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|Coincidence: coincidence is not the absence of a causal explanation, but the coinciding of several events, which were caused by independent causal chains. The determination of a coincidence belongs to the description level and may express the deviation from an expectation. The property of being accidental is not inherent to events. See also determinism, indeterminism, contingency, necessity, probability._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. |
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Def Orthographic Coincidence/Predicate/Single-Digit/Multi-Digit/Belief/Field: All the different attributions, e.g. "X believes Russell was bald", "X believes Russell was bald or snow is white", etc. should be regarded as primitive single-digit predicates. - Then we could drop all two-digit predicates, such as "X believes that p", entirely.
Orthographic coincidence: then the fact that the expression "believes that" occurs in both (supposedly) single-digit predicates would be irrelevant, a mere orthographic coincidence.
Similarly, the fact that both contain "Russell was bald".
FieldVs: this cannot be taken seriously, but suppose it were serious: then it would follow that there do not have to be any physical relations between people and propositions. - Then, since we did not speak of a psychological relation, it is clear that there is no realization in which a physical relation would be needed. ((s) Then there must be an infinite number of primitive predicates with complex structure.)
Solution/Field: to avoid the "orthographic coincidence" "X believes that p0" should be considered as functionally definable for certain sentences p0, in the manner in which it is correct for "X is in pain." - Conclusion: then we need physical properties and possible worlds._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution.
Realism, Mathematics and Modality Oxford New York 1989
Truth and the Absence of Fact Oxford New York 2001
Science without numbers Princeton New Jersey 1980 | <urn:uuid:8667cf9f-fb86-4d5f-a08c-88ab83123727> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.philosophy-science-humanities-controversies.com/listview-details.php?id=287958&a=$a&first_name=Hartry&author=Field&concept=Coincidence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812978.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220145713-20180220165713-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.922014 | 492 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Over the next few decades, urban areas across the world are projected to experience exponential population growth. In the U.S., Census information shows that the largest cities, those with a population of over half a million, grew more in the two years between 2010 and 2012 than they did in the twenty years between 1990 to 2010. Jobs continue to transition from rural to urban areas and cities continue to develop as cultural and intellectual meccas. Those in charge of leading our urban centers into the future are hoping to make adjustments now that will allow cities to sustain themselves under the pressures of future growth. One infrastructure that is emerging as a popular component in this transition is the parklet.
What is a parklet?
Parklets are small public parks that are built in areas usually devoted to cars, most commonly in metered parking spaces. Though not always realized, the larger ideal of parklets is two-fold. Parklets aim to increase public green space while also disincentivizing the use of cars in urban environments. Because of this broader goal, parklets are strongly embedded in the New Urbanism movement, which aims to transition cities from car-centric to people-centric systems. Preliminary studies have shown parklets to have many of their desired effects, such as increased civic street life. However, there are some potential problems with the current parklet process, that need to be acknowledged and addressed for parklets to have the kind of broad and lasting impact that many hope they will.
City infrastructure is one of the most effective tools in sustainable urban growth. Through infrastructure, city leaders set priorities and expectations. Most cities in the United States prioritize cars over people mainly by designating more public land to moving and parking cars than to human leisure and recreation. Parklets are part of the movement to reverse this trend.
The parklet concept originated in San Francisco in 2005, and the first formal parklets in the United States were established in the same city five years later. In the past three years, parklets have grown in popularity. As of January 2013, thirty-eight parklets had been installed throughout San Francisco, and cities from Long Beach to New York have implemented them as well. The parklet movement has even led to the establishment of an annual international event called PARK(ing) Day, which is occurring this September 20th, 2013. Yet there has been very little study devoted to assessing how well parklets actually achieve their various intended goals.
The shortcomings of parklets
Early research conducted on San Francisco’s parklets show that the implementation of a parklet does seem to increase civic activity on the particular block where the parklet is installed, and the average number of people on the block at any given time also seems to increase. For a movement aimed at making cities more people friendly, this is definitely an achievement.
However, when it comes to disincentivizing car use, the parklet process often falls short. In order to make up the revenue lost by allowing a metered parking spot to be converted into a parklet, cities often require that they be able to build a new metered parking spot nearby.
Parklet programs also use a funding model that could prove counterproductive in the future. In general, parklets are funded entirely by the community. By removing all costs of implementation from the city, and forcing parklet funding to depend solely on the abilities of the local community to raise money, the infrastructure can only be implemented in those communities with disposable income. As a tool used to help people reclaim city streets, parklets may only be going as far as reclaiming the streets used by people who have the money to buy them back.
Parklets have great potential
For parklets to truly transform cities, they have to be implemented in concert with other measures, including the elimination of parking spaces, the widening of sidewalks, and the improvement of public transportation systems. Furthermore, their funding model needs to be reassessed so that they don’t become just another resource available to the wealthy few and out of reach for many.
As we move forward in the transition from car-centric to people-centric cities, it is important that we do so inclusively and neutrally. Leaving segments of our cities behind in the process by withholding infrastructure development, or making that development out of financial reach, will only lead to unsustainable urban growth. Parklets are a great way to increase public green space in urban environments, and have the potential to be a very effective component of the New Urbanism movement, but we must address their shortfalls now for them to have a real and sustainable impact on our future cities. | <urn:uuid:3ec263ce-cf64-472b-a876-2d33f5ba2c4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://thecityfix.com/blog/unrealized-potential-parklets-world-parking-day-new-urbanism-camille-koue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218195419.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212955-00167-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966555 | 937 | 3.375 | 3 |
Stars forced to relocate near the Southern Fish [heic0902]
3 March 2009A new Hubble image shows three galaxies locked in a gravitational tug-of-war that may result in the eventual demise of one of them.
The three pictured galaxies - NGC 7173 (middle left), NCG 7174 (middle right) and NGC 7176 (lower right) - are part of the Hickson Compact Group 90, named after astronomer Paul Hickson, who first catalogued these small clusters of galaxies in the 1980s. NGC 7173 and NGC 7176 appear to be smooth, normal elliptical galaxies without much gas and dust. In stark contrast, NGC 7174 is a mangled spiral galaxy, barely clinging to independent existence as it is ripped apart by its close neighbours. The strong tidal interaction surging through the galaxies has dragged a significant number of stars away from their home galaxies. These stars are now spread out, forming a tenuous luminous component in the galaxy group.
Ultimately, astronomers believe that the stars in NGC 7174 will be redistributed into a giant 'island universe', tens to hundreds of times as massive as our own Milky Way.
Notes for editors
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.
Image credit: NASA, ESA and R. Sharples (University of Durham, U.K.)
Hubble/ESA, Garching, Germany | <urn:uuid:25886ff5-9c37-47f1-8265-ed3beb7a0ff1> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://sci.esa.int/web/hubble/-/44338-relocating-stars-near-the-southern-fish-heic0902 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038064520.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411144457-20210411174457-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.880608 | 291 | 3.09375 | 3 |
1.) Teamwork is at the heart of great achievement. The question isn’t whether teams have value. The question is whether we acknowledge that fact and become better team players. It says, “Behind an able man there are always other able man.” There are no problems we cannot solve together, and very few that we can solve by ourselves. ~ US President Lyndon Johnson
2.) Teams involve more people, thus affording more resources, ideas, and energy than would an individual.
3.) Teams maximize a leader’s potential and minimize his/her weaknesses. Strengths and weaknesses are more exposed in individuals.
4.) Teams provide multiple perspectives on how to meet a need or reach a goal, thus devising several alternatives for each situation. Individual insight is seldom as broad & deep as a group’s when it takes on a problem.
5.) Teams keep leaders accountable for the goal. Individuals connected to no one can change the goal without accountability.
6.) Teams can simply do more than an individual.
7.) Individuals play the game, but teams win championship.
By Heide Ornopia | <urn:uuid:e38d57b0-b831-43e5-bebe-56215345d8d2> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://bradstanton.com/2013/02/06/the-values-of-teamwork/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730060435-20210730090435-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.933818 | 233 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Knowing the anatomy of a ski will make it possible for you to make an educated buy as well as improve your capability to use your ski equipment efficiently. You might also obtain anatomy passively when applying the Healing skill. Knowing the anatomy of a ski boot will let you make an educated purchase combined with enhance your capacity to utilize your ski equipment efficiently. Studying body involves a great deal of memorization. For anyone having a spine condition, understanding spinal anatomy is a superior strategy to better inform and evaluate diagnostic and therapy options. Until that moment, overall anatomy was shown to be a descriptive order, based on obvious characteristics like the positioning of organs. Everyone’s sexual anatomy is slightly different.
The quicker you know what is on the test, the faster you will have the ability to begin studying. The study of human body gives us a much better understanding of the structures of the human body and how they work. A thorough study of Yoga anatomy is going to teach you about the optimum alignment in Yoga asanas and the best way to prevent injury. A comprehensive examination is necessary, where the diagnosis will be clarified, and there will also be indications for the operation (or it will become clear that there is no indication for the operation). The study of several types of tissues often requires microscopic analysis to make significant comparisons between them.
There are nerve cells provided that a meter. They compose cells of the body, which may be categorized into four key types. Additionally, it is important to be able to comprehend the important cells, tissues, and organs studied and also to know the method by which they function.
There are numerous sorts of neurons on your physique. They are unique for many reasons. Unipolar neurons are also known as sensory neurons. In the event the motor neuron gives you several signals in a short period of time, the strength and duration of the muscle contraction increases. Dorsal finds the cap of their foot. Anterior identifies the front of the body. Your coronary arteries are located in your heart’s surface at the onset of the aorta.
Histology began to have its modern form with the introduction of cell theory in 1839. Other people have sex anatomies that don’t fit the common definition of female or male. A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy is the best source to boost your system and physiology studies. Obviously, distinct Yoga asanas demand that the body move in various ways. Meanwhile, in addition, it appears like Meredith has to make a decision of some sort. If you’d like to have a video recording of this ultrasound, then make certain you ask the tech before starting if that is a possibility.
Muscles use aerobic respiration right after we call them to generate a low to moderate amount of force. As a result, it’s very likely to be smooth and responsive. It’s a very important organ that covers the whole outside of their body, forming a protective barrier against pathogens and injuries from the environment. Therefore do your homework and learn as much as you can about female body since there are many websites around the internet that talk about the matter of the way to find her clitoris and G-spot. They are groups of cells in the body which have the capacity to contract and relax. The muscles may be weak and inflexible. The third significant muscle at the front region of the arm is that the coracobrachialis.
Sometimes having a photo of exactly what your studying is all it could take to get your mind to attach with what you are trying to study. Together with pulling the index finger from the middle finger, moreover, it pulls the thumb to the index finger. Following that, there’s the neck, a lengthy bit of wood that’s joined to the human body and Nut of this guitar. Each head can do the job independently, along with together. From the thousands of photographs on the internet regarding michigan anatomy questions, picks the very best collections using greatest quality exclusively for you all, and now this photographs is actually one among graphics choices in our very best photos gallery in relation to Inspirational Michigan Anatomy Questions. I’m hoping you may as it. This graphic (Michigan Anatomy Questions Inspirational Univ Of Michigan Gross Anatomy Radiology and Quiz) previously mentioned is actually branded using: michigan anatomy clinical questions,michigan anatomy dissection quiz,michigan anatomy heart quiz,michigan anatomy lower limb questions,michigan anatomy practical quiz,michigan anatomy practice questions,michigan anatomy questions,michigan anatomy questions abdomen,michigan anatomy questions and answers,michigan medical school anatomy practice questions,michigan medical school anatomy questions,michigan medicine anatomy practice questions,michigan state anatomy questions,michigan university anatomy questions,u michigan anatomy practice questions,u michigan anatomy questions,u of michigan anatomy questions,university of michigan anatomy questions,university of michigan anatomy review questions,university of michigan anatomy test questions, published by Thomas in 2017-08-26 01:42:55. To find out all photographs with Inspirational Michigan Anatomy Questions graphics gallery you need to abide by that url. The Elegant in addition to Lovely michigan anatomy questions regarding Really encourage Your knowledge Found Anatomy Comfortable Desire Human Anatomy | <urn:uuid:03009d89-3494-419a-9fd5-294f2ffa3189> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://tocacity.com/michigan-anatomy-questions/michigan-anatomy-questions-inspirational-univ-of-michigan-gross-anatomy-radiology-and-quiz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578610036.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423174820-20190423200820-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.940171 | 1,105 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Recently the Food and Drug Administration proposed measures that would pretty much wipe out artificial trans fats from the food supply. A trans fat ban is very good news.
Trans fats are so destructive to heart health that the FDA and Institute of Medicine have declared there is no safe consumption. While legislation in 2006 severely cut intake of trans fats in the U.S., they’re still present in many processed foods like microwave popcorn, frozen pizzas, frostings, coffee creamers, and margarines.
The bad news is that many food companies have replaced trans fats with tropical oils like palm oil and coconut oil.
Tropical oils may be as harmful as trans fats.
“Tropical oils are full of artery-damaging saturated fats. Coconut oil, for example, is 92 percent saturated fat. Like saturated animal fats such as butter and cheese, tropical oils raise LDL bad cholesterol and clog arteries with plaque, increasing the risk of a heart attack,” points out Kimberly Gomer, Director of Nutrition at the Pritikin Longevity Center in Miami, Florida.
Ironically, in the 1980s and 90s, it was health concerns over tropical oils that spurred food manufacturers to create trans fats. Trans fats are formed when chemists treat liquid oils with hydrogen, turning them solid. These human-altered fats are called partially hydrogenated fats, and trans fats make up a good portion of them.
Today, in a head-spinning turnaround from the 80s and 90s, tropical oils are often marketed as a healthy alternative to trans fats. “But nothing could be further from the truth,” asserts Jay Kenney, PhD, RD, Nutrition Research Specialist at the Pritikin Longevity Center.
In fact, he suspects that tropical oils may be even worse for artery health than trans fats.
“That’s because the saturated fat content in tropical oils is much higher than the trans fat content in partially hydrogenated fats, so it is debatable that using tropical oils instead of partially hydrogenated fats actually results in less coronary artery disease.”
Bottom line: “Don’t buy into the hype that tropical oils are a healthy alternative to trans fats,” counsels Kimberly.
“When grocery shopping, always turn the product around and read the Ingredient List. Steer clear of any product that contains partially hydrogenated fats as well as tropical oils like coconut oil, palm kernel oil, or palm oil. Both trans fats and tropical oils are bad news for your heart.” | <urn:uuid:3c6ef99c-f2ee-4347-a827-a58e3ccfe7a2> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.pritikin.com/your-health/healthy-living/eating-right/1819-transfat-good-bad-news.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647545.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320224824-20180321004824-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.95507 | 525 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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Leonardo da vinci april 15 1452 may 2 1519 was an artist humanist scientist philosopher inventor and naturalist during the italian renaissancehis genius says his biographer walter isaacson was his ability to marry observation with imagination and to apply that imagination to intellect and its universal nature. Its a pleasant coincidence to see leonardo da vinci 1452 1519 mostly known as a painter being remembered and celebrated in both east and the west after 500 years of his life while celebration of this landmark about the renaissance man must be happening around the globe and more so in and around his birthplace in italy i have personally come across celebratory events or . As the orginal renaissance man leonardo da vincis works have influenced artists scientists architects and great thinkers for centuries along with the mona lisa and the last supper his vitruvian man drawing is one of the most iconic images in the history of western art. Leonardo da vinci renaissance man i can do everything possible is indeed a fitting epitaph for one of the greatest minds in recorded history while such fellow giants as sir isaac newton and albert einstein had the brain capacity to generate shattering insights into physics and the ways of the universe . Leonardo da vinci 1452 1519 was a painter architect inventor and student of all things scientific his natural genius crossed so many disciplines that he | <urn:uuid:254ece90-ed04-4d43-a886-d9e9781509dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.elmercadillonline.com.es/leonardo-da-vinci-a-graphic-history-of-the-renaissance-man-great-lives | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879673.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022141106-20201022171106-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.954397 | 318 | 3.46875 | 3 |
In science there are multiple examples of people in different locations contemporaneously discovering the same laws of nature, inventing the same mechanical devices and formulating the same mathematical equations. And, in these cases there frequently is no definitive conclusion of priority except to put the laurel on both heads. Trademark law is simpler: the same term can be a source indicator for two registrants offering goods or services in different classes. It is unusual, however, for commercial parties contemporaneously to invent and exploit a non-word.
In Intellogy Solutions, LLC v. Craig Schmidt and IntelliGolf, Inc., D2009-1244 (WIPO November 24, 2009) the parties contemporaneously invented “intellogy”. The Complainant took the non-word to the USPTO and obtained a trademark registration. The Respondents employed it as a domain name, <intellogy.com>. The Panel found that “Domain History and WhoIs Search Results indicate that the Disputed Domain Name was created on February 6, 2000, whereas Complainant’s <intellogy.net> Domain Name was created on November 20, 2000, and Complainant’s <intellogy.info>, <intellogy.org>, and <intellogy.biz> domain names were created on April 1, 2002. Application for a trademark was filed on December 8, 2000. The Respondents contended that they “registered the Disputed Domain Name because it is a contraction of their trademark INTELLIGOLF (which has been registered with the USPTO since 1999) and ‘technology,’ and that they did so in their effort to market and sell the above-named sports-enhancing software.” The Panel found this persuasive: “Respondents’ assertion that they have used the INTELLOGY designation in this way is credible given that Respondents market and sell an entire family ‘intelli-’ named software products and technology.”
The WIPO Final Report states that the “scope of the procedure is limited so that it is available only in respect of deliberate, bad faith, abusive, domain name registrations or ‘cybersquatting’ and is not applicable to disputes between parties with competing rights acting in good faith” (Paragraph 135(i)). The problem in Intellogy is that in 2008 the original registrant transferred the domain name to another entity which he also controlled. Ordinarily, a transfer is regarded as a new registration; the rule is that a transferee does not enjoy the benefits of its transferor’s good faith. Thus, in considering
Respondents’ evidence, there is a threshold issue of whether to consider only the use by the current registrant, Intelligolf, or whether the Panel also may consider the use by the former registrant, Karrier. Generally, a transfer of ownership of a domain name constitutes a new registration, and panels typically look only at the claimed rights and interests of the current registrant in determining whether that registrant has rights or legitimate interests.
The Panel held that where a transfer does not “effect any material change in the beneficial ownership of the domain name … it is appropriate … to consider [at one time] Respondents’ and the prior, related registrants’ rights and interests in the Disputed Domain Name.” Just as there are clearly factual circumstances that justify treating the current and former registrants as one, so there are cases that justify the opposite. In Certipost NV v. Virtual Point Inc., D2008-1183 (WIPO September 25, 2008), the Panel held that it saw “no injustice in the ‘internal’ transfer of the Domain Name within the wider business group, producing the ‘side effect’ of giving the third party trade mark owner who has been subjected to the bad faith use, an opportunity to invoke the Policy which it would not otherwise have had (because it could not show that the original registration of the disputed domain name had been made in bad faith).”
The decision turns on the transferor’s use of the domain name. In Intellogy, the transferee and the transferor “consistently promoted” the same goods. In contrast, in ehotel AG v. Network Technologies Polska Jasinski Lutoborski Sp.J., D2009-0785 (WIPO August 5, 2009) the transferee “effectively abandoned [transferor’s] own prior use and actively sought to associate the Domain Name with the Complainant’s business.”
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In 1871, most of Chicago burnt down. The summer had been really dry, and the city’s wooden houses were a matchbox waiting to be lit. There had been small fires all summer, and it was only a matter of time before the city erupted in a major blaze. Around 9pm on Sunday, October 8, a fire began that eventually consumed an area about four miles long, encompassing more than 2,000 acres. It destroyed more than 17,500 buildings and $222 million in property. Of the 300,000 inhabitants, 90,000 were left homeless.
The traditional account for the origin of the fire is that it was started by a cow kicking over a lantern in the barn owned by Patrick and Catherine O’Leary. Mrs. O’Leary and her cow were quickly vilified, but this was more a reflection of anti-immigrant sentiment at the time than a real cause. The city did absolve Mrs. O’Leary and her cow of any wrongdoing—in the 1990s!
But out of this tragedy, the city was built anew with wider streets, steel and brick buildings, and more green space. Chicago architecture remains some of the best in the world. Beginning in the early 1880s, architectural pioneers of the Chicago School explored steel-frame construction and the use of large areas of plate glass. Chicago had some of the first modern skyscrapers. William LeBaron Jenney’s Home Insurance Building is often considered to be the first to use steel in its structural frame instead of cast iron. Frank Lloyd Wright’s Prairie School influenced both building and furnishing designs. Folks like George Fuller also helped shape architecture and design. Much of Chicago is in this late 19th century/early 20th century American Gothic style that was the definitive style for many buildings across the country.
I was lucky enough to find myself in this architectural wonderland at the end of July for TBEX. While driving across the US in 2006, I also finished my journey here. The city left a lasting impression on me, and I was happy to visit again.
While the city is famous for a number of reasons, its biggest draws today are its green spaces and architectural beauty. There are many green spaces and parks throughout the city—the most famous being Grant and Millennium Park, home to the famous Chicago Bean. Chicago has been “greening” itself in hopes of being the country’s most environmentally friendly city. There’s even a rooftop garden on top of City Hall. For me, Chicago’s most striking feature is its architecture. It has one of the most beautiful skylines in the country. Wide streets lined with American Gothic buildings and modern steel high rises make for stunning visual images and awe-inspiring photos.
However, my trip wasn’t solely spent waxing romantically over the architecture while walking in the parks. With my Chicago Press Book in hand, I was determined to see as many sites as I could, especially since they were free. I explored the Chicago Aquarium, which also provides excellent views of the city. Sadly, though, it doesn’t provide excellent information about the fish it features. I also found it to be too geared towards kids having a good time and less about providing solid information, especially about the poor state of our oceans. The displays looked like they contained a lot of detailed information, but I walked away without knowing much more than common knowledge information. Go for the fun, not the facts!
As I museum lover, I made sure to visit quite a few. Though the details of me walking around museums are quite boring, I will nevertheless say the art museum near Millennium Park has an amazing impressionist wing. I was very impressed with their Monet collection.
My favorite adventure in Chicago was to Navy Pier. Never having been, I was eager to check out this famous place before I left. Navy Pier is sort of like a carnival in a city. It contains some rides, a Ferris wheel, lots of restaurants, a Shakespeare theater, boat tours, an oddly large number of beer gardens, and even miniature golf. While the place itself is a little campy, with so many things to do there, it seems like a good place to walk around on a nice day, have a drink, take the kids, or go on a date.
Chicago’s beauty is everywhere and in everything. Moving at a relaxed and slow pace, even during rush hour, Chicago always feels like Saturday. Because of its beautiful architecture, green space, and delicious food, Chicago is one of my favorite American cities (third behind NYC and Boston). No visit will ever get old.
For more information on the United States, visit my country and city guides to US travel. | <urn:uuid:79ac495a-b4d8-4664-98d3-5a6dda2fb5a9> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.nomadicmatt.com/travel-blogs/the-un-windy-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119655893.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030055-00096-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974233 | 978 | 2.90625 | 3 |
What is identity theft?
Identity theft is a crime in which someone steals your identity by obtaining key pieces of your personal information, such as your credit card, driver's license, social security or other personal identification numbers.
Types of identity theft
"True name": the thief uses your information to open new accounts like credit card and checking accounts.
"Account takeover": the thief uses your information to access your existing accounts. Typically, they will change the mailing address on your account and run up a huge bill before you realize there is a problem.
Identity thieves can trick you into revealing your information or downright steal it using phishing emails, rigged Web sites, Trojans, and spyware or keylogger software.
Identity theft is not confined to the online world and you should also be careful when you're offline. One of the easiest ways for an identity thief to get information is by retrieving personal paperwork and discarded mail from trash dumpsters.
What the police have done
Police across the world have warned that they find it hard to keep up with cybercriminals, as the number of identity theft cases grow and the cases get bigger and bigger:
In February 2011, FBI arrested 74 members and associates of the Armenian Power (AP) gang, for being involved in a variety of crimes including identity theft, bank fraud, credit card skimming and check counterfeiting. They had managed to cause over $2 million in losses after installing skimming devices at cash registers and using the stolen magnetic stripe data to create counterfeit cards.
In November 2010, a California man was arrested under suspicion of hacking into the email and Facebook accounts of over 170 women and in many cases exposing their explicit intimate pictures online.
In August 2010, the Wakulla County, Fla. Sheriff's Office arrested two men for involvement in what's described as "a massive scheme" to defraud thousands of victims across the United States via identity theft. Their alleged scheme involved creating counterfeit credit cards with stolen personal information. The suspects are said to have used the stolen information to purchase gift cards and ship the cards (as well as merchandise purchased with the cards) around the world.
Victims and losses
According to IdentityTheft.info, approximately 15 million United States residents have their identities used fraudulently each year with financial losses totaling upwards of $50 billion. On a case-by-case basis, that means approximately 7% of all adults have their identities misused with each instance resulting in approximately $3,500 in losses.
Also, the average out-of-pocket expense for victims increased 63 percent from, $387 per incident in 2009 to $631 in 2010.
What you can do
Protect your computer against viruses, spyware and keyloggers using updated internet security software.
Don’t share any personal information in response to unsolicited e-mail.
Experts also recommend that you:
• Regularly check your credit report with major credit bureaus
• Follow up with creditors if your bills do not arrive on time
• Destroy unsolicited credit applications
• Shred or burn bank statements or other personal paperwork that you want to get rid of | <urn:uuid:42a5103a-2161-49fe-b123-2dcad951b532> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://www.bullguard.com/de/bullguard-security-center/internet-security/internet-threats/what-is-identity-theft.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738099622.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222139-00014-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939745 | 645 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Fond du Lac became a township in 1856 and joined the City of Duluth in 1870. Decades after the fur post and mission closed, Fond du Lac once again bustled with activity. “Tomorrow a party of young people will go up to Fond du Lac for a picnic,” the Duluth Weekly Tribune announced in 1884. “It is a good place to go.” Those picnickers were likely headed to Chambers Grove, where tall maple and elm trees created a delightful shady spot on the banks of the St. Louis River several hundred yards west of the Astor fur post site.
Michael and Emily Chambers purchased the land that bears their name in 1869, when Fond du Lac was a small but lively township. Chambers was an auctioneer, originally from County Cork, Ireland. He lived in St. Paul before he and his wife, Emily, a French-speaking Canadian, moved to Fond du Lac.
Their property in Fond du Lac, previously a farm owned by Rueben Carlton, namesake of Minnesota’s Carlton County, included extensive outcrops of sandstone along the St. Louis River. Chambers leased that portion of the land to various brownstone quarrymen intermittently from 1870 until his death in 1895. The stone from Chambers Quarry was used to construct many buildings in Duluth, few of which remain.
Michael and Emily Chambers began building a new home near the river in 1870 and finished it in 1872. The two-story mansion, faced with chocolate-brown sandstone from their own quarry, included more than twenty rooms with deep stone walls and tall, narrow arched windows. The house stood on high ground overlooking the St. Louis River and attracted sightseers who traveled to Fond du Lac for a view of the mansion. The Chamberses often entertained in the house’s large second-floor drawing room, which featured a grand piano (Emily was an accomplished pianist). They covered the floors with Brussels carpeting, which they protected with burlap for dances. Newspaper reports indicate the house may have operated as a hotel in the mid-1870s.
In addition to the brownstone quarry and mansion, Michael and Emily Chambers’s property included a plum orchard and, as the Duluth News Tribune described, “a grove of old maples, between which is no underbrush, but whose interlacing foliage casts its dark shadows on a smooth carpet of short, thick grass; a high hill on one side, and the broad, still river on the other.”
Local newspapers noted the popularity of picnic outings to Fond du Lac as early as 1871, when the Duluth Minnesotian reported that Duluth’s Germania Society planned to travel up the river on the steamer Kasota for a Fourth of July picnic. By 1882 Michael Chambers had opened his maple grove along the river as a public picnic ground; he even provided a platform for dancing and swings for youngsters. Chambers Grove became a favorite site for clan gatherings, church and school groups, labor unions, and service organizations.
While Emily Chambers was quite refined—she was educated in a Quebec convent—Michael Chambers could be difficult to deal with. Historian William Coventry describes Chambers’s career as “punctuated by friction with partners, unstable financial situations, and scuffles with the law.” Over the years he accused a fellow pioneer of a “murderous assault,” attempted to sue another for defamation of character, and was himself accused of selling liquor to an Ojibwe; each case was dismissed. In October 1882 the News Tribune reported that quarryman Martin Boyle confronted Chambers on a train. Boyle grabbed him “by the beard and…drew a revolver and threatened to shoot him.” Other passengers intervened “before much harm was done.”
In May 1891 it was Alphonse Guerard’s turn to assault Chambers, this time over a property dispute. That July an arson fire gutted the Chamberses’ mansion; Guerard was the prime suspect. Months later Guerard’s home was also destroyed by an arson fire. No legal action was taken in either case. The mansion was never rebuilt. Michael Chambers died in 1895, but the remains of the house were not removed. Promoters made colored postcards of the ruins of the Chamberses’ house, claiming it was the “Old Fond du Lac Indian Trading Post on the St. Louis River, Duluth, Minn.” The picnickers kept coming, and exploring the ruins became part of the grove’s allure until they were cleared away in 1912.
Some picnickers arrived by the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad, but most took the river route. As early as the 1880s, steamships that already made daily runs to Fond du Lac began to offer “pic-nic cruises.” Following Michael Chambers’s death in 1895, Emily leased (and later sold) the eastern portion of the picnic grove to the Clow & Nicholson Transportation Company, which operated a number of the excursion boats. Newspaper advertisements announced that Chambers Grove at Fond du Lac was not a public park, but was under lease to Clow & Nicholson, and was free only to the patrons of their boat line. Other visitors had to pay to use the picnic grounds. The area became so popular that a hotel operated on Nekuk Island, also called Peterson Island, from 1895 to about 1915.
In 1907 Duluth Alderman William E. McEwen, who owned a summer cottage at Fond du Lac, proposed the idea of purchasing the Chamberses’ property for a city park. He described the land as “containing 120 acres of rolling ground, dotted with handsome shade trees, lying along the windings of the St. Louis river, removed from the chill of the lake breezes, and away from the hum…of the city, it would make the most ideal park in the northern part of the state.” But the park board had little money and decided to focus instead on maintenance of existing parks.
Judge William A. Cant also encouraged the city to create a public park in Fond du Lac. In August 1913, Judge Cant told the News Tribune that “Duluth has an opportunity at this time to acquire a public playground that she sorely needs. Watch the people who come on every excursion boat, with no place to go, picnicking on private property in many instances, and then one sees what a need there is for the city to own a place for the people at the end of this boat trip—the most popular of the sightseeing trips out from Duluth.” However, just a few months earlier, the new 1913 city charter had eliminated Duluth’s park board and handed responsibility for the park system to the mayor. Although Mayor William Prince appreciated parks, he had more pressing problems to resolve.
An ad in the Duluth Herald in June 1915 announced that Clow & Nicholson had purchased enough water frontage at Fond du Lac west of the fur post site to establish its own dock and terminal. The company built the Fond du Lac Inn, a large pavilion with “plenty of floor space for dancing, big roomy porches for lounging, big cheery fireplace…, outdoor tables, seats, swings,…row boats, bathing beach, etc.” The outside of the building was painted a cheerful yellow and white. In 1919 construction was begun on a bridge over the St. Louis River, which separated the Clow & Nicholson property from Chambers Grove.
Duluthians also journeyed to Chambers Grove via trains running along the original LS&M line between Fond du Lac and West Duluth at Seventy-first Avenue West, which in 1905 became known as the Northern Pacific Railway’s Fond du Lac Branch. In order to turn around and return to Duluth, engines—including gasoline-powered models from 1909 to 1910 and 1923 to 1925—used a turntable adjacent to passenger and freight depots built at 133rd Avenue West in 1895. (Fond du Lac’s first depot, built in 1870 at 122nd Avenue West, was moved to 13308 West Third Street in 1896 and operated as the Olde Depot Inn restaurant from 1929 to 1985; it is a private residence today.) Streetcar service to New Duluth and the increased availability of automobiles ended train service to Fond du Lac in 1925. | <urn:uuid:bad45e7f-2fb0-463c-a69c-7e4cc8e13193> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://zenithcity.com/archive/parks-landmarks/chambers-grove-historical-park/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590866.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719105750-20180719125750-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.974223 | 1,764 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Bloodspot: An egg defect, caused by the rupture of blood vessels in the chicken. They are unsightly but still edible.
Bantam:Technically the Bantam is a type of fowl that doesn\'t have a larger version. There are nine bantam breeds. Many small fowl are referred to as Bantams but are infact miniatures or a small version of a large breed.
Broody: The desire to want to sit and hatch eggs.
Chalazae: The cords that anchor the yolk to the shell in the egg.
Chicken: Technically the term to describe a bird, (male or female) of the current season's breeding.
Cock: A male bird after the first moult generally at about a year and a half old.
Cockerel: UK term for a rooster.
Comb: The red muscle on the head of most chickens.
Coop: A chicken house, a prosaic name for the magnificent Eglu!
Crest: The bunch of feathers on the head of some breeds.
Crop: Part of the pre-digestive system of the chicken. Food collects here at the base of the neck and is softened before going through the rest of the digestive process.
Cushion: The area of the back in front of the tail on the female
Cuticle: The last coat put on the egg in the vagina acting as a barrier to disease.
Drinker: Container for water for birds to drink from.
Dust bath: Chickens will use an area of dry dust, be that earth or sand, to remove mites and lice form their feathers.
Ear lobe: The fleshy bit just under the ears.
Face: The skin around the eyes.
E is for Eglu, S is for Sunbathing!
Flight feathers: The biggest primary feathers on the final half of the wing.
Gizzard: The internal organ of the chicken that collects grit and grinds food down.
Grit: Insoluble stoney matter fed to chickens to allow their gizzard to grind their food up.
Gullet: The oesophagus. (The pipe between the throat and crop.)
Hen: A female after her first laying period, roughly a year and a half old.
Hybrid: Birds that have been genetically bred from two different breeds for good characteristics from both, such as laying well and having a good amount of meat.
Keel: The bird's breast bone.
Nicholls, Simon: One of the four founder members of Omlet. Small but perfectly formed and fluent in west country.
Mash: A mixture of (wet or dry) coarse ground feed.
Meat spots: Bits found inside an egg caused by some foreign body or other passing into the oviduct as the eggs are forming.
Moult: The yearly shedding and replacement of feathers. Lasts for around 8 weeks.
Paul, Johannes: One of the four founder members of Omlet. In pursuit of the perfect piece of cake.
Pea comb: A comb that looks like three separate combs, the middle one being the largest.
Pellet: Pellets formed from a fine mash bonded together.
Point of lay: Also known as Started Pullets - a young pullet about 18 weeks old, the age at which the bird could start laying. Your first egg could be four weeks after this though.
Primary feathers: The first ten feathers on the wing starting at the tip working towards the middle. Out of sight when the bird is resting.
Pullet: A female bird from the current year\'s breeding.
Pure breed: A breed that is pure, i.e. has had no crossing with other breeds or varieties within the same breed.
Rooster: A male chicken, particularly a breeding male.
Roosting pole: Also known simply as a Pole, or Perch, this is where chickens like to roost rest up at night.
Rose comb: A wide flat comb nearly flat on top, covered with small nodules ending up with a spike. Size varies with breed.
Saddle: The area of the back in front of the tail on the male.
Scales: The horny tissue covering the toes and legs.
Shaft: The stem or base of the feather.
Single comb: A flat vertical comb with serrations along the edge.
Started pullets: Another term for a "Point of lay" hen Tuthill, James: One of the four founder members of Omlet. Has a beautiful singing voice.
Utility: Birds bred for meat or egg production rather than shows.
Variety: Birds of the same breed but of different colours.
Vent: The orifice at the rear end of the bird through which both eggs and faeces are ejected.
Wattles: The fleshy appendages hanging either side of the lower beak.
Windham, William: One of the four founder members of Omlet. Often mistaken for Brad Pitt.
Wing clipping: The practice of clipping, (cutting the end off) the primary and secondary feathers on one wing to prevent the bird from flying.
Rosa, 25 August 2013
Can't wait for my chickens and Eglu Cube to arrive! Very useful information! | <urn:uuid:d80c3ae5-9de3-4c9f-bafb-c7008251988b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.omlet.us/guide/chickens/glossary/glossary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945279.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324082226-20230324112226-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.936202 | 1,105 | 3.125 | 3 |
Building resilience… one breath at a time.
The teenage years are an exciting and dramatic time of life, but they can seem like a wild rollercoaster ride. Thrilling and terrifying.
It is a time of tremendous physical and emotional growth, of huge life changes and intense academic and social pressures. It is a time too of bewildering thoughts and feelings that can seem impossible to manage. Making it worse for many teenagers, it often seems like no one understands….
It doesn’t have to be like that. The Centre for Mindfulness Studies is now offering a new introductory workshop created specifically for a teen audience.
The workshop offers:
- on-the-spot-tools teens can use to deal with daily pressures
- key skills to self-manage mood swings and
- practical methods they can use to avoid over-reacting
Participants will learn evidence-based techniques for:
- coping with school pressures
- reducing the anxiety that comes with trying to fit in
- improving sleep
- making it easier to socialize and enjoy life!
Who Should Attend
14-17 year olds who want to learn tools they can use to deal with the stresses of daily life. Younger or older teens may be admitted at the discretion of the facilitator.
Monday, February 20, 2017 | 1:00pm - 4:00pm
Elaine Orsini BA ECE OTC has 36 years of teaching experience ranging from daycare to elementary to secondary. Elaine piloted the first Mindfulness Camp for teenagers at Camp Olympia as well as the first Mindfulness Councils in her school with Mindfulness Without Borders. She has trained in MBCT and aligned this with her work for social justice, locally and globally. Her area of expertise as Chaplain for 15 years includes facilitating retreats for both students and staff.
Please register at least one week in advance of the workshop. Registration is limited. Please wear comfortable clothing.
As a registered charity, we do not charge HST. When you support us, you support our charitable initiatives. If you’d like to learn more, please see our Community Program. | <urn:uuid:18df2147-916d-4756-ba6f-b63146d83ddc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://centreformindfulnessstudies.ticketleap.com/17-206-02/details | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510924.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001173415-20231001203415-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.946372 | 454 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The United Nations has publicly expressed consideration over removing military personnel from its peacekeeping mission in Haiti. The mission, known locally by its French acronym MINUSTAH, has been established in Haiti since 2004, during a time of extreme civil unrest. The UN stepped in right after President Bertrand Aristide was exiled from the country, in the aftermath of widespread armed conflict.
MINUSTAH’s original mandate was to restore a secure and stable political environment in Haiti, by boosting the country’s flailing government and justice systems. It also intended to promote and protect human rights throughout the region.
As one of the UN’s longest-running missions, MINUSTAH has drawn much scrutiny and contention over the years. Additionally, it is the sole UN peacekeeping mission in the Americas. The mission has been widely criticized for various sexual abuse allegations, as well as its contribution to Haiti’s cholera epidemic. The rampant spread of the disease was caused by UN peacekeepers after the January 2010 earthquake. Following this earthquake, the UN Security Council approved the Secretary-General’s proposal to increase the mission’s overall forces. This action was initially taken as a means to support immediate recovery and restoration but, was hugely undermined by the cholera outbreak.
Furthermore, there is much debate over how appropriate the peacekeeping mandate is, with regards to current circumstances. Although Haiti has suffered a two-year political crisis, leading up to the most recent election and an onslaught of natural disasters, the nation has not fallen victim to an armed conflict in years. It can be said that the UN was anticipating a scaling back of operations in the region since last year. The UN Security Council, which approves mandates for peacekeeping missions, last renewed MINUSTAH for only six months, instead of the usual one-year period.
The UN’s stance was made clear in a statement given to reporters by Herve Ladsous, a UN Deputy Secretary-General, to wrap up his week-long visit to Port-au-Prince. During this visit, Ladsous attended the inauguration of the new Haitian President Jovenel Moïse, and conducted an evaluation of the mission. Ladsous attributes the UN’s optimism towards peace to several factors, namely the successful elections, the inauguration of the president, and the growth and development of Haiti’s police force. Consistent progress has been made with regard to security, despite underlying tensions that plague Haiti’s political climate. Ladsous has emphasized that as of right now, the UN seriously considers modifying the mandate of the stabilization mission.
It is expected that the Secretary-General will weigh in on any changes by March 15, and the Security Council should have its decision by April.
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- Bahrain Files Lawsuit To Dissolve Secular Political Party - March 9, 2017 | <urn:uuid:85014499-9b85-470d-b815-59cc6f279dc6> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://theowp.org/un-considers-removing-peacekeepers-from-haiti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647649.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321121805-20180321141805-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.964128 | 634 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Peptic Ulcer Disease
A peptic ulcer occurs when the lining of the digestive tract is eroded by gastric acid and generally occurs when there is an imbalance between gastric injury and mucosal defense.
Gastric acid is produced by parietal cells in the stomach. Parietal cells are stimulated in response to gastrin, acetylcholine and histamine, and inhibited by somatostatin and prostaglandins. Gastric acid plays an important physiological role by helping absorb nutrients and providing an role in immunity. Gastric defenses include the mucous and bicarbonate layer, vascular supply and epithelial barrier function.
H.pylori and NSAIDs account for more than 90% of peptic ulcers, with other less common causes including Crohn’s disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and malignancy. | <urn:uuid:020b6445-a266-4f31-8b90-754591021cd9> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://dralexandersimring.com/medical-practitioners/disorders-of-the-stomach-and-duodenum/peptic-ulcer-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170609.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00228-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932823 | 176 | 3.625 | 4 |
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- Education in primitive and early civilized cultures
- Education in classical cultures
- Ancient India
- Ancient China
- Ancient Greeks
- Education in Persian, Byzantine, early Russian, and Islamic civilizations
- The Byzantine Empire
- Europe in the Middle Ages
- The background of early Christian education
- The Carolingian renaissance and its aftermath
- The medieval renaissance
- Changes in the schools and philosophies
- The development of the universities
- Education in Asian civilizations: c. 700 to the eve of Western influence
- European Renaissance and Reformation
- The humanistic tradition in Italy
- The humanistic tradition of northern and western Europe
- European education in the 17th and 18th centuries
- The social and historical setting
- Education in 17th-century Europe
- Central European theories and practices
- Education in 18th-century Europe
- Education during the Enlightenment
- Western education in the 19th century
- The early reform movement: the new educational philosophers
- Development of national systems of education
- The spread of Western educational practices to Asian countries
- Education in the 20th century
- Major intellectual movements
- Western patterns of education
- The United Kingdom
- The United States
- Revolutionary patterns of education
- Russia: from tsarism to communism
- Patterns of education in non-Western or developing countries
- South Asia
- The Middle East
- Latin America
- Global trends in education
- The development and growth of national education systems
- Global enrollment trends since the mid-20th century
Beginning at a date difficult to fix precisely (at the end of the 7th or during the 6th century), Athens, in contrast to Sparta, became the first to renounce education oriented toward the future duties of the soldier. The Athenian citizen, of course, was always obliged, when necessary and capable, to fight for the fatherland, but the civil aspect of life and culture was predominant: armed combat was only a sport. The evolution of Athenian education reflected that of the city itself, which was moving toward increasing democratization—though it should be noted that the slave and the resident alien always remained excluded from the body politic. The Athenian democracy, even in its most complete form, attained in the 4th century bce was to remain always the way of life of a minority—about 10 to 15 percent, it is estimated, of the total population. Athenian culture continued to be oriented toward the noble life—that of the Homeric knight, minus the warrior aspect—and this orientation determined the practice of elegant sports. Some of these, such as horsemanship and hunting, always remained more or less the privilege of an aristocratic and wealthy elite; however, the various branches of athletics, originally reserved for the sons of the great families, became more and more widely practiced.
Education of youth
Schools had begun to appear in those early centuries, probably on eastern Mediterranean models run by private teachers. The earliest references are, however, more recent. Herodotus mentions schools dating from 496 bce and Pausanias from 491 bce. The term used is didaskaleion (“a place for instruction”), while the generic term scholē, meaning leisure—a reference to schooling being the preserve of the wealthier sector—was also coming into use. There was no single institution; rather, each activity was carried out in a separate place. The young boy of privileged rank would be taken by a kind of chaperone, the paidagōgos, who was generally a respected slave within the parents’ household. The elements of literacy were taught by the writing master, known as a grammatistes, the child learning his letters and numbers by scratching them on a wax-coated wooden tablet with a stylus. More advanced formal literacy, chiefly in a study of the poets, playwrights, and historians, was given by the grammatikos, although this was restricted to the genuinely leisured. Supremely important was instruction in the mythopoeic legends of Hesiod and Homer, given by the lyre-playing kitharistes. In addition, all boys had to be instructed in physical and military activities in the wrestling school, known as the palaestra, itself part of the more comprehensive institution of the gymnasium.
The moral aspect of education was not neglected. The Athenian ideal was that of the kalos k’agathos, the “wise and good” man. The teachers were as much preoccupied with overseeing the child’s good conduct and the formation of his character as with directing his progress in the various subjects taught him. Poetry served to transmit all the traditional wisdom, which combined two currents: the ethic of the citizen expressed in the moralizing elegies of the 6th-century lawmaker Solon and the old Homeric ideal of the value of competition and heroic exploit. But this ideal equilibrium between the education of the body and that of the mind was interrupted before long as a result on the one hand of the development of professional sports and the exigencies of its specialization and on the other by the development of the strictly intellectual disciplines, which had made great progress since the time of the first philosophers of the 5th century bce.
A system of higher education open to all—to all, at any rate, who had the leisure and necessary money—emerged with the appearance of the Sophists, mostly foreign teachers who were contemporaries and adversaries of Socrates (c. 470–399 bce). Until then the higher forms of culture had retained an esoteric character, being transmitted by the master to a few chosen disciples—as in the first schools of medicine at Cnidus and at Cos—or within the framework of a religious confraternity involving initiate status. The Sophists proposed to meet a new need that was generally felt in Greek society—particularly in the most active cities, such as Athens, where political life had been intensively developed. Henceforth, participation in public affairs became the supreme occupation engaging the ambition of Greek man; it was no longer in athletics and elegant leisure activities that his valour, his desire to assert himself and to triumph, would find expression but rather in political action.
The Sophists, who were professional educators, introduced a form of higher education whose commercial success attested to and was promoted by its social utility and practical efficacy. They inaugurated the literary genre of the public lecture, which was to experience a long popularity. It was a teaching process that was oriented in an entirely realistic direction, education for political participation. The Sophists pretended neither to transmit nor to seek for the truth concerning man or existence; they offered simply an art of success in political life, which meant, above all, being able on every occasion to make one’s point of view prevail. Two principal disciplines constituted the program: the art of logical argument, or dialectic, and the art of persuasive speaking, or rhetoric—the two most flourishing humanistic sciences of antiquity. These disciplines the Sophists founded by distilling from experience their general principles and logical structures, thus making possible their transmission on a theoretical basis from master to pupil.
To the pedagogy of the Sophists there was opposed the activity of Socrates, who, as inheritor of the earlier aristocratic tradition, was alarmed by this radical utilitarianism. He doubted that virtue could be taught—especially for money, a degrading substance. An heir of the old sages of former times, Socrates held that the supreme ideal of man, and hence of education, was not the spirit of efficiency and power but the disinterested search for the absolute, for virtue—in short, for knowledge and understanding.
It was only at the beginning of the 4th century bce, however, that the principal types of Classical Greek higher education became organized on definitive lines. This was the result of the joint and rival efforts of two great educators: the philosopher Plato (c. 428–348/347), who opened his school—the Academy—probably in 387, and the orator Isocrates (436–338), who founded his school about 390.
Plato was descended from a long line of aristocrats and became the most distinguished of Socrates’ students. The indictment and execution of Socrates by what Plato considered an ignorant society turned him away from Athens and public life. After an absence of some 10 years, spent traveling the Mediterranean, he returned to Athens, where he founded a school near the grove dedicated to the early hero Acadēmos and hence known as the Academy. The select band of scholars who gathered there engaged in philosophical disputations in preparation for their role as leaders. Good government, Plato believed, would only come from an educated society in which kings are philosophers and philosophers are kings.
Plato’s literary dialogues provide a comprehensive picture of his approach to education. Basically, it was built around the study of dialectic (the skill of accurate verbal reasoning), the proper pursuit of which, he believed, enables misconceptions and confusions to be stripped away and the nature of underlying truth to be established. The ultimate educational quest, as revealed in the dialogues, is the search for the Good—that is, the ultimate idea that binds together all earthly existence.
Plato’s educational program is set out in his most famous dialogue, the Republic. The world, he argued, has two aspects: the visible, or that which is perceived with the senses; and the nonvisible, or the intelligible, which consists of universal, eternal forms or ideas that are apprehensible only by the mind. Furthermore, the visible realm itself is subdivided into two: the realm of appearances and that of beliefs. Human experiences of so-called reality, according to Plato, are only of visible “appearances” and from these can be derived only opinions and beliefs. Most people, he argued, remain locked in this visible world of opinion; only a select few can cross into the realm of the intelligible. Through a rigorous 15-year program of higher education devoted to the study of dialectics and mathematical reasoning, this elite (“persons of gold” was Plato’s term) can attain an understanding of genuine reality, which is composed of such forms as the Good, the True, the Beautiful, and the Just. Plato maintained that only those individuals who survive this program are really fit for the highest offices of the state and capable of being entrusted with the noblest of all tasks, those of maintaining and dispensing justice.
