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- The Guardian Education Centre only take year 5 & 6 for the primary school workshops, which runs from 10am-2.30pm. The Centre can accommodate up to 30 pupils.
- While the workshop will be free of charge, the winning school will have to pay for travel and lunch.
- The Centre welcome groups and individuals with special needs. The offices and teaching areas are accessible to wheelchair users and the mobility impaired.
- Sessions are taught by experienced CRB checked teachers.
There are two ways to enter the workshop competition:
- You can enter by tweeting @tolerancedayUK and telling us why your school should win the workshop;
- You can register for the free materials for Tolerance Day at www.toleranceday.org or email to register at firstname.lastname@example.org and you will be automatically entered for a chance to win the workshop.
Students work in pairs as both reporters and editors to create an A4 front page on the day’s breaking news stories. They research and write two news stories as well as subedit them, write headlines, choose photographs and produce their page all to tight deadlines. They learn how stories are structured and edited and how the news is made
Suggested preparation activities
Read a selection of newspapers, news stories online and/or watch a news bulletin. It is most useful to do this activity just before your visit to the Education Centre.
Discuss what the 5 Ws are (what, who, where, when, why). Identify the 5 Ws in different news stories.
Front page activities
Read and compare the layout and content of the front pages of several different newspapers. Find out more about terminology used on front pages.
Research different headlines from different papers or websites and discuss preferences. Make up headlines for news stories, possibly exploring the use of alliteration, puns, humour. Look also at the importance of active verbs in headlines and how they can make them effective.
Cut out a selection of pictures from different newspapers to go with one specific story and choose which one illustrates the story best.
Practice researching news stories on the internet to find key details and quotes.
For additional resources and ideas see our resources for teachers page | <urn:uuid:e157fa77-1db1-4997-a50a-00c8061528ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.toleranceday.org/workshop-tcs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668765.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116204950-20191116232950-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.908225 | 458 | 2.859375 | 3 |
It can be hard to include exercise in our busy lives, despite the best of intentions. There are a lot of reasons people don’t exercise, and a lot of misconceptions about exercise. Here are nine common misconceptions about exercise and what research actually tells us.
I was fit once, so I don’t need to exercise
Unfortunately, the health benefits of exercise won’t last if you don’t sustain your exercise regime. A significant reduction or drop out can cause a marked loss of initial benefits, such as cardiovascular fitness and endurance. Consistency is the key. Mix it up and keep it interesting as maintaining high levels of physical activity throughout your life is associated with the best health outcomes.
Being on your feet all day doesn’t have the same benefit as exercise
Being on your feet, moving around all days means you have a high level of physical activity. This is health enhancing. To optimize health benefits, increase your level of exercise – enough to cause you to sweat a little – to at least 150 minutes a week, where possible.
Exercise needs to be ten minutes or longer, otherwise it’s a waste of time
The good news is that recent guidelines have eliminated the need for physical activity to be delivered in bouts of at least ten minutes. There is no minimum threshold for health benefits, so carry out active daily chores, such as carrying heavy shopping bags and vigorous house or garden work, to improve your health.
Try to do exercise “snacks”, for example three to five short (half a minute to two minutes) bouts of activity spread across the day, such as climbing a few flights of stairs at a high enough intensity to make you a bit out of breath.
I have a chronic disease, so I should avoid exercise
This is not the case. Being more active will benefit a range of chronic conditions, including cancer, heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Be as active as your condition allows, aiming for 150 minutes a week of moderate activity if possible. If you have complex health needs, seek medical clearance from a doctor before you start a new exercise regime and get exercise advice from a physiotherapist or other exercise professional.
I’m too old to exercise
This is not true. Evidence shows that ageing alone is not a cause of major problems until you are in your mid-90s. Strength, power and muscle mass can be increased, even at this advanced age. Ideally, include aerobic exercise, balance training and muscle strengthening if you are 65 years or older.
Exercise will make me thin
Not necessarily. Combine calorific restriction with physical activity for more successful weight loss and remember: you cannot outrun a bad diet. People who have substantial weight loss goals (over 5% of body weight) and people trying to keep a significant amount of weight off may need to do more than 300 minutes a week of moderate-intensity activity to achieve their goal. Include resistance work to build lean body mass.
I run once a week, but that’s not enough
Rest assured that any amount of running, even once a week, results in important health benefits. If you don’t have much time to exercise, even as little as 50 minutes of running once a week at a pace slower than 6mph has been shown to result in a decrease in the risk of premature death. Higher levels of running do not necessarily improve the mortality benefits.
I’m pregnant, so I need to take it easy
Moderate-intensity physical activity is safe for pregnant women who are generally healthy and poses no risk to the well being of the fetus. Physical activity decreases the risk of excessive weight gain and gestational diabetes during pregnancy.
I’m not feeling well, I shouldn’t exercise
If you have a fever, are acutely unwell or are experiencing high levels of pain or exhaustion, don’t exercise. In most other cases, being physically active is safe, but listen to your body and decrease your exercise load if you need to. And if you can, get dressed and moving as soon as possible to avoid “PJ paralysis”. | <urn:uuid:b0650758-58ea-4280-bc15-615b95d8865a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://lambtonchiropractic.ca/9-things-people-say-about-exercise-that-arent-true/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103661137.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630031950-20220630061950-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.953661 | 853 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What is charoset, pronounced har-ro-sis? Charoset is part of the Jewish passover Seder. It represents the mortar the Jews used in Egypt because they were the brick layers.
- Walnuts (shelled)
- Grape juice(100% red grape)
1Peel the apples.Ad
2Core and slice the apples.
3Chop. Put the apples in the food processor, depending on the size of the food processor about 2 or 3 slices at a time. Put apple pieces in the large bowl.
4Chop the walnuts, and add to the apples.
5Add the grape juice. Pour in the grape juice a little at a time , stirring mixture until it is all wet but not saturated.
6Cover and chill. Cover charoset and place in refrigerator overnight.
We could really use your help!
- Many people add cinnamon to their charoset.
- Some people use pecans or almonds instead of walnuts.
- Some people use wine instead of grape juice.
- Some people grate the apples instead of chopping them in a food processor.
- Make sure lid is secured on food processor before using.
- Supervise children when they are using sharp objects.
Things You'll Need
- Vegetable peeler
- Apple corer, or sharp knife
- Food processor
- Large bowl
- Wooden spoon | <urn:uuid:a0c59181-f44c-420b-9b37-827d69f0a7ca> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Charoset | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416405337312.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119135537-00140-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881866 | 293 | 2.5625 | 3 |
UK’s Animal Welfare Law not expected to have impact on shellfish, restaurant industry
A bill introduced in the United Kingdom in May 2021, and passed into law in November, formally recognizes animals – including marine invertebrates – as sentient beings.
The Animal Welfare (Sentience) Bill underpins the U.K. government’s action plan for animal welfare, with the goal of improving the treatment of animals in the U.K. and introducing measures to protect the welfare of animals abroad. The bill creates an animal sentience committee to ensure animal sentience is taken into account when developing government policy.
When originally proposed, the bill only applied to wild and domestic vertebrates, including fish, but activists and members of the House of Lords pushed for some invertebrates, such as lobster and crab, to be included. In response, the government commissioned an independent review by the London School of Economics and Political Science, which concluded that there is strong scientific evidence that cephalopods and decapods have the capacity for “feelings of pain, pleasure, hunger, thirst, warmth, joy, comfort, and excitement,” because they have “complex central nervous systems, one of the key hallmarks of sentience.”
“The Animal Welfare Sentience Bill provides a crucial assurance that animal well-being is rightly considered when developing new laws. The science is now clear that decapods and cephalopods can feel pain and therefore it is only right they are covered by this vital piece of legislation,” Animal Welfare Minister Lord Zac Goldsmith said.
For the seafood industry, the new law means that decapod crustaceans such as lobsters, crabs, shrimp, prawns, and crayfish, and cephalopod molluscs like octopus, squids, and cuttlefish must now be recognized as sentient beings. But concern that existing industry practices would be affected by the law have been allayed by assurances that existing legislation and industry practices, such as fishing, are not affected.
“There will be no direct impact on the shellfish catching or restaurant industry. Instead, it is designed to ensure that animal welfare is well considered in future decision-making,” Goldsmith said.
However, a growing number of processors and chefs are already shying away from the traditional cooking method of boiling shellfish alive, and are installing machines such as the Crustastun, which stuns them in a humane way, using a simple pulse of electricity, with no cruelty.
David Markham, Crustastun ambassador and managing director of U.K. crab processor Blue Sea Food Company, which also operates a seafood restaurant, told SeafoodSource that the company’s switch to using a more humane way to kill crabs had been welcomed by buyers and consumers.
“We decided to take the initiative and introduce new technology, which has resulted in a better-quality product and happier customers. I encourage everyone to follow our lead,” he said.
Photo courtesy of Crusastun | <urn:uuid:65d2c480-091e-4e4a-bba7-4faa42d90dab> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/processing-equipment/uk-s-animal-welfare-law-not-expected-to-have-impact-on-shellfish-restaurant-industry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363791.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209091917-20211209121917-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.951034 | 630 | 2.6875 | 3 |
List of Good Carbs Bad Carbs
"Carbs are not the enemy! It's not knowing the 'good carbs bad carbs list' that often makes weight loss more of a challenge than what it already is ..."
Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy and a crucial part of a balanced nutritional diet. Carbohydrates consist mostly of fibers and sugars and are common in foods like cereals, rice, pasta, and bread. Roughly speaking carbohydrates should consist of about 50 to 60 percent of one's daily calorie intake, 20 to 25 percent from proteins, and the remainder should be from Good fats, like Omega 3 and Omega 6 fats.
Many people assume that eating only salads and raw fruit and vegetables is the corner stone of a healthy diet, rather a diet consisting of foods from all the major food groups (dairy, meat, fruit, vegetables, fats, grains and water) is what our body needs to cleanse, repair, build, move vitamins, minerals and nutrients through the body, re-energize etc.
So what are the list of good carbs bad carbs?
Good Carbs Bad Carbs List
Good carbs, also referred to as Complex Carbohydrates, are carbohydrates that are digested slowly and release their sugar steadily thereby not causing insulin spikes.
Bad carbs, also referred to as simple carbohydrates, are usually foods high in processed sugar. Simple carbohydrates release their energy almost immediately which results in insulin spikes that can cause our bodies to store fat.
I hope this list of Good Carbs Bad Carbs can come in handy.
More Exercise Routines
"Page copy protected against web site content infringement by Copyscape. Do not copy!" | <urn:uuid:39eb5a9c-3d31-4292-9457-d1b98654a493> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.fatburn-secrets.com/good-carbs-bad-carbs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424945.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725002242-20170725022242-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.939117 | 345 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The teenage years are a vulnerable time for adolescents. Studies have shown that the brain does not completely develop until the age of 25. That is one of the reasons teens often use drugs. Studies have shown that teens who start using drugs are more likely to develop an addiction later in life.
Negative Effects of Teen Drug Use
Drug use has to be taken seriously because there are a number of negative consequences that can result. While some teens are able to overcome drug use, others have to deal with serious consequences. The following is a list of possible consequences.
- Anxiety, depression and other mental health problems
- Strained relationships with friends and family
- Physical health problems
- Academic problems and suspensions
- Juvenile delinquency
Teens Who are at Risk
Anybody can end up with a drug problem. However, there are some people who are at a greater risk for it than others. Identifying people who may be at risk is one of the keys to preventing drug abuse.
People who are in Transition
Teens who go to a new school are often introduced to new pressures. They want to fit in with everyone. They may be introduced to social circles that are using drugs.
People Who Suffer From Mental Illness
Depression and anxiety can develop early in life. People who have mental problems are more likely to develop an addiction.
No Positive Influences
Teens who come from an abusive or broken home are more likely to develop an addiction. They may not even understand the consequences of their addiction. Furthermore, teens who have a family member who uses drugs are more likely to have a drug problem.
What Parents can Do
Monitor Your Teens
You will need to be aware of what your child is doing and who they are hanging out with. You can do the following to monitor your child.
- Come home earlier than expected.
- Check in with them regularly.
- Have your neighbors watch your home when you are away.
- Monitor the prescription drugs in your home.
- Look for changes in your child’s behavior.
Talk to Your Teen About Drug Use
Many teens do things without thinking about the consequences of their actions. That is why it is important to talk to them about the consequences of being a drug user. The more you talk to your child about the risks, the less likely they are to use drugs.
Keep the Lines of Communication Open
Teens who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to use drugs. Many teens feel like they cannot talk to their parents about issues. That is why you will need to let your teen know that they can talk to you about what is bothering them. Teens will be more likely to talk to you if they know that they can be honest with you. Communication is one of the keys to prevention.
If you or someone you know is struggling with a drug addiction, then you can contact our Pompano drug rehab center. We can help people break their addiction.Article posted on December 31, 2018 | <urn:uuid:c65c302b-5a75-413a-8a47-d863f5faba3f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://firststepbh.com/blog/%EF%BB%BFdrug-use-in-teens-and-what-parents-can-do-to-prevent-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256381.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521122503-20190521144503-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.97008 | 617 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Solubility facts for kids
It measures the highest amount of substance mixed into a liquid solvent while they are both at equal amounts. When the two mix together it is called a saturated solution. Certain substances can mix into any amount of a liquid solvent. An example of this is ethanol in water. This process is better described as "miscible" (the ability to mix with one another). Solubility does not depend on the size, in fact even the large particles will eventually all dissolve.
A solute is a substance that is dissolving in a solvent and is the smaller part of the solution. A solvent is the bigger part of a solution and is the substance that the solute dissolves in.
Images for kids
Solubility Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:39dd40ae-8801-455b-bf4c-b86ecdb3889e> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Solubility | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987822458.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022155241-20191022182741-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.955279 | 160 | 3.984375 | 4 |
It is believed that the original progenitors of the breed which came to be known as the King Charles Spaniel were dogs from China, Japan and Tibet which arrived in Europe more than a thousand years ago with travellers and traders. Over centuries, and through various crossings, a type known as the Toy Spaniel emerged and from the 16th century found great and continuing popularity in the households of British royalty and nobility. These small dogs were particular favourites of King Charles II for whom they were named. With the passage of time came changes to the breed which originally more closely resembled the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. It is suggested that interbreeding with Pugs, Pekinese and Japanese Chin resulted in muzzles becoming upturned and shorter, skulls becoming domed, and a general diminution in size. In 1945 the Kennel Club recognized the KCS and the CKCS as separate breeds. The King Charles Spaniel is very much a minority breed, being far less popular than the Cavalier.
"Spaniell gentle or comforter--a delicate, neat and pretty kind of dog...chamber companions, pleasant play fellows". As a description of the King Charles Spaniel these words are as true today as they were when written by Dr Caius in 1570. Affectionate and attentive to his owners every word and movement he fills his familys lives with love and cheerful companionship. Such is his attachment that he does not cope well with being left alone for long periods as he will fret and become anxious without human or canine company. He will take and enjoy all the pampering offered and that expressive little face with the large, soft, appealing eyes makes over-indulgence all too easy. He is a fairly extroverted fellow but may be somewhat reserved with strangers on first meeting, however once he becomes comfortable with them he will be happy to graciously receive their attention. Protective of his owners and what he regards as his territory it is worthwhile to investigate the cause of any barking from this normally quiet dog. Despite being a lively fellow, full of fun and always ready to play he may find the rowdy and boisterous games of young children overwhelming and trying of his patience so he is better suited to families with older children and calm, harmonious homes. Many years of selective breeding have diminished the hunting instinct of his Spaniel forebears but it is not completely extinguished. He will chase birds and flying insects therefore gardens need secure fencing lest he run into danger. Gentle, loyal, sweet-natured, the King Charles Spaniel is a pleasure to know and a constant delight to his owners.
The exercise requirements of the KCS are modest. He will get almost enough to keep him physically healthy through running about at home and playing games. Despite being a great lover of home comforts he also enjoys outings and a short daily walk will stimulate his mind by providing sights and smells for his interest. Off-lead exercise should be undertaken in secure areas only lest his potential hunting instinct be triggered by the flight of a bird or butterfly. Owners must be mindful that, being a short-muzzled breed, he does not cope well with hot weather and exercise during the hottest parts of the day should be avoided.
The King Charles Spaniel is reputed to be a naturally well-mannered dog. Nevertheless, as with any dog, he needs, deserves and will benefit from, education in what is, and what is not, acceptable behaviour. Basic obedience training should be started as soon as possible. He is an intelligent fellow and will quickly understand and comply with commands from a loved and respected owner. He should be encouraged with a cheerful voice and rewarded with treats and praise for a job well done. A harsh voice or rough handling will bewilder and frighten him, making learning difficult and eroding trust. With sensitive handling he can perform well in formal obedience and agility and some can be trained to flush game birds. Socialization, which is the process of introducing the pup to as many people, things, other animals, situations, etc. as possible should also be commenced early. The well trained, well socialized King Charles Spaniel will develop into an agreeable companion and be welcome wherever he goes.
- Patella luxation
- mitral valve disease
- patent ductus arteriosis (PDA)
- eye problems
- syringomyelia (SM)
Some photographs of the King Charles Spaniel... | <urn:uuid:54360309-3694-4e0a-ae37-bc9193a443c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.breedia.com/dogs/king-charles-spaniel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669422.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118002911-20191118030911-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.974703 | 903 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Your reins allow you to communicate directly with your horse by way of the bit in his mouth. In order to speak your horse's language, you have to send the right signals through the reins. Sending the right message can be difficult if you are not holding the reins correctly. Your horse may become confused or even do something you do not want him to do because he does not understand you. Leaning to hold the reins correctly is a basic part of learning how to ride a horse.
Pick up one rein in each hand with your palms facing down towards the horse's withers. Pick up the reins evenly so that your hands are in the same place on each rein and your horse will feel even pressure on the reins.
Run the rein in between your ring finger and your pinkie finger. Turn your hands upwards so that your palms face one another and your thumbs are facing upwards. Your hands should remain low near the horse's neck and withers.
Hold western split reins one handed for neck reining. Place the split reins together one on top of the other and pick them up in your non-dominant hand (if you are right-handed, this will be your left hand and vice versa). The right rein will go between your thumb and your index finger. The left rein runs between your index finger and your middle finger. Your thumb should be facing upwards towards the sky and your pinkie finger should face down towards the wither.
- 💡 Your reins should never be twisted. Make sure all reins are straight and in good condition before you ride.
- BananaStock/BananaStock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:728d9829-4334-4f51-9676-5469c86d787a> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://animals.mom.me/properly-hold-horse-reins-2517.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578732961.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425173951-20190425195951-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.941209 | 331 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Keratoconus literally means cone-shaped cornea (AAO quote 2010)
The cornea is the window and outer surface of the eye. When you are interpreting an image light travels through the cornea past the lens to the retina and then the brain to form a visual image. The normal corneal surface is smooth and aspheric and flattens towards the edges. Light rays passing through it moves in an undistorted manner to the retina to project a clear image to the brain. This is the typical normal working cornea.
Keratoconus is a very slow progressive eye condition that affects the cornea. The normally round, dome-shaped cornea weakens and thins, causing a cone-like bulge to develop. The regular curvature of the cornea becomes irregular, resulting in increasing nearsightedness (myopia) and astigmatism that have to be corrected with special glasses or contact lenses. Since the cornea is responsible for refracting most of the light coming into the eye, corneal abnormalities can result in significant visual impairment, making simple tasks like driving or reading books.
(EYE FACTS AAO worksheet, 2010)
About 1/ 2000 people will develop keratoconus. Most people will have a mild or moderate form of the disease. Less than 10% of people with keratoconus will develop the most severe form. It typically is diagnosed in the late teens or twenties. However, many people have been diagnosed in their mid to late thirties; this is usually a more mild form of the disease. It is common for one eye to precede faster than the other and the eyes may go for long periods of time without any change and then change dramatically over a period of months.
The treatment protocol will depend on the level of keratoconus. Sometimes vision might be correctable with glasses or rigid contact lenses. When vision worsens and the preliminary treatments are not effective a cornea transplant might be necessary. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology about 10-20% of keratoconus patients require a corneal transplant from a donor cornea. When this happens the ophthalmologist will essentially remove the diseased cornea and replace it with a healthy one.
If you are a Texas keratoconus patient your eye doctor will need your cooperation. Since the doctors have no control over what happens in between visits you will need to remind yourself that these opthalmologists are your consultants. The eye doctors here at the Texas Eye Institute will be happy to diagnose keratoconus and suggest a proper treatment protocol. It is up to keratoconus patients to ultimately be proactive and care for their eyes. Also remember if you are seeing any other health professional, be sure they know about your keratoconus. Once again if you think you may have keratoconus and are seeking a houston keratoconus eye doctor please call us at the Texas Eye Institute.
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We have a page on this eye care website dedicated to discussing LASIK patient financing. You can even fill out an online application to qualify for LASIK financing. We offer 0% financing, on approved credit with low fixed monthly payments, no down payment and no pre-payment penalty.Financing Option
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Cataract patients now have multiple options to see at both near and far distances after cataract surgery! Individuals suffering from cataracts previously had only a mono-focal lens implant option after surgery. NEW multi-focal IOL technology can now decrease dependence on glasses after surgery. If you are seeking the ReSTOR® IOL we have qualified surgeons waiting to help you see better!Cataract Surgery | <urn:uuid:2ec8c90b-1a02-400b-8f76-3b53ad7317b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.txeye.com/texas/eye-conditions/eye-conditions-keratoconus.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119361.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00359-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920396 | 889 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD
The Battle of Chaldiran (1514) changed the balance of power in West Asia in favor of the Ottomans. Thereafter, the Safavids were contained within Persia, while the Ottomans held sway in the eastern Mediterranean. Selim I did not press his advantage after the battle and pursue Shah Ismail. The harsh winter in Azerbaijan and the mountains of eastern Anatolia presented serious problems and there was unrest in his army. After briefly camping in Tabriz, Selim I withdrew. Soon thereafter, Shah Ismail returned to the city and re-occupied it.
The territories of West Asia lay where the mutual interests of three powerful dynasties-the Ottomans, the Safavids and the Mamlukes converged. The mutual interactions among these three empires determined the course of further developments in Islamic history. The Mamlukes, a Turkish people who had settled in the Nile Delta, came to power around the year 1250, displacing the Ayyubids. Izzaddin Aybek, a Turkish general, was the first of the Mamluke rulers. We have come across his name in connection with his marriage to Shajarat al Durr, the first and only Muslim queen of Egypt (1249-1250).
