how the cells grow and spread. Based on your type of cancer, our medical oncologists can test a cancer cell and its potential reaction to medicine. We test tumors to see if it contains targets and determine if there is medicine available to fight those targets. | <urn:uuid:f77670b5-27c7-4ad2-a97f-666ab50576b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://testing-stage.towerhealth.org/services/blood-cancers-leukemia-lymphoma-myeloma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499804.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130070411-20230130100411-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.910051 | 1,173 | 3.109375 | 3 |
How do you explain due process?
Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it.
What is due process essay?
Due Process is a fundamental, constitutional guarantee that all legal proceedings will be fair and that one will be given notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard before the government acts to take away one’s life, liberty, or property.
Why is due process important essay?
With that said due process protects us against our rights being violated for no reason. The government doesn’t have power to do anything such as search private homes and papers, conduct wiretaps, seize evidence, or charge people with crimes without reasonable cause.
What is the due process clause in simple terms?
The Due Process Clause guarantees due process of law before the government may deprive someone of life, liberty, or property. In other words, the Clause does not prohibit the government from depriving someone of substantive rights such as life, liberty, or property; it simply requires that the government follow …
What are the 2 types of due process?
Due process under the Fourteenth Amendment can be broken down into two categories: procedural due process and substantive due process. Procedural due process, based on principles of “fundamental fairness,” addresses which legal procedures are required to be followed in state proceedings.
What are examples of due process?
For example, a state might fire someone from a government job, send defendant to prison, revoke a prisoner’s parole, or cut someone’s social security payments or other welfare benefits. Due process does not prohibit these actions, but it does require that certain procedures be followed before any action is taken.
What are 3 components of due process of law?
The Elements of Due ProcessInitiation of the Prosecution. Clarity in Criminal Statutes: The Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine. Entrapment. Criminal Identification Process. Fair Trial. Prosecutorial Misconduct. Proof, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions. The Problem of the Incompetent or Insane Defendant.
What is another word for due process?
In this page you can discover 6 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for due process, like: due-process-of-law, actionability, legalism, equity, justice and right.
What is another word for ordinance?
Some common synonyms of ordinance are canon, law, precept, regulation, rule, and statute.
What is another word for defendant?
In this page you can discover 27 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for defendant, like: offender, prisoner at the bar, respondent, the accused, defense, litigant, appellant, party, accuser, complainant and plaintiff.
What is the meaning of defendant?
(Entry 1 of 2) law. : a person or group against whom a criminal or civil action is brought : someone who is being sued or accused of committing a crime if the jury finds the defendant not guilty — compare plaintiff.
What part of speech is defendant?
adjective. making one’s defense; defending: a defendant corporation.
What’s the opposite of defendant?
In the U.S. state civil courts, the opposite of defendant (or respondent) can be plaintiff, petitioner or claimant (least used in civil courts). In U.S. federal district courts, the opposite of defendant is plaintiff in civil suits. [It is also plaintiff in federal criminal actions.
What’s the opposite of dependent?
What is the opposite of dependent?independentclearexemptfreeunconditionalunaffected byunburdened by
What does accused mean?
Accused is an adjective that means charged with a crime or other offense. Accused is also used as a noun to refer to a person or people who have been charged with a crime, often as the accused. To accuse someone of something means to say that they are guilty of it.
What is the opposite of victim?
Opposite of a person harmed or killed as a result of an unfortunate event or action. assailant. antagonist. perpetrator. attacker.
What is it called when you blame the victim?
Victim blaming is a devaluing act that occurs when the victim(s) of a crime or an accident is held responsible — in whole or in part — for the crimes that have been committed against them.
What is a culprit?
1 : one accused of or charged with a crime The culprit pleaded “not guilty.” 2 : one guilty of a crime or a fault The culprit expressed remorse at his sentencing. | <urn:uuid:16190c71-08a6-4a76-ad37-7722f6ffcd2b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://laurenceanywaysthemovie.com/how-do-you-explain-due-process/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224651325.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605053432-20230605083432-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.927579 | 991 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Lower Case Alphabet
Help your preschooler or kindergartener learn about finding and writing the lowercase letter r.
Introduce or reinforce learning to write the lowercase letter s by completing this worksheet with your preschooler or kindergartener.
This worksheet asks your preschool or kindergarten student to spot the lowercase letter t, then practice writing it.
Work together with your preschool or kindergarten-age child to first recognize the lowercase letter u, then trace and write it
Invite your kindergartener or preschooler to practice finding, tracing, and writing the lowercase letter v.
Help your kindergartener or preschooler learn all about finding and writing the lowercase letter x with this worksheet!
You can help your kindergartener or preschooler become more familiar with finding and writing the lowercase letter y by using this worksheet.
Work on writing the lowercase letter z with your preschool or kindergarten student.
This lowercase handwriting worksheet asks your child to practice writing the letter a.
Can you spot the letter b? Your child will need to recognize the letter b, trace it, and write it on this lowercase letters worksheet. | <urn:uuid:d0557289-e94f-473d-be48-f989431bdbc3> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.education.com/collection/monicavargas/case-alphabet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657140379.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011220-00317-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.825588 | 241 | 4.625 | 5 |
Also found in: Legal.
in international law, inland waterways (rivers, canals, lakes, and reservoirs found in a given state) and seas that are bordered on all sides by land belonging to only one state (for example, the Aral Sea in the USSR). Seaports and external and internal roads and bays whose shores belong to one state are also considered inland waters. A gulf falls into the category of inland waters if the width of its entrance is not more than 24 miles and its shores belong to one state (Geneva Convention of 1958 on Territorial Seas and Adjacent Zones, part 4, p. 7). The policy of inland waters also applies to so-called historical gulfs such as the Bay of Biscay.
Inland waters are completely under the jurisdiction of the states surrounding them; regulations for navigation and fishing are established by the laws of the state. Vessels of foreign governments are admitted into inland waters only under international agreements. The adjoining state also establishes policies for seaports, rules for foreign ships’ entering them, and so forth. | <urn:uuid:911c118c-b0e2-467c-9d98-d8ff26514452> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Inland+Waters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829429.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218143757-20181218165757-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.940061 | 224 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A Youth Suicide Awareness and Prevention Program: Recognition and Prevention Strategies for School NursesClick here to REGISTER NOW Overview:
Cost: $ 20.00
Contact Hours 1.5
Learning Outcome (s) As a result of participating in this educational activity, participants will be able to:
1. Recognize the prevalence of youth suicide in the US and MA
2. Identify the negative mental health effects of COVID on youth
3. Describe warning signs, risk factors and protective factors regarding suicide in youth
For 16 years, Debbie Helms has been the director of Samaritans of Merrimack Valley, a program of Family Services of the Merrimack Valley. Samaritans is a suicide prevention and postvention center. Debbie is a member of the Executive Committee for the MA Suicide Coalition for Suicide Prevention, co-chair of the Northeast Coalition for Suicide Prevention, and is a certified instructor in many suicide prevention and postvention trainings. She is also a trained Psychological First Aid and Crisis Intervention responder.Presenter Disclosure Statement:
The planners of this educational activity have no conflict of interest to declare. The speakers have no conflict of interest to declare unless otherwise indicated prior to their presentations.
Continuing Education Information:
Northeastern University School of Nursing is accredited as a provider of nursing continuing professional development by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation.
MA Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Provider Number 2019U003 | <urn:uuid:79f1fc3b-bc90-4378-a0db-f8407cdb0911> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://neusha.org/index.php/online-course-overview/?exam_id=1742 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103334753.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627134424-20220627164424-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.910354 | 307 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Why is the notion of res judicata critical in civil litigation?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Res judicata can be translated as “a matter that has already been judged.” This idea is important to civil litigation because it plays something of the same role that the prohibition against double jeopardy plays in the criminal system. The notion of res judicata holds that a thing (case or issue) that has already been judged cannot be judged again once it has been appealed as far as it can be.
This rule is important for two main reasons. First, it is important to the efficient running of the court system. If certain questions could be litigated over and over, the court system would be even more clogged than it already is. The second reason has more to do with justice than with efficiency. Here, res judicata is meant to prevent a defendant from harm. Without this rule, a plaintiff could sue a defendant multiple times, winning multiple awards for the same harm. Without the rule, a plaintiff who loses could continue to sue the defendant, causing a tremendous amount of harm in terms of legal fees and time lost.
For these reasons, this is an important concept in civil litigation.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:d1df2227-f472-4176-98f9-47b6144d6b89> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-notion-res-judicata-critical-civil-litigation-454205 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533957.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00084-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964168 | 269 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Color affects everything from how the user feels to how they interact with them. Simply put, color is little more than just a decorative tool. Color is of the utmost importance to the user experience.
Let s start with a general example: you ve just finished designing a website for someone. It looks and functions exactly like a wireframe. Everyone in the development team appreciated the project, it s cool. But the client doesn t like him terribly, and no one can explain why.
Color may be the culprit. Different colors can evoke very strong emotions and violent reactions. It all depends, of course, on personal preference, partly on psychological and even social norms. Understanding these trends and user preferences can have a significant impact on the user experience.
Here s what you need to know.
User expectations and preferences
The user experience primarily depends on the target audience for which your website or app is intended. Basic demographics such as gender or the region a user lives in can influence the perception of your design based on color. (You can read more about color and culture here.)
One of the most interesting effects of color on UX has to do with gender. Research has shown that there are different types of colors that are preferred for men and some for women.
Men tend to interact more with websites that have designs in darker, more saturated colors, such as the designs for VLNC Studio (image above).
Women tend to prefer websites with lighter, lighter designs and a muted color palette such as Tally (image below).
Some men get violent reactions from websites that use distinctively feminine colors: pastel pink, purple, yellow, etc.
More and more women tend to be put off by sites with harsh color schemes (dark backgrounds with rich red accents).
Neutral tones are most attractive to both sexes.
Color associations and meanings
Although not an exact science, colors have fairly clear emotional associations. Please note that some colors may fall into the extreme categories. These associations tend to work with other design elements to create an overall vibe.
When a user sees a specific color or combination of colors, it triggers an immediate reaction in the brain.
- Red: strength, danger, love / passion, hunger
- Yellow: energy, happiness, light, warmth
- Orange: creativity, determination, stimulation, encouragement
- Green: nature, growth, harmony, freshness
- Blue: Confidence, Trust, Calm
- Purple: magic, royalty, ambition, independence
You would expect Coca-Cola s design elements to be red. The color is so close to the brand that it is called “Coke red”. Change the color and the brand will be destroyed. You won t recognize him right away. The user is shocked and responds in a way that is not entirely expected. It may even seem that the drink tastes differently.
All these sensations are caused by a color change. It should be your first thought in your head, when you saw the image with green Coke it was something like “whatoo?”
This affected the user experience in relation to brand promotion.
Color is an important element in branding because it creates a special connection between the user and the design. Color tells users about the brand, what they are going to interact with.
Change the color or use something different from the brand and the user experience will suffer because site users may suddenly become confused or unsure of the brand they think they knew.
Associating colors with custom templates
Have you noticed how many sites use red or orange buttons?
There is a specific reason for this.
Bright colored buttons contrast well against the background of the site – red and orange stand out well against light or dark backgrounds. The use of buttons in this color scheme helps users to quickly find the elements of interest and make them want to interact with them, users quickly find the elements they need and they immediately know how to interact with them.
The key to the user experience is creating a comfortable environment for users and opportunities for interaction. The main thing is that everything should be clear and understandable, then the user will be satisfied.
Cruise uses ghost-style buttons with red text and the button also turns completely red when you hover over it. These are different versions of traditional monochromatic buttons, but there is a small question – how to interact with them? The color draws users attention to the button.
Net Bluez uses a bright orange button for the most important item in the navigation menu, it is immediately clear that the button must be pressed.
Try yourself in the design process, take the A / B Test to choose the color of the button. You will likely find that one color has a significantly higher conversion rate than another. (And it might not be the color you thought it would be.)
Conversion rates tend to increase when the color of buttons or links is in stark contrast to the rest of the design. So, even if you want to use a brand palette, choosing a contrasting color will be key to generating conversions that contribute to the overall user experience.
Take a look at the site below. Which colored button attracts your attention the most and do you want to click on it? (The original color is blue.)
Accessibility for all users
In general, the use of color is very important and has a huge impact on UX, but not on an emotional or psychological level. Everything is much more practical.
Color affects the user experience because it can make a design accessible, or vice versa.
For everyone to be able to perceive the design and interact with the content, users need clarity and readability. Using color palettes and contrast ratios that conform to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) can ensure that everyone can understand your choice of color palette.
Use color blind filters to help these users see what others see while using your site. How can this affect usability?
Think of color as a tool to help users interact better with the content on your website. This affects the user experience both on an emotional level and on a usability level.
The key to understanding how color affects UX is user testing. Color A / B tests can help you a lot with this. | <urn:uuid:4a85f448-161e-4783-9173-a237c5f3c303> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.ganzio.org/how-color-affects-ux/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711069.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206024911-20221206054911-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.927925 | 1,274 | 2.625 | 3 |
Do you know how to write a memo and what a memo is? A memo, otherwise known as a memorandum, is a brief document that is needed for effective communication within a business setting or any other organization. Memos are used along with business letters and emails and they are mainly used for sending notifications to the company’s personnel. If to compare memos with letters, it should be mentioned that memorandums are really short, concise, and clear. They are also more direct and less formal than ordinary letters or official emails. Despite the fact that memos are frequently replaced with email correspondence nowadays, they are still used for communicating ideas and messages across. The main drawback of a memo is that it cannot be sent online – as a rule, this document comes in only as a hard copy. All things considered, memos can be used as templates for writing effective business emails.
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Expert Assistance in Legal Memo Writing
If you need to write a memo for legal purposes, you should definitely address Advanced-Writer.com professionals for help. In business and legal sphere, mistakes are frowned upon since professionalism and perfection are what truly matter. Particularly, professionalism in formal writing is respected and looked up to. Therefore, if you work in a business or legal sphere, you need to work hard in order to be able to master business writing and paperwork. It is not only the matter of knowledge and skills; it is also about how well you can cope with your writing assignments and how masterfully you can convey your ideas and messages across. In particularly, a business memo is a kind of a short official document that should be completed without mistakes as it should clearly and concisely convey a specific message or communicate a unit of information. Therefore, there is nothing to be shy of if you need help from a professional to write a memo for your work. Expert writers can provide quality assistance to you whenever you need it. Successful and effective memo writing is an indication of your professionalism, so make sure you do not worsen your reputation because of the poorly written memo at work. A professional memo writer will help you to follow the memo structure: heading, introductory part, the main body, and the closing part.
One should never underestimate the importance of flawless memo writing, as these are formal documents that are frequently written for business purposes in different occasions in the workplace. Memos are used for introduction of new policies, rules, and regulations in the workplace; for informing the staff about some novelties or other news; and to send some updates about working procedures or events to be held. | <urn:uuid:d85d5b2b-1db0-4ba7-8b55-5e4cc5ea898e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://advanced-writer.com/write-a-memo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154277.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801221329-20210802011329-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.928397 | 855 | 2.75 | 3 |
December 13th is a church feast day celebrated as St. Lucy’s Day to commemorate the virgin martyred saint Santa Lucia of Syracuse, Italy around 300 C.E. She is associated with the winter solstice, the blind, with light, writers, throat infections, famine relief, epidemics, lamps, and swords. The legend is her faith was so strong a team of oxen could not pull her away from her truth.
Her name comes from the Latin “lux” and literally means “light”. Her worship migrated through uncertain means to Scandinavia, where she takes on Germanic, pre-Christian aspects and is celebrated on Lussinatta, or Lussi Night, which echoes the pagan Wild Hunt myth and takes place on December 13th, the solstice of the ancient Julian calendar.
She appears in white, with a crown of candles and a red sash, bringing saffron baked treats. She ushers in the coming of the light, Yule, and the Christmas season. For a captivating and thorough guide to St. Lucy’s Day, please see Joanna Powell Colbert’s “A Crown of Candles: How to Throw a Fabulous St. Lucia Party” e-book. An excerpt from the music section is below.
Love this article? Want more? Download the full gorgeous magazine here: http://amuletmagazine.com/fieldguide | <urn:uuid:8098f4d7-13b1-47af-ae15-aff270cf8b61> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://www.amuletmagazine.com/2013/12/darkness-light-st-lucys-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347385193.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200524210325-20200525000325-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.932086 | 297 | 3.359375 | 3 |
OFSTED, PE and Sport Premium
The PE and sport premium is designed to help primary schools improve the quality of the PE and sport activities they offer their pupils during curriculum and extra curricular activities. This can be measured by the quality of teaching, the range of activities and sports offered, the level of participation across the school and also how the children develop physically and technically.
What does this means regarding your PE provision?
The PE curriculum states that:
Key Stage One (PE Curriculum)
- Pupils should develop core movement, become increasingly competent and confident and access a broad range of opportunities to extend their agility, balance and co-ordination, individually and with others
- They should be able to engage in competitive (both against self and others) and co-operative physical activities, in a range of increasingly challenging situations
Key Stage Two (PE Curriculum)
- Pupils should continue to implement and develop a broader range of skills, learning how to use them in different ways and to link them to make actions and sequences of movement
- They should enjoy communicating, collaborating and competing with each other
- They should develop an understanding of how to succeed in different activities and sports and learn how to evaluate and recognise their own success
- When making the judgement on the quality of the school’s leadership and management, Ofsted Inspectors must assess and report on how effectively the funding is being used to improve PE and sport provision. In addition, inspectors must take into account, how increasing participation in PE and sport is helping all pupils develop healthy lifestyles and reach the performance levels they are capable of. When evaluating the curriculum, inspectors will consider pupils’ spiritual, moral, social and cultural development.
- Schools must also publish how the Sports Premium is being spent and what impact the school has seen on pupils’ PE and sport participation and attainment.
How Can We Help You
As your Sports Professional, we can help you continue and extend your sports provision by:
- Supporting teachers with the planning and delivery of curriculum lessons, ensuring all pupils are engaged through differentiated activities. Sportscape will also support in the assessment of the children’s physical literacy, through Amaven’s online platform, ensuring that each school meets government requirements.
- Teachers can learn from our Qualified Specialist Coaches. Our activities can support teachers in learning how to engage children in sporting activities that ‘make a difference’. We will provide the CPD detailed in the government initiative.
- We can aid your School in the development of learning materials, in order to support initiatives set-up by the Youth Sport Trust:
- Bupa ‘Start to Move’ – Years 1 & 2 (KS1)
- Matalan ‘TOP Sports’ programme – Years 3-6 (KS2)
Ensuring the children are given the opportunity to compete through the Sainsbury’s SCHOOL GAMES
- For EIPs and other School Clusters, we can support the development of Intra and Inter-School competitions, in a variety of sports for all ages and abilities.
- Provision of CPD of all teachers at your School.
- Provision of After-School Sport Clubs in a wide variety of sports
- Availability of Quality Assured Professional Lesson Plans and material for PE/sport
For more information you can contact us on 01270 449770, visit the or email firstname.lastname@example.org
We work incredibly hard to ensure that every session we take in any primary school whether that is a lesson or a club all of our staff have strict targets to hit within their lesson, which we have taken directly from the OFSTED Criteria for Outstanding PE Teaching and added our own desires for each lesson. These criteria are split in to 8 sections during our half termly staff observations, our staff are expected to hit 80% of the criteria every observation, in our debriefs we then set further targets so we know firstly that all of our staff are working at an Outstanding level and secondly that their lessons are always improving.
Ofsted Criteria For Outstanding PE Teaching:
- Expectations of pupils of all abilities were consistently high
- Teachers’ excellent relationships led to full engagement and high levels of enjoyment for pupils
- Pupils were inspired to try hard and achieve their very best
- No time was wasted and the pace of learning was always purposeful and physically active
- Excellent subject knowledge enabled teachers to model techniques to show pupils the standards expected
- Effective questioning of pupils during practice was accompanied by high-quality, subject-specific feedback on how to acquire skills and improve their performance
- Lessons were sharply focused because they were based securely on high- quality long-term planning
- Teachers planned together to avoid duplication of activities across key stages and to ensure that lessons contained suitably challenging tasks for pupils of different ages and abilities
- Pupils had regular opportunities to be creative, make decisions for themselves and practise skills independently, in pairs and small groups for sustained periods of time
- Teachers regularly assessed learning through their observation and questioning, and provided pertinent feedback to challenge pupils to improve their performance.
How to use the PE and Sport Premium
This funding is ring-fenced which means that the money has to be spent by schools to improve the quality of the PE and sport provision that they offer to benefit students or staff.
For example, you can use your funding to:
- Hire specialist PE teachers
- Hire qualified sports coaches to work with teachers
- Provide existing staff with teaching resources to help them teach PE and sport
- Support and involve the least active children by running or extending school sports clubs, holiday clubs and Change4Life clubs
- Run sport competitions or increase pupils’ participation in the School Games
- Run sports activities with other schools
Sports Coaching Group can assist schools in any of the above options; we can create a bespoke package for your school to ensure your students are improving on the sports field as well as your staff improving their knowledge and skills within a range of different sports. | <urn:uuid:e427c7ad-b253-40ab-a32e-5172966c3c6a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://sportscoachingnw.co.uk/services/pe-funding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370499280.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331003537-20200331033537-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.959077 | 1,256 | 2.640625 | 3 |
How many Americans know that the first slave owner in America was a black tobacco farmer? How many Americans are aware that thousands of free blacks in the South were, themselves, slave owners?