The rival school of Isocrates was much more down-to-earth and practical. It too aimed at a form of wisdom but of a much more practical order, based on working out commonsense solutions to life’s problems. In contrast to Plato, Isocrates sought to develop the quality of grace, cleverness, or finesse rather than the spirit of geometry. The program of study that he enjoined upon his pupils was more literary than scientific. In addition to gymnastics and music, its basics included the study of the Homeric classics and an extensive study of rhetoric—consisting of five or six years of theory, analysis of the great classics, imitation of the classics, and finally practical exercises.
These two parallel forms of culture and of higher education were not totally in conflict: both opposed the cynical pragmatism of the Sophists; each influenced the other. Isocrates did promote elementary mathematics as a kind of mental training or mental gymnastics and did allow for a smattering of philosophy to illumine broad questions of human life. Plato, for his part, recognized the usefulness of the literary art and philosophical rhetoric. The two traditions appear as two species of one genus; their debate, continued in each generation, enriched Classical culture without jeopardizing its unity.
Before leaving the Hellenic period, there is one other great figure to appraise—one who was a bridge to the next age, since he was the tutor of the young prince who became Alexander the Great of Macedonia. Aristotle (384–322 bce), who was one of Plato’s pupils and shared some of his opinions about education, believed that education should be controlled by the state and that it should have as a main objective the training of citizens. The last book of his Politics opens with these words:
No one will doubt that the legislator should direct his attention above all to the education of youth.…The citizen should be moulded to suit the form of government under which he lives.
He shared some of Plato’s misgivings about democracy, but, because he was no recluse but a man of the world acquainted with public affairs, he declared his preference for limited democracy—“polity”—over other forms of government. His worldliness also led him to be less concerned with the search for ideas, in the Platonic mode, and more concerned with the observation of specific things. His urge for logical structure and classification, for systematization, was especially strong.
This systematization extended to a youth’s education. In his first phase, from birth to age seven, he was to be physically developed, learning how to endure hardship. From age seven to puberty his curriculum would include the fundamentals of gymnastics, music, reading, writing, and enumeration. During the next phase, from puberty to age 17, the student would be more concerned with exact knowledge, not only carrying on with music and mathematics but also exploring grammar, literature, and geography. Finally, in young manhood, only a few superior students would continue into higher education, developing encyclopaedic and intensely intellectual interests in the biological and physical sciences, ethics, and rhetoric, as well as philosophy. Aristotle’s school, the Lyceum, was thus much more empirical than Plato’s Academy. | <urn:uuid:6b3eeee2-2aac-429d-902e-46a239bd7eec> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Athens | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.970438 | 2,879 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Aquinas and Causal Theories of Perception
In discussing Aquinas and direct realism, his position on a causal theory of perception requires explanation. Succinctly put, a causal theory of perception is a version of externalism in which what a knower perceives has some direct or appropriate causal relation with the object that is known. In much history of philosophy, a connection exists between representative or indirect realism and causal theories of perception. Locke is a prime example; the Greek atomists with their account of idola adopted this position. Early twentieth-century sense data philosophers are contemporary examples. The epistemological assumption since the rise of the new science suggests that if we are to have knowledge, there is a need to posit intervening entities of some variety that stand between our minds and the objects existing in the external world. However, one need not be a representationalist and hold a causal theory of perception. This depends on the kind of causal relation that exists between the object of perception and the content of the idea. Although Aquinas provides a causal theory of perception, nonetheless he maintains a position of direct realism. Given his faculty psychology of dispositional properties as knowing powers, he argues that the objects in the world are potentially sensible and intelligible. Hence, there is no intervening mental entity between the mind and the world. This isomorphism is captured by Aquinas’s Latin propositions ‘Sensus in actu est sensible in actu, and ‘Intellectus in actu est intelligible in actu. He transcends the limits of efficient causality normally connected with both the philosophers of the new science and modern empiricists. Following Aristotle, Aquinas opts for a theory of formal causality and for efficient causality. The analysis of causality in his theory of perception cries out for clarification.
Representative realism, as noted above, argues that a perceiver is never aware directly of a physical object. There are at least three different rationales from which philosophers argue for representative realism. These apply especially to Descartes and Locke:
- (a) a causal theory of perception;
- (b) the problem of error and illusion;
- (c) the scientific distinction between ‘the real’ and ‘the apparent’.
Representative realism in principle raises fundamental questions about the veridical nature of sensation and perception. If representative realism is correct, the following three questions might be asked:
- (a) What is the ontological status of the representative entities? In other words, what is the status of the ‘idea’ or ‘sense datum’?
- (b) What does ‘represent’ mean? Put differently, what is the ‘logic’ of the proposition ‘X represents Y?’
- (c) How does one know that the representative or representing entity represents anything at all? Historically, this was Malebranche’s worry concerning Descartes’s version of representationalism. Berkeley’s concerns about the adequacy of causal explanations in Locke are similar in structure.
The causal theory of perception is linked with representative theories of perception in the following way: there is a causal bombardment of the sense faculties with material entities producing a reaction, which is the object of knowledge. An illustrative model would be atomism, in which the ‘idola were given off by the physical object and then produced an ensuing reaction with the sense faculties. With Aquinas, therefore, it remains to be established how one can have a causal theory of perception that does not entail representative realism. This requires a different analysis of cause from that provided by the early modern philosophers, especially Locke and Descartes. A distinction between efficient and formal cause is a necessary condition for this explication. The rise of the new science brought about a dichotomy between what is ‘real’ and what
‘appears’ to a perceiver. Simply put, this is the ‘microscopic’ versus ‘macroscopic’ world-view problem. This scientific world-view forced a huge theoretical chasm between the medieval philosophers and their early modern counterparts. That Aquinas was not concerned about this scientific problem is obvious—he lived some four centuries before the scientific revolution.
Given the three issues whose consideration might result in representationalism, only the analysis of a causal theory of perception requires in-depth elucidation. Like many mid-twentieth-century ordinary-language philosophers, Aquinas spent little time considering the possibility that the problems of error and illusion are viable philosophical issues. Lastly, since he lived well before the scientific revolution, the concern over the ‘appearance/reality’ distinction consequent upon the primary/secondary quality distinction has no bearing on his theory. It follows, therefore, that his view of cause will be a salient issue in distinguishing his theory from the representative realists of the seventeenth century.
In discussing the causal theory of perception as championed by Locke and other mechanists, Berkeley put the problem thus: how could an object produce a representation of itself? Put differently, how can an object communicate knowledge of itself? The causal mode characteristic of these seventeenth-century discussions, however, was one of ‘push-pull’—i.e. there existed a causal chain of impulse. One might suggest that Locke and Descartes combined an Aristotelian ‘effect, which would be the idea produced, with a ‘new science’ account of cause. At issue here, obviously, is an analysis of the medieval view of cause. The medievals followed Aristotle in using a ‘qualitative’ view of causality, with emphasis on the distinctions between a formal cause and an efficient cause.
Even though some historians of philosophy suggest that the causal theory of perception alone is sufficient to generate representative realism, this is predicated upon the view that causal interaction occurs only on the impulse or efficient-cause model. In the new science view of sensation and perception, human perceivers have bodies— collection of atoms—among other bodies. Sensation and perception are the result of a causal change. Moreover, when an idea is produced, this is not a special case of causation. For many medievals, to the contrary, causality exercised in knowledge situations is a special case, and ‘intentionality’ becomes important for understanding medieval accounts of the philosophy of mind. On a logical reconstructionist model, for the medievals, the notion of intentionality is a primitive, explanatorily basic principle. In this case, ‘primitive’ does not mean that no analysis is needed. It is more like an intrinsic, non-acquired, irreducible capacity or power of a human person. This intentional capacity needs to be developed and actuated on the cognitive level; nonetheless, it is primitive in the sense that it is a constitutive feature of a human person. It is rooted in the substantial form of human nature.
For the early moderns, this causal change is not a special case of causation; hence, intentionality or mental acts are reducible to a mechanistic analysis; a mental act is like ‘melting wax’—i.e. the logic of the two events is the same. Given this view, the visual field is treated as an effect, which is the end of a mechanistic causal change. What is produced is the object of perception, not the mental act of awareness. This is, in effect, the ‘inner theatre’ view of perception.
Although Aquinas is involved in a causal theory of perception, his theory does not generate representationalism. First of all, as noted in Chapter 2, Aquinas adopts a special thesis of intentionality. Secondly, his view of cause involving awareness will be an analysis in terms of a qualitative model and not a quantitative or mechanistic model. Thirdly, the mental act will always be that ‘by means of which’ (a quo) we acquire an awareness of the world around us in normal awareness situations; it is not the direct object (id quod) of sensation or perception. Lastly, causality is discussed in Aquinas as a formal cause, which is not reducible to an efficient cause. Modern philosophy adopted principally the paradigm of efficient causality. Although Aquinas adopts a causal theory of perception, his analysis of cause in principle avoids the pitfalls of representative realism. Like Putnam, Aquinas does not adopt the ‘inner theatre’ approach to perception.
In De Veritate, Aquinas comments on his position that to know is to have the form of another not naturally but intentionally. This is, for Aquinas, the fundamental principle of knowing. In De Veritate one finds him writing that ‘knowing in us is the stamping of things on our minds’ (De Veritate, q. 2 a. 1 ad 2). Thomas develops this position: ‘Human knowers have actual sensations or actual knowledge (understanding) only because our senses or our intellects are informed by the species or likeness (similitude) of the sensible or intelligible object’ (Summa Theologiae, Ia q. 14 a. 2). In his Aristotelian Commentary on knowledge, Aquinas writes: ‘Accordingly, a sense receives form without matter, the form having, in the sense, a different mode of being from that which it has in the object sensed. In the latter, it is a material mode of being (esse naturale), but in the sense, a cognitional and immaterial mode (esse intentionale)’ (Commentary on the Soul, no. 553). Aquinas continues: ‘for the sense is assimilated to the sensible object in point of form, not in point of the disposition of the matter’ (no. 554).
- There are more distinctions regarding causal theories of perception than are discussed here.
- The author is indebted to Alan Hausman, who first suggested these distinctions.
- Historically, it appears that the problem of error and illusion did not influence Locke but did concernDescartes, especially in the ruminations central to the First Meditation. Nonetheless, error and illusionhave influenced philosophers in the early and mid-20th c. who have argued for sense data positions. Forexample, in his Foundations of Empirical Knowledge, Ayer appeared to use error and illusion as aporialeading to representative realism. Like Aristotle, Aquinas seems not to have been bothered by the problemsof error and illusion. In discussing these issues, Aquinas resembles ordinary language philosophers in themid-20th c. dismissing the possibility of sense data. Aquinas rejects Descartes’s dream problem almostout of hand. His appeal is to common-sense notions of consistency and coherence; he seems to be saying:‘A dream image just does not fit together, and if you think it does, you’d better think again!’
- Sorabji appears to argue that Aristotle’s position on intentionality is reducible to a form of mechanism.See Richard Sorabji, ‘Intentionality and Physiological Processes: Aristotle’s Theory of Sense-Perception, inMartha Nussbaum and Amelie Rorty (eds), Essays on Aristotle’s De Anima (Oxford: Clarendon Press,1992), 195-226.
- The complete analysis of how this causal theory is possible will be explained later. | <urn:uuid:9054200a-9601-4c34-859a-d1f8c84cc3bf> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://m.ebrary.net/117793/economics/aquinas_causal_theories_perception | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739328.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814130401-20200814160401-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.935238 | 2,391 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Juniper is an evergreen tree that grows wild throughout parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. There are many varieties of juniper, but the most common is Juniperus communis, which grows to 10 feet tall and has needle-like leaves and tiny seed cones. The medicinal parts of the juniper tree are known as berries but are really dark blue-black scales that come from the cones. Berries from the male juniper ripen in 18 months while those from the female juniper ripen within 2-3 years. The berries can be eaten right off the tree or dried as a nice addition to trail mix. You don’t need to eat many as their oils are strong, yet they have been used as a flavoring in foods and drink for centuries. They make an excellent addition to homemade sauerkraut since ingestion of juniper assist with inflammation and balances the production of stomach acid, a common reason for acid reflux. Juniper berry is often a part of bitter formulas to help stimulate and soothe the gastrointestinal system. Combine Juniper with chamomile in a tea as an excellent treatment for conditions such as upset stomach, heartburn, flatulence, bloating, loss of appetite and gastrointestinal infections.
The antiseptic properties in juniper make it cleansing to the urinary tract, thus valuable for treatment of urinary tract infections, urethritis, kidney stones, and bladder stones. Juniper also acts as a diuretic to help with edema related to poor kidney function. This strong action on the kidneys helps rid the body of excess uric acid which can lead to gout or general joint pain and swelling. Since juniper is very warming, it is contraindicated where there is very hot inflammation of the kidneys. Juniper berry along with cedar berry is also high in natural inulin, a sugar that helps the body manage insulin levels. It was traditionally taken to help balance the function of the pancreas, usually in a formula with other healing bitters like artichoke and bitter orange.
Extracts and essential oils from the juniper berries contain terpinen-4-ol, a compound that stimulates the kidneys and acts as a diuretic, along with Amentoflavone, which has strong antiviral properties. Juniper has been found effective in treatment of acute respiratory infection, staph infections and sinus infections. For sinus and bronchial conditions the inhalation of juniper, whether fresh crushed berries in hot water or drops of essential oil in hot water for a steam works well for bronchitis, pneumonia and rhinitis. Taken in a hot bath with Epsom salts it Juniper can help ease sore muscles and joints. The berries can also be infused in witch hazel as a topical treatment for acne. The essential oil of the berry diluted in a carrier oil or lotion is used topically for joint pain, sore back and to treat conditions like acne, athlete’s foot, warts, skin growths, psoriasis, and eczema. | <urn:uuid:53815e18-3e22-4ce2-8672-d575b553dd90> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://rainbowconnection.net/juniper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655902377.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709224746-20200710014746-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.945476 | 630 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Leave it to Kickstarter to try reinventing the lightbulb.
Three graduates from the University of Toronto got together and started a Kickstarter campaign for a product called the NanoLight, a lightbulb that promises to be the most energy efficient in the world. The team says the Nanolight uses just 12 watts of power, but generates the same amount of light as a 100-watt incandescent bulb.
The lightbulb itself looks like an abstract work of art. In fact, the team will offer customers the option to imprint designs onto the outside of the bulb. Some of the lightbulb samples shown on the NanoLight website are stylish enough that you might one day consider giving a friend a lightbulb as a gift without any sense of irony.
The Kickstarter campaign has already received $227,000 worth of pledges — more than ten times the original goal of $20,000 — from more than 4,700 backers, and there are still 11 days to go.
The startup's goal is nothing short of changing the world — one lightbulb at a time. "We center every aspect of our work at the NanoLight around creating higher energy efficiency, reducing carbon footprints and creating ecological value in all of our products," the company says in its mission statement. "At the most fundamental level, our purpose is to create energy efficient LED lighting that is innovative and economical, so that our planet can have a brighter future."
The lightbulb is the brainchild of Tom Rodinger, a scientist and engineer who has spent years working on solar energy products. His partners on the NanoLight project are Gimmy Chu, a product developer, and Christian Yan, who currently works as a general manager at a manufacturing facility in China.
As of right now, the plan is to start delivering the lightbulb by July of this year. Early backers can get their hands on a NanoLight for $45.
Image courtesy of NanoLight | <urn:uuid:b2d5153a-90ee-446a-9410-8e8e7b3b8b32> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://mashable.com/2013/02/24/nanolight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542002.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00436-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949926 | 397 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Submitted by Dr. George Traitses
Children love music; just do a keyword search of children and dancing on YouTube and you’ll find a lot of smiling faces. But beyond enjoyment, music also positively impacts learning and social behaviour in children, according to the International Journal of Music Education.
The recent study indicates that language development, literacy, numeracy, creativity, fine motor coordination, concentration, self-confidence, emotional sensitivity, social skills, teamwork, self-discipline, and relaxation are all tied to playing and listening to music.
Music Training = Brain Training
According to a study performed at the Boston Children’s Hospital, early musical training enhances the areas of the brain responsible for executive functioning, which enables information processing and retention, regulates behaviour, and is responsible for problem solving and planning, as well as other cognitive processes.
The study took musically trained children, ages nine to 12, who received at least two years of private lessons, and compared them with children in the same age range that had no musical training, concluding that children with musical training had enhanced activity levels in the prefrontal cortex. Long-term results include heightened IQs, stronger SAT scores and an overall better academic performance.
Music Therapy and Behaviour
Another study, which took place at Queen’s University in Belfast, Ireland, focused solely on children and adolescents with emotional, developmental and/or behavioral problems.
Two hundred fifty-one children were divided into two groups; 128 received traditional care, while the other 123 received music therapy in addition to traditional care. The study concluded that music therapy reduces depression and even improves self-esteem, in comparison to those who only received traditional care. The participants also had improved communicative and interactive skills.
Music programs often seem to be among the first to go when schools make funding cuts, but perhaps these collective study findings will give music – and the children who benefit from it – a fighting chance.
For more information on health and safety visit the Ontario Chiropractic Association Web site at www.chiropractic.on.ca or call 1-877-327-2273. Dr. George Traitses, 416-499-5656, www.infinite-health.com. | <urn:uuid:75d61991-a344-40cc-8cc6-7f5260e3e2eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://pridenews.ca/2015/04/08/music-a-positive-way-to-impact-learning-and-social-behaviour-in-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370508367.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402204908-20200402234908-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.958004 | 457 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Liver Enzymes Fluctuation: Why and What To Do?
Liver produces liver enzymes to help our body function, such as breaking down nutrients and toxins and making coagulation proteins. Liver enzymes are good indicators that reflect the liver's health state, including AST, ALP, ALT, and GGT.
A blood test can track liver enzyme levels. Here is the general standard range for each enzyme:
AST: under 36 U/L
ALP: 20 – 140 U/L
ALT: under 25 U/L for female ; under 33 U/L for male
GGT: 5- 40 U/L
Elevated liver enzymes can be an indication of liver damage. Many reasons are causing a rise in liver enzymes, the cause can be temporary, or it can be due to some chronic health concerns. Hormonal changes due to the menstruation cycle and pregnancy, using medications such as antibiotics, and heavying drinking can be part of the temporary causes. Most of them can be resolved without a treatment plan within a month, but some people may need to review their medication or limit drinking.
The rise caused by chronic health concerns is more severe. Liver problems such as excessive liver fat accumulation, scar tissues, or metabolic issues can increase liver enzymes. To lower liver enzymes in these cases, we need to address the root cause; therefore, the treatment plan will depend on each person's health condition. However, there is some lifestyle intervention that everyone can do to prevent liver enzyme fluctuation.
- Limits alcohol drinks
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Exercise regularly, stay active
- Include liver-friendly food in the diet moderately
- Use medication and supplements with cautious
YHK – Great Option For Liver Health
YHK is a scientifically proven formula designed for liver health and contains solely natural ingredients. Research has proven that YHK contains several properties beneficial to liver protection. It is suitable for people with high ALT levels, liver problems, and health maintenance. YHK is made with a patented formula and passed a series of safety and quality checks. It does not contain undesirable substances or side effects. Many of our users are satisfied with the result of YHK.
- * All research and clinical data should be used as reference purposes only, results may vary. | <urn:uuid:103eba34-7cb1-4519-91ff-c32d90aa3c44> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://yhktherapy.com/en/manage-your-liver/detail.php?id=257 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510085.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925183615-20230925213615-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.925505 | 468 | 2.65625 | 3 |
||The Western Press and Fidel Castro's Rise to Power
Today no one doubts that Fidel Castro was disingenuous when he told New York Times reporter Herbert Matthews that he was committed to democracy and social justice. In a December 1957 series of front-page articles introducing Fidel Castro to the American public, Matthews wrote that Castro, a lawyer by training and the son of wealthy Cuban landowners, was in sympathy with the American ideals of freedom, democracy, and social justice. Through reports such as Matthews', Castro came to be touted in America's progressive circles as the "George Washington of Cuba." Pressure grew and all U.S. financial, technical, and military support for the Cuban Dictator Fulgencio Batista ended in 1958. With Castro's assumption of power on January 1, 1959 Cuba was soon to become the first Soviet satellite in the Western hemisphere. In its editorial paying tribute to Castro's assumption of power, The New York Times swooned:
One thing must be said. This is an acknowledgement to an extraordinary young man, Fidel Castro. The American people wish him good fortune.5
In a January 4, 1959 Times article, Herbert Matthews reassured the American people about the politics of Che Guevara, the Argentine revolutionary who played such a crucial role in Fidel's rise to power. Matthews romanticized Guevara. In describing him, he wrote, "his voice is incredibly low, and his smile unexpectedly gentle."6 Matthews took Guevara verbatim when he said:
I have never been a communist. Dictators always say that their enemies are communist, and it gave me pain to be called an international communist all the time.7
The New York Times had reported that neither Fidel nor Che were communists. However, as early as 1957 Guevara had already stated, "I belong, because of my ideological background, to that group whichbelieves that the solution to the world's problems lies behind the Iron Curtain."8
The U.S. Presence in Vietnam
By the late 1960s the American media had begun to question the U.S. presence in Vietnam. Myriads of mainstream media articles and editorials berated the United States government for its support of corrupt South Vietnamese officials. A pro-communist National Liberation Front, which constituted the anti-Thieu forces in South Vietnam, was described in the Western media as a "broad coalition" of Christians, Buddhists, and pro-democratic forces. Communists, we learned, served as merely one part of the alliance. However, most articles did little to inform the American people of the balance of power in the alliance, nor did they dedicate sufficient attention to the region's prospects in the event of a communist takeover.
The day after Saigon's fall, a New York Times front-page story headline read, "The New South Vietnamese Regime would follow a Foreign Policy of Peace and Non-Alignment."9 Shortly after the communist takeover of Vietnam, the Soviets began to use naval facilities constructed by the United States at Cam Ranh Bay. Hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese workers were dispatched to the Soviet Union to lay the Siberian pipeline, as a way to reimburse war debts. Re-education camps became a way of life for South Vietnamese citizens and again hundreds of thousands who rejected this fate perished at sea in a desperate attempt to escape the new dictatorship.
Just prior to the fall of Cambodia on April 16, 1975 an article by New York Times reporter Sidney Schanberg appeared under the headline "Indochina without Americans: For Most a Better Life." When Cambodia fell, New York Times editors expressed compassion in lamenting the American involvement there:
Must the futile battle for Phnom Penh now be duplicated at the far greater cost in lives, in a fight to the finish in Saigon? There is nothing in human power which can redeem the hundreds of deaths, the thousands of ruined lives, the tragic result of the last weeks around the Cambodian capital.10
The editors of The New York Times justifiably mourned hundreds ofdeaths but failed to treat warnings of Pol Pot's plans for full-blown genocide with the same level of concern. Pol Pot's overthrow of the US supported Lon Nol government would cost the lives of at least one million Cambodians out of a total population of eight million. America's departure from Cambodia led to the emergence of one of the most draconian regimes in all of human history.
With the fall of Vietnam, Marxist revolutionary activity intensified in numerous parts of the world. Much of Central and South America represented excellent political and tactical terrain for revolution. Numerous Latin American nations had gone for decades without democratic rule. Huge gaps existed in Latin America between the living conditions of the ruling class and the circumstances of the campesinos (peasants). When Marxist insurgency intensified in Central America in the late 1970s, the media reported extensively on the corruption and the repression of Anastasio Somoza, whose family had held power for decades in Nicaragua.
The mainstream press did not exercise the same type of critical coverage in reporting on the Communist opposition that included Daniel and Humberto Ortega, Tomas Borge, and Sergio Ramirez Mercado who would assume power, once Somoza had been removed from office. The communist-dominated Sandinistas were amicably heralded as "los muchachos" (i.e., the Boys). As in the media reports on the South Vietnamese National Liberation Front, we were informed that the resistance to Somoza constituted a broad spectrum of political views and that a number of the leaders, including Minister of Education Ernesto Cardenal and Minister of Foreign Affairs Miguel D'Escoto, were Catholic priests. One even had the impression that the revolution could be "Christianized" because of the considerable Church support for the FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front).
American media such as The Washington Post, The New York Times and Time Magazine were justifiably critical of the government of Somoza, but again seemed to lack interest in the sociopolitical implications of a pro-Soviet left wing regime replacing him. Time Magazine reported in the week following the July 1979 Revolution that the Sandinista ruling junta had appointed a "15 member cabinet dominated by moderates."11 In a press conference on July 25, 1979 shortly after the Sandinista takeover, U.S. President Jimmy Carter declared, "I do not attribute at all the changes in Nicaragua to Cuba." The following day The New York Times described this declaration by Carter as his "diplomatic high note."12
In Nicaragua Marxist-Leninists expeditiously assumed the major positions of power and eventually even the most stubborn pro-democratic supporters of the Revolution concluded that the popular revolution against Somoza had been "stolen."
Ten of thousands of Cubans, East Germans, North Koreans, and Soviets were soon dispatched to Nicaragua and assisted in the training of the Sandinista military and in the construction of the Punta Huerta airfield, designed to allow the Soviets to fly long-range reconnaissance flights along the West Coast of the United States. They were already doing this along the East Coast because of their access to Cuban airfields. Once brought under the Sandinistas, Managua, the capital of Nicaragua, began to serve as a headquarters and safe haven for other Central American and South American revolutionary armies, including the communist Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front of El Salvador and the Montonero terrorist network of Argentina.
The Sandinistas were heralded by American supporters for having launched a literacy campaign. Nevertheless, the first word that the students learned was "revolution." The second word was "liberation." Their first sentence was "Long live the Sandinista National Liberation Front." In the Sandinistas' math textbooks, students did not learn to add apples or oranges. They learned to add submachine guns.
The Sandinistas lost the February 1990 elections. The American media, which had so scrupulously hammered the Somoza regime for political corruption, made no issue of President Daniel Ortega wrestling away the controlling interests of Nicaraguan television Channel Twelve nor of Vice President Sergio Ramirez Mercado gaining control of the newspaper El Nuevo Diario. Even veteran Sandinista and Minister of the Interior Tomas Borge took over the newspaper Barricada. Nicaraguans still refer to the post-1990 Sandinista grab of assets as the "pi_ata." In the twilight of the Sandinista revolution, the revolutionary "heroes" of the people followed the example of the oppressors of the past and became millionaires at the cost of the common people.
The Media and the Media Response
An examination of Hollywood movies from the 1960s through the early 1990s reveals a flurry of films painting the U.S. military and security agencies such as the C.I.A. and the F.B.I. as the "bad guys," constantly involved in plots to overthrow the US government. This is the topic for a whole other book but let us cite at least a few examples. Havana, featuring Robert Redford, emphasizes the corruption of Fulgencio Batista, Castro's rightist predecessor, rather than the brutal rule, the mass executions, imprisonments, and the flood of desperate refugees that resulted from Castro coming to power. The film Managua depicts the Sandinistas favorably. Oliver Stone's JFK more than intimates that Richard Nixon was behind the death of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and his film Platoon focuses on the most negative aspects of the American presence in Vietnam. At least since the film Seven Days in May (1964), Hollywood writers during the Cold War seem preoccupied with depicting the military and security agencies of the U.S. government as "Hell bent" on assuming executive power through unconstitutional means. Such attempts to portray unlikely scenarios as "real threats" provide insight into the attitude which Hollywood had toward major branches of the American government that were central to the rollback of the Soviet Union, that is, the Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Council. Until recently, there was never a feature film depicting the horrors of communismeven The Killing Fields never used the word "communism" and more than implied that the root cause of the Cambodian genocide was the decision by Richard Nixon in April 1970 to bomb North Vietnamese troop sanctuaries in western Cambodia.
The Soviet Plan and Central America
Following the American defeat in Vietnam in 1975, the communists moved quickly on a variety of fronts. Most importantly, a number of nations on the American continent and in the Caribbean were pulled toward Marxism. A radical Leftist government was set up in Surinam and a pro-communist government was established under Maurice Bishop in Grenada. Guerrilla war quickly spilled over from Nicaragua into El Salvador and Guatemala. The Sandinistas spoke frequently of their eventual goal of reunifying the "Central American nation," that had existed for a brief period in the early1820s and included Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
One of the nine Sandinistas commandantes, Victor Tirado, was a Mexican national and today it is self-evident that the southernmost part of Mexico, including Chiapas, has become fertile breeding ground for revolutionary activity. What would have transpired in Chiapas and in the rest of Mexico had Central America been communized in the 1980s? Without the Reagan Presidency and the successful rollback of communism in Central America, communism would very possibly have reached our southern border.
The late Dr. Joseph Churba, an appointee to President Ronald Reagan's National Security Council, who later served as President of CAUSA's International Security Council, was not alone in maintaining that the Soviets had an immediate strategic purpose for supporting revolution in Central America. They understood that revolution in Central America could serve as a catalyst to reduce the American military's role in Western Europe, the Middle East, and Northeast Asia. For that reason, the USSR provided $11 million in aid per day to Cuba, which, in turn, served as a Soviet client state to advance revolution in Nicaragua and El Salvador.
After the fall of Nicaragua and El Salvador, if Mexico had also eventually formed a Sandinista type, pro-communist government, the United States would have found itself sharing a two thousand mile border with an enemy hosting a population of over 100 million. To defend the 2000-mile border with Mexico would have required the marshalling of hundreds of thousands if not millions of American troops.
The Vietnam War saw the end of the American military draft and the Soviets understood that for the United States to re-enact the draft would have been a highly unpopular decision. To avoid re-enacting the draft, the United States would have been pressured to withdraw troops from overseas to defend America's own southern border from a Soviet-backed Mexico. This would have spelled an end to or a very substantial reduction of the US military presence in NATO and in the Pacific.
The United States would have become a hemispheric power, focused on defending its own border against a communist Mexico, plausibly demanding the return of lands such as Texas, California, and much of the American Southwest, which had been claimed by the United States 150 years earlier. The redeployment of American troops along U.S. borders would have left the Soviet Union free to act at its whim in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. By the early 1980s the possibility of the U.S. facing such a scenario was increasingly evident.
What communist strategists did not anticipate was the extent to which Moon's initiatives in Latin America and in the United States would frustrate their grands projets.
1 Associate Press and Newsweek Moscow Correspondent Fred Coleman recalls this interview in his book The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire. 1996.
3 See, for example, Robert V. Daniels' Red October, (Boston: Beacon Press), 1984.
4 Volkogonov, Dmitri, LeninA New Biography, (New York: Free Press), 1994, pp. 208-219.
5 The New York Times, January 2, 1959, p. 2.
6 The New York Times, January 4, 1959, p. 7.
8 Franqui, Carlos, Retrato de Familia con Fidel, (Barcelona: Editorial Seix Barral S.A.), 1980.
9 The New York Times, May 1, 1975, p. 1.
10 The New York Times, April 18, 1975, p. 32.
11 Time, July 30, 1979, p. 35.
12 The New York Times, July 27, 1979, p. A 22. | <urn:uuid:9b2e08e8-e876-4bd3-8890-3f0e450fec53> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://causafoundation.org/advancecom2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160454.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924125835-20180924150235-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.95735 | 3,002 | 2.75 | 3 |
STATUS: Occasional to rare in winter, spring, fall, and late summer in Gulf Coast region.
DESCRIPTION: Long-billed curlews are 20 to 26 inches tall and are North America’s largest shorebird. They have a wingspan of 10 to 12 inches and weigh 18 to 34 ounces. It gets its name from an extremely long, down-curved bill. They are a buffy-brown color with no prominent barring or striping. The underside of each wing is bright cinnamon colored and visible in flight.
The bill of the female long-billed curlew is longer than that of the male and of a different shape. The female’s bill is flatter on top with a more pronounced curve at the tip. The bill of a male is gently curved throughout its length.
The call is a distinctive whistled “cur-lee” that rises on the second note. Observers have also noted a rapid whistled “kli-li-li-li.’
The whimbrel, a similar species, is slightly shorter and has distinct stripes on top of the head. The whimbrel also has a shorter bill and lacks the cinnamon coloration on the underside of its wings. It is also less uniform in color and has more prominent barring than the long-billed curlew.
DISTRIBUTION: Long-billed curlews are one of the most threatened shorebird species on the North American continent. The summer range of the long-billed curlew includes much of the western United States along with the southern portion of the Canadian prairie provinces. It winters primarily from central California and coastal Texas southward through Mexico. They are also found wintering on the southern Atlantic Coast and both coastlines of Florida. Small numbers are observed each year during the winter months on Alabama’s Gulf Coast. Nationally, habitat degradation and small population numbers make this a species of very high conservation priority.
HABITAT: They are found in the native grasslands of arid western North America and also in farm fields and grasslands during migration. Wintering habitat includes coastal marshes and mudflats.
FEEDING HABITS: Feeds primarily on grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, caterpillars and other insects while on its breeding grounds. Food items on their wintering grounds include large marine invertebrates. Its bill is best adapted for capturing shrimp and crabs living in deep burrows on tidal mudflats. They are also capable of probing for food items, including earthworms, slightly under the surface of the soil or mud.
LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY: Male long-billed curlews use an impressive aerial display to attract a female mate. Nests are constructed on the ground usually in open, dry prairie habitat. Clutch size averages four eggs that are incubated by both parents for 27 to 30 days. Both parents will aggressively defend the nest site.
Chicks are downy at birth and leave the nest shortly after hatching. Hatchlings receive parental care from both adults, but are capable of feeding themselves. Females typically abandon the brood several weeks after hatching and leaves brood care to the mate. Despite this abandonment of the brood, the male and female often form a pair bond the following year. | <urn:uuid:e77da42b-c9af-4934-a06a-b1f657c5c354> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.outdooralabama.com/long-billed-curlew | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811655.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218042652-20180218062652-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.958237 | 689 | 3.59375 | 4 |
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The Battle of Dennewitz (German: Schlacht von Dennewitz) took place on 6 September 1813 between the forces of the First French Empire and an army of Prussians and Russians of the Sixth Coalition. It occurred in Dennewitz, a village of Germany, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, near Jüterbog, 40 km. S.W. from Berlin.
Copyright: CC 3.0 | <urn:uuid:8ef85c4e-4a32-4023-8923-de4274c20ae0> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.routeyou.com/en-de/location/view/48141063/battle-of-dennewitz | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886952.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117173312-20180117193312-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.888278 | 93 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone, usually caused by a damaged or broken bone in the body being exposed to germs. While this is a rare condition, the most common location for this condition to occur is in older adults with bone damage in the spine. This bone damage can be a result of a degenerative spine condition left untreated or arthritis of the spine. This infection is most commonly carried to the bone through the bloodstream, making the condition uncommon in healthy adults. Other causes of osteomyelitis are injury, leaving the damaged bone susceptible to germs and infection in the body.
This condition can become very serious if not treated. If you suspect that you have osteomyelitis, you should consult your physician immediately. Your physician will most likely ask you a series of questions about your medical history and symptoms, and order an MRI test to view your bones and diagnose whether or not you have osteomyelitis.
Transmission and symptoms of osteomyelitis
The transmission of osteomyelitis may vary depending on the circumstances surrounding the infection. The most common route for the infection to reach the bone marrow is through the bloodstream. This is commonly seen in people who have received blood fusions, or receive drugs or medication intravenously. This condition can also be spread through injury or operation. In rare cases, this condition can be directly infected into the marrow.
The symptoms associated with osteomyelitis are similarly aligned with common infection-related pain and symptoms, including:
- Pain in a localized area
- Warmth and redness
- Weight loss
- Circulation decrease
- Neural compression
If you are experiencing these symptoms, you should consult your physician to determine the best course of treatment for your condition.
Treatment of osteomyelitis
If you are diagnosed with osteomyelitis, your physician will probably start you on a regimen of antibiotics to eliminate the infection. Once the infection is gone, your physician may proceed with alternative treatment for the damaged bone in your body. For example, if you have a damaged vertebra in the spine that has been exposed to an infection, your physician may recommend that you undergo spine surgery to treat the damaged bone and prevent future spinal injury.
At Laser Spine Institute, we offer several minimally invasive treatments for spine conditions. Our patients experience patient-centered care in a world-class surgery center. Because of our devotion to medical advancement and patient-centered care, more than 60,000 patients have found relief from chronic neck and back pain with our minimally invasive procedures.
For information about our minimally invasive spine surgery and how we can help treat your spine condition, please contact our Care Team today. | <urn:uuid:422c4b72-9a7a-416a-948e-62938f0973ad> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.laserspineinstitute.com/beendoctors/section/conditions/28/osteomyelitis/236/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982956861.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200916-00018-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939487 | 547 | 3.171875 | 3 |
• affray •
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. A fray, a noisy quarrel. 2. A brawl or fight. 3. In law, the fighting of two or more persons in a public place. (A fight in which one person attack another is an assault and battery.)
Notes: Words that begin with A are always at risk of reanalysis, the misinterpretation of the initial A as the article a. Orange was originally Arabic narange but "a narange" was reanalyzed as "an orange". Apron comes from Old French naperon "small tablecloth", reanalyzed in English from "a napron" to "an apron". (An even smaller 'tablecloth', of course, is a napkin.) Affray, too, is being reanalyzed as "a fray" and is being replaced by fray. Why not keep the original?
In Play: The meaning of today's Good Word varies from that of an argument to that of a short fight. This is more likely a heated argument: "Our team lost the game when our high scorer, Stretch Hightower, got into a nasty affray with the referee and was sent to the showers." In this example, the implication is a physical altercation: "Brea Little intervened and very narrowly averted an affray when Al Pacca called Perry Yare a quiche-eating sissy."
Word History: Middle English, from Old French effrei, from esfraier "to disturb". It all started with PIE *pri- "to love", as in Russian prij-atel' "friend". In the Germanic languages, of course, the [p] became [f], so it turns up in English free and German Frieden "peace". An ancestor of German Frieden seems to have been borrowed into Gaulish Latin, perhaps *ex-fried-are "to remove from peacefulness", which then went on to become French esfraier. By the way, this same French word is the source of afraid, which originally meant "disturbed". (Today's Good Word came to us courtesy of Luciano Eduardo de Oliveira, one of the editors of the Good Word series and Dr. Goodword's books.)
Come visit our website at <http://www.alphadictionary.com> for more Good Words and other language resources! | <urn:uuid:9c9bbb22-0cd5-4d9e-bd3d-102ff737fb4f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.alphadictionary.com/goodword/word/affray | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999679121/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060759-00082-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949517 | 493 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Social media can be both a carrot and a stick. The new media serves the growth of sustainability as a powerful communications tool and as a persuasive means of pushing for pro-social change. Social media gives organizations and individuals the ability to correspond with vast audiences. In addition to its tremendous reach, social media is largely about collaboration and community, which is entirely consistent with the values inherent in sustainability and CSR.
For organizations involved in sustainability, social media affords a multitude of benefits including increased consumer trust. While social media can benefit responsible organizations by enhancing their brand reputations, it is also a platform capable of exerting tremendous pressure on irresponsible businesses.
Organizational messaging has been transformed by social media and the ramifications for reputation and brand impact are becoming increasingly obvious. An editorial by Julie Urlaub, the founder & managing director of Taiga Company, a sustainability social media consulting firm, reviews the power of new media..
Research reveals that consumers want to see results, not merely lofty aspirations. Urlaub cites the 2012 Cone Communications Corporate Social Return Trend Tracker, which shows that 84 percent of Americans believe that companies are responsible for communicating the results of their CSR commitments.
Americans now expect companies to have a social media presence, but sustainability initiatives appear to be suffering from poor communications. This is significant because organizations that undertake major sustainability initiatives can still fail if there is a discrepancy between what they are doing and the perception of stakeholders.
In addition to being environmentally sustainable, organizations must also be able to effectively communicate this effort. However, with 63 percent of consumers claiming they do not know where to look for information on CSR, communications are clearly a problem.
Communications can benefit from using social media as a platform for sustainability and CSR initiatives. New media has been a boon for socially responsible businesses and cause marketers. Businesses that use social media to communicate their sustainable practices are afforded priceless PR at a fraction of the cost of traditional media.
Social media is sewn into the fabric of our lives and what makes the new media so revolutionary is its capacity to interact. The primary advantage of new media over traditional media is that it gets stakeholders involved in discussions that can ultimately frame solutions.
Organizations that employ effective communications involving social media are able to listen to and engage stakeholders. This is far superior to traditional push communications which disseminated information outward. In contrast to traditional communications, social media is a two way stream that generates useful feedback in addition to disseminating information.
There is tremendous value in real-time feedback from employees, customers and other stakeholders. The feedback provided through social media channels enables organizations to assess the strengths and weaknesses of their initiatives and where necessary, make changes. This is known as crowd sourcing which is the practice of soliciting ideas from a large group of people. One of the best examples of crowd sourcing comes from GE’s Ecomagination Challenge.
While some may fear the amplification of potentially negative feedback, the nature of the digital age is such that it is unavoidable. It therefore makes sense for organizations to be part of the discussion.
Consumers demand transparent and credible information, but there is a gulf between what consumers want and organizational realities. The 2012 Sustainability Leadership Report shows that consumer perception is determined by communication strategies and not just organizational efforts.
Some major companies saw declines in the perception of their sustainability stewardship despite increased efforts. The moral here is that engaging sustainability must include communications which involves more than just sharing information with passive recipients. Engaging stakeholders and listening to what they have to say are essential elements of effective communications. Social media is the perfect modality for such interactive dialogues.
According to Urlaub, social media is the ideal platform to fill the gap between consumer expectations and what companies are perceived to be delivering.
“Social media executed successfully can be a powerful vehicle to build sustainable business communications by engaging with stakeholders. With new tools and strategies changing the way the business world communicates and exchanges information, social media is becoming the transparent, engaging, competitive advantage that business sustainability delivers,” Urlaub said.
Because of the new media’s ability to facilitate dialogue, Urlaub predicts that social media used for CSR and sustainability will gain momentum in 2013. Part of these efforts involve the development and implementation of responsible advertising using social media. Things like announcements about waste diversion and sustainable procurement are ideally suited for social media.
A lifecycle approach to communicating sustainability incorporates both education and branding. Companies can share information about a wide variety of initiatives including product information related to the sourcing of materials, disposal instructions, and recycling.
Social media is a revolutionary force for pro-social change. With more than 500 million users, Facebook alone has more users than the population of any country in the world except China and India. Organizations of all sizes are incorporating social media into their marketing programs. According to Kiwano, 9 in 10 organizations use social media and thirty-one percent say social media plays a major role in public communications around their brand.
Social media is not only for communicating, it is also a powerful technology for market research. Companies were harnessing the power of the social media to inform strategic decisions, and execute on the organization’s objectives, marketing plans, product roadmaps. Social media can also be used internally for collaborative learning and/or performance and productivity improvement.
While social media is sometimes mistaken as the exclusive prerogative of major corporations, the truth is that it is a democratizing force in business that serves organizations of all sizes. Small and mid-sized companies may actually be better candidates for social media because they are more agile than larger companies.
Businesses are increasingly reckoning with the revolutionary power of social media. New media is impacting our lives and changing the way we connect and communicate. The transformative power of social media was in evidence in the Arab Spring where it was a formidable force that proved capable of contributing to the toppling governments. Social media can even be used as a tool to pressure governments to act on climate change.
While social media gives organizations a platform to discuss their initiatives and promote their ideas, it also extends the same opportunities to individuals. Social media has democratized information by giving everyone a voice and a platform. Individuals and environmental organizations are using new media to force businesses to adopt more environmentally friendly practices.
Climate activists are up against the immense resources including the fossil fuel industry and their powerful propaganda machines. While environmental groups cannot outspend the entrenched interests of the old energy economy, social media can level the playing field and democratize the discussion.
There are a plethora of environmental events that use the power of social media to gain global reach. Some of these events have garnered the support of millions of people in countries all around the world. The large number of environmental events that provide information and advocate strategies for action are made possible by new media.
Social media is a public relations vehicle with unparalleled reach, but it can also be used as a potent weapon against irresponsible businesses. The new media has succeeded is changing corporate behavior all around the world.
Environmental organizations have used social media to encourage more responsible corporate conduct on a number of fronts. In 2011, Greenpeace’s online efforts succeeded in forcing Nestle to adopt more sustainable business practices in Indonesia and Brazil. More recently, Greenpeace has used social media to engage consumers in a campaign that has successfully pressured a dozen leading brands in the apparel industry to adopt more sustainable practices. A number of other major bands including Cadbury, Unilever, Kraft, Burger King and General Mills have also been swayed by popular online initiatives.
The proliferation of increasingly powerful digital technologies have radically increased the reach and immediacy of social advocacy. Thanks to social media, climate activists are mobilizing people in ways that are transforming our cultures and our civilization.
Organizations now understand the revolutionary power of social media as a powerful tool that enhances interactive dialogues with stake holders. The key to using social media for the promotion of sustainability involves being transparent and genuine.
New media is also a powerful platform to encourage more responsible business practices. Whether used by organizations to engage in dialogues about sustainability initiatives or as a persuasive tool for change, social media is shaping the future.
Richard Matthews is a consultant, eco-entrepreneur, green investor and author of numerous articles on sustainable positioning, eco-economics and enviro-politics. He is the owner of The Green Market Oracle, a leading sustainable business site and one of the Web’s most comprehensive resources on the business of the environment. Find The Green Market on Facebook and follow The Green Market’s twitter feed.
Image credit: evohosting.co.uk | <urn:uuid:794a5e2e-8c24-4a96-9e1d-e061d8801fbc> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://globalwarmingisreal.com/2013/04/11/how-social-media-can-drive-the-growth-of-sustainability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578841544.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426153423-20190426175423-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.940218 | 1,753 | 2.640625 | 3 |
* Brilliant, beautiful, contemporary design ideas
* Lots of information and ideas about the perfect plants for you
* Great suggestions for garden features and hands-on projects to do in the garden
All laid out in a lively format fun and easy to read
Design Creating a minimalist garden.
Plants Easy Plants.
Feature Walls and Boundaries.
2. Mediterranean Modern.
Design Employing a garden designer.
Plants Trees for Small Gardens.
Feature Seating areas and furniture.
Design To lawn or not to lawn.
Plants Jungle Plants.
4. Sophisticated Rooms.
Design Slopes, steps and retaining walls.
Design How to make decking work.
Plants Gardening with children.
Feature Willow structures.
6. Silver, Green & White.
Design Dividing the garden.
Feature Design our own garden.
7. Water Light & Walls.
Design The outside room.
Plants New Perennial planting.
8. Height & Depth.
Design Growing food.
Plants Vertical planting.
Feature Play equipment.
9. Exotic Heat Island.
Design Small wildlife ponds.
Plants Tropical plants.
10. Rendered Walls.
Design Using free-standing walls.
Plants Shadows and Shapes.
Feature Rendered Walls.
11. Roof Garden.
Design Roof gardens.
Plants Plants for screening.
Feature Green roofs.
Plants Plants for shade.
13. Wildlife Garden.
Design Encouraging Wildlife.
Plants Creating a wildflower meadow.
Feature Things to attract wildlife.
14. Soft & Scented.
Design Designing a city garden.
Plants Scented Plants.
Feature Finishing touches.
List of Contacts.
Juliette Wade has been taking inspirational photographs of gardens for over a decade. She has worked for Gardens Illustrated, Garden Inspirations, Homes & Gardens, Country Living, Country Homes and Interiors and Practical Gardening. She is also the photographer of Modern Family Gardens (John Wiley & Sons, 2006).
"Focuses on modern spaces that consider the needs of both adults and children." (Gardens Illustrated, August 2007)
“The photography is stunning all the way through and really is inspirational.” (Manchester Living, 22nd August 2007)
"Extravagantly illustrated with a wealth of photography...[The book] should provide inspiration for the most reluctant of gardeners." (Scotland's New Homebuyer, November 2007)
"...an inspirational book" (Gardeners' Question Time, Radio 4, Sunday 18th November 2007)
"An approachable guide to creating family-friendly spaces." (The Garden, November 2007)
“Innovative ideas for families with small spaces.” (The Travel & Leisure Magazine, March 2008) | <urn:uuid:d1f93404-8847-4df8-b949-923184a86b5a> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470065559.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898751.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00049-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.788378 | 598 | 2.609375 | 3 |
(The New Republic) If Mitt Romney's association with Bain Capital ends up sinking his presidential campaign, he's unlikely to appreciate the irony. But, if he needs consolation, he might consider seeking solace in American history. The fact is that no successful businessman has ever been a successful president, and only a few have even been serious contenders for the job.
This might seem odd, given Americans' long romance with wealthy entrepreneurs and the enterprises they build. But a talent for developing private companies and making big profits seldom translates into wooing a majority of voters or governing a contentious republic. It may, in fact, blind one from recognizing critical differences between those equally difficult endeavors.
The most famous example of this disconnect was Herbert Hoover -- a multi-millionaire who, like Romney, believed that America needed a shrewd capitalist at the helm of state. By the age of forty, the dour Quaker from rural Iowa had made a sizeable fortune as a metal engineer and developer of mines in several foreign countries. During World War I, Hoover employed his skills for a large, humanitarian purpose, arranging for food to be funneled to the millions of Europeans impoverished by the war. Then, in the 1920s, he became a high-profile Commerce Secretary, bringing industries together in trade associations where they could regulate themselves. Thus, Hoover had gained fame as an unelected public servant as well as one of the richest businessmen of his day -- in contrast with William Randolph Hearst and Henry Ford, self-serving contemporaries who had earlier flirted with presidential runs.