The Mamlukes were European and Central Asian slaves who were captured by Viking raiders in north and eastern Europe and sold to Muslim merchants in the bazaars around the Caspian Sea. Brought to Muslim courts, they were trained in the military academies, given instruction in Islam, and inducted into the armed services. They proved to be the bravest and the most loyal of soldiers in the service of the Sultans. Since the army was the vehicle for advancement, many of the Mamlukes rose to be general officers, married princesses of the courts, and went on to establish their own dynasties.
Soon after the Mamlukes came to power in Egypt, Baghdad was captured and destroyed by Hulagu Khan (1258), and the Abbasid Caliphate came to an end. The Mongols trampled most of the Abbasid princes to death, but one of them escaped to Cairo. There he was welcomed as the last scion of the Abbasids and installed as the Caliph (1261). The Caliphate was the vortex of Islamic social, political and religious life. Only the caliphs could bestow legitimacy on a Sultan. And the caliphs were the theoretical custodians of the shrines in Mecca and Madina. The presence of the Caliphate in Cairo after 1261 bestowed enormous prestige on that city and on the Mamlukes who ruled from there.
A second element in the prestige of the Mamlukes was the resistance they offered the Mongols. It was the Mamlukes of Egypt under Sultan Baybars who brought a halt to the westward advance of the Mongols. Their victory over a combined Mongol-Crusader force at Ayn Jalut (1261) confirmed their pre-eminent position as the protectors of Mecca and Madina. Similarly, it was the Mamlukes of Delhi, who stopped the advance of the Mongols at the River Indus, in a series of campaigns lasting fifty years (1220-1270).
By the year 1515, the Mamlukes had been in power in Cairo for over 250 years. Court intrigues and political infighting had sapped their energies, although their political control still extended over all of Egypt, the Sudan, Eritrea, eastern Libya, Arabia, Yemen, and Syria. It was in the northern reaches of the Syrian frontier that the mutual interests of the Ottomans, the Safavids and the Mamlukes overlapped-and collided. After the Battle of Chaldiran, Sultan Selim proceeded to consolidate his hold on Kurdish territories. The district of Mosul fell to the Ottomans in 1516. The Ottomans reorganized these territories bestowing a large degree of autonomy on each district. This was most welcome to the Kurds who had chafed under the autocratic rule of the Aq Quyunlus. It was about this time that Ottoman conflicts with the Mamlukes began.
During his march to Persia, Sultan Selim had requested Alauddaulah, Mamluke Governor in northern Syria to refrain from giving aid to the Qazilbash who were harassing the advancing Ottoman contingents. Alauddaulah gave a polite reply but continued to provide covert aid to the Safavid Qazilbash. The Mamluke Sultan Kansuah al Ghauri had hoped that the Safavids would triumph over the Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran and had instructed Alauddaulah to assist the Persians. Unfortunately, for the Mamlukes, the outcome was the opposite. After his decisive victory at Chaldiran, Salim turned his attention to northern Syria. Alauddaulah was captured and slain. Even at this late stage, neither the Ottomans nor the Mamlukes wanted a final showdown. Envoys were exchanged and messages sent. Political maneuvers and military posturing continued. Kansuah hoped that a show of force on the frontier would deter any further Ottoman advance, since Salim was still concerned about a Safavid attack to the rear. He ordered his forces to begin a campaign on the frontier, and he himself advanced towards Syria in April 1516.
The Mamlukes were in a difficult economic and political position. The Portuguese, who sailed around the coast of Africa in 1496, had by the year 1515 devastated the Muslim trading centers in East Africa, occupied Goa (India), Hormuz (Persia) and the Straits of Malacca (Malaysia). The profitable spice trade, which had previously flowed through Cairo, was now in the hands of the Portuguese. With the loss of their eastern trade, revenues decreased and Egypt was in dire financial straits. To contain the Portuguese, the Mamlukes had commenced naval activity in the Red Sea and further out into the Arabian Sea, which caused a further drain on the treasury. When Kansuah advanced towards Syria, so concerned was he about the remaining state treasury that he took it with him and had it buried in Aleppo. The financial condition of Egypt was not unknown to Sultan Salim, who was undeterred by the Mamluke military posturing.
The two dynasties now moved towards a military collision. More envoys were exchanged seeking to avoid a confrontation but it was too late. Selim moved through Konya, reinforced his troops with contingents from Kurdistan, Rumilia and Trebizond. The two armies met at Marj Dabik on the outskirts of Aleppo in August 1516. Each side had about sixty thousand men under arms. The battle was joined in the classical pattern with the center, left flanks and right flanks facing each other. Two important factors gave the advantage to the Ottomans. First, they had total superiority in cannons and artillery. The Mamlukes, locked up as they were with the technology of the past, considered it unmanly to fight with a gun rather than a sword. Second, the Governor of Aleppo, Khair Beg, was in secret collusion with the Ottomans. In the thick of battle, he spread the rumor that Kansuah had been slain. The Mamluke lines broke, and the battle ended in total victory for the Ottomans.
Sultan Selim now pressed his advantage. Advancing deeper into Syria he occupied Damascus and Palestine. Word was sent to Tuman Bey, son of Kansuah, who had ascended the throne of Egypt, to submit to the rule of Istanbul. When the answer was negative, the Ottomans advanced towards the Mamluke capital. The Battle of Cairo was joined towards the end of January 1517. Tuman Bey and the Mamlukes fought desperately but were finally overcome. Tuman Bey himself was captured and was executed in Cairo the following April.
The conquest of Egypt meant that the Ottoman Empire now included Syria, Egypt, the Sudan and Arabia, in addition of all of Anatolia and southeastern Europe. It had become the pre-eminent land power in Eurasia. Most important, the Ottomans controlled the cities of Mecca and Madina, and were considered the custodians of the two cities throughout the Islamic world. To sanctify this newfound position, Sultan Selim had the last of the Abbasid caliphs brought to Istanbul where he was made to abdicate the title of caliph in favor of Salim. Thus, in the year 1517, the Caliphate, that singular pole around which much of Islamic history revolves, moved from Cairo to Istanbul. The Turkish Sultan was now the temporal as well as the religious leader of all Sunni Muslims and was duty bound to assist and protect Muslims around the globe. The Ottoman Sultans discharged this responsibility for 400 years until modern times, with exceptional devotion, zeal and dedication, often at a great sacrifice to the Turks themselves. | <urn:uuid:fa5d9511-a9cd-4212-81a8-6da753552269> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://historyofislam.com/contents/the-land-empires-of-asia/the-caliphate-moves-to-istanbul/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203193127-20231203223127-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.979097 | 1,880 | 3.625 | 4 |
Security legislation would be your Group of legislation, Laws, arrangements and law which simplifies how people communicate with their own environment. The aim of environmental legislation would be always to guard the surroundings and make principles for the way people are able to utilize natural tools. Security legislation maybe perhaps not just plan to safeguard the atmosphere from injury, nevertheless in addition they ascertain who are able to utilize organic resources and also about which conditions. Regulations may govern contamination, using unprocessed means, forest safety, mineral harvesting and fish and animal inhabitants.
Ancient ecological legislation
Environmental legislation Are Rather fresh in Historical historical past. Law makers started to go ecological legislation at the century. The ecological movement started to get pace at the 1960s with all most environmental regulations and laws created because moment; point.
The Very First environmental legislation concentrated on nuisance. If someone’s utilization of these house complies with someone else’s utilization of these property, courts may step into to halt the annoyance. Nuisance regulations and regulations primarily created by shared regulation decisions from the courts. The legislation shield a house owner out of owning still yet another individual or company infringe in the own best to delight in their particular land. Historical ecological legislation failed to give attention to guarding the atmosphere for a full. Additionally they failed to supply status for somebody to sue a polluter should these were not harmed from one other man’s activities.
Exactly what exactly do ecological legislation govern?
Environmental legislation protect a Broad Range of subjects Which include the subsequent:
Air-quality — Air-quality legislation shield the atmosphere From contamination and can consist of steps to guard the atmosphere from matters including ozone .
Drinking water Quality — Security legislation can shield Water out of contamination. They might also find out who are able to utilize water and also just how exactly to manage prospective issues for example fixing wastewater along with managing off surface.
Waste Administration — Municipal waste, poisonous Chemicals and atomic squander all decrease from the class of waste administration.
Contaminant Clean up — maybe not many of ecological legislation Focuses on protecting against contamination. Contaminant clean-up relates to fixing contamination following it transpires. Legislation might contain things like protocols for both cleaning in addition to criminal and civil punishment for polluters.
Chemical Protection — Chemical security regulations Manage matters including pesticide usage and compounds in solutions such as bottles.
Fishing and hunting Environmental legislation can Govern and safeguard pest inhabitants. Law-makers ascertain who are able to fish and hunt and also the way that these tasks are governed.
Security legislation enforcement is administrative legislation
A Excellent deal of environmental legislation enforcement Happens through lawenforcement. Even the EPA could research a breach and make an administrative actions with their very own authorities. Attorneys represent that the EPA in those hearings, plus so they represent both that the persons and firms that are accused of breaking rules. People people who are found liable for violating the principles can appeal your choice regarding the judges. Most offenses are an civil crime, however in addition, there are legal penalties for serious criminals. | <urn:uuid:ece98c97-5b82-4b78-a531-52aecb16c136> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.lawsuccess.us/whats-environmental-regulation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104277498.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703225409-20220704015409-00781.warc.gz | en | 0.947693 | 617 | 2.84375 | 3 |
“While he was sitting on the judge’s bench, his wife sent word to him, ‘Have nothing to do with that righteous man, for today I’ve suffered terribly in a dream because of Him!’” (Matthew 27:19)
We don’t know her name.
Tradition suggests the name Claudia or the name Procula, but no name is given for Pilate’s wife in the New Testament. This is the only verse where she is mentioned.
Evidently Pilate had discussed the case of Jesus with his wife. Perhaps he had expressed his uncertainty to her. Who is this strange Jewish rabbi who seemed to have run afoul of his own leaders? What had he done that made them want to kill him? What law, if any, had he broken? What should Pilate do about Jesus of Nazareth?
We can see the providence of God at work in three different ways in this story: First, his wife had a dream about Jesus that upset her greatly. Second, she knew he was a righteous man. Third, the message arrives at the very moment when Pilate must make a decision. It is as if God is saying, “Pilate, this is your final warning.”
But there is even more to think about. In all the long hours when Jesus stood on trial, only one person spoke up for him:
A Gentile woman.
A pagan woman.
The wife of the Roman governor.
The wife of the man who answered to the emperor.
Notice the word “today.” Since Pilate’s interviews with Jesus took place early on Friday morning, this must mean that his wife had the terrible dream sometime Thursday night. Perhaps God gave her an understanding that her husband had Jesus’ fate in his hands that very morning. In this little vignette we are reminded that God can use dreams to awaken the conscience.
Pilate knew Jesus had committed no crime worthy of death. But like many a politician caught between a rock and a hard place, he caved in to pressure from the Jewish leaders who wanted Jesus dead.
He is guilty of moral cowardice in the moment of crisis.
He is guilty of selling out an innocent man to save his own job.
He is guilty of condemning a man he knows to be innocent.
His name has become a symbol for all the evil that was done to Jesus. Every Sunday, in churches around the world, Christians recite the Apostle’s Creed. Only three personal names are found in that creed—Jesus, Mary and Pilate. It reads this way: “Born of the virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate.” Yet Pilate knew Jesus was innocent. He tried four times to release him—and said, “I find no fault in him.” Yet he handed over Jesus to be crucified anyway.
What do we learn from the story of Pilate’s wife? That Jesus was innocent and Pilate was guilty. That she did the right thing and Pilate did the wrong thing. That he should have listened to his wife instead of to the howling mob.
Mostly we learn that God is in control of all sides of every situation. Jesus dies for a crime he did not commit, and we are forgiven of crimes we did commit.
What a Savior!
My Lord, make me sensitive to your Spirit and willing to listen to others when I am in danger of sinning against you. Amen. | <urn:uuid:5b99505a-1fe4-48a8-b586-c441f3bfbf98> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.christianity.com/blogs/dr-ray-pritchard/pilates-wife.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318986.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823192831-20190823214831-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.984729 | 735 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Blindness and decision making can be viewed upon as having the same similarities. Blindness can be seen as a physical flaw, and not the metal blindness as in the ability to recognize what one perceives. Decision-making, like blindness is related by the roles in which people play. Together blindness and decision-making are key elements in true caricatures of one's self.
In the play King Lear, Lear is the most profound character and he is the blindest person of all. Lear's social status of being an authoritative figure with great additions; was suppose to be able to distinguish good from bad. However his lack of sight prevented him from doing so. Lear's first act of blindness occurred at the beginning of the play with his plan to divide the kingdom into three parts. His reason for doing this was to see which daughter loved him the most. He was then deceived by his two eldest daughters, and did not see Cordelia's true love for him.
As a result he banished his daughter Cordelia from his kingdom using these words:
"Then hast her, fience; let her be thine;
for we have no such daughter, nor shall ever see
That face of hers again. Therefore be gone
Without our grace, our love, our benison."
Lear's speech of banishing Cordelia out of the country signifies his blindness in not recognizing his daughter's love for him. Therefore leaves him blind to encountering deception by his two eldest daughters Regan and Goneril.
Like Lear, another character that falls into blindness is the Earl of Gloucester; who was another prime individual of not only the flaw of mental blindness but also his actions led him into physical blindness too. Gloucester's blindness affected him with the lack of ability to see the goodness of... | <urn:uuid:f8dd5138-ed3c-4dd7-abd3-a5605b3f42e7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.writework.com/essay/role-blindness-played-king-lear | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720154.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00510-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985302 | 364 | 3.578125 | 4 |
November 2012 Articles & Features
By Mike Dale | November 2012
A big obstacle to widespread acceptance of electric vehicles is ‘range anxiety.’ Developing more accurate methods of measuring battery state of charge and health should overcome these fears.
How the fuel gauge works on a conventional vehicle is well understood. The information it provides can be used to estimate when refueling is needed and what sort of fuel mileage was achieved. This same type of information is needed for electric and hybrid vehicles. The problem is that the measurement when batteries are involved is much more complicated. Not only is it more difficult to measure accurately, but the methods vary, depending on the battery chemistry.
The state of charge (SOC) of a battery roughly equates to the range between “full” and “empty” on a conventional fuel gauge. Usually, this is expressed as a percentage of full; if the SOC is 80%, that means the battery is 80% charged. Unlike the fuel tank, there is no easy direct way to measure the SOC for the batteries used in electric-powered vehicles.
State of health (SOH) refers to a battery’s storage capacity. As a battery ages, its storage capacity decreases. For comparison purposes, it’s as though you started with a 16-gal. tank, but over time, the tank capacity shrinks to 12 or 14 gals. The SOH measurement indicates the true storage capacity of a battery.
The inverse of 40% full is 60% empty, and for automotive applications, that’s also important. The 60% empty is called depth of discharge (DOD). Some battery types, like the lithium-ion (Li-ion) type used in electric vehicles, cannot tolerate deep discharge levels. Conventional lead-acid batteries used for the starter motor don’t like deep discharges either. In both battery types, repeated deep discharges will greatly reduce battery life.
There are a number of different ways to measure the SOC of a battery. The best method depends on the battery’s chemistry and how the battery is used. One way is to measure the specific gravity (SG) of the electrolyte in the cell. Conventional lead-acid batteries, as well as flooded nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad) batteries, can be tested this way, but lithium-ion (Li-ion) and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries cannot.
A second way to measure SOC is to read the output voltage of the battery. This method converts a reading of the battery’s voltage to SOC using the known discharge curve of the battery. The idea is that the output voltage decreases as a function of how discharged the battery is. This isn’t necessarily true, as we’ll see.
Measurement of SOC as a function of output voltage is plagued with inaccuracy problems. First, the chemistry of the cells being used varies. Different battery chemistries will have slightly different cell voltages that have nothing to do with SOC. Calcium grid batteries, for example, need a charging voltage 5% to 8% higher than conventional lead-acid cells, whose grids contain antimony. Absorbent glass mat (AGM) batteries will have higher outputs than flooded water/acid cells.
The temperature of a battery also can affect the accuracy of the SOC measurement as a function of output voltage. Generally, higher temperatures will raise the output voltage while colder temperatures will lower it. This can be compensated for, but to do that accurately requires you to know what the battery’s exact temperature is. Batteries are heavy and dense, and the outside temperature can be quite different from the inside temperature. Without a temp sensor buried deep in the battery, it’s not easy to know what temperature to use in compensating for the effect temperature has on battery voltage.
The two main types of battery used in electric vehicles offer additional challenges to state-of-charge measurements based on output voltage. Both Li-ion and NiMH batteries have a flat discharge profile. Their output voltage remains almost constant until they’re more than 80% discharged. If output voltage were used as the “fuel gauge,” it would be at or near the end of the discharge before any useful information would be available.
The third method of measuring battery SOC makes use of a definition by French physicist Charles Agustin de Coulomb. The electrical unit of charge called the coulomb is named after him. Back in the 1700s, he defined the measurement of 1 coulomb as being 1 amp of current passing by a measurement point in 1 second.
Coulomb counting is not very different than what a ticket taker does at a football game, except with batteries it’s done electronically. It’s possible to electronically count the number of coulombs coming in and going out of a battery over time. A math function called integration is used to map the constantly changing currents with relation to time. The net result is that you can count the currents going in and out of a battery and determine from that what the SOC is.
Two key pieces of information are needed to make this method work. First, you need to know, before you start, that the battery is fully charged. To do this you need to use one of the other methods of SOC verification. Once you’ve defined full, then you can count the coulombs as they enter and leave the battery.
The more difficult problem is knowing what the storage capacity of the battery really is. The stadium holds, say, 99,000 people, a fixed number. However, batteries are not like that. Storage capacity is a function of how much battery material is available, the age and temperature of the battery and its electrical condition. This information, taken together, defines the state of health of a battery.
The Battery University website (www.BatteryUniversity.com), which is sponsored by Cadex Electronics, has this to add about coulomb counting: A fuel gauge based on coulomb counting needs periodic calibration, also known as capacity relearning. Calibration corrects the tracking error that develops between the chemical and digital battery on charge and discharge cycles. The correction could be omitted if the battery received a periodic full discharge at a constant current, followed by a full charge. The battery would reset with each full cycle and the tracking error would be kept at less than 1% per cycle. Real-life conditions rarely follow this model.
According to Cadex Electronics, one possible method to work around all of these difficulties is to use a Smart Battery System (SBS). Such systems are widely used in laptop and tablet computer battery systems. This involves an integrated circuit embedded in the battery pack that monitors and then reports the operating conditions by way of a two-wire SMBus. The Smart Battery Data (SBD) can be sent to a smart battery charger that then knows how to best charge or recharge the battery to get maximum use out of it.
When used in Li-ion applications for EVs, this is called an electronic Battery Management System (BMS). For EV batteries, it’s necessary to balance the output of the cells and to keep the battery within a safe operating window for both charge and discharge. The smart charging home recharge systems that will replenish plug-in hybrids will use variations of this software to make sure that recharging is always safe.
Truth be told, it’s not necessarily that easy to know exactly what the state of charge is inside a battery. There are some new technologies coming on the scene that may be able to reduce the amount of measurement error and improve the accuracy of the battery fuel gauge.
One method of SOC measurement being studied is impedance spectroscopy. During the process of charging and discharging, the composition of the materials in a battery’s cells changes. As the chemicals convert back and forth, the impedance of the battery changes. High-frequency pulses are used to measure the battery impedance, which then can help determine the SOC of the battery.
Researchers at Cadex Electronics are working on what they call Quantum Magnetism, or Q-Mag. The negative plate on a discharging lead-acid battery changes from lead to lead sulfate, which has a different magnetic susceptibility than lead. A sensor based on a quantum mechanical process reads the magnetic field through a process called tunneling. A battery with a low charge has a threefold increase in magnetic susceptibility compared to a full charge.
This same concept works with Li-ion batteries. Cadex says that the excitation current needed to generate the magnetic field is less than 1mA, and that the system is immune to most interference. The cells can be encased in foil, plastic, aluminum or stainless steel, but not ferrous metals, as that would block the sensing magnetic field.
While electric vehicles have now been with us for a while, it takes time to develop all of the details needed to make such vehicles truly practical. Henry Ford’s Model T started off with a dipstick for a fuel gauge. It took time to develop a cheap, accurate gauge for gasoline. The same development cycle is going on now for plug-in hybrids and other vehicles using electric power. | <urn:uuid:6f3afe13-99f7-4e33-ad8a-b1220083d0bd> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.motor.com/article.asp?article_ID=1980 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042992543.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002312-00243-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945409 | 1,899 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Foods stamps, or SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), is a United States federal government program that is administered by state and local agencies. SNAP provides assistance to low income families to buy food by providing a monthly food allowance. The SNAP card is used much like a debit card by swiping, then entering pre-determined PIN # to purchase approved food items.
However, there are strict requirements that must be met in order for a household to qualify for assistance. The application process can be confusing and a bit tricky if you’re not equipped with the necessary information.
Here’s a complete guide to applying and getting approved for SNAP (Food Stamp) assistance in the United States. We walk you exactly through the whole process, from start to finish.
Part 1 – Meeting the Requirements
Every member of your household that you wish to receive assistance must have a social security number and be a U.S. citizen, U.S. national or qualified alien. If you are not sure of your status or the status of a household member, check, Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services’ website.
Step 1: Determine Your Status
- S. Citizen – someone who was born in the United States, was born abroad to parents that are both U.S. citizens, or has taken the citizenship test to obtain citizenship.
- S. National – someone who was born in an American territory, such as Puerto Rico or the U.S. Virgin Islands, or someone who was born abroad to one citizen parent and one non-citizen parent.
- Qualified Alien – someone who is not a citizen of the United States, but is either:
- A lawfully admitted permanent resident
- A refugee
- Someone who has been granted asylum
Step 2: Provide Your Household Income
You will be asked to provide detailed information on your resources. The government defines resources as everything you own including your bank, retirement and investment accounts. There are a few assets that you might have that don’t count towards the worth of your total resources. These include:
- Any resources of household members who receive SSI (Social Security Insurance) or TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families).
- Your home and the land that it sits on, if you own them.
- Your vehicle (depending on the state you reside in and how it’s used). Please check your state requirements.
Generally speaking, you cannot have more than $2,250 in resources to qualify for SNAP benefits. If you have a senior citizen living in your household, that amount is increased to $3,250. This amount is current until September 30, 2015. If you apply for benefits after this date, you will have to check the SNAP website to determine the current resource limits.
Step 3: Show the Source of Household Income
You will be asked to provide detailed information on the income of all household members. This will include each member’s official employment and all other sources of income, (i.e. child support, etc.). It also includes the gross amount he or she earns each month. There is an income limit, however, certain things, such as Social Security payments, are not counted towards your income in determining your SNAP eligibility.