Answer: Very few.
Embedded in the minds of Americans is a grand distortion of black history.
Our perception depends largely on activists in Hollywood and revisionists in academia. Add those who parrot Hollywood and academia and you have a broad swath of ignorance prevailing in America.
DailyKenn.com is here to set the record straight; at least in part.
Did you know the following about black history in America?
• The first slave owner in American history was black.
Anthony Johnson came to the American colonies in August, 1619 as an indentured servant. In 1623 Johnson had completed his indenture and was recognized as a free negro. In 1651 he acquired
|Liveleak on Facebook| | <urn:uuid:357935d1-b20b-452f-bff6-5c0d99474428> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.liveleak.com/view?i=ef2_1336262149&comments=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171670.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00391-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958348 | 185 | 3.359375 | 3 |
I was a teacher in the American public school system in the 1950s and 1960s. I was involved with teacher education until 1990. The learning processes for children and the teacher/student relationships in our pre-No Child Left Behind schools were similar to those in present-day Finnish schools, as described by Pasi Sahlberg, Finland's minister of education and culture, in “Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland?”
Finnish students rank first in science and second in reading and math on the standardized Program for International Student Assessment test (PISA). American students rank 25th in math, 17th in science and 12th in reading on the same test. More than 90 percent of Finns graduate from academic or vocational high schools, compared to 75 percent here. The only mandated standardized test is the PISA exam taken in the senior year of high school.
Critical thinking, creativity and the arts are valued. Teachers and schools aren't graded or in competition with one another. The schools are “run by educators; not business people or career politicians.” Teachers contribute to the national curriculum, providing guidelines, not prescriptions. Curricular decisions are made at local levels. Teacher salaries are equal to those of other professionals. Teachers have the same status as doctors and lawyers. They are highly respected.
Teachers who taught during America's “Golden Years of Education” will recognize and appreciate Finnish education.
Peter S. Pierro, Oklahoma City | <urn:uuid:71cbc986-8923-4d7e-94f3-633851fae103> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://newsok.com/learning-from-finnish-educators/article/3872800 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500836108.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021356-00148-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97197 | 307 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What is TEI?
TEI stands for the Teacher Excellence Initiative. Dallas ISD describes TEI as a combination evaluation and compensation system. Teachers are categorized, A-D, and evaluated using three components.
1. Teacher Performance - Teacher observations are conducted periodically during the year to assess teacher preparedness, classroom environment, instructional delivery, and professional development.
2. Student Achievement - The best of three metrics are used for the student achievement score:
STAAR pass rate
Value-added growth (VAM)
Student growth percentile (SGP)
3. Student experience - Each April a survey is conducted to measure a student's perception of the teacher.
FINAL SCORE DETERMINES EFFECTIVENESS LEVEL:
Points from the three components are totaled for the evaluation score. The score maps to an effectiveness level, which determines the teacher salary. This is what's known as performance or merit pay.
Teachers won't receive scorecards until September of the next school year, though they're required to sign a contract of employment month(s) prior to knowing their effectiveness level and pay.
FORCED DISTRIBUTION PAY SYSTEM:
TEI is a targeted or forced distribution pay system, which means the total number of teachers allowed in each effectiveness level is limited. For example, the sample scorecard above rates the teacher at an effectiveness level of Proficient I. DISD’s target distribution (chart below) allows 35% to be paid at a Proficient I salary. If more teachers qualify than allowed, they will be shifted downward to a lower pay scale. This is done by adjusting the cutoff scores, known as "cut scores" as shown below for TEI category A teachers. | <urn:uuid:7e685615-7ee0-431b-8c51-b2cc4d12432a> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.kirkpatrick4disd.com/what-is-tei | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347445880.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604161214-20200604191214-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.935131 | 354 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Relations between India and Central Asia are historic in nature. Both India and Central Asia shared deep cultural, and economic links from ancient times. India was connected with Central Asia through the Silk Route from third century BC to 15th century AD when the sea route from Europe to India was discovered. Religion was also a key factor in bringing the two regions closer. Buddhism found its way from India to Central Asia, and a number of rulers who established their rule in India had their origins in Central Asia.
Today, India sees Central Asian region as part of its “extended neighbourhood”.
Traditionally, India enjoyed close and cordial relations with the former USSR and thus, when the USSR disintegrated and the five Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) announced their independence in 1991, India did not face any problem in establishing friendly relations with these newly independent countries. In fact, even before the disintegration of USSR, India had a consulate at Tashkent which later became the capital city of Uzbekistan. | <urn:uuid:d076c955-831f-455d-bf00-bf0d4fa7858f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.issi.org.pk/issue-brief-on-indias-connect-central-asia-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513009.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020163619-20181020185119-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.976484 | 222 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Last updated: March 12, 2015
- Sharpsburg, MD
- Focal point of Union attacks in the Battle of Antietam and a temporary aid station afterward
- National Park, National Register of Historic Places, National Historic Landmark, HABS/HAER/HAL
- OPEN TO PUBLIC:
On the eve of the Battle of Antietam, the members of the Dunker congregation, as well as their neighbors in the surrounding community, received a portent of things to come. That Sunday, September 14, 1862, the sound of cannons booming at the Battle of South Mountain seven miles to the east was plainly heard as the Dunkers attended church. By September 16, Confederate infantry and artillery was being positioned around the church in anticipation of the battle that was fought the next day.
During the Battle of Antietam, the church was the focal point of a number of Union attacks against the Confederate left flank during the morning phase of the fighting. Most after-action reports by commanders of both sides, including Union Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker and Confederate Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson, make references to the church.
At the end of the battle, the Confederates used the church as a temporary medical aid station. A sketch by well known Civil War artist Alfred Waud depicts a truce between the opposing sides held in front of the church on September 18 to exchange wounded and bury the dead. At least one account states that after the battle, the Union army used the Dunker Church as an embalming station. One tradition persists that Lincoln may have visited the site during his visit to the Army of the Potomac in October 1862.
As for the old church, it was heavily battle scarred with hundreds of marks from bullets in its white washed walls. Artillery had seriously damaged the roof and walls. By 1864 the church was repaired, rededicated and regular services were held there until the turn of the century.
After the war, the congregation built a new church in the town of Sharpsburg. Souvenir hunters took bricks from the walls of the old church which, combined with and a lack of adequate maintenance, weakened the structure. In 1921 a violent storm swept through the area, flattening the church. The land and church ruins were put up for sale and purchased by Sharpsburg resident Elmer G. Boyer. He salvaged most of the undamaged material of the building and sold the property. The new property owner built a home on the foundation of the old church and in the 1930s operated a gas station and souvenir shop on the site. This structure was removed in 1951 when the property was purchased by the Washington County Historical Society. They donated the site, then just a foundation, to the National Park Service. The church was rebuilt for the 100th anniversary of the battle in 1962 on the original foundation with as much original materials as possible and now stands as a beacon of peace on the battlefield. | <urn:uuid:24f857ae-2018-4db7-a9ac-304d212c8248> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.nps.gov/places/antietam-battlefield-dunker-church.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746398.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120130743-20181120152743-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.97853 | 606 | 3.140625 | 3 |
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|Niépce (pronounced Neep-sea) is credited
with producing the first successful photograph in June-July of 1827. He
was fascinated with lithography, but he could not draw, his artist son to
make the images. In 1814 his son was drafted into the army to fight at Waterloo,
he was left having to look for another way of obtaining images. Eventually
he succeeded, calling his product Heliographs (after the Greek "of the sun").
Lady Elizabeth Eastlake, writing in 1857, informs us that he was a man of
private means, who had began his researches in 1814.
He came over to England later that year and sought to promote his invention via the Royal Society. However, the Royal Society had a rule that it would not publicize a discovery that contained an undisclosed secret, so Niépce meet with total failure. Returning to France, he teamed up with Louis Daguerre in 1829, a partnership which lasted until his death only four years later, at the age of 69. He left behind him some examples of his heliographs, which are now in the Royal Photographic Society's collection.
The course of human conflict has spurred the development of many inventions, including photography. In fact, if one young Frenchman had not joined Napoleon's fateful march to Waterloo, the birth of photography might have been years delayed.
Joseph Nicephore Niepce, a Frenchman from Chalons-sur-Saone, was an avid enthusiast of the new art of lithography. Studying the work of the pioneering lithographer Alois Senefelder, he tried to improve the process by using tin plates. But Niepce lacked a critical skill: he couldn't draw. So he relied on his talented son to render images for the lithographs. When the army drafted the young man in 1814, Niepce was left without an illustrator.
Hearing of the work done with photochemical drawing, he turned his attention to silver salts. For the next decade Niepce struggled to perfect a primitive form of photo-lithography. Research advanced slowly and drained the funds of his considerable trust. Still, he enjoyed just enough success to forge on. Significantly, he found a way to fix images using acid baths.
Niepce's big breakthrough came in 1822 when he made a permanent image using a camera obscura. After exposing coated pewter plates to a camera image, he used the vapors from heated iodine crystals to darken the silver and heighten contrast. The method would inspire Louis Daguerre's highly successful mercury vapor development process. In fact, within a few years, the two inventors would be partners.
This is the first known photograph. There is little merit in this picture other than that fact. It is difficult to interpret; the building is on the left, a tree a third in from the left, and a barn immediately in front. The exposure lasted eight hours, so the sun had time to move from east to west, appearing to shine on both sides of the building.
20 cm x 16.5 cm, Niepce called this a "heliograph" and it is believed to be and image of the courtyard outside his house. The current belief is that he used the lens of a crude camera and a pewtar plate with a few drops of bitumen (a tar like substance) on it and exposed the plate for eight hours. It will be on display in a sealed enclosure filled with inert gas at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin beginning in 2003.
The digital reproduction above is a link to another digital reproduction of higher resolution that depicts the original photograph, "View from the Window at Le Gras". This photograph is owned by the Harry Ransom Center for the Humanities at the University of Texas at Austin, and was analyzed in 2002 by the Getty Museum in Los Angeles. (source)
* In 1827, utilizing the camera obscura, M. Joseph Nicephore Niepce (1763-1833) created a ‘mixture’ of several ingredients that would capture the image. This mixture, for those of you with your own cauldrons, was dissolved bitumen of Judea (a type of asphalt) in lavender oil, then place onto a sheet of pewter” (Jensen 54). This came to be the first successful permanent photograph.
1793 - First conception of photography together with Claude (brother) at Cagliari during military service. Letter found in Russia in 1946.
1813 - Nicephore experiments with lithography, tries to find usable stones. Becomes interested in the mechanical reproduction of images. Research into use of light sensitive substances begins.
1814-15 - Idea of "photography" or "heliography" (his term) takes shape.
1816 - First paper negatives. Has problem with permanence.
1817 - Brother Claude leaves for London. Nicephore experiments with gases and acid fumes, phosphor and other dangerous materials. Begins using camera and Guaiacum resin. Problems with lenses, control of light. Designs diaphragm. Letters to Claude about experiments very secretive (Letters destroyed).
1817-22 - Experiments with bitumen of Judea and other resins on their response to light. Works on stone, then glass. Discovers Heliography. Uses pewter plates and etches them. Main interest is to achieve a positive camera image.
1824 - Niepce produces images by contact printing using stone and asphalt, pewter and asphalt, and copper and asphalt. Creates first view from window using stone and asphalt (no longer exists).
1826* - Produces first preserved photograph from nature. View from his workshop window uses asphalt on a pewter plate. Image discovered by Helmut Gernsheim (photo-historian) in 1952.
1827-28 - Experiments with fumes of iodine to darken unexposed areas. This is a guiding line to the later development of the Daguerreotype. Trip to England, stops in Paris to meet Daguerre. Tries to sell Heliography to England without success. Gives five heliographs to Bauer.
1829 - Enters first contractual agreement with Daguerre. Attempts to publish comprehensive account of Heliography. Suppressed by Daguerre.
1829-33 - Niepce has lost his old persistence and energy. Continues with some experimentation and comes very close to the Daguerreotype working with silver plated copper, and iodine fumes.
1833 - Nicephore Niepce dies of a stroke. | <urn:uuid:519891ca-c018-410e-95a6-87d58d5c2eb2> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/niepce.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736677384.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215757-00085-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946417 | 1,409 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Are you aware of the benefits that chewing gum can have for your teeth and gums? Due to the risk of plaque buildup in your mouth and the presence of bacteria that will eat through your teeth and gums, it is important to always establish an effective oral hygiene routine to keep your mouth safe. However, after eating, your teeth are often highly sensitive, and techniques and tactics such as brushing with a toothbrush and toothpaste can cause dental abrasion to occur. Instead, try using non-abrasive cleaning tools such as chewing gum.
Chewing gum is most effective after eating. As chewing sugarless gum is a non-abrasive cleaning utensil to clean your mouth out, it can be used as an alternative for brushing after meals. However, it should be used as a complete alternative, as you should still be brushing your teeth twice daily but avoiding brushing after meals due to the risk of dental abrasion.
Make sure that you are using sugarless chewing gum, as traditional chewing gum may contain sugars that can further harm your teeth and gums. Furthermore, by producing saliva through the use of chewing gum, you can help prevent and treat heartburn. Heartburn is a condition in which stomach acids travel up your esophagus and into your mouth. Through the use of saliva, you can help neutralize these acids and prevent further damage from occurring.
For any further questions or concerns about your oral health, Woodstock & Manhattan Institute for Holistic Dentistry is here to help. For additional help with your teeth and gums, we can offer a comprehensive diagnosis from Dr. Victor Zeines and our team at our dental office in Shokan, New York. To schedule an appointment, call us at 845-657-2322. | <urn:uuid:a1e80d26-08a0-47e2-bbaf-64670f38bacc> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.natdent.com/achieve-your-dream-smile-with-chewing-gum-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153515.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727233849-20210728023849-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.956208 | 361 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A couple of months ago, I made my intrepid way over to the Digilent Engineering Offices in valiant search of fresh new blog topics, and I ended up running into Keith Vogel. I had encountered Mr. Vogel’s name on enough helpful MPIDE Example Sketches in the past that I figured talking to him would likely yield some interesting information.
Spoiler Alert: I was correct!
It turns out he is working on a brand new Digilent product. Set to release this year, the Digilent OpenScope is an inexpensive oscilloscope, logic analyzer, and function generator designed for use right out of the box. Additionally, it has an SD card and WiFi so that it can run a web-server… meaning that you can take this device out of the lab directly into the field. Simply set up your mobile phone as mobile Hotspot, and you have portable, pocket-sized lab equipment.
In keeping with Digilent’s educational focus, this device is also designed to help people learn about microprocessors. The eventual goal is to have entire classes designed around the OpenScope and its uniquely accessible learning curve, illustrated below:
- Start by using it as an oscilloscope.
- Learn to read and play with the code.
- Tweak it to customize the OpenScope itself!
It is also designed so that it can be used in prototyping as a tool just as much as it can be used as a prototyping material. A user can get started right away, and then as their skills evolve, they can explore the more advanced capabilities of the OpenScope.
Stay tuned for our next installment where we will delve into the more technical specifications and illustrate what one can do with this powerful piece of equipment! | <urn:uuid:52b269e8-ebda-4cf5-b5b7-c645eaf1cd7b> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://blog.digilentinc.com/update-on-the-openscope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494449.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220044622-20190220070622-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.961151 | 363 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Happy Eid-el-Kabir to all our Muslim brothers and sisters. Despite the Covid-19 pandemic, economic and security factors already affecting this year’s Eid-el-Kabir celebration, the holidays will be celebrated by Muslim faithful’s in their respective homes.
The name, Eid-el-Kabir, is an Arabic phrase for “Feast of the Sacrifice”. It is also known as Bakr-Eid (Sacrifice Feast) or Eid-al-Adha.
According to Islamic sources, Eid-el-Kabir epitomizes the willingness and sacrifice exhibited by Ibrahim. Ibrahim who was asked by Allah to sacrifice Ishmael, the promised son, was very complaint even to the point of almost giving up his son. It was the angel Jibril that stopped him in his tracks and told him that due to his submissiveness, his sacrifice had been accepted already. Woven into this was Ibrahim’s journey from Canaan to the rocky plains of Mecca, Saudi Arabia with his Hagar, Adnan, and Ishmael.
On his return to Canaan, he left behind Hagar and Ishmael who ran out of food and water. Due to Allah’ provision, Hagar and her son were able to drink from a spring of water and even got food by selling from the water.
Ishmael became a prophet delivering the message of submission from God to nomads in the desert. This served as a precedent to the present Hajj.
EID EL KABIR is the highpoint of the Eid-El-Kabir celebration. After the prayers at the mosques, rams and cows are slaughtered in the head to represent Ibrahim’s own willingness to sacrifice his own son.
The representative sacrifice might not necessarily be a cow or ram, it can be a camel or goat, depending on the prevalent culture in a given place. However, the domestic animal used must meet certain requirements to be accepted.
For the slaughtering of the animal, a blue coat clothing must be worn. Also, very festive clothes are worn on other days. This is the time when Muslims wear their very best. The women wear new, stylish lace, Ankara and colourful hijabs. Most times, the men are seen putting on guinea or damask clothing, with fanciful caps.
During the Eid-El-Kabir, a lot of love is spread in style. The animals sacrificed are meant to be divided into three-part. One part is for the family who slaughtered it. While the other two are for relatives and friends and the indigent ones respectively. Also, families visit one another and share meals together even after the celebration. Even these meats are taken across borders to be shared with truly indigent people.
For Eid-El-Kabir, Muslims all the world greet themselves in just one way- by saying, Eid Mubarak. This form of greeting is one way of showing the success of the Eid-El-Kabir celebration and shows the happiness of the Muslims in encountering yet another feast or celebration.
As Muslims in Nigeria and other parts of the world prepare for 2020 Eid-el-Kabir festival, the federal government has advised against non-essential travel due to the coronavirus pandemic. The Federal Ministry of Information and Culture in a brief statement on Sunday, July 26, said travelling this season could pose a risk of contracting Covid-19. Travelling this season could put you and your loved ones at risk of contracting Covid-19. Similarly, Muslims across the country have been urged to celebrate the Eid-el-Kabir festival in their respective homes due to Covid-19 pandemic.
The council, led by the Sultan of Sokoto, Alhaji Muhammad Sa’ad Abubakar, noted that the pandemic is not yet over, warning people to celebrate with high caution.
You can shop on our online shopping platform, Obejor.com for all your shopping needs during this Salah period to avoid putting you and your family at risk of getting infected by the virus.
Our range of services is designed to ensure optimum levels of convenience and customer satisfaction with the retail process. These services include our price guarantee, 7-day return policy, order delivery-tracking, dedicated customer service support and many other premium services.
On Obejor.com, we provide information and better prices on each product which will guide you in making that purchase. Currently, we deliver to all states in Nigeria and the items are delivered quickly to your doorstep. Our prices are all-inclusive. | <urn:uuid:cd58b68f-0a81-473b-857f-09e71f6b783a> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://obejorblog.com/obejor-eid-celebration-ensure-your-safety-while-you-shop-online/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374391.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306035529-20210306065529-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.963138 | 957 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In the Paha Sapa on the stolen occupied land of Očhéthi Šakówi, renamed South Dakota by white colonizers there was a sacred hill among the other hills. In this hill was a magnificent sculpture carved by a being who was not man. Mount Rushmore Native American
The Lakota Sioux called it the Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe (The Six Grandfathers). Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe were the Earth (Below), the Sky (Above), the North, the South, the East, and the West. As a child, my grandfather, who I called Robert showed me a cover of Life Magazine, which had the Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe. Mount Rushmore Native American
It looked like faces, not white face, but six distinct faces and I asked my grandfather what happened to Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe, and he said, “Whatever white people tell you to do, do the opposite.”
How the Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe on Paha Sapa on Očhéthi Šakówi land, became Mount Rushmore on the Black Hill in South Dakota is a story of the cruelty of white nationalism in this stolen country run by people who very much remember and understand all the evil that they do and their obsession with attempting to put historical periods on their evil.
Manifest Destiny (coined by Journalist John L. O’Sullivan) was a purview from the 19th Century that stated that white men had the right to steal, rape, mine, and murder their way through North America.
How they were able to do this was via paperwork called treaties. I’m sure the treaty thing works well among white people, but with us, it works a bit differently. If you have had the misfortune of being colonized, settled, or enslaved by Europeans, you know that one of their favorite modus operandi is power. They enforce their power with lying pens and keyboards. They love power and they love making their power official with a lying official bullshit document that they reinterpret —if it ends up being even a little bit unfavorable to them.
So the lying racist power-hungry colonizers and their setter sacrificial tools arrive in Sioux territory in the early 1800s. They (the US) sign a treaty with the Cheyenne (Só’taeo’ o, Tsétsêhéstâhese), Sioux, Arapaho, Crow, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nations to guarantee settlers safe passage via the Oregon Trail if the US government promises to not overrun their land with white people and the white people who do come through, respect the natural resources.
And of course, the US broke that treaty immediately.
Gold was found in Kansas Territory, which instituted the Pike’s Peak Gold Rush, and you know once settlers smell money, there is no stopping them. There were some even some documents that stated, “Hey we improved that dump. They have a farm slash coffee shop now. They should be grateful that we’re here — Black Lives Matter.”