When he ascended to the White House in 1929, many commentators expected that Hoover's organizational acumen would make him a brilliant, practical leader. "We were in a mood for magic," recalled one journalist about the start of his presidential term, "We summoned a great engineer to solve our problems for us; now we sat back comfortably and confidently to watch the problems being solved."
But the onset of the Great Depression later that fall required the skills of a master politician, and Hoover, who had never run for office before, proved to be a less-than-mediocre one. A stiff and awkward speaker, he neither showed empathy for the jobless nor rallied Congress behind a credible plan to reverse the nation's economic slide. Hoover's stern belief in "rugged individualism" had helped win him riches and renown. But it prevented him from recognizing that Americans in trouble needed material relief instead of sermons about the evils of the dole and an unbalanced budget. "The Great Humanitarian who had fed the starving Belgians in 1914, the Great Engineer so hopefully elevated to the presidency in 1928, now appeared as the Great Scrooge," writes one historian. After a career spent commanding his own organizations, Hoover was unable to adjust to a job that required persuasion, adaptation, and compromise.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, whom Hoover despised, became the exemplar of a chief executive: compassionate, witty, capable of switching from damning his opponents to winning enough of them over whenever necessary. And so, over the next six decades, the idea of a businessman as president largely went out of fashion. Part of this has to do with the fact that Americans wanted professional politicians to administer the new government programs -- domestic and military -- on which a majority of the public had come to depend.
(The only exception to the trend was the GOP nomination of Wendell Willkie in 1940. But it's significant that Willkie, a utility executive, promised to preserve the most important New Deal programs. And, in any case, his erratic speaking style and lack of experience in government convinced most swing voters to stick with FDR.)
But in 1992, many Americans seemed ready again for a self-made mogul who would run America like a business. Growing unemployment and a massive deficit -- coupled with a massive riot in Los Angeles after the Rodney King verdict -- fueled a sense that the nation was in decline. Ross Perot addressed this fear with brash promises to balance the budget and curb free trade, enlivened with sharp yet homespun metaphors. For a few weeks, he was actually leading the nominees of both major parties in the polls. Yet, like Hoover, Perot was incapable of adjusting to a protean political environment.
The billionaire Texan exerted iron control over his grass-roots operation, firing any paid activists who displeased him. He courted trouble by ad-libbing many speeches, such as one to the NAACP (where he lectured "you people"). And Perot invited the media's ridicule with groundless stories about a Black Panther hit squad and a Republican plot to disrupt his daughter's wedding. Outrage and sarcasm were his sole responses to criticism. "If he thinks he is right," acknowledged Perot's son, Ross Jr., "that is all that matters."
The same could be said about Herman Cain, who, one recalls, was briefly the front-runner for the GOP nomination. Judged at the time the "most likeable" of the contenders, Cain, the former capo of Godfather Pizza, shared the same flaw Perot displayed two decades earlier: a self-righteous, if wisecracking, conviction in his own nostrum (the 9-9-9 tax plan) for fixing a sick economy. Neither man understood that a clever, motivational style is not enough to lift one into the White House.
Michael Kazin's latest book, "American Dreamers: How the Left Changed a Nation," will be out in paperback next month. He teaches history at Georgetown University and is co-editor of Dissent. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the author. | <urn:uuid:1c452780-315d-4af9-a87a-d7053cb8d827> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-businessmen-dont-get-elected-president/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424889.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724162257-20170724182257-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.9705 | 1,150 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In this book, I investigate an evolution of Pre-Platonic knowledge of human nervous system: its anatomy and physiology. My another aim is to find out biographical connections between selected philosophers – to prove reciprocal flow of their ideas. That flow I named the „Big Transfer of Ideas”.
My searching starts from Alcmaeon, who was the first in the history of European science which claimed that the brain controls the human body. Subsequently, there were examined fragments of the writings of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and Democritus, in order to look for parallels between them. The last of the investigated scholars was Hippocrates. The crucial aim of my study was to prove that Hippocratic medical theories used the conceptions of Alcmaeon, Empedocles, Anaxagoras and Democritus. Furthermore, they were biographical connected to each other, usually as a teacher and student or competitors.
In this book there were described Pre-Platonic medical theories in the widespread context of early Greek physical concepts of selected scientists. The study reconstructed their views on the human senses and the origin and location awareness. What is more, the views of ancient philosophers were compared with contemporary knowledge of the human nervous system.
The Hippocratic concept of the brain became the basis of modern neurology. Indeed he found that the brain, not the gods, is responsible for the formation of epilepsy called in antiquity “the sacred disease”. In addition, he developed a theory of the four organic liquids, which in subsequent centuries, was developed as the humoral theory.
This book is a confirmation that neurosciences (so popular nowadays) have their real source in Ancient Greece.
„How the Ancient Greeks Discovered the Brain” (in Polish version) was published in August 2016 by Napoleon V Publisher (Oswiecim City, Poland). Through this project, I would like to share the main views of my book with all interested in neuroscience, medical history or ancient philosophy. | <urn:uuid:b562eea5-6ea2-4743-b09e-09b56838ccb6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://neurohistory.com/about-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046157039.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805193327-20210805223327-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.969566 | 414 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Whether you wish to bring a target, a deer, or an Olympic medal home, it all comes down to the basics of archery: knowing how to shoot your bow accurately.
Learn about the basics of shooting every type of bow, from recurves to compounds and crossbows, and find out which is the best for you.
Shooting Recurve Bows
Learning how to shoot a bow using a recurve is ideal for many reasons; recurve bows are more straightforward to operate than compounds, are less expensive, and the basic principles will carry over to other bow types with few modifications.
When shooting a recurve bow, it is essential to understand proper stance and posture. There are two main stances you can use, the square stance and the open stance.
- Square stance: Place your feet, so they are parallel with the shooting line, spreading them at roughly shoulder-length width to give yourself more stability. Imagine a line going from your toes to the target; your toes should be roughly at the same level as the target’s center. This stance is the simplest to remember and is ideal for beginners.
- Open stance: Place your rear foot (the foot on the same side as your shooting hand) forward and your front foot rearward, roughly 2” behind the shooting line. Then, pivot your body towards the target about 20°, so your shoulders face forward, square with the target. Although this is a slightly more complex stance, it grants the archer better balance control.
Nocking an arrow
Once you are in an appropriate shooting stance, hold the bow with your non-shooting hand and an arrow with your shooting hand. Bring the arrow to the bowstring, pushing the nock into the arrow rest, between the finger guides.
Many beginners tend to wrap their non-shooting hand’s index finger around the shaft, reminiscent of how it’s portrayed in the movies. Don’t do this; you risk injuring your fingers when firing. Let the arrow rest on the bow with all of your fingers under the shaft.
Gripping the bowstring
Once you’ve nocked the arrow, you’ll want to learn how to hook the bowstring before bringing it to a draw. The most common method is the Mediterranean draw; index finger above the shaft, middle and ring fingers under it. Grip the bowstring with the first joint of your fingers. Do not “fist” the bowstring and avoid pinching the arrow.
Gripping the bow
With your non-shooting hand, ensure you are gripping the bow correctly. The bow’s grip handle should be nestled against your thenar pad (the padding between your palm and thumb). You should feel like you are pushing the bow instead of tightening it in position. If your knuckles form a roughly 45° angle relative to the bow, you are gripping it correctly.
If you grip the bow too tightly, your forearm will rotate closer to the bowstring, putting you at risk of scraping if you’re not wearing an arm guard. To avoid hurting yourself, you should rotate your arm so your elbow points away, which will naturally bring your forearm away from the string.
Drawing and shooting
Once you’re correctly gripping the bow and the bowstring, you’re ready to draw. Lift your non-shooting arm to shoulder height and bring your shooting arm’s elbow up high, approximately above ear level, and in line with the arrow.
Use your back muscles for maximum effectiveness. A correct draw should make you feel like you’re squeezing your shoulder blades together; if you rely exclusively on arm strength, drawing will quickly exhaust you.
Once you’re ready to shoot, release the arrow by relaxing your right hand, so the bowstring slips away from your fingers. The energy stored in the bowstring will suddenly carry forward and fire the arrow.
After you release the string and fire the arrow, you’ll want to follow through with your shot; continue relaxing your shooting hand until it hangs or flops next to your ear, letting your bow tilt forward in your non-shooting hand. You can now reach for another arrow and repeat the process.
Shooting Compound Bows
The basic principles of shooting a compound bow are similar to those of a recurve, with only minor differences. Yet, these differences matter; if you want to learn how to shoot a bow with a compound, you need to understand what makes them different.
There is virtually no difference here to shooting recurve bows. Use the square or open stance according to your personal preference.
Nocking an arrow and gripping the bowstring
The same principles apply here; however, instead of finger guides, you are likely to find a single loop known as a D-loop, named for its shape.
On a compound bow, arrows should audibly click into place into the D-loop, securing the arrow to the bowstring and ensuring a consistent, stable shot.
Drawing and shooting
You will also find no finger guides on the bowstring of a compound bow. Instead, you attach a device known as a release aid into the D-loop. The purpose of the release aid is twofold: providing a comfortable gripping surface for the archer to pull on and draw and allowing the archer to release the arrow consistently.
Instead of drawing and letting go in a follow-through, the release aid features a button or a trigger. When depressed, the device immediately releases the bowstring and fires the arrow.
See Related Article: How to Hunt Using Recurve Bow
Shooting a crossbow involves a very different process from recurve bows and compound bows. The ergonomics of a modern crossbow are reminiscent of a firearm, granting greater stability and accuracy.
The first step is to cock the crossbow, causing the mechanism to draw the bowstring and hold it in a strung position until fired. There are two main methods, depending on your crossbow’s design: manual cocking and crank-operated.
A manual-cocking crossbow requires you to pull the crossbow string back using a lever. You must take care to pull it straight back; misaligning will cause your bolt not to fly straight, likely missing your target.
Crossbow cranks are essentially winches, allowing you to slowly bring the bowstring into a cocked position by rotating the lever enough times. Some cranks are integrated into the crossbow, while others are detachable.
Once cocked, place an arrow into the crossbow’s barrel, taking care to align the arrow vanes and fletching with the channel. Once inserted, nock the bolt in place.
Aiming and firing
Most crossbows come with sights: crossbow-specific iron sights or firearm-style optical sights, such as a scope or a red dot. Align the target with the sights, push the stock into your shoulder (if your crossbow has one), and squeeze the trigger. Repeat the process to take another shot.
See Related Article: Tips for Hunting with Crossbows
No matter which archery weapon you prefer, you must understand that becoming a skilled archer or crossbow shooter requires frequent and regular practice.
If you are a beginner, you should train and shoot as often as possible to develop your fundamentals. Once you have gained experience, regular practice prevents your skills from rusting, keeping you in shape for hunting or shooting competitions.
You can also check out:
Ideal Bow Draw Weight for Hunting (Read Article)
Why Truglo Range Rover Is so Popular? (Read Article) | <urn:uuid:0365a9fe-2162-4d7d-8dfc-d7fe716144b9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.minutemanreview.com/how-to-shoot-a-bow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510454.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928194838-20230928224838-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.921704 | 1,612 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Scientists believe they have solved the mystery of why some chimpanzees are so good at catching termites.
A team working in the Republic of Congo discovered that the chimps are crafting brush-tipped "fishing rods" to scoop the insects out of their nests.
They filmed the wild primates using their teeth to fashion the tools.
Writing in the Royal Society journal Biology Letters, the researchers said the probes' frayed ends helped the chimpanzees to collect more termites.
Footage courtesy of Crickette Sanz, Josep Call and David Morgan | <urn:uuid:0d8219fb-801b-4374-b986-30ac33bf95ea> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7922109.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295358.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00220-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887566 | 112 | 2.59375 | 3 |
"Make the admin vehicles as green as possible."
Green Police Vehicles
By: Ed Sanow
Green initiatives or green mandates are becoming more
common. However, it is not at all clear what “green” means when it comes to
police vehicles. Yes, it is politically correct to be “green.” Yes, these are
typically top-down mandates from politicians seemingly without regard to
initial vehicle costs or operating costs. Do green initiatives really mean go
green at any cost?
As for definitions, does “green” simply mean use less
gasoline? Or does it mean use no gasoline whatsoever? Is a mild hybrid (start-stop)
green enough? Or does it have to be a full hybrid where both the gasoline
engine and electric motor trade off powering the vehicle? Is an all-electric
vehicle actually green, even though the vast majority of the nation’s
electricity is produced by burning coal or nuclear, neither of which are green?
How about CNG or propane (LPG)? These are definitely clean
and green, but have outrageous upfront costs. How about E85, which uses less
gasoline but is more expensive than premium gas on a dollars per mile basis? OK,
what about ULSD clean diesel and B20 biodiesel, which isn’t gasoline but
certainly is a petroleum product?
Have a headache yet? The real problem is that law
enforcement is often told “how” to do our job by people who have no idea
whatsoever. The best management practice is almost always to explain the goal
and let those in the know reach that goal. Tell us what you want accomplished,
not how to accomplish it.
That said, for the purposes of covering a sampling of
special service “green” vehicles, we are defining “green” as meaning 1) use
less gasoline and 2) do not increase total cost of ownership.
The administrative and special service fleet makes up about
20 percent of the police fleet. Importantly, this admin fleet does not
(generally) have the task-oriented requirements of the patrol fleet. It also
shows the community that the police leadership is leading from the front. This
opens us up to a wide variety of alternate fuel, hybrid and electric vehicles,
all from the same companies that provide vehicles for our patrol fleet.
Gasoline: One Step
The most obvious and one of the most effective ways to go
green is to use smaller V6 engines in the exact same vehicles used by the
patrol fleet. So, the first and most honest step in the green direction is to
down-size the engine. Whether or not the patrol fleet needs a V8 or
turbocharged V6—and most do not—the admin fleet certainly does not.
A step that is even more effective is to use smaller
vehicles, the so-called One Step Down method. From Charger to Avenger or Dart.
From Caprice to Impala, and from Impala to Malibu or Cruze. From the Taurus-based Ford
PI Sedan to the Fusion. From the V8-powered, Tahoe SUV to the V6-powered,
Explorer-based Ford PI Utility crossover. From the ¾-ton pickup to the ½-ton
In the majority of these midsize sedans, the fuel economy
from the smaller, 4-cylinder engines almost equals the fuel economy from the
hybrid gas-electric version of the same car—without the upcharge for the hybrid
This One Step Down option is where the smart money is, where
the lowest initial cost is, and where the lowest total cost is. Your department
will use less gasoline from a readily available fuel with no infrastructure
delays. You are green and you save money. Of course, some departments are
forced to take more radical steps.
We have had the opportunity to spend a great deal of time in
both the Ford Fusion Hybrid and Chevy Malibu Eco. These are both excellent
admin vehicles in their own right. They both meet the spirit of any green
initiative. They both actually deliver on the hope of improved fuel mileage.
Both have enough interior room for two plainclothes adults. Both have plenty of
acceleration, braking and handling for any admin task. Both have a smallish but
perfectly functional trunk.
The Fusion Hybrid is considered a full hybrid. That means
the gasoline engine and the electric motor work together to power the vehicle.
The Fusion Hybrid is powered by a 141 hp, 2.0L 4-cylinder engine assisted by a
118 hp electric motor bolted to a Constantly Variable Transmission. Sometimes
it is battery-only powered and sometimes it is gasoline engine-only powered, but
most of the time it is a little of both.
The whole reason we have hybrid drivetrains is so we can
have V6 performance with a 4-cylinder engine, i.e., the electric motor kicks in
during moderate to heavy acceleration. Without the demand for this kind of performance,
the smallest 4-cylinder gasoline engine generally gets the best fuel economy.
The Fusion Hybrid hits 60 mph in 9.6 seconds. During our
three weeks with the Fusion, we used it as an admin vehicle for 2,000 miles of
urban, suburban, rural and interstate driving. It averaged 36. 3 mpg. Nothing
but the highest praise for the Fusion Hybrid.
The Malibu Eco is considered a mild hybrid. The eAssist
drivetrain is a Gen2 version of GM’s Belt Starter Alternator (BAS) advanced
start-stop system. The engine shuts off many times when the gas pedal is let
off and the brakes applied. However, the massive starter motor immediately
restarts the engine as soon as the brakes are released and the gas pedal
applied. The process is seamless.
The Malibu Eco is powered by a 182 hp, 2.4L eAssist I4
engine assisted by a 15 hp electric motor bolted to the 6-speed automatic
trans. Technically, the electric motor assists the gas engine at all speeds but
especially under the heaviest acceleration. Unlike the full hybrid, the
electric motor does not power the car alone.
The Malibu Eco hits 60 mph in 8.9 seconds. During our two
weeks with the Malibu, we used it as an admin vehicle for 1,100 miles of urban,
suburban, rural and interstate driving. It averaged 30.9 mpg. The Malibu Eco is
a hybrid without the hybrid hype. It under-promises and over-delivers.
This will be hard for the fleet maintenance supervisor to
believe, but the track record of hybrid gas-electric sedans in police use is
actually better than the normal patrol fleet. Far from being a maintenance nightmare
with orange high-voltage cables everywhere and a scary battery pack, the
hybrids have a higher uptime than the gasoline-only sedans. And the brakes and
rotors on the hybrids seem to last forever. As a fallback position for
unscheduled repairs, the hybrid drivetrain is generally covered by an eight- to
10-year and 100K- to 150K-mile warranty.
So, when going green, what might the ideal police sedan
fleet look like? A marked patrol fleet of the Charger, Caprice, Impala or Ford
PI Sedan and an unmarked admin fleet of the Fusion Hybrid or Malibu Eco. Put a
check mark next to “green initiative” and move on to real police issues.
Some community leaders only recognize battery-electric
vehicles as being green. Ignore where electricity comes from and battery-only
vehicles may be green. The initial cost is very expensive, the operating costs
are very low, and the total cost of ownership is completely unknown since the
residual value is so questionable. The battery-only driving range continues to
be a challenge.
The Chevy Volt is an excellent answer to the battery-only
driving range problem. The Volt is powered by a 149 hp electric motor, which is
powered by the on-board battery pack. The battery-only driving range is about
38 miles. When the battery is depleted, a 1.4L 4-cyliner gasoline engine
However, the gasoline engine is a backup only; it only
serves to generate electricity for the battery. With only the most technical of
exceptions, the gasoline engine does not drive the car—the electric motor does.
The gasoline engine boosts the driving range to over 300 miles. The most honest
description of the Volt is an Extended Range Electric Vehicle.
The Volt is very responsive thanks to the electric motor
that immediately generates maximum torque. The Volt hits 60 mph in 10 seconds.
The Volt is small but reasonably comfortable for most small and medium stature,
More than any other vehicle on the road, the fuel economy
you get from the Volt depends on the number of miles between battery charging,
your informed use of Hold, Sport and Mountain modes, the exact driving terrain
and the ambient temperature. During our two weeks with the Volt, we averaged 24
mpg, 34 mpg, 39 mpg, 44 mpg, 58 mpg, 98 mpg, 109 mpg and 250 mpg depending on a
bunch of different factors. To be more helpful, we put 1,600 miles on the Volt
and had a grand average of 43 mpg.
Dodge does not make a battery-only admin vehicle as a
companion to the Charger Pursuit patrol vehicle, but Chrysler Group LLC
certainly does—the FIAT 500e. The FIAT 500e is a zero-emissions, all-electric,
battery powered car with a driving range of 87 miles, more than double the
battery-only range of the Chevy Volt.
The FIAT 500e powertrain is 100-percent electric made up of
three main components: 1) a 111 hp electric drive motor; 2) a large lithium-ion
battery pack; and 3) a power inverter module (PIM) that controls the power flow
out and the regenerative braking generated power back in. Like the Volt, the
FIAT 500e can be powered by either 120-volt household current, or a 240-volt charging
station, which is the real solution.
The FIAT 500 has been improved since its debut two years
ago. It is simply more refined. During an extended drive, the FIAT 500e had
brisk acceleration, reaching 60 mph in 9.2 seconds. The steering was tight, the
handling nimble, and the ride good for such a tiny, tiny car. It gets maximum
points for cute and adorable—so place it into community-oriented policing with
that in mind.
Anyone can bolt CNG tanks, hoses and valves to a sedan, SUV
or truck and declare a bi-fuel, green victory. What is glossed over, or ignored,
or never thought of in this reach for the green are concerns about impact
safety and engine longevity. Aftermarket CNG / propane (LPG) tank installers
are not required to pass NHTSA crash tests. The Original Equipment car
companies certainly are.
For officer safety reasons, and we just went through a
decade of crash concerns, ask crash compliance questions of any aftermarket tank
installer. Ask the hard questions. Don’t fall for the razzmatazz. Then tell
your community members pushing for CNG/LPG those answers. While you are asking
the tank installers questions, ask if they are going to change the exhaust
valves and valve seats on the engine. The factory CNG engines have unique
CNG-tolerant engine components.
If you check the “meets NHTSA standards” and “has CNG engine
components” boxes, you will probably find just one police-oriented vehicle
standing—the RAM 2500 CNG CrewCab 4x4, the only factory-built, CNG-powered,
bi-fuel pickup. The RAM 2500 CNG meets all of the “green” initiatives. Even
better, the lower operating costs from the use of CNG actually pay for the CNG
option well within a normal duty cycle or service life.
The RAM 2500 CNG is powered by a 5.7L HEMI V8. This bi-fuel
pickup starts on gasoline and immediately defaults to CNG. It runs strictly on
CNG until the 18-gallon equivalent CNG tanks are empty. Then the truck
seamlessly switches over to gasoline. This bi-fuel truck has gasoline-like
acceleration and a tow/haul capacity midway between a ½-ton and a ¾-ton pickup.
(The 8-foot bed has 4.8-feet available, but the 3.2-foot CNG tank enclosure has
the same load rating as the bed floor.)
The mileage on CNG is the same as on gasoline. In our 1,800
miles of driving the lightly loaded RAM 2500 CNG 4x4, we averaged 12.7 mpg on
gasoline and 13.7 mpg (equivalent) on CNG. With full CNG tanks and a full 32
gallon gasoline tank, the total driving range is 700 miles. With CNG at $2.10
and gasoline at $3.45, running on CNG is like driving a ¾-ton truck on gasoline
and getting 21 mpg.
The Chevy Cruze Clean Turbo Diesel is the daring of the
pro-diesel movement. The term “clean diesel” is not a marketing claim; instead,
it is a widely acknowledged industry definition. It means the use of Ultra Low
Sulfur Diesel fuel and full compliance with current on-highway standards for
odor-free, soot-free emissions.
The Cruze is powered by a 151 hp, 2.0L turbodiesel
4-cylinder. With a diesel, horsepower is less significant than torque. When the
turbo kicks in, the I4 produces 280 lb-ft of torque, which is more than the
3.6L V6 in the police Impala and Caprice. That explains why the Cruze Clean
Turbo Diesel hits 60 mph in just 8.6 seconds.
An even greener step is the fact that the Cruze Clean Turbo
Diesel is certified by Chevrolet to run on B20 biodiesel. Biodiesel (B20) is a
mixture of 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent ULSD diesel. It is common for
city buses to be powered by B20 biodiesel.
Biodiesel is a form of clean-burning, non-toxic diesel fuel
made from renewable vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant
greases. Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and produces less air pollutants
than petroleum-based diesel. Since soybean oil is the dominant oil produced in
the development of biodiesel has focused around soy oil. One bushel of soybean
produces about 1.5 gallons of biodiesel.
Heads-up…the Cruze is a compact sedan. It has plenty of
head, hip and leg room for one plainclothes adult; in fact, it is quite
comfortable but not so much for two adults.
In our two weeks and 1,500 miles with the Cruze Diesel, it
averaged 40.7 mpg. That dips down to about 30 mpg in urban driving and reaches
over 50 mpg in highway driving. The national average of ULSD diesel is $3.93
compared to regular gasoline at $3.49. That means the gas-equivalent average
mileage is more like 36 mpg, which still meets the spirit of the green
As a non-gasoline, Two Steps Down sedan, the police chief or
sheriff driving a Cruze Clean Turbo Diesel will certainly be leading the green
movement from the front.
Vehicle Fuel Economy Subjective Comments
Ford Fusion Hybrid 36.3
mpg full hybrid, very green, a
must for every admin fleet
Chevy Malibu Eco 30.9
(mild) hybrid, low hype, green, inexpensive, roomy
Chevy Volt 43.0
mpg extended range electric
vehicle, expensive initial cost, compact car
FIAT 500e 108
mpge battery-only electric vehicle,
87-mile range, think community policing
RAM 2500 CNG 13.7
mpge (CNG) only OE-upfitted,
crash-tested, bi-fuel pickup, highly recommended
Chevy Cruze Diesel 40.9
mpg (ULSD) certified for B20
biodiesel, very upscale compact car | <urn:uuid:3b3bd2c5-9153-498e-92bd-b6b9bd3a35c1> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.hendonpub.com/law_and_order/articles/2013/11/green_police_vehicles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398458511.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205418-00221-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912713 | 3,578 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Celebrated for seven days in the Jewish month of Tishrei (late September to late October), Sukkot is mainly a festival of merriment but not without a generous dose of religious observances to be performed. A popular tradition associated to the Sukkot festival is the "Ushpizin". What exactly is the "Ushpizin"? To know all about this legendary tradition, scroll down and read our well-researched article on "Ushpizin". If you like reading about "Ushpizin" and want to share this article with your dear ones, please click here and do the same. Have a grand Sukkot celebration.
"Ushpizin" is an Aramaic word. Roughly translated the word stands for "guests", but fails to convey the supernatural significance that it has for Jews.
Unlike Yom Kippur, Sukkot is a joyful festive time that sees feasts and get-togethers. The occassion sees the buliding of temporary hut-like structures called "Sukkah" where Jews reside for the seven festive days and even invite their friends as guests to live with them. Even non-Jewish people are welcome inside a sukkah. But human visitors apart, divine beings are also supposed to be the Sukkot guests of every Jew.
According to a Jewish belief, on each of the seven days of Sukkot a supernatural visitor comes to the sukkah of every Jew. These seven special guests, or "Ushpizin", are he seven "founding fathers" of the Jewish people: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Aaron, Joseph and David. As each "Ushpizin" visits a sukkah, he endows its inhabitants with a "sefirot" or "divine quality" that he embodies. Every day of Sukkot is dedicated to one of the "Ushpizin"s and the particular spiritual quality attributed to him. Thus the first day is dominated by Abraham (personifying Benevolence or Love), the second day by Isaac (personifying Restraint and Discipline), the third day by Jacob (personifying Beauty, Harmony and Truth), the fourth day by Moses (personifying Victory and Endurance), the fifth day by Aaron (personifying Magnificence and Humility), the sixth day by Joseph (personifying Initiation and Association) and the seventh day by David (personifying Sovereignty, Receptivity and Leadership).
These great souls are often referred to as the "Shepherds of Israel", and one of the reasons they are called so is due to the belief that they guide mankind and nuture the human spirit just as shepherds lead and nurture their flock. It is believed that on each day of Sukkot, one of the seven guests leads the other six into every individual sukkah. Thus on each day of Sukkot, a different "Ushpizin" enters a sukkah followed by the other six.
However, the Chabad tradition differs with the general view and believes seven other "Ushpizin" to be the actual Sukkot visitors. They are Rabbi Yisroel Baal Shem Tov, Rabbi DovBer, Alter Rebbe, Mitteler Rebbe (Rabbi DovBer), Tzemach Tzedek (Rabbi Menachem Mendel), Rebbe Maharash (Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn) and Dovid HaMelech - Rebbe Rashab (Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn). Recently, many Jews have even gone on to believe that every sukkah is visited by seven women or "ushpizot", seven prophetesses known as Sarah, Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, Huldah, Abigail, and Esther. | <urn:uuid:767f3a59-9bb2-4245-9206-82f73a16f002> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.theholidayspot.com/sukkot/the_ushpizin(sukkot_guests).htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000266.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626094111-20190626120111-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.948871 | 808 | 3.09375 | 3 |
This issue of The Echoes launches a new series of articles highlighting St. Albert’s “Century Families” – families who settled in the St. Albert area over one hundred years ago and whose descendants continue to live in and around St. Albert.
On April 8, 1861, Father Albert Lacombe and four assistants arrived from the Lac Ste. Anne Mission, bringing with them several horses and oxen, a plough and a few implements and tools for planting and building. By 1870, St. Albert had blossomed into a centre of note with a burgeoning population of about 700.
The first settlers in this area were primarily Métis families who chose to join Father Lacombe at his new Mission. Many took river lots both to the east and west of the Mission, joining the few families who had previously settled along Big Lake and the Surgeon River on Hudson’s Bay Company scrip land.
To be a “settler” in those early days did not necessarily mean that one was a permanent, year round resident. Many of these early settlers lived a somewhat transient lifestyle; some were even seasonal residents. Freighting and participating in buffalo hunts played a major role in the lives of the Métis prior to their settling in St. Albert and continued to do so for many years thereafter.
Some families were on the move for other reasons. Some of the early families returned to their original roots in St. Boniface, Central Canada or Europe. Others moved to other centres on the prairies, British Columbia or the United States. At times, families would move to other centres to ply their trade or to live with relatives, only to eventually return to St. Albert.
Many of the early families, however, put down deep roots in the St. Albert area and today’s community benefits from their numerous descendants. It is these latter families that we celebrate as our “Century Families.”
Although it is convenient to highlight each family as represented by the original arrival, in truth, the genealogy of the descendent families is convoluted. Inter-family marriages over several generations has resulted in many individuals of today’s generations having an ancestry that includes several, or even many, of the original families. In some cases, the original family names are no longer evident in the St. Albert area. Their descendants, however, continue to grace our community.
NOTE: The references for the summaries included here are found in the Society’s premiere historical publication, The Black Robe’s Vision. Readers are encouraged to “dust off” their personal copies of the BRV and to read the complete stories of these founding families.
Regardless of our attempt at accuracy, errors and omissions will occur. Readers are invited to provide the editors with feedback and additional comments.
Reprinted from The Echoes, Vol. XXIV, No. 2, April, 2006: St. Albert Historical Society | <urn:uuid:c8c8e944-7a6f-47c7-8688-bc5b65faecf4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://stalberthistoricalsociety.ca/?page_id=265 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371810807.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408072713-20200408103213-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.965069 | 606 | 2.8125 | 3 |
‘Monitoring’ tracks key indicators of progress over the course of GrainLegumes’ implementation as a basis to evaluate outcomes of its research and interventions. Operational ‘evaluation’ examines how effectively programs were implemented and whether there are gaps between planned and realized outcomes. Impact evaluation assesses changes in the well-being of poor smallholder farming families. Another important purpose of M&E is to learn lessons from our experiences that improve the design and targeting of future research-for-development.
The Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan for Grain Legumes will conform to the CGIAR consortium framework on ‘Monitoring and Evaluation System’ that is under development.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for Grain Legumes
GrainLegumes generates outputs such as genetic and genomic resources, improved crop varieties,value-added products from crops, crop management technologies, information, and capacity-strengthening services. In CGIAR lexicon, outputs lead to outcomes (use by our partners – research outcomes, and by farmers – development outcomes), finally leading to impacts (benefits received by the poor). As outputs move towards having impact, the leadership role of development partners steadily increases, while the role of research institutions focuses on the provision of supporting services. M&E will examine the effectiveness of the entire system, because this is essential for learning from both successes and shortcomings. GrainLegumes partners will also conduct their own internal M&E of agreed research activities.
GrainLegumes’ intended outputs are documented in logical frameworks (logframes) developed during workplanning for each Product Line. GrainLegumes’ Research Management Committee (RMC) monitors the delivery of those outputs and evaluates the quality and effectiveness of their adoption and use by partners.
The Independent Advisory Committee will also play an M&E role by conducting focused short-term reviews on specific topics. When needed, additional expertise will be commissioned.
Some major indicators to be used for GrainLegumes M&E include:
- Effective use of genetic resources and new sources for valuable traits;
- Cutting-edge scientific knowledge on genetics and genomics of legume crops published;
- Cultivars derived from GrainLegumes germplasm released by national programs and grown by farmers;
- Efficient, effective seed systems operating in target countries, supported by harmonized national and regional regulatory frameworks;
- Crop and region specific post-harvest technologies utilized and increasing value received by smallholders;
- Novel and innovative value-added products identified and pilot-tested that increase the value capture by smallholders;
- Capacity-building and technology delivery are improving farmers’ access to innovations;
- Farmer and consumer acceptance of final products;
- Publication of peer reviewed research articles, curated data sets and learning materials in easily-accessible channels. | <urn:uuid:9dc89746-f5f8-4d69-ba1e-e830f5fc2460> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://grainlegumes.cgiar.org/how-we-do-it/monitoring-and-evaluation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742793.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115161834-20181115183834-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.920475 | 578 | 2.703125 | 3 |
To view a feature article by Wild Magazine on dingoes and our latest research ideas click HERE
You can download and listen to my radio interview on ABC Rural below:
For the full story click HERE
You can download and listen to my radio interview on RN Drive with Patricia Karvelas below:
View our article titled “Let’s move the world’s longest fence to settle the dingo debate” by clicking HERE
University of Sydney Press Release 17/02/2015
Allowing dingoes to return to Sturt National Park in NSW and researching the results may be the key to managing the future of dingoes and many threatened native mammals, University of Sydney researchers believe.
“Our approach is purposefully bold because only an experiment on this scale can resolve the long-running debate over whether the dingo can help halt Australia’s biodiversity collapse and restore degraded rangeland environments,” said Dr Thomas Newsome from the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Sydney and lead author of an article published today in Restoration Ecology.
Written with Dr Newsome’s colleagues from the University of Sydney and other universities in Australia and in America, where he completed a Fulbright Scholarship, the article outlines how the experiment could be undertaken.
“Half the world’s mammal extinctions over the last two hundred years have occurred in Australia and we are on track for an acceleration of that loss. This experiment would provide robust data to address an issue of national and international significance,” said Dr Newsome.
“Our approach is based on dingoes’ ability to suppress populations of invasive predators such as red foxes and feral cats that prey on threatened native species. Dingoes can also control numbers of introduced species such as European wild rabbits, feral pigs and goats or native herbivores such as kangaroos, that in high numbers can contribute to rangeland degradation.”
“There are major challenges, including convincing livestock producers and local communities to support the experiment, but we currently have almost no understanding of the impact of increased dingo populations over large areas.”
“It took 20 years of debate in America before wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho – so let’s start having the conversation.”
The researchers suggest allowing dingoes to recolonise Sturt National Park in north-western NSW. One strategy to achieve this would be to realign a small section of the 5500 km dingo-proof fence on the northern and western sides of Sturt National Park and then rebuild it on the southern and eastern sides of the park. This would effectively place Sturt National Park on the northern side of the dingo-fence and allow dingoes to naturally recolonise from South Australia and Queensland where dingoes are more common.
NSW law currently requires the control of dingoes in Sturt National Park so that would have to change to allow the experiment to proceed. The park would be monitored before the realignment of the fence took place, to establish existing conditions. Afterwards the sites where dingoes naturally recolonise within the park would be compared to multiple sites outside the park without dingo populations.
“Large carnivores such as wolves, bears, lynx and wolverines are returning in many parts of the world, especially North America and Europe. The future survival of large carnivores will depend on our understanding of their potential to increase biodiversity, local tourism and the health and productivity of ecosystems,” said Dr Newsome.
“Just one possibility is that if dingo recolonisation to Sturt National Park successfully lowered numbers of feral cats and red foxes we could test whether this assists the reintroduction of locally extinct native mammals such as the greater bilby and burrowing bettong.”
The researchers also suggest it would be worthwhile considering reintroduction or recolonisation studies elsewhere, such as sites south of the dingo proof fence in South Australia.
You can view the paper
Verity Leatherdale: (02) 9351 4312, 0403 067 342 or email@example.com
There is global interest in restoring populations of apex predators, both to conserve them and to harness their ecological services. In Australia, reintroduction of dingoes (Canis dingo) has been proposed to help restore degraded rangelands. This proposal is based on theories and the results of studies suggesting that dingoes can suppress populations of prey (especially medium- and large-sized herbivores) and invasive predators such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cats (Felis catus) that prey on threatened native species. However, the idea of dingo reintroduction has met opposition, especially from scientists who query the dingo’s positive effects for some species or in some environments.
In a new paper published today in Restoration Ecology we ask ‘what is a feasible experimental design for assessing the role of dingoes in ecological restoration?’ We outline and propose a dingo reintroduction experiment – one that draws upon the existing dingo-proof fence – and identify an area suitable for this (Sturt National Park, western New South Wales). Although challenging, this initiative would test whether dingoes can help restore Australia’s rangeland biodiversity, and potentially provide proof-of-concept for apex predator reintroductions globally.
You can view the paper HERE | <urn:uuid:2422381b-f694-4159-aa27-9886695797f3> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://thomasnewsome.com/2015/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141189038.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127015426-20201127045426-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.923285 | 1,119 | 2.890625 | 3 |
|Alternative modes of locomotion in bacteria
Junctional pores in Oscillatoria. These pores are about 14-16 nm in diameter
and their centre-centre spacing is about twice this distance. These pores form a
single row either side of the circumferential junctional furrow. O, helical oscillin
fibrils (8-12 nm diameter); PC, pore-complex; S, s-layer; SS, secreted slime.
Together, the s-layer and oscillin layer form the ‘external layer’. The inner
membrane is hard to see in fully turgid cryofixed cells as it is tightly pressed
against the inner surface of the peptidoglycan layer. In Oscillatoria princeps
large pores (diameter up to 350 nm at base, narrowing to about 50 nm at the
surface, spaced about 400 nm apart centre-centre) also occur further from the
septum on either side. These large pores are lined by cytoplasm and inner
membrane and represent regular perforations in the peptidoglycan layer.
Many bacteria locomote in ways that do not involve flagella. Typically the speeds attained are much lower than in
flagellated types, and often involves gliding over a solid surface. Cyanobacteria, for example, often form filaments or
chains of cells that are capable of gliding across a solid surface, or up and down inside mucilaginous tubes that they
secrete (they may move up and down these tubes according to a circadian rhythm, altering their position in the water
column to access different nutrients in the water column; download a pdf on bacterial motility for more details).
Although common in the prokaryotic world, gliding motility is hard to study and the physical and molecular
mechanisms are only beginning to be worked-out. This article will be periodically updated as new research comes to
light. It is a fascinating topic that ought to attract more research focus, both for knowledge-sake, but also to better
understand microbial ecosystems and to suggest possible useful techniques for use in nano-engineering.
Gliding Motility and Jet Propulsion in Cyanobacteria
Gliding motility occurs in some Gram negative bacteria and mycoplasmas. Cyanobacteria can glide at up to 10 um/s.
The envelope of gliding cyanobacteria consists of the following layers arranged from outside to inside: oscillin layer,
S-layer, outer membrane, periplasm and the inner membrane.
The oscillin layer is a layer of glycoprotein subunits, 8-12 nm in diameter, arranged in helical arrays and is only
found in gliding forms. This possibly functions as a passive screw thread, causing the filament to rotate as it glides.
The periplasm of gliding forms contains helical fibres, 25-30 nm in diameter, with a 30-degree pitch. One model of
their gliding motility relies on surface waves in a proteinaceous layer, such as in the periplasmic fibres in the
periplasm. A second model proposes that slime extruded from junctional pore complexes (JPCs) known to exist
on either side of the cell-cell junction be guided by the oscillin to produce rotation. Certainly, slime is extruded during
Acetobacter xylinum extrudes cellulose from pores and glides at 0.05 um/s. Spirulina also glides and its JPCs are
situated inside the spiral and not in contact with the substratum.
Hormogonia are motile cyanobacterial filaments (chains of cells) that infect plants and establish cyanobacterial-
plant symbioses. These filaments do not rotate. These possess pili and possibly glide by twitching motility.
Synechocystis is a motile unicellular cyanobacteria and this also has 6-8 nm thick pili. Synechococcus swims, but has
no flagella. The method of locomotion in this case is unclear, but may involve surface waves on the cells pushing
against the surrounding fluid (water behaves as a highly viscous fluid on this microscopic scale).
Twitching Motility in Bacteria – Type IV Pili
This form of motility occurs, for example, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and some Escherichia
coli strains. Motility occurs in short, intermittent jerks of a few micrometers. A moist surface is required for twitching
motility and cells must be within several microns of each other. It involves type IV pili, which alternateley extend,
adhere to the substrate, and then contract - pulling the cell along the substrate. The pili are polar, 6nm in diameter
and up to 4 mm long and occur at one or both poles. These pili actively extend and retract. These pili are also
involved in conjugation, bacteriophage infection, biofilm formation and transformation. At least 35 genes are involved
in twitching motility and speeds of up to 1 um/s are attained. Pili, of various types, are also involved in attachment
and invasion of host cells.
Motility in Myxobacteria
Myxobacteria travel in swarms that co-operatively digest macromolecular food, including prey cells and other
bacteria. Myxobacteria aggregate when nutrients become scarce. These aggregations produce multicellular fruiting
bodies that release dormant myxospores. These bacteria have large genomes, that of Myxococcus xanthus, for
example, is some 9.5 Mbp (Mbp = million base pairs). There are two myxococcal gliding systems, the S system or
‘social’ gliding system and the A system or ‘adventurous’ gliding system. The A system operates in single, isolated
cells. Gliding speeds are about 0.4 um/s.
The S system relies upon type IV pili tethering and retraction to pull the cells along. The gliding is smooth and
possibly some pili extend as others retract. The A system operates over drier surfaces and does not require pili.
Chain-like strands (presumably made of protein), grouped into bands, wrapped helically around the cell, occur in the
periplasm. In Myxococcus fulvus, three or more of these chains are combined into ribbons. The subunit rings have
an outer diameter of about 12-16 nm (12.6 to 15.6 nm) joined by elongated linkers 2.8 nm wide and 9.9-11.9 nm
long. The linkers are arranged in two parallel rows, so that there is one pair of linkers between each pair of rings. It
has been suggested that these periplasmic structures could be involved in A-gliding, however, there is no evidence
that they have any role at all in gliding motility and their function remains unknown.
There are over 100 nozzles in the outer membrane at each cell pole. The trailing pole secretes jets of slime from
these nozzles which push the cell along, whilst nozzles at the leading pole remain inactive. Within one minute the
poles may reverse role, with the trailing pole becoming the leading pole as the cell reverses direction. This strongly
suggests gliding motility by jet propulsion as in some cyanobacteria. these may be used in A system gliding.
Myxobacteria apparently glide over moist surfaces by the use of modified flagella consisting only of the basal
complex and hook but no filament. Mutants lacking these structures are immotile (Pate and Shang, 1979). However,
for reasons that I have not yet uncovered in my literature searches, this mode of gliding seems to have been ignored
by more recent literature.
The Cytophaga-Flavobacterium Group
Bacteria of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group glide at about 2-4 um/s. The cells may rotate as they glide and
latex spheres bound to the cell surface move along the cell. The proton-motive force is the likely energy source.
Ring-like structures cover the surface of Flavobacterium johnsoniae; are these rotary motors? Fibrils occur within the
cell walls of some species. Goblet-shaped structures occur in the envelopes of Flavobacterium polymorphus. Most of
these bacteria lack pili and polysaccharide extrusion is considered to be an unlikely motility mechanism in this group.
Gliding motility in this group seems to require sulphonolipids in the outer membrane. These are present in
Flavobacterium johnsoniae and other Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group gliders. Upon contact with a surface, more
polar sulphonolipids are produced and an OMP (outer membrane protein) becomes cross-linked to the
peptidoglycan. One model proposes that adhesive OMPs are moved along tracks fixed to peptidoglycan. Other
models propose conveyer belts of polysaccharide or protein fibrils that are exported and imported at different
locations in the cell surface - conveyer-belting along the outer membrane from the export site to the import site.
Another model proposes expansion or contraction of elements in the cytoplasm or periplasm. Another proposes
rotary motors, and yet another waves in the outer membrane.
The Mycoplasmas are wall-less bacteria related to Gram-positive bacteria. They have very small genomes, that of
Mycoplasma genitalium, for example, is 580 kbp kbp = thousand base pairs). Gliding mycoplasmas have a flask or
club-shaped tip (‘head’) that functions as an attachment organelle. This tip leads the gliding cell at 0.1–7 um/s
depending on species. These bacteria possess a cytoskeleton of over 25 different proteins. It is thought that this
cytoskeleton plays a key role in cell locomotion (as the cytoskeleton does in animal cell locomotion).
Crawling with Flagella
It should be noted that flagella can be used for crawling or gliding over a (moist) solid surface as well as for
swimming. Bacteria like Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli will synthesise more flagella for this purpose,
since gliding is more efficient when there are many flagella covering the cell surface (peritrichous flagellation). The
synthesis of extra flagella is triggered when the bacteria sense an increase in viscosity of the surrounding medium.
This crawling movement may give rise to swarming. This is well studied in Proteus, a bacterium which normally
possesses a single polar flagellum (at one end of the cell) and initially grows on agar by forming distinct colonies.
Soon, however, cells at the edge of the colony change: they elongate and become peritrichously flagellated and
crawl away from the colony in groups. These swarming cells may settle and form a new colony, again with short cells,
until when the new colony reaches a certain size, the process repeats and cells swarm again. In this way Proteus will
eventually cover the whole surface of the agar in a petri dish (an efficient way of accessing all the food available!).
In Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, swarming also results in elongated cells or filaments (up to 50
micrometres long) that are hyperflagellated (have many more flagella than usual). Again these swarmers move as a
colony - the outer layers of a colony switching to swarming spiral outwards whilst the evacuated space in the centre
is filled with new cells. This results in fast colony expansion of up to 3 micrometres per second (about 1 cm per hour).
During this locomotion the flagella bundle together and rotate as a bundle as they normally would in swimming
(however the cells do not tumble at intervals as they do when swimming, but instead appear to reverse direction
when flagella rotation changes sense).
Additionally swarming cells secrete surfactants which act as 'wetting substances', these are possibly
polysaccharides, and these assist movement over the solid surface.
Above: a hyperflagellated filament. | <urn:uuid:acb35310-b609-4a5f-89bd-2c42aa6efd8a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://cronodon.com/BioTech/bacteria_gliding.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103821173.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630122857-20220630152857-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.907981 | 2,705 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Part of my day involves ed tech (educational technology). While I’m not an expert in this ever-evolving world, I try to stay informed so that my school (and I) can do the best we can for our students. I have been using an LMS (Learning Management System) for my seminars and activities, and traveled to finalsite University in June just to learn more about their new LMS.
But hold on, maybe you don’t know much about ed tech. Today I found out that I don’t know as much as I thought. I found a list of 24 Ed-Tech Terms That All Educators Should Know.
It was really good, and it was really helpful. For example:
“2. Adaptive Learning. Software that adapts its content and pacing to the current knowledge level of the user, so it’s almost like having a personal tailor for your education.”
I’ve seen this in action. Adaptive testing rapidly takes a student up from level to level and quickly settles on the level the student has mastered, without having the student do lots of boring, easy problems, or frustrating and impossible ones. “Adaptive” rejects the “one size, fits all” category.
More importantly, this is a short, simple definition. If you read all 24 ed tech terms, you will know a lot about the field, and will immediately see where your (or your child’s) school is doing well, and where the gaps are.
The list above is a text list in a blog I found. It is also available in infographic format.
You can’t really think about education today if you aren’t familiar with at least this list of words and concepts. Hope this helps!
Posted by marks on Wednesday August 7, 2013 at 03:17PM | <urn:uuid:35bfe080-0973-4277-801c-e9483dee241e> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.proficiencyed.org/thinking-about-education-technology-and-social-media/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156471.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920120835-20180920141235-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.958184 | 390 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Drive, Fly and Sail Around Town!
Drive About: Number Neighborhood is a delightful way for preschool kids to explore early math concepts with 9 mini games that provide engaging practice in core concepts like:
- Number Identification
- Number Writing
Give your kids a license to drive a variety of vehicles across land, sea and air in an environment that encourages free play, exploration and fun.
Drive About: Number Neighborhood is a Universal iPad and iPhone app with localized versions available in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Russian. | <urn:uuid:48ac3e86-564e-46a3-8fc1-7f8b9256ddb7> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://artgigapps.com/apps/drive-about-number-neighborhood | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122726.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00383-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884382 | 105 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Your email address will be used for Wildy’s marketing materials only. We will never give your email address to any third party.
Special Discounts for Newly Called & Students
Browse Secondhand Online
The laws of Aethelbert of Kent (ca. 600), Hlohere and Eadric (685x686), and Wihtred (695), are the earliest laws from Anglo-Saxon England, and the first Germanic laws written in the vernacular. They are of unique importance as the only extant early medieval English laws that delineate the progress of law and legal language in the early days of the conversion to Christianity. Aethelbert's laws, the closest existing equivalent to Germanic law as it was transmitted in a pre-literate period, contrast with Hlohere and Eadric's expanded laws, which concentrate on legal procedure and process, and again contrast with the further changed laws of Wihtred which demonstrate how the new religion of Christianity adapted and changed the law to conform to changing social mores.This volume updates previous works with current scholarship in the fields of linguistics and social and legal history to present new editions and translations of these three Kentish pre-Alfredian laws. Each body of law is situated within its historical, literary, and legal context, annotated, and provided with facing-page translation. | <urn:uuid:8ec9c834-633d-4786-8924-2261e011f0f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.wildy.com/isbn/9781442614833/the-beginnings-of-english-law-paperback-hardback-in-2002-university-of-toronto-press | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825227.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022113105-20171022133105-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.92638 | 280 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Team 16 is ALMOST done with unit 4. It seems to be dragging on due to alternate assessments that keep popping up. We started the GMADE today which is a math assessment that focuses on computation, process and application, and vocabulary. The students took a similar test in the Fall. We have 1 section left to complete.