In order to qualify for benefits, your net monthly income must be lower than:
- $973 for a household of 1
- $1,311 for a household of 2
- $1,650 for a household of 3
- $1,988 for a household of 4
- $2,326 for a household of 5
- $2,665 for a household of 6
- $3,003 for a household of 7
- $3,341 for a household of 8
- $339 for each additional member beyond 8
Step 4: Using the SNAP Screening Tool
The US Dept. of Agriculture provides a free screening tool to help you determine if you are eligible to receive SNAP benefits based on your income and resources. Another resource to begin the process is Project Bread at 1-800-645-8333. They can provide assistance in starting an application or answering any questions you might have.
Part 2 – Applying For and Receiving Benefits
Once you’ve actually used the above tool (Step 4 in Part 1) and determined that you indeed to qualify to receive Food Stamp Aid, then you actually need to APPLY.
This can be a bit tricky as there are some strict application requirements. Fortunately, SingleMoms.org is here to walk you through the process in detail.
Step 1: Locate your local SNAP office
Once you have determined that you meet the eligibility requirements to receive benefits, you have to locate your local office. Click on the link below to access an interactive map that is provided by the Dept. of Agriculture.
Just click on your state on the map: www.fns.usda.gov/snap/outreach/map.htm
If you are applying for Social Security Insurance (SSI) benefits, your local office has the necessary forms and can help you.
Note that if you don’t have SSI, you will have to go to the local SNAP office to apply.
Since each state handles its own SNAP program, many states use different names for the program. If you have access to a computer, simply Google, “Food Stamp Program in (whatever state you reside in). It will pull up the specific name. If you do not have access to a computer, call your SSI benefits office for assistance. You can call a toll free number at 1-800-772-1213 and they can direct you to your local office.
Step 2: Completing The Application
Depending on the state that you live in, you may be able to apply on-line. Other states will ask you download and print the application, call to have one mailed to you or you can pick an application up in person. Once you have determined the program name for your state, visit their website to find out if you can apply on-line. Although the application process may differ from state to state, the type of information requested is essentially the same. It will include:
- Household financial information, such as rent or house payments; heating, cooling and other utility costs, any cash on hand or bank accounts; child care costs; and any income received from work or other sources, such as SSI, child support or unemployment benefits.
- The number of dependents in your household
- Government benefits that you may currently receive or have received in the past. These may include, but not limited to Medicaid, Medicare, Social Security or veteran’s benefits.
- All medical documentation for you and/or the people that are residing in your household.
Step 3: Submitting The Application
Once you have completed your application and reviewed it for completeness, you are ready to submit. It doesn’t matter if you submit by Internet, regular mail or in person. Please note that if you apply in person, you might be able to get automatically screened to expedite the process. This will allow you to receive any benefits awarded more quickly.
If you opt to go in person, they might be able to usher you through the process within five (5) days. If you have less than $100 in your bank account and meet a few other requirements, you could receive your benefits rather quickly.
No matter how you apply, you should start receiving benefits, if you qualify, within 30 days from the date that you are approved (not the date that you apply). If you have not received a response from your local SNAP office within 30 days, you should contact your local office.
Step 4: The Interview Process
You will be required to provide certain documentation of your financial situation at your scheduled interview. These include:
- Proof of your identity, such as your driver’s license, state or military ID card
- Proof of residency (unless you are homeless). Examples of this are utility bills, rent receipt, lease or mortgage statement.
- The social security numbers of everyone that you are applying for. If you do not have a social security number for everyone, you will need to apply and obtain one prior to your interview.
- Proof of all earned and unearned income before taxes or deductions. They will accept pay stubs, an employer wage statement, and benefits letter from Social Security unemployment compensation, VA or pension.
- You must provide the names, ages and relationship of all household members.
- Proof of immigration status for all non-citizens that are applying.
- Proof of all child support payments (if you want these payments to be considered). This must be in the form of a support order, separation agreement or child support payment records.
- All medical expenses if you are age 60 or older and/or receive any federal disability benefits. This may be doctor or hospital bills, prescription receipts, receipts for over-the-counter medical expenses (if they have been prescribed by a medical practitioner) and any transportation costs to get medical care.
- If you are working, looking for work or participating in workforce training, you can provide childcare expense receipts.
Step 5: Obtaining Your EBT Card
Once you have met all of the requirements and had the interview, you will receive notifications of your benefits. Check your mailbox because you will be receiving a plastic EBT card (much like a debit card) to use when shopping.
Your SNAP benefits can only be used to purchase approved food items. If you try to purchase non-approved items, you may be penalized and in some cases, have your benefits taken away.
Step 6: Re-certify Your Benefits
Once you have started receiving your SNAP benefits for a certain amount of time, you must “re-certify” to your local office to keep receiving your benefits. Please note:
- Recertification periods can range anytime from a month to once a year.
- If you have regularly earned income, chances are you will have to re-certify yearly.
- You will be assigned a caseworker who will let you know how often you must re-certify based on your specific situation.
- If you have had a change in your situation since you last reported, you might have to submit verification documents. For example, if your income has decreased and you need to receive an increase in your benefits, you might need to submit proof of your adjusted income. Your caseworker can give you instruction and guidance regarding a change in your status.
- IMPORTANT: IF YOU DO NOT RE-CERTIFY YOUR BENEFITS, THEY WILL BE CANCELLED AND YOU WILL HAVE TO START THE APPLICATION PROCESS OVER AGAIN.
Part 3: Other Related Programs
There are several additional food assistance programs offered by the government to help low income women with children. You may want to check them out IF you are pursuing food stamp assistance. You may just qualify for additional food assistance.
Here are the major food assistance programs in the US. Keep in mind there may be local STATE FOOD assistance programs and private assistance (charities, food banks) that can provide more benefits too. Make sure you read our Food Assistance article for even more details about food assistance programs in the US.
Other government food programs you may want to look at:
- Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) (http://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/women-infants-and-children-wic)
- Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program (FMNP): http://www.fns.usda.gov/fmnp/wic-farmers-market-nutrition-program-fmnp
- Seniors Farmers Market Nutrition Program (SFMNP): http://www.fns.usda.gov/sfmnp/senior-farmers-market-nutrition-program-sfmnp
- WIC Fruit & Vegetable Voucher Program: http://www.unitedfresh.org/nutrition/fruits-vegetables-wic-program/
The Final Word
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program offers nutrition assistance to millions of eligible, low-income individuals and families. It also provides economic benefits to communities that are served. SNAP is the largest program in the domestic hunger safety net. It provides much needed food to thousands of children that might otherwise go hungry.
The Food and Nutrition Service works with State agencies, nutrition educators, and neighborhood and faith-based organizations to ensure that those eligible for nutrition assistance can make informed decisions about applying for the program and can access benefits. This agency also works with State partners and the retail community to improve program administration and ensure program integrity.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture through the Food and Nutrition Service continues to conduct research and studies aimed at improving the program. By improving access to the program the goal is to increase participation rates for those who are eligible for the SNAP/Food Stamps, but are not currently receiving benefits.
Note, if you need more food assistance, then check out our Guide to Food Assistance Programs article. | <urn:uuid:a6f59606-4966-4250-b097-dbec5a2ee74f> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.singlemoms.org/how-to-apply-for-food-stamps-snap-in-the-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202303.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320064940-20190320090940-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.944243 | 2,728 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Dancing with a Robot?
Some people taking ballroom dancing lessons might be told that their movements are a bit robotic, but maybe that is a compliment. Recently, Diego Felipe Paez Granados, a researcher at Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan, and his team of researchers revealed a robot dance partner who helps beginning dancers improve their skills.
The robot, which is 1.8 meters tall (just a little under 6 feet), glides along on wheels but has an upper body that moves more like the human body. The robot has sensors to track its human partner's movements, comparing them to motion-captured data of professional dancers to determine the partner's performance. The robot’s face displays real-time feedback, helping the person to understand their mistakes and providing information on the person’s progress, encouraging the human dance partner.
The robot is built to adapt to its partner's abilities, providing less force in leading as its human partner improves. In a test of people who had never waltzed before, five out of six of the volunteers improved under the tutelage of their robot dance partner. Previously, the robot had not been created to adapt to its partner's improvements. When that was the case, only two out of six people showed improvements.
While it might be fun to have a robot dance partner at first, at Quick Quick Slow Ballroom Dance Studio, we know that it is not the same as having a human dance partner. With a robot dance partner, you miss out on many of the great things about dancing. You don't get the human contact. You don't get the opportunity to talk with your partner. The experience of looking into your partner's eyes while dancing is missing. You do not get the opportunity to cheer with your partner when you have finally figure out a difficult move. If you want that human interaction while learning to ballroom dance, contact us. Whether you want to take lessons on your own or you want to bring along a few friends, we have dance lessons to fit your needs. | <urn:uuid:4816bbed-5869-44fc-b360-45073d766988> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.quickquickslow.com/blog/dancing-with-a-robot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823229.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019050401-20171019070401-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.969346 | 419 | 2.671875 | 3 |
- Resource Centers
Although gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is prevalent, its cause is unknown. In the December 2004 issue of Gut, M. Nilsson, MD, and colleagues presented evidence from a largescale population-based study involving 2 consecutive public health surveys in Nord-Trondelag, Norway. The results of the study suggested that smoking and excessive salt intake were significant risk factors for symptomatic acid reflux in the study population, whereas dietary fiber and frequent physical exercise might have reduced the risk of reflux. The associations between lifestyle factors and GERD in 3153 individuals reporting symptoms of severe heartburn and regurgitation were compared with those of 40,210 individuals with no reported symptoms of reflux over the previous year.
Individuals who had smoked daily for >20 years (versus <1 year) were 70% more likely to experience symptoms of reflux. Similarly, an increasingly cumulative number of cigarettes smoked during a lifetime increased the risk of reflux.
The amount and frequency of salted food consumption also showed a positive correlation with the risk of GERD. Those who ate salted foods ≥3 times weekly were 50% more likely to have reflux symptoms, than those who ate unsalted foods; individuals who always added extra table salt increased that risk to 70%. | <urn:uuid:3540cf23-68c7-4247-80d1-52cc5809131f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2005/2005-01/2005-01-9157 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970818 | 268 | 3.140625 | 3 |
SG Procedures and GTL provide you with a large set of plot statements, such as BarChart, ScatterPlot, BoxPlot and more. You can use them for the intended purpose, and all is well and good. However, the real fun starts when you leverage a plot to do something that was not obvious. One such plot that is designed to be used in creative and flexible ways is the HIGHLOW plot statement.
Let us start with the MEANS procedure to compute mean mileage values by Origin and Type. We have added a few columns as shown in the table above.
proc means data=sashelp.cars(where=(type ne 'Hybrid')); class origin type; var mpg_city mpg_highway; output out=carmeans(where=(_type_ > 2)) mean(mpg_city mpg_highway) = City Highway; run;
We now have what we call as "Chart Ready" data. We can create a bar chart using the SGPLOT procedure. I used the VBARPARM statement since the data is already summarized. The graph shows the mean highway mileage by Origin and Type. The mileage value of each bar is displayed on top. Click on the graph for a high resolution image.
SGPLOT using VBARPARM:
proc sgplot data=carmeans; vbarparm category=origin response=highway / group=type datalabel outlineattrs=graphoutlines dataskin=matte; xaxis display=(nolabel noticks); run;
Exactly the same graph can be created using the HIGHLOW plot statement, introduced in both SGPLOT and GTL in SAS 9.3. This statement can be used with one of these two syntax specifications for the SGPLOT procedure.
HIGHLOW X=<var> High=<num-var> Low=<num-var> / <options>;
HIGHLOW Y=<var> High=<num-var> Low=<num-var> / <options>;
In the first case, vertical bar segments are drawn from Low value to the High value for each value of X . In the second case horizontal bar segments are drawn from Low value to the High value for each value of Y .
SGPLOT using HIGHLOW Plot:
proc sgplot data=carmeans; highlow x=origin high=highway low=zero / group=type type=bar groupdisplay=cluster highlabel=highway lineattrs=graphoutlines dataskin=matte; xaxis display=(nolabel noticks); yaxis offsetmin=0; run;
Note in the program above, we have used the following required parameters:
HighLow X=Origin High=Highway Low=Zero / Type=Bar GroupDisplay=Cluster highlabel=high;
Setting LOW=zero makes sure all bar segments are drawn to the baseline in the graph shown above. Using Low=City and High=Highway allows us to draw floating bar segments depicting the mileage range by Origin and Type. We can use both the LowLabel and HighLabel to display both the low (City) and high (Highway) value for each bar.
Using the parameter Y instead of X, allows us to create horizontal bar segments as shown on the right. In this case, we have enabled the drawing of horizontal bands to help visually cluster the groups within each category.
Another useful feature of the HighLow plot is the display of caps at the end of each bar. This can be useful to indicate certain characteristics for each bar such as direction (increasing or decreasing) or a continuation of an event in either direction.
The graph on the right displays a horizontal HighLow plot with caps. The columns LOWCAP and HIGHCAP from the data set are used to display the caps. The values are set in the columns when certain conditions are met.
In this case, a low cap is drawn for observations where City mileage is < 18 and a high cap is drawn when Highway mileage > 27.
Another interesting feature is drawing of a "Clip Cap". This feature automatically draws a cap to indicate the bar is clipped when the bar value exceeds the min or max value of the axis.
In the example on the right, x axis Max is set to 28. We have used the option CLIPCAP which draws a special cap at the end of any bar segment that is clipped by the axis min or max value. Here, we have drawn a reference line at x=28 to display the max setting.
SGPLOT code with Clip Caps:
proc sgplot data=carmeans; highlow y=origin high=highway low=city / group=type type=bar groupdisplay=cluster lowlabel=city highlabel=highway clipcap barwidth=1 clusterwidth=0.8 lineattrs=graphoutlines dataskin=matte; refline 28 / axis=x lineattrs=(pattern=dash); xaxis display=(nolabel) max=28 values=(12 to 30 by 4); yaxis display=(nolabel noticks) colorbands=even colorbandsattrs=(transparency=0.5); run;
So far we have seen the use of the HIGHLOW plot with TYPE=BAR. This plot statement also supports TYPE=LINE (default). This plot type is useful to display a stock plot and can also be used to display four response values per line. The example on the right displays monthly stock values, showing the high, low, open and close values.
Full SAS 9.4 Program for High Low Plots: HighLow | <urn:uuid:f5d9af87-7e13-4e98-80fb-7ec3c405801d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://blogs.sas.com/content/graphicallyspeaking/2014/05/04/the-highlow-plot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317037.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822084513-20190822110513-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.78669 | 1,193 | 2.625 | 3 |
Many mothers-to-be fret over their nutrition during pregnancy—taking prenatal vitamins and eating the right kinds of foods to ensure their little ones will have healthy starts. These mothers are intuitively on to something, perhaps more than they know. A research field called epigenetics tells us that a mother’s nutrition can actually turn on or off genes in their babies.
According to WebMD, Kjersti Aagaard, MD, PhD, and assistant professor of maternal and fetal medicine and obstetrics and gynecology at Baylor College of Medicine, the first nine months in the womb are ”programming for health.” In fact, a study published in Science Daily, said a mother’s nutrition during her pregnancy and throughout her lifetime, can affect how her child’s genes function. Dr. Mihai Niculescu from the Nutrition Research Institute stated that, “ In addition to inheriting the DNA sequence of the parents…the offspring may also be inheriting the chemical tags added to DNA that allow genes to be switched on or off.”
Researchers from the Medical Research Council (MRC) International Nutrition Group, based at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and the MRC, conducted a study in rural Gambia that had similar findings. By measuring the concentrations of nutrients in the mothers’ blood who participated, and later analyzing blood and hair follicle samples from their 2-8 month old infants, they found that a mother’s diet before conception had a significant effect on the properties of her child’s DNA.
An article published on NakedScientists.com ,by Jena Pincott, author of the Surprising Science of Pregnancy explained the process by which a mother’s nutrition affects the genes of her offspring. “The foods we eat can contain organic compounds called methyl groups that attach themselves to an unborn baby’s genes and changes their behavior, especially early in development,” said Pincott. “Adding methyl groups to your diet [healthily] turns gene expressions down (methylate) and removing them turns it up (demethylate), like turning the volume higher or lower, on or off.”
Actually, that is what happened when scientists at Duke University and Baylor College of Medicine conducted an experiment with mice. The two mice observed were as genetically similar as identical twins, however one was obese with yellowish colored fur while the other was smaller with brown fur, reported NakedScientists.com. The only difference is that two weeks before conception and throughout pregnancy, the mother of the brown mouse ate food with chemicals that donate methyl groups to genes. The methyls attached to the genes that would typically promote yellowish pigmentation and obesity, which are also predisposed to diseases such as cancer and diabetes.
The results were amazing. According to Pincott, “Here was an animal whose predisposition to obesity, diabetes, cancer, and yellow fur was overcome by maternal diet alone.” So which foods are rich in methyl groups? Foods like meats, liver, shellfish, milk ( for vitamin B12), leafy veggies, sunflower seeds, baker’s yeast ( for folic acid), egg yolk, liver, soy ( for vitamin B6 and choline), and beets, wheat, spinach, and shellfish ( for betaine), for example.
Dr. Mihai Niculescu from the Nutrition Research Institute summarized, “I think that we, as parents have to understand better that our responsibilities to our children are not only of a social, economic, or educational nurture, but that our own biological statues can contribute to the fate of our children, and this effect can be long-lasting,” she said.
“My hope is that, along with many other scientists, we will reveal this tight biological relationship between us as parents and our children, and how we can improve the lives of our children using our own biological machinery.”
If you feel poor nutrition has played a role in your health—it’s not too late. I encourage you to check out my previous blog posts. You may want to start with Don’t Feel Well, Check Your Gut because 80% of your immunity is located there. That post also discusses nutrigenomics and how you can use nutrition to turn on the genes that will improve your health. Also, try these plant-based DNA Activators that I use to maintain the health of my genes because wellness starts on the inside. | <urn:uuid:05f3436f-88cc-4f1f-b92c-c8c4d5c63b83> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.amyholmwood.com/food/a-mothers-nutrition-determines-genetic-expressions-in-their-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371606067.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405150416-20200405180916-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.961756 | 931 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Statistics and statisticians play a fundamental role in research in medicine, public health and the biological sciences. Biostatistics is the branch of statistics devoted to the collection and interpretation of data in these areas.
Biostatisticians collaborate with domain science experts to design clinical trials, observational studies and laboratory experiments to ensure that the resulting data are appropriate to address the scientific objectives. They also carry out analyses to translate data from these and other sources, such as electronic health records or large public health data sets, into knowledge while accounting for potential biases, missing information and other complications.
New statistical methods are continually required to confront the challenges presented by advances in technology, the increasing complexity and volume of data, and emerging areas of inquiry. Biostatistical research involves development and evaluation of methodology for these problems through integration of statistical theory with understanding of the biological, medical or public health context. | <urn:uuid:33786766-f447-41c9-852c-22f39305a9f0> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://statistics.sciences.ncsu.edu/research/research-areas/biostatistics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153392.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727135323-20210727165323-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.912916 | 178 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Summary: 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain
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Ferredoxin Edit Wikipedia article
Ferredoxins (from Latin ferrum: iron + redox, often abbreviated "fd") are iron-sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions. The term "ferredoxin" was coined by D.C. Wharton of the DuPont Co. and applied to the "iron protein" first purified in 1962 by Mortenson, Valentine, and Carnahan from the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum.
Another redox protein, isolated from spinach chloroplasts by Tagawa and Arnon in 1962, was termed "chloroplast ferredoxin". The chloroplast ferredoxin is involved in both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation reactions of photosynthesis. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, ferredoxin is the last electron acceptor and reduces the enzyme NADP+ reductase. It accepts electrons produced from sunlight-excited chlorophyll and transfers them to the enzyme ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase EC 184.108.40.206.
Ferredoxins are small proteins containing iron and sulfur atoms organized as iron-sulfur clusters. These biological "capacitors" can accept or discharge electrons, the effect being change in the oxidation states (+2 or +3) of the iron atoms. This way, ferredoxin acts as electron transfer agents in biological redox reactions.
Ferredoxins can be classified according to the nature of their iron-sulfur clusters and by sequence similarity.
- 1 Fe2S2 ferredoxins
- 2 Fe4S4 and Fe3S4 ferredoxins
- 3 Human proteins from ferredoxin family
- 4 References
- 5 Further reading
- 6 External links
|2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain|
Structural representation of an Fe2S2 ferredoxin.
Members of the 2Fe-2S ferredoxin family have a general core structure consisting of beta(2)-alpha-beta(2), which includes putidaredoxin and terpredoxin, and adrenodoxin. They are proteins of around one hundred amino acids with four conserved cysteine residues to which the 2Fe-2S cluster is ligated. This conserved region is also found as a domain in various metabolic enzymes and in multidomain proteins, such as aldehyde oxidoreductase (N-terminal), xanthine oxidase (N-terminal), phthalate dioxygenase reductase (C-terminal), succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulphur protein (N-terminal), and methane monooxygenase reductase (N-terminal).
One group of ferredoxins, originally found in chloroplast membranes, has been termed "chloroplast-type" or "plant-type". The active center is a [Fe2S2] cluster, where the iron atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated both by inorganic sulfur atoms and by sulfurs provided by four conserved cysteine (Cys) residues.
In chloroplasts, Fe2S2 ferredoxins function as electron carriers in the photosynthetic electron transport chain and as electron donors to various cellular proteins, such as glutamate synthase, nitrate reductase and sulfite reductase. In hydroxylating bacterial dioxygenase systems, they serve as intermediate electron-transfer carriers between reductase flavoproteins and oxygenase.
The Fe2S2 ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum (Cp2FeFd) has been recognized as distinct protein family on the basis of its amino acid sequence, spectroscopic properties of its iron-sulfur cluster and the unique ligand swapping ability of two cysteine ligands to the [Fe2S2] cluster. Although the physiological role of this ferredoxin remains unclear, a strong and specific interaction of Cp2FeFd with the molybdenum-iron protein of nitrogenase has been revealed. Homologous ferredoxins from Azotobacter vinelandii (Av2FeFdI) and Aquifex aeolicus (AaFd) have been characterized. The crystal structure of AaFd has been solved. AaFd exists as a dimer. The structure of AaFd monomer is different from other Fe2S2 ferredoxins. The fold belongs to the α+β class, with first four β-strands and two α-helices adopting a variant of the thioredoxin fold.