Then in 1864, Colonel John M. Chivington of the US Army murdered 500 mostly women and children of the Cheyenne and Arapaho because they were in the way of gold. All parties stated a renegotiation of terms was necessary.
Which brings us to the Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 and how the Black Hills was stolen.
This treaty stated many things, but two things firmly established were the ownership of the Paha Sapa (Black Hills) by the Oceti Sakowin (Sioux) and the formation of the Great Sioux Reservation.
But the United States broke it again. General Custer illegally went into the Paha Supa under secret orders from President Grant, and while he was there, he found gold. The US tried to renegotiate, but the Sioux Nation said no. The US used the 7th Calvary of the US army. The US army was handed their ass by the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho led by Crazy Horse (Tashunka Witco) and Chief Gall who had been inspired by a Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake) vision, in the Battle of the Little Bighorn aka Battle of the Greasy Grass aka Custer’s Last Stand, but the victory was one of a long war and eventually, the white men won which allowed them to break the 1868 treaty illegally and steal Paha Sapa and mine it for gold.
To add the most significant dose of disrespect, the US government on October 4, 1927, had Gutzon Borglum (who had a few years prior took a commission from the Klu Klux Klan to scrape General Lee into a mountain in Georgia) scrub the grandfathers’ faces from Paha Sapa and replaced them with Washington, Lincoln, Grant, and Roosevelt.
Washington who looked at Native American land as, “colonial space temporarily inhabited by Indian people.”
Lincoln who ordered the largest mass execution in US history with the order to hang 38 members of the Dakotas for killing settlers who were trying to kill them.
Roosevelt who said, “This continent had to be won. We need not waste our time in dealing with any sentimentalist who believes that, on account of any abstract principle, it would have been right to leave this continent to the domain, the hunting ground of squalid savages. It had to be taken by the white race.”
And finally, Grant, who was the direct mastermind of the theft of Paha Sapa.
From the Smithsonian:
“The Grant administration launched an illegal war and then lied to Congress and the American people about it. He had no legal reason for seizing the Black Hills (Paha Sapa), so he invented one, convening a secret White House cabal to plan a war against the Lakotas. Four documents, held at the Library of Congress and the United States Military Academy Library, leave no doubt.”
Mount Rushmore was a malicious, petty act of disrespect. The US knew the significance of the Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe (The Six Grandfathers); they did that to demoralize the community.
In 1980 in United States v Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 US 371, the United States admitted the theft and offered the Sioux Nation what is now $1.5 billion, but the Sioux Nation told them US no, that they want their land back. They have learned what we all have learned, never let colonizers dictate the terms.
Support the Native Americans in their fight.
Blast those murderers’ faces off that hill and give the Native Americans back Paha Sapa. | <urn:uuid:d948a361-8161-41f1-84f6-ffe283bd62a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://willstartsmall.com/blog/2020/07/05/mount-rushmore-and-native-american-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510097.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516073101-20220516103101-00796.warc.gz | en | 0.967816 | 1,475 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Halloween is the Safest Day of the Year
It’s that spooky time of year again. Halloween is a candy-fueled holiday children often look forward to celebrating. Many dress in costumes, trick-or-treat with friends and neighbors and carve pumpkins with their families. It can also be spooky for parents as sex offender hysteria grows in intensity with every news story about the dangers of convicted sex offenders harming children on Halloween night.
A study conducted by several child sexual abuse prevention researchers sets the record straight about what parents should be (and shouldn’t be) concerned about.
How Safe are Trick-or-Treaters? Experts Weigh In.
Many states require convicted sex offenders to attend education programs the night of Halloween. They can also be prohibited from leaving their homes or opening their doors. They can be banned from costume parties and not allowed to decorate their houses. The belief is that these policies keep convicted sex offenders from making contact with children. It’s also believed that sex offenders could use costumes to hide their identifies. However, law enforcement officials note that Halloween policies weren’t developed because of a large or growing number of abuse cases. This study, “How Safe Are Trick-or-Treaters? An Analysis of Child Sex Crime Rates on Halloween,” looked at whether sex offenses, in fact, increase around Halloween and found no significant increase in risk for child sexual abuse.
- The idea that sex offenders are more likely to harm children on Halloween is simply unfounded. The data don’t prove it. Child sexual abuse is no more likely to occur on Halloween than on any other night.
- The biggest thing to fear on Halloween night are drivers. Pedestrian accidents increase sharply around Halloween. Wearing reflective tape and accompanying young children are ways to prevent these accidents.
- The best way to protect your children from child sexual abuse is through primary, prevention programs that are aimed at potential perpetrators and at improving the capability of adult guardians. Relying on children to keep themselves safe is the most typical but insufficient response to addressing child sexual abuse. | <urn:uuid:0ed8095a-678a-4673-bb72-8e761cdadaba> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://restoringintegritytovirginiaregistry.blogspot.com/2015/10/johns-hopkins-moore-center-for.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824068.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020101632-20171020121632-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.945004 | 434 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Order Special Forces Hero directly from Pen & Sword Books
By Thomas Harder
Translated by W. Glyn Jones
When Italy entered the Second World War on 10 June 1940, the Lloyd Triestino ship Duchessa d’Aosta was on its way from South Africa to Genoa with a cargo of wool, hides, asbestos and copper. Like many other Italian ships, the Duchessa d’Aosta also sought refuge in a neutral port, in this case Santa Isabel on the island of Fernando Po (today Bioko, the capital of Equatorial Guinea, 750 km southeast of Lagos). Fernando Po was then a Spanish colony and thus neutral territory. The Duchessa d’Aosta and her crew came to spend eighteen months there.
The Italians’ safe but dreary life on this tropical island came to a sudden end during the night of the 14th-15th January 1942. While the officers from the Duchessa d’Aosta were at dinner in the Santa Isabel casino together with their colleagues from the German tug boat the Likomba, which was in the same situation as the Italian ship, two British tugs from Lagos, their lights extinguished, sailed into the harbour at Santa Isabel. All lights in the town were routinely switched off at midnight, and there was no moon that night, but for safety’s sake, the British agent who had organized the dinner had arranged the seating at table in such a way that the Italian and German officers sat with their backs to the windows facing the harbour.
One of the British tugs launched two kayaks. The first of them put two men on board the Likomba, the local guards on which immediately jumped overboard when the crew of the other kayak blew up the anchor chains on the German vessel by means of specially constructed bombs. At the same time, the other British tug slid up alongside the Duchessa d’Aosta and put a boarding party on board.
The taking of the Duchessa d’Aosta was almost equally unproblematic. The 29 crew members on board surrendered without a struggle, and the attackers could blow up the anchor chains fore and aft according to plan.
By 00.30, both tugs had left the harbour again with their prizes in tow. Not a single shot had been fired throughout the entire operation, and no one in Santa Isabel had managed to discover what was taking place before the operation was completed. When the ships’ officers reached the harbour again, their ships had long disappeared into the darkness.
After a voyage lasting six and a half days, the two tugs and their spoils entered Lagos harbour, accompanied by the British corvette H.M.S Violet, which had been sent out to “discover” the Duchessa d’Aosta and theLikomba “adrift” in the open sea and to accompany them to a British port. The illegal seizure (codenamed "Operation Postmaster") could well have damaged relations between Great Britain and Spain, so it was imperative as far as possible to hide the fact that the British were behind this operation.
Nor was it regular British soldiers who took the Duchessa d’Aosta and the Likomba, but on the contrary a mixed force of some 40 men made up of British volunteers from Nigeria, local agents from the sabotage organisation Special Operations Executive (SOE) and the so-called Maid Honor Force of 11 men sent from England by the SOE in order to sabotage German and Vichy French targets in West Africa. The Maid Honor was a small sailing ship which, with five SOE agents as its crew had sailed the 3,185 nautical miles from Poole on the British channel coast to Freetown in Liberia in 41 days. The SOE had hoped that the Maid Honor could be useful in West Africa. It could not, but the crew and their six comrades who had sailed on a steamship from England to Liberia could. These men became the heart of the force that carried out the coup in Santa Isabel.
One of the five who had sailed from Poole to Freetown in the Maid Honor was the young Dane Anders Lassen. He had been at sea since the beginning of 1939 and was one of the few professional seamen who took part in the operation. His maritime experience, together with his physical bravery and great energy was of crucial importance to the success of the operation.
Anders Frederik Emil Victor Schau Lassen was born on 22 September 1920 in a patriotic landowner family with strong military traditions. From early childhood, Anders Lassen had been fond of spending time in the woods surrounding the family home. He was keen on hunting and he learned to move quickly and silently in the countryside and in time became a true marksman.
Anders Lassen was no intellectual. He left the local secondary school in the summer of 1938 with the poorest examination result of the year. He dreamt of a life as a landowner, but the family finances were under pressure, and he lacked the finances to establish himself. His dreadful examination results made it difficult for him to find work, and the upshot was that he went to sea for the want of other ways forward. He occasionally considered a military career as a slightly less humble alternative, but he failed to do anything about it and in time came to terms with life at sea. He got on well with his colleagues, enjoyed their comradeship, the binges, the fights, the visits to brothels when ashore while at the same time his upper class background persuaded him to establish a certain ironical distance to himself as a sailor.
When Germany occupied Denmark on 9 April 1940, Anders Lassen was on board the Danish tanker M/T Eleonora Mærsk in the Persian Gulf. Immediately after the occupation, the Danish government ordered Danish ships in foreign waters to make for German, Italian or neutral ports, but the crew of the Eleonora Mærsk refused to obey and instead forced the skipper to make for a British port in Bahrain.
After this, the Eleonora Mærsk sailed under the British flag, first to Colombo, Australia and Singapore, and then on a regular route between South Africa and the Persian Gulf. The ship was provided with a gun, and Anders Lassen became a member of the gun crew. He was proud of this exciting responsibility, as he was each time he carried out some particularly difficult or dangerous task “with honour”, as he wrote in his diary.
In October 1940, Lassen went ashore in Cape Town and signed up on a British tanker sailing from South Africa to Scotland. It was attacked by German aircraft on the way, and Lassen had plenty of use for his skills as a gunner. He signed off in Scotland that Christmas and made for Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Throughout his life, Lassen had been surrounded by relatives, friends or school mates and shipmates, and he was now alone for the first time in his life. He spent a couple of weeks drunk and confused in a dark, wintery Newcastle until he established contact with the Special Operations Executive, which had just started recruiting Danes for underground work in occupied Denmark.
In January 1941, Lassen started in one of the SOE training schools for future agents and saboteurs. A restless person, he felt the training to be tedious and unimaginative – and things were not improved by the fact that, for security reasons, the SOE could not tell its trainees what it was they were being trained for – and he only really began to settle down when sent to one of the SOE “paramilitary” schools in the Scottish Highlands. There, Lassen was in his element. He found comrades, a wild countryside, shooting, fighting and other physically demanding activities and in general an environment that challenged his talents and valued all those things he was good at and enjoyed tackling.
Lassen’s superiors noticed that his quick temper, his lack of discretion and his contempt for rules made him unfit for both spy work and ordinary regimental service, but that he was brilliantly suited to patrol work and to guerrilla warfare. So in April 1941 he was transferred to the new Maid Honor force, and the following January he had his dramatic, but bloodless “baptism of fire” in the port of Santa Isabel.After the seizing of the Duchessa d’Aosta and the Likomba, Lassen spent some time in Nigeria, where as a member of the SOE he trained members of local tribes in guerrilla warfare and sabotage. He enjoyed the freedom and the sense of responsibility combined with independence, but he missed what the war primarily meant to him. He wrote in his diary: “Some time ago, I refused the offer of a very interesting job – it gave me no chance of slaughtering any of the devils, and so I refused it.”
Lassen’s first direct confrontation with the enemy that had occupied his country came in the autumn of 1942, when he became a member of the Small Scale Raiding Force (SSRF) that had been established on the initiative of the head of the Maid Honor force, the charismatic Captain Gustavus March-Phillipps to carry out attacks on German positions along the Channel coast. Lassen and his companions in SSRF were taken across the Channel in a motor torpedo boat equipped with a special sound-proofed motor, landing on the German-occupied British Channel Islands or on the French coast, killing or kidnapping German soldiers and gathering information on German defence installations and so on. The attacks, which were made by night, helped to pin down German resources in northern France and thus keep them away from the Eastern Front, where the Russians were hard pressed, and from North Africa, where British and American troops landed in November 1942.
In February 1943, Anders Lassen was moved to Egypt, where he joined a recently established amphibious force, the Special Boat Service. The SBS carried out its first major operation in July 1943, when SBS forces attacked German airfields in Crete and Sardinia. In Crete, a patrol under the command of Anders Lassen undertook a two-week march through the mountains to reach the airfield at Kastelli Pediada, where they destroyed a German aeroplane and killed a sentry and then left the island along with two other patrols that had carried out similar attacks on other targets. In Sardinia a patrol under the command of Captain John Verney (who later became a well-known author and illustrator) managed to destroy four German aircraft on a base near Ottana, but both Verney’s patrol and the other SBS members who had been landed on Sardinia were taken prisoner by Italian carabinieri and soldiers.
The attacks on Crete and Sardinia were elements in a major diversionary manoeuvre intended to convince the Germans that after taking North Africa the Allies would attack Greece and/or Sardinia, but not Sicily. This manoeuvre was a major contributory factor in ensuring that the landing in Sicily in July 1943 did not meet much stiffer opposition than was in fact the case.
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, British forces – with the SBS as an important supporting element – made a vain attempt to establish control over the Aegean before the Germans could take over the islands. The attempt failed, but until the Germans finally began to pull out of Greece in autumn 1944, the SBS continued to play an important part in the guerrilla war being fought by the British. From secret bases along the neutral Turkish coast, SBS patrols in Greek caiques or British patrol boats repeatedly sailed into the Aegean and attacked German bases. Lassen distinguished himself as the leader of these operations, which tied down considerable German forces that could otherwise have been used on the Eastern front or to oppose the Normandy landings. In addition they helped ensure contact with spy groups and resistance groups operating behind the backs of the Germans – some of them completely Greek, others consisting of both Greek and Italian soldiers who had gone underground after the capitulation.
Lassen, who was promoted to the rank of major in the British army in October 1944, took part in dramatic operations in places including Kalimnos, Simi, Santorini and Paros, each time showing himself to be an inspiring leader who always went in the lead. His complete disregard for danger was legendary, and his ability to “read” the terrain and move with lightning speed, invisible and silent, ensured him great respect from his superiors. Lassen appeared to be happiest when he was in action, and his brutality and violent hatred of the Germans surprised some of his colleagues – though they were anything but squeamish. Lassen’s violent temper often found expression in his relations with those under his command, and it is known that on several occasions he resorted to blows in order to gain his will. He was, however, generally well liked and admired and known for only rarely suffering losses in his operations.
In July 1944, the SBS moved its headquarters to Bari. From there, Lassen led a sabotage operation against a railway bridge at Karasovici, south of Dubrovnik. The bridge was to be blown up in order to make the German retreat from Greece and the Balkans more difficult. The operation was a success, but Lassen’s force encountered some Croat ustaše forces. One of the British was killed and two taken prisoner, and the survivors had to hide in the mountains for three days before being able to reach the coast, from where a British patrol boat sailed them back to Bari.
The SBS returned to Greece in autumn 1944. Lassen led an improvised group which on 29 October was the first British force to move into Saloniki. The Germans were preparing to destroy the harbour installations and fuel depots, but a daring bluff on the part of Lassen persuaded the Germans that his small, but very mobile and active force was much bigger than it was in fact, so they abandoned the town without carrying out the planned acts of destruction.
Lassen had plenty of opportunity to satisfy this urge, just as he had a need of all his ability to improvise and gain respect and establish good relations with the Greek civilian population when he was appointed governor of Crete in December 1944. The German garrison amounting to 13,000 men had withdrawn to a “pocket” in northwest Crete, and Lassen’s small and hastily assembled Senforce was to keep an eye on Germans and, as far as possible, to secure British control of Crete and prevent the left wing partisans from seizing power on the island. Apart from the paramilitary training that he had received in Scotland and the instruction he had received from the SBS, Lassen had no formal military training, and aside from his brief period as “dictator” at Saloniki, he had no experience of politics and diplomacy. The two months he spent in Crete made great demands on his personal resources. Relations between left wing partisans and their conservative rivals grew steadily worse, and Lassen’s SBS men were not only attacked by communist partisans, but also by factions in the civilian population whom they otherwise thought they had come to the island to help. Towards the end of Lassen’s “rule” in Crete, two of his men, including a fellow officer, Captain Charles Maurice Clynes, MC, who was a good friend of his, were killed in an ambush, and it was a much relieved Lassen who went to Italy with Senforce at the beginning of February, leaving Crete to a more robust British force. Lassen, however, is given the honour for the Greek civil war in Crete having such a relatively gentle course as it took.
In Italy, the Allied advance had for months been held along the Gothic Line between the River Reno to the north of Ravenna and Massa and La Spezia on the Italian west coast. The Allied Supreme Command planned to break through the Gothic Line in April 1945: The American Fifth Army was to push forward via Bologna and Verona towards the Brenner Pass, while the British Eighth Army, further to the east, was to break through the Argenta Gap (a narrow strip of dry land between the small town of Argenta and the huge flood plains to the west of Lake Comacchio) and further north through Ferrara and Po towards north eastern Italy, Trieste and Gorizia.
To facilitate the Eighth Army’s breakthrough, a number of amphibious operations were to be carried out on and along Lake Comacchio. Lassen was given responsibility for some of these operations: In collaboration with local fishermen, boatmen and partisans from the 28th Garibaldi Brigade, who were used to operating on the shallow, muddy lake, Lassen and his men reconnoitred the German positions and examined the possibility of landing along the banks.
On the night between the 3rd and 4th of April, a mixed force of SBS men under Lassen’s command and Italian partisans occupied a handful of small islands to the north of the Boscoreale peninsula. From here, Lassen and his men carried out attacks over the following days on German positions along the northern and eastern banks of the lake in order to give the Germans the impression that the British were preparing a major attack in this area. The intention was to draw German troops out towards Comacchio and thus away from the Argenta Gap.
The Eighth Army attack was to start on 9 April soon after midnight on the night of 8-9 April, and as a final attempt to distract the Germans’ attention from Argenta, Lassen headed a patrol of 18 men and landed on the spit dividing Lake Comacchio from the Adriatic Sea, a little to the south of Comacchio. Shortly after the landing was made, Lassen’s force was challenged by German sentries. An Italian-speaking member of the SBS attempted to persuade the Germans that the SBS men were local fishermen. For a while it looked as though the bluff would succeed, but then the Germans opened fire from a machine gun emplacement. Lassen stormed the position and overcame the Germans with hand grenades and machine pistols, and when another machine gun emplacement opened fire a little further up the road to Comacchio, he once more defied a hail of bullets and put the German machine gun out of action. More German positions opened fire out in the darkness, and some of them launched light bombs. Two of Lassen’s men were killed and several wounded, so that the overall force was reduced to ten men. Lassen gathered his scattered men and stormed a third machine gun emplacement. The Germans indicated they were willing to surrender, but when Lassen approached the emplacement, they opened fire again, and Lassen was wounded in the stomach or midriff. When Lassen fell, the attack collapsed, and the SBS men withdrew to the boats. One of the men tried to take the badly wounded Lassen with them, but he refused to be evacuated so as not to delay his fellows. Altogether, four SBS men – Corporal Edward Roberts, Trooper Alfred John Crouch, Fusilier Stanley Raymond Hughes and Lassen himself – lost their lives during this unsuccessful attack.
On the following day, the bodies of Lassen and his companions were taken to Comacchio by the local parish priest don Francesco Mariani and some women from the town. They laid out the bodies and buried them in the old cemetery in Comacchio. There they lay until, shortly after the war, they were transferred to the new British military cemetery a little to the north of Argenta.
Anders Lassen was thrice decorated with the British Military Cross. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his gallantry at Comacchio. This array of distinguished decorations, together with the stories of Anders Lassen’s legendary deeds – which were recounted in 1949 by his mother, Suzanne Lassen, in a book entitled Anders Lassen – Sømand og soldat (English version: Anders Lassen, VC – The Story of a Courageous Dane, 1965) have given Anders Lassen an almost mythical status in Denmark. Anders Lassens krig. 9. april 1940 – 9 april 1945 (Copenhagen, Informations Forlag), which was published in November 2010 and immediately became a Danish bestseller, is an attempt to explore behind the myths and to present the historical Anders Lassen and the events of which he formed part.
Of the 29 prisoners from the Duchessa d’Aosta, 27 Italian men were immediately upon arrival transferred to an internment camp in Amuahia in south-eastern Nigeria. An Italian woman and the Spanish cook José Segura are believed to have remained in Lagos. On 15 September 1943, the British War Ministry decided that the 27 could be transferred to South Africa, and on 16 October the Colonial Office decided that José Segura could be released. However, he was not allowed to return to Fernando Po, but had to take work in Nigeria. The author would like to hear from readers who have any knowledge of the further fate of the members of the crew of the Duchessa d’Aosta. The author can be contacted direct on firstname.lastname@example.org – About the author: www.thomasharder.dk
Order Special Forces Hero directly from Pen & Sword Books | <urn:uuid:74e605ef-1444-457c-b8b8-301874dbbb25> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://thomasharder.dk/en/anders-lassens-war-operation-postmaster-comacchio | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710192.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127041342-20221127071342-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.983814 | 4,485 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The effects of this year’s drought in the United States have threatened to diminish our supply of pork, beef and various forms of produce that farmers have been unable to yield in high quantities. However a drought isn’t so bad for all crops, and pumpkins seem to be faring better this year than in recent years when hurricanes and storms plagued many pumpkin crops in Middle America.