Also, Mr. McCann, our math coach started coming in every other Wednesday to model and coach the students on how to tackle solving a word problem. Tomorrow will be his 2nd day with us. This is great practice for the students to learn different strategies on how to solve word problems. We practice reading the word problem 3 times, the students work independently for 10 minutes, then with a partner for about 10 minutes. We wrap up the lesson by having several kids share how they solved the problem. It's very interesting to see the various ways students go about solving the problems. This is great practice for the MCAS. We have enrichment questions ready for the students who solved the problem quickly and accurately. In addition, starting after vacation, we will focus on the explaining your thinking piece to the word problems.
Math RTI is going well. New groups will be starting next week. Ask your child what he/ she has been working on in RTI. My groups have been doing several challenging math puzzles, logic problems, brain games, etc...Students can work alone or with a partner. They seem to enjoy the challenges. We started off with many students saying, "I can't do this!" and "This is too hard!" Now, they have learned to say, "I'm trying my best." or "I can't do it YET, but I'm working on it." The students are working hard and staying positive. The smiles on their faces say it all when they get a problem correct!
Please remember that the math videos/ songs I have posted in the past are still here on the blog. There is a link at the top next to the homework section. Click the link and you can scroll through older videos if you come across a problem we haven't done in a while. It came to my attention when we started adding/ subtracting decimals. Some students had forgotten how to regroup and borrow. This is a great opportunity to watch a quick video as a refresher. | <urn:uuid:8a92e22e-41e1-42d6-b1f2-8aa9ec0a2e82> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://engagingminds-inspiringdiscovery.blogspot.com/2013/02/math-update.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812556.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219072328-20180219092328-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.977664 | 474 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Irish education system
The Irish education system is made up of first, second and third-level education and of further education. Almost all education is funded by the State.
Constitution and education
The Irish Constitution (Bunreacht na hÉireann) contains specific articles on education, religion, and the family, which affect how education is organised.
Exemption from Irish
There are arrangements and conditions for exempting certain students from the study of Irish in post-primary school and in certificate examinations at post-primary level.
Special needs education
This document describes the special arrangements for the education of children with special educational needs
Teaching your child at home
Information on the rights of parents to educate their children at home and how home education is regulated and assessed.
Parents and education
Organisations such as parents' associations, parents' councils and other agencies provide parents with support and information about their children's education.
Measures to address educational disadvantage
Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools (DEIS) and other initiatives provide supports to address educational disadvantage. | <urn:uuid:897eaaa2-4c72-4283-a7ca-a43b5bf7eb78> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://online-casino-10.pro/en/education/the_irish_education_system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742906.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115182450-20181115204450-00502.warc.gz | en | 0.957166 | 218 | 3.421875 | 3 |
EPFL researchers develop drone that deforms upon impact
Drawing inspiration from insects, EPFL scientists have designed a new type of drone that is flexible enough to absorb shocks without breaking before returning to its original shape.
Two trends have been prominent in robotics in recent years : stiff structures that have a certain weight-bearing capacity but that break if that capacity is exceeded, and flexible yet resilient structures that cannot carry much of a load at all. EPFL researchers have combined the best of both worlds. Applying what they observed about insect wings, they have come up with a hybrid drone that can alternate between rigid and flexible depending on the circumstances. This research, conducted by the Laboratory of Intelligent Systems (LIS), was published in Science Robotics.
A hotbed of drone innovations
Under the direction of Professor Dario Floreano, LIS investigates the future of artificial intelligence and robotics at the convergence of biology and engineering, humans and machines. Its fields of activity span aerial, evolutionary, soft, and wearable robotics. Finding inspiration from nature, LIS researchers have designed robots that are soft, fly, or dynamically adapt their own behavior. The foldable PackDrone, for example, uses cutting-edge technology to deliver parcels weighing up to 500 grams. It is programmed to avoid obstacles and reach destinations on steep or uneven terrain. Another example of bio-inspired device developed at LIS is the feathered drone. It can spread or close its wings while flying, making it easier to maneuver and more resistant in high winds. | <urn:uuid:5b08ad4c-cbea-4699-a962-20f74986076b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://investinswitzerland.com/2018/08/01/epfl-researchers-develop-drone-that-deforms-upon-impact/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648322.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602040003-20230602070003-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.937755 | 306 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Did you see the new light bulbs your neighbor installed last month? How about the solar panels across the street?
Feeling like you’re missing out on “must have” energy upgrades turns out to be one of the most surefire drivers of residential energy efficiency in American markets and abroad. A seminal study from the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) and Building Performance Institute (BPI) has identified the power of what they term “peer diffusion” in affecting behavioral change regarding energy and water use.
The study defines peer diffusion as a “form of communication within and between networks of people that (1) occurs through varying forms of social comparison and social interaction around an innovation (i.e., a new behavior, idea, or technology) and (2) ultimately promotes the broader adoption of that innovation.”
Shifting habits on a societal scale can drive major fluctuations in resource use, especially when those changes in habit decrease energy and water consumption. Where the burdens of inefficient energy use are lifted, households and communities see a multitude of benefits.
Cold Feet Stalling Energy Efficiency Improvements
Americans have a peculiar relationship with home energy performance. The RMI and BPI study points out that two thirds of US homeowners consider home energy performance a top priority, yet almost half have done nothing to improve it. Even the people that do take steps to improve efficiency rarely invest in whole-home energy upgrades.
When push comes to shove, there is a large gap between intentions and actual investments in residential energy efficiency across the US. This disconnect represents a huge opportunity for resident engagement strategies to scale demand for sustainable technology. Unfortunately, the residential energy industry currently under-applies many of the major factors identified by RMI and BPI as key drivers of investment in energy upgrades.
The Promise of Peer Diffusion
Peer diffusion shows potential as a method to increase social interaction and comparison around energy upgrades. Making home improvements visible and conversational can inspire action among neighbors, who might contract service providers to install energy conservation measures of their own.
When programs are created that enable participants to show off their own home energy improvements to their family, friends, and neighbors, these upgrades become a point of conversation. When their benefits are discussed, home improvements prompt increased investment in energy upgrades among peers.
Best Practice for Energy Upgrade Providers
There is much to learn from utility-run behavior programs, rooftop solar trends, and water conservation campaigns, among other examples of peer-to-peer influence. Residential energy service providers and program administrators have found success in deploying robust digital and in-person strategies to enable the spread of energy efficiency across communities.
Companies are wise to tap into these insights and facilitate social interaction and comparison. By supporting peer diffusion before, during, and after the installation of sustainable technology, service providers can drive increased homeowner demand for energy upgrades. | <urn:uuid:66d3c38b-df4c-4afd-b4d5-e487a8b85f61> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.tblfund.org/peer-diffusion-driving-energy-upgrades/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337415.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003101805-20221003131805-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.928329 | 579 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Do you already have a target list of animals you
hope to see? Is there a particular habitat that interests you?
Maybe you enjoy coastal areas and the chance to see shorebirds or
dolphins, or fresh water marshes with their alligators and wading
The key to successful wildlife viewing is to look
in the right places. Every animal has basic needs that include
food, water and cover and every habitat meets these needs in
different ways. Some animals are quite picky in their selection of
a home area. Gopher tortoises prefer dry, sandy areas; limpkins
live primarily along river swamps and freshwater marshes. Use the
Spotlight to help you locate the sites where you'll have a good
chance of finding your target species. If you know what part of the
state you'll be visiting, pick out viewing locations on the map and
go to the site description to see what animals are found there.
In addition to habitat preferences, animals also
have seasons when they are most viewable. Scarlet tanagers only
pass through Florida during spring and fall migration, but summer
tanagers nest here in the summer. Robins and common loons spend the
winter months in Florida, while blue jays and cardinals live here
year-round. Many state and national parks provide checklists that
list species commonly seen during particular seasons. Time of day
also influences animal movements. Though dawn and dusk are active
times for many animals, owls, flying squirrels and bats are most
active at night.
You may only see a few animals on a single visit to
a site, but repeated visits to the same site during different
seasons will increase your chances of viewing the resident and
migratory species associated with it. | <urn:uuid:499d684b-c3c0-4f91-8655-67c51473da94> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://myfwc.com/viewing/how/before-you-go/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737947969.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221907-00139-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953526 | 369 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Japanese-American troops of the 442nd Combat Team in Fays, France during World War II. Memorial services for the dead. Soldiers fire guns to honor the dead. A band of the 442nd Combat Team plays. Battalion Commander Lieutenant Colonel Virgin R. Miller and Colonel James M. Hanley bow their heads. The soldiers advance along an area. A sign reads: 'Honor Roll of the 2nd Battalion'.
Japanese-American troops of the 442nd Combat Team in Fays, France during World War II. Memorial services for the dead. Soldiers seated on a field. They bow their heads in respect of the dead. The soldiers stand in formation. A chaplain sings.
Japanese-American troops of the 442nd Combat Team in Fays, France during World War II. Memorial services for the dead. An officer speaks to soldiers. The soldiers seated on a field with their heads bowed. The soldiers stand in formation. A band plays. A sign reads: 'Honor Roll of the 2nd Battalion'.
Thanksgiving 1944 in Northeastern France, with the U.S. 26th Infantry Division, during World War 2. Several U.S. Army women nurses walk through muddy snow covered field in Northeastern France, during World War II. One of them pulls a small sled. At the same time,US troops march along sides of a nearby road. A U.S. soldier is issued a winter coat by a quartermaster.Other soldiers putting on new overcoats. U.S. troops in overcoats march along a wet road. A soldier holds up a sign reading," 26 'Yankee' Infantry Division, HAPPY- THANKSGIVING !, Europe 1944." The troops huddle over field cook stoves in a field. They smoke cigarettes. Large group of U.S. soldiers in a chow line near a cemetery in a French town (probably Dieuze, which they captured on November 20th). They receive a Thanksgiving dinner. Soldiers playing football on a snow covered field.
American troops welcomed in village, by Nuns and children, and in Paris, France, in August, 1944. December 16, 1944, German counterattack causes American casualties. Dead and wounded shown being picked up on stretchers. American troops advancing across fields.Tanks and burning buildings. Americans fight in streets of town and from trenches, with snow on ground. Chaplain prays over body of fallen American soldier. More views of U.S. wounded on stretchers. German officers led by General Manteuffel planning actions. German home front civilian guards (Volkssturm national militia) seen on parade. German Tiger II tanks of s.Pz.Abt.503 parade in a training area. German SS troops advance during the Battle of the Bulge. German "buzz bomb" shown in flight. Smoke rises from buzz bomb strike on town.
View of Canadian troops on D-Day huddled in a landing craft approaching Juno beach in Normandy, France, during Operation Overlord, June 6, 1944, in World War 2. The landing craft reaches the beach and all the Canadian infantry leave the boat, two or three at a time, and wade ashore during the invasion of Europe by Allied forces. Steel obstacles placed by the German forces can be seen on the beach. Several houses, stand along the beach. The troops advance toward them. | <urn:uuid:8dd1c9bc-7667-47cf-b4e6-aeed9698e92f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.criticalpast.com/stock-footage-video/Fays+France+1944 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725451.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00428-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95883 | 696 | 2.765625 | 3 |
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Explain what a conductor is
- Explain what an insulator is
- List the differences and similarities between conductors and insulators
- Describe the process of charging by induction
In the preceding section, we said that scientists were able to create electric charge only on nonmetallic materials and never on metals. To understand why this is the case, you have to understand more about the nature and structure of atoms. In this section, we discuss how and why electric charges do—or do not—move through materials (Figure 5.9). A more complete description is given in a later chapter.
Conductors and Insulators
As discussed in the previous section, electrons surround the tiny nucleus in the form of a (comparatively) vast cloud of negative charge. However, this cloud does have a definite structure to it. Let’s consider an atom of the most commonly used conductor, copper.
For reasons that will become clear in Atomic Structure, there is an outermost electron that is only loosely bound to the atom’s nucleus. It can be easily dislodged; it then moves to a neighboring atom. In a large mass of copper atoms (such as a copper wire or a sheet of copper), these vast numbers of outermost electrons (one per atom) wander from atom to atom, and are the electrons that do the moving when electricity flows. These wandering, or “free,” electrons are called conduction electrons, and copper is therefore an excellent conductor (of electric charge). All conducting elements have a similar arrangement of their electrons, with one or two conduction electrons. This includes most metals.
Insulators, in contrast, are made from materials that lack conduction electrons; charge flows only with great difficulty, if at all. Even if excess charge is added to an insulating material, it cannot move, remaining indefinitely in place. This is why insulating materials exhibit the electrical attraction and repulsion forces described earlier, whereas conductors do not; any excess charge placed on a conductor would instantly flow away (due to mutual repulsion from existing charges), leaving no excess charge around to create forces. Charge cannot flow along or through an insulator, so its electric forces remain for long periods of time. (Charge will dissipate from an insulator, given enough time.) As it happens, amber, fur, and most semi-precious gems are insulators, as are materials like wood, glass, and plastic.
Charging by Induction
Let’s examine in more detail what happens in a conductor when an electrically charged object is brought close to it. As mentioned, the conduction electrons in the conductor are able to move with nearly complete freedom. As a result, when a charged insulator (such as a positively charged glass rod) is brought close to the conductor, the (total) charge on the insulator exerts an electric force on the conduction electrons. Since the rod is positively charged, the conduction electrons (which themselves are negatively charged) are attracted, flowing toward the insulator to the near side of the conductor (Figure 5.10).
Now, the conductor is still overall electrically neutral; the conduction electrons have changed position, but they are still in the conducting material. However, the conductor now has a charge distribution; the near end (the portion of the conductor closest to the insulator) now has more negative charge than positive charge, and the reverse is true of the end farthest from the insulator. The relocation of negative charges to the near side of the conductor results in an overall positive charge in the part of the conductor farthest from the insulator. We have thus created an electric charge distribution where one did not exist before. This process is referred to as inducing polarization—in this case, polarizing the conductor. The resulting separation of positive and negative charge is called polarization, and a material, or even a molecule, that exhibits polarization is said to be polarized. A similar situation occurs with a negatively charged insulator, but the resulting polarization is in the opposite direction.
The result is the formation of what is called an electric dipole, from a Latin phrase meaning “two ends.” The presence of electric charges on the insulator—and the electric forces they apply to the conduction electrons—creates, or “induces,” the dipole in the conductor.
Neutral objects can be attracted to any charged object. The pieces of straw attracted to polished amber are neutral, for example. If you run a plastic comb through your hair, the charged comb can pick up neutral pieces of paper. Figure 5.11 shows how the polarization of atoms and molecules in neutral objects results in their attraction to a charged object.
When a charged rod is brought near a neutral substance, an insulator in this case, the distribution of charge in atoms and molecules is shifted slightly. Opposite charge is attracted nearer the external charged rod, while like charge is repelled. Since the electrostatic force decreases with distance, the repulsion of like charges is weaker than the attraction of unlike charges, and so there is a net attraction. Thus, a positively charged glass rod attracts neutral pieces of paper, as will a negatively charged rubber rod. Some molecules, like water, are polar molecules. Polar molecules have a natural or inherent separation of charge, although they are neutral overall. Polar molecules are particularly affected by other charged objects and show greater polarization effects than molecules with naturally uniform charge distributions.
When the two ends of a dipole can be separated, this method of charging by induction may be used to create charged objects without transferring charge. In Figure 5.12, we see two neutral metal spheres in contact with one another but insulated from the rest of the world. A positively charged rod is brought near one of them, attracting negative charge to that side, leaving the other sphere positively charged.
Another method of charging by induction is shown in Figure 5.13. The neutral metal sphere is polarized when a charged rod is brought near it. The sphere is then grounded, meaning that a conducting wire is run from the sphere to the ground. Since Earth is large and most of the ground is a good conductor, it can supply or accept excess charge easily. In this case, electrons are attracted to the sphere through a wire called the ground wire, because it supplies a conducting path to the ground. The ground connection is broken before the charged rod is removed, leaving the sphere with an excess charge opposite to that of the rod. Again, an opposite charge is achieved when charging by induction, and the charged rod loses none of its excess charge. | <urn:uuid:cd79f7bf-5c99-46f0-9f7e-0fecdae43b0a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/5-2-conductors-insulators-and-charging-by-induction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948223038.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305060427-20240305090427-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.954363 | 1,363 | 4.5625 | 5 |
The island of Agathonisi on Patmos: Agathonisi is a small island near Patmos and it is actually the northern island of the Dodecanese complex. Its surface is rocky and does not have much plant cover, except for some bushes and wild olive trees. Fresh water is also another scarcity on the island, with only some wells collecting rain water and some tankers with water coming every while to supply the locals.
In the ancient times, the island was called Yetousa and excavations have revealed some ancient pieces there. As it was frequently attacked by pirates who were sailing along the Aegean from the ancient times till the 19th century, it has not been permanently inhabited. In fact, the first people to come on the island and settle for long were 6 families from Patmos and Fourni in 1895, when the Greek fleet had faced the pirate problem for good.
Agathonisi consists of three settlements, Mikro Chorio, Megalo Chorio and Agios Georgios. The biggest village is Megalo Chorio, which has been built in a way that is not visible from the sea, for protection. Megalo Chorio has 100 inhabitants while Mikro Horio has only 20. Agios Georgios is the port of the island.
There are five chapels along the island and some nice, quiet coves to swim. Its inhabitants are mostly old in age, but very friendly. Along the port, you will find some taverns and a couple of hotels. Agathonisi can be reached by boat from Patmos, Samos or Lipsi. | <urn:uuid:fa1faf4a-82fa-4933-92da-a26e4f6ebd2b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.greeka.com/dodecanese/patmos/patmos-excursions/patmos-agathonisi.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.979003 | 326 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Diesel Particulate Filters, Dorking, Surrey
If you own a diesel car built after 2009, it is a certainty that your vehicle is fitted with a diesel particulate filter. This is because it was in 2009 that it was made mandatory for manufacturers to fit “DPF’s” to all diesel vehicles as a way of reducing emissions.
The diesel particulate filter is a component fitted to the exhaust system, designed to catch soot and carbon particles omitted by the engine. The DPF traps these particles through a series of filters, but over time, due to its small capacity, these particles can build up and creates blockages within the DPF, causing issues with the vehicle.
How do i avoid it getting blocked?
Although the DPF can become blocked over time, the vehicle has a very clever function that allows the DPF to clear whilst driving. This function is known as regeneration. There are three types of regeneration: Passive, Active and Forced.
Passive Regenerations are most common and happen when a vehicle is travelling at a constant speed of around 40 mph for a period of over 15 minutes. This is because there is a nice, constant flow through the exhaust, allowing the DPF to avoid getting blocked.
Active regenerations are more common on vehicles that do not do longer, higher speed journeys. The engine will increase the revs per minute, inject more fuel, raising the exhaust temperature to be able to clear more debris from the DPF. Things you may notice during an active regeneration are:
- Engine cooling fan cutting in and out
- High revs per minute
- Stop/Start system not working
- Slightly increased fuel consumption
- Hot/Burning smell
Forced Regenerations are a result of the vehicle not being able to carry out either a passive or an active regeneration. When these fail, it creates more and more soot in the DPF, and without clearance, becomes blocked very quickly. This is cause the engine to fault, dropping it in to limp mode and illuminating the engine management light. A forced regeneration can only be carried out by a trained technician with diagnostic equipment, and it not something that the car can do automatically.
Results of a blocked DPF
Ignoring a fault or letting it happen time and time again can cause major faults with the engine or DPF. In most cases, can damage sensors and the DPF itself. Because of their complexity, diesel particulate filters are not cheap to repair or replace, with most costing in excess of £1000. Because of this, it is very important to ensure the vehicle is well maintained and regularly serviced, as cleaner oil and cleaner fuel injection reduces the amount of soot and carbon omitted by the engine.
Please do not hesitate to contact us today. Our service team and technicians are always ready to help. | <urn:uuid:c8eb6798-0e4a-4e2e-b32d-0afa5aa30711> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.tuttsofdorking.co.uk/what-we-do/diesel-particulate-filters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655906934.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710082212-20200710112212-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.952164 | 582 | 2.625 | 3 |
Amiens had been earlier in the hands of the Germans and its fall to the Allies had to be held. Losing it meant that the area... a major hub of railways, could be used by the Germans to move men and equipment about very quickly.
The Allied plan called for complete secrecy and movement by night of massive amounts of troops and equipment along a front of about 50 miles long, and along the left edge of the shaded area above. Troops were to be rested when, at same time, the enemy was not. And the enemy was looking elsewhere for them. This was because the Allies sent a far lesser amount of soldiers off in another direction with the intent of misleading where the next battle was going to take place.
The Allies also tried something new. Instead of "ranging" the guns when first firing, ie determining the distance and elevation for firing, they resorted to mathematics and brain power. Coupling both, so that when the signal to start the battle was given, instead of having 500 guns shooting too short of the target, or beyond, now they would shoot AT THE TARGET. And that they did, on at least 500 of the 530 they faced. Imagine the effects of causing them serious grief within minutes! Minutes in an unexpected attack.
The Allies went into this battle with 32 Divisions on the attack against 14 German divisions. The enemy were unnumbered and outgunned and soon found out the hard way.
Four Divisions of Canadians fought here with the French Army on their right and the Australian Army of their left. In the midst of one of the Canadian divisions was the 13th and within that was the Private John Croak, the former troubled Newfoundlander.
The battle started at about 4.30 a.m. on the 8th of August. There was a blinding fog which caused real problems for the tanks and carriers who could not follow the troops closely for fear on not seeing them and running them over. So the men moved as infantry do, by foot. Along with the foot solders were the cavalry and artillery and above their heads were the planes. An amazing 1900 Allied planes against only 365 German planes. On the ground it is understandable when you hear that the earth shook that day. Once the fogs lifted the tanks advanced over 100 meters every 3 minutes.
The Canadians and the Australians spearheaded the charge and in fact gained more ground than the other armies. Canada with an amazing 8.1 miles of ground gained that first day, Australians close behind at 6.8 miles, then followed by the French at 5 miles and the Brits at 2 miles gained. Five German divisions where whipped out and nine took heavy losses. By the end of the battle the Allies would capture some 29,000 POW's 338 powerful field guns and liberated 116 towns and villages. But with the high cost of over 22,000 dead, wounded, POW's or missing. Their captured ground is the shaded area in the above sketch.
The decisive win for the Allies caused such morale problems for the Axis powers that men were losing the will to win and where thus easier to conquer. This first day of what was to become know as the beginning of "Canada's 100 Days," but by something else for the Germans. Their high command labeled it the Black Day for the German Army."
In the midst of all of this John Croak, soon after the battle began, got separated from his platoon while operating in the area near Hangar Wood, shown above. He stumbled across a machine gun pit and on his own attacked it, captured the gun and also the gun crew. Not long after he was advancing and saw a series of machine gun crews in a long trench, jumped in and started to shoot and bayonet the enemy. While he took out yet 3 more MG's he was shot and within minutes his war was instantly over. As was his life of only 26 years.
In September of 1918 Pte John Bernhard Croak was awarded the Victoria Cross by the King of England. Above is the citation from the London Gazette dated 27 September. The award of course was posthumous, and was sent back to Canada and presented to his mother at a very special ceremony at Government House in Halifax Nova Scotia by then Lt. Governor MacCallum.
The above issue of the gazette may well be rather unique in itself. While most issues cover a variety of topics, this one was issued for the only purpose of awarding Victoria Crosses. It awarded nine. AND SEVEN went to Canadians. One for actions in the very same battle and location where John was killed.
In July 1918 a new grave yard was started at Domart, just a few miles to the west of where Pte Croak gave his life. (Domart is shown in above sketch.) Today he rests there along with 160 other Commonwealth heroes. And 58 of these were from Canada.
There is a monument in a Glace Bay Nova Scotia Cemetery and a memorial park in the same area in honor of John Croak.
Inscribed on this hero's grave are the profound words... "Do you wish to show your gratitude? Kneel down and pray for my soul."
Certainly something to think about as we reflect on the fact that 132 years ago last Sunday this Canadian hero was born.
Now it is your turn to take a few minutes and send me your thoughts on these blogs. | <urn:uuid:209dcf38-9a3c-4fec-ae09-7e41dfdea413> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.canadianmedalofhonor.com/sunday-evenings-blogs/record-of-discipline-problems-shattered-by-bravery-and-the-awarding-of-the-victoria-cross | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322870.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628050821-20170628070821-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.983486 | 1,096 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Quick Guide: Reducing Energy Costs With Better Water Management
As far as we know, we are well programmed to conserve electricity. Turn off the lights, unplug appliances, don’t leave the refrigerator door open, etc. But we’re missing a critical point: the energy-water connection. Considering the amount of energy and money spent to move water around California we can conserve more energy by better managing water.
Almost one-fifth of California’s energy is used to move water. Water conservation and water management are becoming vital to energy conservation. Nearly 75% of the state’s rainfall occurs in Northern California, while 75% of the agricultural and urban water use is in Central and Southern California. Water is moved around the state to support economic and urban development. Without water projects to move water, Central and Southern California would look dramatically different. The California economy is the sixth largest economy in the world and without water would not be able to support the farming or industrial production it enjoys today. For those of us living in Southern California, we receive about half our water from snow in the Sierra Nevada mountains over 400 miles away. It takes a tremendous amount of energy to move the water (which is very heavy) from Northern California to Southern California especially over the 3000 feet Tehachapi Pass. It is a fantastic engineering feat to move all this water, but is it sustainable?
The United States consumes about 20% of the world’s supply of electricity. California ranks number 2 behind Texas for states using the most electrical power. Although California ranks 48th in energy consumption per capita, it still does not produce enough energy to meet it’s consumption needs and ends up being a net importer of electricity. Way to go Pennsylvania, Alabama, and West Virginia, all states generating more electricity than they can use and are net exporters. How does your state rank? Check here.
Over Engineered Irrigation Systems Contribute To Waste
It is not unusual to see well water, treated surface water or surface water in a settling basin pumped to high pressure to pass through a filter then into a micro irrigation system. Jain Irrigation Inc currently manufactures Turbo Tape, a drip irrigation product that in many applications requires less filtration or possibly no filter at all. Turbo Tape is a highly engineered seamless drip tape produced with premium DOW resins. You can see an amazing video of the process here. Turbo Tape offers a set of dual filtering inlets located on each side of the emitter pathway for extra filtration. The size and design of the emitter cross-section are larger than other drip tapes. These dual filtering inlets in some applications eliminate the need for a filter reducing your energy costs as well at the expense of the filter.
The savings can be dramatic. Consider processing tomatoes for example. Running a pump with .25 GPM/100′ emitters with 12″ spacing requires 40 psi. Eliminating the filter reduces the psi requirement to 25 psi, saves energy and the cost of the filter. Typically growers save over $250 per acre giving them a competitive advantage in the marketplace.
Please remember this is not an all-inclusive application, but one you should consider and investigate. Some of the crucial factors to consider are your water source and water quality. If you are unsure reach out to your Jain dealer or Jain representative and they will walk you through the evaluation steps.
Higher energy costs are significantly impacting our lives. We need to take additional action to reduce energy consumption in the United States. One way growers can make a change is by using new drip irrigation technology. There are ways to consume energy more sustainably without going to extreme measures or substantial personal sacrifice. Making adjustments in the way we use water to grow food is practical, and a step in the right direction. | <urn:uuid:e778c686-73dc-4651-b20a-b5ea1666a6d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://jainsusa.com/blog/quick-guide-reducing-energy-costs-with-better-water-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107888402.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025070924-20201025100924-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.937996 | 778 | 3.171875 | 3 |
About a GAP Year... A GAP Year Could Be For You. And What Parents Need To Know!
The GAP year is the chance of a lifetime! And it’s the moment to branch out and reach out and let your parents know how excited you are! Your GAP year can open doors for your future, for choosing an academic major and for experiencing what it means to be a global citizen, a term used frequently these days. Just like you, young people from all over the world also want to take on new challenges, experience a different culture, learn something about others, but also about themselves. It’s like a study abroad program, and it’s one that you’ve designed, because you want to do it.
In talking with your parents, remember that a GAP year, at least in the United States, is a fairly recent addition to our educational structure; your parents may be only somewhat familiar with the concept. Parents often worry that a GAP year student might defer college permanently or be behind their peer group in the race to finish college. Actually, Gappers often are ahead in meeting and coping with challenges. And there are no statistics to bear out the fear of not going to college after a GAP year.
In fact, elite universities like Harvard, Brown, Princeton and many others not only endorse the GAP experience, but also easily grant deferrals and several have begun their own GAP like semesters in a foreign country. There are links to helpful articles under the Resources tab. | <urn:uuid:7592dde7-3d09-4011-87bb-1ddcf671f1a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.seectimeout.net/gap-year.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301182445-20210301212445-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.960249 | 316 | 2.515625 | 3 |
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY TREATMENTS
Occupational therapists help children achieve goals related to fine motor skills, sensory processing, activities of daily living, and feeding.
Does My Child Need Occupational Therapy?
There are a variety of problems and conditions that may be improved by occupational therapy treatments. Children with special needs as well as those with the following conditions could benefit from occupational therapy:
- Inability to properly use feeding utensils, toothbrush, hairbrush, etc..
- Difficulty cutting or writing
- Problems associated with feeding such as gagging, picky eating, or refusal of foods
- Aversions to certain clothing or textures
- Difficulty with buttons, tying shoes, zippers, and snaps
- Sensory processing disorders such as trouble tolerating certain smells, sounds, and environments
- Difficulty with attention, following directions, and/or transitions
Aquatic Occupational Therapy
Pediatric therapy Center, in conjunction with the Sarpy County YMCA, is now offering aquatic occupational therapy. Aquatic occupational therapy is a great way for children to practice moving their bodies in a calming and less-resistant environment. The warm water will provide the child the freedom to move their body in ways that are more challenging on land. The water provides deep pressure to the body which can help with improving a child’s body awareness, ultimately improving a child’s motor planning and motor skills. The deep pressure of the pool water can help improve attention and sensory processing, specifically regulation and sensitivity. The ease of movement in the water can also assist with developing improved oral motor skills.
Specialized Intervention Methods
Pediatric Therapy Center’s occupational therapists are trained to provide specialized intervention methods including:
- Therapeutic Listening®
- CranioSacral Therapy
- Interactive Metronome (R)™
- Astronaut Training®
- Sequential Oral Sensory Feeding
- Beckman Oral Motor
- Handwriting Without Tears®
MEET OUR FRIENDLY OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY TEAM
Jessica Brand graduated from College of Saint Mary in Omaha, NE in 2015 with a Master’s Degree in Occupational Therapy. Jessica may be a familiar face to some as she was a previous Rehabilitation Technician at Pediatric Therapy Center from 2011-2014. Jessica has clinical experience working with children from birth to 21 years old in outpatient pediatric settings, as well experience working with adults with neurological impairments in rehabilitation settings. Jessica has additional training and certifications in The Listening Program, Trauma Informed Care, and Handwriting Without Tears. Jessica is passionate about expanding her expertise in pediatric based interventions to better serve children and their families.
Kellie Costello graduated from Rockhurst University in Kansas City, Missouri in 2000 with a Bachelor’s of Art Degree in Psychology and in 2002 with a Master’s in Occupational Therapy. She has 15 + years experience working in pediatrics in school based, outpatient, and preschool/early intervention settings. She has specialized training in Beckman Oral Motor, Sequential Oral Sensory Feeding Program, Astronaut Training®, Pediatric Kinesiotaping, Interactive Metronome, Therapeutic Listening®, and is Level 1 certified in Handwriting Without Tears®. Kellie has taken numerous continuing education courses in sensory integration, visual deficits, feeding/oral motor, fine motor, and handwriting. She has experience working with children birth to 18 with a variety of diagnoses including Down syndrome, oral motor delay, cerebral palsy, autism, and developmental delay. Kellie continues to strive to make herself a better therapist in a wide variety of sensory areas through continuing education, therapist collaboration, and direct treatment.
Sarah Fellman graduated with her Bachelor’s degree in Spanish and Hispanic Studies from Creighton University in 2010. She graduated with her Doctorate in Occupational Therapy from Creighton University in 2013. Sarah has experience working with children participating in equine therapy, as well as working with children in underserved populations in the Dominican Republic in both early intervention and the clinic. She has experience working with adolescent children in the hospital setting with diagnoses such as traumatic brain injury, traumatic amputations, behavioral disorders, and multiple orthopedic traumas resulting from accidents. She also serves as a teaching assistant and lab instructor in neurorehabilitation at Creighton University. Sarah has specialized training in Mary Massery assessment and intervention techniques, kinesiotaping, Interactive Metronome, and Therapeutic Listening. She is passionate about working with children and their families and is excited to receive additional training relating to feeding and sensory processing disorders. She looks forward to integrating her knowledge of Spanish into pediatrics to help empower families in the community as well.
Ashley Grossenbacher graduated with her Master’s degree in Occupational Therapy from College of Saint Mary in 2012. She has been working with the pediatric population for 4 years in the outpatient setting. Ashley has experience working with clients ages 0-21 with a variety of diagnoses including autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, developmental delay, sensory processing disorder, physical disability, ADHD, and Cerebral palsy. She has also worked with adults in acute care settings. Ashley is certified and trained in Interactive Metronome, Myofascial Release, Reflex Integration, Astronaut Training, and Advanced Therapeutic Listening. She has received additional training in Handwriting Without Tears, feeding, and sensory processing and integration. She has experience collaborating with peers, parents, and teachers in the home and school settings to best carry over therapeutic strategies and goals. Ashley believes therapy should be engaging, individualized, and challenging for each child to achieve their highest potential.
Samantha Hagge graduated with her Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Rockhurst University in Kansas City, Missouri in 2009. She completed her Master’s degree in Occupational Therapy from Rockhurst University in 2010. She has been working with the pediatric population for 7 years in various settings including schools, in-home, out patient, and community. Samantha has experience working with clients ages 0-21 with a variety of diagnoses including autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, developmental delay, sensory processing disorder, physical disability, ADHD, and cerebral palsy. She has also worked with adults in acute care settings. Samantha has worked in various programs in the Kansas City area specializing in serving children with behavioral disorders. She has also received additional training in handwriting, Therapeutic Listening, Interactive Metronome, sensory processing, and Sequential Oral Sensory Feeding Approach (SOS). Samantha is passionate about serving children with sensory processing disorders and plans to continue to pursue advanced training in these areas.
Lead Occupational Therapist
Kristan Pilakowski received a dual Bachelor’s degree in Psychology and Spanish Language from the University of Saint Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota. She continued her education at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska where she graduated with her Doctorate degree in Occupational Therapy. Kristi has been a proud member of the Pediatric Therapy Center team since 2010 and now holds the position of Lead Occupational Therapist. Kristi has experience working with infants and children from birth to age 21 with a variety of diagnoses, including developmental delay, sensory processing differences, autism spectrum disorders, and motor impairments. As a bilingual therapist, she enjoys helping Spanish speaking families with their child’s therapy needs. Kristi is trained in the Handwriting Without Tears® program, Sequential Oral Sensory Feeding Program, Beckman Oral Motor Interventions, and holds her Level 1 CranioSacral Therapy certification. Kristi is a Therapeutic Listening®, Advanced Therapeutic Listening®, Interactive Metronome, and NDT for the Infant and Young Child trained provider. She has received training in aquatic therapy and has helped to bring aquatic occupational therapy to Pediatric Therapy Center. In addition to her passion for treating patients, Kristi also enjoys teaching and has been a guest lecturer for area OT programs, parent organizations, school staff trainings, and has been a presenter at the yearly NOTA conference (Nebraska Occupational Therapy Association). Kristi has recently taken over the position as Clinical Education Director at PTC and strives to provide all students who come to PTC with a quality education as they prepare to transition into entry-level therapists. Kristi’s dedication to increasing her knowledge of occupational therapy signifies her passion to empower children and their families to achieve independence and success in their everyday lives.
Lori Podany graduated from Creighton University in Omaha in 2002 with a Doctorate in Occupational Therapy. She has experience working as a pediatric occupational therapist in school-based, preschool, and in-home settings. She has worked with children who have a variety of diagnoses including autism, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, ADHD, and developmental delay. Additional work experience includes in-home behavioral support and program development for children with autism. Lori has attended numerous pediatric continuing education courses including Sequential Oral Sensory Feeding Program, Handwriting Without Tears, Therapeutic Listening, and neurodevelopmental treatment. She attended the American Occupational Therapy Association Conferences in 2014 and 2016, which provided updated information and current research in pediatrics. She is passionate about working with children and their families to achieve independence. As a mother to a Pediatric Therapy Center graduate, she understands the importance of a collaborative network of support for families. With a recent move back to Nebraska, she looks forward to serving her hometown community through participation in events that empower children with special needs.
Jacinta Traxler graduated with her Bachelor’s degree in Biology from Saint Mary’s University in Winona, Minnesota in 2013. She completed her Master’s degree in Occupational Therapy at the University of Wisconsin, La Crosse in 2015. Jacinta has clinical experience working with birth to 18 in the clinic setting with various diagnoses including Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, developmental delays, traumatic brain injuries, physical disabilities, cerebral palsy, and sensory processing disorder. Jacinta has specialized training in Therapeutic Listening, Interactive Metronome, and Sequential Oral Sensory Feeding Program (SOS). She enjoys leading the PTC Food Friendzy group as well as OT aquatic therapy sessions. As one of the oldest of 10 children, Jacinta has been passionate about working with the pediatric population her whole life. She is very excited to advance her knowledge in all areas of pediatrics in order to help children and their families achieve their greatest independence. | <urn:uuid:546429ff-b7b7-46ab-b56c-467385b5f8e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://ptcne.org/services/occupational-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808935.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124195442-20171124215442-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.949646 | 2,150 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The canal links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, saving ships from having to travel around South America. A new set of locks allowing even larger ships to passage through the canal were opened in 2016.
Why is the Panama Canal important?
By using the Panama Canal, ships crossing from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean or vice versa save approximately 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 km) while ships trading between the East and West Coast of the Americas save approximately 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km) and ships between Europe and Australasia and …
Why is the Panama Canal important and what does it connect?
Panama Canal, Spanish Canal de Panamá, lock-type canal, owned and administered by the Republic of Panama, that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow Isthmus of Panama. … Ships sailing between Europe and East Asia or Australia can save as much as 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km) by using the canal.
What is the Panama Canal and why is it unique?
Unique Facts About South & Central America: : Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is a large canal, 82 kilometres (51 miles) long, that cuts through the isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. … All the locks on the canal are paired so that ships may pass in both directions.
What are 3 benefits of the Panama Canal?
The Panama route enhances environmental contribution by reducing GHG emissions on the planet with more efficient transport, reducing fuel consumption per cargo unit and fewer emissions than other routes that combine transportation by land.
What are some interesting facts about the Panama Canal?
8 Facts About the Panama Canal
- It’s a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. …
- It’s over 100 years old. …
- Construction cost over 25,000 lives. …
- It’s considered one of the Man-Made Wonders of the World. …
- Over 1 Million Vessels have transited the canal since it opened. …
- $2 Billion in Tolls are Collected Annually.
How does the Panama Canal work?
The canal has a water lock system that acts like a massive elevator. When ships enter the locks, they’re raised by water from the lake. Each lock raises the ships until they’re 85 feet above sea level. They then travel across Gatun Lake.
What are 3 interesting facts about Panama?
Fun Facts of Panama!
- Panama is the only place in the world where you can see the sun rise on the Pacific and set on the Atlantic. …
- panama was the first country outside the united states in which coca cola was sold. …
- Panama was the first Latin American country to adopt the U.S. currency as its own.
What impact did the Panama Canal have on the world?
More than a century ago, the opening of the Panama Canal revolutionized international trade by making it much quicker and easier to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
What was the greatest impact of the Panama Canal?
What was the GREATEST impact of the Panama Canal? It tremendously reduced the travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
How did the Panama Canal help the US military?
The Navy used it to move forces from ocean to ocean, a capability that was particularly important to success in World War II. For the Army, the canal represented a vital capability to shorten supply lines, since the great preponderance of supplies had to come to the combat areas by ship. | <urn:uuid:687ce4e3-bcb4-49f0-a882-1426ca20f8f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://belizeinamerica.net/sightseeing/what-is-the-panama-canal-and-why-is-it-important.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335491.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930145518-20220930175518-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.934692 | 739 | 3.484375 | 3 |
May 2nd, 2014
The Civil Debate Wall allows students, teachers and citizens to share their positions regarding a broad range of national issues such as income distribution, civil rights, and environmental policies, among others. The debates are made possible by a system that by mixes large touch screens with a website and a texting service to connect the opinions and create constructive dialogues across different platforms. The elements of the system are synchronized to deliver a single experience to all the participants and enable the following of a particular discussion.
The Wall is installed at University of Florida’s Pugh Hall. It comprises 5 large touch screens that show the current question, an answer to this question an a picture of the answer’s author. The users can engage by touching the screen and creating an answer to the main question or by giving a reply to another user’s answer. After posting their comment, they can decide whether they want to follow the conversation through text messages.
The text messaging system will send the users the replies posted in the conversations in which they have participated and also allows them to reply through a text message. The website, in turn, has a design quite similar to the screen’s one, and let anyone with an internet connection participate in the discussions. In this way the system connects different participants and establish constructive interchanges about the selected issues.
The questions address a broad range of topics, and are often linked to the current political and social developments. For example in the year 2012 the Wall questioned if the U.S. military should intervene in Syria. A total of 48 answers were posted, 28 of them were against the intervention and the rest for it. Both the questions and the answers are stored and can be consulted online, where they are presented just as the discussions evolved.
The civil debate wall was created by Local Projects for the Bob Graham Center thanks to the financial support of the Knight foundation.
Video: Local Projects
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Evaporative cooling systems used the most simplified and at the same time the most technologically efficient solutions. They significantly reduce operating costs for cooling and maintenance when are used in industrial and commercial sites.
In modern production and commercial premises as a rule we have a large amount of active heat sources-machines, thermal treatment facilities, powerful lighting systems, welding machines, etc. Very often, during the summer, the temperatures in the buildings reach inadmissible levels and reduce labour productivity.
Evaporative cooling systems are autonomous facilities that cool air by using the water principle to absorb the heat. Heat air flows through the humidified filter element and reduce level of air themperature.
These facilities are easily mounted on the roofs or walls of the premises. To work they use electricity only for fans. Coolers must connect to the plumbing system.
Compared to traditional air conditioning systems, the adiabathatic coolers have some important advantages:
- Shortens the value of the necessary equipment to 70%.
- provides multiple air exchange.
- Ability to set individual operating modes in different areas of the room.
- Low cost of operation and maintenance of the equipment.
- Improves working conditions and protects the environment.
- Reduces energy consumption to 80% (only fans consume electricity). | <urn:uuid:e8821dda-a740-4cde-a839-b3d1de768b0b> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://veven.eu/en/d0-bf-d1-80-d0-be-d0-b4-d1-83-d0-ba-d1-82-d0-b8-veven-ldt-d0-bb-d1-8a-d1-87-d0-b8-d1-81-d1-82-d0-be-d0-is-d1-82-d0-be-d0-bf-d0-bb-d0-b5-d0-bd-d0-b8-d0-b5/d0-b8-d0-bd-d0-b4-d1-83-d1-81-d1-82-d1-80-d0-b8-d0-b0-d0-bb-d0-bd-d0-b8-d1-81-d0-b8-d1-81-d1-82-d0-b5-d0-bc-d0-b8-d0-b7-d0-b0-d0-be-d1-85-d0-bb-d0-b0-d0-b6-d0-b4-d0-b0-d0-bd-d0-b5/eucold-d0-b0-d0-b4-d0-b8-d0-b0-d0-b1-d0-b0-d1-82-d0-bd-d0-be-d0-be-d1-85-d0-bb-d0-b0-d0-b6-d0-b4-d0-b0-d0-bd-d0-b5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529516.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210233444-20191211021444-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.904299 | 263 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Black rice is indigenous to the Northeast, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. In Manipur, it is considered food as well as part of traditional medicine
Not very long ago, black rice (Oryza sativa) was forbidden in China. Not because it looked poisonous for its black colour, but because it had high nutritional values, and could be given a place only on an emperor’s menu. For centuries, the nutritional values of this wild rice eluded common people. Now researchers have begun to study the sticky varieties of black rice and found that it has several medicinal and nutritional values. It protects from cancer and soothes inflammation due to allergies and asthma.
Black rice is indigenous to the Northeast, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. In Manipur, it is considered food as well as part of traditional medicine. Called chak-hao, it is consumed during community feasts. The rice water too is used to wash hair to make it stronger. The rice gets its dark black or purplish colour because it is rich in anthocyanins, which are powerful antioxidants, says Dinabandhu Sahoo, director of Institute for Bioresource and Sustainable Development (ibsd), Imphal. “The rice contains more vitamin B, niacin, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc compared to white rice. Rich in fiber, the grain has a sweet and slightly nutty taste. It is used as an "unmilled rice"—the fibre-rich black husks of the rice are not removed,” he says. ibsd is conducting research to map the genome of the rice variety which grows in Manipur.
Research shows that anthocyanins not only act as antioxidants, they also activate detoxifying enzymes, prevent cancer cell proliferation, induce cancer cell death, have anti-inflammatory effects, inhibit the formation of new blood vessels that encourage tumour growth, prevent cancer cell invasion and induce differentiation of cells which makes them less likely to grow and spread, says a research published in the Asia Pacific Journal for Cancer Prevention in 2014.
Though grown in several countries, the origin of black rice is unclear. Crop scientists in Japan, whose research was published in September 2015 in The Plant Cell, found that ancient humans grew certain varieties of rice for their nutritional and medicinal value through crossbreeding. Researchers discovered that the traits in black rice arose due to a rearrangement in a gene called Kala4, which activates the production of anthocyanins. “The birth and spread of novel agronomical traits during crop domestication are complex events in plant evolution,” says the study’s lead scientist, Takeshi Izawa.
Black rice farming is a low-water, labour-intensive, organic method that uses young seedlings singly spaced and typically hand-weeded with special tools. Potshangbam Devakanta, a Manipur-based farmer who has been farming about 100 traditional varieties of paddy, says that black rice is drought-resistant. It is also a part of the traditional Manipuri diet and is locally called chak hao poireiton. Though figures for total black rice grown in Manipur are not available with the state government, ibsd officials say it is sold in the local markets for as much as R300 per kg. ibsd’s Sahoo says black rice only contributes around 10 per cent of the total rice cultivation in Manipur due to its poor yield. However, the state agriculture department is now vigorously pursuing the System of Rice Intensification, a methodology aimed to increase rice yield. The department is urging Manipuri farmers to stop jhum or slash-and-burn farming to claim agricultural land and adopt this technique to minimise the cost of production.
|Chak-hao rice kheer
Black rice was forbidden in China not because it looked poisonous, but because it had high nutritional values and could be given a place only on an emperor's menu. For centuries, the nutritional values of this wild rice eluded common people
- Black rice: 1/2 cup (serves 4 to 5 people)
- Full-cream milk: 5 cups
- White granulated sugar: to taste
- Green cardamom (crushed): 1/2 tsp
Rinse the rice and soak in water for about six hours. Drain the rice and transfer to a saucepan with the milk. Bring the rice to a boil, reduce the heat and simmer, stirring frequently for about 30 minutes or until the rice is tender. Add sugar and cook for five more minutes. Stir frequently. Garnish with cardamom and remove from the heat. Serve hot or cold.
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India Environment Portal Resources : | <urn:uuid:47655b18-6d81-483f-af8b-a3991783e9f8> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/rice-for-kings-57242 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827281.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216051636-20181216073636-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.947284 | 1,034 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Scientists used stem cells to grow tiny lungs in a lab and they actually breathe in and out. Find out what this could mean for the future of lung transplants.
Read the full transcript »
Growing Lungs in the Lab Female: Two active women were both robbed of their right to breathe. Pam Taylor: At my worst point, I was ready to lay down and die. Liesbeth Stoeffler: I was on oxygen 24/7 Female: Liesbeth Stoeffler barely survived the six false alarms before doctors found healthy lungs for her transplant. Liesbeth Stoeffler: Number seven was the lucky number. Female: What if instead of waiting lists, scientists could grow new lungs in the lab? Andrew price: Ultimately it would be great if we were able to completely bioengineer a lung for transplants Female: University of Minnesota took the first step in doing just that Out of stem cells, they created tiny mouse lungs that breathe in and out. Andrew price: It was really cool. I was really surprised that they stayed in tact enough to hold air. Female: Scientists took a mouse lung, stripped away all of the cells, then injected special adult stem cells into the framework. They're called induced pluripotent stem cells. They can be taken from anybody, usually from the skin, and re-programmed. Angela Panoskaltis-Mortari: They can become any cell type in the body if properly directed to do so. Female: the goal is to one day use lungs of a deceased person. She hopes to do this by adding cells from the skin of a transplant patient and growing designer lungs. Angela Panoskaltis-Mortari: Because you would be using stem cells from the patient in rebuilding the organ. This organ would now not be recognized as foreign by the patient's immune system; and therefore, not be rejected. female|: Every year, 400,000 people in the United States die of lung diseases. Only 1,000 of the nearly 4,000 patients on the waiting list receive a lung transplant. Science getting closer to growing the organs needed to fill the donation demand.