Crystal structure of human ferredoxin-1 (FDX1).
|Locus||Chr. 11 q22.3|
Adrenodoxin (adrenal ferredoxin) is expressed in mammals including humans. The human variant of adrenodoxin is referred to as ferredoxin 1. Adrenodoxin, putidaredoxin, and terpredoxin are soluble Fe2S2 proteins that act as single electron carriers. In mitochondrial monooxygenase systems, adrenodoxin transfers an electron from NADPH:adrenodoxin reductase to membrane-bound cytochrome P450. In bacteria, putidaredoxin and terpredoxin serve as electron carriers between corresponding NADH-dependent ferredoxin reductases and soluble P450s. The exact functions of other members of this family are not known, although Escherichia coli Fdx is shown to be involved in biogenesis of Fe-S clusters. Despite low sequence similarity between adrenodoxin-type and plant-type ferredoxins, the two classes have a similar folding topology.
Ferredoxin-1 in humans participates in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. It also transfers electrons from adrenodoxin reductase to the cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P450. FDX-1 has the capability to bind to metals and proteins. It can be found within the cellular mitochondrial matrix.
Fe4S4 and Fe3S4 ferredoxins
The [Fe4S4] ferredoxins may be further subdivided into low-potential (bacterial-type) and high-potential (HiPIP) ferredoxins.
Low- and high-potential ferredoxins are related by the following redox scheme:
The formal oxidation numbers of the iron ions can be [2Fe3+, 2Fe2+] or [1Fe3+, 3Fe2+] in low-potential ferredoxins. The oxidation numbers of the iron ions in high-potential ferredoxins can be [3Fe3+, 1Fe2+] or [2Fe3+, 2Fe2+].
|3Fe-4S binding domain|
Structural representation of an Fe3S4 ferredoxin.
A group of Fe4S4 ferredoxins, originally found in bacteria, has been termed "bacterial-type". Bacterial-type ferredoxins may in turn be subdivided into further groups, based on their sequence properties. Most contain at least one conserved domain, including four cysteine residues that bind to a [Fe4S4] cluster. In Pyrococcus furiosus Fe4S4 ferredoxin, one of the conserved Cys residues is substituted with aspartic acid.
During the evolution of bacterial-type ferredoxins, intrasequence gene duplication, transposition and fusion events occurred, resulting in the appearance of proteins with multiple iron-sulfur centers. In some bacterial ferredoxins, one of the duplicated domains has lost one or more of the four conserved Cys residues. These domains have either lost their iron-sulfur binding property or bind to a [Fe3S4] cluster instead of a [Fe4S4] cluster and dicluster-type.
3-D structures are known for a number of monocluster and dicluster bacterial-type ferredoxins. The fold belongs to the α+β class, with 2-7 α-helices and four β-strands forming a barrel-like structure, and an extruded loop containing three "proximal" Cys ligands of the iron-sulfur cluster.
High-potential iron-sulfur proteins
High-potential iron-sulfur proteins (HiPIPs) form a unique family of Fe4S4 ferredoxins that function in anaerobic electron transport chains. Some HiPIPs have a redox potential higher than any other known iron-sulfur protein (e.g., HiPIP from Rhodopila globiformis has a redox potential of ca. 450 mV). Several HiPIPs have so far been characterized structurally, their folds belonging to the α+β class. As in other bacterial ferredoxins, the [Fe4S4] cluster adopts a cubane-like conformation and is ligated to the protein via four Cys residues.
Human proteins from ferredoxin family
- Mortenson LE, Valentine RC, Carnahan JE (June 1962). "An electron transport factor from Clostridium pasteurianum". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 7: 448–52. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(62)90333-9. PMID 14476372.
- Valentine RC (December 1964). "Bacterial ferredoxin". Bacteriol Rev 28: 497–517. PMC 441251. PMID 14244728.
- Tagawa K, Arnon DI (August 1962). "Ferredoxins as electron carriers in photosynthesis and in the biological production and consumption of hydrogen gas". Nature 195 (4841): 537–43. Bibcode:1962Natur.195..537T. doi:10.1038/195537a0. PMID 14039612.
- Jouanneau Y, Armengaud J, Sainz G, Sieker LC (2001). "Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin (FdVI) from Rhodobacter capsulatus". Acta Crystallogr. D 57 (Pt 2): 301–303. doi:10.1107/S0907444900017832. PMID 11173487.
- Sevrioukova IF (2005). "Redox-dependent Structural Reorganization in Putidaredoxin, a Vertebrate-type [2Fe-2S] Ferredoxin from Pseudomonas putida". J. Mol. Biol. 347 (3): 607–621. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.01.047. PMID 15755454.
- Pochapsky TC, Mo H, Pochapsky SS (1999). "A model for the solution structure of oxidized terpredoxin, a Fe2S2 ferredoxin from Pseudomonas". Biochemistry 38 (17): 5666–5675. doi:10.1021/bi983063r. PMID 10220356.
- Ruterjans H, Beilke D, Weiss R, Lohr F, Pristovsek P, Hannemann F, Bernhardt R (2002). "A new electron transport mechanism in mitochondrial steroid hydroxylase systems based on structural changes upon the reduction of adrenodoxin". Biochemistry 41 (25): 7969–7978. doi:10.1021/bi0160361. PMID 12069587.
- PDB 3P1M; Chaikuad A, Johansson, C, Krojer, T, Yue, WW, Phillips, C, Bray, JE, Pike, ACW, Muniz, JRC, Vollmar, M, Weigelt, J, Arrowsmith, CH, Edwards, AM, Bountra, C, Kavanagh, K, Oppermann, U (2010). "Crystal structure of human ferredoxin-1 (FDX1) in complex with iron-sulfur cluster". To be published. doi:10.2210/pdb3p1m/pdb.
- Fukuyama K, Matsubara H, Katsube Y, Tsukihara T (1989). "Structure of [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus refined at 2.3 A resolution. Structural comparisons of bacterial ferredoxins". J. Mol. Biol. 210 (2): 383–398. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(89)90338-0. PMID 2600971.
- Sieker LC, Meyer J, Moulis JM, Fanchon E, Duee ED, Vicat J (1994). "Refined crystal structure of the 2[4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Clostridium acidurici at 1.84 A resolution". J. Mol. Biol. 243 (4): 683–695. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(94)90041-8. PMID 7966291.
- Bruschi, M. and Guerlesquin, F. (1988). "Structure, function and evolution of bacterial ferredoxins". FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 4 (2): 155–75. PMID 3078742.
- Ciurli, S. and Musiani, F. (2005). "High potential iron-sulfur proteins and their role as soluble electron carriers in bacterial photosynthesis: tale of a discovery". Photosynth. Res. 85 (1): 115–131. doi:10.1007/s11120-004-6556-4. PMID 15977063.
- Fukuyama, K. (2004). "Structure and function of plant-type ferredoxins". Photosynth. Res. 81 (3): 289–301. doi:10.1023/B:PRES.0000036882.19322.0a. PMID 16034533.
- Grinberg, A.V., Hannemann, F., Schiffler, B., Müller, J., Heinemann, U. and Bernhardt, R. (2000). "Adrenodoxin: structure, stability, and electron transfer properties". Proteins 40 (4): 590–612. doi:10.1002/1097-0134(20000901)40:4<590::AID-PROT50>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 10899784.
- Holden,H.M., Jacobson, B.L., Hurley, J.K., Tollin, G., Oh, B.H., Skjeldal, L., Chae, Y.K., Cheng, H., Xia, B. and Markley, J.L. (1994). "Structure-function studies of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins". J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 26 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1007/BF00763220. PMID 8027024.
- Meyer, J. (2001). "Ferredoxins of the third kind". FEBS Lett. 509 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03049-6. PMID 11734195.
This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster binding domain Provide feedback
No Pfam abstract.
Internal database links
|SCOOP:||UK BmKX DHODB_Fe-S_bind Fer2_3 Fer2_4 HPS3_C DUF4512|
|Similarity to PfamA using HHSearch:||Fer2_3 Fer2_4|
External database links
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR001041
Ferredoxins are small, acidic, electron transfer proteins that are ubiquitous in biological redox systems. They have either 4Fe-4S, 3Fe-4S, or 2Fe-2S cluster. Among them, ferredoxin with one 2Fe-2S cluster per molecule are present in plants, animals, and bacteria, and form a distinct Ferredoxin family [PUBMED:2065785]. They are proteins of around one hundred amino acids with four conserved cysteine residues to which the 2Fe-2S cluster is ligated. This conserved region is also found as a domain in various metabolic enzymes.
Several structures of the 2Fe-2S ferredoxin-type domain have been determined [PUBMED:8586613]. The domain is classified as a beta-grasp, which is characterised as having a beta-sheet comprised of four beta-strands and one alpha-helix flanking the sheet. The two Fe atoms are coordinated tetrahedrally by the two inorganic S atoms and four cysteinyl S atoms.
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
|Molecular function||electron carrier activity (GO:0009055)|
|iron-sulfur cluster binding (GO:0051536)|
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
The graphic that is shown by default represents the longest sequence with a given architecture. Each row contains the following information:
- the number of sequences which exhibit this architecture
a textual description of the architecture, e.g. Gla, EGF x 2, Trypsin.
This example describes an architecture with one
Gladomain, followed by two consecutive
EGFdomains, and finally a single
- a link to the page in the Pfam site showing information about the sequence that the graphic describes
- the UniProt description of the protein sequence
- the number of residues in the sequence
- the Pfam graphic itself.
Note that you can see the family page for a particular domain by clicking on the graphic. You can also choose to see all sequences which have a given architecture by clicking on the Show link in each row.
Finally, because some families can be found in a very large number of architectures, we load only the first fifty architectures by default. If you want to see more architectures, click the button at the bottom of the page to load the next set.
Loading domain graphics...
The 2Fe-2S ferredoxin family have a general core structure consisting of beta(2)-alpha-beta(2) which abeta-grasp type fold. The domani is around one hundred amino acids with four conserved cysteine residues to which the 2Fe-2S cluster is ligated.
The clan contains the following 5 members:DHODB_Fe-S_bind Fer2 Fer2_2 Fer2_3 Fer2_4
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:
- the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
- the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
- Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
- alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
- alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM
You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:
- a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
- an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
- an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
- Pfam viewer
- an HTML-based viewer that uses DAS to retrieve alignment fragments on request
You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:
You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.
You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
Key: available, not generated, — not available.
Format an alignment
We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.
HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
If you find these logos useful in your own work, please consider citing the following article:
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
|Number in seed:||206|
|Number in full:||69259|
|Average length of the domain:||74.80 aa|
|Average identity of full alignment:||22 %|
|Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:||23.95 %|
|HMM build commands:||
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 80369284 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
|Family (HMM) version:||23|
|Download:||download the raw HMM for this family|
Weight segments by...
Change the size of the sunburst
selected sequences to HMM
a FASTA-format file
- 0 sequences
- 0 species
This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the More....
This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.
How the sunburst is generated
The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.
In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:
Colouring and labels
Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.
As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.
Anomalies in the taxonomy tree
There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.
Missing taxonomic levels
Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.
Unmapped species names
The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.
So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".
Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.
Too many species/sequences
For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.
The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...
We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.
Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.
If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.
For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.
We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.
Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.
We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.
You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:
- show/hide the summary boxes
- highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
- expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
- select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
- save a plain text representation of the tree
Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.
There are 24 interactions for this family. More...
We determine these interactions using iPfam, which considers the interactions between residues in three-dimensional protein structures and maps those interactions back to Pfam families. You can find more information about the iPfam algorithm in the journal article that accompanies the website.
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Fer2 domain has been found. There are 303 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.
Loading structure mapping... | <urn:uuid:286a1e94-a02e-4fe2-9afe-804e4148e8c0> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://pfam.xfam.org/family/Fer2?tab=alignBlock | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988048.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00182-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852216 | 7,486 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Customary land is land which is owned by indigenous communities and administered in accordance with their customs, as opposed to statutory tenure usually introduced during the colonial periods. Common ownership is one form of customary land ownership.
Since the late 20th century, statutory recognition and protection of indigenous and community land rights continues to be a major challenge. The gap between formally recognized and customarily held and managed land is a significant source of underdevelopment, conflict, and environmental degradation.
In most countries of the Pacific islands, customary land remains the dominant land tenure form. Distinct customary systems of tenure have evolved on different islands and areas within the Pacific region. In any country there may be many different types of customary tenure.
The amount of customary land ownership out of the total land area of Pacific island nations is the following: 97% in Papua New Guinea, 90% in Vanuatu, 88% in Fiji, 85% in the Solomon Islands, and 81% in Samoa.
- "Indigenous Community Land Rights", Land Portal
- Malawi Land Act of 1965, ILO
- AusAID: Making Land Work: Reconciling customary land and development in the Pacific, Canberra 2008 Archived 2009-09-14 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 2009-09-07
|This real estate article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:327e7961-75c8-4a0f-b6b5-c3533f3e2ee1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.bowincars.org/mediawiki-1.6.12/extensions/Fetch.php?topic=Customary_land | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738944.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812200445-20200812230445-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.927898 | 277 | 3.75 | 4 |
Welcome to the Icelandic Saga Database
saga n : a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family; originally, a story of the families that settled Iceland and their descendants.
The Icelandic Saga Database is an online resource dedicated to the digital publication of the Sagas of the Icelanders -- a large body of medieval literature which forms the foundation of the Icelandic literary tradition. This website contains all the extant Icelandic family sagas in an easily readable format using modernized Icelandic spelling, with Old Norse versions and translations into English and other languages made available where these exist in the public domain.
Running the Icelandic Saga Database takes time and money. Your donations help keep us up and running!
Due to server failure, the website has been down for the past couple of weeks. These technical difficulties have now been resolved and the website is back online.
22.03.2011: EPUB format
All the sagas are now available for download in the EPUB format, for convenient reading on mobile devices.
05.10.2009: New Danish translations
10.01.2009: Hrafnkels saga update
Hrafnkels saga is now available with Old Norse spelling.
23.04.2008: Norwegian LaxdŠla
LaxdŠla saga now available in Norwegian translation.
The Icelandic sagas are prose histories describing events that took place amongst the Norse and Celtic inhabitants of Iceland during the period of the Icelandic Commonwealth in the 10th and 11th centuries AD. They were most likely written in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AD, perhaps originating in an oral tradition of storytelling. While their facticity and authorship is for the most part unknown, they are a widely recognized gem of world literature thanks to their sparse, succinct prose style and balanced storytelling. The sagas focus largely on history, especially genealogical and family history, and reflect the struggles and conflicts that arose amongst the second and third generations of Norse settlers in medieval Iceland, which was in this time a remote, decentralised society with a rich legal tradition but no organized executive power. | <urn:uuid:d4154a35-887c-41dd-a474-9b1a5e0c09ff> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://sagadb.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737893676.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221813-00236-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921607 | 429 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Are you smarter about American history than a recent immigrant? Most of the students in Oklahoma’s public high schools aren’t. A conservative think tank asked thousands of high school kids to answer 10 questions drawn from the citizenship test given to recent immigrants. Would-be citizens have to answer six correctly, and 92% do so on their first try. By contrast, only 3% of the Oklahoma students would have.
A whopping 77% couldn’t name the first president, and 90% didn’t know how many justices are on the Supreme Court. (The question most knew—61%—involved naming the ocean on the East Coast.) The problem is not just an issue for Oklahoma; a study in Arizona yielded similar results. “It points to a real serious problem,” says one think tank member. “Jefferson said that a nation can’t expect to be ignorant and free.” | <urn:uuid:fe9736e7-752b-4188-9369-0df2214a2cee> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.newser.com/story/69663/3-of-4-oklahoma-students-cant-name-first-president.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824824.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021171712-20171021191712-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.952225 | 191 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The future of cancer screenings may not be expensive, invasive tests, but simply in having dogs sniff a urine sample.
In a new study conducted by researchers from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, a rescue dog name Frankie had a 90% success rate at distinguishing urine between people with thyroid cancer and those people without the disease.
In an effort to provide an alternative to invasive tests, researchers trained Frankie, a German Shepherd mix, to recognize the smell of cancerous human thyroid tissue. He had been trained to lie down when he smelled cancer, and to turn away when he did not.
In a 2011 study, researchers successfully trained dogs to detect lung cancer by sniffing patients’ breath. Notably, the dogs could detect cancer even when those patients had been smoking or had COPD, unlike current cancer screening tests. In 2014, a study showed that dogs had 98% accuracy at detecting prostate cancer from urine samples. Dogs are also being trained to detect ovarian cancer.
The rationale is simple: While humans have only 5 million scent receptors in their noses, dogs have about 200 million, giving them a sense of smell roughly a thousand times more sensitive!
Even though the use of dogs to detect cancer is a flourishing field of research, the future of cancer screenings is something to be euphoric and engrossed about! | <urn:uuid:61b56ae0-dc75-4f02-a71f-c3d237b90216> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.areufithealthservices.com/category/miss-mollie-mae/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375635143.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627032715-00137-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968973 | 267 | 3.25 | 3 |
By Steve Graham, Networx
When choosing a new heating system, consider the cost and energy efficiency of the system, as well as the price and availability of energy sources like natural gas, electricity and wood pellets. Here are the pros and cons of some common options.
Air Ducts and Vents
Furnaces heat air and blow it through ducts. Forced-air systems are relatively inexpensive to install, repair and replace, and they heat quickly and evenly. But many are not energy-efficient. Some users also complain that moving air is noisy and blows allergens around the house.
Boilers generate steam heat or distribute hot water for heating. Steam is a relatively old and inefficient heating technology. Today, hot-water radiators -- both in baseboards and vertical units -- are more efficient and popular. They are quiet and energy-efficient, particularly when used with separate temperature controls for different areas of the home. However, hot-water radiators slowly and unevenly distribute heat from the edges of the room. They also pose challenges for furniture placement because baseboard vents should not be blocked.
Radiant-heat flooring is perhaps the most efficient and comfortable way to use the heat from a boiler. Hot water flows through pipes either installed directly into the floor or below the flooring. Instead of using vents to blow heat into the room, the floors gain heat which rises and warms the people and objects in the room. Radiant-heat flooring is versatile, and can easily be used with solar hot-water systems and geothermal heating systems, among other options. However, radiant-heat flooring is expensive to install and repair, and it may not be applicable in all homes, depending on the foundation and flooring. Air-heated and electric radiant floors are also available, but both are cost-prohibitive for most home applications.
Wood-burning stoves are old devices getting a green upgrade. A new generation of stoves can heat a room or even a small home by efficiently burning biomass such as compacted sawdust or agricultural waste. Specially formulated wood pellets burn with minimal waste or pollution, and they can even be used in boilers or furnaces to update an existing heating system. The pellets must be delivered and fed into the stove or furnace, so these systems require more effort than most heating systems. Malfunctioning wood stoves can emit dangerous air pollutants.
Electric resistance heating may seem energy-efficient. Electric baseboards and other resistance heaters can convert 100 percent of the electric energy to heat energy. However, the high price of electricity makes it a cost-prohibitive heating option for most homeowners.
In moderate climates, electricity can provide energy-efficient and inexpensive heating and cooling. Electric heat pumps essentially draw heat from the outside air into your cold home during the winter. The process is reversed in the summer. These systems will not provide enough comfort in extreme summer heat or areas with extended periods of below-freezing weather. However, in mild climates, heat pumps can produce up to 400 percent of the energy they consume.
A wide range of heating systems exists beyond the traditional furnace. Explore your options and find the most efficient and attractive system for your budget and climate. | <urn:uuid:ebd5482e-7b51-44e3-86ce-d8ab748e0289> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://m.ktxs.com/Pros-and-cons-of-common-heating-systems/17192666 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464840.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00071-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935236 | 658 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Category: Research article
article id 98, category Research article
Mounding and scalping prior to reforestation of hydrologically sensitive deep-peated sites: factors behind Scots pine regeneration success. Silva Fennica vol. 45 no. 4 article id 98. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.98
Watering up typically ensues after clearcutting forestry-drained peatland forests. Thus, the effectiveness of maintenance drainage and soil preparation procedures becomes paramount for establishing a new generation of commercial forest. Mounding is the primary method of soil preparation applied in regeneration sites lying on deep peat. As raised planting spots, mounds are resistant to waterlogging and assumed to be beneficial for organic matter (OM) decomposition via, e.g., increased soil aeration and temperature, which would also enhance seedling growth. In recent years, however, less intensive and cheaper alternatives like scalping have been sought with some reported cases of success. Our case study investigated the survival and growth of Scots pine outplants in mounds, scalps, and unprepared microsites along a moisture gradient. After three growing seasons, mounding accelerated neither seedling growth nor OM decomposition relative to the unprepared treatment. Survival in mounds was nonetheless superior overall. Scalps behaved as water collecting depressions leading to a catastrophic regeneration result. Based on our findings, water table level (WTL) overrides other growth-controlling factors in excess moisture conditions. To combat watering up coupled with greater than normal rainfall, we recommend reforestation strategies which provide elevated, prepared planting spots (i.e., mounds) or utilize unprepared, higher microforms.
article id 233, category Research article
Macroscale variation in peat element concentrations in drained boreal peatland forests. Silva Fennica vol. 42 no. 4 article id 233. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.233
Information on the variation in soil element concentrations at different spatial scales is needed for, e.g., designing efficient sampling strategies, upscaling the processes related to carbon cycling, and planning land use and management. In spite of intensive land use, such information concerning peat soils is still scarce. We analyzed the variation in peat mineral element concentrations in boreal peatland forests drained 50–60 years earlier. We wanted to quantify the proportions of variation deriving from differences between regions and peatland basins and from within-peatland heterogeneity, and to model the variation using relatively easily measurable site and soil characteristics. We utilized 878 peat samples representing the 0–20 cm layer and collected from 289 sites in 79 peatland basins. The sites represented three different drained peatland forest site types. The two strongest gradients in the element composition captured by principal component analysis were correlated with both the North-South gradient and the site type variation, and the East-West gradient. In general, most of the variation in the element concentrations was contributed by differences among peatland basins, and variation within the floristically determined sites. Most of the element concentrations were best modeled when either the bulk density or the ash content of the peat, or both, were used in addition to site type and geographical location. The explanatory power remained modest for most element concentrations. As for the P concentrations in soil, however, our models provide means for estimating a large part of the variation among drained pine mire sites.
article id 433, category Research article
Variation in soil nutrient concentrations and bulk density within peatland forest sites. Silva Fennica vol. 38 no. 1 article id 433. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.433
The within-site variability of soil characteristics on sites with different soil types remains poorly quantified, although this information is crucial for the success of research on soil properties, and especially for monitoring soil properties over time. We used coefficients of variation and multilevel variance component models to examine the within-site variation of soil (0–30 cm) mineral nutrient concentrations (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, mg g–1; Mn, Zn, mg g–1) and bulk density (kg m–3) on boreal deep-peat sites. We then evaluated the reliability of the site-level estimates (sample means) obtained using different sampling intensities (numbers of samples per site). Our 11 sites represented a single original site type within the oligotrophic nutrient level. Two of the sites were undrained while the rest had been drained for forestry at different points in time. Overall, P concentrations showed the smallest and Mn concentrations the largest within-site variation. The sampling depth contributed more than 50% of the total variance in all other characteristics except the concentrations of P and Fe, and bulk density. The variance proportions of peatland basin, site (within basin), and sampling location (within site) varied by sampling depth for most soil characteristics. The estimates obtained when using a certain number of samples per site were always more reliable for the 0–30 cm layer’s composite samples than for any single 10-cm layer at any depth sampled. On average, it was found that between 4 (P) and some 200 (Mn) samples per site would be needed for the estimates to have a theoretical 10% maximum deviation.
article id 603, category Research article
Tree stand development and carbon sequestration in drained peatland stands in Finland – a simulation study. Silva Fennica vol. 35 no. 1 article id 603. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.603
Drained peatland forests form an important timber resource in Finland. They also form a sink for atmospheric carbon (C) because of the increased growth and C sequestration rates following drainage. These rates have, however, been poorly quantified. We simulated the tree stand dynamics for drained peatland stands with and without cuttings over two stand rotations. Simulations were done on four peatland site types and two regions in Finland with different climatic conditions, using recently published peatland tree growth models applied in a stand simulator. We then calculated the amount of C stored in the stands on the basis of previously published tree-level biomass and C content models. Finally, we developed regression models to estimate C stores in the tree stands using stand stem volume as the predictor variable. In the managed stands, the mean growth (annual volume increment) ranged from 2 to 9 m3 ha–1 a–1, depending on the rotation (first/second), site type and region. Total yield during one rotation varied from 250 to 920 m3 ha–1. The maximum stand volumes varied from 220 to 520 m3 ha–1 in the managed stands and from 360 to 770 m3 ha–1 in the unmanaged. By the end of the first post-drainage rotation the total C store in the managed stands had increased by 6–12 kg C m–2 (i.e. 45–140 g C m–2 a–1) compared to that in the undrained situation. Averaged over two rotations, the increase in the total C store was 3–6 kg C m–2. In the corresponding unmanaged stands the C stores increased by 8–15 kg m–2 over the same periods. At stand level, the C stores were almost linearly related to the stem volume and the developed regression equations could explain the variation in the simulated C stores almost entirely.
article id 5420, category Article
Effect of macroclimate on the development of Scots pine seedling stands on drained oligotrophic pine mires. Silva Fennica vol. 24 no. 2 article id 5420. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15574
The influence of different fertilization treatments and ditch spacings on the height growth of young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling stands growing under various climatic regimes were determined. Comparisons were made between naturally regenerated and planted seedling stands. The effective temperature sum had a stronger effect on the height growth of planted seedlings, and in Northern Finland the planted seedlings seemed to be influenced to a greater degree by the adverse climatic conditions. The heavier the dose of fertilizer that had been applied, the greater the difference in growth caused by macroclimate. A considerably larger proportion of natural seedlings were located on hummocks compared with that of planted seedlings, irrespective of the region. On plots with wider ditch spacings, seedlings growing on hummocks were superior in height growth to those on flat surfaces.