A stretch of farmland near Morton, Illinois is where the majority of the nation’s pumpkins are grown. Farmers there say the crop looks great this year, and they will be a small victory beside the other crops scorched by this year’s drought. Elsewhere thousands of cattle were sold off because the pastures their ranchers use for grazing have gone too dry, and corn and soybean farmers lost crops from the long drought. However pumpkins thrive in dry weather, they prefer warm temperate clients that repel fungus and mold that are more prevalent in wet climates.
Most pumpkins are also grown from seeds, which develop complex root systems that go deep into the ground and find water other plants cannot. John Ackerman, a farmer from Morton, Illinois expects a robust crop of pumpkins this year. Ackerman planted about 70 percent of his 30 acres of pumpkins in May, which did very well. He planted the rest of his pumpkins in June and July, and after sitting “in dust for a while” they are finally turning orange now.
In the last few years excess rain has actually hurt American pumpkin production. Nestlé’s affiliate brand Libby’s has a pumpkin-canning plant near Morton, and in 2009 farmers had to leave most of their crop behind after tractors were unable to move in the rain saturated ground. Afterwards a shortage of canned pumpkins led to bidding wars on eBay during holiday season. The summer afterward was the wettest in the history of Illinois, and although Morton was spared the worst, pumpkin production suffered elsewhere throughout the state. Continuing this trend, last year’s pumpkin crop in the Northeast was ravaged by Hurricane Irene and other storms.
After years of struggling pumpkin crops, this year there should be more than enough pumpkins for the holiday season. Nestle produces about 85 percent of the world’s canned pumpkin, and the majority of it comes from Morton.
DailyFoodtoEat is the official blog of FoodtoEat, a sustainable online food ordering and concierge catering service featuring your favorite restaurants, food trucks and caterers. Check out the deliciousness here: www.foodtoeat.com | <urn:uuid:1b51ad7c-baec-462d-9557-c7a386e71f80> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://blog.foodtoeat.com/2012/10/10/pumpkin-crop-is-healthy-this-year-no-shortage-in-sight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647299.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320052712-20180320072712-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.965546 | 530 | 2.71875 | 3 |
some time they have wings of gold,brazen claws and the tusks of boars
in a bold and shameless way
Answer: She uses an emotional appeal.
“On Making an Agreeable Marriage” is a title given to Jane Austen's letters to her niece, Fanny. In these writings, Austen discusses the subject of marriage, and loveless marriage in particular. She writes that "Anything is to be preferred or endured rather than marrying without affection."As her niece is very young, Austen attempts to give her love advice. In doing so, she uses an emotional appeal. An emotional appeal is an attempt to persuade other person to adopt the same opinion that we have by getting an emotional reaction from them.
"Anything is to be preferred or endured rather than marrying without affection."
Options: emotional, logical or ethical
What's your question?
Margaret Talbot surveys a range of perspectives on the issues of valedictorians in her essay Best In Class :
-Kylie Bakker and Cheryl Bakker
Know more :
In the essay "Best in Class" was written for the New Yorker. The essay was published on May 20, 2005.
In the essay, the writer talks about students being selected for Valedictorian at Sarasota Springs High School in Florida. Her main point of the essay is that the position should be eliminated from schools and it has been at many including at Sarasota High.
In her essay she writes about her own experiences going to high school and the pressure that students put on themselves and the pressure from their parents to be the best in school.
She used many perspectives in her essay that helped show her reliability as a journalist and writer. Here are four perspectives that are identified in the essay "Best in Class."
Learn more about Valedictorians at brainly.com/question/10166512
Answer: B) their stolen marriage day
D)for whom and not for tybalt juliet pin’d
E) for it wrought on her the form of death
Explanation: i got it right. hope this helps:)
The answer is B
I just took the test
From the following passage the correct answer is B, Addams visited tony bee hall in London.
The Addam lives in London and also worked thee too till his last breath , he build his very good image among the people by his writing skills by his narration and poem and he very good in the settlements too. Hull house was very densed populated as many people came there to stay .
During the Hull house various revolution were held and many strategy were made too.
For more information on Addams , please refer the below link brainly.com/question/14729630
The correct answer is B; Addams visited Toynbee Hall in London.
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr were the women who was responsible for opening the Hull House in Chicago. The house was officially opened in 1889. Jane and Ellen went to London in the early 1800's and visited Toynbee Hall. It was a house that was established for the sole purpose of helping the poor. It was then that they decided to open something similar in the states.
She did win the Nobel Peace Prize after the opening of Hull House. She won the award in 1931. She served on the Board of Education in 1905 and in 1910 she would become the first female president of National Conference of Charities and Corrections.
Learn more about Jane Addams at brainly.com/question/3876500
The most likely the theme of this story is sometimes the biggest conflict comes from within. The correct option is (B).
A tale premise is a remarkably straightforward, even general notion. The simplest form of it is your story. What-if scenarios excite your interest and compel you to investigate their potential outcomes and repercussions. It isn't a particular plot point. That is your starting point; the rest follows.
In conclusion, your narrative premise gives you a very concise explanation of what your story is about, whereas your story concept is an idea for your play, movie, or other visual story. You can see the broad strokes of the events in your visual story in your plot.
A high concept story has a distinct, understandable premise. It usually has an easy-to-pitch premise that is supported by a simple plot.
Therefore, the most likely the theme of this story is sometimes the biggest conflict comes from within.
To know more about the concept of story, visit:
I think it should at least be A i hope
Moving the plot simply means changing the plot. A scene that moves the plot is a scene that creates forward momentum by leaving the story different at its end than it was at the beginning. | <urn:uuid:597ff946-7dbf-4bc7-b7ef-8938ce151c67> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://walkwithbud.com/solution/we-laughed-so-hard-that-milk-came-out-of-our-noses-from-which-point-of-483 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100381.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202073445-20231202103445-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.970433 | 987 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Archaeologists searching for long-lost Wilkes fort, Revolutionary-era items
A team of archaeologists has been searching for Carr’s Fort, a longlost Wilkes County Revolutionary War battle site near the betterknown Kettle Creek battlefield, and although they say they haven’t definitely located the fort’s site, they feel their recent research has brought them much closer.
“We’ve searched 1,100 acres near the north fork of Little Beaverdam Creek,” team leader Daniel Elliott said. “The land was definitely on property the Carr family owned, and we found three archaeological sites that seemed to date to the Revolutionary period. We’ve collected quite a few museum-quality artifacts from the sites, and one of those sites may prove to be the fort.”
The artifacts recovered range from three dozen horseshoes to thimbles, cast-iron kettles, hinges, nails, a padlock, a drill bit for boring through logs, but only a few musket balls. “We would expect to find a much larger number of musket balls if we had found the site of the fort,” he said.
The search has been like finding the proverbial needle in a haystack, Elliott said, because no maps show its location, and no detailed written descriptions of the fort’s location have yet been found. “It could be anywhere along Beaverdam Creek, although historian Robert Scott Davis Jr., who has researched the fort for 40 or 50 years, has helped us narrow the scope of the search considerably.”
Searching along Beaverdam Creek and Little Beaverdam Creek is only the first phase of the effort, he said, and it couldn’t have been done without the cooperation of local landowners. “We got permission to search some 10,000 acres along the creeks. Local landowners were very cooperative.”
Some landowners were concerned that if the fort location were found, their land would be taken by the government, Elliot said, but that would not happen. “Preservation efforts are limited to battlefields, not the site of an old fort,” he said. “There were more than 30 frontier forts in Wilkes County.”
After Elliott’s team maps the location of the artifacts they’ve found with metal detectors, team members hope to return and use other methods, including ground-penetrating radar, traditional excavations, and mapping to define the fort’s location. The action at Captain Robert Carr’s Patriot fort preceded the 1779 Battle of Kettle Creek by just four days. The Patriot fort was invaded by a group of about 70 recruits who had, under threat of death, sworn allegiance to the British crown. Later that day, February 10, the fort was surrounded by a Patriot militia force led by Colonel Andrew Pickens, and the Georgia and South Carolina Patriots laid siege to the fortified loyalists, taking all their horses and supplies.
A few hours into the siege, Col. Pickens heard that a much larger party of Loyalists was approaching the area from South Carolina, and he ended the siege of Carr’s Fort to pursue the bigger force. Four days later, his Patriots and others caught up with the Loyalist forces at Kettle Creek and attacked them, winning a significant victory that discouraged the British from staying in Wilkes County.
Several weeks later, Captain Carr was killed by a war party of loyalist Creek Indians, who burned down the fort, Elliott said. “His family escaped, and the Carr descendants owned the surrounding land for years. Although the land has been farmed for years and planted in pine trees for decades, metal artifacts usually stay in place, although they’re invisible without metal detectors. We found lots of handmade iron and brass articles from that era, and all the artifacts tell a story.”
Even if the site of the fort isn’t found, Elliott said, the team’s efforts will have produced a solid picture of where people lived in that part of Wilkes County in 1779. “Wilkes County was very well populated at that time, but they were spread out all over in farms,” he said. “That may be our biggest contribution – mapping the landscape and the old road traces that are part of the story.” | <urn:uuid:b0167756-a7e4-4ad7-aeb5-dff64e308c1b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.news-reporter.com/news/2013-02-21/Front_Page/Archaeologists_searching_for_longlost_Wilkes_fort_.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123491.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00631-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972903 | 902 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Worried About Delta-Linked 'Breakthrough' Infections? Experts Explain the Risks
MONDAY, July 26, 2021 (HealthDay News) -- Even if they're fully vaccinated against COVID-19, certain people may need to take extra precautions to prevent "breakthrough" infections with the highly transmissible Delta variant, experts say.
The Delta variant is causing most of the new COVID cases in the United States, and older people and those with immune-compromising conditions may be at greater risk than others, say researchers.
For the general public, they stressed, "breakthrough infections" among fully vaccinated people can happen -- but they are rarely severe.
"The end game is most people who get breakthrough infections either have very mild symptoms or no symptoms. They rarely end up in the hospital, and they don't die," said Dr. Robert Murphy, executive director of the Institute for Global Health at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
"The big question is how infectious are they? That's what we are trying to find out," he said in a Northwestern news release.
Murphy and other U.S. scientists are assessing the infectiousness of vaccinated students who developed COVID-19. They expect to have results in one to two months.
The two-dose vaccine is still about 90% effective against the Delta variant, he noted. Of course, that means 1 person in 10 who gets vaccinated and is exposed to the coronavirus could have a breakthrough infection.
"Anybody is at risk for it, not just the immune-compromised. It's athletes. It's totally healthy people. Certainly, the immune-compromised are at a higher risk because they can't mount a strong enough immunologic response to the vaccine. Older people may also have a weaker response to the vaccine," Murphy said.
The researchers say they aren't sure why the rate of new and breakthrough Delta infections is picking up.
"We are seeing breakthrough infections and while we know that no vaccine is 100% effective, it feels frightening, said Mercedes Carnethon, vice chair of preventive medicine at Feinberg.
"One concern is the Delta variant is evading the vaccines. Another concern is any virus that causes a high viral load would break through vaccine protection," Carnethon said in the release. "There is evidence that the Delta variant does cause higher viral loads earlier in the course of infection."
She added, "The virus will continue to mutate itself into new variants so long as it circulates in the population, and the biggest space it has to circulate is among the unvaccinated."
But since the vaccines aren't 100% foolproof, some who've gotten the jab wonder if they should change their behavior to avoid COVID. One common question: Should you mask up after vaccination?
That depends, said Carnethon, who follows local mask-wearing guidelines and has not yet returned to mask wearing indoors in public spaces.
However, if you're in an area with low vaccination rates and high transmission, she recommended masking up.
Moreover, "At this time, I would not choose to travel to a hot spot. But if I had to go, I would wear my mask and try to avoid large groups of people," Carnethon said.
"I would not take unvaccinated family members to a current hot spot or family members who are vaccinated but who remain vulnerable due to age or other conditions," she continued.
Carnethon added that anyone who is vulnerable because of age or preexisting conditions should take precautions "because if they are infected or reinfected it may not be a mild illness."
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has tips for people vaccinated against COVID-19.
SOURCE: Northwestern University, news release, July 26, 2021 | <urn:uuid:7c98bc19-921a-4bbb-8566-ec75862898e3> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://healthlibrary.rumcsi.org/RelatedItems/6,1653975865 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662577757.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524233716-20220525023716-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.970116 | 794 | 2.53125 | 3 |
George Loveless and the union leaders needed to gather support from farm workers before they could confront the employers. To build the union they needed to win members and collect the pennies in subscriptions so they had more strength in numbers. To bind workers together in this common approach they used an oath of solidarity.
New members were asked to pledge their support to the society and their fellow workers with their hand on a bible and looking at a picture of a skeleton.
The oath was taken in the upstairs room of Thomas Standfield's cottage in Tolpuddle.
The Trumped Up Charge
Squire Frampton had been busily gathering evidence against the Tolpuddle men. There was already evidence from one of their fellow labourers, Edward Legg, who had betrayed them at a preliminary magistrate's inquiry.
Now Frampton wished Lord Melbourne to know that societies were being organised among the agricultural labourers, inducing them to enter into combinations of a dangerous and alarming kind to which they are bound by oaths administered clandestinely.
Melbourne advised caution. But once Frampton had proof of unlawful combination his lordship advised him to study section 25 of 57 Geo. III, c. 19, the Act of Parliament whose purpose was to more effectually prevent Seditious Meetings and Assemblies.
The Rigged Trial
The Grand Jury's foreman was William Ponsonby MP, brother-in-law to the Home Secretary Lord Melbourne. Members of the jury included James Frampton, his son Henry, his step-brother Charles Wollaston and several of the magistrates who had signed the arrest warrant.
The trial was presided over by Judge Baron Williams whose closed mind was evident even before it properly began.
"The object of all legal punishment is not altogether with the view of operating on the offenders themselves, it is also for the sake of offering an example and a warning," he declared.
The Unjust Sentence
The landowner magistrates found a way of trapping and punishing the Martyrs, using two laws in combination.
The men were tried at Dorchester Assizes in March 1834, found guilty of administering an unlawful oath, and sentenced to seven years' transportation to Australia. The harshness and injustice of their treatment caused massive public outcry.
The Old Crown Court
For more on the court and how to visit click here | <urn:uuid:fbc1a00f-ea28-4c33-a933-bcfd895e92fe> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://tolpuddlemartyrs.org.uk/story/oath-and-betrayal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406785.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529214634-20200530004634-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.979298 | 479 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Increase Coping and Resilience by Writing a Song
Here's how to write your song.
Posted February 18, 2021
Songwriting is an especially powerful tool used by music therapists. It opens a path to access, verbalize, and express feelings that are otherwise often difficult to process. It harnesses creativity, which is one of the most potent enhancers of resilience and coping ability.
With stressors like the current COVID pandemic, many people experience a vague unease, a diminished feeling of well-being. They also have a feeling of loss, sometimes specific, sometimes nameless.
Songwriting is an effective tool to deal with just such problems. It helps a person identify, express, and release thoughts and feelings. This happens on both an intellectual and a gut level.
Dan Schteingart, a board-certified music therapist and a licensed creative arts therapist, is a music therapist in the Mount Sinai health care system in New York City. He is also the director of ManhattanMusicTherapy.com. He has much experience in using songwriting as a therapeutic tool. With his work on an inpatient psychiatric unit, he sees that in their songwriting, people are expressing feelings of being "cooped up." They are also writing about their goals, of aspiring to "being free," and "healing."
“As they write their songs, they come to more awareness of their feelings, and explore ways they might better cope with them," he says. “These are so relevant for all of us now during COVID, when we feel a lack of freedom, or need to go outside, see friends and family, and we can’t.”
Here, music therapist Dan Schteingart shows us some techniques for writing our own songs, to help put into words our sometimes-vague feelings and find ways to better cope so we increase our sense of mastery.
You can write a song
Dan Schteingart: “When facilitating songwriting, I often hear: ‘Oh I don't know how to do that,’ or ‘I'm not musical,' or ‘I've never written anything before.’ My reply is always: ‘That's OK. There's no right or wrong, there's just expression.'"
“There are many conventions when it comes to commercial songwriting such as structure, form, rhyming schemes, melody, harmony, and chord progressions. But you don't need to know any of that to write a song from your heart."
How to begin
“Similar to writing a poem, you might start by thinking of a theme you want to write about. You could jot down some related words, a first line, or a refrain. Alternatively, you could start with music: a rhythmic musical beat; part of the melody of a song you already like; or a few notes of a musical phrase you make up on your own. You may find yourself favoring one method over the other, and that’s fine."
“Start writing down words: how you feel ... what your goals are for the next week ... or for the next year... or for your life. Imagine if someone were to ask: What are you thinking about? Then, write down how you might answer.
“To make it more complex, you might add some similes or metaphors. For example: ‘I feel like a swirling wind trapped in a bottle.’ Or, ‘My sadness is an empty boat floating on the ocean.’
“Rhyming can help the process. Songs, like poems, don't have to rhyme but it tends to be easier to rhyme at first to get you going. Try going through the alphabet with the first letter of the word or syllable you’d like to rhyme. For instance, if your line is: ‘I wish I felt like yesterday,’ go through the alphabet looking for rhymes with day (Ay, Bay, Clay, Day, Fray, Gray …) So as an example for the next line, you might write: ‘That's when I could say what I wanted to say’ or ‘I didn't have to feel so gray’. (And, of course, as Paul McCartney realized, ‘All my troubles seemed so far away.’)
“Another possibility is to use the beginning of a phrase from a song you like, and continue it with words of your own. Such as: 'You are my ____, my only ____, you make me _____, when _______' (From 'You are My Sunshine')."
Writing the music
“You might write your own words and then use the entire melody or instrumental version of a song you like. Or, you can compose a melody or chord progression of your own, as simple or as complicated as you wish.
“If you do know musical keys and chords, you might start in the key of C to make it easiest. Then, use the chords of C, F, and G major, for what’s known as a “1, 4, 5” progression.
“If you want more structure, you could create the following: -verse one; chorus/refrain; verse two; chorus/refrain; bridge (taking the “story” from the beginning to the end); chorus. But don't worry if that is too much information. Just sticking to your original intention is fine.
"Now, add a title to your song."
Processing What You Wrote
“Read it back or sing it to yourself. Then ask yourself these questions:
What did you say? ... Why do you think you thought of that? ... What are some of the negative feelings you expressed? ... How might you be able to experience those negative feelings less? ... What about the more positive things you wrote? ... How can you incorporate more of that into your life? ... Even into your daily or weekly routine?”
“Beautiful moments happen often in music therapy," Dan Schteingart says. "When a person sings or reflects on the lyrics they wrote, it can crystallize an emotion, thought, or realization about themselves. It can enhance self-awareness, resilience, pleasure, and well-being.”
So ... give it a try! | <urn:uuid:0f694f20-6ce6-4375-9bee-4cb03d6e16ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/call/202102/increase-coping-and-resilience-writing-song | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711232.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208014204-20221208044204-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.960031 | 1,334 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Every two years, we analyse the situation of hydropower development in the Balkans, updating the data of existing and planned hydropower plants as well as those currently under construction. Moreover, we assess how many of these projects are located in protected areas.
Since the last update of this kind in 2018, another 300 HPPs came into operation, leaving hundreds of kilometres of rivers and streams devastated. The vast majority (92%) of them are small-scale dams. Currently, 3,431 hydropower plants (HPPs) are planned, 108 under construction and 1,480 are operational in the Balkans. 45% of planned or constructed HPPs are located withing protected areas.
The good news: less projects are entering the implementation phase. The number of HPPs under construction is decreasing continuously since its peak in 2017. This is a sustainable trend reversal, which we attribute to our continuous work on the topic. | <urn:uuid:c920b161-b0eb-42c4-965f-0000b779086d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://riverwatch.eu/en/balkanrivers/news/hydropower-projects-balkan-rivers-2020-update?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585196.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018031901-20211018061901-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.962817 | 186 | 2.765625 | 3 |
When you look in the mirror, do you ever wonder how our bodies know how to make us who we are?
The answer is DNA. This is a long chain of tightly wound up coded instructions which cells unravel, read and use to make proteins.
DNA is what all genetic information is made from, and in cells, chunks of DNA are arranged into 46 individual or 23 pairs of chromosomes.
DNA is structured in a double helix swirly ladder shape, and if you zoom in further, you’ll see it’s made of lots of units called nucleotides joined together, making DNA a big molecule or a polymer.
All this genetic information is called our genome!
Another point to note is that cells look at the double helix one small chunk at a time. This is called a gene.
One gene makes one specific code, such as hair colour! However, we're blonde or brunette because there are different versions of one gene called alleles.
And just as each of us has a unique allele cocktail for our appearance, we can use these to figure out someone's specific risk of disease, meaning that understanding our genome is important in healthcare.
But hang on, aren’t codes sometimes wrong? Of course! When there is a change in our genetic code, we call it a mutation.
Not all mutations are bad! Some can be useful, for example, if a dinosaur had bigger teeth, it made them better hunters!
Our DNA determines how we look and behave, making our phenotype, and you might be surprised to know that mutations rarely affect the phenotype very much, so we hardly ever see genetic changes!