Copyright © 2005 - 2014 Healthline Networks, Inc. All rights reserved for Healthline. | <urn:uuid:9490c2c3-87cb-4b10-beea-4def58629f6a> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.healthline.com/hlvideo-5min/growing-lungs-in-the-lab-489325160 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009084.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00168-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958169 | 458 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Our Most Amazing
For Your Most Unmotivated Students
Chances are you have way too many unmotivated and apathetic students in your classroom again this year. You've probably noticed that conventional methods of inspiring students to care about school, tend to routinely fail, especially with your most unmotivated youngsters.
I'm trainer and consultant, Ruth Herman Wells, M.S. As a workshop instructor, I read thousands of evaluations every year. I know that this magazine issue has some of the best student motivational strategies that exist, because that's what our workshop participants note on our seminar evaluation form. Hopefully, you'll agree that these devices are powerful interventions to turnaround even the most unmotivated students.
For Students Who Know That
Life Without a Diploma
Can Be a Drag
To reach the most students possible, it's critical that you use a variety of styles of intervention. Not all students learn best with their ears, for example. This motivational intervention is geared for students who respond best to active, tactile activities.
Intervention: Ask students to create "Grad Mag," a magazine that touts the benefits of graduating high school. Poster #283 provides an example. Students can use conventional art supplies or computers to create their magazine. Prior to starting on the art work, allow students to research the benefits and hazards of getting a high school diploma. They can consider variables like income, type of job, and job status.
If a group or classroom of students is involved in this project, students can be assigned to make different components of the magazine, such as the cover, back page, table of contents, and so on. Once the elements are completed, the magazine can be assembled, reviewed and discussed.
Indirect motivational methods such as this strategy, may pack a bigger punch than more straight-forward, verbal approaches proclaiming the importance of education and a diploma. While it might be easier for you to present this point of view instead of having your students research and create it, you will find this method to be far more effective, especially with oppositional youngsters.
Man vs Machine
Power up your students to care about school by showing them how automation is quickly taking over entry level jobs, as well as many jobs that have been available to people without a high school diploma.
Intervention: To implement this intervention, use a voice that sounds like a robot, or alternatively, record your voice using a device to make it sound robotic. If you search for "make my voice sound like a robot," you'll see plenty of options. Say in a robotic voice: "Any job you can do without skills, a robot can do better." If you prefer, you can substitute the word "diploma" or "math" for the word "skills."
Next, discuss with your students why employers might much prefer virtual employees to real ones. Include answers like "robots never have to take lots of bathroom breaks" and "robots know how to do math." Poster #148, pictured at right provides illustration.
Now, More Important Than the Air You Breathe
It may be a sad commentary on our culture, but it is probably necessary to sell and market the value of school and education to students who have not discovered that truth for themselves. If you have disinterested, unmotivated students, part of your job must include convincing those youngsters that school and education will be absolutely essential to their survival.
Intervention: If you look at Poster #168, you can see that the word "diploma" is literally made of money. That is a concept that can reach some of your most uninterested students: that schools offer free diplomas that are made of money. One estimate is that high school grads out-earn dropouts by $329,000 per lifetime. Ask your students to estimate what an extra $329,000 per person –$658,000 per couple– could buy. Also ask students to choose whether they would prefer to have $329,000 more or less than everyone else.
There's No Excuse
For Dropping Out
Don't let students' unrealistic excuses ever justify leaving school. A classic reason some boys offer for quitting school is that they plan to be famous sports stars so they will never need an education.
Intervention: Open students' eyes to the truth. Poster #170 illustrates that the NFL, NBA and MLB all want players to have a diploma. There are plenty of other types of excuses so be sure to confront whatever untrue explanations your students present. In our books, we have interventions for virtually all of these excuses, including "I'm going on welfare," "I'll marry a wealthy man," and "I'm going to win the lottery." | <urn:uuid:c2c63910-3c19-4de7-85f4-2482568345dc> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.youthchg.com/motivational-strategies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057119.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920221430-20210921011430-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.952869 | 960 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A controversial scientific revolution that could give packaged foods a dramatically longer shelf life and boost crop growth has "real potential" to help feed a fast-growing world, according to environment secretary Hilary Benn.
New developments in nanotechnology, engineering carried out at a microscopic level, could lead to plastic packaging designed to stop food and drink spoiling by killing bacteria or preventing oxygen getting through the container.
The technology could also be used to enrich food with supplements and preserve vitamins that would otherwise be destroyed as food aged. Farmers could also use it to ensure the slow release of fertilisers at the right time for crops, and to detect threats from pests or pollutants. The technology is, however, highly controversial, with green campaigners arguing that its effects on human health are unknown.
Benn is spearheading a government project on how to cope with an estimated doubling in demand for food production worldwide by 2050, driven by a growing population and changing dietary habits in emerging nations.
"Nanotechnology has clear potential," he told the Observer. "As with all of these technologies, the government's job is to make sure we fully understand the consequences of using it, but clearly it has got real potential. We ought to be looking at all the means at our disposal."
Nanotechnology is increasingly being seen as a successor to genetically modified (GM) techniques in food production, with GM trials meeting consumer resistance and sabotage by activists.
The science is still in its infancy, but materials currently in development include fizzy-drink bottles made with nanoparticles embedded in the lining to stop carbon dioxide leaking out of the bottle, and storage bins with microscopic particles of silver, which has antibacterial properties, designed to kill any bacteria growing in the contents. Other potential applications include nanoparticles designed to absorb the vitamins in produce such as orange juice, where the vitamin C levels deteriorate quickly after the fruit has been juiced, and release them only when the liquid is drunk.
In the US, trials have also looked at the feasibility of developing "nanosensors" to be embedded in farm animals, which might be able to detect disease before it infected the whole herd.
Benn said a royal commission on environmental pollution recently had concluded there was "no evidence" of harm to health from nanotechnology, although the government was continuing to fund research to answer questions about its environmental or health impact. "Subject to people being assured of those things, then they will weigh up the benefits of the technology and take their decisions about whether to use it." Campaigners say the potential impacts of nanotechnology on both human health and the environment are unproven. Nanotechnology foods would require licensing in the UK, but Benn said the government was pushing for a wider regulatory regime to be established across the EU.
The changing economic climate has led to a renewed interest among governments in GM. Benn pointed to the use of GM soya, which is cheaper than conventional soya, in animal feed, adding: "Individuals will make their own choices, and I understand completely why people would be looking very hard at trying to stretch their pounds."
He said that the UK would await the outcome of scientific trials before any GM product could be approved for commercial growing, adding that producers would have to demonstrate that GM crops lived up to the claims made for them before they could contribute to any strategy to boost food production.
"If GM crops could help deliver better nutrition by enriching vitamins, and if GM was able to develop more drought-resistant or pest-resistant crops, then we have got a basis on which to have a discussion," he added.
Nano science: A backgrounder
Scientists have greeted the plans to give nanotechnology a greater role in food production with guarded optimism. Yes, the move was encouraging but it was also long overdue, they said.
Nanotechnology is engineering carried out at a microscopic level. Typical nanoparticles are around 30 nanometres, or 30 billionths of a metre, in diameter - roughly a 100,000th of the width of a human hair - and can be engineered to carry specks of chemicals or coat a surface or release signals. The potential of these materials is immense, as both the Royal Society and the Royal Society of Engineering pointed out in 2003. Since then several UK universities have developed world-ranking status as nanotechnology centres, including Imperial College London and Oxford. However, support from the government has been weak and only now have there been signs of interest.
"There are many ways in which nanoparticles could be used to boost food production," said Professor Terry Wilkins, of Leeds University's Nanomanufacturing Institute. "They could be used to encapsulate flavouring into foods; create packages that will change colour if their food contents go off or be used as coatings that will be bacteria-proof. However, we cannot expect the public to accept this technology without evidence that it has been rigorously tested to show it is completely safe. That must be the first task of any initiative in this field." | <urn:uuid:ffde3001-e929-4f91-a098-daf87fec4021> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/feb/08/nanotechnology-food-shelf-life?view=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121893.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00409-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971212 | 1,017 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Muqeem Ahmed, London,
Oxfam, an organization working to eradicate poverty in the world, has released a report stating that Pandemic has widened gap between poverty and wealth in every country.
According to global charity organization Oxfam, Corona pandemic has widened the gap between poverty and wealth in all countries of the world. The wealth of billionaires has skyrocketed, and on other end, poor have lost their jobs, incomes and savings.
According to a report, 10 richest people in the world have made so much profit during Pandemic that whole world can be vaccinated.
Gabriella Bouche, executive director of Oxfam, said that Corona pandemic has created an economic storm that has affected the poor, while women and underprivileged have lost income.
According to World Bank, 100 million people have fallen below poverty line due to pandemic.
According to Oxfam, it can take 10 to 14 years for poor people to recovers from financial losses. Oxfam calls for short-term increase in taxes on wealthy individuals and large companies corporations to ensures employee safety. If global corporations were taxed more during pandemic, 104 billion dollars could have been raised in 2020 alone. | <urn:uuid:8ff14296-4165-41ef-b9ee-021cffe93295> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.vosa.tv/archives/18838 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301730.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120065949-20220120095949-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.97211 | 241 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The doctor prescribes a stress test for the patient:
- To check if there is any concern to the blood flow to the heart.
- To check the cardiovascular fitness.
- Before prescribing exercise.
- To check if the heart arrhythmias (irregular heart beat) that the patient have before gets worsened after exercise.
- As a routine follow up in patients who have already undergone Angioplasty or bypass surgery in the past
A candidate for stress test is one:
- Who seeks cardiac evaluation for surgery.
- Who comes to see the doctor with an unspecified chest pain.
A stress test helps the doctor to determine the type of damage to the heart. Cardiac stress tests are of different types:
- Treadmill stress test (exercise heart rate).
- Stress echocardiogram.
- Nuclear stress test.
- Dobutamine or Adenosine stress test.
One of the most common among them is the exercise heart test. The exercise heart test includes walking on a treadmill. It is not suitable for candidates with chronic medical conditions, severe arthritis and abnormal resting heart rate. In such cases, the stress test is carried out with the help of medications to mimic the exercise test. This is to assess whether there are any blockages of blood flow to the heart before, after, during or simulated exercise. The test may take a couple of hours to complete. If the result of cardiac stress test is abnormal, the doctor will prescribe a suitable solution for it. | <urn:uuid:81cba665-fce6-47da-997b-bcfd4c29b97c> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.faythclinic.com/stress-test/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104293758.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704015700-20220704045700-00781.warc.gz | en | 0.86821 | 310 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The 3 R’s of Recovery Nutrition
Recovery nutrition is a crucial component to an athlete’s success. To continue to train at your best, reduce risk of injury, prevent illness and build muscle, athlete’s need to pay attention to what is consumed after a workout. When you train multiple times a day, take advantage of the 30 minute “window of opportunity” after a workout. Your muscles are most primed to take in those nutrients so plan to eat or drink something then.
Muscle is the most adaptable tissue in the body. When we exercise, muscle is broken down and damaged. After a workout, our muscles need the right nutrients (protein) to repair itself, grow stronger, and adapt to training. Carbohydrates are necessary for refueling our muscles with energy (also known as glycogen). If you are training more than once a day, consuming a recovery snack or meal ASAP post workout will provide the most benefit.
There are 3 main goals of recovery nutrition or the 3 “R’s.” These include:
After a workout, practice or game, start replacing your fluids loses right away since dehydration can lead to decreased performance, low concentration and more. Aim to replace 1.5x the amount that has been lost during exercise. For example, if you lost 1kg (2.2lbs) during exercise, you will want to drink 1.5 L within a few hours after you finish. 1kg of body weight is equal to 1 L of water. This doesn’t just have to come from water, other fluids like milk, chocolate milk, or sports drinks can also count. These will provide carbohydrates and electrolytes too.
After an intense workout, you have used up some (or all) of your glycogen (stored carbohydrates in your muscles). This provides energy to your working muscles and your brain during exercise. Eating carbohydrates after a workout begins the process of replacing those stores so that you can begin your next practice or game with enough energy. If you don’t do this, you may feel more tired and have decreased performance.
You need to consume protein after a workout to switch off the process of muscle damage and breakdown that occurs during exercise. High quality sources of protein (those that include all the essential amino acids) will provide all the building blocks your muscles need and be more readily absorbed. This includes whey protein, meat and seafood, Greek yogurt, eggs and more.
What to eat after a workout:
The number of grams of protein and carbohydrates to consume after a workout to recover depends on a number of factors including you body weight, intensity of the exercise, type of sport, level of conditioning, the environment, age and your overall nutrition needs and goals. The ratio for an endurance type of exercise is about 4:1 grams of carbohydrates to protein and for strength about 2:1. For example, a post workout snack after a tough running workout would be about 60g of carbohydrates and 15 g of protein.
Have a plan
Keep portable snacks in your gym bag or car so that you can have something on hand to eat ASAP after a workout (within 30 minutes). Some examples of portable snacks include:
- 1 scoop of whey protein made into a smoothie with fruit, milk and spinach.
- Greek yogurt + frozen fruit (Add Greek yogurt to a Tupperware container and top with frozen fruit. This will keep everything cold but will thaw by the time you eat it)
- Peanut butter and Jam sandwich
- Chocolate milk and banana
- Trail mix with pretzels, nuts and dried fruit
- Cheese strings and an orange
- Wrap with turkey deli meat and veggies
Andrea Docherty is a Registered Dietitian and Sports Nutritionist. She owns a private practice called Andrea Docherty Nutrition in Windsor, ON. For more information, visit her website at www.andreadochertyrd.com | <urn:uuid:c956748d-8149-4b68-bc22-957607e535c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://inplaymagazine.com/recovery-nutrition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119361.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00621-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944358 | 807 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Remembering Sunscreen: Talking About Our Fears For The Future in English
In our conversations in English we almost always talk about our hopes and wishes for the future. Talking about our fears and worries for the future is another important part of language.
Let’s explore this now.
What words should I use?
To talk about our fears we can say…
I worry that (or I am worried that)…
I am afraid that….
I am fearful that…
I am scared that…
I am concerned about…
I am anxious about…
I am apprehensive about…
I am uneasy about…
I am nervous about…..
What are your fears?
Some possible global fears include:
The international recession,
The rising cost of living,
The environmental disasters currently ravaging the planet,
The pollution of rivers and oceans.
Some possible personal fears include:
Credit card debt,
Not achieving our professional goals.
Expressing our fears
When we use the word that in our expressions, it is usually followed by the verb to be:
I worry that the economic recession will not improve.
I am afraid that the cost of living will keep rising.
However, when we use about, we do not use the verb to be:
I am apprehensive about credit card debt.
I am uneasy about the future of my relationship.
Here is a hit song about dealing with our worries for the future, Baz Luhrmann’s Everybody’s Free (To Wear Sunscreen).
What does Luhrmann say about worrying about the future?
What are the pieces of advice listed in the song that you find most helpful?
Did you find this blog interesting? Feel free to share it on Facebook. | <urn:uuid:2f802999-2e3a-42ae-979f-5d3d418188c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.skypeenglishclasses.com/remembering-sunscreen-talking-about-our-fears-for-the-future-in-english/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301592.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119215632-20220120005632-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.907835 | 377 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In Aomori, the most commonly fished octopus in the Tsugaru Strait is the North-Pacific Giant Octopus.
In comparison to the regular octopus, the flesh is tender with a higher water content. Large North-Pacific giant octopuses can easily grow to be over 20 kg (44lbs) and 3 meters long (9.8ft). With the harvesting season in winter, the octopus caught from the harsh cold water has a subtle sweetness. It is a necessity in celebratory dishes for the New Year. A very versatile ingredient, octopus can be boiled and used in nitsuke (soy sauce seasoned dish), sunomono (vinegared dish), sushi, and oden. Salted octopus, dried octopus, and flavored octopus are some artisanal goods made using the cephalopod. The ovary of octopus called kaitoge is a delicacy made into salted and dried goods as well as used in soup and cooked in dishes like nitsuke.
Sudako, or vinegared octopus, is considered to be an auspicious food because of its bright red and white color. In the Tsugaru region in Aomori, it is an essential item in the New Year celebratory meal, osechi.
Osechi consists of many different types of foods, which used to be served as offering food for the Toshigami god. It is believed that most of the dishes are preservable so that the god of cooking may rest. Osechi is an assortment of symbolically lucky foods neatly displayed in tiered boxes called jubako, so that luck and prosperity may tier up for the new year.
Octopus originally became an osechi food as the word for octopus, tako, is similar to the word for great happiness, takō.
in season distribution period
Find a restaurant or store
Depending on the season and weather, this product may not be available.
Local Dish Using Octopus
Octopus dogu-jiru, or octopus stew, has long been a favorite amongst fishermen. Since the head and legs of octopus are shipped out to customers, fishermen created a dish using the remaining innards. | <urn:uuid:bc23cff7-6a17-442d-9eeb-c8f074364fef> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.umai-aomori.com/products/fish/octopus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739177.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814040920-20200814070920-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.923208 | 462 | 2.734375 | 3 |
By Chris Ouellette
Director of the Academic Skills Center at Miss Hall’s School
Have you ever learned a mnemonic that you don’t think will ever leave your mind? I will tell you what mine is, 30 days hath September, April, June, and November... I find it a bit ironic that today’s offering on time management lands on the final day of November in 2020. As I found myself preparing to lead a workshop for my faculty on supporting the development of time management skills in their students, I laughed out loud at my own sense of time (or lack thereof) throughout this pandemic. Initially, working from home last spring was an amazing break (in an awful time) from the grind of everyday boarding school life. As we entered our first term this year in the virtual world, I started to find that days and weeks began to blur in my memory. When we began our second term in person; it was easier to find my anchor, easier to separate each day and experience. Not only did this help me be better for my students, I was also able to attain much better productivity. If this was occurring this easily for me (and I would imagine some of you), then how much more impactful is this for our students? So, with the surging pandemic in mind, and my school’s return to a virtual environment, the development of time management skills becomes even more necessary.
When you put your hand on a hot stove, a second can feel like an hour. When you put your hand on a loved one seldom seen, an hour can feel like a second. While this quote can be explored slightly differently through the eloquent words of LL Cool J in the 1999 film Deep Blue Sea, the idea that time is relative is necessary. How we perceive time (how much we have, how long something takes) will impact our level of success with time management.
The One-Minute Challenge
is a fun and quick way to see just how differently we all perceive time. The premise is simple: have your students or colleagues sit down when they feel one minute has passed. Have each member of your group stand up in front of their chair and close their eyes. Instruct them to sit down when they feel one minute has passed (open your eyes, remain quiet). Set your timer for 1:30 and say “go”. Throughout my time running this activity, I have only had two humans sit down at exactly one minute. Even those who think they can count to 60 often find that they miss the mark. Now apply this to what you are doing! What happens when you think something will take you 30 minutes and you only set aside 30 minutes? What happens when you feel like you are going to take a 10 minute break and then you look over at the clock and one hour has gone by? The more accurately you can perceive time, the better you are able to manage your own time.
is a great way to look at our priorities a little more deeply. Another simple premise here: each of you $86,400, you must spend it all in one day, you cannot bank/invest it, and if you don’t spend it, you lose it. Watching people decide what to spend their money on is quite amusing. I want to shout out my ~30 fresh-humans the other day as everyone chose to donate large sums of money or pay their families’ bills (we can talk about how far $86,400 goes another time). The fun part comes when you start talking about the real point of this activity. You have 86,400 seconds in each day. What you choose to spend your time on is vital to your success. If you don’t use your time well, you don’t get it back. It is important to help your group to start to think about their priorities, and remember to tell them that rest is an important thing to spend time on.
Races to the Aces
helps us to look more deeply at our schedule. Yet another simple premise: each human turns over their deck of cards and races to find the four aces. Build up this competition so that humans really want to win. What they won’t know ahead of time is that some decks are shuffled randomly, while other decks have the aces strategically placed close to the bottom. “That’s not fair!” “They cheated!” “That’s BS Ouellette!” You should be smiling as you ask them to think of each deck of cards as their schedules. If your schedule is organized and ready to go, then you win the race (or at least have a better chance at winning).
If we can help our students develop; a clearer perception of time, the ability to prioritize, and the ability to create a schedule to follow, then we will help them become better at managing their time. It would be foolish to not reinforce that each area discussed will take much practice, and even the most organized human has moments where time management is a losing battle. We need to regularly help our students reflect on and track how long assignments take to complete, strengthening their perception of time. We also need to help our students prioritize (you may have noticed that some students need help seeing that one less assignment can be more rewarding than finishing the next level, episode, or chapter) their work and restorative activities so that they can find a better life balance. Lastly, while some humans can seemingly fly by the seat of their pants, I promise that it becomes exhausting! We need to work with our students so that they can eventually build schedules for themselves that are both structured and flexible, so that they don’t become overwhelming.
In the interest of my own time management, I will leave you with a quote from J Cole, “they say time is money, but really it’s not. If we ever go broke, time is all we got.” Let’s keep working to help our students make the best of the time they have got! | <urn:uuid:7c5fe6f1-5e80-4e44-9bc8-f4597f580a2e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://nealsonline.wildapricot.org/blog/9395555 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178389472.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210309061538-20210309091538-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.969196 | 1,248 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The principle of creating source code generators is pretty simple (details here): a model, a template, and a driver. Given:
- HTML5 can access to local files as the data model
- AngularJS has its template language
The syntax highlighting is done by SHJS. | <urn:uuid:ced732a9-4e70-4827-bd1d-c512847d8774> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://techblog.shaneng.net/2015/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986675598.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017172920-20191017200420-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.878852 | 57 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Monday, 21 October 2013
The human brain contains an estimated 100 billion nerve cells (neurons). All memories are the result of signals that pass through those neurons. But normal aging leads to changes in the brain. Some neurons shrink; others are disabled by damaging molecules called free radicals. Areas of the brain involving memory and learning are particularly affected. Over time, these changes can make it more difficult for an older person to learn new tasks or to retrieve information from memory, such as someone's name. With Alzheimer's disease, the damage is more severe and ultimately affects larger regions of the brain.
The way in which the information that we see, hear and learn each moment is stored in our brains and then made available to be recalled is a complex process. While new theories are still being proposed, the most widely held model proposes that memories are formed in three stages:
Stage 1 : Memory Acquisition
Learning new information activates neurons (nerve cells) in the brain. Communication among these nerve cells encodes the information, creating a temporary neuronal pathway that holds the information as a short-term memory.
If you perceive something visual or spatial, such as a picture, the pathway is created in the right parietal lobe; if you're reading, the pathway forms in the area of the brain that processes language, the left temporal lobe. Focusing attention on new information promotes the encoding process, which then helps it solidify from short- to long-term memory during consolidation. That means that if you have a problem remembering something, maybe you weren't concentrating on it too hard in the first place.
Stage 2 : Memory Consolidation
For information to be retained long term, the neural pathway formed during memory acquisition must be strengthened. The replaying of events in the brain strengthens the pattern of neuronal activity, as more elaborate connections (or synapses) are formed among the neurons.
- The brain region known as the hippocampus plays a key role in consolidating declarative memories (those related to names, dates, faces, facts and specific events) and is more vulnerable to decline during aging and Alzheimer's disease.
- Procedural memories, which deal with skills you acquire (like riding a bicycle), are consolidated throughout the frontal lobes, cerebellum and basal ganglia. These memories hold up better over time and can survive even into dementia.
Stage 3 : Memory Retrieval
In order to recall something, the brain must reactivate the nerve pathways where the specific memory is stored. Frequently retrieved memories are easier to recall, whereas infrequently retrieved information often takes longer to emerge and may require a prompt of some kind, such as a related piece of information.
(Source: John Hopkins Health Alert, posted 21 October 2013) | <urn:uuid:abab8a07-2b3b-4083-8e76-1e7cc17c393f> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://adfmmalaysia.blogspot.com/2013/10/how-we-make-memories.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445208.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00325-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939778 | 557 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a virus that causes warts. The most common kind is genital HPV, and at least half of sexually active men and women contract it at some point in their lives, says the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. There are more than 40 kinds of HPV and some strains of the virus can cause cervical cancer and other cancers such as penile or anal cancers. According to the CDC, the body's immune system clears HPV from 90 percent of individuals who have it within two years. Keeping your immune system healthy can aid the body in getting rid of HPV.
Video of the Day
Quit smoking cigarettes if you smoke, and try to avoid secondhand smoke when possible. According to Women to Women, smoking weakens the immune system. There is also a link between cigarette smoking and cervical cancer, which is caused by HPV.
Take your vitamins, especially vitamins A, C, E and calcium. Vitamins A, C and E are antioxidants, which help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. A study published in the "International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer" found that patients who took multivitamins that included these supplements had a lower viral load of HPV. Folic acid can also help boost the immune system and protect against HPV. A study in "Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention" found that women with lower folate levels were more likely to have high-risk HPV infections.
Find ways to minimize stress or effectively handle stress. Stress can weaken the immune system, but there are ways to manage it. Stress is present in everyone's life, but deep breathing, yoga, talking to a friend about problems and regular physical activity are all ways to minimize stress and feel calmer.
Maintaining a healthy weight, participating in regular exercise and getting enough sleep are all ways to help strengthen the immune system, says Harvard Health Publications. These may seem like little things, but they can have a big impact on your immunity. | <urn:uuid:d9eff71e-5c9a-4867-b398-751174799a99> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.livestrong.com/article/352836-how-to-build-the-immune-system-in-someone-who-has-hpv/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591481.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720022026-20180720042026-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.964331 | 408 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Factors that affect sperm count
Male human being should have a healthy sperm count. This increases the chances of conception. Low sperm count (Oligospermia or Oligozoospermia) is the main cause of infertility in men. This article gives a list of factors which affect sperm count.
Sperm count: How much is considered normal?
Sperm is the male reproductive cell. Sperm count, also referred to as sperm concentration, measures the concentration of sperm in the semen. According to WHO (2010), 15 million sperms in a milliliter of semen is considered as normal. Older definitions put the figure at 20 million sperms per milliliter of semen. The average sperm count in the western world is around 60 million per milliliter. Cause of concern is that the sperm count has been decreasing at the rate of 1-2% every year, as observed over the last decade.
Factors that affect sperm count.
There are many factors that affect sperm count. Here is a list of the important factors
-Side effects of certain medicines: Many medicines have a negative effect on sperm count. Some of them are Methotrexate, Sulfasalazine, Gentamicin and Ketoconazole.
-Emotional stress: Studies indicate that emotional stress interferes with the hormone GnRH resulting in lowering of sperm count.
-Physical stress: Physical stress can temporarily cause low sperm count.
-Substance abuse: Use of cocaine or heavy marijuana is found to reduce sperm count.
-Cigarette smoking: Research has proved that sperm count is lesser in smokers by 13% to 17% than in non smokers. It is also observed that sperm count improves after the person gives up smoking. A very good reason to give up that useless habit!.
-Excessive consumption of alcohol: Tests have proved that excessive consumption of alcohol results in decrease in sperm count.
-Malnutrition: Insufficient consumption of vitamin C, zinc, folate and selenium may result in lower sperm count.
-Radiation treatment: Cells that produce sperm are very sensitive to radiation. These cells take up to two years to resume normal sperm production. In some cases, these cells may be permanently damaged losing their capacity to produce sperms.
-Excessive heat within the testes: This can adversely affect production of sperms. That is the reason why it is better to avoid regular use of hot tubs, whirlpools and saunas. It is also better to avoid wearing tight underwear.
-Obesity: Some studies have linked obesity to lower sperm count.
-Varicocele: Varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the veins in the scrotum. Some experts are of the opinion that varicocele may damage the testicle resulting in decrease in sperm production.
-Autoimmune disorder: This is a disease in which the body attacks its own cells (including sperms) due to hyper active immune system. Men exposed to pesticide Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) were found to be affected by this disease.
-Testosterone deficiency: Testosterone is a male hormone produced by the testes. Research results have indicated that testosterone deficiency can cause decrease in sperm count.
-Hormonal abnormalities: Decrease in pituitary hormones affects the ability of the testes to produce sperms.
-Cycling: Cycling is found to have an adverse affect on sperm count.
-Exposure to certain pesticides: Exposure to common pesticide chlordane is found to decrease sperm count.
-Exposure to heavy metals: Continuous exposure to metals like lead, arsenic and cadmium may affect sperm production resulting in lower sperm count.
Some of the causes of low sperm count need treatment. Some of the causes are related to lifestyle. The person aspiring to be a parent should make suitable changes to his lifestyle to allow his sperm count to increase. Joys of parenthood should be a good motivation! | <urn:uuid:05c8ce34-ca96-4282-b5d9-4415c05a26c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://health.wikinut.com/Factors-that-affect-sperm-count/24jarsgi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00560-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937831 | 821 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Anyone can care for a thriving flower garden; although it does take some time and effort. Below are some tips to keep your flower garden happy and healthy.
- The Three Necessities: Water, Sunlight and Fertile Soil
Your flower garden must have an adequate supply of water, sunlight, and fertile soil. Any lack of these basic necessities will affect your garden’s health. In terms of watering and sunlight; the best thing to do is follow the plant tag suggestions. During hot and dry cycles it’s okay to water more frequently; but too much water can cause your flowers to rot. It’s best to water at the base of each plant as overhead watering can encourage the spread of diseases. It’s a good thing to add organic matter and fertilizer to your garden yearly; as your flowers as well as earthworms and microbes feed on added organic matter causing reserves to be low for the following year.
- Flower Selection
There are four types of flowers: annuals, biennials and perennials and bulbs. Annuals typical grow and bloom for one season. For biennials, the leaves and stems grow the first years and the flowers are produced the second year. Perennials and bulbs bloom and grow for several years. The best thing to do when planting your garden is to mix all four varieties of plants to ensure that something will always be blooming. Also, switching out annuals can add interest and different colors / textures to your garden yearly in front of your backdrop of perennials.
Most insects are beneficial to your garden; while a few can be detrimental. Insects such as bees and butterflies not only pollinate your flowers but also fertilize them. Concerning the “bad” insects look for clues in the damage they leave behind such as chewed leaves. When choosing an insecticide, choose one that yields the highest pest death rate with the least impact towards the environment and beneficial critters.
Deadheading keeps gardens neat and blooming. It’s the snipping off of the flower head after it wilts, this allows for the possibility of a new flower to grow and bloom. | <urn:uuid:3276f134-4349-40ba-be6b-9c3aae0fb493> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.demicheleinc.com/caring-for-flower-gardens-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146485.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226181001-20200226211001-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.943078 | 442 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Hot Water Solar Panels
In March of 2012, this Lochinvar SCH130 solar thermal system was installed and brought online on the roof of our Kinesiology building. This unit is one of the largest solar hot water systems sold by Lochinvar inAmerica and on a clear day has the capability to produce 130,800 BTU/day. The seven rows of arrays seen in this picture absorb the sun’s solar energy to heat glycol which circulates in a serpentine fashion through each panel. The heated glycol is piped down and through a heat exchanger, which then heats all domestic hot water for the building as well as the supplying heated water for the Olympic size swimming pool. This allows us reduce the need for the 100 horsepower boiler that was previously used to make hot water. The efficiency of this system is so advanced that the payback is only five years. Not only does this provide monetary savings it reduces our dependence on a nonrenewable resource, natural gas. | <urn:uuid:1578c946-10aa-4677-b1ec-76b54a007211> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.southeastern.edu/admin/phys_plant/green/solarpanel/hotwater/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021775214/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121615-00069-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952247 | 202 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Connecting local responses around the world
Describe a desired outcome from your intervention and how you would go about trying to reach it.
Our desired outcome is a restorative climate in the neighbourhood and we adopt the following position overview:
To nurture neighbourhoods that adopt a restorative problem-solving approach toward young offenders and families with multiple problems. Residents will identify problems and take ownership of initiatives to address them in cooperation with volunteers and other stakeholders such as grassroots organizations, the police, schools and so forth.
Success is the ability to keep both the local and larger communities inspired in supporting their vulnerable members and in addressing the issues affecting this group.
Our focus areas are:
To cultivate support among residents for restorative problem solving so that social issues and problems can be identified early and resolved within the community without the need for interventions from the authorities where possible and appropriate.
Mobilising cooperation around a problem To rally support among and enable residents, friends and volunteers to address the concerns arising from the issue at hand and to neutralise the underlying causes. To reiterate that this cooperation is an important effort in putting things right, repairing relationships and community building.
To enable good intentions and aspirations to translate into meaningful initiatives that benefit young people and contribute towards a restorative climate in the neighbourhood.
Project management loosely follows the following process:
The Community Life Competence Process
Where are we now?
How will we get there?
Are we making progress
We learn and share | <urn:uuid:6b0d4495-cf28-4c78-827e-0b8ad3547a4f> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://aidscompetence.ning.com/profiles/blogs/creation-a-restorative-climate-part-4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647768.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322034041-20180322054041-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.936317 | 297 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Submitted by EmmaBrown on 16-11-2018 13:45:28
Winning a national award isn’t the goal of heritage projects, but when it happens you can't blame us for wanting to celebrate.
The fantastic 1,2 History Crew from Arbroath Academy, an after school youth group, took out the Best Contribution to a Heritage Project by Young People category at the Scottish Heritage Angel Awards.
They were recognised for creating the Arbroath Abbey Trail, an interactive treasure hunt designed to help other young people learn about the rich heritage of Arbroath.
The students designed seals related to the Abbey and other sites around the town which mattered to them including the harbour and Second World War drill hall. These seals were turned in to stamps which helped mark progress through the Abbey grounds and hidden in small boxes disguised as sandstone blocks. Inside these blocks were bookmarks featuring the students themselves in costume as historical characters at their favorite sites. Participants then followed the map to the next stop.
This project got the Crew thinking not only about the layout of the Abbey but the people from history who have called Arbroath home.
The story of the trail project roup also helped in making a film about the Trail and how they came up with the idea. The images of the young people in costume became part of the promotion for the Trail, used on banners promoting their work which were funded by Angus Council.
One of the great successes of the project was engaging the young people in the story of their town and in turn seeing them inspired to share that story with others in a way that was creative and interactive.
This project allowed the young people to focus on the parts of history that interested them and tell stories that would engage others.
Kaelyn from the 1,2 History Crew said: “The things I enjoyed about the project were making a Geo-Cache, finding out new facts about the places that I’ve been past but never thought about before and communicating with people I’ve never met before”.
Chiara Ronchini, Project Manager with Scotland’s Urban Past, said: ‘The 1,2 History Crew have been absolutely fantastic, from researching the history of Arbroath to designing the geo-cache trail. They demonstrated a huge interest in their own town and an outstanding amount of creativity. I’m delighted that their ideas and efforts, as well as the support given by both Scotland’s Urban Past and the HES Learning Team, were rewarded with this accolade. Very well deserved!’
Susan O’Connor, Director of the Scottish Civic Trust, said: “The judges were so impressed by the way the young people took the lead in developing, managing and presenting their project, not only to their school friends, but to the wider Arbroath community. They used their heritage as a way of connecting into their local identity, helping to make the past relevant and exciting for their locality. We can’t wait to see what they come up with next!”
With the Heritage Lottery Funded Scotland’s Urban Past project in its final year, the Arbroath Abbey Trail is a lasting example of what can be achieved when young people take the lead in creating their own heritage project. | <urn:uuid:6b6753d9-0dbf-4643-b8a5-c43ce9a908ae> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://scotlandsurbanpast.org.uk/blog/arboath-youth-group-crowned-scottish-angels | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628001089.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627095649-20190627121649-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.977716 | 675 | 2.578125 | 3 |
SWEENY, JOHN, Roman Catholic priest and bishop; b. May 1821 in Clones, Ireland, son of James Sweeny and Mary McGuire (Macguire, Maguire); d. 25 March 1901 in Saint John, N.B.
John Sweeny was a native of Clones, but available evidence does not make clear whether he was born in the town or the parish. The matter is significant since the town is in the present Republic of Ireland whereas the parish lies mostly in Northern Ireland. In 1828 Sweeny moved to Saint John with his family. He studied at St Andrew’s College in Prince Edward Island and at the Grand Séminaire de Québec. Ordained to the priesthood in 1844, he subsequently served parishes in Saint John, Wards Creek, Chatham, and Barachois, N.B. While at Barachois, he was appointed vicar general to Bishop William Dollard*. Upon Dollard’s death in 1851, he became administrator of the diocese of Fredericton until Thomas Louis Connolly* was chosen as the new bishop. Connolly subsequently reappointed him vicar general. In 1859, when Connolly went to the archiepiscopal see of Halifax, Sweeny was named his successor as bishop of Saint John (as Fredericton had been renamed). He was consecrated on 15 April 1860. A few weeks later the diocese was divided to form the diocese of Chatham in the north and the diocese of Saint John in the south. James Rogers was named bishop of Chatham and Sweeny retained the see of Saint John.
Sweeny’s greatest accomplishments as a bishop lay in developing diocesan institutions. The missionary age for English-speaking Catholics in British North America was over by mid century, and in all the principal anglophone dioceses a process of consolidation and expansion had begun. This had been evident during the episcopate of Bishop Connolly, who founded the Sisters of Charity of the Immaculate Conception [see Honoria Conway*], recruited the Religious of the Sacred Heart for the diocese, and began construction of a cathedral. Sweeny completed the work on the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, and obtained the services of additional religious orders, including the Brothers of the Christian Schools, the Holy Cross Fathers, the Redemptorists, and the Sisters of the Good Shepherd.
This influx of nuns and priests enabled Sweeny to develop an extensive network of educational and charitable institutions, including two orphanages (one for boys, the other for girls), an industrial school, a home for the aged, a classical college, and numerous local schools. Meanwhile, he erected several new parishes and missions both in the city and in rural districts and greatly increased the complement of priests in the diocese. The number of clergymen more than tripled from 1860 to 1895, when 62 priests were serving a population of approximately 60,000 Catholics. Finally, Sweeny fostered the growth of a wide array of Catholic philanthropic and devotional societies in Saint John, here again reflecting a broad contemporary trend among Catholics in Canada and elsewhere. The Catholic Mutual Benefit Association, the Young Men’s Society of St Joseph, the Father Mathew Association, St Malachi’s Total Abstinence Relief Society, the Irish Literary and Benevolent Society, the Archconfraternity of the Holy Rosary, and the Sodality of the Sacred Heart of Jesus were among the voluntary associations and pious confraternities active during his episcopate. Together with Catholic educational and charitable institutions, these organizations formed a self-contained social environment, providing for the spiritual and material needs of Catholics while protecting them from the pressures of proselytism and assimilation.
A particular concern of Sweeny’s was the welfare of the impoverished Irish immigrants who had arrived in New Brunswick in the 1840s and 1850s and who were making an uncertain living in the cities as day labourers. Convinced that poverty and urban life were undermining both the spiritual and the material well-being of these Irish peasants, Sweeny undertook to remedy the situation by encouraging city-dwellers to remove to the country and return to farming. In 1860 he founded and became president of the Emigrants’ Aid Society, which helped willing settlers to obtain land grants and furnished them with information on agriculture and animal husbandry. The objective was not only to lead them back to an agricultural way of life but also to create new rural settlements where several Catholic families would live together in cohesive communities served by a resident priest. Sweeny’s plan resembled colonization schemes launched by a number of other Irish prelates in North America, including Bishop John Joseph Lynch* of Toronto, who tried unsuccessfully to establish a “New Ireland” in the west. Sweeny’s settlement of Johnville (named in his honour) was by far the most successful undertaking of its kind in British North America. Founded in 1861, it became within five years a viable community of 130 houses, two schools, and a church. Although the settlers began with no resources other than their labour, by 1866, Sweeny estimated, their collective assets were worth $100,000. The community of Johnville has survived to the present day.
Even though bishop of an important Roman Catholic diocese for more than 40 years, Sweeny did not cut a very conspicuous figure in public. He avoided controversy and generally shied away from the political arena, preferring to concentrate on the internal consolidation of Catholic institutions and resources. In the 1860s he was known to be an opponent of the proposed union of the British North American colonies, like his friend Timothy Warren Anglin*, but he was not nearly so outspoken as Archbishop Connolly, a leading supporter of the scheme. When the confederate forces in New Brunswick, led by Samuel Leonard Tilley*, suffered a resounding defeat in the provincial elections of 1865, Sweeny was accused of having exerted undue influence on his flock by preaching sermons against confederation and by ordering his clergy to oppose the scheme. No solid evidence was ever produced to support these charges. In the 1866 elections, which resulted in a victory for the cause of confederation, Sweeny maintained an even lower profile, privately opposing union but refraining from public declarations against it.
The one occasion on which Sweeny became deeply involved in political controversy arose with the passage in 1871 of the New Brunswick Common Schools Act [see George Edwin King]. Hitherto education in the province had been governed by the rather vaguely worded Parish Schools Act of 1858. This legislation made no specific provision for separate or dissentient schools. All schools were organized under a provincial Board of Education. The initiative in establishing schools lay very much at the local level, however, which meant that Roman Catholics as well as members of other denominations were effectively free to establish their own schools and receive a share of the provincial allowance for education. By 1871, 160 Catholic schools were operating in the diocese of Saint John. A significant minority of these offered instruction in French. Some were staffed by religious, and Catholic educators enjoyed complete freedom in the choice of textbooks.
During the conference on confederation held in London in 1866–67, Archbishop Connolly had attempted to secure constitutional guarantees for denominational schools in all the colonies entering the projected union. His proposals failed, largely because they would have undermined provincial rights and thus jeopardized the control of Quebec over its educational system. Section 93 of the British North America Act of 1867 guaranteed, through federal powers of disallowance, the continuance of separate or dissentient schools only where these had been established by law at the time of confederation. In effect, Catholic schools in both New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were left unprotected.
In the face of the 1871 act, which came into operation on 1 Jan. 1872, Sweeny, acting in concert with Bishop Rogers of Chatham and supported by Anglin and John Costigan*, Irish Catholic mps from New Brunswick, tried by both political and legal means to defend the right of Catholics to operate their own schools. Appeals were made to Ottawa, to the colonial secretary in London, and to the Supreme Court of New Brunswick. By the end of 1872, however, the federal government had managed to deflect demands for disallowance and the law officers of the crown had upheld the validity of the schools act; early in 1873 the Supreme Court also concluded that the legislation was within the powers of the provincial government. New Brunswick Catholics nevertheless continued their efforts. In the spring of 1873 Sweeny travelled to Ottawa twice to elicit support for the campaign against the legislation. This campaign culminated in the House of Commons on 14 May 1873 when Costigan, at Sweeny’s urging, successfully moved disallowance of the acts assessing taxes to support the new common schools. Five days later, in spite of this vote, Sir John A. Macdonald*’s government refused to carry out the disallowance. Costigan and Anglin thereupon prepared to move no-confidence. On 18 May, at the invitation of Bishop Ignace Bourget* of Montreal, Sweeny had attended the provincial council of the Quebec church, where he appealed to the bishops to endorse the cause of separate schools in New Brunswick. Led by Bourget and by Bishop Louis-François Laflèche* of Trois-Rivières, the French Canadian hierarchy prepared a statement opposing the schools act, which was released the following day. The effect of their intervention was to ensure that a number of Conservative mps from Quebec would break ranks with the government. Macdonald bought time by promising that the federal government would pay the cost of an appeal by New Brunswick Catholics to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. In view of this gesture the Quebec bishops relented, and the no-confidence motion died before reaching the floor of the house. The appeal to the JCPC would, however, be lost in July 1874.
Meanwhile, New Brunswick Catholics, led by their bishops, had been resisting the implementation of the Common Schools Act by refusing to pay school taxes. The government responded by seizing the property of those who adopted this tactic, and by making a few arrests. Joseph Michaud (1841–1903), priest of the cathedral in Saint John, was twice imprisoned, and Bishop Sweeny’s carriage was seized in 1874. Eventually, however, as the result of negotiations that started with Sweeny and John Boyd*, chairman of the Saint John school board, an accommodation was reached in 1875 which allowed Catholic schools to operate under the new law. Catholic school buildings would be leased to the school board; members of religious orders would be examined by provincial authorities but would not have to attend the teachers’ training college; children would be allowed to attend schools outside their own district where such a course was necessary for them to receive a Catholic education; textbooks would be edited to remove passages offensive to Catholics; and religious instruction for Catholic children would be allowed outside school hours. Sweeny had in fact suggested a similar compromise as early as 1871, but the authorities had rejected it.
In 1869–70 Sweeny had been in Rome to attend the first Vatican Council, where the main item of business was the proposed definition of the dogma of papal infallibility. Like his colleague Thomas Connolly, he was opposed to the definition; unlike Connolly, however, he played no active part in attempts to prevent it. He made no speeches and when the final vote was taken he declined to be present, his absence perhaps intended as an expression of disapproval. After returning to Saint John, he, like most other opposition bishops, openly submitted to the council’s solemn definition.
The last years of Sweeny’s episcopate coincided with the emergence of Acadian nationalism in the Maritime provinces. An important aspect of this movement, in which French-speaking clergy played a prominent role, was the attempt on the part of Acadians to gain control over their own ecclesiastical institutions. Their efforts were met with resistance or at least indifference on the part of the anglophone bishops who controlled the five Maritime dioceses. The population of the diocese of Saint John was approximately one-third Acadian. Acadian leaders accused Sweeny of various injustices, including refusal to provide opportunities for French-speaking Catholics to confess in their own language. His policies toward the education of Acadians also proved controversial, especially with respect to the College of St Joseph in Memramcook.
In the 1850s François-Xavier-Stanislas Lafrance*, a Lower Canadian priest who served many years as a missionary among the Acadians, had acquired land at Memramcook and erected a building in which he operated a secondary school until 1862. He handed over this property to Sweeny in 1863 on the condition that it be used to establish a classical college principally for Acadians. Sweeny recruited Holy Cross Fathers from Montreal to staff the college [see Camille Lefebvre*] and transferred the property to the newly established institution. His efforts to support St Joseph’s were publicly praised by at least some Acadian spokesmen, but others close to the scene, including one of the professors, were sharply critical of his policy of making the college “bilingual,” which in their judgement meant that it was effectively English-speaking. Acadian nationalists were so dissatisfied that in 1874 Father Marcel-François Richard*, one of their leading figures, established the short-lived Collège Saint-Louis, at Saint-Louis-de-Kent in the diocese of Chatham, as an alternative.
By the end of the 19th century, mounting demands by Acadians for control of their own ecclesiastical and religious affairs had begun to focus on the need for an Acadian bishop or possibly even an Acadian diocese centred on Moncton. In 1899, conscious of his failing health, Sweeny applied to Rome for the appointment of a coadjutor with right of succession. The Acadians, having learned of this initiative and knowing that Rogers of Chatham was also seeking a coadjutor, tried to secure the nomination of at least one French-speaking candidate. Late that year, however, on the recommendation of the Maritime bishops, Rome selected priests of Irish descent for both dioceses, Timothy Casey* for Saint John and Thomas Francis Barry for Chatham. In 1900 Acadian spokesmen petitioned the New Brunswick episcopate to support the creation of an Acadian diocese; on this occasion Sweeny did not deign to reply. It was not until 1912, when Édouard-Alfred Le Blanc* was named bishop of Saint John, that Acadians met with success in their endeavours.
Sweeny’s legacy to the Roman Catholic Church in New Brunswick was a vastly expanded network of diocesan institutions. His achievements in this respect were typical of those of bishops throughout British North America at the time. As an ecclesiastical administrator he was businesslike and occasionally shrewd. As a spokesman in political and theological affairs, however, he was a man of quite ordinary abilities, who was overshadowed by his more able predecessor and metropolitan Thomas Connolly.
Arch. du Diocèse de Bathurst, N.-B., Groupe II/1 (fonds James Rogers) (photocopies at UNBL). Arch. of the Diocese of Saint John, N.B., Sweeny papers. Archivio della Propaganda Fide (Rome), Acta, 1859, 223: f.446; Nuova serie, 75: f.354; 195: f.65. Archivio Segreto Vaticano (Rome), Delegazione apostolica del Canadà, 178: 23–29. NA, MG 26, A; MG 27, I, D15. N.B. Museum, Tilley family papers. Le Moniteur acadien, 4 sept. 1894. Morning Freeman (Saint John), 7 June 1860, 27 Nov. 1866. New Brunswick Reporter and Fredericton Advertiser, 2 Dec. 1870, 17 Dec. 1873. New Freeman (Saint John), 26 Sept. 1942 [clipping in the Sweeny papers at the Arch. of the Diocese of Saint John]. St. John Daily Sun, 26–27 March 1901. T. W. Acheson, Saint John: the making of a colonial urban community (Toronto, 1985). W. M. Baker, Timothy Warren Anglin, 1822–96: Irish Catholic Canadian (Toronto and Buffalo, N.Y., 1977). Can., Parl., Sessional papers, 1873, no.44. D. B. Flemming, “Archbishop Thomas L. Connolly, godfather of confederation,” CCHA Study sessions, 37 (1970): 67–84. Jacques Grisé, Les conciles provinciaux de Québec et l’Église canadienne (1851–1886) (Montréal, 1979). W. P. Kilfoil, Johnville: the centennial story of an Irish settlement (Johnville, N.B., 1962). Roberto Perin, “Clerics and the constitution: the Quebec church and minority rights in Canada,” CCHA Hist. studies, 56 (1989): 31–47. Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, ed. G. D. Mansi et al. (53v. in 60, Paris, etc., 1901–27; repr. Graz, Austria, 1960), 49–53. M. S. Spigelman, “Race et religion: les Acadiens et la hiérarchie catholique irlandaise du Nouveau-Brunswick,” RHAF, 29 (1975–76): 69–85. G. J. Stortz, “Archbishop Lynch and New Ireland: an unfulfilled dream for Canada’s northwest,” Catholic Hist. Rev. (Washington), 68 (1982): 612–24. Léon Thériault, “The Acadianization of the Catholic Church in Acadia (1763–1953),” The Acadians of the Maritimes: thematic studies, ed. Jean Daigle (Moncton, N.B., 1982), 271–339. P. M. Toner, “The foundations of the Catholic Church in English-speaking New Brunswick,” New Ireland remembered: historical essays on the Irish in New Brunswick, ed. P. M. Toner (Fredericton, 1989), 63–70; “The New Brunswick schools question,” CCHA Study sessions, 37: 85–95. K. F. Trombley, “Thomas Louis Connolly (1815–1876): the man and his place in secular and ecclesiastical history” (phd thesis, Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Belgium, 1983; photographic copy privately issued by the author, Saint John, 1983). | <urn:uuid:333e0c75-83d9-441a-affa-bc8bc48709fa> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/sweeny_john_13F.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886639.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116184540-20180116204540-00744.warc.gz | en | 0.970662 | 3,991 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A new study from economists Arnoud Boot at the University of Amsterdam and Lev Ratnovski at the International Monetary Fund shows that banks trade too much, so new regulation is necessary to keep the world’s biggest banks from posing a risk to the entire global economy.