The PDF includes an abstract in Finnish.
article id 5341, category Article
Suopuustojen rakenteen kehitys ojituksen jälkeen. Silva Fennica vol. 22 no. 1 article id 5341. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15498
English title: (1988). Post-drainage development of structural characteristics in peatland forest stands.
The effect of drainage on structure of tree stands is analysed by comparing the average structural characteristics (e.g. diameter distribution) of stands in the data for different drainage age classes and selected site types. The material consists of ca. 4,400 relascope sample plots, which are part of a large drainage area inventory project. The uneven-aged structure of the virgin peatland forest is preserved for several decades after drainage. This is enhanced by the post-drainage increase of small-diameter trees, especially birch. The number of trees per hectare increased during a period of ca. 30 years and levelled off thereafter. The increase in the number of saw log stems is clearly related to the fertility of the site and its geographical location.
The PDF includes a summary in English.
article id 5237, category Article
Duration of the height growth response of young pine stands to NPK-fertilization on oligotrophic pine bogs in Finland. Silva Fennica vol. 19 no. 2 article id 5237. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15416
This is the latest report in a series of publications from an on-going investigation which is concerned with the influence of different fertilization treatments and ditch spacings on the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings and transplants growing on nutrient drained poor bogs in different parts of Finland. This paper concentrates on duration of the growth response to NPK-fertilization on the experimental plots. The experiment was established and the treatments performed in 1965–66.
The results show that climate, expressed as effective temperature sum (dd°C, threshold +5°C) has a clear influence on the duration of the fertilization effect. In Southern Finland (>1,200 dd°C), the duration was at least 15 years. In Central Finland (1,200–1,000 dd°C), it appears to be almost 10 years, and in Northern Finland (<1,000 dd°C), slightly shorter. The amount of fertilizer applied clearly influenced the duration of the fertilization effect. The dosage of 500 kg/ha (N 14, P 7.8, K 8.3 per cent) had, on average, a shorter duration than the greater dosages of 1,000 and 1,500 kg/ha. However, there was no clear difference between the latter two dosages.
The PDF includes a summary in Finnish.
article id 5232, category Article
A comparison of gravimetric and volumetric soil properties in peatland and upland sites. Silva Fennica vol. 19 no. 1 article id 5232. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15411
Transects from upland to peatland sites were laid out so as to encounter a wide range of nutritional and hydrological conditions and volumetric soil samples were taken at 20 m intervals. For organic material, in particular peats, the correlation of ignition loss with CEC and total N were clearly higher when the variables were expressed volumetrically. The volumetric expression of variables made comparison of soils with varying organic matter contents possible. In preliminary analyses of the relationships between soil variables and dominant height of the tree stand on mineral soil sites volumetric exchangeable bases, pH and C/N -ratio in the raw humus layer showed a significant correlation.
The PDF includes a summary in Finnish.
article id 5198, category Article
Lannoitus- ja sarkaleveyskokeita karujen rämeiden uudistamisessa ja taimikoiden kasvatuksessa. Silva Fennica vol. 17 no. 4 article id 5198. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15181
English title: (1983). Fertilization and ditch spacing experiments concerned with regeneration and growth of young Scots pine stands on nutrient poor pine bogs.
The effects of variations in the intensity of drainage and NPK fertilization on the natural regeneration and planting results and the subsequent development of seedling stands under various climatic conditions on drained nutrient poor pine bogs was investigated in a 16-year-old study.
Comparison of height development of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands on drained peatlands to that of pine stands growing in mineral soil sites show that in Southern Finland the most efficient forest improvement measures (10 m ditch spacing and 1,000 kg/ha NPK-fertilization) resulted in growth that corresponds a to a height index of a stand in a Vaccinium type site. Less efficient treatment (30 m ditch spacing and no fertilizer) resulted in growth corresponding the development of young stand in a Calluna type site. In Northern Finland the effect of fertilization on height growth was almost negligible. This is possibly due to a decrease in the nitrogen mobilization from south to north of Finland. Thus, it seems evident that fertilization of young Scots pine stands on nutrient poor drained peatlands can be recommended only in the southern part of the country.
The effect of ditch spacing is same in the whole country. The narrower the spacing the better the height growth. In the south planted stands thrive better than naturally regenerated stands, but the situation is reversed in the north.
The PDF includes a summary in English.
article id 7639, category Article
Vuosina 1930-1978 metsäojitetut suot: ojitusalueiden inventoinnin tuloksia. Acta Forestalia Fennica no. 193 article id 7639. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7639
English title: (1986). Peatlands drained for forestry during 1930–1978: results from field surveys of drained areas.
An extensive field-based survey was conducted to establish the distribution of site types on drained peatlands, the condition of the drainage networks, the post-drainage development of the tree stands, their structure and silvicultural condition and the corresponding requirements for operational measures. The data is based on sampling of the forest drainage undertaking during 1930–78 and consists of 1,312 km inventory transect, 6,030 relascope sample plots and 21,700 studied ditches.
Of the studied peatlands more than 60% were Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) mires, slightly under 20% Norway spruce (Picea abies) mires, and under 10% each treeless mires and paludified upland forest sites. The remaining peatland area that is to be considered suitable for forest drainage according to criteria used by Heikurainen (1960) now consists mainly of spruce mires and paludified upland forest types; about 1 million ha both groups still remain undrained.
The proportion of ditches in need of ditch cleaning was estimated to be under 10% in the youngest drained areas and under 30% in the oldest. The mean tree stand volumes of the drained peatlands of different site types show the same dependence on the trophic level as in earlier studies but the volumes seem to be some 5–10% lower. These results compare favourably with those of the 7th national forest inventory.
Trends in the post-drainage development of tree stand volumes and increment are also, generally, in accordance with earlier findings but have somewhat lower values. The development of the nutrient-poor site type stands, especially in Northern Finland, seems to be significantly poorer than was earlier assumed.
The PDF includes a summary in English.
article id 7604, category Article
Lannoituksen vaikutus mäntytaimikoiden kasvuun ja hirvituhoihin karuilla ojitetuilla nevoilla. Acta Forestalia Fennica no. 166 article id 7604. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7604
English title: (1980). Effect on fertilization on tree growth and elk damage in young Scots pine stands planted on drained, nutrient-poor open bogs in Finland.
An attempt was made in this study to determine which nutrients and in what amounts should be used in the fertilization of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling stands on nutrient-poor open bogs in order to obtain optimum seedling growth and to minimize the risk of elk damage.
The most important nutrient to improve seedling growth in the experiments was phosphorus. Already rather small amounts produced a significant effect although the effect of higher dosages seemed to be longer lasting. After fertilization also nitrogen gave significant increase in growth. The number of seedlings damaged by elk increased the most on N-fertilized plots. Also, phosphorus increased the occurrence of elk damage, but effect seemed to be related to the better growth and more suitable size of P-fertilized seedlings. The effect of potassium on seedling growth and on occurrence of elk damage was negligible.
The PDF includes a summary in English.
article id 7584, category Article
Lannoituksen, kuivatuksen ja lämpöolojen vaikutus istutus- ja luonnontaimistojen kehitykseen rämeillä. Acta Forestalia Fennica no. 150 article id 7584. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7584
English title: (1976). Effect of fertilization, drainage and temperature on the development of planted and natural seedlings on pine swamps.
The paper presents some preliminary results of a 10-year-old study the purpose of which is to determine the effect of simultaneous variations in the intensity of drainage and fertilization on the development of planted and natural seedlings on peatlands under various climatic conditions. The development of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings appeared to be better the more intensive the degree of drainage and fertilization used. The increase in the temperature sum had a positive effect on the development of pine seedlings and decreased the mortality rate.
The best growth result was obtained with a 10 m ditch spacing and strong fertilization. As it is difficult to decrease the 10 m ditch spacing for cost reasons, it can be concluded that on such oligotrophic peatlands as were used in this experiment, only an average growth level in the seedling stands can be reached even with the most efficient forest improvement measures. Broadcast fertilization used in the experiment, at least in large doses, increases seedling mortality, as well as the coverage of the ground vegetation, particularly that of cottongrass and fireweed, and also the shrub height, thus increasing competition. It cannot be recommended for afforestation, and today spot fertilization is used. According to this experiment natural seedlings seem once they have recovered after the first years, to grow better than the planted seedlings. This was true especially in the north and in areas, where drainage was not efficient. The height and height growth of the seedlings were to a large extent dependent on the temperature sum.
The PDF includes a summary in English. | <urn:uuid:271070aa-00f4-4dfd-967a-0fd1e2561bc4> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://silvafennica.fi/issue/author/9968 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315329.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820113425-20190820135425-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.911723 | 4,216 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Kingdom of Gwynedd
Traditional Banner of the Aberffraw House of Gwynedd
Medieval kingdoms of Wales.
Deganwy (6th century)
Llanfaes (9th century)
Rhuddlan (11th century)
|Common languages||Welsh,[nb 1]Latin[nb 2]|
|Religion||Welsh paganism, Celtic Christianity|
|Cadwallon ap Cadfan|
|Gruffudd ap Cynan|
|Llywelyn the Great|
|Llywelyn ap Gruffudd|
|Dafydd ap Gruffydd|
|Historical era||Middle Ages|
o Declaration of the Principality of Wales
|Today part of|
^ In Latin, Gwynedd was often referred to in official medieval charters and acts of the 13th century as Principatus Norwallia (Principality of North Wales).
The Kingdom of Gwynedd (Medieval Latin: Venedotia or Norwallia; Middle Welsh: Guynet) was a Roman Empire successor state that emerged in sub-Roman Britain in the 5th century during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.
Based in northwest Wales, the rulers of Gwynedd repeatedly rose to dominance and were acclaimed as "King of the Britons" before losing their power in civil wars or invasions. The kingdom of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn--the King of Wales from 1055 to 1063--was shattered by a Saxon invasion in 1063 just prior to the Norman invasion of Wales, but the House of Aberffraw restored by Gruffudd ap Cynan slowly recovered and Llywelyn the Great of Gwynedd was able to proclaim the Principality of Wales at the Aberdyfi gathering of Welsh princes in 1216. In 1277, the Treaty of Aberconwy granted peace between the two but would also guarantee that Welsh self-rule would end upon Llewelyn's death, and so it represented the completion of the first stage of the conquest of Wales by Edward I.
Welsh tradition credited the founding of Gwynedd to the Brittonic polity of Gododdin (Old Welsh Guotodin, earlier Brittonic form Votadini) from Lothian invading the lands of the Brittonic polities of the Deceangli, Ordovices, and Gangani in the 5th century. The sons of their leader, Cunedda, were said to have possessed the land between the rivers Dee and Teifi. The true borders of the realm varied over time, but Gwynedd proper was generally thought to comprise the cantrefs of Aberffraw, Cemais, and Cantref Rhosyr on Anglesey and Arllechwedd, Arfon, Dunoding, Dyffryn Clwyd, Ll?n, Rhos, Rhufoniog, and Tegeingl at the mountainous mainland region of Snowdonia opposite.
The name Gwynedd is believed to be an early borrowing from Irish (reflective of Irish settlement in the area in antiquity), either cognate with the Old Irish ethnic name Féni, "Irish People", from Primitive Irish *weidh-n- "Forest People"/"Wild People" (from Proto-Indo-European *weydh- "wood, wilderness"), or (alternately) Old Irish fían "war band", from Proto-Irish *w?n? (from Proto-Indo-European *weyH1- "chase, pursue, suppress").
The 5th-century Cantiorix Inscription now in Penmachno church seems to be the earliest record of the name. It is in memory of a man named Cantiorix, and the Latin inscription is Cantiorix hic iacit/Venedotis cives fuit/consobrinos Magli magistrati: "Cantiorix lies here. He was a citizen of Gwynedd and a cousin of Maglos the magistrate". The use of terms such as "citizen" and "magistrate" may be cited as evidence that Romano-British culture and institutions continued in Gwynedd long after the legions had withdrawn.
Ptolemy marks the Ll?n Peninsula as the "Promontory of the Gangani", which is also a name he recorded in Ireland. In the late and post-Roman eras, Irish from Leinster may have arrived in Anglesey and elsewhere in northwest Wales, with the name Ll?n derived from Laigin, an Old Irish form that means "of Leinster".
The region became known as Venedotia in Latin. The name was initially attributed to a specific Irish colony on Anglesey, but broadened to refer to Irish settlers as a whole in North Wales by the 5th century. According to 9th century monk and chronicler Nennius, North Wales was left defenseless by the Roman withdrawal and subject to increasing raids by marauders from the Isle of Man and Ireland, a situation which led Cunedda, his sons and their entourage, to migrate in the mid-5th century from Manaw Gododdin (now Clackmannanshire, Scotland) to settle and defend North Wales against the raiders and bring the region within Romano-British control. According to traditional pedigrees, Cunedda's grandfather was Padarn Beisrudd, Paternus of the red cloak, "an epithet which suggests that he wore the cloak of a Roman officer", according to Davies. Nennius recounts how Cunedda brought order to North Wales and after his death Gwynedd was divided among his sons: Dynod was awarded Dunoding, another son Ceredig received Ceredigion, and so forth. However, this overly neat origin myth has been met with skepticism:
Early Welsh literature contains a wealth of stories seeking to explain place-names, and doubtless the story is propaganda aimed at justifying the right of Cunedda and his descendants to territories beyond the borders of the original Kingdom of Gwynedd. That kingdom probably consisted of the two banks of the Menai Straits and the coast over towards the estuary of the river Conwy, the foundations upon which Cunedda's descendants created a more extensive realm.-- John Davies, History of Wales, p. 51,
Undoubtedly, a Brittonic leader of substance established himself in North Wales, and he and his descendants defeated any remaining Irish presence, incorporated the settlements into their domain and reoriented the whole of Gwynedd into a Romano-British and "Welsh" outlook.
The Welsh of Gwynedd remained conscious of their Romano-British heritage, and an affinity with Rome survived long after the Empire retreated from Britain, particularly with the use of Latin in writing and sustaining the Christian religion. The Welsh ruling classes continued to emphasize Roman ancestors within their pedigrees as a way to link their rule with the old imperial Roman order, suggesting stability and continuity with that old order. According to Professor John Davies, "[T]here is a determinedly Brythonic, and indeed Roman, air to early Gwynedd." So palpable was the Roman heritage felt that Professor Bryan Ward-Perkins of Trinity College, Oxford, wrote "It took until 1282, when Edward I conquered Gwynedd, for the last part of Roman Britain to fall [and] a strong case can be made for Gwynedd as the very last part of the entire Roman Empire, east and west, to fall to the barbarians." Nevertheless, there was generally quick abandonment of Roman political, social, and ecclesiastical practices and institutions within Gwynedd and elsewhere in Wales. Roman knowledge was lost as the Romano-Britons shifted towards a streamlined militaristic near-tribal society that no longer included the use of coinage and other complex industries dependent on a money economy, architectural techniques using brick and mortar, and even more basic knowledge such as the use of the wheel in pottery production. Ward-Perkins suggests the Welsh had to abandon those Roman ways that proved insufficient, or indeed superfluous, to meet the challenge of survival they faced: "Militarized tribal societies, despite their political fragmentation and internecine strife, seem to have offered better protection against Germanic invasion than exclusive dependence on a professional Roman army (that in the troubled years of the fifth century was all too prone to melt away or mutiny)."
Reverting to a more militaristic tribal society allowed the Welsh of Gwynedd to concentrate on those martial skills necessary for their very survival, and the Romano-Britons of western Britain did offer stiffer and an ultimately successful resistance. The region of Venedotia, however, had been under Roman military administration and included established Irish Gaelic settlements, and the civilian element there was less extensive, perhaps facilitating technological loss.
In the post-Roman period, the earliest rulers of Wales and Gwynedd may have exerted authority over regions no larger than the cantrefi (hundred) described in Welsh law codified centuries later, with their size somewhat comparable in size to the Irish tuath. These early petty kings or princelings (Lloyd uses the term chieftain) adopted the title rhi in Welsh (akin to the Irish Gaelic rí), later replaced by brenin, a title used to "denote a less archaic form of kingship," according to Professor John Davies. Genealogical lists compiled around 960 bear out that a number of these early rulers claimed degrees of association with the old Roman order, but do not appear in the official royal lineages. "It may be assumed that the stronger kings annexed the territories of their weaker neighbors and that the lineages of the victors are the only lineages to have survived," according to Davies. Smaller and weaker chieftains coalesced around more powerful princelings, sometimes through voluntary vassalage or inheritance, though at other times through conquest, and the lesser princelings coalesced around still greater princelings, until a regional prince could claim authority over the whole of north Wales from the River Dyfi in the south to the Dee in the east, and incorporating Anglesey.
Other evidence supports Nennius's claim that a leader came to north Wales and brought the region a measure of stability, although an Irish Gaelic element remained until the mid-5th century. Cunedda's heir Einion Yrth ap Cunedda defeated the remaining Gaelic Irish on Anglesey by 470, while his son, Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion, appears to have consolidated the realm during the time of relative peace following the Battle of Badon, where the Anglo-Saxons were soundly defeated. During that peace he established a mighty kingdom. After Cadwallon, Gwynedd appears to have held a pre-eminent position amongst the petty Cambrian states in the post-Roman period. The great-grandson of Cunedda, Maelgwn Hir "Maelgwn the Tall", was one of the most famous (or infamous) leaders in Welsh history. There are several legends about his life concerning miracles performed either by him or in his presence. He is attributed in some old stories as hosting the first Eisteddfod and he is one of five Celtic British kings castigated for their sins by the contemporary Christian writer Gildas (who referred to him as Maglocunus, meaning 'Prince-Hound' in Brittonic) in De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae. Maelgwn was curiously described as "the dragon of the island" by Gildas which was possibly a title, but explicitly as the most powerful of the five named British kings. "[Y]ou the last I write of but the first and greatest in evil, more than many in ability but also in malice, more generous in giving but also more liberal in sin, strong in war but stronger to destroy your soul."
Maelgwn eventually died from the plague in 547, leaving a succession crisis in his wake. His son-in-law, Elidyr Mwynfawr of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, claimed the throne and invaded Gwynedd to displace Maelgwn's son, Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn. Elidyr was killed in the attempt, but his death was then avenged by his relatives, who ravaged the coast of Arfon. Rhun counter-attacked and exacted the same penalty on the lands of his foes in what is now central Scotland. The long distances these armies travelled suggests they were moving across the Irish Sea, but, because almost all of what is now northern England was at this point (c. 550) under Brittonic rule, it is possible that his army marched to Strathclyde overland. Rhun returned to Gwynedd, and the rest of his reign was far less eventful. He was succeeded by his son, Beli ap Rhun in c. 586.
On the accession of Beli's son Iago ap Beli in c. 599, the situation in Britain had deteriorated significantly. Most of northern England had been overrun by the invading Angles of Deira and Bernicia, who were in the process of forming the Kingdom of Northumbria. In a rare show of common interest, it appears that Gwynedd and the neighbouring Kingdom of Powys acted in concert to rebuff the Anglian advance but were defeated at the Battle of Chester in 613. Following this catastrophe, the approximate borders of northern Wales were set with the city of Caerlleon (now called Chester) and the surrounding Cheshire Plain falling under the control of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Battle of Chester would not end the ability of the Welsh to seriously threaten the Anglo-Saxon polities. Among the most powerful of the early kings was Cadwallon ap Cadfan (c. 624 - 634), grandson of Iago ap Beli. He became engaged in an initially disastrous campaign against Northumbria where following a series of epic defeats he was confined first to Anglesey and then just to Puffin Island before being forced into exile across the Irish Sea to Dublin - a place which would come to host many royal refugees from Gwynedd. All must have seemed lost but Cadwallon raised an enormous army and after a brief time in Guernsey he invaded Dumnonia, relieved the West Welsh who were suffering a Mercian invasion and forced the pagan Penda of Mercia into an alliance against Northumbria. With new vigour Cadwallon returned to his Northumbrian foes, devastated their armies and slaughtered a series of their kings. In this furious campaign his armies devastated Northumbria, captured and sacked York in 633 and briefly controlled the kingdom. At this time, according to Bede, many Northumbrians were slaughtered, "with savage cruelty", by Cadwallon.