Genetic technology involves changing the genes already in an organism, which causes some divided opinions in farming and medicine.
In farming, manipulating plants' genomes to produce more crops of a better quality that are resistant to insects seems like the solution to world hunger, but some people have had bad reactions to these new plants, such as allergies!
Gene technology is heavily used in IVF to make sure that the healthiest babies are the ones that are picked to develop, and in genetic testing, a human's alleles are checked to see their risk of getting certain diseases.
The benefit is that fewer diseases will be passed on, but is this playing God? Embryo research is highly controversial, and some people worry that IVF will be used to plan ‘designer babies’.
Now have a go at answering some questions about the genome and its impact on medicine! | <urn:uuid:2b0227a3-ba6b-4171-9349-ea3debe94265> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.edplace.com/worksheet_info/science/keystage4/year10/topic/1270/7538/understand-the-genome-and-its-impact-on-modern-medicine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301475.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119155216-20220119185216-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.960871 | 519 | 3.546875 | 4 |
In this post we will explore what grit is, how motivation fuels it and if it is so important to success, then how do we encourage it in others and grow it in ourselves?
What is grit?
The term “grit” was first coined by American psychologist Angela Lee Duckworth. Her primary research focus is the role grit plays in determining success. She defines grit as “passion and sustained perseverance applied in achieving long-term and meaningful goals”. Accordingly, she says that grit is:
- Working really hard to make a planned future a reality
- Passion and perseverance for long term goals
- Exercising stamina
- Sticking to a future goal, day in and day out for years, not weeks or months at a time
- Living life like you are running a marathon and not a sprint
Why is grit important?
Increasingly, psychologists are finding that the one characteristic that is emerging as a significant predictor of success is grit. Interestingly, grit can be inversely or unrelated to a seemingly advantageous starting point such as talent. Some who are very talented have been shown not to succeed in their talent area. Whereas someone else who is determined and displays tenacity, without starting off with much talent, excels. Accordingly, Duckworth notes that grit is not determined by IQ, talent, physical health or good looks.
5 Characteristics of having grit
Duckworth herself is the first to say that the essence of grit remains elusive. However, there are five common characteristics of grit which can make figuring things out clearer. How do you measure up?
- Courage is about taking a chance or continuing to persevere where others won’t. Courage is required when sticking to your beliefs or doing the right thing is unpopular and an easier option is available. Courage is therefore not the absence of fear but rather the triumph over it.
- Conscientiousness implies a dedication to do something the right way and to follow through on a task until it is correctly completed. Conscientious people are usually thorough, careful and vigilant in their approach to things; often operating with a single-minded intent to ensure that things are done “the right way” from start to finish.
- Perseverance is purposeful practicing. It is made obvious when someone steadfastly continues on the path towards a goal that they have set, despite challenges or setbacks. Perseverance, when combined with a long-term goal, is often the distinguishing characteristic between someone who succeeds and someone who spends a lot of time just doing something.
- Resilience is “toughness” – it is the internal capacity to recover quickly from difficulties. Generally, those who are optimistic and can reframe situations to see a lighter side, tend to show greater resilience.
- Passion generates a deep sense of purpose and self-motivation. Creating a momentum that won’t easily be deterred. Passion fosters an attitude of “where there is a will, there’s a way”. Often passionate people find opportunities to achieve their goals where others dismiss a possibility.
What is motivation?
Motivation gets you started. Together with self-discipline, it provides us with stimulation to get us working towards completing a task or achieving a goal. According to social worker Lisa Marcow, there are two sources of motivation – intrinsic and extrinsic. Neither one is necessarily better than the other; in fact, sometimes motivation can come from both intrinsic and extrinsic sources.
When someone is intrinsically motivated, they are incentivised by the sheer joy of fulfilling a task and enjoy doing things for the inner rewards they derive from them. For instance, we see this when someone pursues a hobby.
Tangible rewards and incentives are extrinsic motivators. Someone pursuing something that is extrinsically motivated often derives positive feelings from the environment around them. For most people getting paid is the extrinsic motivator to keep going to work.
Understanding where you get the most motivation from, is helpful to remaining motivated when you are trying to achieve a goal. Especially in the long term. If you need tangible rewards to keep working on something, then remember to factor rewards into your plan to achieve your goal. Alternatively, if you gain satisfaction from being able to mentally “tick” something off, then pause and enjoy the feeling of success as something is completed while working towards achieving your goal.
Can you grow Grit?
YES! Grit is something that can be nurtured in oneself and encouraged to grow in others. Both adults and children can be taught grit. Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck proposes that when someone believes that their basic abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work, they create a love of learning and resilience which is essential to succeeding across all areas of their life. She calls this a “growth mindset”.
5 Ways to cultivate grit through a growth mindset:
- Embrace challenges as a way to grow and strengthen your existing abilities
- Learn from criticism, weighing it up as potentially valuable advice rather than as a demotivator
- See the effort it takes to master something as a means to your end goal
- Persist when there are setbacks and rather than give up, ask how something could be done differently and more successfully
- Surround yourself with people who succeed and enjoy celebrating their success as you find inspiration in their examples
Grit is built up over time
Grit isn’t something we are born or given. Grit can be fostered and encouraged in yourself and others. Essentially, it is something we can individually work on throughout our lives. It is built up overtime. By nurturing its characteristics and motivating ourselves through the setting of goals, we can determine what level of success we could enjoy across many areas of our lives.
What is Grit and Motivation FAQ
What is Grit?
Grit is the passion and sustained perseverance (tenacity) applied in achieving long-term and meaningful goals, even when faced with adversary or lack of support from others.
5 Characteristics of Grit:
The five characteristics of grit are: Courage, Conscientiousness, Perseverance, Resilience and Passion.
What does it mean to have Grit?
To have grit means exercising courage and showing strength of character while working continuously towards making a planned future or long-term goal a reality. It means not giving up in the face of adversity or disapproval and living life as if it’s a marathon and not a sprint.
Is Grit important for success?
Grit is the one characteristic that is emerging as a significant predictor of success. It is proving to be more important than IQ, talent, physical health or good looks in achieving long-term goals and success.
What is Motivation?
Motivation is what gets you started. Motivation is either intrinsic, extrinsic or a combination of the two. Intrinsic motivation is rooted in the sheer joy of fulfilling a task and enjoyment of doing things as and of themselves. Extrinsic motivation is rooted in tangible rewards derived from the environment around someone. Motivation and self-discipline provide stimulation to complete a task or achieve a goal. | <urn:uuid:2cc6d56d-607b-4731-88d8-ae7c05c73efa> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.sacap.edu.za/blog/applied-psychology/what-is-grit-and-motivation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141202590.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129184455-20201129214455-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.958523 | 1,484 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Most Noticeable Food to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease
The center is among the body’s important organs. It was intended to be active. It is important to keep it healthy since it’s one of the most important organs in our bodies. The step towards a heart is healthful living. It will result in quality of life. Well you might also discover the secret to a heart.
Processed food is answerable for the diabetes epidemic. Not only healthy foods but there are a number of exercises which somebody is able to do in order to provide help. Foods are not just bad quality by taking away the nutrients your body requirements but they may be killing you. Deciding on the most suitable foods is a great approach. It’s also advisable to avoid unhealthy foods soda beverages like junk food.
Vitamin supplements aren’t likely to compensate for eating poorly. The diet of someone has a significant part in preventing and preventing certain sorts of diseases. The normal diet is composed mainly of foods that have been processed that most vitamins and the minerals we have to sustain health have been removed. Diet and exercise are the primary methods to prevent cardiovascular disease, make sure wellbeing and steer clear of disease. It enables you cut back blood glucose level and to maintain your healthy weight. In addition, it reduces the danger of creating kidney stones and prevents bone loss.
The Food to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease Trap
Simply take a whole lot of foods like whole cereals, potatoes, and bran which will help you reduce the possibility of disease. In girls, there’s a larger risk of cardiovascular disease connected with a reduction in natural estrogen levels which occur after menopause or following removal of the uterus, but hormone replacement therapy, thought to lower the odds of cardiovascular disease at once, is no longer considered advantageous for its objective. Preventing is far better than cure!
New Questions About Food to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease
Moreover taking great attention from truly being a sufferer to prevent you need to be especially cautious and recognize its symptoms. It’s a symptom that is common, the majority of people pass out at least one time in their own lives. The indications of disease are also the critical signs of coronary attacks.
Recall “Energy deficiency contributes to disease !” It’s essential to try to protect by obeying a means of life and letting your physician lead you. There are.
There are a number of causes of cardiovascular ailments. There are plenty of forms of disease. Kinds of heart disease that influence the system are called arrhythmias. Coronary heart disease is among them. It is by far the most common type of cardiovascular disease, killing nearly 380,000 people annually.
Individuals with diabetes have a greater possibility of having disease. Obesity is an important aspect in creating disease. Obesity, lack of exercise , higher blood pressure, cholesterol, sugar levels that are bad and poor diet are a few of the causes for heart disease.
Food to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease – the Story
For those afflicted by cardiovascular disease that is severe, surgery is the greatest remedy. It is likewise estimated that over 30% patients experiencing disorders would perish due to an attack. There are a number of matters you can do so as to take appropriate care of your own heart and steer clear of ailments. Assessing your wellness that you regard higher blood pressure and disease into your general health picture it’s important. | <urn:uuid:e76e2096-dd56-4cab-8772-a2bbbc9791ce> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://hofmanarchitects.com/food-to-prevent-coronary-heart-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742978.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116045735-20181116071735-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.957588 | 707 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Kadalika, Kadalikā: 4 definitions
Kadalika means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Languages of India and abroad
Sanskrit dictionarySource: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary
1) A banner, flag; Māl.6.
2) Kadala tree; अभ्युल्लसत्कदलिकावनराजिम् (abhyullasatkadalikāvanarājim) Śi.5.2.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Kadalikā (कदलिका).—i. e. kadalī + ka, f. The plaintain tree, [Prabodhacandrodaya, (ed. Brockhaus.)] 65, 13.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Kadalikā (कदलिका).—[feminine] the same; flag, banner.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary
1) Kadalikā (कदलिका):—[from kadalaka > kadala] f. idem, [Śiśupāla-vadha v, 2]
2) [v.s. ...] a flag carried by an elephant, [Kādambarī]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with: Kadalikanda.
No search results for Kadalika, Kadalikā; (plurals include: Kadalikas, Kadalikās) in any book or story. | <urn:uuid:06eb4e79-05a7-4920-a5e9-9ff94ffd493e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kadalika | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350717.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225041034-20210225071034-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.658071 | 555 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A Brief History of Science of Mind Magazine
In October 1927, Ernest Holmes published the first issue of Religious Science, the magazine that fourteen months later would be known as Science of Mind. The magazine was created to build and sustain an increasing interest that had been generated by the Religious Science Institute. In Volume I, Number 1, Dr. Holmes announced that the magazine would “seek to promote that universal consciousness of life which binds all together in one great Whole.”
The first issue of the magazine contained only thirty-two pages. A declaration of the principles of Religious Science, which Holmes called What We Believe, was included. The first issue also featured a meditation for each day of the month, and the Daily Guides remain the core of the magazine. For the next thirty years, Dr Holmes continued to contribute feature articles that reflected his keen interest in psychology, philosophy, and science as well as an understanding of the common ideas found in the world’s great faith traditions.
Science of Mind magazine continues to provide inspiration based in the uplifting tradition established in the early issues of the magazine. In addition, it has evolved to meet the needs of a contemporary audience. | <urn:uuid:bad4704e-7c32-4db6-a341-3d311ef23b8d> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.scienceofmind.com/history-som | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537186.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00321-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968158 | 236 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What really happens during business transition?
What is transition?
A period of intensive growth when an organisation goes through more changes than others experience in a lifetime.
How to transition successfully?
By giving up a proportionate amount of “the old” and welcoming novelty, “the new”. Changing the old patterns, behaviours and attitudes will help you experience a true sense of re-birth and re-invent yourself into a more mature organisation.
What happens during transition?
- Change triggers – you receive signals that a major change is required for successful and evolutionary adaptation. You are unaware of these signals because you are not ready yet to recognise that “the way things used to be” needs changing.
- Loss of balance – your resources – time, people, money – are out of balance.
- Crises – you start to experience problems and pain caused by giving up cherished notions and “the old” ways of doing and looking at things.
- Longing for the past – you desire things to be the way they used to be, but they cannot. You are unwilling, or unable to suffer the pain of giving-up the outgrown. You start to cling, often forever, onto the old patterns of thinking and behaving, failing to negotiate to any crisis. You ascribe the crises to irrelevant factors.
- Resistance – the process of giving up is interrupted: the crises are prolonged, resulting in chronic crises, causing your business either to shrink, fail or be dissolved.
- Intervention – your desire for relief from this situation repels you to seek intervention to help you complete the process of giving up “the old” and welcoming “the new”. Our role is to help you complete the giving-up process that has already begun. | <urn:uuid:6e26cd5b-630a-4f61-9281-5565e82db1bd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.bmim.co.uk/portfolio/business-transition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100016.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128214805-20231129004805-00898.warc.gz | en | 0.936998 | 369 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The children begin their journey in history learning about what has happened in their lives. Children study significant people and events from the past whilst developing their skills in asking and answering questions, thinking critically, using sources and developing an understanding of the diversity of people from different times. In Key Stage 2 the children continue their learning focusing on a specific period from the past, deepening their knowledge of chronology and applying their historical skills.
At Mossgate Primary School Geography helps children to develop curiosity and fascination about the world. The children learn about their local environment, as well as a variety of diverse places around the world. The children develop their skills in map work and field work whilst gaining subject knowledge about the world and a range of societies and cultures. | <urn:uuid:423f2c7b-317d-4b35-bf1b-622e21620c54> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.mossgate.lancs.sch.uk/page/history/25036 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.967884 | 148 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Mother Imogen gave birth to the female foal in the early hours of Friday, October 12 at the Wild Explorers exhibit.
Keepers say both mother and the yet-to-be-named foal are doing very well. The latest arrival takes the total number of Grevy’s zebra at the zoo to eight and is the first foal to be sired by resident stallion Fonzy.
Ian Goodwin, Animal Collection Manager for Hoofstock, said: “Imogen is looking after her foal very well. It’s great to watch her exploring her new surroundings at Wild Explorers, where we highlight the conservation work we carry out in Africa.
“Our new arrival is a very important and welcome addition to the endangered species breeding programme.”
In the late 1970s there were 15,000 Grevy’s zebra in the wild. Today there are estimated to be around 2,800 remaining.
The Grevy’s zebra has suffered one of the most drastic population declines of any African mammal due to climate change, habitat loss and competition with increasing livestock numbers.
Ian added: “Since 2003, Marwell Wildlife has been working with partners in northern Kenya to conserve Grevy's zebra. We employ a team of conservation biologists and scouts who work in the field and they have been instrumental in helping to create a national conservation strategy for the species.
“Marwell also manages the International Studbook and the European Ex situ Programme (EEP) for Grevy’s zebra.”
Grevy’s zebra - fast facts
- They are the largest of all the wild equids (horses, asses and zebras.)
- Following birth, Grevy's zebra foals can stand within just one hour!
- Today, Grevy’s zebra are only found in the semi-arid bush land of Ethiopia and northern Kenya, and are specially adapted to these harsh conditions. They only need to drink every two to five days.
Photo credit - Jason Brown Photography | <urn:uuid:fb4c32e1-1e13-4567-a69d-f3ca0c240852> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.marwell.org.uk/zoo/news/113/grevys-zebra-foal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195929.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128214643-20201129004643-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.940968 | 431 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Researchers from the University College London (UCL), in association with the Western Eye Hospital in London, have developed a first-of-its-kind eye test that may predict wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD)—the most common cause of severe sight loss—three years before the development of symptoms.
The investigators believe that the new test could enable the early detection of the disease so that treatment can successfully prevent any loss of vision.
The study results were recently published in the Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. The research work was financially supported by Wellcome.
Wet AMD, also called macular disease, is the leading cause of severe and permanent sight loss in the United Kingdom.
The diagnosis of wet AMD currently depends on individuals developing symptoms, which subsequently makes them seek advice from a clinician. At first, individuals with wet AMD would observe a distortion in their vision, generally interfering with their reading. But this may soon develop into complete total vision loss, which may prove rather difficult to elderly patients who fear blindness and the resultant loss of independence.
Wet AMD is characterized by unusual growth of blood vessels, which discharge the fluid into the retina. The advent of novel treatments has resulted in relatively better outcomes for patients, for a disease that was considered incurable for more than two decades. But patient outcomes could be even better if treatment was initiated in the very first stages of the disease.
The test, known as Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells, or DARC for short, involves administrating a fluorescent dye into the bloodstream (through the arm). This fluorescent dye binds to retinal cells and lights up those that are going through stress, or in the process of apoptosis, a kind of programmed cell death.
The injured cells emerge as bright white when observed during eye examinations—the DARC count will be higher if cells are considerably damaged.
One difficulty with assessing eye diseases is that specialists usually do not agree when observing the same scans, and hence, the team has integrated an AI algorithm into their technique.
With the help of the same technology (test), the team had earlier found that they can spot the earliest signs of the progression of glaucoma. This latest project, which represents part of the same ongoing clinical trial of DARC, evaluated 19 study participants, who had earlier displayed signs of AMD, but not essentially in both eyes.
The AI algorithm was recently trained to spot the formation of new and leaking blood vessels, which matched with the spots picked up by DARC.
The new study noted that DARC can especially highlight endothelial cells (which line the human blood vessels) under stress in the retina. Such stressed cells subsequently estimate future wet AMD activity with the development of new and leaking blood vessels observed in patients three years later, with the help of traditional eye scans with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).
According to the researchers, their new test could prove useful in detecting new lesions in a person afflicted by AMD, usually in the opposite, unaffected eye, and might ultimately be beneficial for screening people over a certain age or with familiar risk factors.
Francesca Cordeiro, Study Lead Researcher, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London
“Our new test was able to predict new wet AMD lesions up to 36 months in advance of them occurring and that is huge—it means that DARC activity can guide a clinician into treating more intensively those patients who are at high risk of new lesions of wet AMD and also be used as a screening tool,” added Cordeiro, who is also affiliated to the Western Eye Hospital Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust.
The researchers hope to continue their work with a clinical trial with more participants and also hope to examine the test in other eye diseases as well.
Our Time to Focus report on the social and economic impact of sight loss stressed the importance of early detection for prevention of sight loss, and so this is a very encouraging development in tackling the leading cause of blindness.
Sherine Krause, Chief Executive, Fight for Sight
DARC is being commercialized by Novai, a recently established company for which Professor Cordeiro is the Chief Scientific Officer. | <urn:uuid:c01f871b-e85d-49a0-8ab2-16eea78f743c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.azorobotics.com/News.aspx?newsID=11900 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703496947.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115194851-20210115224851-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.961197 | 852 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Dyes are characterized as a synthetic or natural organic chemicals that are soluble in most common solvents. Characterized by good transparency, high tinctorial strength, and low specific gravity.
Other Database Pages Exist for this Phrase:
Sulphur dyes (Sulphur dyes are containing sulphur both as an ...)
Compatible dyes (Compatible dyes revolve around dyes which when ...)
Cationic dye (Cationic dye is identified as that which ...)
Dye (Dye refers to a soluble colouring material which ...)
List of books: Dyes | <urn:uuid:31786603-6a6f-44a8-8bb2-7e752d5b7e22> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.top500.de/cms/glossary/67-glossary-d/20661-dyes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107881551.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023234043-20201024024043-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.947169 | 131 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Installing and Debugging the Source Code
- Run the Source SDK and choose Create a Mod. See Create a Mod for details about the process.
- Choose a compiler
- Go! Get started with Your First Entity.
Debugging is the process of a human examining closely the inner workings of a program. It can reveal the causes of crashes and other bugs.
- Make sure you are working in the Debug configuration, not Release.
- In the Solution Explorer (Microsoft Visual C++), right-click on the active project (the one in bold) and choose Properties. It doesn't matter whether you're working with the server or client.
- In the window that appears, choose Debugging from the left-hand list.
- Change Command to the path to the .exe file you want to launch (the same on that runs when you play the game/mod in question, e.g.
C:\Steam\SteamApps\common\source sdk base 2007\hl2.exe).
- Change Command Arguments to read something like
-allowdebug -dev -sw -game "C:\Steam\SteamApps\SourceMods\MyMod"
- Change Working Directory to the folder containing the .exe you chose for Command e.g.
C:\Steam\SteamApps\common\source sdk base 2007.
You can now press F5 at any time to start debugging. (If you really do want to debug in Release mode, repeat the above for that configuration. But don't expect the results to be very useful).
The paths will be unique to the version of the SDK being used. For example, with Source SDK 2013, the settings for a single player mod might be:
Command: C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\Source SDK Base 2013 Singleplayer\hl2.exe Command Arguments: -allowdebug -dev -sw -condebug -console -toconsole -game "C:\My_Mod\source-sdk-2013\sp\game\mod_hl2" +map my_map Working Directory: C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\Source SDK Base 2013 Singleplayer\
If you want to debug a process that is already running, choose Debug > Attach to Process... and select it from the list.
- Disable OPTFLAGS in the root makefile
- Uncomment DEBUG in your project's makefile. Confirm:Change it to read
-O0 -g -ggdb3.