Boot and Ratnovski’s study found that excess capital generated from traditional banking activities allows banks to gamble on risky trading, and since the biggest banks have more capital, they gamble even more. This causes a diversion of capital toward trading that adds instability to financial markets.
And because banks will always engage in such trading, the best way to prevent it is through regulation like the Volcker Rule, a provision in the 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act that would prevent banks from making risky trades with taxpayer backed dollars:
Our results highlight the dynamic problems in universal banking and sheds light on the desirability of restricting bank activities of the type that were recently proposed by the Volcker rule in the U.S. and the Vickers report in the UK.
Originally one of the strongest provisions contained in Dodd-Frank, the Volcker Rule was watered down by Republican senators and bank lobbyists so much its namesake Paul Volcker is no longer satisfied with it. But recent trading losses like the one sustained in JP Morgan Chase’s “London Whale” trade have caused the rule’s authors to urge regulators to strengthen it before it is fully implemented.
According to Boot and Ratnovski, banks that are allowed to engage in risky trading will always do so because it allows them to gain larger profits. Because of this, the supermarket banking model — in which banks both lend and act as investing houses — “is no longer sustainable.” That’s a view shared by many former bankers, including former Citigroup CEO Sandy Weill, who helped pioneer the expansion of banking institutions into trading and other services. | <urn:uuid:7e230243-31fa-4851-a58c-26490ad4788b> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://thinkprogress.org/study-finds-new-rules-necessary-to-rein-in-risky-bank-trading-63142ebc04fd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578650225.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424154437-20190424180437-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.951582 | 387 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Lofoten in Paintings
The first travelers to Lofoten were not particularly impressed by the area's beauty. District Governor G.P. Blom traveled throughout northern Norway in 1827. He was noted for having said
"Lofoten is so bare of beauty as possibly can be. The sheer cliffs plunge downward into the sea and seldom make room for a single house."In another passage he writes:
"There can be no question about which of these places may be called the most beautiful; on the contrary, it is a matter of which is the most repulsive…".Blom's feelings were similar to many others who visited Lofoten during this period.
Nature, however, came to be regarded differently when Romanticism bloomed in Norway during the mid-1800s. What had once been looked upon as hideous now became beautiful, sublime and exotic. Traversing through northern Norway, the steamships, too, began sailing along a greater number of routes, making it easier for travelers to get around. Little by little, the northern regions, and especially Lofoten, were "discovered". And the midnight sun, which once had been looked upon as bothersome, and something which made it difficult for tourists to sleep by, had now become an attraction. "The land of the midnight sun" was rapidly becoming a tourist magnet.
As a painter, poet and theater instructor, Otto Sinding (1842-1909) was a manifold artist. He wandered restlessly throughout Europe, and had been in Lofoten several times to paint. His most renown painting with a northern Norwegian motif is "Fra Reine i Lofoten" (From Reine, in Lofoten), painted in the winter of 1883.
Adelsteen Normann (1848-1918) was the first northern Norwegian who successfully became a painter. As many of his contemporaries, Normann was educated in Düsseldorf, in Germany. He settled in Germany, later in life, but traveled throughout northern Norway, and frequently in Lofoten, to paint. His specialty was romantic fjord landscapes. In these he often portrayed small steamships or sailboats sailing on calm seas. His landscapes, too, were often products of his imagination. Light played a major role in Normann's paintings, and he was one of the first Norwegian artists who "discovered" the midnight sun as a motif.
Gunnar Berg (1863-1893), from Svolvær, in Lofoten, interrupted his mercantile studies to become a painter. He was advised by his friend, Adelsteen Normann, to begin studies at the art academy in Düsseldorf. And from 1883 until his death, Gunnar Berg studied and worked in Düsseldorf and Berlin. During the summertime, and the Lofoten fishing season, Berg was at home in Svolvær. With great enthusiasm he painted his hometown from all its nooks and crannies. Homes, boats, fishermen, mountains and the sea, in summer or winter, comprised the basic themes of his pictures. He loved the Nordland boats, too, which are small boats with beautiful shapes; these "sailing sculptures" he never tired of painting.
Theodor Kittelsen is mostly remembered for his illustrations of Norwegian fairytales. This also characterizes the pictures of his 1887-1889 trip to Lofoten.
Another eminent Norwegian artist, Christian Krohg (1852-1925), arrived in Lofoten in 1896. While approaching Svolvær on a steamship, as the fog broke, he wrote:
"The summits of the razor-sharp mountains finally appeared in silhouette against the deep blue sky, and the fog suddenly lifted. There is no denying it - this was simply spectacular: it was the grandest and most unspoiled, chilling, unsullied, sight imaginable. The mountains were altars raised for the god of loneliness and built in praise of purity's divine chasteness. How difficult, difficult it must be to paint this: to summon forth loftiness, majesty and the relentless "tranquility and indifference of nature! But it can be done, and the task is colossal."
Krohg did not paint many pictures from Lofoten, but his "Lofotbrev" (Letter from Lofoten) and "Begravelse i Nordland" (A Nordland Funeral) are, on the other hand, highly acclaimed far and wide. During the clash of painting styles in Norwegian art of the 1890s, Krohg was a strong advocate of realism. He tackled his subjects as a portrait photographer might have, and made frequent use of bolder approaches than his predecessors.
Artists such as Axel Revold and Christian Krohg's son, Per Krohg, have painted beautiful Lofoten motifs in the 20th-century. Lofoten has also been given a more modern manifestation by Rolf Nesch - an artist of German origin.
© University Library of Tromsø - 1999.
The Northern Lights Route is part of The Council of Europe Cultural Routes. The Cultural Routes are an invitation to Europeans to wander the paths and explore the places where the unity and diversity of our European identity were forged. | <urn:uuid:6ecfad78-c450-41c3-8cae-ee2fede6a2e4> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/eng/lofoten.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164016462/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133336-00076-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981916 | 1,125 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Do you know why an International Youth Day was created?
International Youth Day (IYD) is an awareness day designated by the United Nations, which is observed every year on August 12, since 2000. It is celebrated all around the world with an objective to raise awareness about issues that affect young people who are aged between 15 and 24 years of old, making up one-sixth of the global human population. Each year the occasion is observed with a specific theme. The theme of 2015 was "Youth Civic Engagement" and the slogan for 2014 was "Youth and Mental Health." The logo of United Nation is often associated with the marketing and promotional material for this event. In the face of hardship, 'International Youth Day' is an effort to make sure that young people have the critical skills, tools, and support that they need to become healthy, productive and engaged members of society and they bring great leadership and resilience.
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Our objective is to share with you news and information about Haiti and the people of Haiti. Traditions, habits and the way we were or grew are alive in this site. We highly recommend that you Subscribe to our Newsletter and also share with us some of the things that are memorable and made us unique people. | <urn:uuid:6fd4f847-b68c-48c2-a27e-15749d13e19e> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.haitiobserver.com/blog/child/do-you-know-why-an-international-youth-day-was-created.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592475.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721090529-20180721110529-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.973103 | 269 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Asynchronous functions can run in the background while the rest of your code continues to run.
Below are 3 lines of code which take various amounts of time to execute.
Even though the slowest line of code is read in first,
the quickest code will render output to the console the fastest.
That's great if you're trying to render a page quickly,
but if your code is dependent on getting a value from somewhere,
then you may not want the rest of your code to execute until
a condition is satisfied.
to behave synchronously.
A chain of callbacks can get unwieldly, thus the term "callback hell".
A promise is an object which handles asynchronous code.
It will eventually resolve successfully or fail.
This is how a promise handles an error.
The fetch function is a promise.
Promise.all takes an array of promises and returns a single promise which resolves
after all of the given promises have resolved. It returns an array of the results.
Promise.any returns the result from the first settled Promise.
Promise.allSettled will return a promise with an array of results from the given promises,
errors and all.
ES2017 introduced async and await functions.
Fetching with async and await. | <urn:uuid:dff70674-1df0-40d7-8a46-77e62d5ab6ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://sean.brunnock.com/Javascript/Async/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711016.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205100449-20221205130449-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.860614 | 292 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Craig J. Venter has accomplished yet another feat in his conquest to sequence everything under the sun. Venter is best known for leading Celera in their challenge to beat the National Institute of Health (NIH) in a race to sequence the human genome. Since then he has lead numerous sequencing projects including the genetic analysis of New York City’s air [or the Nature publication], searching to discover the minimum genome at his company Synthetic Genomics, and most recently the Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition.
Results from the oceanic voyage that traveled from Halifax, Nova Scotia to the Eastern Tropical Pacific during the two year circumnavigation by the Sorcerer II Expedition have finally been released. The announcement from the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) detailed several publications that were made in PLoS Biology. Highlights of the publication include:
Rusch et al. describe the results of metagenomic analysis of 37 samples taken aboard Sorcerer II during its voyage between Halifax, Nova Scotia and French Polynesia in 2003 to 2004, combined with seven samples collected during the pilot study in the Sargasso Sea. To capture the DNA, scientists onboard the Sorcerer II collected water every 200 nautical miles and then filtered it through progressively smaller filters to collect bacteria and then viruses. The DNA extracted for these publications were from the filter that collects mostly bacteria.
The group analyzed a massive dataset consisting of 7.7 million DNA sequences totaling 6.3 billion base pairs. Following from the Sargasso Sea pilot study, they continued to find a great degree of diversity both within and across the sampling sites. Researchers identified 60 highly abundant ribotypes (roughly equivalent to species) however, the inter-species variation and the variation of organisms within the same environment suggests that while the microbes might be similar at an rRNA level they can differ greatly at a biochemical and genomic level.
Yooseph et al. report on the 6.12 million new proteins uncovered from 7.7 million GOS sequences by using a novel sequence clustering approach. This nearly doubles the number of known proteins. The researchers found that the GOS dataset covered almost all of the known prokaryote (bacterial and archaeal) protein families and that there were 1,700 totally unique large protein families in the GOS dataset, not matching any known families. A surprising number of the new protein families discovered are in viruses. Researchers were also able to match 6,000 previously unmatched sequences in current protein databases to proteins found in the GOS dataset.
Previously, it was thought that different families of kinases were responsible for these types of cell regulation in prokaryotes (bacteria) versus eukaryotes (animals and other non-bacteria). Eukaryote protein kinases (ePK) were most common in eukaryotes, histidine kinases in bacteria. However, in their PloS Biology publication Kennan et al. show that with the scope and diversity of the GOS data that ePK-like kinases (ELKs) are indeed very prevalent in bacteria, in fact, more so than histidine kinases. This finding is even shedding some light on human kinases.
The research team has shown that the ePK is just one family in a diverse superfamily of enzymes that all share a common protein kinase-like (PKL) fold (shape). Using sensitive profile methods, the researchers discovered more than 45,000 kinase sequences from the GOS and other public data sources and grouped these into 20 diverse families, of which ePKs were just one. The GOS data doubles the size of most PKL families and triples the number of known ePK-like kinases (ELK). Many of these families exhibited eukaryote-like structure and function of their proteins and thus the researchers conclude that several of these protein families existed before the divergence of the three domains of life.
For more information, please see the press release at the J. Craig Venter Institute.
The data recovered from this mission is likely to yield a number of findings, and will be the focus of much scientific research from years to come. Kudos to you and your team Dr. Venter, and it was nice seeing you in Toronto last fall! | <urn:uuid:35477e35-f7c0-490a-9b90-efa07c2d1519> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://startuplifeblog.com/tag/dna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982950827.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200910-00051-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956743 | 868 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Sustainable Environment Theme covers very broad research aspects of sustainability from the points of view of energy, water and food, reducing waste, air and water pollution, as well as conserving and recovering ecosystem health. The growing problem of the unsustainable footprint of the global human population requires innovative future solutions.
Species and ecosystem diversity are being mapped and the effect of the quality of the natural environment on human health is under investigation. Novel materials are being developed, and together with more effective engineering solutions, these are aimed to produce more with less. However, increasing the efficiency of resource use will not alone reduce environmental impacts if it occurs alongside ever increasing rates of consumption. Research around environmental recovery sites and biogeochemical hotspots informs us of survival and recovery strategies. Finally, complex computer models are continually refined to model the future for a variety of climate scenarios, yet only when this scientific understanding is effectively utilised by policy makers will such developments have an impact on environmental quality.
The sustainable environment is a core research focus includes;
- Natural variability of systems, climate change, biogeochemical hotspots;
- Chemical cycles, raw material exploration, and efficient processing;
- Biodiversity, biosensors, health and the environment;
- Environmental monitoring, contaminant pathways, water supply, greenhouse gas emissions;
- Sustainable enterprise, energy efficient manufacturing, clean energy, sustainable production and consumption;
- Anthropocene humanities, environmental governance, science-policy communication and artificial neural networks.
Research Institutes / Centres
The TCBR brings together researchers from across Trinity to provide a broad base of expertise in a range of biodiversity research areas, enabling research to cross traditional disciplinary boundaries to encompass biological, social, economic, legal and political aspects of biodiversity.
The Trinity International Development Initiative forms an overarching structure to coordinating and promoting International Development Research and education at Trinity. TIDI is a College wide initiative involving all three faculties and multiple disciplines. It is a key enabler in attracting world class researchers and collaborators to Trinity and in giving visibility to and engaging with stakeholders and policy makers. | <urn:uuid:abc5bd5a-7f9e-4baf-ae3b-f6d137a3b178> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.tcd.ie/research/themes/sustainable-environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711108.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206124909-20221206154909-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.902642 | 426 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Introduction: Make a Fridge
In this tutorial, i will be making a mini portable fridge using a PELTIER module beetting started one should know about the thermoelectric effect. The thermoelectric effect is the conversion of electrical energy into heat energy and vice versa, this is also called seeback effect.
In this project i have used a Peltier module. The peltier module converts the voltage difference into temperature difference i.e. when we apply the voltage to the peltier module, the one side of the peltier module will be cold and the other side will be hot.
Step 1: Collecting the Components and Modules
First of all i bought all the necessary module and components
below is the list
CPU heatsink with fan
12V small fan
12V 5 amp Power supply
Adhesive and Double sided tape
Step 2: Mounting the Peltier Module on Heatsink
As i earlier said that when we apply voltage to the peltier module, the one side becomes hot and the other side becomes cool, there is a max fixed temperature difference between hot side and cold side, so to make the cold side more colder we need to remove the heat from the hot side.
In order to achieve that i used an old cpu heatsink with fan and mounted the heatsink on the hot side of the peltier module using thermal paste.
Step 3: Making the Enclosure
I decided to use the thermocol sheet t make the enclosure, because it was easy to do that and also it was white in color so was more thermal efficient.
I cut the thermocol from a single sheet and made a cubicle type structure using DST and adhesive.
Then i measured the dimension of the peltier module and cut the same portion on the top of the enclosure.
After that i fitted an aluminium sheet into that rectangular hole on the top of the enclosure.
I also secured a fan on the ceiling of the enclosure in order to circulate the cold air.
Step 4: Securing Peltier Module on the Enclosure
After that i secured the peltier module (cold side) on the top of that aluminium sheet.
The only thing that left was wiring the peltier module and fan.
I used a 12V 5 ampere power supply and connected the peltier module and fan.
By this time the project was complete and after one hour of running the temperature inside the fridge was 9.8 degree Celsius, which was descent enough to chill a can of any beverage. | <urn:uuid:c0c0e681-52a9-4f0f-a824-6bca3454f06b> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.instructables.com/id/Make-a-Fridge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886178.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704135515-20200704165515-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.879269 | 532 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Can the mere thought of school work cause pain? It might if you suffer from performance anxiety. A new brain study suggests that people with math anxiety may feel something like physical pain when they anticipate doing math problems.
If you’re wondering about the implications for other forms of academic anxiety, I am too. But the news isn’t all bad. To see why, consider the details.
Ian Lyons and Sian Beilock performed fMRI scans on 28 adult volunteers who had been evaluated for math anxiety. While researchers recorded brain activity, each volunteer was asked to do a set of “homework” problems.
Some of the problems were word tasks. People were asked to decide if a word, when reversed, spelled another word, as "god" becomes "dog" when spelled backwards.
The other problems were arithmetic tasks, like "True or false: (3x6) – 4 = 12."
The problems varied in difficulty and were presented in a mixed order. But crucially, participants were given a heads-up before each task was presented -- a visual symbol that warned if the next problem was going to be a word task or a math task.
And here is the key result: When people knew that a math problem was coming up, individuals with math anxiety experienced more brain activity in regions linked with threat detection and physical pain. That was true even after controlling for participants responses to cues that a word task was coming up next. And it was true after controlling for a person’s overall trait anxiety and competence on math problems.
So there it is. Anxiety hurts. Anticipating the thing we fear hurts. No wonder people shrink from the tasks that make them anxious, and the consequences can be pretty bad, can’t they? Math anxiety has been documented in children as young as 6 years old, and it fuels a vicious cycle. Anxious kids avoid math, get less practice in math, and fall further and further behind – reinforcing their anxiety.
But there is another wrinkle to this study that I find very interesting. When these same participants went on to perform the math tasks, they did not experience elevated activity levels in the pain-perceiving parts of the brain. The psychological pain was linked only with the anticipation of the deed, not the deed itself.
It’s hard not to think of all the old wisdom. "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself…" "Cowards die many times…" If this is true about math, might it also be true about a lot of other things? Anxiety about reading? Writing? Public speaking?
If it is, we’ve got more reason than ever to be cagey about the way we handle these anxieties. Are kids choking on anxiety in the classroom? As Sian Beilock has noted, we may help them with specific, research-based tactics, like having students write about their math anxieties before taking a test.
But I’m also thinking we might reframe our tests and drills and exercises. In one study investigating the effects of racial stereotypes on test performance, African American students performed better on an IQ test when the true nature of that test was concealed. The students were told that the test items were “puzzles” and that the researchers wanted the students’ opinions of them.
Can we apply this approach to academic work in general? Take some of the bite out of anxiety-provoking school tasks by making them over into games and low-stakes challenges?
It may require some serious rethinking about the way we approach school and learning. But I’ve little doubt that some teachers and parents have figured out how to do it. Heck, some kids seem to have the right attitude, irrespective of what goes on in their classrooms – perhaps because they’ve gotten the message that mistakes are a necessary and forgivable part of the learning process.
Still, it seems to me that repackaging school work is only part of the solution. Assuming the fMRI research is confirmed by future studies -- that anticipation is more painful than the actual performance of a task -- we still have the problem of motivation. A math-anxious person might get over his anxiety. But that's no guarantee he'll enjoy mathematics.
The ultimate answer may lie in finding ways to make difficult intellectual tasks more rewarding. And there, I suspect, we need to consider what motivates professional thinkers, mathematicians, and scientists. The delights of tinkering and exploration. The satisfaction that comes from finding a deeper meaning. The experience of wonder and awe.
Is it naïve to think that anxious students are capable of appreciating mathematics and other dreaded subjects on an intellectual level? I don’t think so. Memorizing the formula for pi might seem like drudgery. Trying to derive pi yourself – by measuring the dimensions of a series of regular polygons – is far more interesting, especially when it reveals how ancient peoples accomplished the task without the aid of computers. There are many intellectual rewards being hidden from students with anxiety. We need to help kids experience those rewards.
You can read the full text of the paper by Lyons and Beilock at PLoS One:
Lyons IM and Beilock SL. 2012. When Math Hurts: Math Anxiety Predicts Pain Network Activation in Anticipation of Doing Math. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48076
Professor Beilock is also the author of Choke: What the secrets of the brain reveal about getting it right when you have to and she is a blogger on Psychology Today.
In addition to checking out her blog, read more about her research on math anxiety in my post, “Smart first graders choke on math anxiety: How to nip it in the bud.”
To read the original study that presented an IQ test as a set of puzzles, see:
Brown RP and Ray EA 2006. The difference isn't black and white: stereotype threat and the race gap on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices. J Appl Psychol. 91(4):979-85.
Teaser image of pensive girl by Alessandro Pucci | <urn:uuid:5dae4a54-ff94-436c-b225-abd0cc600757> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/making-humans/201211/can-we-outsmart-our-painful-performance-anxieties | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701161942.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193921-00178-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958848 | 1,268 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Earthquakes are not considered a serious threat by many North Carolinians, although dozens of earthquakes have been recorded in the state since 1755. An earthquake may be defined as a shaking or trembling of the earth's crust. The modern theory of plate tectonics holds that the surface of the earth, or lithosphere, is composed of a dozen or so rigid plates moving slowly on a much softer layer of mantle, known as the asthenosphere. The friction between these plates is immense, and as they move against one another they sometimes get stuck; stress builds up, and when the plates are finally released an earthquake results.
Interestingly, North Carolina falls within an "intraplate zone," an area that should, according to the theory of plate tectonics, remain relatively free of earthquakes. As a consequence, the more than two centuries of earthquake activity observed in North Carolina (more than 80 events by most accounts) are not easy for students of the plate tectonics theory to explain. Certain areas of the state, such as the Blue Ridge escarpment, are apparently more seismic than others, although active faults have proven difficult to identify.
Fortunately, most of the state's earthquakes have been fairly mild, causing little if any damage. Had they been measured, they likely would have registered somewhere between 2.0 and 3.0 on the Richter scale. The most serious quake to affect North Carolina in modern times was the great Charleston, S.C., quake of 31 Aug. 1886. Estimates have placed it at 7.7 on the Richter scale, although it would have registered much more weakly in North Carolina. It was felt throughout the state, toppling numerous chimneys and cracking walls but causing no deaths or injuries. The very strong New Madrid, Mo., quakes of 1811 and 1812 were also felt throughout North Carolina.
The most important earthquakes to have epicenters within the borders of North Carolina were those of 21 Feb. 1916, 20 Oct. 1924, and 2 Nov. 1928. Their effects were concentrated in western North Carolina, and no significant damage was reported. North Carolina's most notorious earthquakes also took place in the western part of the state. From February through June 1874 the present-day Lake Lure area was rocked by a series of as many as 100 mild shocks. Their epicenter was a mountain that later came to be known as Rumbling Bald Mountain. Although mild in intensity, the quakes received national attention. Some even speculated that North Carolina had an active volcano on its hands, although nothing materialized.
A seismograph has been in place at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill since 1953, and earthquake activity in the state has been continuously recorded ever since. Research continues on the seismicity of the region, especially as pertains to the Charleston events of 1886. The current understanding of earthquake phenomena in North Carolina does not preclude the possibility of a severe and unprecedented event causing serious damage and great loss of life. In 1988 Robert Ketter, director of the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research at the State University of New York at Buffalo, predicted that a major earthquake would occur in the eastern United States by the year 2010, though little attention has been paid to earthquake-resistant buildings and preparedness in this area.
Gerald R. MacCarthy, "An Annotated List of North Carolina Earthquakes," Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society Journal 73 (1957).
L. Seeber and J. G. Armbruster, "The 1886-1889 Aftershocks of the Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake: A Widespread Burst of Seismicity," Journal of Geophysical Research 92 (1987).
North Carolina Earthquake Information, USGS: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/index.php?regionID=33
North Carolina Geologic Survey, Earthquake Epicenters: http://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/haz/quake.htm
Harper's Weekly illustration from 11 Apr. 1874 showing terrified settlers outside their home on Bald Mountain in Rutherford County during one of the earthquakes that struck the area during the first half of that year. North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library.
Charleston, South Carolina Earthquake of 1886. Image courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey. Available from http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1886_09_01.php (accessed September 24, 2012).
1 January 2006 | Cole, J. Timothy | <urn:uuid:0b3a5cc4-a47b-493e-9bf8-953eb0191f5a> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://ncpedia.org/node/2381 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257829325.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071029-00041-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963155 | 938 | 4.40625 | 4 |
Having concluded our study of Israel’s wars in class, we were now to go out into the field to get a better idea of the story behind the 1948 Israeli War of Independence, the longest and most difficult war that has been fought in Israel’s history, with 1% of the population killed in action. Although we have been touching on the wars in our tours around the country, these two trips are dedicated to two of the most serious fronts of the war: the road to Jerusalem and then the south of the country. Both Jerusalem and the south were cut off from the rest of the country and were effectively put under siege; difficult and costly battles were fought to break through. Today’s tour was dedicated to the road to Jerusalem in 1948; next week we shall explore the Southern Front.
We began our day near the small village of Shoresh, just off route 1, in the Masrek Nature Reserve. Hiking along the ridge, we reached a viewpoint over Shaar Hagay, known by many by its Arabic name, Bab-el-Wad. Both translate as ‘the Gate of the Valley’. Here, the road to Jerusalem ascends through a narrow gorge. Our guide explained that the local Arabs soon realised it would be more effective to lay siege to Jewish population areas rather than to attack them outright, with many key roads passing through areas of large Arab population. This area of the Jerusalem road was particularly vulnerable with its steep ascent causing supply lorries to struggle along at around 10km/h, sitting ducks for the assembled forces on the slopes of the valley.
The Israelis tried many different methods to break through – using convoys, then adding primitive armour to their trucks. But they could still not break through. The viewpoint made it clear the huge challenge faced by these convoys. We read some witness accounts from drivers; they were absolutely terrified.
Leaving the viewpoint, we drove slightly further down route one to the Castel. This was the site of the first Arab village conquered by the Israeli forces in the war. It played an important role in the war, in terms of boosting morale, even though the site went on to exchange hands a couple of times before being finally conquered. Here the Israelis killed the commander of the local Arab forces when he was by chance shot by a sentry – another significant morale boost. At close to 800m above sea level, this was an important vantage point on the Jerusalem road.
The site was still covered in a deep blanket of snow from the previous weekend, when Israel had suffered its worst storms in over 100 years. The snow had by now hardened but this was not going to stop Israelis from enjoying its novelty – there were plenty of kids frolicking around and a fair amount of adults also!
Turning back on ourselves, we made a short stop at the Kiriat Anavim cemetery. It seemed that we were the first to visit since the stop and there was still a lot of snow here also. Trees also lay all over the place, blown over by the strong winds. This is the cemetery of the Harel Brigade, part of the Palmach, who were responsible for fighting the battle to open and protect the road to Jerusalem. They suffered the heaviest losses of any part of the nascent IDF in the war; one third of the brigade was killed. We heard the stories of some of their most famous fallen, and reflected on the tragic losses of this period.
Continuing north, we stopped at the Memorial for the Armoured Corps (Yad Lashiryon) at Latrun. Now also a museum for tanks (which they claim has the biggest variety of tanks of any collection in the world), we learned about the formation of the Israeli armoured corps in order to try to take this hilltop in the 1948 war. Here was a former British fortress, and taking it was essential in order to control the road to Jerusalem. Unfortunately the Arabs had also realised this and from May 1948 the area was swarming with soldiers of the Jordanian Arab Legion, the best trained soldiers in the region. We had a quick tour of some of the tanks and visited the memorial, designed by the famous sculptor Danny Caravan.
The Israelis fought five battles for Latrun, all of them tragic failures. Realising the futility of further attacks, they ingeniously built a by-pass around the area (and also that of the problematic Shaar HaGay). As they copied a technique used by the British in the East, this new route was known as the Burma Road. We relocated to a viewpoint near Neve Shalom whence we could better understand how the battles played out, and also the location of the Burma Road. With the construction of this new route, the siege of Jerusalem was broken, and later a new road was built connecting the area just west of Latrun with the area of Shoresh. With the Latrun and Shaar Hagay area remaining under Jordanian control until 1967, this became the road to Jerusalem in the interim.
The siege of Jerusalem was lifted, and now the forces could focus on the Jewish areas cut off by the Egyptians in the south. More on that to come after our next field trip… | <urn:uuid:436ddc4f-aad4-4841-a3d5-7f18c0cadc16> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://myisraeliguide.com/tag/yad-leshiryon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530100.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421000555-20190421021619-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.982406 | 1,056 | 3.171875 | 3 |
During our board’s Safety Week, we extend our appreciation to our community partners York Region Police. This is a good time for parents to remind their children about pedestrian safety.
York Regional Police have provided the following safety tips on their website to help keep students safe on their way to and from school:
- Walk on available sidewalks
- Always cross at intersections
- Obey crossing guards
- Stop before stepping into roadways
- Be visible and indicate crossing intentions
- Look and listen for traffic in all directions
- Make eye contact with drivers
- Cross safely when the roadway is clear
- Walk … do not run or cycle across roads
- If possible use the buddy system .
For more information, visit www.yrp.ca. | <urn:uuid:a0f38de7-6fa3-45f9-86d4-2ed8913157a0> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://rmpsyr.com/2015/10/01/safety-in-our-community-yrp-shares-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143815.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218210853-20200219000853-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.912196 | 155 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A list of student-submitted discussion questions for Weather versus Climate.
To increase reading comprehension, activate prior knowledge, develop collaboration and communication with peers, and determine how key vocabulary words relate to one another using Text Scan.
To organize information and provide a visual representation and summary that identifies the differences and similarities between two topics using a Venn Diagram.
This study guide summarizes the key points of Weather versus Climate. You can download and customize it to suit your needs and study habits.
These flashcards help you study important terms and vocabulary from Weather versus Climate. | <urn:uuid:50770628-d48d-455f-b76e-984e19e0917f> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.ck12.org/earth-science/Weather-versus-Climate/?difficulty=at%20grade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422119446463.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124171046-00100-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.82869 | 115 | 3.359375 | 3 |
However, he thinks libraries are much more important than colleges and universities. Bradbury began to publish science fiction stories in fanzines in 1938.He became a full-time writer by the end of 1942. His first collection of short stories, Dark Carnival, was published in 1947. Many of Bradbury's works have been adapted into TV shows or films and he is particularly known for his novel Fahrenheit 451. The veldt was published originally as “The Word the Children Made” in The Saturday Evening post and later republished in “The illustrated man” in 1951. The rise in the popularity of T.
V. had a direct influence on “The Veldt. At the time the story was written, many American families were acquiring their first television sets, and no one was sure exactly how this new technology would impact the relationships among family members and this fear is reflected in “The Veldt”. Characters George Hadley: is the father of the family Hadley and also one of the protagonists of the story he can be considerate as a round character. At the beginning of the story we know he is in admiration whit all the things technology can do.He can’t imagine his life without the happy-life home. He seems to work a lot because he wants the best things for his kids however all during the story we will notice that his opinion about the technology will change.
Lydia Hadley: Is his wife and she can also be considerate as a protagonist in this story. She is also well described we know her feelings thought the dialogs and we have a good idea of her personality and her values. The way she acts let us know she don’t fell comfortable whit all that technology. Wendy and Peter are Mr. and Mrs. Hadley kids and they are also the antagonist of the story.Bradbury will give us a physical description of the kids but they are less described than their parents, probably because they just appear at the middle of the story.
They can both be considerate as flats characters even if Peter is more describe than Wendy. Peter really makes us understand that there is a conflict between the kids and the parents through the actions he makes and the things he said. David McClean: is the psychologist George Hadley will call. He is not a major character in the story and we can consider him also as a flat character. He will try to help Mr. and Mrs.Hadley to resolve the problem they have with their kids and the nursery.
The nursery: I think the nursery is almost like a character. The nursery is probably more important for the kids than their own parents and they consider it like something alive. The nursery will act at the and against Mr. and Mrs. Hadley so it can be considerate also like an antagonist of the story. Summary This is the story of Lydia and George Hadley and their two kids, Wendy and Peter. They live in a Happy-life Home.
The house does everything for the family.It dresses them, brushes their teeth and cooks the food. The house also contains a high-tech nursery. Is the heart of the house, a new technology that is able to read the mind of the person in the room and project it on to the walls. It feels real in almost every way, including smell and sound. One day George and Lydia realize that something is wrong with the nursery. It appears to be stuck in an African setting, whit lions hunting and killing.
They have been hearing strange screams and they do not understand why their children would be concerned with Africa or with death. George and Lydia will decide to call a psychologist.The psychologist David McClean will suggest them to turn off the room and the house, and leave. But before turning off the nursery the children asked their pa rents for one last nursery visit. After a few minutes the kids will call George and Lydia and when they will enter in the nursery to see what was happening the children will lock them in. It seems quite clear that the children are more connected to the house than they are their own parents. At this moment we understand that besides the African setting, George and Lydia find personal recreations of their belongings in the nursery.
Structural analysis . At the beginning of the story we have a description of the situation. We know the story happens in the future. We know there is a family who lives in a mechanical house but the situation is normal and realistic. The complication in this story will be the nursery because it seems to be stuck in an African setting. it will create a real conflict between the nursery and the parents and also between the kids and the parents because they are actually the ones who create that African veldt. The tension increase during the story when for example, Mr.
nd Mrs. Hadley heir screams coming from the nursery, when they saw the nursery door trembling as if something had jumped from the other side, when Gorge realized he had forgotten to lock the nursery door or when they find George’s wallet with drops of saliva and blood smears. And even if Mr. and Mrs. Hadley will try to resolve the problem for example calling the psychologist they will not be able. The climax of the story occurs when the kids lock their parents in the nursery. We will see that there is no a happy ending but just the kids acting like if nothing had appended.
Foreshadowing Bradbury uses foreshadowing when George and Lydia Hadley are in bed and they hear screams coming from the nursery. Lydia comments, “Those screams—they sound familiar. ” ( page 116 paragraph 146) Later, the reader realizes that the screams sound familiar to Lydia because they are actually her screams and those of her husband. (170) Peter will said to his father when they are talking about turning off the nursery “ I don’t think you’d better consider it anymore, Father” because he know his father will be kill by the African veldt if try to turned off.Flashbacks We know kids had some problems whit their parents a few months ago. “They had been acting funny ever since you forbade them to take the rocket to New York a few months ago. ”(136) we know also George close the nursery because kids did not make their homework (199) and Lydia notice kids have been cool toward her and her husband since all that happen.
So the reader know that kids have some reasons to be in conflict with their parents and they can anticipate that they will maybe do something to their parents. Setting the setting of the veldt is external and very general. The action of this story occurs in two places in the happy-life home and in the nursery. The nursery is a very fictional place where they are disconnected whit reality and the happy-life home it’s the place where the live the reality but thought technology.Obviously everything happen in the future, we don’t have an exactly date or year but we can understand by the technology that it is in a far future. Style “The Veldt” has a very high level of concreteness. Bradbury uses a lot of description and dialogue to make the reader imagine the story.
He make us discover the African veldt through specific descriptive passages such as “The hot straw smell of lion grass, the cool green smell of the hidden water hole, the great rusty smell of animals, the smell of dust like a red paprika in the hot air. Or “And here were the lions now, fifteen feet away, so real, so feverishly and startlingly real that you could feel the prickling fur on your hand, and your moth was stuffed with the dusty upholstery smell of their heated pelts, and the yellow of them was in your eyes like the yellow of an exquisite French tapestry, the yellows of lions and summer grass, and the sound of the matted lion lungs exhaling on the silent noontide, and the smell of meat from the panting dripping mouths. ” (29) The descriptions create a sensory atmosphere. The ambience lets the reader know that there is a good possibility that something terrible might happen.Because Bradbury will use a lot of dark words like: scream,(24) terrible green-yellow eyes, blood (66) death (66), murder in the heat (72) blood smears (122) terrible screaming (181) persecuted (207) to die (216) dead bodies (230)kill everything ( 231) There are also a lot of repetition for example all during the story we will find “this is a little to real” (15) so real (29)”they look real” (37) it’s too real (38) a bit too real (72) the lions look real (208) so the repetition creates in the reader mind the idea of maybe all what happens in the nursery is real. SimileBradbury uses similes throughout “The Veldt”. For example, when George is in the nursery and the door is opened he said the can see his wife far down the dark and she is like a framed picture.
Or when Wendy walks to the nursery and “The home lights followed her like a flock of fireflies”. Bradbury will also use similes to increase the tension in the story. After George Hadley turns off the house, he writes, “It felt like a mechanical cemetery. ”(page 118 paragraph 230) This description provides a clear image of the association of technology and death. Personification n the text we will also see a personification of the nursery and the house because Bradbury attributes emotions to these inanimate objects, “‘I don’t imagine the room will like being turned off,’ said the father. ‘Nothing likes to die—even a room. I wonder if it hates me for wanting to switch it off? ”(Page 117-118 paragraphs 215-217) and we will see also that Peter talks to the house and the nursery like if the house could heir hi and to whatever he said.
“Don’t let Father kill everything” (231) and “don’t let them switch off the nursery and the house” (256) | <urn:uuid:b4a03f6d-fa72-4447-a2bc-47503efbfd91> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://innovisops.com/essay/the-veldt-158459 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515501.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517031843-20220517061843-00710.warc.gz | en | 0.971954 | 2,122 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Calcium is one of the most important minerals for your turtle’s health. A lack of it can cause quite a few health problems. Here’s what you need to do know about turtles and calcium.
Do Turtles Need Calcium?
Turtles absolutely need calcium. Consuming enough calcium is one of the most important things a turtle needs to do in order to stay healthy. Contrary to what you may think, captive turtles are usually the ones that suffer the most from a calcium deficiency as opposed to those in the wild, which generally manage to get enough calcium through their diet one way or another.
Although your turtle needs a wide-range of vitamins and minerals, there are 3 that are of particular importance:
- Vitamin D3
All 3 of these vitamins and minerals are interlinked and play an important role in your turtle’s health. Basically:
- Turtles need calcium for their bones, shell as well as muscular function (and more).
- Phosphorous is needed for their bones and shells as well.
- The vitamin D3 (which their body creates when they receive UV-B light) is needed for turtles to absorb the calcium they ingest.
How To Give Turtles Calcium?
If you feed your turtle a variety of vegetables, protein pellets and some snacks such as ghost fish or shrimp every now and again, chances are your turtle is getting everything it needs.
Except for calcium.
Turtles need quite a bit of this stuff, and there is a good chance that your turtle isn’t getting enough.
Here is how to ensure that your turtle will get enough.
Calcium Release Blocks
The easiest way to give your turtles calcium is with a Slow-Release Calcium Block. All you have to do is stick the block in the water and that’s it. It also helps condition the water. You can click the photo below for more info.
Turtles And Kale
Any meat that your turtle eats will contain calcium, but for most turtles, they probably won’t get enough of it just from protein sources alone. Leafy green vegetables and kale, in particular, are chock full of calcium. Most red-eared sliders seem to love the stuff. Ideally, vegetables such as these should be given or fed on a daily basis.
Turtles And Crayfish
Crayfish should not be fed daily to turtles, but they are great sources of calcium, as is any other crustacean with its shell intact. Other sources of calcium-rich food are roaches and crickets, but you’ll need to use a calcium supplement with those. Earthworms are often advised as well, however, they are very fatty, so should be given sparingly in my opinion.
Turtle Feeder Fish
In my opinion, the most popular types of feeder fish for turtles, such as fathead minnows, can be dangerous for turtles, as they either offer low nutritional value or contain thiamine.
However, some species can certainly boost your pet’s calcium level. In particular: killifish, guppies, mosquitofish, bluegills, bass, and guppies. All of those are good, especially if they have been raised in outdoor ponds or lakes where they were able to consume insects and other foods full of calcium.
One of the easiest methods to increase your turtle’s calcium is to provide a calcium supplement. A phosphorus-free calcium supplement in particular.
As this is usually a powder, most pet owners don’t know how to give this to aquatic turtles, because if you simply sprinkle it on their pellets, and then put the pellets into the water, all that calcium will just dissolve and disappear into the water.
The correct method is this:
- Put your turtle’s food into a plastic bag.
- Add a bit of water to the food, just enough to get it moist, but not enough to start dissolving it.
- Add a few scoops from a calcium supplement.
- Shake the bag around to get the calcium INTO the pellets and then let it dry.
- Feed your turtle.
This will keep the calcium stuck to the food when you put it into the water. At least long enough until your turtle eats it.
How often should you provide a calcium supplement such as this?
For a fully-grown turtle, once a week should be perfectly sufficient. If you have a tortoise, you should check out the best calcium supplements for tortoise.
Turtles And Cuttlebone
A cuttlebone is a white, chalky shell that pet owners give to their birds to nibble and peck at in order to boost their calcium intake. What a lot of owners do is to break the hard-backing off (turtles can choke on this part) of the cuttlebone, and either toss the entire thing in or drop a piece or two in and let the turtles nibble on them.
These are some of the absolute best calcium supplements to give to aquatic turtles for a few reasons:
- The turtles can nibble and peck at them as often or as little as they want when they want.
- They are extremely easy to prepare. You literally just drop them into the tank.
- They usually last a while, at least a week or 2.
You can buy a cuttlebone here.
There are a few downsides, however:
- Some turtles are quite picky and won’t touch them.
- If left uneaten, it can fall to the bottom and dissolve in the tank, leaving your tank cloudy or with bits of calcium floating around.
My advice would be to at least try one. They are very inexpensive and if your turtle doesn’t like it, you can use the calcium powder method above instead.
Best Calcium Supplement For Turtles
My favorite calcium supplement is:
- Zoo Med Turtle Bone (click to learn more on Amazon) – This is my favorite calcium supplement for aquatic turtles. They are designed for turtles, and most aquatic species love to nibble on them as a source of calcium. The downside is that in some tanks, bits and pieces will fall to the bottom and may cloud your tank.
There are other calcium supplements, such as tablets or blocks that you drop into your tank, let dissolve and the calcium is then absorbed into your turtle’s skin and shell. However, I have read a lot of conflicting information as to whether this is an effective form of supplementation.
Since the jury is still out, I would simply stick to the above-listed calcium boosting foods and supplements.
Now that you know why calcium is important, this naturally begs the next question:
How Much Calcium Do Turtles Need?
In A Study of Calcium Requirements of Red-eared Slider Turtle from the Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 24 red-eared sliders were fed different amounts of calcium each day. At the end of the study, the authors recommended that about 2% of a red-eared slider’s calcium diet should be made up of calcium per day.
So, how do you go about making sure that 2% of your turtle’s daily intake is calcium?
The best way to answer this question, in my opinion, is this:
To offer your turtle foods rich in calcium as well as a calcium supplement and if your turtle is showing signs of a calcium deficiency, it means your turtle isn’t getting enough in its diet.
Turtle Calcium Deficiency
A lot of turtle owners believe that their pets will receive enough calcium simply through their diet.
In my experience, most people are probably not giving their turtles enough.
The problem with this is that it is extremely difficult, if not nearly impossible, to know for certain just how many milligrams of calcium your turtle needs. Far better to simply provide foods rich in calcium as well as a supplement and watch for signals of calcium deficiency.
Here is how to do this. If your turtle doesn’t receive and metabolize enough calcium over a long enough period of time, it will develop metabolic bone disease. The symptoms are:
- Swimming or walking awkwardly
- Lack of appetite
- Turtle shell pyramiding (where the scutes start to develop strangely, resembling a pyramid)
- A soft or rubbery shell
- Swollen areas or lumps on the head
It is also important to feed a tortoise a lot of calcium to prevent pyramiding in their tortoise shell.
Both pyramiding and MBD can also be cause by regularly feeding your turtle fish food.
Metabolic bone disease isn’t the only thing however that you need to watch for.
Problems Associated With A Lack of Calcium
Calcium-deprived turtles can also develop anorexia. This happens because calcium is needed not just for a turtle’s shell and bones, but also to properly contract its muscles. Without enough calcium, the muscles and digestive process in a turtle’s gut slow down, and the turtle begins to eat less and less. Eventually, significant weight is lost.
In hatchlings, turtles can develop a type of condition where their shell does not develop properly due to a lack of calcium. What will happen is their shell will develop abnormally, as in, it could be lopsided or uneven. In pregnant turtles, a lack of calcium can lead to her being egg-bound, which means that she is unable to move her eggs outside of her body.
Now that you know calcium is critical for a turtle’s health, I want to explain just how to give it to your pet.
How Do Turtles Get Calcium In The Wild?
Most wild turtles are able to get enough calcium through the consumption of certain wild plants, vegetables, and insects. Usually, they aren’t quite quick or agile enough to chomp down on fast-moving fish or crayfish.
A common perception among pet owners is that their diet in captivity is much better than what they would get in the wild. And while that may be true for most pets, I have found that it isn’t often the case for turtles.
Most turtle species are carnivorous opportunists masquerading as omnivores. What this means is that most turtle species much on plants, vegetation and easy to capture insects and other prey, but will jump at the chance to eat a crayfish, shrimp or fish.
Basically, they will try to eat anything. Especially anything that moves.
Because of this, a lot of pet owners mistakenly believe that because their turtle jumps at the chance to munch on something (usually pellets), that that is all it needs.
And while pellets have a lot of minerals, vitamins, and nutrients. Pellets by themselves aren’t enough.
Remember when I said that there are 3 vitamins and minerals in particular that turtles need?
- Vitamin D3
What Do Wild Turtles Eat?
In the wild, turtles don’t simply eat one type of food. They don’t just munch on kale. Or turtle pellets.
Instead, they consume a wide variety of plants, vegetation, insects and other easy-to-catch prey. That, combined with them receiving enough vitamin D3 through basking, as well as the fact that they often are able to ingest enough phosphorous through plants and vegetables, means that a lot of wild turtles actually have a fairly nutritious diet.
On the other hand, even if you are offering your pet turtle enough calcium, it may not actually be metabolizing the calcium it does receives for 2 primary reasons:
- Your turtle isn’t receiving UV-B rays.
- Your turtle is consuming too much phosphorus relative to the amount of calcium it is receiving.
The first cause is easy to solve. Get a UV-B producing bulb, make sure you set-up the proper distance and temperature, and let your turtle bask.
The second problem is also rather easy to fix. Use a phosphorus-free calcium supplement or a Turtle Bone. This will ensure that your turtle’s calcium level always exceeds its phosphorus level.
Ideally, the calcium to phosphorus ratio in your turtle’s diet should be somewhere between 1:1 to 2:1 (2 parts of calcium for every 1 part of phosphorus).
Although phosphorus is a critical mineral, it binds to calcium and doesn’t let it fully absorb inside turtles’ bodies. This is why you always want to keep your turtle’s calcium level above its phosphorus level.
- Turtles absolutely need calcium in order to be healthy, along with phosphorus and vitamin D3.
- If a turtle is deprived of calcium long enough, it can eventually develop metabolic bone disease.
- The best way to ensure that your turtle is receiving enough calcium is through offering things such as kale, the occasional crayfish and feeder fish but more importantly, a calcium supplement such as a Turtle Bone or cuttlebone.
- Without access to UV-B light, your turtle’s calcium supplement intake will be largely wasted. | <urn:uuid:509bf3e5-84ab-47cf-8b3a-79d715a41fc1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.turtleholic.com/turtles-need-calcium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402105054-20230402135054-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.951118 | 2,743 | 3.4375 | 3 |
"Explanations" of Male Dominance
To explain the origins of female subordination we need a theory that accounts for the control of women's work by men.
Published in 1986, Women's Work, Men's Property: The Origins of Gender and Class, edited by Stephanie Coontz and Peta Henderson, comprises five essays by a group of French and American feminist historians and anthropologists, in search of the sociohistorical basis of gender inequality. The editors' introduction, reproduced below, surveys previous efforts — anthropological, sociobiological, psychological, and historical — to exhume the origin of male dominance before outlining the conclusions of their own study.
Male dominance is one of the earliest known and most widespread forms of inequality in human history. To some, the very idea of a book on the origins of sexual inequality is absurd. Male dominance seems to them a universal, if not inevitable, relationship that has been with us since the dawn of our species. A growing body of evidence and theory, however, suggests that this is not the case, and a number of scholars have begun to address the issue of male dominance as a historical phenomenon, grounded in a specific set of circumstances rather than flowing from some universal aspect of human nature or culture. The essays in this volume offer differing perspectives on the development of sex role differentiation and sexual inequality (the two are by no means identical), but share a belief that these phenomena did have origins, and that these must be sought in sociohistorical events and processes. Before turning to these theories, we would like critically to review some of the alternative explanations of sexual inequality.