[H]e neither spared the female sex, nor the innocent age of children, but with savage cruelty put them to tormenting deaths, ravaging all their country for a long time, and resolving to cut off all the race of the English within the borders of Britain.
However, these tumultuous events would come to be short-lived, for he died in battle in 634 close to Hadrian's Wall. On account of these deeds, he and his son Cadwaladr appear to have been considered the last two High Kings of Britain. Cadwaladr presided over a period of consolidation and devoted much time to the Church, earning the title "Bendigaid" for "Blessed".
During the later 9th and 10th centuries, the coastal areas of Gwynedd, particularly Anglesey, were coming under increasing attack by the Vikings. These raids no doubt had a seriously debilitating effect on the country but fortunately for Gwynedd, the victims of the Vikings were not confined to Wales. The House of Cunedda - as the direct descendants of Cunedda are known - eventually expired in the male line in 825 upon the death of Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog and, as John Edward Lloyd put it, "a stranger possessed the throne of Gwynedd."
This "stranger" who became the next King of Gwynedd was Merfyn "Frych" (Merfyn "the Freckled"). When, however, Merfyn Frych's pedigree is examined - and to the Welsh pedigree meant everything - he seems not a stranger but a direct descendant of the ancient ruling line. he was the son of Gwriad, the contemporaneous king of the Isle of Man and depending on the source either son or husband of Essylt daughter of Cynan Dindaethwy a former King of Gwynedd. The most ancient genealogical sources agree that Merfyn was the son of Esyllt, heiress and cousin of the aforementioned Hywel ap Caradog, last of the ruling House of Cunedda in Gwynedd, and that Merfyn's male line went back to the Hen Ogledd to Llywarch Hen, a first cousin of Urien and thus a direct descendant of Coel Hen. Thus the House of Cunedda and the new House of Aberffraw, as Merfyn's descendants came to be known, shared Coel Hen as a common ancestor, although the House of Cunedda traced their line through Gwawl his daughter and wife of Cunedda.
Merfyn married Nest ferch Cadell, the sister of Cyngen ap Cadell, the King of Powys, and founded the house of Aberffraw, named after his principal court on Anglesey. No written records are preserved from the Britons of southern Scotland and northern England and it is very likely that Merfyn Frych brought many of these legends as well as his pedigree with him when he came to north Wales. It appears most probable that it was at Merfyn's court that all the lore of the north was collected and written down during his reign and that of his son.
Rhodri the Great (844-878), son of Merfyn Frych and Nest ferch Cadell, was able to add Powys to his realm after its king (his maternal uncle) died on pilgrimage to Rome in 855. Later, he married Angharad ferch Meurig, the sister of King Gwgon of Seisyllwg. When Gwgon drowned without heir in 872, Rhodri became steward over the kingdom and able to install his son, Cadell ap Rhodri, as a subject king. Thus, he became the first ruler since the days of Cunedda to control the greater part of Wales.
When Rhodri died in 878 the relative unity of Wales ended and it was once again divided into its component parts each ruled by one of his sons. Rhodri's eldest son Anarawd ap Rhodri inherited Gwynedd and would firmly establish the princely House of Aberffraw that would come to rule Gwynedd with but a few interruptions until 1283.
From the successes of Rhodri and the seniority of Anarawd among his sons the Aberffraw family claimed primacy over all other Welsh lords including the powerful kings of Powys and Deheubarth. In The History of Gruffudd ap Cynan, written in the late 12th century, the family asserted its rights as the senior line of descendants from Rhodri the Great who had conquered most of Wales during his lifetime.Gruffudd ap Cynan's biography was first written in Latin and intended for a wider audience outside Wales. The significance of this claim was that the Aberffraw family owed nothing to the English king for its position in Wales, and that they held authority in Wales "by absolute right through descent," wrote historian John Davies.
The House of Aberffraw was displaced in 942 by Hywel Dda, a King of Deheubarth from a junior line of descent from Rhodri Mawr. This occurred because Idwal Foel, the King of Gwynedd, was determined to cast off English overlordship and took up arms against the new English king, Edmund I. Idwal and his brother Elisedd were both killed in battle against Edmund's forces. By normal custom Idwal's crown should have passed to his sons, Ieuaf and Iago ab Idwal, but Hywel Dda intervened and sent Iago and Ieuaf into exile in Ireland and established himself as ruler over Gwynedd until his death in 950 when the House of Aberffraw was restored. Nonetheless, surviving manuscripts of Cyfraith Hywel recognize the importance of the lords of Aberffraw as overlords of Wales along with the rulers of Deheubarth.
Between 986 and 1081 the throne of Gwynedd was often in contention with the rightful kings frequently displaced by rivals within and outside the realm. One of these, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, originally from Powys, displaced the Aberffraw line from Gwynedd making himself ruler there, and by 1055 was able to make himself king of most of Wales. He became powerful enough to present a real menace to England and annexed some neighbouring parts after several victories over English armies. Eventually he was defeated by Harold Godwinson in 1063 and later killed by his own men in a deal to secure peace with England. Bleddyn ap Cynfyn and his brother Rhiwallon of the Mathrafal dynasty of Powys, Gruffudd's maternal half-brothers, came to terms with Harold and took over the rule of Gwynedd and Powys.
Shortly after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 the Normans began to exert pressure on the eastern border of Gwynedd. They were helped by internal strife following the killing of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn in 1075 by his second cousin Rhys ap Owain King of Deheubarth. Another relative of Bleddyn's Trahaearn seized the throne but was soon challenged by Gruffudd ap Cynan, the exiled grandson of Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig who had been living in the Norse-Gael stronghold of Dublin. In 1081 Trahaearn was killed by Gruffudd in battle and the ancient line of Rhodri Mawr was restored.
The Aberffraw dynasty suffered various depositions by rivals in Deheubarth, Powys, and England in the 10th and 11th centuries. Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055-1137), who grew up in exile in Norse-Gael Dublin, regained his inheritance following his victory at the Battle of Mynydd Carn in 1081 over his Mathrafal rivals then in control of Gwynedd. However, Gruffudd's victory was short-lived as the Normans launched an invasion of Wales following the Saxon revolt in northern England, known as the Harrowing of the North.
Shortly after the Battle of Mynydd Carn in 1081, Gruffudd was lured into a trap with the promise of an alliance but seized by Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester, in an ambush near Corwen. Earl Hugh claimed the Perfeddwlad up to the River Clwyd (the commotes of Tegeingl and Rhufoniog; the modern counties of Denbighshire, Flintshire, and Wrexham) as part of Chester, and viewed the restoration of the Aberffraw family in Gwynedd as a threat to his own expansion into Wales. The lands west of the Clwyd were intended for his cousin Robert of Rhuddlan, and their advance extended to the Ll?n Peninsula by 1090. By 1094 almost the whole of Wales was occupied by Norman forces. However, although they erected many castles, Norman control in most regions of Wales was tenuous at best. Motivated by local anger over the "gratuitously cruel" invaders, and led by the historic ruling houses, Welsh control over the greater part of Wales was restored by 1100.
In an effort to further consolidate his control over Gwynedd, Earl Hugh of Chester had Hervey le Breton elected as Bishop of Bangor in 1092, and consecrated by Thomas of Bayeux, Archbishop of York. It was hoped that placing a prelate loyal to the Normans over the traditionally independent Welsh church in Gwynedd would help to pacify the local inhabitants, and Hervé recognized the primacy of the Archbishop of Canterbury over the episcopal see of Bangor, a recognition hitherto rejected by the Welsh church.
However, the Welsh parishioners remained hostile to Hervey's appointment, and the bishop was forced to carry a sword with him and rely on a contingent of Norman knights for his protection. Additionally, Hervey routinely excommunicated parishioners who he perceived as challenging his spiritual and temporal authority.
Gruffudd escaped imprisonment in Chester, and slew Robert of Rhuddlan in a beachside battle at Deganwy on 3 July 1093. Gruffudd recovered Gwynedd by 1095, and by 1098 Gruffudd allied with Cadwgan ap Bleddyn of the Mathrafal house of Powys, their traditional dynastic rivalry notwithstanding. Gruffudd and Cadwgan led the Welsh resistance to the Norman occupation in north and mid Wales. However, by 1098 Earl Hugh of Chester and Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury advanced their army to the Menai Strait, with Gruffudd and Cadwgan regrouping on defensible Anglesey, where they planned to make retaliatory strikes from their island fortress. Gruffudd hired a Norse fleet from a settlement in Ireland to patrol the Menai and prevent the Norman army from crossing; however, the Normans were able to pay off the fleet to instead ferry them to Môn. Betrayed, Gruffudd and Cadwgan were forced to flee to Ireland in a skiff.
The Normans landed on Anglesey, and their furious 'victory celebrations' which followed were exceptionally violent, with rape and carnage committed by the Norman army left unchecked. The earl of Shrewsbury had an elderly priest mutilated, and made the church of Llandyfrydog a kennel for his dogs.
During the 'celebrations' a Norse fleet led by Magnus Barefoot, King of Norway, appeared off the coast at Puffin Island, and in the battle that followed, known as the Battle of Anglesey Sound, Magnus shot dead the earl of Shrewsbury with an arrow to the eye. The Norse left as suddenly and as mysteriously as they had arrived, leaving the Norman army weakened and demoralized.
The Norman army retired to England, leaving a Welshman, Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl, in command of a token force to control Ynys Môn and upper Gwynedd, and ultimately abandoning any colonization plans there. Owain ap Edwin transferred his allegiance to Chester following the defeat of his ally Trahaearn ap Caradog in 1081, a move which earned him the epithet Bradwr "the Traitor" (Welsh: Owain Fradwr), among the Welsh.
In late 1098 Gruffudd and Cadwgan landed in Wales and recovered Angelsey without much difficulty, with Hervé the Breton fleeing Bangor for safety in England. Over the course of the next three years, Gruffudd was able to recover upper Gwynedd to the Conwy, defeating Hugh, Earl of Chester. In 1101, after Earl Hugh's death, Gruffudd and Cadwgan came to terms with England's new king, Henry I, who was consolidating his own authority and also eager to come to terms. In the negotiations which followed Henry I recognized Gruffudd's ancestral claims of Angelsey, Ll?n, Dunoding (Eifionydd and Ardudwy) and Arllechwedd, being the lands of upper Gwynedd to the Conwy which were already firmly in Gruffudd's control. Cadwgan regained Ceredigion, and his share of the family inheritance in Powys, from the new earl of Shrewsbury, Robert of Bellême.
With the settlement reached between Henry I and Gruffudd, and other Welsh lords, the dividing of Wales between Pura Wallia, the lands under Welsh control; and Marchia Wallie, Welsh lands under Norman control, came into existence. Author and historian John Davies notes that the border shifted on occasion, "in one direction and in the other", but remained more or less stable for almost the next two hundred years.
After generations of incessant warfare, Gruffudd began the reconstruction of Gwynedd, intent on bringing stability to his country. According to Davies, Gruffudd sought to give his people the peace to "plant their crops in the full confidence that they would be able to harvest them". Gruffudd consolidated royal authority in north Wales, and offered sanctuary to displaced Welsh from the Perfeddwlad, particularly from Rhos, at the time harassed by Richard, 2nd Earl of Chester.
Alarmed by Gruffudd's growing influence and authority in north Wales, and on pretext that Gruffudd sheltered rebels from Rhos against Chester, Henry I launched a campaign against Gwynedd and Powys in 1116, which included a vanguard commanded by King Alexander I of Scotland. While Owain ap Cadwgan of Ceredigion sought refuge in Gwynedd's mountains, Maredudd ap Bleddyn of Powys made peace with the English king as the Norman army advanced. There were no battles or skirmishes fought in the face of the vast host brought into Wales; rather, Owain and Gruffudd entered into truce negotiations. Owain ap Cadwgan regained royal favor relatively easily. However, Gruffudd was forced to render homage and fealty and pay a heavy fine, though he lost no land or prestige.
The invasion left a lasting impact on Gruffudd, who by 1116 was in his 60s and with failing eyesight. For the remainder of his life, while Gruffudd continued to rule in Gwynedd, his sons Cadwallon, Owain, and Cadwaladr, would lead Gwynedd's army after 1120. Gruffudd's policy, which his sons would execute and later rulers of Gwynedd adopted, was to recover Gwynedd's primacy without blatantly antagonizing the English crown.
In 1120 a minor border war between Llywarch ab Owain, lord of a commote in the Dyffryn Clwyd cantref, and Hywel ab Ithel, lord of Rhufoniog and Rhos, brought Powys and Chester into conflict in the Perfeddwlad. Powys brought a force of 400 warriors to the aid of its ally Rhufoniog, while Chester sent Norman knights from Rhuddlan to the aid of Dyffryn Clwyd. The bloody Battle of Maes Maen Cymro, fought 1 mile (1.5 kilometres) northwest of Ruthin, ended with Llywarch ab Owain slain and the defeat of Dyffryn Clwyd. However, it was a pyrrhic victory as the battle left Hywel ab Ithel mortally wounded. The last of his line, when Hywel ab Ithel died six weeks later, he left Rhufoniog and Rhos bereft. Powys, however, was not strong enough to garrison Rhufoniog and Rhos, nor was Chester able to exert influence inland from its coastal holdings of Rhuddlan and Degannwy. With Rhufoniog and Rhos abandoned, Gruffudd annexed the cantrefs.
On the death of Einion ap Cadwgan, lord of Meirionnydd, a quarrel engulfed his kinsmen on who should succeed him. Meirionnydd was then a vassal cantref of Powys, and the family there a cadet of the Mathrafal house of Powys. Gruffudd gave licence to his sons Cadwallon and Owain to press the opportunity the dynastic strife in Meirionnydd presented. The brothers raided Meirionnydd with the Lord of Powys as important there as he was in the Perfeddwlad. However it would not be until 1136 that the cantref was firmly within Gwynedd's control. Perhaps because of their support of Earl Hugh of Chester, Gwynedd's rival, in 1124 Cadwallon slew the three rulers of Dyffryn Clwyd, his maternal uncles, bringing the cantref firmly under Gwynedd's vassalage that year. And in 1125 Cadwallon slew the grandsons of Edwin ap Goronwy of Tegeingl, leaving Tegeingl bereft of lordship. However, in 1132 while on campaign in the commote of Nanheudwy, near Llangollen, 'victorious' Cadwallon was defeated in battle and slain by an army from Powys. The defeat checked Gwynedd's expansion for a time, "much to the relief of the men of Powys", wrote historian Sir John Edward Lloyd (J.E Lloyd).
In 1136 a campaign against the Normans was launched from Gwynedd in revenge for the execution of Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd ap Cynan, the wife of the King of Deheubarth and the daughter of Gruffudd. When word reached Gwynedd of Gwenllian's death and the revolt in Gwent, Gruffudd's sons Owain and Cadwaladr invaded Norman controlled Ceredigion, taking Llanfihangle, Aberystwyth, and Llanbadarn. Liberating Llanbadarn, one local chronicler hailed Owain and Cadwaladr both as "bold lions, virtuous, fearless and wise, who guard the churches and their indwellers, defenders of the poor [who] overcome their enemies, affording a safest retreat to all those who seek their protection". The brothers restored the Welsh monks of Llanbadarn, who had been displaced by monks from Gloucester brought there by the Normans who had controlled Ceredigion. By late September 1136 a vast Welsh host gathered in Ceredigion, which included the combined forces of Gwynedd, Deheubarth, and Powys, and met the Norman army at the Battle of Crug Mawr at Cardigan Castle. The battle turned into a rout, and then into a resounding defeat of the Normans.
When their father Gruffudd died in 1137, the brothers Owain and Cadwaladr were on a second campaign in Ceredigion, and took the castles of Ystrad Meurig, Lampeter (Stephen's Castle), and Castell Hywell (Humphries Castle) Gruffudd ap Cynan left a more stable realm then had hitherto existed in Gwynedd for more than 100 years. No foreign army was able to cross the Conwy into upper Gwynedd. The stability of Gruffudd's long reign allowed for Gwynedd's Welsh to plan for the future without fear that home and harvest would "go to the flames" from invaders.
Settlements became more permanent, with buildings of stone replacing timber structures. Stone churches in particular were built across Gwynedd, with so many limewashed that "Gwynedd was bespangled with them as is the firmament with stars". Gruffudd had built stone churches at his royal manors, and Lloyd suggests Gruffudd's example led to the rebuilding of churches with stone in Penmon, Aberdaron, and Towyn in the Norman fashion.
Gruffudd promoted the primacy of the Episcopal See of Bangor in Gwynedd, and funded the building of Bangor Cathedral during the episcopate of David the Scot, Bishop of Bangor, between 1120-1139. Gruffudd's remains were interred in a tomb in the presbytery of Bangor Cathedral.
Owain ap Gruffudd succeeded his father to the greater portion of Gwynedd in accordance with Welsh law, the Cyfraith Hywel, the Laws of Hywel; and became known as Owain Gwynedd to differentiate him from another Owain ap Gruffudd, the Mathrafal ruler of Powys, known as Owain Cyfeiliog. Cadwaladr, Gruffudd's youngest son, inherited the commote of Aberffraw on Ynys Môn, and the recently conquered Meirionydd and northern Ceredigion--i.e., Ceredigion between the rivers Aeron and the Dyfi.
By 1141 Cadwaladr and Madog ap Maredudd of Powys led a Welsh vanguard as an ally of the Earl of Chester in the Battle of Lincoln, and joined in the rout which made Stephen of England prisoner of Empress Matilda for a year. Owain, however, did not participate in the battle, keeping the majority of Gwynedd's army at home. Owain, of restrained and prudent temperament, may have judged that aiding in Stephen's capture would lead to the restoration of Matilda and a strong royal government in England, a government which would support Marcher lords--support hitherto lacking since Stephen's usurpation.
Owain and Cadwaladr came to blows in 1143 when Cadwaladr was implicated in the murder of King Anarawd ap Gruffudd of Deheubarth, Owain's ally and future son-in-law, on the eve of Anarawd's wedding to Owain's daughter. Owain followed a diplomatic policy of binding other Welsh rulers to Gwynedd through dynastic marriages, and Cadwaladr's border dispute and murder of Anarawd threatened Owain's efforts and credibility. As ruler of Gwynedd, Owain stripped Cadwaladr of his lands, with Owain's son Hywel dispatched to Ceredigion, where he burned Cadwaladr's castle at Aberystwyth. Cadwaladr fled to Ireland and hired a Norse fleet from Dublin, bringing the fleet to Abermenai to compel Owain to reinstate him. Taking advantage of the brotherly strife, and perhaps with the tacit understanding of Cadwaladr, the marcher lords mounted incursions into Wales. Realizing the wider ramifications of the war before him, Owain and Cadwaladr came to terms and reconciled, with Cadwaladr restored to his lands. Peace between the brothers held until 1147, when an unrecorded event occurred which led Owain's sons Hywel and Cynan to drive Cadwaladr out of Meirionydd and Ceredigon, with Cadwaladr retreating to Môn. Again an accord was reached, with Cadwaladr retaining Aberffraw until a more serious breach occurred in 1153, when he was forced into exile in England, where his wife was the sister of Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford and the niece of Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester.
In 1146 news reached Owain that his favoured eldest son and heir, Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd, died. Owain was overcome with grief, falling into a deep depression from which none could console him, until news reached him that Mold Castle in Tegeingl had fallen to Gwynedd, "[reminding Owain] that he had still a country for which to live," wrote historian Sir John Edward Lloyd.
Between 1148 and 1151, Owain I of Gwynedd fought against Madog ap Maredudd of Powys, Owain's son-in-law, and against the Earl of Chester for control of Iâl, with Owain having secured Rhuddlan Castle and all of Tegeingl from Chester. "By 1154 Owain had brought his men within sight of the red towers of the great city on the Dee", wrote Lloyd."
Having spent three years consolidating his authority in the vast Angevin Empire, Henry II of England resolved on a strategy against Owain I of Gwynedd by 1157. By now, Owain's enemies had joined Henry II's camp, enemies such as his wayward brother Cadwaladr and in particular the support of Madog of Powys. Henry II raised his feudal host and marched into Wales from Chester. Owain positioned himself and his army at Dinas Basing (Basingwerk), barring the road to Rhuddlan, setting up a trap in which Henry II would send his army along the direct road on the coast, while he crossed through the woods to out-flank Owain. The King of Gwynedd anticipated this, and dispatched his sons Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd and Cynan into the woods with an army, catching Henry II unaware.
In the melee which followed Henry II might have been slain had not Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford, rescued the king. Henry II retreated and made his way back to his main army, by now slowly advancing towards Rhuddlan. Not wishing to engage the Norman army directly, Owain repositioned himself first at St. Asaph, then further west, clearing the road for Henry II to enter into Rhuddlan "ingloriously". Once in Rhuddlan Henry II received word that his naval expedition had failed, as instead of meeting Henry II at Degannwy or Rhuddlan, it had gone to plunder Anglesey.
In a later letter to the Byzantine emperor, Henry probably recalled these experiences when he wrote, "A people called Welsh, so bold and ferocious that, when unarmed, they do not fear to encounter an armed force, being ready to shed their blood in defence of their country, and to sacrifice their lives for renown."
The naval expedition was led by Henry II's maternal uncle (Empress Matilda's half-brother), Henry FitzRoy; and when they landed on Môn, Henry FitzRoy had the churches of Llanbedr Goch and Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf torched. During the night the men of Môn gathered together, and the next morning fought and defeated the Norman army, with Henry FitzRoy falling under a shower of lances. The defeat of his navy and his own military difficulties had convinced Henry II that he had "gone as far as was practical that year" in his effort to subject Owain, and the King offered terms.
Owain I of Gwynedd, "ever prudent and sagacious", recognized that he needed time to further consolidate power, and agreed to the terms. Owain was to render homage and fealty to the King, and resign Tegeingl and Rhuddlan to Chester, and restore Cadwaladr to his possessions in Gwynedd.