- Make and Install
- Open a terminal window and cd to the location of the executable you are running
gdb srcds_linux(or whatever the name is)
run <parameters>to start the program
- On a crash ("segfault"), do
bt("backtrace") to see the callstack.
- To break into the debugger, press
; to continue afterwards perform
- To set a breakpoint, do
break <function>. See
help breakpointfor more details.
- To print an expression, do | <urn:uuid:b9654d6d-f080-4c4d-bd61-772d2f50425a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://developer.valvesoftware.com/wiki/Installing_and_Debugging_the_Source_Code | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481992.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217111746-20190217133746-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.780043 | 643 | 2.9375 | 3 |
noun (plural cypselae /-lē/)Botany
A dry, single-seeded fruit formed from a double ovary, of which only one develops into a seed, as in the daisy family.
- Viable cypselae of any aster or goldenrod from anywhere in the world is most welcomed by the lab.
- Species are annuals, biennials or rhizomatous perennials and have dimorphic cypselae with the ray fruit lacking a well developed crown of bristles.
- The cypsela of the perennial dandelion is classified as an anthocarp.
Late 19th century: modern Latin, from Greek kupselē 'hollow vessel'.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of cypsela in:
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Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:2880fa9c-af67-489e-94a8-c9ba024bf5c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/cypsela | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275836.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00227-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893521 | 200 | 3 | 3 |
Our research methods pages are designed to help you choose and then use the right research method for your purposes they cover the whole process of research, from. Thesis or phd research inherently involves those aspects of subject that cannot is there any difference between research methods and research methodology. Research methods tutors on your course will be able to advise on the it is important to ensure that you match your methodology to the problem you. A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and.
Sample methods you should discuss since this thesis is going to be at the top, why (the research was done using a particular approach. Research methods uses and limitations of questionnaires, interviews, and case studies - ben beiske - term paper - business economics . 75 chapter 4 qualitative research methodology introduction this chapter is concerned with the methodological problem of how to integrate qualitative and quantitative. Writing a quantitative research thesis craig leonard et al empirical political analysis: quantitative and qualitative research methods 8th.
Research methods: summary research methods are generalised and established ways of approaching research questions research methods are divided into qualitative and. Here you can find information on research methodology thesis, methodology thesis paper, download free sample methodology thesis, methodology section thesis. Some examples of qualitative psychology dissertations online submitted for the award of master of science in psychological research methods phd thesis, the. A mixed methods approach to examining factors a mixed methods approach to examining factors related to time to in mixed methods research and for the.This guide to using qualitative research methods which are available and how to a guide to using qualitative research methodology. Qualitative methods in short, quantitative research generally focuses on measuring social reality quantitative research and/or questions are searching for. Research design provides the glue that holds the research project together and methods of assignment -- work together to try to address the central research.
Sored research including the population census, the collection of a wide range of social indicators and economic information such as household methods design. A research hypothesis is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment. Chapter 3 methods and procedures introduction the goal of quantitative experimental research is to gather evidence that allows a reasonable conclusion to. Writing the methodology chapter typical contents of a dissertation, thesis, research paper, journal article– chapters, sections, and parts.
How to write your thesis methods what belongs in the start your thesis research during the summer between your junior and senior year. Research methods dissertation writing service to help in custom writing a master research methods thesis for an mba dissertation graduation. Research design the historical data were gathered and previous studies were reviewed again in order to add or improve present study it may be noted that a lot of. | <urn:uuid:8ecef64d-e195-4a09-b2cb-cb6e16a72933> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://bbessayfhlu.elranchitochicago.us/thesis-in-research-methods.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158609.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922162437-20180922182837-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.924433 | 562 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The ocean energy data from this study is publicly available in the standard geophysical NetCDF data format and through the standard geophysical DAP data transport protocol (DAP). NetCDF and DAP allow scientists to use standardized tools to read and write geophysical data. The ocean energy data server is here.
NetCDF is a platform-independent, self-describing, binary file format for storing multi-dimensional array datasets. A NetCDF file contains:
DAP or Data Access Protocol (formerly known as DODS or Distributed Ocean Data Service) is an Internet transport protocol which operates over HTTP, the same protocol used by web browsers. The protocol allows scientists to specify the location, either locally or remotely, of geophysical datasets as ordinary URI. The data then may be read or written via the inter-operation of DAP servers and clients. Most usefully, the DAP may also specify only a portion of the data to be read or written, constraining the data by geographic bounds, temporal bounds, variable names, and/or variable values. This allows large datasets to be accessed efficiently.
The ocean energy data is available through a DAP server here. This server provides DAP read access to ocean energy data remotely stored in NetCDF files. When operating a DAP client, the dataset URIs cataloged on this server are available for use. Users may alternatively download individual NetCDF files via standard web browsers. The NetCDF files may then be read locally with commonly available NetCDF libraries or with commonly available NetCDF tools such as ncdump. The server provides download links to each dataset’s schema, attributes, and array data as plain text files. Each dataset is also linked to a form on the server which acts as a DAP client through the web. | <urn:uuid:f34044e5-a3e5-44ce-ac5f-5e6fb836058c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://ncwaves.org/data-access/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488560777.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624233218-20210625023218-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.860843 | 371 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Ray Kurzweil claims that ‚If understanding language and other phenomena through statistical analysis does not count as intelligence then humans have no intelligence either.’ That is a converse argument that should disqualify Kurzweil from ever being listened to again. While humans do use similar learning methods they are mostly not statistical but humans can learn things in AD HOC through a single event. They can create a new neural connection immediately. It just has to be emotionally strong in the experience and that turns it into immediate and dominant knowledge.
Even if we could reverse engineer all functions of the human brain, we still will not be able to emulate our human experience and its emotional context that is the key to human drives, goal setting and decision making. While many see that as a flawed aspect of human capability, the truth is that because of the uncertainty of knowledge and the inability to exert perfect control in the chaotic real world, human emotional intuition works a lot better than all machine like logic.
A natural language assistant and a self-driving car are no proof whatsoever that human-like machine intelligence is possible. It is not the neocortex that defines our ability for art and emotion but our limbic system, which Kurzweil covers briefly but diminishes it as a historic artefact overpowered by the neocortex. Maybe Kurzweil is really a Vulcan?
Kurzweil often bases his conclusion on converse arguments as the above. For example ‚Because we can’t easily remember things in reverse order memories must be stored in sequence.‘ That does not allow to conclude that it is stored as a stream of information like in computer memory. If the brain was a computer-like construct then reversing the stored information should be easy. That we can’t is rather proof that the brain is not a computer or has no computer like function. Yes, memories seem to be linked together as a series of contents in sequence, but they are indexed by emotional events. If there is no emotional context we do not remember things or if the information is there we can not recall it out of sequence. It is well known that if the thalamus is impacted we experience memory problems.
Kurzweil makes the same mistake again when he argues further that because the apparent complexity of a Mandelbrot set is driven by a simple formula ‘Z equals Z squared plus C‘ it is possible to utilise a similar – still to be found – formula to reverse engineer a complex human brain. He clearly does not consider the problem of chaotic structures and that any natural environment does not consist of one formula but any number of such Mandelbrot sets that interact in totally unpredictable ways. And even if a brain could be constructed the way he suggests it would still develop into a unique structure and not be in any way human-like.
Starting off with an unproven assumption
Kurzweil starts out with the wrong assumption that the brain stores and processes information. There is no scientific basis for this conclusion. While the function of a neuron and a network of neurons can be simulated by a mathematical algorithm, that does not imply that this enables to simulate the complex multi-dimensional biochemical interaction of body and brain that creates and recalls emotional experiences as it sees necessary to support life. The sequence of memories accessible have no likeliness to the information stored in a computer.
Pattern recognition and pattern abstraction into features, even if purely trained, has in itself nothing to do with intelligence. Yes, we see what we can interpret and we miss what is unknown but cognition even if it is hierarchical in abstraction is not yet intelligence.
We do not constantly predict the future as Kurzweil claims, but as we map current experiences to stored ones in the neocortex we travel the neural pathways to likely patterns. The hierarchy of patterns and perceptions does not exist as statistical analysis but as a one time created link. Only when we need to learn things for the sake of learning we have to repeat it often to create a memory access path through a variety of techniques. We lack the emotional immediate access to that knowledge that is created by experience and by the dopamine induced success moment. Which is why we forget learned knowledge quickly while experience remains.
Kurzweil says that it is beyond the scope of his book to consider neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin which is surprising as they are a key element of a working brain. Kurzweil never mentions any of the research that links the amygdala and the limbic system with human decision making. It has been shown that managers that can decide well and quickly have a very active limbic system when doing so. Kurzweil claims that the neocortex has taken over the functions of love controlled by oxytocin and vasopressin and he could not be more wrong. Our neocortex has no other function that to interpret our feelings and desires and makes sense of them while our emotional system has already made them. We can see in brain scans that we have taken the decisions before we actually become consciously aware of them. It means that we decide never logically but always emotionally. If we try to apply ratio and logic we search for additional potential aspects of loss and rewards and the associated emotions and throw them on our decision scale. We have never disconnected from our deep emotional past as Kurzweil claims. The reason why we humans have sex without wanting children, is not because it has become irrelevant but because it is a successful means to strengthen the pair bond of a relationship.
I find in the book the repeated and unfounded assumption that the pattern recognition capability of the neocortex is the basis for intelligence. There is no proof of that. The neocortex is purely about automation. It is used to reduce our thinking effort and is not the basis of it. We train the neocortex for example for all motor functions so that we can walk without thinking about which foot to put where. And yes we also train it to recognise higher level abstractions and concepts. But there is no search engine and the neocortex simply filters the abstractions without logical rules.
Are IBM’s Deep Blue and Watson actually AI?
Kurzweil also claims that Deep Blue won against Kasparov because of its stronger pattern recognition ability when in truth it was the programming of Chess grandmaster Joel Benjamin who defined its game strategies. Kurzweil assumes that the patterns stored in the neocortex are similar to the ones used by computers. The neocortex does not store patterns but contains networks which has a few magnitudes more capacity of contextual meaning without being a kind of storage device.
Pattern recognition has nothing to do with understanding while we can have a discussion what that means. I say it is about emotional relevance in a given context. An OCR module can identify a word and verify it against a dictionary. It can recognise multiple words in sequence and analyse it against a semantic rule engine and ensure it is a valid sentence. It can in principle translate that into another language with sufficient accuracy to make it work. All that is not intelligence and this program has no understanding of what it does. It can not at all identify if the sentence makes any sense. The same is true for the much hyped Watson that won Jeopardy by downloading the Internet and using a huge amount of parallel processors with many different algorithms to quickly find probable answers and select the most likely one. Once again, no intelligence is used in Watson to achieve that. It does not even understand the rules of the game that are programmed into it. It has no desire to win or sees any benefit in winning and feels neither joy nor disappointment either way. it is not intelligent and will not lead to intelligent functionality. I am not saying there won’t be benefits achievable and yes, some may be better than human achievements, but they are still not intelligent.
The possible patterns that the neocortex has linked in its networks are not a prediction of the future as Kurzweil claims, but simply a list of things that happened in the past. The past does not predict the future and chaos causes all tries to perform predictions in the longer future as futile experiments. That includes the idiotic Black-Scholes formula for the future value of an investment. If at all, these are self-fulfilling prophecies like all stock market gambles.
A really strange idea is to return to the long-gone approach of LISP, a language used in early AI systems that produced obviously nothing of the kind. Kurzweil believes that the AI will statistically infer and construct several hundred millions of lines of LISP rules that will represent its knowledge. There is nothing of the kind in the human brain and thus all comparisons end right here.
Consciousness and the Turing Test
But then we come to the all-important question that Kurzweil tries to sweep under the table much like politicians do with unwanted subjects. Turn them into gibberish and cast them aside. He considers that question to be if the artificial intelligence will be self-conscious. He quotes Searle who says that we simply have to create a machine that emulates the brain and then we will also get consciousness. If only we would know how the brain does that. The limbic system, the thalamus and the medulla are key parts of that system but how that actually would interact with a pattern matching engine and a LISP rule set is conceptually fairly far fetched not to say ridiculous. Searle was however the one to state very plausibly that the Turing Test (interviewing an AI to see if it seems human) does not constitute proof of AI.
There is a small part in human and mammal brains called the medulla sitting on top of the spinal cord. If this gets damaged you fall into a coma and thus it has a key function in consciousness. Exactly what we do not know but most likely linking our current bodily experience to our memories. In terms of evolution it is one of the oldest parts of the brain. We had consciousness long before we had a very advanced neocortex. It is rather ignorant to assume that we will automatically get consciousness if we add more processing power to a pattern matching engine.
Consciousness is not just about knowing about oneself. It is easy to have a machine that has the information stored about itself and can report about its status as many machines do that today. So it is not about the performance of that task. A conscious mind is not about performance. It is about experience. It is about applying emotional context to everything. It does not matter how intelligent some machine will be by some scoring system but it will simply lack the human experience particularly in regards to emotions, feelings and bodily existence and it’s desires. These are not drawbacks of being human but it is the essence. That cannot be replaced as Kurzweil suggests with LISP rules declaring some goals. AI will always lack the human experience. Knowing or communicating about sex is a very different thing than actually doing it. The same is true for all human aspects. You can’t describe the feeling of love (what oxytocin and dopamine and endorphines do to the body and mind) to a pattern matching engine with a LISP rule book. Being human has mostly to do with empathy, being able to feel with and for others. Clearly a machine will never do this. It won’t have the emotional basis for human decision making either. Therefore its intelligence will be INHUMANE … and that I am afraid in the true meaning of the word.
Einstein: ‘The true measure of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination.’
Therefore Kurzweil turns in the end of his book to a religious principle. All you have to do is to have faith. If you want to believe its possible we will have AI machines. From my perspective he diminishes the human mind to raise the artificial one and claims that it will be more powerful. I do not think the human mind is mystical or superior in some way but I think it is unfathomable. And the problems we face today are not because our mind is inferior but because we do not consider well enough what it tells us. Flawed logic and pseudo-intellectual contemplation replaces real-world intuition. Computers can already do today so many things a lot faster than a human and while that is good in principle many things are not necessarily to our benefit.
I will still go with Noam Chomsky: ‚Watson is a bigger steamroller. It understands nothing.‘ | <urn:uuid:cb22abf3-754f-4faf-b8f6-6df435ce81aa> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://isismjpucher.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158609.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922162437-20180922182837-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.954778 | 2,556 | 2.625 | 3 |
By now, we all know the dangers of distracted driving. Texting, calling, and other types of phone use while driving cause nearly a half million accidents and thousands of deaths every year. Yet too many drivers, particularly teenagers, refuse to stop using their phones when they get behind the wheel. A Bluetooth-enabled device can help solve the problem.
Called SafeRide, the device works in conjunction with a smartphone app to lock the driver’s smartphone screen, mute the audio, and disable the hardware buttons as soon as the car starts moving. Once the car stops moving, the phone automatically comes back to life.
Plenty of smartphone apps ostensibly do the same things. But these distracted driving apps have two fatal flaws. Because phone apps detect motion by tapping into the phone’s GPS, they can’t tell if someone is actually driving a vehicle or just riding in one. Even worse, many apps can be disabled by turning off the phone’s GPS or entering an unlock code. The ability to disable the app too easily defeats the purpose.
SafeRide eliminates both of these flaws with a piece of hardware that plugs into any one of the vehicle’s 12V power ports. The device communicates via Bluetooth with an app that resides on the driver’s phone.
Working together, the SafeRide device and app determine that a specific person is in the car and that the car is in motion. Only then does the phone go into lockdown. And it stays that way until the car stops moving -- though there are provisions for parental control, emergency calls, and use with hands-free audio systems.
Parents of teenage drivers will no doubt be interested in this technology as a countermeasure to distracted driving. Engineers should pay attention to it too since it offers valuable design lessons related to Bluetooth implementation and mechanical design.
To make the Bluetooth connectivity easy to implement, a place-and-play Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR module was chosen. In the design example, a
Panasonic PAN1322 was used. It’s a small part (15.6 mm x 8.7 mm x 2.8 mm) with an onboard antenna.
SafeRide doesn’t require Bluetooth’s full networking and data transfer capabilities. Instead, it verifies the presence of the phone in the car. Bluetooth is used solely as a proximity beacon. There’s no pairing or ongoing data streaming, and the phone app handles the detection of car motion.
Normally, this type of simple sensing application would be a natural fit for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). However, BLE was ruled out in order to target the largest possible market, including older Android devices. Also, power consumption is less of an issue because the device is plugged into a power source.
Richard Trueman is a custom components product manager for Panasonic. | <urn:uuid:6e5bbf6c-91e0-4e64-a6b2-207258bb407b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=272545 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644063666.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025423-00324-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930316 | 586 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Foods To Help Depression
Studies show that certain foods can help improve your mood and promote healthy brain chemistry. In this article, you'll find out about the foods you need to include in your diet to help you fight depression.
Foods rich in protein, complex carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids are all essential for your mental and physical health. A lack of these nutrients in your diet can potentially lead to deficiencies, which can increase your risk of suffering from depression and other kinds of health problems. On the other hand, eating healthy foods can help keep your body and mind healthy, which is good for your overall wellness.
Protein-rich foods can help boost your energy and concentration levels. Some of the excellent food sources of protein include eggs, cheese, fish, white-meat poultry, beans, soy, lean beef and nuts.
Eating foods that contain complex carbohydrates, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, nuts and seeds, can help increase your serotonin levels. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter in your brain that plays an important role in regulating your mood.
Vitamins B1, B6 and C can help you achieve a healthy balance of hormones, healthy nerve function and an enhanced immune system. Some of the foods that are rich in Vitamin B1, also commonly called as Thiamin, include tuna, asparagus, mushrooms, green peas and spinach. Among the healthiest foods rich in Vitamins B6 are bell peppers, tuna, banana, turkey and turnip greens. The top sources of Vitamin C are guava, kiwi, red bell pepper, strawberries and oranges.
Foods rich in omega 3 fatty acids, such as tuna, salmon, dark green leafy vegetables, flax seeds, walnuts, soybeans and shrimp, are good for healthy mental functioning. These healthy fats can also help prevent asthma, arthritis and cardiovascular disease.
Changing your diet plan with foods that help fight depression can in turn reduce the severity of your symptoms. Nutritional treatments also help control and even prevent other types of mental health problems, such as anxiety and bipolar disorder.
It has been observed that most people who suffer from depression often make poor choices in what they eat. Do you prefer eating 'comfort foods' like chocolate, pizza and burger? These are unhealthy and aren't good for you if eaten regularly. Instead, it's better to learn to to comfort yourself by eating healthy food that will make you feel better for longer.
According to a report from Natural News, "The top 5 foods for beating depression include brown rice, brewer's yeast, fish oil, cabbage and whole grain oats".
"Avoiding depression or recovering from a depressive episode is often as easy as changing your diet and boosting your consumption of key foods that deliver brain-boosting nutrients and help regulate brain chemistry."
A deficiency in folate can trigger depression. A cup of fresh beets can provide you with 30% of your daily folate needs. Having fresh beets on your salad or juice can add a beautiful color and flavor to it.
Among the few sources of iodine are sea vegetables or seaweeds. A lack of this important mineral in your diet can lead to depression and fatigue. The most common varieties of sea veggies are nori, wakame, kelp and irish moss. It can be a good idea to experiment and try adding sea vegetables to your soup, salad and other vegetable dishes.
According to a British study, people suffering from Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD experienced an improvement in their mood after having a good dose of Vitamin D. Surprisingly, there's only one plant source of natural Vitamin D, and that is from sunbathed or 'sunning' mushrooms.
"Every once in a while we all get the blues, but certain foods can fight a case of melancholy."
A healthy diet is essential to a healthy mental functioning. Feel better by eating foods that are packed with mood-boosting nutrients, combined with having a good amount of sleep and regular exercise.
“B vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and other nutrients have powerful effects on brain chemistry, and can often right imbalances that cause mood disorders such as depression. In fact, ‘nutrient therapy’ may well be the best treatment for depression," says William J. Walsh, Ph.D., founder and president of the Walsh Research Institute in Illinois, a non-profit organization that researches about the basic mechanisms and causes of depression and other mental conditions.
Carbohydrates are associated with the mood-lifting neurotransmitter serotonin. So instead of trying to avoid them, eating the right kind of carbs can be a good choice when feeling down.
It's always useful to continue educating yourself more about other foods to help combat depression. It can also be a good idea to seek help from your family, friends or a medical professional or therapist. You might want to look for depression support groups nearby or search online. Remember that you're not alone and you have lots of other depression treatment options to choose from. Say goodbye to unhealthy foods and start making intelligent food choices to help get yourself 'unstuck' from being depressed.
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Share and Enjoy | <urn:uuid:89465019-4bf2-4ff7-bf6c-684f98ab88d9> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://beinghappybydesign.com/depression-help/foods-to-help-depression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207932182.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113212-00013-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939521 | 1,149 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Learning to drive is one of the best achievements in life; however, it comes with a great amount of responsibility. During the time in which you’re revising for the theory side of your driving test while getting hands-on experience for the practical side, you learn a range of maneuvers and procedures to help keep you and other road users as safe as possible.
Whether you’re a driver or not, we’re all aware that the use of a hand-held device while driving is illegal; as time spent looking at a mobile means a period that your eyes aren’t focused on the road ahead, potentially resulting in severe consequences. As well as the use of mobile phones, drivers are also advised not to eat, drink, or smoke while behind the wheel, as again, these actions can reduce how focused you are while driving.