A starting point for many theories of gender inequality is the assumption that biology is destiny: the roles men and women play in society, and the different privileges attached to these roles, are said to be fundamentally determined by our genes, which are in turn the product of natural selection. One common approach within this general framework of biological reductionism is to explain human sex role patterns and inequalities by reference to our primate heritage. The most popular model for this approach is the baboon. The scenario is as follows: Male baboons are twice as large as females; this sexual dimorphism (differentiation in secondary physical characteristics) is related to differences in both function and status; male size, strength, and aggression are adaptive traits for defending the troop and maintaining order within it, and a tight male dominance hierarchy also reproduces this aggression, the most dominant/ aggressive animal being the one that gets the greatest access to receptive females and to food. With minor differences in emphasis and use of evidence, a whole series of authors imply that male aggression and dominance (with their necessary accompaniment, female passivity or dependence) are therefore part of our genetic primate heritage. Male aggressive instincts are also said to have served early humans well in their role as "predators." 1[book-strip index="1" style="buy"]
There are a number of problems with this approach. In the first place, there is much more variability in primate behaviour than these authors admit. Some species are highly dimorphic; some are not. Mating patterns range from monogamy to promiscuity (by both males and females), while parenting and socialization behaviours are extraordinarily diverse among different species, or even in the same species under different environmental conditions. 2 Forest baboons, for example, are very different from the savannah baboons so beloved by the theorists cited above: "Aggression in general is very infrequent, and male dominance hierarchies are difficult to discern. Intertroop encounters are rare, and friendly. When the troop is startled . . . it flees, and, far from forming a rearguard, the males – being biggest and strongest — are frequently up the trees long before the females." 3 Adult females, far from being passive followers of the males, actually determine the direction and timing of troop movement. Similarly, chimpanzees, with whom humans share ninety-nine percent of our genes and from whom we may have diverged as little as five million years ago, are highly social animals who display a very low degree of male dominance, hierarchy, or aggression. 4
Where aggression and male dominance are found in primate groups, there is some question as to how much of this is natural and how much a response to stress. The male dominant savannah baboons live in game parks where predators and humans are concentrated in numbers far beyond those likely in aboriginal conditions. There is considerable evidence that such stressful circumstances, especially captivity, markedly increase hierarchy and aggression. Indeed, the noted researchers who filmed Baboon Social Organization (1963) only induced what they called "latent" dominance behaviour by artificial feeding, while forest baboons placed in cages and fed with clumps of food that had to be competed for showed a great increase in fighting, aggression, and dominance behaviour. 5 Is such behaviour natural or pathological? Many scholars now suggest that the normal behaviour patterns of our primate ancestors involved sharing and cooperation rather than aggression, male dominance, and competition. 6
Finally, there is little evidence that aggressive or dominant behaviour gives males privileged access to females, thus allowing them to pass on their supposedly more aggressive genes. 7 Gorillas and chimpanzees are not normally sexually aggressive and males tend to wait patiently for an oestrous female to make herself available. Among chimpanzees and orangutans, sex is usually initiated by the females, and their choices seem to have little to do with the males' rank.
Of course, the capacity for aggressive and dominant behaviour was undoubtedly an important part of primate survival, but this is not the same thing as having such behaviour determined by our genes. In general, research is demonstrating that the primates are capable of highly adaptive learning. Not only have chimpanzees been taught to talk (sign) and rhesus males to parent in captivity, 8 but increasingly sophisticated techniques of wildlife observation have shown primates to be capable of inventing new cooperative behaviours. 9 If primate behaviour is this plastic, it is only reasonable to suppose that plasticity is more pronounced in humans, whose much longer period of neotony (physical immaturity at birth) makes them almost totally dependent on learning.
A no less reductionist approach to the origins of gender inequality is found in the theories of sociobiology. 10 Starting from species (such as ants, bees, and slime moulds) that operate only by instinct and whose members cannot make individual decisions or even survive alone, sociobiologists have come to believe that certain behaviours are determined by the genes and selected because of their survival value for the species. Individuals are believed to be driven by their genes to maximize their "inclusive fitness"; they strive, that is, to maximize the number of their genes passed on to the next generation, even if this lessens their individual fitness. This explains why bees and ants engage in "suicidal" behaviour that ensures the survival of their group (and therefore, since all are related, the survival of more of their genes than if they had saved themselves at the expense of this group). Thus there is a genetic base for altruism, and such behaviour will be directed toward those to whom the organism is most closely related, with proportionately less investment in more distant kin or strangers. Applying these theories to humans, E.O.Wilson suggests that occasional examples of helpful behaviour toward non-related persons are explained by an additional concept that takes care of the residual cases: "reciprocal altruism." This suggests that sometimes individuals will act favourably toward unrelated people from whom they can expect an equivalent or more generous response at a later date. Such behaviour is said to be genetically programmed, and Wilson also speculates that there may be a genetic basis for a number of other traits that he alleges to be universal, including "spiteful intrigue," aggression, national chauvinism, female monogamy, male promiscuity, and the fact that humans "are absurdly easy to indoctrinate" since they "would rather believe than know." 11 Through this combined theory of "inclusive fitness," individual (Darwinian) fitness is translated into a theory of how cultures, rather than species, survive. Successful cultural behaviour is transmitted between generations and cultures through the genes.[book-strip index="2" style="buy"]
Predictably, sociobiologists assume a biological/genetic basis for the division of labour by sex, male dominance, and the double standard. The origins of sexual inequality are seen as an outcome of genetically programmed male behaviour derived from the species' hunting heritage and continuously selected for since by war and imperialism. According to Wilson:
In hunter-gatherer societies, men hunt and women stay at home. This strong bias persists in most agricultural and industrial Societies and, on that ground alone, appears to have a genetic origin. . . . My own guess is that the genetic bias is intense enough to cause a substantial division of labor even in the most free and most egalitarian societies. . . . Even with identical education and equal access to all professions, men are likely to continue to play a disproportionate role in political life, business, and science. 12
Thus sexual selection acting on the prehistoric division of labour by sex tends to create dominant, public-oriented males and passive, home-centred females. This is reinforced by the different genetic strategies required by males and females in order to maximize their inclusive fitness. Since males produce literally millions of sperm, any male has a better chance of fathering many individuals if he spreads his sperm widely rather than investing in a few children, who could be killed. There is thus a genetic base for male promiscuity. Females, on the other hand, can produce relatively few eggs over a lifetime. The sociobiologists thus argue that it is an adaptive genetic trait for females to desire a monogamous union. Women also, they assert, have a genetic bias toward concentrating their reproductive interest on men who are socially, economically, or educationally superior to them, as well as physically fit enough to provide for them and their children. Thus patterns of male domination and female subordination, as well as the sexual double standard, are seen as an outcome of genetically determined mate selection.
The fundamental assumption of sociobiology is that "similar" behaviours are manifest in animals and humans (Wilson talks about ants having wars and slaves) and that they must therefore have similar origins (genetic programmes). This assumption suffers first of all from a confusion of analogy (similar traits due to similar functions) with homology (common genetic ancestry). 13 Even if we agree that there are behavioural similarities, this does not necessarily mean that there is a common genetic basis. As Richard Lewontin, specialist in population genetics at Harvard, notes: "Certainly the fact that all human societies cook is a result of their genes, not because they have genes for cooking but because they have genes for solving problems in their world." 14 Sociobiologists, moreover, draw very sloppy analogies between distinct animal and human behaviours, projecting anthropomorphic motivations onto animals, who are said to exhibit "xenophobia," "altruism" and "spite." 15 Since these "traits" in animals have demonstrable genetic links, it is argued that they must have in humans as well. The logic is circular. Since "the outcome of the model is determined by the assumptions underlying the model," 16 the possibility that there can be a cultural, as opposed to a genetic, explanation for similar behaviours is "systematically excluded." 17
Furthermore, like the other biologically determinist theories, sociobiology tends to ignore the variability that exists among cultural systems and cultural behaviour. As one critic has shown, 18 nowhere do people actually behave in the manner predicted. For one thing, it is well known that in societies based on kinship as an organizing principle, expediency rather than actual blood relationship dictates the interactions between individuals. Through the fiction of adoption, complete strangers are assimilated into the group and treated as if they were brothers, sisters, aunts, uncles, etc. Although mutual aid is certainly a factor in most relationships between people, genetic relatedness is clearly not the primary factor in such kinship systems. Among the Trobriand Islanders, for example, a sister's son has more rights to a man's goods than his own son, though his own son carries more of his genetic material. Among the Lakher of Southeast Asia, a child is considered related to his mother only by virtue of her marriage to his father. If they are divorced, the cooperation and interaction of mother and child cease. In some African and Native American tribes a woman becomes a female husband, and is considered the parent of the children her wife bears by various lovers. The child's loyalty is to the social, not the biological, parent. And in many societies, of course, loyalty and sharing extend far beyond the family.[book-strip index="3" style="buy"]
In answer to these criticisms, sociobiologists have recently attempted to explain cultural variability through the theory that genes and culture "co-evolve." 19 The implication of this theory is not simply that genes and culture interacted initially in the development of the human brain ("mind"), or even that cultural behaviour is limited and shaped by our biology (genes), both of which concepts are uncontroversial; what it purports to demonstrate is that even past and present differences among human cultures and behaviour have genetic origins. 20 This means that not only the aboriginal division of labour by sex, but also the variability found in male-female interactions throughout history today can be explained as outcomes of natural selection.
As various critics have shown, this theory is seriously flawed. 21 First, it rests on an inadequate knowledge of the precise relationship between our genetic structure (genotype) and our physical traits (phenotype), and of how these affect behaviour. 22 Genes are not the units of evolution and several genes, located on different chromosomes and acting in combination, influence the physical trait. Moreover, the mechanisms of inheritance are complex and poorly understood. Biologists are beginning to recognize that they are an outcome of the dialectical interaction of biology with environment. 23
The sociobiological theory of gene-culture "co-evolution" also depends on an inadequate conception of culture that sees it as being composed of a series of unitary traits ("culturgens") each of which evolves independently of the others "through populations by way of the adaptive force of natural selection." 24 According to this view, culture traits such as a particular ritual, or a conception of women as polluting, are an outcome of natural selection working through the particular populations and facilitating the survival of the group. Such an atomistic view fails to take account of culture as a system of interrelated traits. 25 Moreover it is, once again, a basically circular argument: if institutions survive they are adaptive; if they are adaptive they were selected for; therefore institutions that survive derive in some measure from genetics. It is an explanation that discounts the inventiveness of human minds and ignores the fact that lack of genetic programming is probably the most important adaptation humans have made. There is evidence from recent ecological research, for example, that rates of change in the incidence of genetically determined traits in a population are very low, and that it takes even longer for a trait to become established at the level of the group than in the case of individual selection. If it took genetic changes in a population to adapt to new circumstances, humans would probably have died out long ago. Most acquired cultural behaviour is thus likely not genetic even if it is adaptive. 26
In sum, although few would dispute that human behaviour is genetically constrained (humans can't fly without the aid of an aeroplane), sociobiological theory fails to provide a satisfactory demonstration that either similarities or differences in cultural behaviour can be explained by genetic determination. The evidence suggests only that the big brain provides the potential for problem-solving ability (such as the invention of the aeroplane), not the determination of specific behaviour (such as male promiscuity), however widespread its manifestations in time and place. 27
It is true, of course, that there are some readily visible physical differences between men and women that seem to a large degree genetic in origin, and some would argue that these mandate different roles and statuses for the sexes. In most (though not all) populations, the average male is taller than the average female, both at birth and after puberty, though the average difference between the sexes is a matter of inches, while the normal range of variation within each sex is more than two feet. Males are also heavier and seem to have greater physical strength, though again the variation among individuals of the same sex is far greater than the average variation between the sexes. But physical sexual dimorphism cannot explain the different roles of the sexes, and far less male dominance, as Leibowitz points out in this volume and elsewhere. 28 Although males tend to do the fighting in many primitive societies, women do as much "heavy" work as men, if not more. 29 Western history testifies, moreover, that the strongest workers and best warriors often serve the dominant members of society, who may be physically very weak. Among a group like the seventeenth century Iroquois, a strong emphasis on male physical prowess was fully compatible with a high position for women, and indeed there is little evidence that men in most foraging societies use either their strength or their weapons as a means of controlling women. 30
Some authors argue, however, that males are innately more aggressive than females. Although recent studies have repudiated the idea that there are significant sex differences in intellect, analytical powers, social skills, or personal motivation, there does seem to be a strong difference in physical aggression that appears at least as early as the kindergarten years. Some observers suggest that this is partly biological in origin. 32
Attempts to demonstrate a biological tendency toward aggression (as opposed to a biological capacity, which obviously exists) have centred on studies of hormones. High levels of the male hormone testosterone have been correlated with high levels of aggression, and injections of testosterone increase fighting behaviour in rats. But a hormonal explanation of sexual inequality is hardly admissible, since even in animals aggression does not guarantee dominance 33 and in many societies aggressive individuals are social outcasts or face severe sanctions. 34 In addition, cross-cultural studies show some important variations in rates of male aggression. Margaret Mead found that women among the Tchambuli were more aggressive than men, that women and men were equally fierce among the Mundugamor, and that neither men nor women were aggressive among the Arapesh. 35 The explanation for such variability can only be that socialization is more significant than hormones in determining appropriate behaviour among both men and women.
The explanation of social behaviour such as aggression by a single biological factor, moreover, reflects a central weakness of almost all biological determinism. The methodology of such reductionist theories generally involves introducing a disruption of the organism's normal functioning and then explaining the normal working of the organism by its response to the disturbance. The result "confuses the nature of the perturbation itself with the 'cause' of the system's normal functioning." 36 If, for example, injection of a hormone increases aggressive behaviour, it does not follow that the ordinary levels of that hormone in the animal cause its other aggressive behaviour. Thus, injections of the female hormone oestrogen also increase fighting behaviour in rats while injections of testosterone into the pre-optic area of a male rat's brain stimulate maternal nest-building behaviour.
Studies of humans do not show consistent correlations between hormone levels and aggression. 38 Even where correlations are found, it is unclear whether the aggression or the hormone level came first. When low dominance monkeys are placed with monkeys toward whom they can safely act aggressively, their testosterone levels go up; when they are returned to an established group to whom they must defer, their testosterone levels fall dramatically. 39
Even granting that hormone levels or other chemical changes in the body affect mood, the interpretation of that mood and the behaviour it "induces" depends upon the social environment. Researchers at Yerkes Primate Centre, for example, were able to locate an "aggression centre" in the brain of chimpanzees. When this was stimulated electrically in laboratory animals, increased fighting resulted. However, when this was done in monkeys who were released into the wild the result was increased grooming behaviour. 40 Similarly, people injected with adrenalin (the "fight or flight" chemical), but placed in a peaceful setting, displayed sociable behaviour. 41 As one of the pioneers in hormone research has concluded: "Hormones are often necessary but never sufficient cause for the occurrence of behaviour." 42
All human behaviour, of course, has a biological base, else it could not exist. But the dominance in humans of the cerebral cortex means that what we do with our biological capacities is almost entirely a matter of learning. The difference in aggression between boys and girls should be considered in light of the different socialization given them. Significantly, Sears, Maccoby, and Levin 43 found that the greatest parental distinctions between kindergarten boys and girls were made in the area of permitted aggression. Many studies have shown that people's sex role expectations determine their earliest assessment of infants' capacities and behaviours (even at one day old), creating differences where none can in fact be measured by any objective criteria, 44 and undoubtedly establishing a number of self-fulfilling prophecies. The vital impact of expectations can be seen in studies of persons born as hermaphrodites: in ninety-five percent of the cases the person's sexual identity and corresponding social behaviour depended not on actual genetic makeup but on the choice the parents had made in rearing the child as either male or female. This was true "even for those individuals whose sex of rearing contradicted their biological sex as determined by chromasomes, hormones, gonads, and the formation of the internal and external genitals." 45
We conclude that evidence is lacking for clearcut mental or temperamental differences between the sexes. Even where such differences may be established, it is by no means justified to assume, as most of these theories do, that a sex difference explains a sex inequality. This is a conceptual leap made by a number of other authors, who start from the fact that most societies do recognize and define different social and symbolic functions for the sexes. These authors argue that the origins of inequality lie not in naturally different abilities or temperaments, but in cultural attempts to explain or control women's central role in reproduction. Woman's biology does not make her weaker, less intelligent, or more submissive than man, but it does make her society's source of new members. According to this school of thought, cultures tend to interpret or organize motherhood in ways that accentuate differences between the sexes and lead to sexual assymetry. There are quite a number of variations on this theme, offering a cultural or symbolic explanation for gender inequality,
One such variation is the psychoanalytical interpretation that postulates a universal male fear of female reproductive powers. Starting from the fact that large numbers of primitive societies believe menstruating women to be dangerous to men and animals, proponents of this view argue that men fear and hence attempt to control female sexuality and reproduction. 46 One problem with this theory is that such beliefs have often been interpreted in a male biased and ethnocentric fashion, leaving the impression that women are unclean or evil instead of recognizing that certain substances, such as blood, are considered dangerous, whether shed by women or men. 47 Another problem is that some of the simplest foraging societies lack such beliefs altogether, while in other societies males try to imitate rather than avoid female reproductive practices. Elizabeth Zelman 48 has argued that female pollution beliefs validate extreme sex segregation while male rituals imitating female reproduction, such as the couvade, support a high degree of role flexibility. This suggests that fears about female sexuality and reproduction are less cause than symptom of social tensions in male-female relations. 49 A suggestive finding is reported by Raymond Kelly, who notes that pollution beliefs abound in areas of New Guinea where male power and prestige depend on female labour. 50[book-strip index="4" style="buy"]
A richer psychoanalytical perspective is taken by Nancy Chodorow, 51 who suggests that the primary role of women in bearing, nursing, and socializing children leads to a different psychological dynamic for each sex. Girls learn their gender identity by imitation of a particular, individual female, which leads them, she argues, to relate to others in a particularized and personalized way. They become more present-oriented and subjective than boys, who must learn to identify with a sex that is frequently absent and less accessible and who can only do so by learning an abstract male role. In the attempt to gain this "elusive" male identity, the boy tends to define himself as not-woman, repressing his own feminine qualities and denigrating femininity in general.
Although Chodorow perceptively analyzes the reproduction of sex roles in male dominant societies, her work does not really address the origins of male dominance, as she assumes much of what needs to be explained: for example, the confinement of women to a private domestic sphere cut off from the public sphere of male activity and authority. Even where women are primarily responsible for child care, however, and males do work away from the domestic arena, it does not follow, except in an already sexist society, that a boy should move from defining himself as not-woman to denigrating women in general; and it is even less logical that such childhood denigration (which females also frequently direct against males) could in and of itself produce the institutionalized subordination of adult women.
Another theory based on reproductive roles emphasizes symbolism rather than psychodynamics. Sherry Ortner 52 attempts to show how gender identification can lead to a denigration of adult women on the part of both sexes by arguing that women's biology and domestic role make her appear closer to nature. Nature, she argues, is in turn seen as lower than culture, so that women are perceived as lower in the social scale and subject to the restrictions that culture puts on both nature and the domestic unit. Other authors build on Ortner and Chodorow in suggesting that there is a "universal, structural opposition between domestic and public spheres" 53 that juxtaposes the fragmented, private interests of women to the higher universalistic and integrative activities of men. Men are concerned with collective affairs — politics, governance, and external relations — while women individually tend hearth and children. Ortner and Whitehead assert that "the sphere of social activity predominantly associated with males encompasses the sphere predominantly associated with females and is, for that reason, culturally accorded higher value." 54
Formulations such as those above, however, tend to impose a Western dualism and hierarchy that do not do justice to the complexity of other cultural behaviour and belief systems. In the first place, the association of women with nature and men with culture is far from universal. Many ancient societies had androgynous deities that reflected an integration of both male and female principles with natural and cultural forces. 55 Among the Mandan and the ancient Sumerians, the earth is a female symbol, but among the Iroquois and ancient Egyptians the sky — surely a transcendent symbol — is considered female. Among the Sherbro, children are considered close to nature, but both adult men and women are associated with culture. 56 Australian aborigines attribute such qualities as passivity, ferocity, and sweetness to membership in a kinship section rather than to gender. Sperm, incidentally, are thought to belong to a kin section designated as passive and associated with the moon, calm water, and temperate weather. 57
Not all societies, moreover, devalue nature. For the Haganers, the wild and domestic "are in an antithetical rather than a hierarchical, processual relationship. The . . . development of social consciousness in persons is not represented as culture transcending nature." 58 The adversary approach to nature is linked to the rise of state society, as is the idea that both women and nature are forces to be tamed. 59 The latter is an effect, not a cause, of male domination.
It is true that men tend to be associated with the political sphere in most societies where this sphere exists. The political arena, however, is not the only public arena in non-state societies, for many vital collective decisions are made within the domestic grouping. 60 The idea that politics is a higher social sphere derives from state societies where the political realm can coerce the domestic one. But a remarkably consistent aspect of simple societies is the fact that political leadership confers neither power nor prestige, and is frequently ignored by domestic groups. 61 It might be more reasonable to describe political affairs as peripheral in such societies rather than as paramount.[book-strip index="5" style="buy"]
Where male political activities do exert an important influence on wider social interactions, it is still not inevitable that males are exclusively associated with "integrative, universalistic sorts of concerns" 62 that give them prestige and/or power. Denise Paulme points out that in many African societies
. . . men never seem to conceive of ties other than those of kinship linked with common residence . . . whereas among women the mere fact of belonging to the same sex is enough to establish an active solidarity. An appeal addressed by a woman to other women will reach far beyond the boundaries of a single village, and a movement of revolt among women will always be a serious matter, even if its immediate cause should be of minor importance. 63
In nineteenth century America it was men who were stereotyped as rebels against (or refugees from) the social order, whose continuity was often represented by women. Men may also be associated with the destructive acts of war and personal rivalry. Among the Iroquois, men were more likely to engage in individualistic behaviour that required social control, while "feminine activities . . . coincided with the cooperative and pacific principles upon which the League was built." Indeed, it has been suggested that it is typically male-centred activities and organizational principles that are individuating, competitive, and fragmenting, while female ones are associated with integrative social concerns and cooperation. 65
To be sure, there is much ethnographic evidence that women are perceived as particularistic and fragmenting in many societies. Once again, however, this is likely to be not cause but consequence of processes in which female labour and reproduction are privately appropriated for the aims of male household heads — aims often called "social" but more appropriately labelled as clan or patriarchal family. Thus among the Haganers the view of women as particularistic, even anti-social, and men associal, corresponds to the fact that women change residence at marriage and cannot always be counted on to place the interests of their husbands' clan ahead of their own. 66
Attempts to explain women's low status by psychological or symbolic processes associated with female reproduction often provide insightful analyses into how male dominance is perpetuated and why male-female relations are so complex and fraught with tension. They help us understand the dynamics of sexual inequality in a way that the articles in this volume do not even attempt. Ultimately, however, they cannot explain the origins of gender inequality, as they assume universal psychological associations that do not withstand detailed examination. A seemingly more historical and materialist theory is presented by William Divale and Marvin Harris, 67 who believe that population pressure on resources, especially following the Neolithic Revolution (the transition from food collecting to food production; for example, horticulture and herding) led in an elaborate sequence of cause-effect to the subordination of women.
Divale and Harris assert "the existence of a pervasive institutional and ideological complex of male supremacy in band and village sociocultural systems. " 68 This complex includes patrilineal inheritance and descent, patrilocal residence, marriage by capture, polygamy, brideprice, postmarital sex restrictions on women, property rights in women, male secret societies, male age grades, men's houses, and a preference for male babies. What, they ask, are the origins of such a phenomenon? They suggest that the origins of the male supremacist complex lie in warfare, which places high value on male qualities and allows women to be used as rewards for male valour. Warfare, in turn, stemmed from population pressure, especially after the Neolithic Revolution resulted in a more sedentary life style and starchy diets, causing an increase in fertility. The most efficient way to limit population, in the absence of birth control, was to reduce the numbers of potential mothers through female infanticide. To justify killing female babies, however, the male supremacist complex outlined above was necessary. Warfare, "always" present in human societies, now became increasingly important to "sustain" the male supremacist complex. Warfare elevated maleness and allowed women, already in scarce supply due to infanticide, to be used as reward for male feats of war. This necessitated rearing females to be passive. In short, Divale and Harris argue that the subordination (devaluation) of women was necessary to justify female infanticide (required for population control), and that warfare functioned to sustain this system both by reinforcing "macho" values and by keeping the adult sex ratio somewhat in balance, through male deaths in battle.
In important ways, the argument advanced here seems to us to be circular. In this analysis, warfare arises to enforce female subordination; yet warfare also presupposes female subordination, in order for women to be used as rewards for male warriors. Warfare is a consequence of female infanticide, helping to create balanced sex ratios through the death of adult males; but it is also a cause for such infanticide, providing its main justification. One reads Divale and Harris in vain for an actual explanation of the origins of male domination and warfare. We only learn their supposed functions. But to say that a phenomenon sustains male dominance is not to say that it caused it. And the consequences of a male supremacist complex or of warfare should not be used to explain their origins. Equating the two, as functionalist theories like this do, allows the specific historical developments to be interpreted as inevitable, when in fact the question is why alternatives were not chosen.
Indeed, a major flaw in the argument of Divale and Harris is the assumption that the route of warfare and patrilineal organization was the most common or most successful path for Palaeolithic and Neolithic societies. Their sample of band societies is drawn mostly from twentieth century ethnographies of collecting economies severely influenced by Western culture and imperatives; it undoubtedly distorts our concept of the nature of Palaeolithic band and Neolithic village society. Thus the prevalence of warfare asserted in their Table IX (p.532) is a likely consequence of the heightening of cultural stress due to capitalist penetration in many areas of the world in this century. For example, Napoleon Chagnon, the original ethnographer of that prototypical macho' and warlike society, the South American Yanomamo, suggests that warfare was a recent introduction, and this view has been corroborated by other researchers. 69 Similarly, in asserting the predominance of patrilineality, Divale and Harris fail to acknowledge recent research questioning the model of the "patrilineal band" and suggesting, rather, that in many instances collecting societies have a highly flexible bilateral organization which allows men and women to choose their place of residence according to circumstances, and to move freely between groups. The Bushman band, for example, has at its core a group of related brothers and sisters, but its membership is highly variable and fluctuates according to seasonal conditions. 70 The patrilineal band that features in twentieth century ethnographies may well have been introduced by trade and colonialism. 71
A more historically oriented study comes to quite different conclusions, showing that warfare is frequent in only eight per cent of hunting and gathering Societies, becoming more common in advanced horticultural systems but only "endemic" in the early agrarian states. 72 The archaeological record suggests that high levels of warfare did not follow the adoption of horticulture or agriculture per se, but developed only after the evolution of complex sociopolitical systems. 73 Catal Huyuk, one of the best-documented examples of an early Neolithic urban settlement, was notably free of defensive structures. 74
Furthermore, the precise relationship between warfare, food production, and population growth is highly controversial. 75 Divale and Harris cite only their own work as evidence for the assertion that warfare in band and village societies "represents a systematic attempt to achieve stationary or near stationary populations." 76 There is little evidence of endemic population pressures in Palaeolithic society and no reason to think that early Neolithic cultures would have accelerated any problem that did exist. Indeed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, one might assume that improved farming techniques might have eased population pressures in some areas.
In short, this "theory" of the origins of male dominance is unsatisfactory at all levels of analysis. Even if we accept the assumption that population increase was the problem faced by Palaeolithic and Neolithic societies, we would question first whether female infanticide was the only solution. It is well known that pre-industrial cultures have many artificial means of controlling births, apart from infanticide. 77 Second, supposing a cultural need for female infanticide, why was it necessary to devalue adult women in the process of constructing such an elaborate complex of institutions and ideology? Many primitive societies abandon the aged and infirm without faltering in their extreme respect for old age. 78 We suggest that "the male Supremacist complex" arose under specific historical conditions interacting with particular types of social structures, not as a mechanical solution to justify killing female babies. (Indeed, one could as easily read the evidence presented by Divale and Harris to show that female infanticide arose to balance out deaths from warfare, though we decline to use the same mechanical approach even in reverse.) We must look elsewhere for an explanation of the historical evidence for increasing male dominance in advanced horticultural and early state societies.
A more complex theory purporting to explain that evidence is offered by Parker and Parker. 79 They propose that the early development of differential power and prestige for men was as reward for male risk-taking (in hunting, warfare, and so on), and that this was reinforced and intensified by technological developments in the first complex societies. The Parkers believe that human biology and sexual dimorphism predisposed men and women to play certain roles in the division of labour. They characterize the male role as involving men in work requiring greater physical strength, high levels of risk and danger, mobility, cooperation, and technological skill — in short, a combination of brains and brawn. 80 Women, on the other hand, tended to engage in activities that involved less danger and mobility, required less concentration or skills, and were more easily interruptable and substitutable. 81 While not saying that the tasks were intrinsically unequal in the sense that one sex made a more important contribution than the other, the Parkers believe that throughout most of history men have been asked to make consistently more difficult and risky contributions (p.299). The requirements of male tasks, combined with a biopsychologically-based male vulnerability (greater susceptibility to disease, death, and so on) resulted in a situation where the male labour supply was relatively costly and inelastic (not easily substitutable). In order to induce males to come forward in adequate numbers and with the requisite skills to perform the social tasks needed by an increasingly complex socioeconomic system, it was necessary to devise some sort of reward. Thus the 'myth of male dominance' was created as compensation and reward (in a kind of social exchange).
In addition, the Parkers assert that male dominance had adaptive advantages which were reinforced through time associeties became more complex, requiring ever greater levels of technological skill. However, although they believe that this situation has prevailed since the establishment of a division of labour by sex, and, in fact, that it intensified with increased complexity, they think that "efficient means of birth control and other technological aids" of modern industrial society can and will lead to its elimination, and thus to the demise of the "myth of male superiority."
Parker and Parker may be criticized for their uncritical acceptance of a universal patterning of sex roles as an outcome of sexual dimorphism. A growing body of research lends credence to the counter-assertion that women in collecting and in simple horticultural societies undertook tasks that demanded as much brawn, as well as brain, as did male tasks. 82 Other research suggests that women were just as mobile as men, at least when they were not pregnant or nursing, and that in band societies this was quite a bit of the time. In non-sedentary Bushmen bands, for example, a combination of birth-spacing (average of four years) and sharing of child care tasks enables many women to range far from home in search of food. 83 West African women are well-known for their success — and mobility — as traders and entrepreneurs in their own right, proving that women, even those with children, do not have to be sedentary. In any case, the cross-cultural record demonstrates more variability in the assignment of tasks, and much greater socio-political variation, than is suggested here.
We would not deny that there is a general pattern in the division of labour. Indeed, our own article suggests that there were some consistent patterns in early societies in which males took on more geographically far-ranging assignments that frequently involved more risk (though not more brain or brawn) than women's tasks. But the social exchange theory fails to explain why male tasks "universally" receive recognition and valuation. If male supremacy was a reward, what precisely was being rewarded? The Parkers seem to think that in early societies it was the male capacity for heavy work, whereas they suggest that later it was male "skill." But females engage in heavy work along with men in many societies, and they certainly take risks in childbirth, which is surely a socially necessary kind of labour. Furthermore, skill is a matter of training, so we have to ask why males were given that training and assigned tasks requiring a high level of skill. It is commonly accepted that women were the first potters: How and why did pottery become a male-dominated craft, and why weren't the inventors of this important manufacture given social rewards? It was not skill, but the social relations accompanying the development of craft specialization that must have determined that men should be trained in these tasks.
Furthermore, in the more complex societies — where the Parkers say male dominance was intensified by rewards for male skill and risk — it was increasingly only some men, not all, who were given prestige and power. What kinds of work did slave owners or family patriarchs do that justified their power and prestige vis à vis slaves, wives, and junior men? Why did women have low status in slave societies, such as fifth-century Athens, where free men took few risks and did little work? Why, conversely, have women had high status in many societies, from ancient Crete to the seventeenth century Iroquois, where males undoubtedly did take great physical risks? The answers to these questions must lie not in the nature of the work itself, which the Parkers themselves admit is not intrinsically hierarchical, but in the origins of the hierarchy itself. These, we would suggest, lie in the relations of work, the issue of who controls whose labour. To explain the origins of female subordination we need a theory that accounts for the control of women's work by men. Such a theory cannot be derived from the nature of men's and women's tasks on their own, nor from any inevitable technological tendency, because human cultures have exhibited too much variation to postulate any necessary relation between a task or a tool, on the one hand, and a particular social relationship of superiority or subordination on the other.
This brings us to a central assumption of all the preceding theories that we have so far failed to challenge — the assertion that "in every known society, men and women compose two differentially valued terms of a value set, men being as men, higher." 84 Although this assertion seems supported by an extremely large body of anthropological and historical observation, there are good grounds for challenging the idea that male dominance has been a universal in human societies over time.
In the first place, many observers have simply been unable to divest themselves of their own cultural preconceptions. Male ethnographers have dealt with male informants, accepting any uncomplimentary remarks these may make about women as the social reality, and ignoring equally disparaging comments about men made by women. 85 A number of anthropologists have recently gone back to the original anthropological sources on various cultures and found that the "masters" had reported almost exclusively on male activities and prerogatives, ignoring or downplaying equivalent female activities, rights, and prestige systems. 86 Among the pre-colonial Ashanti, for example, the head of state was a female position but in accounts of Ashanti life this is often only "mentioned in passing, designated by the misnomer "queen mother," although she was never the king's wife, and was not necessarily his mother. She did not hold her position by virtue of her relationship with him; indeed it was she who appointed him, and was above him in the state hierarchy." 87
Proofs of male dominance, moreover, frequently rest on fuzzy or inconsistent criteria: if women are excluded from some activity, that is considered proof of male power; when males are excluded, it's considered evidence of women's "restriction" to a subordinate sphere. Considerable selection is also used in choosing examples. While Rosaldo emphasizes Yoruba women "bowing and scraping" before their husbands, 88 Suderkasa adds that the same behaviour is engaged in by males, who "prostrate themselves before their mothers, older sisters, and other females whose age or position demand that they do so." 89 Similarly, observers who stress that only males engage in trance dancing among the Bushmen neglect to mention that the dance cannot go on unless the women agree to make the music for it. 90
Western authors also seem unable to understand a world that lacks a conception of hierarchical relations among different things. Pre-state societies often have a concept of "separate but equal" that state societies lack 91 and male/female distinctions may best be described in terms of complementary functions rather than superordination/subordination. 92 Indeed, the very attempt to define "equality" may obscure the dynamics of societies where "equality exists in the very nature of things, not as a principle to be applied. . . . Often there is no linguistic mechanism whatever for comparison. What we find is an absolute respect for . . . all individuals irrespective of age and sex." 93
A second major problem with the collection of cross-cultural examples "proving" the universality of male dominance is the ahistorical nature of such evidence. Two major geographical areas where extreme male domination of women is well-documented in non-state societies are Melanesia and South America. But Melanesia is an area where rapid socioeconomic and status differentiation had taken place prior to Western observations, and the status of women seems to have been declining from a previously higher position. 94 In South America, devolution from larger political entities had taken place 95 and there was extreme (and atypical) population pressure and warfare. 96 In both these cases, the low status of women should probably be related to the tensions and pressures consequent on economic, political, and demographic transformation, not to "the state of nature." On close examination, in fact, many cases of male domination in "primitive" societies seem to have evolved only under the pressure of trade or warfare following contact with expanding groups, or under the direct impact of colonialism. 97
Finally, there are examples of societies in which asymmetry between the sexes is difficult or impossible to discern. Among the Mbuti "both men and women see themselves as equal in all respects except the supremely vital one that, whereas the woman can (and on occasion does) do almost everything the male does, she can do one thing no male can do: give birth to life." 98 John Nance reports that among the Tasaday "decision-making apparently was based on discussion in which men and women expressed views equally, with age and experience determining degree of influence." 99 And Peggy Sanday describes five societies that offer or offered "scripts for female power." 100 Summing up a review of recent anthropological research on women, Naomi Quinn comments: "Together, the bias of male informants in reporting, ethnographers in describing, and cross-cultural workers in interpreting various disparate customs . . . and the depressive effects of colonialism on many aspects of women's lives, may seem to leave very little cross-cultural female subordination to explain." 101
This is, of course, an overstatement. Male dominance is a material fact, with concrete repercussions for women, in most of the world, and our egalitarian examples come from relatively isolated simple societies. Long before Western trade and colonialism had even arisen, ancient societies in the Middle East, Mediterranean, and British Isles had gone through earlier processes in which the position of women had deteriorated. What is required, then, is a theory that explains why male dominance, though not inevitable, was a likely outcome of processes connected with socioeconomic expansion and increasing social complexity.
One theory that has been advanced to explain the evidence suggesting a decline in a formerly high position for women is that of the matriarchy. According to this view, women were once pre-eminent in economics and politics, but matriarchal rule was overthrown by men at some early point in human history. 102 Engels asserted that "mother right" was a general phase of human pre-history that was overthrown when men developed movable wealth and created patrilineal inheritance in order to pass it on to their own children. 103
We do not have the space to consider the various theories of matriarchy here, but simply note that there is no evidence for a matriarchal stage in human history. The theories cited above all contain one or both of the following fallacies: 1) Matriarchy is confused with matrilineality, and traces of matrilineal descent in the historical record are, without other justification, asserted as proof of an ancient matriarchy; 2) The importance of women in ancient myths and religious artifacts is often said to reflect a "survival" of prior matriarchal social organization. Pomeroy 104 points out, however, that the role of women in myths has been subject to much misinterpretation, and Monique Saliou (this volume) suggests that such myths may indicate greater equality for women in the past but are not evidence of actual female rule. Childe 105 asks: "are female figurines any better evidence for matriarchy than are the Venus figures and Virgins of undeniably patriarchal societies?" (See Fleuhr-Lobban 106 for a further critique of theories of matriarchy).
The search for origins will never be definitively settled. But if we are to counter the assertions of inevitable and universal male dominance we must suggest some concrete reasons for the historical appearance and spread of male domination in ancient cultures. Probably no single historical account will suffice to explain every case: we will need to look at different time periods and processes, as Rapp points out in an excellent survey of the problem. 107 The two most important recent attempts at a historical explanation have been made by Peggy Sanday and Eleanor Leacock. 108 Both have combined a historical approach taking into account the variability of sociocultural experience with an explanatory framework that identifies underlying recurrent patterns of development.
Peggy Sanday focuses on the ways in which gender is used by many societies as an organizing principle on both the structural and symbolic levels. She has presented a complex account of the conditions under which balanced and symmetrical power relations between the sexes are replaced by asymmetry and male dominance. Basing her analysis on the evidence of both quantitative cross-cultural data and in-depth case studies, she finds that characteristic "cultural configurations" result from the interaction of natural environments, child-rearing practices, and sex-role behaviour. For example, hunting societies and societies in which large animals play an important part tend to produce distant fathers, masculine creator symbols, and an "outer," animal orientation toward the powers of the universe. Gathering societies, and societies in which animals are less important, tend to produce involved male parents, feminine or couple creator symbols, and an "inner," plant orientation. A "dual" orientation sometimes occurs in societies that combine "a ritual concern with both plant gathering or incipient cultivation and the predatory activities of men." 109
Sanday believes that the natural environment and mode of subsistence fundamentally "cause" the symbol system and sex role plan of any society. However, she is also concerned to emphasize the independent role that symbols play in determining subsequent sex role behaviour and authority relations. She suggests that there is an underlying bio-psychological basis for gender concepts that, in turn, provide "scripts" for behaviour. For example, she suggests that in all societies women are associated with the power to give life, while men are associated with the power to take life. Depending upon natural and historical conditions, one or both powers may be culturally valued and receive ritual emphasis. Where food is abundant and fertility is desired, women tend to have ascribed power and female principles are stressed. On the other hand, where the taking of life is important, as in hunting or warlike societies, men tend to exercise power and male principles are elevated in ritual and social life. However, a high value on male aggression does not automatically or necessarily translate into male dominance, as women may achieve power under some circumstances.[book-strip index="6" style="buy"]
According to Sanday, men and women tend to be more segregated and competitive in societies that have a masculine/outer configuration. Higher levels of integration and cooperative relations between the sexes are more likely to be found in societies with an inner/plant orientation. 110 Sexual segregation, like male aggression, does not necessarily create male dominance. Some societies may segregate the sexes but relations between them may still be balanced and cooperative. However, Sanday thinks that male dominance is a likely outcome of the outer/segregated configuration where historical conditions have favoured an expansion of the male sphere leading to increased dependence of women on men.
Such conditions have arisen in a variety of historical contexts. Increased technological complexity, warfare, famine, migration, and colonization — all conditions leading to heightened social stress — have resulted in an expansion of the male role. Here Sanday borrows from the "social exchange" model in suggesting that "real" male dominance arises from the political rights that are granted to males as compensation for their role and as "a privilege for being the expendable sex." 111 However she says "adaptation to stress does not always include the subjugation of women." 112 In inner-oriented or dual societies, where women still exercise some power, stress may lead to "mythical" male dominance where "conflicting sexual power principles coexist." 113 For example, external pressures may lead to the projection onto women of cultural fears associated with female fertility. Under such circumstances, women may voluntarily cede mythical power to men because it is more reproductively efficient to do so and allows both sexes manoeuvering room. Thus for Sanday the determinants of male dominance are the conjunction of stressful historical circumstances with a prior cultural configuration.
The great value of Sanday's book lies in her attempt to show how gender is used as a "powerful and available metaphor" to organize society, and how the system of sexual symbols interacts with environment and social institutions to influence the relations between the sexes. She offers interesting insights into the richness and complexity of sex role plans and the mechanics of sexual inequality. We do not, however, feel that she has been totally successful in her claim to explain the origins of inequality, even while she has done much to elucidate its dynamics. As we have seen, she seeks the origins of sexual inequality in the pressure of stressful historical conditions on prior cultural configuration/sex role plans. But since externally generated stress does not, she argues, automatically or necessarily lead to male dominance, in the final analysis it seems to be the prior cultural configuration that determines the outcome. We have some difficulty with her emphasis on the independent role of such configurations, which she tends to treat as separate from changing social relations within the culture. Rather than examining the dialectical interaction between a culture's internal evolution and its sex role configuration, Sanday treats the sex role configuration as though it arises independently from internal social processes, determines internal social relations, and changes those internal relations only when it interacts with externally generated sources of stress, such as famine, invasion, or colonialism. We remain unconvinced by her tendency to give primary emphasis to environmental factors in her analysis of the origins of those configurations. We also question her contention that societies react to stress in fundamentally different ways depending upon their prior cultural configuration.
To explain the origins of the prior cultural configuration, Sanday relies on a somewhat awkward combination of environmental and bio-psychological factors, neither of which, taken separately or in combination, can account for the ambiguities of the data. Why, for example, do the Copper Eskimo, a hunting society par excellence, have an
"inner" orientation? Why do twenty-eight percent of societies with a feminine orientation hunt large animals? Why do seventy-three per cent of fishing societies have masculine orientation, 114 while fifty-four per cent of these same societies have equality between the sexes and only fifteen per cent have inequality? 115
Furthermore, Sanday does not really demonstrate that societies with diferent cultural configurations have qualitatively different reactions to stress. She gives no examples of inner-oriented or dual societies that reacted to stress without undermining the status of women. Even the Cheyenne and the Iroquois failed ultimately to resist the social tensions of colonialism and the pressures toward male dominance. Her distinction between "real" and "mythical" male dominance does not really help to explain the ambiguities of the evidence. Does the fact that women cede power to men voluntarily make "mythical" male dominance any less real than that which develops in outer-oriented societies? At times, Sanday herself seems to suggest that "mythical" male dominance is but a transitional state: "a waystation where opposing and conflicting sexual power principles may coexist." 116 If so, then the critical issue in explaining the origins of male dominance lies less in the prior cultural configuration than in the nature and origin of the stress.
Although Sanday does show that certain kinds of stress, such as war, migration, or environmental conditions, elevate the male role and lead to new sexual fears and tensions, she tends to ignore internal sources of stress that may help to account for increased social competition and a fearful attitude towards the environment. These are most likely to be associated with the breakdown of community reciprocity, and with the development of differences in rank or property ownership. For example, in her discussion of the Bellacoola she suggests that they perceived the environment as hostile and threatening due to seasonal food scarcity. This, in turn, accounted for the Bellacoola's cultural perception of women as dangerous. But it is unclear why this should have been a cultural response among the Bellacoola, while it was absent among the Bemba, a society which suffered more extreme seasonal food shortages, but where female principles were ritually elevated. 117 Surely the Bellacoola environment (the Pacific Northwest Coast of America) was lush by comparison with other societies where there was/is no institutionalized need to control or dominate women? In fact, it is by no means the case that environmentally-caused scarcity always results in increased conflict and competition within groups. In some, it may lead to heightened cooperation and sharing. 118
In the case of the Bellacoola, Sanday might have considered both the control of women and the fear of the environment as consequences of other social tensions that were breaking down cooperative interaction and trust. Her own account mentions, in fact, 119 that they were a ranked society with slavery. This certainly might indicate that they were suffering from heightened competition for resources and tensions over social status. Such internal socially-based sources of stress might help us explain the evolution of the group's sex role plan and the changes in women's position better than Sanday's environmental analysis, especially since the aggression was directed against only some women, while others participated as men's equals. In other instances too such an approach might better explain the anomalies in her data and would allow her to make better use of her valuable insights.
The primary achievement of Sanday's book is to show us that a mechanical explanation of sex roles and status is not possible. Because gender is such a powerfully charged way of organizing social interactions, and involves so many basic bio-psychological processes, disruption in social organization and male-female roles may have far-reaching and complex repercussions. Male dominance cannot be understood as simply a matter of economic interest or political power; it interacts with every thread in the fabric of social life and may thus have a different dynamic in each society where it is set into motion.
No review of theories of the origins of sexual inequality would be complete without reference to Eleanor Leacock, who has done pathbreaking work in applying a historical materialist framework to the ethnohistorical record, and in formulating an alternative vision of the social relations of foraging societies. On the basis of her research among the Montagnais-Naskapi Indians (a society based on fur trapping), she challenged the widely accepted model of the patrilineal band, with its accompanying assumption of sexual inequality, and proposed in its stead that relations between the sexes were both flexible and egalitarian. 120 She argued that there is no reason why there should be gender hierarchy just because there is a division of labour by sex; in fact, she has shown that the social relations of many foraging societies are necessarily egalitarian and communal. 121 Taking its cue from Leacock, a whole generation of feminist anthropologists has begun to explore the implications of her model of the "primitive commune," which includes a rough equality in the social relations between the sexes.
Leacock has, in addition, taken a leading role in efforts to revise and build on Engels's original theories about the origins of the patriarchal state. 122 Again beginning with her own fieldwork among the Montagnais-Naskapi, she has explored the historical processes whereby formerly egalitarian cultures were transformed by contact with patriarchal state societies, and especially by capitalist colonization during the past two centuries. 123 Basing her early theory of the evolution of sexual inequality on Engels's central insight that it was connected with the breakdown of kinship (clan) social organization and successive transformations of the division of labour, she has worked for a decade to refine her model. Her most recent and evolved statement is presented in her article "Women, Power and Authority." 124
Leacock believes that male dominance was a consequence of the development of commodity production, which accompanied the evolution of ranked, and then stratified, societies:
The direct producers lost decision-making powers over their lives when the specialization of labor and production of commodities for exchange led to the formation of slave, aristocratic, and merchant classes. Women in particular lost out because the new economic relations based on exchange were in the hands of men (the first important commodity exchanged, in Engels view, was men's responsibility, cattle); because these relations undercut the communal households women had controlled and transformed women's domestic work into private service; and because the privatization of property through individual inheritance in the budding upper class required control of women's sexuality. 125
According to Leacock, as the importance of inter-group exchange increased, especially as groups became more sedentary, there was a growing need for products that could only be obtained through exchange. In the process, some people were better placed than others to take advantage of the new relations of production. Leacock, then, following Fried, 126 sees a close relationship between the development of social ranking and the institution of centralized redistribution of products. She believes that women lost public authority as exchange and economic inequality developed, in particular because they tended to provide the labour that produced the goods exchanged by men (for example cattle, or pigs in New Guinea). She also notes that warfare may have increased as ranked societies expanded, and this may have given males additional control. Furthermore, she suggests that women unwittingly participated in the process of their own "commoditization" because it was in their interest to ensure that their own husband was a "big man," successful in trade exchange, and because they, too, could benefit from the labour of low ranking men. In sum, women lost autonomy as labourers when processes of economic differentiation were already transforming labour into a commodity. Commodity production, in turn, aided in the process of subversion of kin-based organization and the development of private property, as described by Engels.[book-strip index="7" style="buy"]
We are in basic agreement with Leacock on this overall outline of the historical evolution of male dominance, and of the effects of commodity production on the primitive commune. However, we see a need for a more detailed explanation of how and why, in the "pristine" case, societies that were transitional between egalitarian and ranked began to produce for exchange, and of why women in particular seem to have lost political and economic autonomy in such societies. In other words, we need a theory of why, by the time that true ranking had emerged in the form of institutionalized inequalities of access to production, exchange, and distribution, it was already "big" men, and only rarely big women, who usually achieved the institutionalized leadership statuses. We agree with Leacock that women's status in ranked societies is quite variable, and that there is no reason to assume a "conspiracy theory" of the emergence of sexual inequality. But the underlying question of what stimulated men to commandeer the productive activities of women in order to engage successfully in trade exchanges is still not clearly answered. Even if cattle were the first exchangeable commodity, they were certainly by no means the only trade item; nor was warfare inevitably the accompaniment of the transition to ranking. It is therefore necessary to examine more closely why men were able to privatize the services of women and why women in many societies did not successfully resist.