The death of Madog ap Meredudd of Powys in 1160 opened an opportunity for Owain I of Gwynedd to further press Gwynedd's influence at the expense of Powys. However, Owain continued to further Gwynedd's expansion without rousing the English crown, maintaining his 'prudent policy' of Quieta non movere (don't move settled things), as Lloyd wrote. It was a policy of outward conciliation, while masking his own consolidation of authority. To further demonstrate his good-will, in 1160 Owain handed over to the English crown the fugitive Einion Clud. By 1162 Owain was in possession of the Powys cantref of Cyfeiliog, and its castle, Tafolwern; and ravaged another Powys cantref, Arwystli, slaying its lord, Hywel ab Ieuaf. Owain's strategy was in sharp contrast to Rhys ap Gruffudd, King of Deheubarth, who in 1162 rose in open revolt against the Normans in south Wales, drawing Henry II back to England from the continent.
In 1163 Henry II quarrelled with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, causing growing divisions between the king's supporters and the archbishop's supporters. With discontent mounting in England, Owain of Gwynedd joined with Rhys ap Gruffudd of Deheubarth in a second grand Welsh revolt against Henry II. England's king, who only the prior year had pardoned Rhys ap Gruffudd for his 1162 revolt, assembled a vast host against the allied Welsh, with troops drawn from all over the Angevin empire assembling in Shrewsbury, and with the Norse of Dublin paid to harass the Welsh coast. While his army gathered on the Welsh frontier, Henry II left for the continent to negotiate a truce with France and Flanders to not disturb his peace while campaigning in Wales.
However, when Henry II returned to England he found that the war had already begun, with Owain's son Dafydd raiding Angevin positions in Tegeingl, exposing the castles of Rhuddlan and Basingwerk to "serious dangers", wrote Lloyd. Henry II rushed to north Wales for a few days to shore up defences there, before returning to his main army now gathering in Oswestery.
The vast host gathered before the allied Welsh principalities represented the largest army yet assembled for their conquest, a circumstance which further drew the Welsh allies into a closer confederacy, wrote Lloyd. With Owain I of Gwynedd the overall battle commander, and with his brother Cadwaladr as his second, Owain assembled the Welsh host at Corwen in the vale of Edeyrion where he could best resist Henry II's advance.
The Angevin army advanced from Oswestry into Wales crossing the mountains towards Mur Castell, and found itself in the thick forest of the Ceiriog Valley where they were forced into a narrow thin line. Owain I had positioned a band of skirmishers in the thick woods overlooking the pass, which harassed the exposed army from a secured position. Henry II ordered the clearing of the woods on either side to widen the passage through the valley, and to lessen the exposure of his army. The road his army traveled later became known as the Ffordd y Saeson, the English Road, and leads through heath and bog towards the Dee. In a dry summer the moors may have been passable, but "on this occasion the skies put on their most wintry aspect; and the rain fell in torrents [...] flooding the mountain meadows" until the great Angevin encampment became a "morass," wrote Lloyd. In the face of "hurricane" force wind and rain, diminishing provisions and an exposed supply line stretching through hostile country subject to enemy raids, and with a demoralized army, Henry II was forced into a complete retreat without even a semblance of a victory.
In frustration, Henry II had twenty-two Welsh hostages mutilated; the sons of Owain' supporters and allies, including two of Owain's own sons. In addition to his failed campaign in Wales, Henry's mercenary Norse navy, which he had hired to harass the Welsh coast, turned out to be too few for use, and were disbanded without engagement.
Henry II's Welsh campaign was a complete failure, with the king abandoning all plans for the conquest of Wales, returning to his court in Anjou and not returning to England for another four years. Lloyd wrote:
It is true that [Henry II] did not cross swords with [Owain I], but the elements had done their work for [the Welsh]; the stars in their courses had fought against the pride of England and humbled it to the very dust. To conquer a land which was defended, not merely by the arms of its valiant and audacious sons, but also by tangled woods and impassable bogs, by piercing winds and pitiless storms of rain, seemed a hopeless task, and Henry resolved to no longer attempt it.
Owain expanded his international diplomatic offensive against Henry II by sending an embassy to Louis VII of France in 1168, led by Arthur of Bardsey, Bishop of Bangor (1166-1177), who was charged with negotiating a joint alliance against Henry II. With Henry II distracted by his widening quarrel with Thomas Becket, Owain's army recovered Tegeingl for Gwynedd by 1169.
Like his father before him, Owain I promoted stability in upper Gwynedd as no foreign army was able to campaign past the Conwy, marking nearly 70 years of peace in upper Gwynedd and on Anglesey.
In his later reign Owain I was the styled princeps Wallensium, Latin for the Prince of the Welsh, a title of substance given his leadership of the Welsh and victory against the English king, wrote historian Dr. John Davies. Additionally, Owain commissioned the Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan, the biography of his father in which Owain firmly asserted his primacy over other Welsh rulers by "absolute right through descent" from Rhodri the Great, according to Davies. Owain I was the eldest male descendant of Rhodri the Great through paternal descent.
The adoption of the title prince (Latin princeps, Welsh twysog), rather than king (Latin rex, Welsh brenin), did not mean a diminution in status, according to Davies. The use of the title prince was a recognition of the ruler of Gwynedd in relation to the wider international feudal world. The princes of Gwynedd exercised greater status and prestige then the earls, counts, and dukes of the Angevin empire, suggesting a similar status as that of the King of Scots, himself nominally a vassal of the King of England, argued Davies. As Welsh society became further influenced by feudal Europe, the princes of Gwynedd would in turn use feudalism to strengthen their own authority over lesser Welsh lords, a "two-edged sword" for the King of England, wrote Davies. Though Gwynedd's princes recognized the de jure suzerainty of the King of England, there remained well-established Welsh law separate from English law, and were independent de facto, wrote Davies.
Throughout Owain's life it is clear he favoured his eldest sons, born of "Pyfog the Irishwoman". Annals state that these two sons, Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd and Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd, were illegitimate, but it is worth pausing to consider that history is often written by the victors. Owain and his father, Gruffudd ap Cynan, had both drawn considerable strength from family connections they had maintained across the Irish Sea in Dublin, and it was these connections which had restored Gruffudd on several occasions to his throne and had provided his father, Cynan, with a place of refuge during the usurpations of the 11th century. It is therefore possible that Owain hoped to maintain this Irish connection by ensuring the succession of one of his sons born of this Irish woman, Pyfog. Furthermore, it seems illogical - given the fact Owain was so set on their succession and the respect he no doubt commanded in Ireland - that the mother of Rhun and Hywel was a mere commoner and that both those children were born out of wedlock. What the annals record, however, is that in 1146 the eldest son and designated heir, Rhun - a man who was acclaimed as a great warrior and the "flower of Celtic chivalry", according to J.E. Lloyd,- "died" mysteriously, and that Hywel, his natural brother, was proclaimed the new edling, or heir.
Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd duly succeeded his father in 1170, but the realm was plunged immediately into a civil war that appears to have been a conflict between two rival factions: a pro-Irish 'legitimists' faction seeking to ensure the succession of Hywel and protect the legacy of Owain Gwynedd and his father, and a second distinctly anti-Irish coalition headed by Owain's widow, the Princess-Dowager Cristen who promoted her own son Dafydd ab Owain as Prince of Gwynedd ahead of Hywel and any other senior son of Owain Gwynedd. The Princess-Dowager and Dafydd made their move, and within a few months of his succession Hywel was overthrown and killed at the Battle of Pentraeth in 1171.
Although the exact division of the spoils is unclear, Maelgwn appears to have gained Anglesey whilst the sons of Cynan held the cantrefs of Meirionnydd, Eifionydd and Ardudwy between them. However Dafydd appears to have been recognised as pre-eminent amongst them and was regarded in some way as the overall leader. Naturally, once he'd enjoyed some of the benefits of power, Dafydd felt disinclined to share, as well as no doubt nervous that he might also soon share the fate of his predecessor Hywel; in 1173 he acted against his brother Maelgwn and drove him into exile in Ireland thereby gaining possession of all Anglesey for himself.
The following year he expelled all his remaining family rivals and made himself master of all Gwynedd and in 1175 "seized through treachery" his brother Rhodri and imprisoned him for good measure. Thus Dafydd re-united all Gwynedd under his one rule and in order to strengthen his position he sought an agreement with Henry II. Due to his problems with the Church and Normandy, Henry was anxious to secure peace and order in Wales. It was agreed that Dafydd would marry Emma of Anjou, who was Henry's illegitimate half sister, and receive the manor of Ellesmere as dowry, but unlike his southern counterpart, Rhys ap Gruffudd, he received no 'official' recognition of his position in the north.
All this was done, as the Brut y Tywysogion explained, "because [Dafydd] thought he could hold his territory in peace thereby", but it proved insufficient. Before the end of 1175 Rhodri had escaped from captivity and gathered sufficient support to drive Dafydd from Anglesey and across the River Conwy. Faced with this turn of events, Dafydd and Rhodri agreed to divide Gwynedd between them. Thereafter Dafydd's realm was restricted to Gwynedd Is Conwy--i.e., the Perfeddwlad, the land between the rivers Conwy and the Dee--whilst Rhodri retained Anglesey and Gwynedd Uwch Conwy. Secure in his now-truncated realm, Dafydd now appears to have pushed ambition to one side and resolved to enjoy the quiet life. There is no record of him engaging in any further strife for the twenty years or so after the settlement of 1175. Dafydd may not have inherited the leadership abilities of his father but he had sufficient diplomatic qualities remaining to ensure he could live at peace with his neighbours. This appears to be the one quality recognised by his contemporaries as he was described by Giraldus Cambrensis as a man who showed "good faith and credit by observing a strict neutrality between the Welsh and English".
His brother Rhodri had a more eventful time and fell out with the descendants of Cynan. They acted against Rhodri in 1190 and drove him out of Gwynedd altogether. Rhodri fled to the safety of the Isle of Man only to be briefly reinstated in 1193 with the assistance of the Ragnvald, King of the Isles, and then driven out once more at the beginning of 1194.
Dafydd's nemesis proved to be his nephew Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, born most likely in the year 1173 and therefore only a child when all these events played out. Llywelyn's father Iorwerth Drwyndwn had been involved in the early stages of the dynastic struggles and most likely died sometime around 1174. As the century drew to a close Llywelyn became a young man and decided to stake his claim to power in Gwynedd. He conspired with his cousins Gruffudd and Maredudd and his uncle Rhodri and in the year 1194 they all united against Dafydd, defeated him at the Battle of Aberconwy and "drove him to flight and took from him all his territory except three castles".
See also Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
Llywelyn, later known as Llywelyn the Great, was sole ruler of Gwynedd by 1200, and made a treaty with King John of England the same year. Llywelyn's relations with John remained good for the next ten years. He married John's illegitimate daughter Joan, also known as Joanna, in 1205, and when John arrested Gwenwynwyn ab Owain of Powys in 1208 Llywelyn took the opportunity to annex southern Powys. In 1210 relations deteriorated and John invaded Gwynedd in 1211. Llywelyn was forced to seek terms and to give up all his lands east of the River Conwy, but was able to recover these lands the following year in alliance with the other Welsh princes. He later allied himself with the barons who forced John to sign Magna Carta in 1215. By 1216 he was the dominant power in Wales, holding a council at Aberdyfi that year to apportion lands to the other princes.
Following King John's death, Llywelyn concluded the Treaty of Worcester with his successor Henry III in 1218. During the next fifteen years Llywelyn was frequently involved in fighting with Marcher lords and sometimes with the king, but also made alliances with several of the major powers in the Marches. The Peace of Middle in 1234 marked the end of Llywelyn's military career as the agreed truce of two years was extended year by year for the remainder of his reign.
Llywelyn the Great was determined to enforce the right of legitimate sons in Welsh succession law to bring Gwynedd in line with other Christian countries in Europe. However, by promoting his younger son Dafydd he encountered considerable support for his elder son Gruffudd from traditionalists in Gwynedd, as well as dealing with his acts of revolt. But if he held him prisoner, the support for Gruffudd could not be transformed into anything more dangerous. Although Dafydd lost one of his most important supporters when his mother died in 1237, he retained the support of Ednyfed Fychan, the Seneschal of Gwynedd and the wielder of great political influence. After Llywelyn suffered a paralytic stroke in 1237, Dafydd took an increasing role in government. Dafydd ruled Gwynedd following his father's death in 1240.
While King Henry III of England had accepted Dafydd's claim to Gwynedd, he was not disposed to allow him to retain his father's conquests outside it. In 1241 Henry invaded Gwynedd, and Dafydd was forced to submit in late August. Under the terms of the Treaty of Gwerneigron, Dafydd gave up all his lands outside Gwynedd, and released his captive half-brother Gruffudd to Henry. However, any potential value Henry might have realized from cultivating Gruffudd as a rival claimant to Gwynedd was frustrated when Gruffudd fell to his death in March 1244 while trying to escape from the Tower of London by climbing down a knotted sheet.
With his main rival dead Dafydd formed an alliance with other Welsh rulers and began a campaign against the English occupation of parts of Wales. After savage fighting the campaign was successful until Dafydd's sudden natural death brought it to a halt. He died without issue and so the succession passed to Gruffudd's adult sons, Owain Goch ap Gruffydd and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, who divided the realm between them.
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was in Gwynedd at the time of his succession to the throne and had fought alongside his uncle Dafydd during the last campaign of his reign. This gave him an advantage over his elder brother Owain who had been imprisoned in England with his father since 1242. Owain returned to Gwynedd - he apparently "escaped" or was released immediately after the news of Dafydd's death reached England. Llywelyn and Owain were able to come to agreement and the reduced territory of Gwynedd was divided between them.
In 1255 their younger sibling Dafydd ap Gruffudd reached maturity and Henry III, sensing an opportunity to create mischief, demanded that he be allowed his division of Gwynedd also. Llywelyn rejected this on the grounds that this would further weaken the realm and play into England's hands. Dafydd formed an alliance with Owain and at the Battle of Bryn Derwin met Llywelyn in battle. Llywelyn was victorious; imprisoning Owain and confiscating his lands. He also imprisoned Dafydd for a short period before coming to terms with him. This behavior of Dafydd's would become a nearly continuous pattern, until the end of the brothers' lives.
Between 1255 and 1258 Llywelyn orchestrated a campaign against England across all of Wales gaining allies in Deheubarth and Powys. By 1258 he was acknowledged by almost all the native rulers as Prince of Wales. In 1263 his brother Dafydd defected to England for reasons which are unclear, although it has been speculated that the death of their mother played a role.
The following year, 1264, the Baron's Revolt in England had reached its climax at the Battle of Lewes. Llywelyn signed the Treaty of Woodstock with Simon de Montfort thus forming an alliance against Henry III. De Montfort was soon defeated and killed at the Battle of Evesham by Prince Edward, eldest son of the English king; yet the peace between England and Wales held, being formalised at the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267. The title "Prince of Wales" was recognised by the King of England. All the native Welsh princes were to be vassals of Llywelyn and it is from this point that the independent history of the kingdom of Gwynedd comes to an end.
The Principality of Wales was to be a short-lived creation. As is explained in greater detail elsewhere, the relationship between England and Wales broke down following the death of Henry III in 1272. By 1276 Llywelyn had been declared a rebel by the new King Edward I who was determined to be the master of the whole island of Great Britain. Diplomatic pressure followed up by an enormous invasion force broke the unity of Wales and allowed the English army to quickly occupy large areas, forcing Llywelyn back into his Gwynedd heartland. With the capture of Môn and the Perfeddwlad, LLywelyn sued for peace and was forced to sign the Treaty of Aberconwy reducing his realm to almost the same extent as at the beginning of his reign in 1247--viz., the lands above the Conwy. Edward granted Dafydd some lands in the Perfeddwlad, including the cantrefi of Rhôs and Rhufoniog.
A confined Llywelyn appears to have put all of his hopes into stabilising the succession through children sired by his new wife Eleanor de Montfort (the daughter of Simon de Montfort and his Countess, Nell de Montfort; also first cousin of Edward I). Tragedy struck when she died during childbirth in 1282, giving birth to a daughter, Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn. This seems to have driven Llywelyn into what some historians have speculated to be a nervous breakdown and incapacitated him.
Dafydd then joined Llywelyn in a rebellion over English rule. In November 1282 the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Peckham, came to North Wales to mediate the conflict. Llywelyn was offered a bribe: one thousand pounds a year and an estate in England, if he would surrender his territory (which then extended at least to Gwynedd and Deheubarth) to Edward. Llywelyn rejected the offer. The next month, on 11 December 1282, Llywelyn was killed at Cilmeri in an ambush. His leaderless forces were routed shortly afterwards and Edward moved to occupy Powys and eastern Gwynedd.
After these events Dafydd ap Gruffydd proclaimed himself Prince of Wales. Dafydd continued the fight and kept the support of Goronowy ap Heilin, the Lord of Rhôs, as well as Hywel ap Rhys Gryg and his brother Rhys Wyndod, disinherited princes of Deheubarth.
However, as the English forces encircled Snowdonia and his people starved he was soon moving desperately from one fort to another as effective resistance was systematically crushed. Dolwyddelan, which was at risk of becoming encircled, was first abandoned on 18 January 1283. After this Dolbadarn Castle served as his base but by March this noble site in the heart of Snowdonia was also threatened forcing his departure. Finally, Dafydd moved his headquarters south to Castell y Bere near Llanfihangel-y-pennant. As the situation deteriorated it seems most likely that Dafydd and his family hoped to remain at Y Bere just long enough to avoid the worst of the Welsh winter before they were compelled to evacuate the site at the end of March in advance of the English forces who were manoeuvering to place it under siege. From this point forwards the prince, his family and the remains of his government were fugitives sleeping outdoors, forced to keep moving from place to place to avoid capture. Castell Y Bere's starving garrison would eventually surrender on 25 April. After the fall of Y Bere, Dafydd's movements are speculative but he is recorded in May 1283 leading raids from the mountains supported to the bitter end by Goronwy ap Heilin, Hywel ap Rhys and his brother Rhys Wyndod.
The last months saw inward disintegration as well as submission to superior force. Nevertheless, Goronwy ap Heilin had committed himself to the struggle and died in rebellion, alongside the disinherited princes who stood with Dafydd ap Gruffudd in the last springtime of the principality of Wales, diehards who knew that theirs was not the heroism of a new beginning but the ultimate stand of the very last cohort clutching the figment of the political order that they had once been privileged to know.
On 22 June 1283, Dafydd ap Gruffudd was captured in the uplands above Abergwyngregyn close to Bera Mawr in a secret hiding place recorded as "Nanhysglain". The site was no more than a hovel in a bog which may have been used previously by religious hermits. It is recorded that Dafydd, who had been betrayed, was "severely injured" during his capture. It is likely that his wife, daughters, niece and one of his sons were captured alongside him. His eldest son, Llywelyn ap Dafydd (aged about 15), was not there at the time because it is recorded that King Edward issued specific orders "ad querendum filium David primogenitum" to have him apprehended. Llywelyn ap Dafydd was detained later by "men of his own tongue" and taken into royal custody on 29 June. Following this any organised resistance ended until the uprising of Madog ap Llywelyn some eleven years later.
Dafydd was taken to Edward on the night of his capture, then moved under heavy guard by way of Chester to Shrewsbury where in October he was hanged, drawn and quartered. He holds the distinction of being the first person to be executed by the Crown for the crime of "treason."
Following the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282, and the execution of his brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd the following year, eight centuries of independent rule by the house of Gwynedd came to an end, and the kingdom, which had long been one of the final holdouts to total English domination of Wales, was annexed to England. The remaining important members of the ruling house were all arrested and imprisoned for the remainder of their lives (Dafydd's sons Llywelyn ap Dafydd and Owain ap Dafydd in Bristol Castle, his daughters and niece in convents). Under the terms of the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 the Kingdom of Gwynedd was broken up and re-organised into the English county model which created the counties of Anglesey, Carnarvonshire, Merionethshire, Denbighshire and Flintshire.
The Pura Walia (the new counties which had been Gwynedd plus Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire) continued to be within a nominal Principality of Wales ruled by the Council of Wales at Ludlow as a part of the English crown. The title "Prince of Wales" was retained by the sovereign to be eventually awarded to his son, Prince Edward (later Edward II). The Welsh Marches would be merged with the principality in 1534 under the Council of Wales and the Marches until all separate governance for Wales as an administrative entity was abolished in 1689.
There were many Gwynedd-based rebellions after 1284 with varying degrees of success with most being led by peripheral members of the old royal house. In particular the rebellions of Prince Madoc in 1294 and of Owain Lawgoch (the great-nephew of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd) between 1372-1378 are most notable. Because of this the old royal house was purged and any surviving members went into hiding. A final rebellion in 1400 led by Owain Glynd?r, a member of the rival royal house of Powys, also drew considerable support from within Gwynedd.
According to Sir John Edward Lloyd, the challenges of campaigning in Wales were exposed during the 20-year Norman invasion. If a defender could bar any road, control any river-crossing or mountain pass, and control the coastline around Wales, then the risks of extended campaigning in Wales were too great.
Their mode of fighting consists in chasing the enemy or in retreating. This light-armed people, relying more on their activity than on their strength, cannot struggle for the field of battle, enter into close engagement, or endure long and severe actions...though defeated and put to flight on one day, they are ready to resume the combat on the next, neither dejected by their loss, nor by their dishonour; and although, perhaps, they do not display great fortitude in open engagements and regular conflicts, yet they harass the enemy by ambuscades and nightly sallies. Hence, neither oppressed by hunger or cold, not fatigued by martial labours, nor despondent in adversity, but ready, after a defeat, to return immediately to action, and again endure the dangers of war.
--The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis translated by Sir Richard Colt-Hoare (1894), p.511
The Welsh were revered for the skills of their bowmen. Additionally, the Welsh learned from their Norman rivals. During the generations of warfare and close contact with the Normans, Gruffudd ap Cynan and other Welsh leaders learned the arts of knighthood and adapted them for Wales. By Gruffudd's death in 1137 Gwynedd could field hundreds of heavy well-armed cavalry as well as their traditional bowmen and infantry.
They make use of light arms, which do not impede their agility, small coats of mail, bundles of arrows, and long lances, helmets and shields, and more rarely greaves plated with iron. The higher class go to battle mounted on swift and generous steeds, which their country produces; but the greater part of the people fight on foot, on account of the marshy nature and unevenness of the soil. The horsemen, as their situation or occasion requires, willingly serve as infantry, in attacking or retreating; and they either walk bare-footed, or make use of high shoes, roughly constructed with untanned leather. In time of peace, the young men, by penetrating the deep recesses of the woods, and climbing the tops of mountains, learn by practice to endure fatigue through day and night.
--The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis translated by Sir Richard Colt-Hoare (1894), p.491
In the end, Wales was defeated militarily by the improved ability of the English navy to blockade or seize areas essential for agricultural production such as Anglesey. With control of the Menai Strait, an invading army could regroup on Anglesey; without control of the Menai an army could be stranded there; and any occupying force on Anglesey could deny the vast harvest of the island to the Welsh.