Why it’s important to stay focused whilst driving
As we become more confident drivers, some people start to take risks while driving, like quickly checking a mobile phone, for example. Even if your eyes are taken off the road ahead for a matter of seconds, the potential consequences can be catastrophic. Whether it’s a collision that involves you or even worse, other road users or pedestrians; all drivers must remain focused and aware of what’s around them. This will hopefully prevent injury to the driver, other people, and damage to the vehicle.
To raise awareness around this subject, Kwik Fit have created a #DrivenToDistraction game which will test how good your reaction skills are while driving. The game requires you to answer a serious of multiple-choice questions on a mobile phone whilst the vehicle is moving. During this time a “STOP” sign will appear, requiring you to click the mouse as fast as possible. Your reaction time will then be calculated to see how focused you would be if it were a real-life situation.
How to minimize the risks of becoming distracted
There are several factors which all drivers should take into consideration when it comes to staying focused whilst driving. Below are a few to bear in mind:
Use a hands-free device where necessary – When it comes to mobile phones and driving, it’s best to put them out of reach where you can’t be tempted to answer calls or check for messages. If you need to use your mobile, then it has to be connected to a hands-free device. Although using a hands-free device can be a distraction, your hands are still on the steering wheel, and your eyes are on the road, meaning it’s the safest way to speak on the phone.
Take regular breaks during long drives – Driving for long periods can often lead to tiredness which in turn, can reduce your concentration levels. If you have a long journey ahead, then make sure you schedule in regular breaks. Whether it’s for a 10-minute break to have something to eat or longer to have a power nap and recharge before heading off on the next part of your journey; it’s essential to take regular breaks.
It’s key to stay focused at all times whilst driving, to maintain safe roads for both you and other road users. There are several ways in which you can avoid being distracted, and you must take this into consideration before setting off in your car. | <urn:uuid:07f15b3b-5b78-44a5-b240-b1b62e423b97> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://manipalblog.com/how-to-minimize-the-risks-of-becoming-distracted-whilst-driving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039563095.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422221531-20210423011531-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.963582 | 686 | 2.859375 | 3 |
|ICD-10||E752 (ILDS E75.230)|
Niemann-Pick disease is an inherited condition involving lipid metabolism (the breakdown and use of fats and cholesterol in the body) in which harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and brain.
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene must be altered for a person to be affected by the disorder. Most often, the parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are not affected but are carriers of one copy of the altered gene. If both parents are carriers, there is a one in four, or 25%, chance with each pregnancy for an affected child. Genetic counseling and genetic testing is recommended for families who may be carriers of Niemann-Pick.
Types A and BEdit
Type A Niemann-Pick disease begins during infancy and is characterized by an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), failure to thrive, and progressive deterioration of the nervous system. Children affected by this condition generally do not survive past early childhood. Niemann-Pick disease, type A occurs more frequently among individuals of Ashkenazi (eastern and central European) Jewish descent than in the general population. The incidence within the Ashkenazi population is approximately 1 in 40,000 people. The incidence for other populations is unknown.
Type B disease may include signs of hepatosplenomegaly, growth retardation, and problems with lung function including frequent lung infections. Other signs include blood abnormalities such as abnormal cholesterol and lipid levels, and low numbers of blood cells involved in clotting (platelets). People affected by this type of Niemann-Pick disease usually survive into adulthood. Niemann-Pick disease, type B occurs in all populations.
Mutations in the SMPD1 gene cause Niemann-Pick disease, types A and B. This gene carries instructions for cells to produce an enzyme called acid sphingomyelinase. This enzyme is found in the lysosomes (compartments that digest and recycle materials in the cell), where it processes lipids such as sphingomyelin. Mutations in this gene lead to a deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase and the accumulation of sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and other kinds of lipids within the cells and tissues of affected individuals.
Type C is characterized by onset in childhood, although infant and adult onsets are possible. Other signs include severe liver disease, breathing difficulties, developmental delay, seizures, increased muscle tone (dystonia), lack of coordination, problems with feeding, and an inability to move the eyes vertically. People with this disorder can survive into adulthood. The incidence of Niemann-Pick disease, type C is estimated to be 1 in 150,000 people. The disease occurs more frequently in people of French-Acadian descent in Nova Scotia.
Mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 gene cause Niemann-Pick disease, type C. The NPC1 gene produces a protein that is located in membranes inside the cell and is involved in the movement of cholesterol and lipids within cells. A deficiency of this protein leads to the abnormal build up of lipids and cholesterol within cell membranes. The NPC2 gene produces a protein that binds and transports cholesterol, although its exact function is not fully understood.
The molecular basis for this disease is extremely complex due to the role that endosome formation has on affected patients. Recently, three theories have attempted to explain the buildup of cholesterol in the lysosomes of affected patients of Niemann-Pick Disease Type C due to the malfunction of the protein NPC-1. The contention by Neufel et al (J Biol. Chem 274:9627-9653) is that the buildup of Mannose 6 Phosphate Receptors (MPRs) in the late endosome suggests that the retrograde breakdown of cholesterol via the Trans Golgi Network cannot occur. Another theory suggests that the blockage of retrograde cholesterol breakdown in the late endosome is due to decreased membrane elasticity and thus the return vesicles of cholesterol to the Trans Golgi Network cannot bud and form. The support of these theories has considerable evidence using mutant proteins in vitro to determine the buildup of cholesterol in the lysosomes. Researchers have also discovered that the NPC-1 protein may function as a pump of cholesterol (Davies et al, Science 290:2295–2298). The overall effect of a malfunction in NPC-1 is that low levels or an absence of the protein lead to the abnormal accumulation of lipids and cholesterol in the cells of people with this condition.
See also Edit
- This article incorporates public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine
amino-acids Phenylketonuria - Alkaptonuria - Ochronosis - Tyrosinemia - Maple syrup urine disease - Propionic acidemia - Methylmalonic acidemia - Isovaleric acidemia - Primary carnitine deficiency - Cystinuria - Cystinosis - Hartnup disease - Homocystinuria - Citrullinemia - Hyperammonemia - Glutaric acidemia type 1
carbohydrates Lactose intolerance - Glycogen storage disease (type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V), Fructose intolerance, Galactosemia
Lipid storage disorders Gangliosidosis - GM2 gangliosidoses (Sandhoff disease, Tay-Sachs disease) - GM1 gangliosidoses - Mucolipidosis type IV - Gaucher's disease - Niemann-Pick disease - Farber disease - Fabry's disease - Metachromatic leukodystrophy - Krabbe disease - Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis - Batten disease - Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis - Wolman disease - Cholesteryl ester storage disease
List of fatty acid metabolism disorders - Hyperlipidemia - Hypercholesterolemia - Familial hypercholesterolemia - Xanthoma - Combined hyperlipidemia - Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency - Tangier disease - Abetalipoproteinemia
mineral metabolism Disorders of calcium metabolism - Hypophosphatemia - Hypophosphatasia - Wilson's disease - Menkes disease - Hypermagnesemia - Hypomagnesemia - Hypercalcaemia - Hypocalcaemia
fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance Electrolyte disturbance - Hypernatremia - Hyponatremia - Respiratory acidosis - Metabolic acidosis - Lactic acidosis - Hypervolemia - Hypokalemia - Hyperkalemia - Mixed disorder of acid-base balance - Hyperchloremia - Hypochloremia - Dehydration
porphyrin and bilirubin Acatalasia - Gilbert's syndrome - Crigler-Najjar syndrome - Dubin-Johnson syndrome - Rotor syndrome - Porphyria (Acute intermittent porphyria, Gunther's disease, Porphyria cutanea tarda, Erythropoietic protoporphyria, Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria, Hereditary coproporphyria, Variegate porphyria)
glycosaminoglycan Mucopolysaccharidosis - Hurler syndrome - Hunter syndrome - Sanfilippo syndrome - Morquio syndrome
glycoprotein I-cell disease - Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy - Aspartylglucosaminuria - Fucosidosis - Alpha-mannosidosis - Sialidosis
other Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency - Cystic fibrosis - Familial Mediterranean fever - Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
- es:Enfermedad de Niemann-Pick
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Even Beginners Can Create a Sustainable Food Source with a Home Preparedness Garden
With some concerned over food scarcity and others just needing something constructive to do, North Texas residents are turning to gardening. Nicholas Burtner, founder and director of Plano-based School of Permaculture, has noticed an uptick in people visiting his website to find information on starting a preparedness garden.
“It’s cool now to grow,” he said. “It’s unique. A surge of people have been on our website right now.”
Is this a resurgence of the victory gardens popularized during World War I and World War II when civilians grew crops to help conserve food? Nicholas thinks that could be the case, but cautions against using any chemicals on gardens that were used during those eras.
Although spring technically arrived on March 19, you’ve still got the rest of April to start the backyard vegetable garden you have always wanted. But if you are a novice gardener, how do you know where to begin – just dig a hole in this black clay dirt we have and hope something sprouts?
It involves a bit more than that if you want to be completely successful for years with your garden, but Nicholas said this can be achieved easily with some crucial steps.
“The supermarket didn’t exist until around 1916, and not until the 1930s was it what we know today,” he added. “Every family had a garden until then. You can do this. Don’t be scared.”
Where Do I Begin?
A successful backyard preparedness garden should provide a source of food for a long time. Nicholas suggests the garden should start in the ground from seed, can be started without any prior gardening experience, and is easy to grow and maintain.
Three major components Nicholas emphasizes are compost, worm castings – or excrements – and a surrounding native wildflower garden. This endeavor should not cost a fortune, but will require some set-up.
To begin, Nicholas recommends the following:
1. Composting: You will need 12-17 inches depth of compost on top of our soil. Texas Pure Products, which composts yard debris from residents’ clippings, sells compost for $5 per 1-cubic-foot bag. For those with a truck, you can buy a larger amount for $32 per cubic yard, or $40 per cubic yard of a finer sift compost. He suggests this amount for a 4’ x 8’ garden bed. The compost is an organic matter that absorbs the water and holds it, unlike our local soil.
“Organic compost creates an apartment complex for microorganisms to help balance the soil,” he continued. The Texas Pure Products location at 9901 Custer Road allows residents to drive up to purchase, and they will load it into your car for a contactless transaction. The Plano location is open 8 a.m.–4:30 p.m. Monday through Saturday. Residents can also schedule home delivery through the website with a minimum order.
2. Worm Castings: You will also need worm castings, or excrements, which can be purchased, unless you wish to start your own worm farm. This provides the needed natural fertilization for the garden. A local company in Dallas, Texas Worm Ranch, sells these products online.
3. Wildflowers: You should create a native wildflower garden surrounding your vegetable garden to bring in beneficial insects such as wasps and lady bugs to eliminate the pests that may want to infest the vegetables. Texas wildflower seeds can be obtained online at Native American Seeds. Wells Brothers Pet, Lawn and Garden Supply in Plano also carries native wildflower seeds, as well as other gardening supplies mentioned in this article.
What Do I Plant?
Nicholas categorizes vegetable garden plants into two groups.
1. The first group is composed of crops that will be ready for consumption 30-60 days after planting. These include, but again are not limited to, tomatoes, beets, radishes, turnips, okra and all types of greens, especially lettuces and spinach.
2. The second group, long-term crops, can be planted in spring, then harvested and stored to be eaten during the winter while crops are not actively growing. This helps provide a food source year-round. These include, but are not limited to, beans, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and garlic (garlic should be planted in the fall only).
Nicholas suggests purchasing vegetable seeds online from Brim Seed Company, a business north of Waco that processes seeds suitable for the Plano soil in the Blackland Prairie. “Don’t buy hybrid seeds. Buy open-pollinated seeds that you can replant,” Nicholas added. “All of the crops I mentioned can be grown in full sun, even though some partial shade in July and August can be helpful.”
How Much Should I Water?
Novice gardeners may not know how much to water their vegetables. Nicholas suggests watering enough so that when you pick up the soil, you can shape a ball out of it. Watering early in the day allows the soil to dry, reducing the chance of plants getting a fungus or rotting overnight. Nicholas said the adage of applying one to two inches of water per week – stay around two inches in the summer – is a good estimate. “Water heavily and deep so it gets into the sub-soil below the compost,” he advised. “Don’t sprinkle or water lightly.”
According to current watering guidelines from the City of Plano, residents are suggested to water only twice a week, with even-numbered addresses watering Monday and Thursday, and odd-numbered addresses watering Tuesday and Friday.
What About Hungry Pests?
The abundant rabbit population in Plano might be thought to be an issue for gardeners, but Nicholas said since few city residents raise gardens, the rabbits are not aware that the vegetables should be part of their diet.
“In Plano where there are few gardens,” Nicholas explained, “the bunnies are adapted to eating weeds and grasses, not the vegetables.”
The coronavirus pandemic has left many feeling helpless these days, but one way to take control back is to grow your own food. Want to know more? The School of Permaculture provides many educational opportunities, including online courses and Facebook conversations, especially helpful during these homebound times.School of Permaculture > Easy-to-follow Growing Guide for Plano > Contact Nicholas with Questions > | <urn:uuid:791492ca-35c6-475f-b1fc-3f8dee830862> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://planomagazine.com/preparedness-gardening-in-plano-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334644.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926020051-20220926050051-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.944009 | 1,381 | 2.796875 | 3 |
March 28, 2011—Population aging is a global issue that affects a growing number of countries around the world, especially at a time when family support and other traditional safety nets have become far less certain in the aftermath of the global economic crisis.
In Latin America, for example, life expectancy has jumped by 22 years over the last 50 years and its population is now dominated by working-age adults with significantly fewer children. The region faces the prospect of rapid aging.
A new report from the World Bank’s Human Development Network warns that governments and communities in the region cannot afford to be complacent about a ‘greying revolution,’ given that the next 50 years will be very different from its past half century.
According to Population Aging: Is Latin America Ready?, economic growth in Latin America will be more challenging in countries with large numbers of elderly people and meeting health care, pension, and other needs will be especially difficult for low- and middle-income countries. Establishing appropriate policies and institutions to accommodate the region’s powerful demographic shifts will be vital to safeguard Latin America’s social and economic future, says the report.
“OECD countries have been getting used to the idea of rapid aging over previous decades as a result of smaller family sizes, better health, more money, and longer lives, all of which has been a huge social plus, “ says Daniel Cotlear, report co-author and a lead economist in the World Bank’s Human Development Network.
“But we should all be worried that rapid aging is no longer a rich country phenomenon and that many poorer countries are now catching up, but largely without the money and advance planning to cope with the social and economic challenges of this profound social change,” he says.
Cotlear says the demographic makeup of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has changed dramatically since the 1950s. At that time, the region had a small population of about 160 million people, less than today’s population of Brazil. Two-thirds of Latin Americans lived in the countryside.
Families were large and women had one of the highest fertility rates in the world, low levels of education, and few opportunities for work outside the household. Investments in health and education reached only a small fraction of the children, many of whom died before reaching their fifth birthday.
Today, the region’s population has tripled, and most people lives in cities. Far fewer children die from illness thanks to health and education advances; and 50% fewer babies are born as a result of women taking advantage of education and significantly more opportunities to work outside the home.
As a result, demographic change in LAC during the 21st century will be dominated by rapid population aging. This trend can be seen in countries with high European immigration, which were the first to initiate demographic transition in the early 20th century and which also have some of the most extended social security systems.
The rest of the region will continue to benefit from a falling dependency ratio for a few more years, but will then also face rapid aging, says Cotlear. This process will not take a century as it did in Europe; it will take place over two or three decades. Globally, one-fourth of countries that are aging most rapidly are in LAC.
‘New Social Agenda’ Needed
“This book describes the issues that compel us to craft a new social agenda for Latin America which now needs to incorporate the challenges of the growing aging population,” says Alejandro Toledo, the former President of Peru, in a note written to the authors of the Bank report. “Governments and the private sector must learn to balance the demands posed by a rapidly growing population of seniors while continuing to invest in the education of our youth and the needs of the poor.”
How can governments manage the inevitable aging of their smaller populations? Cotlear says pensions or poverty are not the only options: “We need to understand the economic life cycle, elderly work and incomes, family support, gender, and also the cost of health care in old age. In the long run, pension coverage needs to cover more people, especially those who work off the radar in the informal jobs market where government regulations and protections just don’t apply.”
The report advises countries and communities to develop a number of policies that support long, productive lives for their workers and keep the elderly healthy and mobile for as long as possible.
For example, health care systems that can provide the elderly with healthy living and appropriate primary health services will be essential. This is especially important since diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and other non-communicable diseases predominantly strike people in middle age and beyond and can be a source of financial hardship as people are forced to pay for their own treatment.
Instead of retiring in their early 60s, workers could wait until much later to leave the workforce as they do in Singapore and some European Union countries, advises the report. Governments can provide lifelong learning programs for people in their 50s and 60s and should consider enacting laws against age discrimination.
Attracting more women into the job market is another policy option; countries with fewer women employed outside the home may want to expand their workforce in the context of population aging. The report also recommends continued reform of pension systems, particularly for countries seeking to increase life savings among.
In Paris, France, this week World Bank Group President Robert Zoellick will discuss the global development implications of aging when he addresses the Global Forum for Longevity to better explore the social and economic dimensions of people living longer lives. | <urn:uuid:5647c670-9295-42f4-acba-bb09becbb214> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2011/03/25/latin-america-ready-aging-revolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400205950.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922094539-20200922124539-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.964767 | 1,150 | 3.296875 | 3 |
WWII Bomb Germany
December 8, 2011 by staff
WWII Bomb Germany, Bomb disposal experts successfully defused two World War II bombs lying on the bottom of the Rhine River in Germany on Sunday, the dpa news agency reported on Monday.
Almost half the city’s population – 45,000 people – were evacuated in the city of Koblenz, including prisoners from a jail. Some 1,000 officials went from house to house to check that everyone was gone from the evacuated area, leaving only pets behind.
Most of those who were forced to evacuate moved to the homes of relatives, but seven schools in the suburbs were opened as shelters. Only around 300 people reportedly made use of them, dpa reported.
The bigger of the two bombs weighed 1.8 tons (3,600 pounds) and was recently spotted when the water level sank in the Rhine, while a smaller U.S. bomb was subsequently found nearby. A smokescreen canister located near the explosives was safely detonated during Sunday’s operation.
Hundreds of sandbags were dumped around the bombs and water was pumped out from the surrounding area. The site needed to be dry so that bomb disposal experts could defuse the explosives, which succeeded as planned.
Koblenz, which is located in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in the country’s western region, was heavily bombed from the air by the Allies during the war because it was a major transport junction and had main army bases.
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This year marks five decades since the 1967 national referendum, when Australian voters overwhelmingly endorsed amendments to sections 51 and 127 of the country’s constitution.
Promoted by the political elites and their handpicked indigenous leaderships as a means of redressing the historic crimes perpetrated against the Aboriginal population, the May 27 ballot won an extraordinary 91.7 percent “Yes” vote. This was the highest-ever affirmative response in an Australian referendum; it was celebrated by workers, students and youth across the country as a “landmark achievement.”
Poet and author Rodney Hall described the immediate reaction of Aborigines in Brisbane, the capital of Queensland—a state with some of the country’s most repressive laws. The indigenous population still faced curfews in parts of the city and, under Queensland’s 1897 Aboriginal Protection Act, needed permits to work, to marry or to travel anywhere in the state.
“There were black people on the streets in a way that we had never seen them,” Hall wrote. “People were up, had washed their children, combed their hair and got themselves up in their very best gear and walked out in the streets of Brisbane, down Queens Street where they never went.”
While the mammoth vote made clear that broad layers of Australians wanted an end to decades of political and social discrimination, the ballot changed little for ordinary Aborigines.
The hopes of those who had been involved in the years of petitioning to secure the ballot, and campaigning for a “Yes” vote, were soon to be dashed.
The 1967 referendum, contrary to popular mythology, then and now, did not win Aborigines the right to vote. This right had been previously legislated under state laws. Western Australia and Queensland were the last two states to grant it, in 1962 and 1965 respectively.
The constitutional amendment had two components. The first was to ensure that indigenous people were counted in the national census. When Australia was formally established as a federated nation state in 1901, the ruling elite, having driven much of the indigenous population from tribal lands, argued that Aborigines should not be counted because they were members of an “inferior race” that was “dying out.”
The second amendment was to give the federal parliament the power to legislate for “the people of any race.” Prior to the referendum, the states had been responsible for laws relating to indigenous people, not the federal government.
The Holt Liberal-Country coalition government, the Labor Party opposition and Aboriginal leaders all claimed that if given the power to make laws for indigenous people, the federal parliament would act in their best interests. The myriad discriminatory and anti-democratic state laws against Aborigines would be overridden by Canberra, meaning that basic rights could be enjoyed by all.
Prior to the vote, Labor Party leader, and future prime minister, Gough Whitlam declared: “The members of this Parliament will be able for the first time to do something for Aboriginals—Aboriginals representing the greatest pockets of poverty and disease in this country. … The commonwealth can at least bring the resources of the whole nation to bear in favour of the Aboriginals where they live.”
Whitlam’s promises were never kept. The key concern of the ruling elite, in modifying sections 51 and 127 of the Constitution, was to refurbish Australia’s political image on the global stage. Post-World War II, the country had been a signatory to various international human rights conventions, but its racist “White Australia” immigration policies, and the ongoing oppression of the vast majority of the Aboriginal population, clearly violated these agreements. It was being compared with South Africa’s system of apartheid.