These questions and others are analysed by the authors in this volume from the standpoint of their respective disciplines (history and anthropology) and scholarly traditions (French and American). In the first contribution, Leibowitz, an American physical anthropologist, presents a model of the origins of the division of labour by sex, which she sees arising out of the early conditions of production and long antedating any formal or informal sexual inequality. Two papers, Chevillard and Leconte "The Dawn of Lineage Societies: the Origin of Women's Oppression," and Coontz and Henderson "Property Forms, Political Power, and Women's Labour in the Evolution of Class and State Societies," then offer contrasting analyses of the origins of sexual inequality in pre-state kinship-based societies. These are followed by a second contribution by Chevillard and Leconte, "Slavery and Women," which discusses women's status in early slave-based state societies. Finally, Monique Saliou, a French historian of religion, looks at the evidence from pre-Classical and Classical iconography and literature concerning "The Processes of Women's Subordination in Primitive and Archaic Greece." We turn now to a consideration of the different views presented in these articles. (The following section of the Introduction was written jointly by us and two of the French contributors, Nicole Chevillard and Sébastien Leconte.)
It is striking that, though working independently within two different scholarly traditions, empirical data bases, and language systems, the authors find themselves in substantial agreement on many fundamental aspects of the development of female subordination. First, the point of departure for all is that the explanation of gender inequality must be sought in social rather than biological imperatives. Leibowitz argues that the division of labour by sex was not biologically determined but was a social construct arising from changes in the techniques and relations of production. The other authors emphasize various social determinants of different male and female activities, agreeing that biology does not mandate an invariable division of labour between the sexes. They also agree that even where a division of tasks and activities does occur, that is not grounds, in and of itself, for assuming gender inequality. Indeed, they point to various indications suggesting that the earliest societies were based on interdependence and egalitarianism.[book-strip index="8" style="buy"]
Second, following their rejection of biological explanations for male-female social relations, the authors agree that the origins of sexual stratification should be sought in women's role in production, and not in her powers of reproduction. Women indisputably played a central productive role in early foraging and horticultural communities, and the authors suggest that the origins of male dominance were bound up with the struggle to control women's labour and products. Control of women's reproductive powers followed from this. There was no demographic reason, dissociated from this social one, for men to oppress women simply because women bear children.
A third point of agreement accompanies the authors' rejection of biological determinism in favour of explanations emphasizing social production. They agree that while male dominance was not present in the earliest communal societies, it was already present in the earliest class societies as defined in the traditional sense of the term (for example, slave societies). They thus reject analyses which move directly from communal societies to advanced class systems based on individual private property without identifying an intervening social formation or mode of production. Though differing in their conception of such intervening societies, the authors agree that societies based on true private property were preceded by other forms of social organization based on the development of collective or group property. In these lineage or kin corporate societies, ties of kinship determined the organization of work and the appropriation of goods, and it was in these societies that male domination was first elaborated.
It follows from this that the dialectic of kin relations must be relevant to the origins of gender inequality. Although diverging in their reconstruction of the processes involved, the authors agree in seeking the origins of male dominance in some aspect of the rise of these kin corporate or lineage societies. Specifically, they agree on the critical importance of post-marital residence rules in determining gender relations within unilineal kin corporate societies. They argue that patrilocality — the system in which women move to their husband's kin group at marriage — enabled men to utilize and appropriate women's labour and products in ways that ultimately enhanced the authority of the senior males within the husband's kin group.
The authors agree, in short, that without patrilocality, there were limits on the ability of any kin corporation to utilize or appropriate the labour and products of women. Because they stress the importance of residence rules over unilineal descent, they agree in characterizing matrilineal, virilocal systems, in which the woman after marriage goes to live with her husband's mother's brother, as equally conducive to male dominance as patrilineal, patrilocal societies, in spite of the rule of descent through females. The effect on adult women of such a residence rule is similarly to sever her ties with her natal kin group and to encourage her dependence on her husband's kin group. The authors interpret matrilineal, virilocal systems as a contradictory social formation, rather than as proof that "natural" male dominance will assert itself even in matrilineal societies, as is often claimed. Instances of such societies, therefore, make interesting case studies of transitional processes at work.
Having located the source of female oppression in the mechanism of patrilocality, the authors were still faced with the need to explain why this became the dominant mode of organizing social relations in kin corporate society (and hence why male dominance, though not "natural," became so widespread). Although differing as to how this happened, the French and American authors again find themselves in substantial agreement as to the overall evolutionary dynamic which led to the reinforcement and institutionalization of male dominance. They agree that patrilocal societies, where women moved at marriage, had greater potential for expansion because they offered more opportunities and incentives to intensify production beyond the level necessary for everyday subsistence. This was due to the greater value of women's labour and reproductive potential in pre-plow agricultural systems. The more productive the society, the more expansionary it could become, absorbing or conquering more stable, "steady state" societies. It is important to stress, though, that this analysis implies no value judgment that patrilocal societies were somehow "better." Rather, they were simply more capable of exercising coercive power over their own members (women, junior men, children) to intensify production than were more egalitarian social systems.
The above points of agreement lead to one final area of commonality. The authors agree that female subordination actually preceded and established the basis for the emergence of true private property and the state. The historical processes involved varied in time and place, but once set in motion, the evolution of sexual and social stratification was closely intertwined. The oppression of women provided a means of differential accumulation among men, which in turn gave some men special access to the labour and reproductive powers of women, as well as to the services of other men. As class stratification became institutionalized, we find that lower class men were often assimilated to the status of women, while women as a category were assigned to the juridical status of the propertyless in a system increasingly based on private property. The authors of this book offer different historical and sociological perspectives on these processes, but they agree that the oppression of women was a foundation for the emergence of traditional class society, and that sex and class oppression have developed in ways that render them analytically virtually inseparable.
Despite these broad areas of agreement, the authors in this volume differ in important respects. One area of disagreement is over how to explain and analyse the development of a division of labour by sex. Leibowitz argues that the earliest hominid cultures rested on non-gender-specific production, while later an informal sexual division of activities developed with projectile hunting and other technological inventions that led to hearth-centred activities. A full-fledged sexual division of labour, with codified rules for males and females in marriage and work, she argues, arose when Exchange between groups began to take place, and served to facilitate and regularize this Exchange. (She uses the capital E to distinguish this from the informal exchange between individuals that would have taken place on an irregular basis.) Neither the sexual division of tasks nor the sexual division of labour, however, constitutes a cause or a symptom of male dominance, whose origins must be sought elsewhere.
Coontz and Henderson largely accept this account, in which a sexual division of work is related to diversification of productive techniques allowing some members to hunt, trap, or trade as others engage in hearth-based activities, while a more formal sexual division of labour develops as groups need to regularize the production and circulation of goods and services. They agree that the circulation of spouses, of whatever sex, among groups is a means to establish increased social interaction, not male dominance.
Chevillard and Leconte, however, believe that the presence of a well-defined social division of labour between men and women, if accompanied by the circulation of female spouses, is already a symptom of male dominance. They thus reject an analysis which places the origins of the sexual division of labour so far back in history. They argue that Leibowitz's analysis covers a very long period in the history of humankind. There was little chance of absolute continuity, especially in the realm of social behaviour, between peoples of such widely differing periods, and locations. One must therefore be cautious when analysing the role of technological inventions such as the use of fire or projectile weapons in social organization. The implementation of certain techniques was probably greatly influenced, or conditioned, by the social organization of the human groups in which they were "invented." In other words, the link that Leibowitz establishes between these inventions and the sexual division of tasks, then of labour and social roles, appears too rigid and minimizes the influence of other evolutionary factors. Chevillard and Leconte view the sexual division of labour as a concept that is neither very precise nor illuminating with regard to the dynamics of the structure and evolution of the first human groups.
Another area of difference among some of the authors concerns the degree to which male dominance was a conscious creation of men who wished to exploit female labour, or a less consciously planned outcome of social processes whose original dynamic did not rest on sex oppression. For Chevillard and Leconte, for instance, the central contradiction leading to the dissolution of the earliest communal societies lies in the relations between (some) men and (all) women. As primitive communities developed a higher material standard of living, a surplus and an accentuation of the division of tasks by sex and age, they began to codify kinship rules that permitted the formation of larger and more stable human groups. These societies came to be based on both matrilocality and matrilineality, and in them, therefore, there was a tendency for the surplus to accumulate under the control of women. This accumulation engendered contradictions that in the end led to confrontations between women and men (probably from different kinship groups), who desired to gain control of this surplus. Since the natural evolution of matrilocal and matrilineal societies would be toward a certain amount of female control, a reversal of this, they argue, can only be explained by some sort of masculine victory over women, which turned over to a group of dominant men the control of the surplus and also of the female labour force. Thus partrilocality was instituted. There need not have been a generalized confrontation between men and women, for even if this overturn occurred in only a few instances, patrilocality and male domination would then spread by virtue of example and force of arms. Monique Saliou suggests that Greek mythology and tragedy provide evidence of outright conflict between males and females over power.
For Coontz and Henderson, on the other hand, male domination is the outcome of more gradual and peaceful social and economic processes. As surplus accumulated or techniques of production changed, communal societies developed a variety of residence and descent rules, which in and of themselves implied no immediate subordination of one sex by the other. But the emergence of kin corporate property and a kin corporate mode of production created a potential contradiction between kinship and residence. The new kin corporate mode of production was based on the appropriation of the labour of non-owning producers — the in-marrying spouses — by the corporate descent group, or its head. Coontz and Henderson do not believe that patrilocality, where it occurred, developed out of any confrontation between men and women or was necessarily instituted in order to oppress women and appropriate their labour.
However, they list a number of features of patrilocality which, they argue, allowed the potential inequalities of the kin corporate mode of production to develop more rapidly than alternative methods of circulating labour (for example, matrilocality). And they argue that the resultant worsening of women's position was forcibly maintained, first by lineage heads and later by the state.
For Chevillard and Leconte, then, the emergence of male dominance, achieved by an overthrow of the older matrilocal system, inaugurates a new mode of production. They hold that there was a decisive rupture with the first egalitarian societies (which tended to be matrilocal and matrilineal). This rupture created a new mode of production based on the exploitation of the female labour force (with the understanding that a certain number of attempts were probably made before the new mode of production emerged in all its characteristics). Coontz and Henderson, by contrast, stress the development from within the communal society of a new mode of production based on kin corporate property and the circulation of labour through marriage. In their view, male dominance develops more gradually, after the rise of a new mode of production, out of the dynamics of labour, ownership, and exchange in kin corporate societies, matrilocal or patrilocal.
No final resolution of these differences appears likely. Proponents of the first approach can point to the prevalence of myths about a violent overthrow of women by men, suggesting that these myths represent historical memories of such events; proponents of the second would stress the actual variability in women's status among kin corporate societies, suggesting that an evolutionary continuum is involved. Even the same phenomenon can be interpreted in diametrically opposed ways. Chevillard and Leconte point to the contradictions of matrilineal virilocal societies (where descent is reckoned through the female line but residence is with the husband's maternal relatives) as evidence for the forcible imposition of patrilocality. Such societies are too illogical and contradictory to have arisen naturally, they argue: "These complexities are, as we will see, the sign that patrilocality doesn't just evolve of its own accord, but that it intervenes as a radical rupture in societies that must formerly have been constituted on the basis of matrilineality and of matrilocality."
Coontz and Henderson, conversely, hold that the contradictions of matrilineal virilocal societies testify to their transitional nature. The shift to virilocality, they argue, may take place gradually within a formerly matrilineal, matrilocal society, creating conflicts between the individuating tendencies of virilocal residence and the collective practices of matrilineal structures and ideology.
Despite their differences over the origins of male dominance and the character of early social formations, both sets of authors identify a category of pre-state society in which the primary forms of oppression are those of sex and age. They differ, however, over how to characterize the subordination of women in such societies. Though they are describing the same objective phenomenon — the appropriation of women's products — Chevillard and Leconte describe this as class oppression, while Coontz and Henderson call it sex oppression. Chevillard and Leconte prefer to treat women as an oppressed class because this stresses the permanence of women's exclusion from control over the means of production; Coontz and Henderson prefer the term oppressed sex because this leaves more room for analysis of what they consider to be significant variations in the status and interests of women according to their age and marital status.
This difference is purely semantic in discussions of kin corporate societies; it becomes significant, however, in relating the oppression of women to that of other social groups once kin corporate society gives way to a society stratified along other socioeconomic lines. Chevillard and Leconte think that socioeconomic class is modelled upon and derives from the subordination of women. Coontz and Henderson think that in post-kin corporate Societies women are divided by class as well as united in a common experience of subordination to males.
According to Coontz and Henderson, the original contradiction in virilocal kin corporate societies is between, on the one hand, men and women of the corporate property-owning group, and, on the other hand, the women who marry in. The subordination of women as a sex is the outcome of social processes whereby patrilocal lineages begin to exercise control over the labour and reproductive power of in-marrying wives. Older women as well as men benefit from this labour, even though for most women the benefits come at the cost of having had to experience an earlier stage of oppression as a wife. Coontz and Henderson see women as having contradictory interests as owners in one kin corporation and producers in another. In this analysis, the growth of socioeconomic stratification may exacerbate these contradictory interests, even though women as a sex may remain inferior to men. For in early class societies, they argue, aristocratic women may exercise significant power over both men and women of the lower class, even if they remain permanent juniors in relation to male members of the aristocracy, Upper and lower class women may therefore be divided in their interests and their consciousness, at the same time that sexual oppression may disguise some of the common interests of men and women within the lower class.
For Chevillard and Leconte, on the other hand, the contradiction is between some men and all women as a social group. There are no contradictory interests among women in either kin corporate or aristocratic class society. Aristocratic women do not share the socio-economic status of aristocratic men, as they do not have independent access to the means of production and may even be reduced to slave or lower class status if they offend against male prerogatives. The interests of upper class women are not at all antagonistic to those of lower class men or women, but do conflict directly with those of upper class men. Like high ranking servants, aristocratic women are artificially attached to the class of their husband or father, while in fact they belong to the dominated classes of society, even if they are not conscious of this.
Again, this is probably not a difference that can be settled. It is a question of analytical emphasis. Clearly, the difference has implications for the analysis of the role of upper class women in any feminist or class struggle, but since upper class women constitute only a minority of the female population, both analyses still affirm the interconnections between the "woman question" and the class struggle.[book-strip index="9" style="buy"]
1. Robert Ardrey, African Genesis, New York 1961, p. 36. See also, Sherwood Washburn and Irven DeVore, Baboon Social Organization (film), 1963; Washburn and Chet Lancaster, "The Evolution of Hunting," in Robert Lee and DeVore eds., Man the Hunter, Chicago 1968; Desmond Morris, The Naked Ape, London 1968; Desmond Morris, The Human Zoo, London 1969; Lionel Tiger, Men in Groups, New York 1969; Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression, New York 1966,
2. Lila Leibowitz, Females, Males, Families: A Biosocial Approach, North Scituate, Mass. 1978; Ruby Rohrlich-Leavitt, Barbara Sykes and Elizabeth Weatherford, "Aboriginal Women: Male and Female Anthropological Perspectives," in Rayna Reiter ed., Toward an Anthropology of Women, New York 1975.
3. David Pilbeam, "An Idea We Could Live Without: The Naked Ape" in Ashley Montagu ed., Man and Aggression, New York 1973, pp. 110–21.
4. Nancy Tanner and Adrienne Zihlman, "Women in Evolution: Part 1", in Signs, no. 1, 1976, pp. 585-604.
5. Thelma E. Rowell, "The Concept of Social Dominance," in Behavioral Biology HI, 1974, pp. 131—54; Pilbeam, pp. 114—15. 8.
6. Jane Lancaster, Primate Behavior and the Emergence of Human Culture, New York 1975; Leibowitz, Females, Males, Families; M. Kay Martin and Barbara Voorhies, Female of the Species, New York 1975; W. C. McGrew, "The Female Chimpanzee as a Human Evolutionary Prototype," in Frances Dahlberg ed., Woman the Gatherer, New Haven 1981, pp. 35-74; Nancy Tanner, On Becoming Human, Cambridge 1981.
7. Ruth Bleier, "Myths of the Biological Inferiority of Women," University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies no. 2, Ann Arbor 1976, p. 50; Thelma E. Rowell, "The Concept of Social Dominance," p. 131.
8. Leibowitz, Females, Males, Families.
9. Emily Hahn, On the Side of the Apes, New York 1971,
10. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Cambridge, Mass. 1975; On Human Nature, Cambridge, Mass. 1978; Charles J. Lumsden and Edward O. Wilson, Genes, Mind and Culture: The Evolutionary Process, Cambridge, Mass. 1981; David Barash, Sociobiology and Behavior, New York 1982; Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, New York 1976.
11. Wilson, Sociobiology, ch, 2. 12. Edward O. Wilson, "Human Decency is Animal," New York Times Magazine, 12 October 1975.
13. Stephen Jay Gould, Ever Since Darwin, New York 1977; The Mismeasurement of Man, New York 1981.
14. Richard Lewontin, interview, Dollars and Sense, December 1978, p.9. 15. Gould, Ever Since Darwin. 16. B. J. Williams, "Have We a Darwin of Biocultural Evolution?," American Anthropologist 84, 1982, p. 849.
17. Richard Burian, "A Methodological Critique of Sociobiology," in Arthur Caplin, ed. The Sociobiology Debate, New York 1978, pp. 376-95.
18. Marshall D. Sahlins, The use and Abuse of Biology, Ann Arbor 1976.
19. Charles J. Lumsden and Edward O. Wilson, Genes, Mind and Culture; Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origins of Mind, Cambridge, Mass. 1983.
20. Stephen Jay Gould, "Genes on the Brain," New York Review of Books, June 983.
21. Williams; Burian; Gould, Mismeasurement of Man; Gould, "Genes on the Brain."
23. Richard Lewontin, "The Corpse in the Elevator," New York Review of Books, January 1983.
24. Gould, "Genes on the Brain."
27. Gould, Ever Since Darwin; Science for the People: Sociobiology Study Group, "Sociobiology - Another Biological Determinism," in BioScience 26, 3, pp. 182-90; Stuart Hampshire, "The Illusion of Sociobiology," New York Review of Books, October 1978.
28. Lila Leibowitz, "Perspectives on the Evolution of Sex Differences," in Reiter, Toward an Anthropology of Women; Leibowitz, Females, Males, Families.
29. Ann Oakley, Sex, Gender and Society, New York 1972, pp. 128-49. 30. Paula Webster, "Matriarchy: A Vision of Power," in Reiter, pp. 141-156. 31. Irene Frieze, Jacquelinne Parson, Paula Johnson, Dian Ruble and Gail Zelman, Women and Sex Roles: A Social Psychological Perspective, New York 1978; Ruth Lowe and Miriam Hubbard, Genes and Gender Two, New York 1979; Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin, The Psychology of Sex Differences, Stanford 1974; Marie Richmond-Abbott, "Early Socialization of the American Female," in Richmond-Abbott ed. The American Woman: Her Past, Her Present and Her Future, New York 1979. For a critical review of recent theories about differences in male and female brains, see Freda Salzman, "Are Sex Roles Biologically Determined?" Science for the People 9, 1977, pp. 27-33; Joseph Alper, "Sex Differences in Brain Asymmetry," Feminist Studies 11, 1985, pp. 7-37.
32. Maccoby and Jacklin.
33, Robert Rose, Thomas Gordon and Irwin Bernstein, "Plasma Testosterone Levels in the Male Rhesus: Influences of Sexual and Social Stimuli," in Science 178, pp. 643-45; Rowell, The Concept of Social Dominance; Maccoby and Jacklin, p. 274.
34. Ruby Rohrlich-Leavitt, "Peaceable Primates and Gentle People," in Barbara Watson ed., Women's Studies: The Social Realities, New York 1976.
35. Margaret Mead, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, New York 1963.
36, Lewontin, "The Corpse in the Elevator," p. 34; Steven Rose ed., Against Biological Determinism, New York 1982; Rose ed., Towards a Liberatory Biology, New York 1982.
37. Beier; Frieze et al. p. 85. 38, Oakley, p. 26; Carol Tavris and Carole Otis, The Longest War: Sex Differences in Perspective, New York 1977; Frieze et al., p. 88.
39. Rose, Gordon arid Bernstein. 40, New York Times, 11 September 1974. 41. Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer, "Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State," in Psychological Review, no. 69, pp. 379-99.
42. Beach, 1974, quoted in Bleier, 1976, p. 48.
43. R. R. Sears, E. E. Maccoby and H. Levin, Patterns of Child Rearing, Evanston 1957.
44. Letty Pogrebin, Growing up Free, New York 1980, pp. 123-8; C. A. Deavey, P. A. Katz and S. R. Zalk, "Baby X: The Effect of Gender Labels on Adult Response to Infants," in Sex Roles, no. 2, 1975, pp. 103-11.
45. Oakley, p. 164.
46. H. R. Hays, The Dangerous Sex: The Myth of Feminine Evil, New York 1964; Wolfgang Lederer, The Fear of Women, New York 1968.
47. Elizabeth Faithorn, "The Concept of Pollution Among the Kafe of the Papua New Guinea Highlands," in Reiter; Evelyn Reed, Women's Evolution, New York 1975, pp. 95-101.
48. Elizabeth Zelman, "Pollution and Power,: in Dorothy McGuigan, New Research on Women and Sex Roles, Ann Arbor 1976.
49. Edward Harper, "Fear and the Status of Women," in Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, no. 25, 1959; pp. 81-95; Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger, London 1966.
50. Sherry Ortner and Harriet Whitehead eds., Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality, Cambridge 1981, p. 20.
51. Nancy Chodorow, "Family Structure and Feminine Personality," in Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere eds., Women, Culture and Society, Stanford 1974, pp. 43-66; Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Reproduction of Mothering, Berkeley 1978.
52. Sherry Ortner, "Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture?," in Rosaldo and Lamphere, pp. 67-88,
53. Rosaldo, Women, "Culture and Society: An Overview," in Rosaldo and Lamphere, pp. 17-42.
54. Ortner and Whitehead, pp. 7-8.
55. Joseph Campbell, The Masks of God, New York 1962, 1964; James Melaart, Catal Huyuk: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia, New York 1967; Eleanor Leacock and Jill Nash,"Ideologies of Sex: Archetypes and Stereotypes," in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, no. 285, 1977, pp. 618-45; Peggy Sanday, Female Power and Male Dominance. Cambridge 1981.
56. Carol MacCormack, "Proto-Social to Adult: A Sherbro Transformation," in Carol MacCormack and Marilyn Strathern, eds., Nature, Culture and Gender, Cambridge 1980, pp. 95-118.
57, Maurice Godelier, "Modes of Production, Kinship and Demographic Structures," in Maurice Bloch ed., Marxist Analysis and Social Anthropology, New York 1975. w
58. Marilyn Strathern, "No Nature, No Culture: The Hagan Case," in MacCormack and Strathern, pp. 174-222.
59. Leacock and Nash; MacCormack and Strathern.
60. Eleanor Leacock, Myths of Male Dominance, New York 1981; Nicera Suderkasa, "Female Employment and Family Organization in West Africa," in Yugan Judith Brown, Iroquois Women: An Ethnohistoric Note, in Reiter.
61. Robert Lowie, "Political Organization Among the Australian Aborigines" in Ronald Cohen and John Middleton eds., Comparative Political Systems, New York 1967; Marshall Sahlins, Stone Age Economics, Chicago 1972.
62. Ortner, "Is Female to Male," pp. 67-88.
63. Denise Paulme, Women of Tropical Africa, Berkeley 1960, p. 7.
64. B. H. Quain, The Iroquois, in Margaret Mead ed., Cooperation and Competition Among Primitive Peoples, Boston 1961, p. 277.
65. Karla Poewe, Matrilineal Ideology, London 1981.
67. William Divale and Marvin Harris, "Population, Warfare and the Male Supremacist Complex," in American Anthropologist no. 78, 1976, pp. 521-38.
68. Ibid., p. 521.
69. Napoleon Chagnon, "Yanomamo: The True People," National Geographic 150, 1976, p. 213; Shelton Davis and Robert Mathews, The Geological Imperative, Cambridge 1976.
70. Dorothy Lee, Freedom and Culture, Englewood Cliffs 1959.
71. Eleanor Leacock, "Class, Commodity, and the Status of Women," in R. Leavitt, ed., Women Cross-Culturally, The Hague 1975, pp. 601-18.
72. Gerhard Lenski and Jean Lenski, Human Societies, New York 1974, p. 138.
73. Gordon V. Childe, What Happened in History, Harmondsworth 1942; Julian Steward, The Theory of Culture Change, Urbana 1955; Robert M. C. Adams, The Evolution of Urban Society, Chicago 1966.
75. Ester Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth, Chicago 1965.
76. Divale and Harris, p. 531.
77. Carol Ember, "The Relative Decline in Women's Contribution to Agriculture with Intensification," in American Anthropologist, no. 85, 1983, pp. 285.
78. Stephanie Coontz, "Insult and Injury: Growing Old in America" in Coontz and Frank eds., Life in Capitalist America, New York 1975; Leo Simmons, The Position of the Aged in Primitive Society, New Haven 1946.
79. Seymour Parker and Hilda Parker, "The Myth of Male Superiority: Rise and Demise," American Anthropologist, no. 81, pp. 289-309.
80. George P. Murdock and Caterina Provost, "Factors In the Division of Labor by Sex: A Cross-Cultural Analysis," in Ethnology, no. 12, 1973.
81, Parker and Parker, p. 293.
82. Frances Dahlberg, Woman the Gatherer, New Haven 1981.
83. Richard Lee, The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society, Cambridge 1979; Patricia Draper, "Kung Women: Contrasts in Foraging and Sedentary Contexts," in Reiter, 1975, pp. 77-109.
84. Ortner and Whitehead, p. 16.
85. Naomi Quinn, "Anthropological Studies on Women's Status" in Annual Review of Anthropology, no. 6, 1977, p. 183; Susan Rogers, "Woman's Place: A Critical Review of Anthropological Theory," in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 20, 1978, pp. 143-7.
86. Annette Weiner, Women of Value, Men of Renown: New Perspectives on Trobriand Exchange, Austin 1976; Quinn, p. 184; Rogers, p. 185; Rohrlich-Leavitt, Sykes and Weatherford.
87. Rogers, p. 146.
88. Rosaldo, "Women, Culture and Society."
89. Suderkasa, p. 61.
90. Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, The Harmless People, New York 1959, pp. 31-5
91. Karen Sacks, "State Bias and Women's Status," in American Anthropologist, no. 78, 1976, pp. 131-54,
92. Suderkasa, p.52; Colin Turnbull, "Mbuti Womanhood," in Francis Dahlberg, p. 219.
93. Lee, 1979, p. 40.
94. Irving Goldman, 'Status Rivalry and Cultural Evolution in Polynesia', in Cohen and Middleton eds.; Eleanor Leacock, Women, Power and Authority', in Leela Dube, Eleanor Leacock and Shirley Ardener eds., Visibility and Power: Essays on Women in Society and Development, Delhi forthcoming,
95. Kay Martin, "South American Foragers: A Case Study in Devolution," in American Anthropologist, no. 71, 1969.
96. Leacock, "Women, Power and Authority."
97. Ester Boserup, Woman's Role in Economic Development, New York 1970; Leacock, Myths of Male Dominance; Rogers, p. 158; Rayna Rapp Reiter, "The Search for Origins: Unravelling the Threads of Gender Hierarchy," in Critique of Anthropology, no. 3, 1977, pp. 13-14; Peggy Sanday, Female Power and Male Dominance, Cambridge 1981; Judith Van Allen, "'Sitting on a Man': Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women," in Canadian Journal of African Studies, no. 10, 1972.
98. Turnbull, p. 206.
99. John Nance, The Gentle Tasaday, New York 1975, p. 24.
100. Sanday, pp. 15-34.
101. Quinn, p. 186.
102. Robert Briffault, The Mothers, London 1952; Johan Jacob Bachoven, Myth, Religion and Mother-Right, Princeton 1967; Helen Diner, Mothers and Amazons, New York 1965; Reed; George Thompson, The Prehistoric Aegean, London 1965.
103. Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, New York 1972.
104. Sarah Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity, New York 1975.
105. Gordon V. Childe, Social Evolution, London 1951, pp. 64-5.
106. C. Fuehr-Lobban, "A Marxist Reappraisal of the Matriarchate" in Current Anthropology, no. 20, 1979, pp. 341-8.
107. Reiter, "The Search for Origins."
108. Sanday; Leacock, "Women, Power and Authority."
109. Sanday, p. 248.
110. Ibid., p. 90.
111. Ibid., p. 9.
112, Ibid., pp. 185-6.
113. Ibid., p. 179.
114. Ibid., p. 69.
115. Ibid., p. 170
116. Ibid., p. 116.
117. Audrey Richards, "Some Types of Family Structure Amongst the Central Bantu" in A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and O. Forde, eds. African Systems of Kinship and Marriage, London 1950; Richards, Land, Labour, and Diet in North Rhodesia, London 1940.
118. Sahlins, Stone Age Economics.
119. Sanday, pp. 102-3.
120. Leacock, "The Montagnais Hunting Territory and the Fur Trade," American Anthropologist, 78, 1954.
121. Leacock, 1957; "Women's Status in Egalitarian Society," Current Anthropology, 19, 1978, pp. 247-75.
123. Mona Etienne and Eleanor Leacock, eds., Women and Colonization, New York 1980.
124. Leacock, "Women, Power and Authority."
126. Morton Fried, The Evolution of Political Society, New York 1967.[book-strip index="10" style="display"] | <urn:uuid:3481d183-7c4f-4d04-ace0-0252edf1487d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/3440-explanations-of-male-dominance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655446.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609064417-20230609094417-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.95187 | 21,663 | 2.765625 | 3 |
While also known as Aliao and Maiden of the Southern Forest, the actual name of Yuenü is undocumented. It is known that she served during the reign of King Goujian of Yue at the end of the ’Spring and Autumn era’. Caught in an ongoing war with the Wu state to the north, Goujian sought military specialists to better train his troops. Having already recruited a champion archer from Chu, he was advised of a young woman of the Southern Forest whose skill with the sword was infamous.
Goujian invited the woman to attend his court, where she demonstrated the ability to counter the attacks of several opponents at once. The woman claimed to have developed her own sword-fighting style for protection in her native forest, and was also known to be a skilled archer. Impressed by her skills, Goujian gave her the title of Yuenü and enlisted her to train his best officers and soldiers in her techniques.
Yuenü’s techniques were described as simple but powerful, based around a philosophy of strengthening the spirit while remaining openly calm in combat. She likened the art of the sword to a door, which can be divided in yin and yang. Hers is the earliest known exposition on the art of the sword, which influenced Chinese martial arts for generations, introducing the concept of using agility and fluid speed to counter the advantages of physical strength.
Yuenü is also credited with developing a new form of metallurgy that could create untarnishable bronze swords with flexible cores and extremely sharp edges, which became known as 'Yuenü swords’. In 1965 archeologists discovered one such sword buried alongside the remains of King Goujian. | <urn:uuid:b55af77d-496c-4bdb-9fc8-71031adc33e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://thefemalesoldier.com/blog/yuen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122726.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00536-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982809 | 349 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Abdominal Strength Test - straight leg lift
- purpose: The purpose of this test is to estimate the degree of abdominal strength. Poor abdominal muscle strength can cause poor posture leading to lower back pain.
- equipment required: flat surface, an abdominal strength test board with different degrees of angle marked (otherwise, you can use a protractor, flexometer or goniometer to measure the leg angle)
- procedure: The subject lays supine on the floor next to the abdominal strength test board. The hip joint should be aligned to the intersection of the scale. The arms are held across the chest and the head rested on the floor. The tester places their finger tips underneath the subject's lower back. Both legs are raised to a 90-degree angle (vertically) while keeping the upper body flat on the floor. The subject may bend their knees first to move to the starting position, before straightening the knee joint. The subject aims to sustain the pressure on the tester's fingers under the lower back by contracting the abdominals as the legs are lowered. The subject slowly lowers both legs until the pressure on the hand behind the back disappears. The lowest angle observed as the pressure is taken off is the measurement of their abdominal strength.
- scoring: The score is the angle of the legs in degrees from the floor. Below is a guide to scoring for this test
|90||very poor, starting position|
|0||excellent, legs horizontal|
- advantages: simple test with minimal equipment needed
- comments: The muscles that play a major role in the effort to maintain the position of the low back and pelvis during the leg-lowering movement are the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles.
- About Abdominal Testing
- See the other abdominal strength tests: 7-Stage and 4-Level tests
- Videos of Sit Up Fitness Tests
- Abdominal endurance test
- sit up exercise at the beach or at home
- Sit Up World Records | <urn:uuid:b0ebd0ab-8c84-48fb-9e64-aad4139ceaaf> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/abdominal-strength.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065241.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00286-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896807 | 410 | 2.984375 | 3 |
|Page tools: Print Page|
Occupation is collected in the Census for all employed people aged 15 years and over. Two questions are used in the Census. The first of these asks for occupation title (in main job held in the week prior to Census Night). The second asks for the main tasks usually performed by the person in their occupation. Collecting both occupation title and task information ensures more accurate coding of occupations.
Since the 1996 Census occupation data have been classified in accordance with the Second Edition (1996) of the Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO), and are coded to the occupation level. In ASCO, a job is defined as a set of tasks performed by one individual, and an occupation is defined as a set of jobs sufficiently similar in their main tasks to be grouped together.
Occupation data are essential for labour market analysis and policy formation. Changes in the occupational composition of the labour force are important for planning at the industry and geographic area levels. The data are used in analyses of education and training needs, and as indicators for industry assistance programs. Small area data on occupation are important in regional planning; in examining the occupational mobility of ethnic and other minority groups; and in measuring socioeconomic status variability between regions.
See also Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO), Labour force.
See Migratory Collection District, Dwelling Type (DWTD).
A one parent family consists of a lone parent with at least one child (regardless of age) who is also usually resident in the family household. The family may also include any number of other related individuals.
Examples of one parent families include: a 25-year-old parent with dependent children; and an 80-year-old living with a 50-year-old child.
Information on people who are temporarily absent is used in family coding to differentiate between lone person households and one parent families (if child was temporarily absent) or between one parent and couple families (if a spouse was temporarily absent).
Information on people who are temporarily absent is used in family coding to differentiate between:
See also Child, Family, Relationship in Household (RLHP).
There are two optional questions on the 2001 Census form. They are:
See also Confidentiality.
See Ancestry (ANCP), Indigenous Status (INGP), Ethnicity.
See Journey to Work (JTW).
See Residual categories and supplementary codes.
Other Family is defined as a family of other related individuals residing in the same household. These individuals do not form a couple or parent-child relationship with any other person in the household and are not attached to a couple or one parent family in the household.
If two brothers, for example, are living together and neither is a spouse/partner, a lone parent or a child, then they are classified as an Other Family. However, if the two brothers share the household with the daughter of one of the brothers and her husband, then both brothers are classified as other related individuals and are attached to the couple family.
See also Couple family, Family Type (FMTF), Other related individual.
An individual who is related to members of the household, but who does not form a couple relationship or parent-child relationship according to the priority rules of family coding. He/she can be related through blood, step or in-law relationship and include any direct ancestor or descendant. Relatives beyond first cousin are excluded.
Other related individuals can form their own family type or can be attached to an already existing family. Those related individuals who reside in the same household and who do not form a couple or parent-child relationship with any other person in the household are classified as an other family.
In cases where a couple family or one parent family has been formed, any persons who are related to members of these families and are usual residents of the household are other related individuals. In these circumstances they can be identified at the detailed level of the Family Type (FMTF) classification.
Related adults, such as individual brothers, sisters, aunts, uncles, may be present in the household. If a household comprises only two or more related individuals, then they are classified as a family (for example, two brothers, or a female living with her grandchild).
Individuals who are related to a family are classified as related family members and associated with the primary family. Other variables which identify related individuals and adults are:
The following is a list of relationships which define a related individual:
self, husband, wife, de facto marriage partner, mother, step-mother, mother in-law, father, step-father, father in-law, son, step-son, son in-law, daughter, step-daughter, daughter in-law, grandmother, step-grandmother, grandmother in-law, grandfather, step-grandfather, grandfather in-law, granddaughter, step-granddaughter, granddaughter in-law, grandson, step-grandson, grandson in-law, sister, step-sister, half-sister, sister in-law, brother, step-brother, half brother, brother in-law, aunt, step-aunt, aunt in-law, uncle, step-uncle, uncle in-law, nephew, step-nephew, nephew in-law, niece, step-niece, niece in-law, cousin, step-cousin, cousin in-law.
See also Family, Other Family, Relationship in Household (RLHP).
Prior to the 1996 Census no external territories were included in geographical Australia, although census data were collected for Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Following amendments to the Acts Interpretation Act 1901–1973 effective from July 1992, the two external territories of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands became part of geographical Australia. The other Australian external territories (Norfolk Island, and minor islands such as Heard Island and McDonald Island), remain outside the scope of the Census.
Since the 1996 Census, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and the Jervis Bay Territory (previously linked to the Australian Capital Territory for statistical purposes) comprise a pseudo 'ninth State/Territory' of Australia. They are included in State nine 'Other Territories', with each of the three areas having a unique SLA code.
Prior to the 1986 Census, separate censuses of the islands were conducted by the Department of Home Affairs, or its equivalent.
For the 1986 and 1991 Censuses, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island were included as part of the Australian Census, but their data were excluded from statistical counts for Australia. Norfolk Island and the other minor external territories were out of scope for the Census.
See also Information Consultancy.
See Section of State.
See Visitors to Australia.
An Own Account Worker is a person who operates his/her own unincorporated economic enterprise or engages independently in a profession or trade and hires no employees. This category was called 'Self-employed' in 1991. See also Labour Force Status/Status in Employment (LFSP). | <urn:uuid:d880d532-534a-4560-b415-e491a444e839> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/vwDictionary/0191D2D666CE2308CA256B41007CC3D5?opendocument | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084765.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415095505-20210415125505-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.955247 | 1,460 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What are the three main threats to our environment?
- Deforestation and Forest Degradation.
- Effects of Climate Change.
- Illegal Fishing.
- Illegal Wildlife Trade.
- Oil and Gas Development.
How can we protect our environment at home?
6 Ways to Help the Environment from Home
- Recycle. Many products you purchase have an impact on the environment in some way.
- Compost. If you are able to, compost appropriate foods and products.
- Buy sustainable food products.
- Support Eco-Friendly Companies.
- Stay informed.
- Donate to the right organizations (if you can)
How can we keep our surroundings clean essay?
Controlling the use of plastic bags will also help to keep our surroundings clean. One should use recycled and eco-friendly products such as paper or jute bags instead of plastic bags. Throwing of plastic bags by the roadside only makes our surroundings dirty and unhygienic.
How can we keep our environment safe?
7 Ways to Keep Our Environment Clean and Safe
- Make your voice heard: vote, sign petitions, contact your leaders.
- Refuse single-use items (especially plastic)
- Buy locally, eat more plants, and compost your food waste.
- Plant trees and landscape with native plants.
- Green your transportation and travel habits.
- Conserve water.
Why is it important to keep your surroundings clean?
Keeping our surroundings clean will only help in the betterment of society. Waste or garbage should not be thrown anywhere, but only in trash bins. Throwing garbage all over the place will dirty our surroundings, pollute the environment. Controlling the use of plastic bags will help to keep our surroundings clean.
Why are surroundings important?
Environment plays an important role in healthy living and the existence of life on planet earth. Earth is a home for different living species and we all are dependent on the environment for food, air, water, and other needs. Therefore, it is important for every individual to save and protect our environment. | <urn:uuid:983bf080-113e-4624-a9f2-bb0f118ca885> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://uruvideo.com/what-are-the-three-main-threats-to-our-environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500074.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203185547-20230203215547-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.895653 | 446 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Almost all of us have experienced bloating, gas or an upset stomach. Yet some people experience this problem at a chronic level. Gas occurs in the stomach and intestines due to breakdown of food into energy. All of us pass gas, however some people do more than others. An average person passes gas 5-20 times a day.
An upset stomach can often cause problems and can be a difficult battle for many people. Although the symptoms of gas problems often relate to an improper diet, yet other factors may be also responsible.
Causes and Symptoms of Gas Problems
- Swallowing air: The swallowed air which is not burped out, passes through the digestive system and is released through the opening of the anus. Hiccups can also occur if you have swallowed excessive air.
- Diet: The reaction of different foods varies from one person to another. Also foods that lead to odorous gas may also vary from person to person. Yet, spicy foods and dairy products are the most common causes of gas. Example - Beans, cabbage, onions, radishes, eggs, carbonated drinks, sugar, packaged foods etc.
- Medications: Certain medicines and supplements, including prescription drugs, can lead to gas problems and bloating. Further, medications which change the hormonal balance in the body can also cause bloating.
- Medical problems: Certain medical conditions such as Irritable bowel syndrome or bowel obstruction can also lead to an upset stomach.
Common symptoms of gas problems include gas pain, cramping, bloating, diarrhoea and constipation. In the worst of cases, gas and bloating indicate colon cancer. Such people experience rapid weight loss, anaemia and blood in stools.
Modifying your lifestyle, in particular your dietary practices, is essential to a healthy recovery.
- Avoiding foods such as spaghetti, oats, bran, barley, banana, bread etc. which contain high fibre content is important.
- You can opt for over the counter medications after consulting your physician. Homeopathy and Ayurveda can be also opted as alternative forms of treatment. | <urn:uuid:cb3cb46d-4e27-47b1-8d41-75faf6c1a6aa> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.lybrate.com/topic/chronic-gas-problem-facts-you-should-know-about-it/76edb0ed46c38fd791a00f1710931121 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948572676.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215133912-20171215155912-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.947194 | 428 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Explore the Bible Series
June 15, 2008
Background Passage: Acts 6:1-8:3
Lesson Passage: Acts 6:8-15; 7;51-60
In 1993, John Piper published Let the Nations Be Glad: The Supremacy of God in Missions. In my judgment, this is Piper’s finest work. A few years ago I read this book with great interest, in part, because of a chapter entitled “The Supremacy of God in Missions Through Suffering”. The book recounts several stories of incredible suffering for the sake of the gospel, and, interspersed throughout the chapter, Piper lists six reasons God appoints suffering for his servants. I recount this list for your prayerful consideration and encourage you to read this helpful, thought-provoking work.
I. Resolution of a Church Conflict (6:1-7)
A. A dispute about relief of the poor (v. 1): As we have observed, the early church took great care to meet he needs of the poor in their number, and they did so a significant personal cost. However, the increasing number of converts made difficult the distribution of the resources. The Hellenistic Christians (probably a reference to Greek-speaking Christians) complained that their widows were overlooked. The text gives no indication of deliberate neglect; nevertheless, the church needed to address the needs of these women.
II. The Witness of Stephen (6:6-8:3)
falsely accused (6:6-15): Several years had passed since Pentecost, and the
church’s witness apparently remained confined to
B. Stephen’s defense (7:1-53): This is, by far, the longest address in the Book of Acts. Stephen summarized the history of the Jewish people, in part, to demonstrate that he had not repudiated his Jewish background.
covenant with Abraham (vv. 1-8): Stephen recounted God’s gracious dealings with
Abraham: the call to Canaan, the promise of a son, the judgment of
dealings with Joseph (vv. 9-16): The Lord used Joseph to relocate
3. God’s covenant with Moses (vv. 17-43): Stephen briefly summarized God’s miraculous deliverance of Moses and the Lord’s remarkable plan for emancipation of the Jews from Egyptian bondage.
erection of Solomon’s
5. The application of Stephen’s sermon (vv. 51-53): As Stephen concluded his address, he turned his attention to the religious leaders. He sharply accused the Jews of killing the prophets and crucifying the Just One of God. They had, according to Stephen, received the law of God, but they had not kept the Lord’s precepts.
III. The Martyrdom of Stephen (7:54-8:3)
A. The angry response of the crowd (v. 54): The crowd was “cut to the heart”, a term that, according to Curtis Vaughan, denotes fury (Same term used in 5:33). Also, Luke said the crowd “gnashed at him with their teeth”. Again, this phrase expresses deep, angry emotional response to Stephen’s sermon.
B. Stephen’s vision (vv. 55-56): Stephen, full of the Holy Spirit, saw a vision of the glory of heaven and Jesus standing at the right hand of the Father.
death (vv. 57-60): The enraged crowd surged forward and seized Stephen. They took him outside the city to stone
persecution of the church (8:1-3): Stephen’s execution scattered the early
church. Many fled from | <urn:uuid:28fb61b3-065b-496d-9dac-f3bfd34abb13> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.founders.org/ss/explore/061508.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119652530.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030052-00237-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927456 | 773 | 2.75 | 3 |
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When adding a title that is in a foreign languge, follow these basic rules regardless of citation style:
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"The purpose of a research paper is to synthesize previous research and scholarship with your ideas on the subject. Therefore, you should feel free to use other persons' words, facts, and thoughts in your research paper, but the material you borrow must not be presented as if it were your own creation."
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th Edition. New York: MLA. 55. Print.
There are quite a few different ways to cite resources in your paper. The citation style usually depends on the academic discipline involved. For example:
Check with your professor to make sure you use the required style. And whatever style you choose, BE CONSISTENT! | <urn:uuid:7d9d5b87-d8a9-4e74-8e41-7d5de121ce5a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://libguides.asub.edu/citation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647895.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601143134-20230601173134-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.898646 | 299 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Dragging your feet through your front door at the end of the day, you face the question, “What’s for dinner?” Without a plan, you may find yourself in the pantry shoveling handfuls of low-nutrient food into your mouth. The result: a poorly nourished body and an expanding waistline. If you have little ones around, not having a meal plan leaves you prone to protests, or worse, meltdowns.
Last minute meal creation, when everyone’s blood sugar is running low and stress levels are high, tends to lead to unhealthy meals. Meal planning is an essential part of healthy living. Sitting down to plan out the week’s meals, or using a meal plan created by experts helps ensure your family’s diet includes nutritious foods prepared in a balanced way.
How easy it is to cheat on your healthy diet by visiting a fast-food joint! Having food ready and waiting helps curb your temptation for convenient high-fat or sugary foods. Eating a healthy diet as much as possible ensures your body is fuelled with nutritious food, makes you feel good, and reduces your consumption of unnecessary calories that cause you to undo your belt another notch.
Researchers have found that stress is linked to weight gain. When American researchers analyzed nine years of data from 1,355 men and women, they found psychosocial stress related to work, personal relationships, life constraints, and finances were associated with weight gain. For men who were already overweight, work related demands had the largest impact on weight gain. Women’s waistlines appear to be effected by not only job-related stress, but by strains on personal relationships and life constraints as well.
In simple terms, stress equals weight gain. Stress causes the release of the hormone cortisol in the body. Cortisol triggers certain fat cells to release triglycerides, which offer your body sufficient energy to deal with stress. Other fat cells, such as those in the abdomen, are triggered by cortisol to absorb triglycerides. Don’t let the question, “What’s for dinner?” become a source of stress in your day—try meal planning.
Without a meal plan in mind, grocery shopping can be random, buying items that wilt, go moldy, and end up being thrown out. Reduce your food waste, and save money with a meal plan. Having a meal plan reduces the number of trips you make to the store as well as those frantic, last-minute requests: “Honey, can you run over to the store and grab some mushrooms?”
Red cabbage . . . again?! Avoid having unhappy dinner companions by offering a variety of meals each week instead of repeating the same dishes. Meal planning also helps bring smiles to loved ones at your dinner table, because you’re able to include their favourites and avoid what they don’t like.
Food and mood are linked. Eating fast food may have detrimental effects on depression, according to a study published in the 2012 issue of Public Health Nutrition. Keeping to your meal plan can keep your family smiling.
Making a meal plan is healthy, green, slimming, and popular. Yet creating one can seem overwhelming. Don’t fret! At myWholeLife the 7-Day Meal Plan Service is there to help. The myWholeLife meal plans are created by their team of holistic nutritionists and therapeutic chefs, and they’re reviewed by a Registered Dietitian. Having meals planned by trained experts takes the guesswork out of whether your meals contain sufficient vitamins, minerals, essential fats, protein, and fiber and not too much sugar, saturated fats, or trans fats.
Have Dietary Restrictions?
myWholeLife: Meal plans that have been created by experts can help you eat well and find optimal wellness. Your 7-Day Meal Plan from myWholeLife includes delicious, easy to prepare meals and snacks. It includes a grocery list to ensure even your first visit to the grocery store is an easy and satisfying experience. The meal plans include Paleo, Vegetarian, and Gluten-Free Omnivore. Check back often for even more meal plans including Gluten-Free Vegan and FODMAPS.
Block, J. et al. Psychosocial Stress and Change in Weight Among US Adults. Am. J. Epidemiol. (2009) 170 (2): 181-192. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp104
Sanchez-Villegas, A. et al. Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption and the risk of depression. Pub Health Nutr 2012 Mar;15(3):424-32. | <urn:uuid:4df67f8f-8ae4-4847-b026-64706e8782aa> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.mywholelife.ca/whats-dinner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660067.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015155056-20191015182556-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.945119 | 960 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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