As The 1967 Referendum: Race, Power and the Australian Constitution, a detailed examination of the event by Bain Attwood and Andrew Markus, points out: “The referendum was initiated by a government keenly aware of the likely impact on Australia’s image overseas of a successful deletion of the discriminatory clauses in the constitution” (pp. 35–36).
In the lead-up to the vote, South Australian Labor politician and future state premier Don Dunstan declared: “If we don’t change, we will be lumped as the enemy. And we cannot afford to be lumped by the majority of nations of the world with South Africa…”
These appeals were repeated by numerous other political figures, Liberal and Labor alike, along with the mainstream media, which had also called for a “Yes” vote. On the day of the referendum, a Sydney Morning Herald editorial warned about “the damage a ‘No’ vote would do to Australia’s image abroad.”
In contrast to the ruling elite’s concerns about Australia’s international image, the mass “Yes” vote was an expression of the genuinely democratic and socially progressive outlook of hundreds of thousands of ordinary citizens. These sentiments were part of a growing politicisation of the working class internationally, which was beginning to challenge the existing political set-up, reaching its peak between the mid-1960s and 1975.
Australian workers began to fight increasingly determined battles over wages, working conditions, health, education and other basic social rights. They were joined by the most oppressed layers, including Aboriginal workers.
In August 1966, almost a year before the referendum, indigenous stockmen from the Wave Hill cattle station in the Northern Territory (NT) had walked out in protest against their slave-like conditions, and demanded equal pay. The nine-year Wave Hill strike was sustained by financial support from workers, students and youth across the country.
This historic struggle and the mass “Yes” vote pointed to both the possibility and necessity for unified action by all workers—Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal alike—not just for equal pay, but for all the social rights of the working class and against the capitalist profit system itself, the source of the exploitation and oppression of the working class.
The Liberal-Country government failed to initiate any fundamental social changes following the referendum. It was the more politically astute elements of the ruling elite and the Whitlam-led Labor Party opposition, in particular, who decided to cultivate a layer of Aboriginal leaders in order to divert the growing demands of indigenous workers back into safe parliamentary channels.
Labor, with the backing of the Stalinist Communist Party of Australia, played a key role in transforming the elemental class struggle at Wave Hill away from a socialist orientation and into bourgeois demands for “property” rights, promising to legislate “land rights” and recognition of “native title.”
Elected to power in 1972, the Whitlam government quickly organised to legislate in favour of these new capitalist property relations, allocating significant resources to promoting “indigenous self-determination” and a layer of privileged Aboriginal leaders, who had a huge financial stake in the new “native title” industry.
In the five decades since the referendum, “Aboriginal” or “black” politics, along with that of other so-called “identities”—feminism, multi-culturalism, sexual preference, etc. has been thoroughly integrated into the official establishment and the entire education system, as a means of creating divisions within the working class and suppressing the class struggle.
The enrichment of indigenous bureaucrats, academics and entrepreneurs, whose interests lie in insisting that “race,” not class, is the fundamental division in society, has developed apace. They make handsome livings out of the lie that racial oppression is the product of “whites,” not the profit system.
According to Nigel Scullion, the federal minister for indigenous affairs, the growth of indigenous companies in Australia is “the envy of the business world.” Australia’s Indigenous Procurement Policy (IPP), he recently claimed, “has been a game-changer” with government contracts expanding from $6.2 million in 2012–13 to $284 million at end of 2015–16 financial year.
Each month the Murdoch-owned Australian newspaper publishes, “The Deal,” a 48-page magazine supplement. Its May edition, entitled “The New Agenda—Celebrating indigenous success,” was sponsored by the Business Council of Australia, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia and Price Waterhouse Coopers’ indigenous consulting services. And what a celebration!
The publication was peppered with articles glorifying “First Nation” capitalism, including “When the Dreaming meets the market,” “Dreamtime boomtime,” and “Money’s not a dirty word.” These were interspersed with advertisements for Aston Martin sports cars, Swiss wrist watches and other luxury items.
One story referenced prominent ABC-TV indigenous news anchor Stan Grant’s speech to the “Supply Nation” annual dinner for indigenous business chiefs. Grant denounced pioneering Australian anthropologist W.H. Stanner, who had once said that the “Dreaming” (Aboriginal religious and cultural practices) and the market were mutually exclusive.
“I can tell you here that none of us here believe that. We are proof that we can walk in the Dreaming and walk in the market,” Grant declared. “We have to tell a story of success, to embrace success, to move beyond the darkness of our history even while not forgetting the struggle of those who continue to languish.”
While Grant and other members of this economically privileged milieu pontificate about “empowerment” and “individual achievement,” insisting that capitalism is “the only game in town,” life for the overwhelming majority of ordinary Aborigines remains catastrophic. This is confirmed, again and again each year by the federal government’s own annual “Closing the Gap” report.
The most recent data shows that six of the seven critical “Closing the Gap” measures—life expectancy, child mortality, employment, reading and writing, school attendance and early education—had either failed to improve or were going backwards.
For tens of thousands of remote-area Aborigines and other sections of the indigenous working class, conditions of life are as bad or worse than those before the 1967 referendum. Community and family dysfunction, overcrowded and run-down housing, alcoholism and other substance abuse, as well as physical and mental health problems, have reached calamitous levels.
Last year, the official infant mortality rate for indigenous children was almost double that for their non-indigenous counterparts—6.2 indigenous infant deaths per 1,000 live births, compared with 3.7 per 1,000 live births; death from diabetes was seven times higher than for other Australians; and while the indigenous population is growing, life expectancy for Aborigines is around 10 years less than for the rest of the population.
Social problems, such as suicide and petrol-sniffing, unheard of in Aboriginal communities prior to 1967, have reared their ugly heads. The indigenous suicide rate is now double the national rate and, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, in 2014 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders aged 15–24 were four times more likely to die by suicide than their non-indigenous counterparts. In some remote communities, youth suicide is being described as an epidemic, with children as young as 11 deciding to kill themselves.
Indigenous imprisonment rates are amongst the worst in world. Although Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders constitute about 3 percent of Australia’s overall population, they comprise 27 percent of the prison population. In the Northern Territory over 85 percent of all prisoners, and 95 percent of youth prisoners are Aboriginal.
Last April, the UN’s special rapporteur on indigenous rights, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, visited Australia. Her interim report revealed that endemic poverty and Australia’s child protection policies, under which indigenous children are removed from their families at 10 time the rate of non-indigenous families, were the principal factors in the high incarceration rates.
Two weeks later, an Oxfam Report declared that successive Australian governments had “failed to achieve meaningful change” for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
As well as being the 50th year since of the referendum 2017 is the 10th anniversary of the federal government’s so-called “intervention” into remote Aboriginal communities. Initiated by the Howard Liberal-National government in 2007 and rebadged as “Stronger Futures” by the Rudd and Gillard Labor governments, it fraudulently claimed to be protecting indigenous children from sexual abuse in Australia’s Northern Territory.
This lie was used to justify the suspension of Australia’s racial discrimination act in order to “quarantine” pension and social welfare to all indigenous people in the Territory. Indigenous programs were also cut or closed, along with other social supports to so-called “unviable” communities.
The “intervention’s” hated quarantine card, which forces indigenous welfare recipients to spend up to 70 percent of their income at government-approved stores, was a brutal reminder to older Aboriginal workers and their families of the slave-like conditions and ration cards imposed on them prior to the 1967 referendum.
According to recent census data from Papunya and Maningrida, two remote Northern Territory communities, income, housing and overall poverty have worsened in the ten years since the intervention.
Overcrowding affects 79.1 percent of indigenous homes in Papunya and 82 percent in Maningrida, while income inequality between indigenous and non-indigenous residents has increased from 4.8 to 5.9 times at Papunya and 3.1 to 6.9 times at Maningrida. The median weekly personal income for Aborigines in Papunya is currently between $215 and $219 in Maningrida compared to between $1,271 and $1,506 for non-indigenous residents in the two communities.
The enrichment of a small Aboriginal elite that extols entrepreneurship, wealth accumulation and the “free market” at one pole, and the ongoing impoverishment of the vast majority of ordinary Aborigines at the other, is the real social and political legacy of the 1967 referendum.
The author also recommends:
Australia’s “Closing the Gap” fraud: Indigenous conditions worsen
[18 February 2016]
Fifty years since the Aboriginal stockmen’s strike
[3 December 2016] | <urn:uuid:3821cbe6-3bc2-4747-b889-c0f0f1bf5f6b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/08/23/refe-a23.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524858.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121132407-20210121162407-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.960942 | 3,039 | 3.1875 | 3 |
This article was originally published online at JustOneOpinion.com on February 23, 2009 under the title “Mysteries of the Chinese Language.” I hope you will enjoy this brief overview of the beauty and simplicity of the Chinese language. Please feel free to comment and let me know if you would like more articles like this one. – Chi Newman
Unlike words in the English language, Chinese words are not spelled with letters representing spoken sounds. Instead each word is written as a character that represents an idea.
By combining various characters, the writer can express different ideas. For example: the character “shuo” (to speak) and the character “ming” (bright) used together means “explanation”.
Chinese has at least 50,000 ideograms and no one knows them all. About 6000 characters are used in daily speaking and 3000 words have been simplified for written Chinese.
Literacy is very important in China because the pronunciation of the Chinese language varies widely from region to region, while the written language is universal. All schools in China now teach Mandarin, which has been called “the people’s language,” so as to try and standardize pronunciation and to unify the country.
Speaking the Language
Since Chinese is a tonal language, no system can exactly duplicate the actual spoken sounds of Chinese words, but they have devised a system called “pinyin” which works quite well.
Here are some examples:
- one = “yi”
- two = “er”
- three = “san”
- four = “si”
- five = “wu”
- six = “liu”
- seven = “qi”
- eight = “ba”
- nine = ” jiu”
- ten =”shi”
Here are some additional examples:
- day= “ri”
- moon = “yue”
- mountain = “shan”
- wood = “mu”
- person = “ren”
- son = “nan”
- middle = “zhong”
- country = “guo”
Spoken Chinese has a limited range of sounds. There are about 400 sounds for 40 – 50,000 words. These sounds are made up by variations in tones. There are four tones in Mandarin.
- High and level (as in High Noon)
- Rising (as in asking “Here?)
- Falling and rising (as in “please”)
- Low and falling (as in “No”) in an argument
Here are some examples:
- Ni you bing ma? (Do you have ice?)
- Ni you bing ma? (Do you have a cookie?)
- Ni you bing ma ? (Are you sick?)
Bing also means “soldier”.
Mandarin has four tones, but Cantonese has nine. Many of the earlier immigrants to the United States came from the south of China where Cantonese was spoken, giving Americans the impression that the Chinese language had a “sing-song” sound to it. After Mao’s revolution everyone had to learn Mandarin, changing this perception. Mandarin has a very flat and smooth sound that is soft and pleasant to the ear.
Writing in Chinese
Chinese script is beautiful to look at. Essentially a picture language, Chinese uses calligraphy as an art, painting each character by hand with brush and ink. There are many famous wall hangings and other art pieces that use only Chinese calligraphy.
Chinese characters are made up of graphic combinations. For example:
- The character meaning good, “hao,” uses the combined symbols of a mother and child.
- The character for peace, “an,” uses the symbol of a woman under a roof.
- The character for enlightenment, “ming,” is a combination of symbols for the sun and the moon.
The brush that moves along the paper is guided by the heart, “Shin” and by the spirit, “Chi.”
Although Chinese is a very different language from English, it can be learned if you put your mind to it. You should find the spoken language to be quite easy, but writing can be far more difficult.
I have already mentioned in my previous article [“Memories of China”] that Chinese is easy to learn because there is no grammar, genders, tenses, participles, cases, or numbers that make up most European languages. Instead, the language uses modified versions of words within context to be more specific.
I hope you enjoyed reading this article. Soon, I will be sharing with you other experiences, recipes and memories. – Chi Newman | <urn:uuid:0dbafdd0-90ac-4a50-81da-2d008a4bec87> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://chi-newman.com/understanding-the-chinese-language/comment-page-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708808740/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125328-00051-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96475 | 1,035 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Welcome to Mind Us All
Mind Us All delivers Mental Health First Aid training courses aimed at EVERYONE. Our mission is to increase mental health awareness and reduce the stigma associated with mental ill health.
We deliver the Adult Mental Health First Aid Two Day course which qualifies you as a Mental Health First Aider.
What is Mental Health First Aid (MHFA)?
MHFA is the mental health equivalent of physical first aid. In the same way as we learn physical first aid, mental health first aid teaches you how to recognise those crucial early warning signs of mental ill health. Our instructors have completed the Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) England instructor training programme, which is accredited by the Royal Society of Public Health.
Would you know how to help?
Mental ill health can strike at any time and can affect people from all walks of life.
- One in four people in the UK will experience at least one diagnosable mental health issue in any one year (Health & Social Care Information Centre, 2009)
- Suicide is the biggest killer of men aged 20 to 49 (Office for National Statistics, 2015)
- Mental ill health is responsible for the largest burden of ill health in the UK, representing 28% of the total burden, compared to 16% for cancer and 16% for heart disease (Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer, 2013)
Stigma still exists around mental ill health, although this is gradually improving. Mental health is part of our overall health and there can be no health without mental health. As a society we are aware how to look after our physical health, but not generally our mental health. People can often feel fearful and ill equipped to support a friend, family member or colleague experiencing a mental health issue. This also applies in relation to our own mental health.
Why Mental Health First Aid?
MHFA is a training course which teaches people how to identify, understand and help someone who may be experiencing a mental health issue. The Adult MHFA Two Day course leads to the Mental Health First Aider qualification.
MHFA won’t teach you to be a therapist, but it will teach you to listen, reassure and respond, even in a crisis – and even to potentially stop a crisis from happening.
- Learn to recognise warning signs of mental ill health
- Develop the skills and confidence to approach and support someone
- Learn how to empower someone to access the support they might need for recovery or successful management of symptoms
- Gain an understanding of how to support positive wellbeing and tackle stigma in the world around you.
Why train with an MHFA England approved instructor?
MHFA England training, courses and instructors are continually quality assured, using robust assessment and evaluation measures. MHFA is an internationally recognised course, taught in 24 countries around the world. There are now over two million people trained in MHFA skills worldwide. More information about MHFA England can be found at mhfaengland.org | <urn:uuid:6c74d941-e677-4fe0-add5-6f69c73f9c37> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.mindusall.co.uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.933736 | 602 | 2.609375 | 3 |
|1939-1945 -- No Going Back|
|The Battle of Seelowe Heights|
|by Paul Rohrbaugh|
Seelowe Heights, April 16-17, 1945
“We have to hold the front at any cost. You’re responsible. If a few soldiers start to run away, then you must shoot them. If you see many soldiers taking off, and you can’t stop them, and the situation is hopeless, then you’d better shoot yourself.”
--Regimental Commander of the 303rd Doberitz Infantry Division to his battalion commanders, April 15, 1945.
After nearly four years of fighting, the Soviet Army was only 50 miles from Berlin. The forces of General Zhukov had the shortest distance to go, but between them and the “lair of the fascist beast” were the Seelowe Heights. Here the best and strongest formations of the dying Third Reich were arrayed to stop, and as they hoped, turn back the Communist hordes.
The German defenders anticipated the Soviet opening barrage and had pulled back from their forward defense positions so the attacker’s artillery shells fell on empty positions. While this saved many of the defenders from the initial onslaught, there remained little room for maneuver and absolutely none for retreat. For the Soviets, the days of retribution and victory were at hand. For the Germans, victory or death were the only alternatives. One of the war’s last, epic battles was about to begin.
1939-1945 - No Going Back: The Battle of Seelow Heights:
Note: This scenario makes use of the Expanded Rules maps.
Scenario SO-1: No Going Back (7.2 MB zipped.pdf)
“We’re not cold. We’re afraid.”
--Anonymous German soldier to General Heinrici, commander of the forces holding the Seelowe Heights after being asked why he was shivering, April 15, 1944.
The Germans, realizing there was no place left to run and facing a determined foe bent on exacting revenge, put up a desperate defense. General Zhukov’s gambit of using searchlights to illuminate and dazzle the defenders was a flop, to put it mildly. Combined with the opening barrage hitting “an empty bag” the first waves of attackers incurred severe losses. Earlier in the war such a battle could’ve gone the German’s way, but those days were gone. Even the intervention of the Muncheberg’s Tigers and Panzergrenadiers, however, would not salvage the German defense, as the Soviets by this time had plenty of “cat killers”. Eventually the Soviet’s superior armament, experience, as well as numbers broke the German will and defense. There would still be fighting and dying on the now very short road to Berlin, but once the Seelowe Heights position fell the reign of the Third Reich would be measured in days and hours. | <urn:uuid:e75b3508-c3b9-44f1-b166-b4894f5d38a6> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.wizards.com/default.asp?x=ah/aam/ah20080301 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430457008123.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501051008-00020-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957007 | 629 | 2.59375 | 3 |
New Questions for an Old Planet
March 9, 2012
By Roland Wall
Since the Academy's founding in 1812, our scientists have worked with researchers throughout the world to solve many of nature's great mysteries. As we enter our third century, new and urgent questions have emerged regarding how human behavior impacts the earth and its natural systems and how changes to our planet affect human society. We will explore the complex relationship between humans and our planet this year at our Bicentennial Town Square Series, New Questions for an Old Planet, sponsored by the Academy and our new partners at Drexel University.
This special series of 12 Town Square programs will run from April 2012 to June 2013 and will consist of four three-part series organized around the local, national, and global dimensions of major sustainability issues. We will explore climate change and energy; food and public health; water; and green building, urban design, and the built environment.
The programs will feature expert panels and distinguished speakers who will work to promote awareness of and action on each of these important topics. We will ask:
- How do we keep our energy-dependent society functioning, even as the effects of climate change begin to ripple through our economy?
- Faced with climate change, soil erosion, and population growth, how will we feed the world today and still protect the natural systems needed to feed us in the future?
- What happens when 2 to 3 billion more people need access to the already strained freshwater systems of the world during the coming decades?
- Can we live more sustainably by changing the way we design, construct, manufacture, and maintain our built environment?
Programs will cover topics like urban heat islands, clean energy, local food, watersheds, sea level rise, urban farming, global green building initiatives, and more. Additional information on dates, speakers, and registration will be available on this website throughout the year. We hope you’ll join us as we work to understand what the next 200 years holds for planet Earth. | <urn:uuid:53964290-d195-4fcb-bdc2-1e933d1c4c2e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ansp.org/about/academy-news/archive/2012/March/new_questions_for_an_oldplanet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938735 | 410 | 2.953125 | 3 |
First, Mary Poppins wasn’t far off — a spoonful of sugar really does help the medicine go down. A new study published in the Archives of Disease in Childhood journal shows that giving a sweet substance to a baby before being vaccinated helps make the shot less painful. Trials on almost 2,000 babies found crying decreased in 93% of cases.
Medical staff are being urged to consider giving babies a sweet drink of either sugar or glucose before immunising them because it gives an 'improved reaction' to injections.
An international team of researchers collected results from 14 trials involving almost 2,000 babies aged one year and younger. They found that giving babies a small amount of sweet solution, compared to water or no treatment, decreased crying in 93 per cent of cases.
Next, a pill that could help you live to be 100 and older may be available within two years. According to American professor and expert on aging, Nir Barzilai, pharmaceutical companies are developing these drugs based off research into age-related illnesses like Alzheimer's.
"Pharmaceutical companies are developing these drugs now," professor Nir Barzilai, one of the world's leading experts on aging, told fellow scientists at a London conference. "They will probably be available for testing from 2012."
The breakthrough follows intensive research into what makes cells die — and why some people dodge major illnesses such as cancer, diabetes and dementia.
And finally — could Botox actually cause wrinkles? Findings in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology show that muscle groups not injected with Botox will still find a way to make expressions, leading to more lines in adjacent areas.
Dr. David Becker, an assistant professor of dermatology at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, wrote in the journal that muscle groups that have not been injected with Botox will still find a way to make expressions, leading to more lines. | <urn:uuid:f4ba5f50-37af-4379-bf6c-cdbe317a12cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.foxnews.com/story/2010/05/14/for-your-health.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804680.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118075712-20171118095712-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.950457 | 386 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Tip of the month
"Be Good to Your Heart
One Ounce of Cardiovascular Prevention
is Better than Pounds of Cure”
Obesity is a very common risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the USA, affecting over 100 million Americans (22-24% of US Adults).
Some Facts About Obesity:
- 61% of Adults in US overweight (BMI>25) or obese (BMI>30)
- 20% of US adolescents of childbearing age are obese
- 300,000 Deaths USA year (2nd leading cause preventable deaths)
- Economic cost US $117 billion.
Remember: Appetite is our worst enemy
Click here to see some of our original accomplishments during the past 3 years in the area of cardiovascular disease prevention. See a list all our discoveries presented at national and international medical meetings.
Stay tuned for future monthly tips on Cardiovascular Prevention
Time to take care of your heart!
For appointments and more information call: (941) 366-9800 | <urn:uuid:665b82f0-76dd-455e-b012-2604a6389b75> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.cardiologycenter.net/cardiovascular-tip-of-the-month.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817523.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225225657-20180226005657-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.853878 | 211 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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