Lack of food would force the disbandment of any large Welsh force besieged within the mountains. Following the occupation Welsh soldiers were conscripted to serve in the English Army. During the revolt of Owain Glynd?r the Welsh adapted the new skills they had learnt to guerrilla tactics and lightning raids. Owain Glynd?r reputedly used the mountains with such advantage that many of the exasperated English soldiery suspected him of being a magician able to control the natural elements.
In early times Gwynedd (or Venedotia) may have been ruled from Chester. After the Battle of Chester in 613 when the city fell to the Anglo-Saxons the royal court moved west to the stronghold at Deganwy Castle near modern Conwy. This site was destroyed in 860 and afterwards Aberffraw on Anglesey became the principal power base, with exceptions such as Gruffydd ap Llywelyn's court at Rhuddlan. However, as the English fleet became more powerful and particularly after the Norman colonization of Ireland began it became indefensible and from about 1200 until 1283 the home and headquarters of the Princes was Abergwyngregyn or simply just "Aber" (its shortened form adopted by the Crown of England after the conquest). Joan, Lady of Wales, died there in 1237; Dafydd ap Llywelyn in 1246; Eleanor de Montfort, Lady of Wales, wife of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales ("Tywysog Cymru" in modern Welsh), on 19 June 1282, giving birth to a daughter, Gwenllian. The royal home was occupied and expropriated by the English Crown in early 1283.
The traditional sphere of Aberffraw's influence in north Wales included Ynys Môn as their early seat of authority, and Gwynedd Uwch Conwy (Gwynedd above the Conwy, or upper Gwynedd), and the Perfeddwlad (the Middle Country) also known as Gwynedd Is Conwy (Gwynedd below the Conwy, or lower Gwynedd). Additional lands were acquired through vassalage or conquest, and by regaining lands lost to Marcher lords, particularly that of Ceredigion, Powys Fadog, and Powys Wenwynwyn. However these areas were always considered an addition to Gwynedd, never part of it.
The extent of the kingdom varied with the strength of the current ruler. Gwynedd was traditionally divided into "Gwynedd Uwch Conwy" and "Gwynedd Is Conwy" (with the River Conwy forming the dividing line between the two), which included Môn (Anglesey). The kingdom was administered under Welsh custom through thirteen Cantrefi each containing, in theory, one hundred settlements or Trefi. Most cantrefs were also divided into cymydau (English commotes).
|Aberffraw||Aberffraw||Historic seat of rulers of Gwynedd|
|Rhosyr||Newborough, Niwbro||in 1294, refounded to house displaced villagers from Llanfaes|
Gwynedd above the Conwy, or upper Gwynedd
|Arllechwedd Uchaf||Abergwyngregyn, Conwy County Borough|
|Arllechwedd Isaf||Trefriw, Conwy County Borough|
|Arfon Uwch Gwyrfai||Gwynedd||Arfon above Gwyrfai|
|Arfon Is Gwyrfai||Gwynedd||Arfon beneath Gwyrfai|
|Ardudwy||Meirionnydd area within Gwynedd|
|Eifionydd||Dwyfor area within Gwynedd||Named after Eifion ap Dunod ap Cunedda|
|Dinllaen||Dwyfor council in Gwynedd county|
|Cymydmaen||Dwyfor council in Gwynedd county|
Also known as Perfeddwlad, or "the Middle Country" or Gwynedd Is Conwy (Gwynedd below the Conwy, or lower Gwynedd)
Following Edward's conquest, the lands of Gwynedd proper were divided among the English counties of Anglesey, Caernarfonshire, Merionethshire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire. The Local Government Act 1972 reformed these, creating a new county (now called a "preserved county") of Gwynedd which comprised Anglesey and Llyn, Arfon, Dunoding, and Meirionydd on the mainland. The modern principal area of Gwynedd established by the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 no longer includes Anglesey. | <urn:uuid:a03631fd-21af-48e5-a413-f3c3035220d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://popflock.com/learn?s=Kingdom_of_Gwynedd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028191655-20201028221655-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.973349 | 16,374 | 3.359375 | 3 |
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This week’s photo challenge is to illustrate the concept of “inside.”
For the past few months, I’ve logged in quite a bit of time inside my house while recovering from medical treatment. Sometimes when I sit near the large windows in our living room and look out at the river and skyline, I can feel the sun as it streams into the room and the cold as it seeps through the paned glass. At those moments, the physical line between “inside” and “outside is blurred. As I looked through my photos for this challenge, I selected images which reflect the fuzzy, indistinct boundary between the physical states–inside and outside. Coincidentally, I picked photos of controversial works of art. The first is a statue of the Egyptian king, Ramesses II who is credited with building more temples and fathering more children than another other Egyptian king.
Originally located in the ancient city of Thebes, the giant statue was hauled to London in 1816 by Giovanni Belzoni, where it created an artistic and political sensation. It was the first Egyptian piece of art declared as a masterpiece by art connoisseurs, who up to that point favored works from Ancient Greece. The poet Percy Bysshe Shelley immortalized the statue in the poem “Ozymandias:”
… My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:
Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away.’
Originally at home in the desert, the statue now fills a gallery inside the British Museum. It is flanked by windows that overlook an interior courtyard.
The second work of art is the Arch of Titus in Rome, in walking distance of the Roman Coliseum. The arch is so massive it can shelter a small army, thus creating the illusion of interior space even outdoors.
Like the statue of Ramesses, it has a rich and fascinating history. A model for Napoleon’s Arc de Triomphe in Paris, this Roman arch immortalizes a famous victory by the warrior king Titus. The north side of the arch depicts the triumphant leader in a chariot pulled by four horses. He is crowned by the goddess Winged Victory. According to art historians, this is the first time a work of art portrays both human and divine subjects.
It’s only when I looked at the south side of the arch, that I realized that Titus’ victory occurred in the Middle East. In the frieze, Romans are carrying off the relics from the Temple in Jerusalem. The arch took on greater religious significance centuries later when Pope Paul IV created the Jewish ghetto in 1555. It’s chilling to realize that Jewish Roman citizens were forced to wear yellow badges on their clothing–much like the Jews during World War II–and were required to pay an annual fee to live in the Jewish ghetto, which was walled off from the rest of the city. The pope also demanded that they take a yearly oath of submission to the city and Christianity by standing under the Arch of Titus.
Do you agree that sometimes the line is blurred between inside and outside? I’d love to hear your thoughts!
For more interpretations of this week’s theme, click the links below:
- wEEKLY pHOTO cHALLENGE | iNSIDE | the TEMENOS JOURNAL
- Eye don’t think so… | thoughtsofrkh
- Inside Salisbury Cathedral | Eyes to Heart
- Weekly Photo Challenge – Inside | The River Mom
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- Weekly Photo Challenge: Inside (the Jewelry Box) | Ana Linden
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- Weekly Photo Challenge: Inside ~ The Ocean | In Da Campo
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- Come peek inside.. Weekly Photo Challenge | Patchwork Ponderings
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- inside | yi-ching lin photography
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- Weekly Photo Challenge: Inside | Discovering Ranch Life ~ Photography | <urn:uuid:eba9cfdd-29e4-4d93-ad56-140c0f40bc54> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://pilotfishblog.com/2014/03/15/weekly-photo-challenge-inside-or-outside/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823482.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019231858-20171020011816-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.908495 | 1,085 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This is a repost from the old WordPress incarnation of Not Exactly Rocket Science
You are being hunted, chased through a labyrinth by a relentless predator. Do you consider your options and plan the best possible escape, or do you switch off and rely solely on instinct? A new study provides the answer – you do both, flicking from one to the other depending on how far away the threat is.
Earlier studies have found that different parts of a rodent’s brain are activated in the face of danger, depending on how imminent that danger is. Now, scientists at University College London has found the same thing in human brains.
It would be a poor strategy to stick to the same defensive behaviours in all situations. Simply put, there are threats and there are threats, and we need different kinds of behaviour to cope with different scales of danger. When a predator is fifty feet away, we have the time and space to consider our options and plan an escape. But when it’s five feet away, such luxuries are ill-afforded and behaviour needs to be fast and reflexive. In the millisecond between life and death, the best laid plans of mice and men take a back seat in the light of three simple options – fight, flight or freeze.
This sounds fairly obvious, but Dean Mobbs and colleagues actually watched the switch taking place by scanning the brains of several volunteers as they were being chased by a predator. Of course, ethics committees would frown on letting a bear loose on some volunteers, so the experiment was done in a virtual Pacman-like game, where people had to flee a virtual predator through a maze. But they weren’t completely let off the hook; if they were caught, they received an electric shock.
If you wanted to turn a rat into a fearless critter, unfazed by cats or bigger rats, the best way would be to neutralise a small pair of tiny structures in its brain called the dorsal premammillary nuclei, orPMD. According to new research by Simone Motta at the University of Sao Paolo, these small regions, nestled within a rat’s hypothalamus, control its defensive instincts to both predators and other rats.
But not all neurons in the PMD are equal. It turns out that the structures are partitioned so that different bits respond to different threats. The front and side parts (the ventrolateral area) are concerned with threats from dominant and aggressive members of the same species. On the other hand, the rear and middle parts (the dorsomedial area) process the threats of cats and other predators. And both areas are distinct from other networks that deal with the fear of painful experiences, such as electric shocks.
This complexity is surprising. Until now, scientists have mostly studied the brain’s fear system by focusing on an area called the amydgala, which plays a role in processing memories of emotional reactions. And they have generally assumed that fearful responses are driven by the same networks of neurons, regardless of the threat’s nature.
There’s good reason to think that. Hesitating in the face of danger is a sure-fire way to lose one’s life, so animals respond in a limited number of instinctive ways when danger threatens. They freeze to avoid detection, flee to outrun the threat, or fight to confront it. These automatic “freeze, fight or flight” responses are used regardless of the nature of the threat. Rats, for example, behave in much the same way when they are menaced by cats or electrified floors alike, and actually find it very difficult to do anything else.
This limited repertoire of action convinced scientists that animals process different fears in the same way, relying on the same network of neurons to save their hides from any and all threats. Motta’s research shows that this idea is wrong, certainly for rats and probably for other mammals too. The brain’s fear system isn’t a one-size-fits-all toolkit; it has different compartments that respond specifically to different classes of threats. | <urn:uuid:0b914f8e-7907-4656-b078-31f2f2fd8f1b> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/tag/periaqueductal-gray/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447266.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00104-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951156 | 842 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Die Brücke (The Bridge) was a group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden in 1905, after which the Brücke Museum in Berlin was named. Founding members were Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Later members were Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein and Otto Mueller. The seminal group had a major impact on the evolution of modern art in the 20th century and the creation of expressionism.
Die Brücke is sometimes compared to the Fauves. Both movements shared interests in primitivist art. Both shared an interest in the expressing of extreme emotion through high-keyed color that was very often non-naturalistic. Both movements employed a drawing technique that was crude, and both groups shared an antipathy to complete abstraction. The Die Brücke artists' emotionally agitated paintings of city streets and sexually charged events transpiring in country settings make their French counterparts, the Fauves, seem tame by comparison.
The founding members of Die Brücke in 1905 were four Jugendstil architecture students: Fritz Bleyl (1880–1966), Erich Heckel (1883–1970), Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880–1938) and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff (1884–1976). They met through the Königliche Technische Hochschule (technical university) of Dresden, where Kirchner and Bleyl began studying in 1901 and became close friends in their first term. They discussed art together and also studied nature, having a radical outlook in common. Kirchner continued studies in Munich 1903–1904, returning to Dresden in 1905 to complete his degree. The institution provided a wide range of studies in addition to architecture, such as freehand drawing, perspective drawing and the historical study of art. The name "Die Brücke" was intended to "symbolize the link, or bridge, they would form with art of the future".
Die Brücke aimed to eschew the prevalent traditional academic style and find a new mode of artistic expression, which would form a bridge (hence the name) between the past and the present. They responded both to past artists such as Albrecht Dürer, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder, as well as contemporary international avant-garde movements. The group published a broadside called Programme in 1906, where Kirchner wrote:
We call all young people together, and as young people, who carry the future in us, we want to wrest freedom for our actions and our lives from the older, comfortably established forces.
As part of the affirmation of their national heritage, they revived older media, particularly woodcut prints. The group developed a common style based on vivid color, emotional tension, violent imagery, and an influence from primitivism. After first concentrating exclusively on urban subject matter, the group ventured into southern Germany on expeditions arranged by Mueller and produced more nudes and arcadian images. They invented the printmaking technique of linocut, although they at first described them as traditional woodcuts, which they also made.
The group members initially "isolated" themselves in a working-class neighborhood of Dresden, aiming thereby to reject their own bourgeois backgrounds. Erich Heckel was able to obtain an empty butcher's shop on the Berlinerstrasse in Friedrichstadt for their use as a studio. Bleyl described the studio as:
- that of a real bohemian, full of paintings lying all over the place, drawings, books and artist’s materials — much more like an artist’s romantic lodgings than the home of a well-organised architecture student.
Kirchner's became a venue which overthrew social conventions to allow casual love-making and frequent nudity. Group life-drawing sessions took place using models from the social circle, rather than professionals, and choosing quarter-hour poses to encourage spontaneity. Bleyl described one such model, Isabella, a fifteen-year-old girl from the neighbourhood, as "a very lively, beautifully built, joyous individual, without any deformation caused by the silly fashion of the corset and completely suitable to our artistic demands, especially in the blossoming condition of her girlish buds."
The group composed a manifesto (mostly Kirchner's work), which was carved on wood and asserted a new generation, "who want freedom in our work and in our lives, independence from older, established forces."
In September and October 1906, the first group exhibition was held, focused on the female nude, in the showroom of K.F.M. Seifert and Co. in Dresden.
Emil Nolde (1867–1956) and Max Pechstein (1881–1955) joined the group in 1906. Bleyl married in 1907, and, with a concern to support his family, left the group. Otto Mueller (1874–1930) joined in 1910.
Between 1907 and 1911, Brücke members stayed during the summer at the Moritzburg lakes and on the island of Fehmarn. In 1911, Kirchner moved to Berlin, where he founded a private art school, MIUM-Institut, in collaboration with Max Pechstein with the aim of promulgating "Moderner Unterricht im Malen" (modern teaching of painting). This was not a success and closed the following year.
In 1913, Kirchner wrote Chronik der Brücke (Brücke chronicle), which led to the ending of the group.
Die Brücke was one of two groups of German painters fundamental to Expressionism, the other being Der Blaue Reiter group ("The Blue Rider"), formed in Munich in 1911.
Notes and references
- "The Artists' Association 'Brücke'", Brücke Museum. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
- Artspoke, Robert Atkins, 1993, ISBN 978-1-55859-388-6
- "Fritz Bleyl (1880-1966)", Brücke Museum. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
- "Kirchner - Expressionism and the city", Royal Academy, 2003. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
- "Ernst Ludwig Kirchner", Brucke Museum. Retrieved 8 September 2007.
- "The Student Years of the Brücke and their Teachers", ingentaconnect.com (abstract of book by Peter Lasko), from Art History, Volume 20, Number 1, March 1997 , pp. 61-99. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
- Dempsey, Amy (2010). Styles, Schools and Movements: The Essential Encyclopaedic Guide to Modern Art. Thames & Hudson. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-500-28844-3.
- "Artists by Movement - Die Brücke", artcyclopedia.com. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
- Peter Selz, German Expressionist Painting, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957, p. 78
- Simmons, Sherwin. "Ernst Kirchner's Streetwalkers: Art, Luxury, and Immorality in Berlin, 1913-16", The Art Bulletin, March 2000, from findarticles.com. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Die Brücke.|
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Die Brücke| | <urn:uuid:29fad1b5-b44b-4291-b2f9-5501dc971d8d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542972.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00149-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921198 | 1,581 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Trying to figure out what are the best kind of solar panels, is like researching the best car company.
Solar has become a big industry. With that, more and more companies have started to produce and manufacture solar panels. Many are very good, and many newer ones are still figuring it out. So which one do you choose for your home?
In my previous article, I explained the different parts. of a solar panel system. Knowing about the four basic parts of a solar panel system, what they do, and how they work together, will help you make the best decision when switching to solar power.
But with over 350 solar panel manufacturers, which type or kind of panel do you choose? Which solar panel is best for your home, and which one is going to help zero out your electricity bill?
While there are four essential parts to a solar panel system, the actual solar panels are the most important and also the most obvious part.
Solar panels work thanks to their highly conductive material (silicone cells) that uses the sun’s rays to generate direct current electricity. Sunlight stimulates electrons to move through the silicone cells that are built into solar panels and this creates electricity. Some people think that it’s the sun’s heat that creates electricity, but in fact its sunlight, or more specifically the rays that the sun emits.
Knowing about the four parts of a solar PV system, what they do and how they work together will help you make the best decision when switching to solar power. But which panels do you choose?
Difference Between Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Solar Panels
When we talk about a”kind” panel, it’s best to start with the two most common ways a solar panel is built, one uses monocrystalline, and the other polycrystalline.
Don’t worry, this gets a lot easier to understand in two-minutes
Different solar installers work with different types of panels and panels are made by many different brands, so it would be hard for us to tell you which was “the best” panel. But we can give you some basic information about panels themselves to help you better understand solar panels and make a confident decision when going solar.
Monocrystalline Solar Panels
Polycrystalline Solar Panels
Monocrystalline solar panels have solar cells made from a single crystal of silicon. They also tend to be darker in appearance and range from an almost black to a dark blue. They are also considered by many more aesthetic in appearance and due to production methods the corners are usually missing (as you can see in the above picture).
Polycrystalline solar panels have solar cells made from many silicon fragments melted together. Polycrystalline panels are generally lighter in color and because they are made of many different crystal cells the panels can have a slight variation in color.
Previously, because monocrystalline solar panels were made of one crystal cell it was considered that they could produce solar power energy more efficiently, the one large cell being able to absorb more sun rays than the many individual cells. However, today, thanks to advancing technology in the field of solar power, the difference between the two technologies is very slight and both panels make a great solar PV system for your home or office.
The more important question when selecting a solar panel is the quality of their manufacturing. The two main questions being the manufacturer of the solar panels and their performance over time.
Choosing the Right Solar Panel For Your Home or Office
Be it for your home or office, a solar PV system is a great investment, but it’s also an important one. Like anything, you will get what you pay for. Savings is key, but so is quality as you want your solar panels to last 25 years or more and maintain optimal energy production during that time and beyond.
What some home or business owners don’t know is that there are actually three different tiers of solar panels. Because this is important, we’ve written a separate article that covers the these three tiers and their pros and cons, but to cover the subject briefly:
Tier 1 solar are solar panels produced by the major brands and tend to be 10-30% more expensive, but at the same time are not only higher in quality but also have better warranty plans. You may have heard of some tier 1 companies, which include: Sunpower, Solarworld, Panasonic, LG, Trina, Jinko, Rene Solar and Canadian Solar.
Ricardo Del Sol
Editor, Expert Solar | <urn:uuid:e4049928-7431-425b-9414-e44e019e373c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://expertsolarfl.com/what-are-the-best-kind-of-solar-panels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711114.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206192947-20221206222947-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.957626 | 959 | 2.625 | 3 |
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You will find eBooks in the library catalog, which you can read online or download.
Here is a title that may help you find biographical information about your mathematician:
Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Set) "This standard reference source contains more than 5,000 biographies of mathematicians and natural scientists from all countries and from all historical periods."
Mathematical Time Capsules by Dick Jardine. Biographical sketches may be at the end of chapters.
Find articles, definitions and facts by searching these reference databases:
Oxford Reference Online
Oxford Reference Online brings together over 100 fully searchable reference works. Frequently updated, all disciplines will find this resource useful.
VMI Library Catalog
Find books about the history of mathematics by using Preston Library's catalog. Use the search box below.
For a more complicated search use Advanced Search. The URL is http://vmi.worldcat.org/advancedsearch .
Tips for searching are:
- Limit by format, author, date, and more
You can also browse the mathematics section of the 500 level [QA] for additional material. Here is a list of Library Subject Headings and call numbers:
QA 1-43 General
QA 47-59 Tables
QA 71-90 Instruments and machines
QA 101-145 Elementary mathematics. Arithmetic
QA 150-272 Algebra
QA 273-280 Probabilities. Mathematical statistics
QA 299-433 Analysis
QA 440-699 Geometry. Trigonometry. Topology
QA 801-939 Analytic mechanics | <urn:uuid:2e10464f-ba94-4c81-af72-e371650c4bfb> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://libguides.vmi.edu/c.php?g=36306&p=229679 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178359624.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227234501-20210228024501-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.785181 | 386 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Super-tasters may avoid foods that contain cancer preventive compounds.
SEATTLE—”Super-tasters—people with a genetically inherited sensitivity to bitter tastes—may avoid cancer preventive compounds found in bitter and tart vegetables and fruit,” according to a study at the University of Michigan.
“Super-tasters are highly sensitive to bitter taste and tend to reject bitter tasting foods. Many antioxidant flavonoids that are so important for cancer prevention are either bitter or occur in bitter tasting vegetables and fruit,” said Adam Drewnowski, director of the Human Nutrition Program at the U-M School of Public Health.
Drewnowski presented the findings from his study Sunday Science. Researchers are currently trying to identify which chromosome carries the genetic taste marker and the marker’s location on the chromosome. About 25 percent of the 400 women in the U-M study fell into the “super-taster” category, another 25 percent were “non- tasters” with a “taste blindness” to bitter flavors, and the rest were regular tasters.
Drewnowski has conducted taste sensitivity studies in the laboratory to determine the potential impact of taste acuity on dietary choices and food selection. “In our tests, we found that women who rejected the bitter taste of a laboratory compound called PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) had different taste preference profiles and disliked more sharp and bitter foods than did non- tasters,” Drewnowski said. “Sensitivity to PROP appears to influence dietary choices, and may limit exposure to dietary substances already known to alter cancer risk.”
For instance, the PROP super-tasters disliked naringin, an antioxidant flavonoid that is the principal bitter ingredient in grapefruit juice. “Like other flavonoids, naringin helps inhibit cancer-causing compounds in the body, and has potential chemotherapeutic value,” Drewnowski explained.
In general, women who are sensitive to bitter tastes may limit their consumption of sharp and bitter foods containing diverse flavonoids and isothiocyantes (antioxidants found in cruciferous vegetables) thought to be effective in cancer prevention. These foods may include bitter cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts; citrus fruits such as grapefruit; and a variety of bitter berries and roots.
“People who are tasters or super-tasters should be aware that some of their eating habits are not the result of a simple dislike but are genetically determined. They also should be aware that they may be disguising or moderating bitter tastes by covering vegetables with extra butter, cream, or a cheese sauce, thereby introducing more fat into their diets,” Drewnowski added.
“If they are conscious of their genetic status and its impact on their food choices, they can make healthier decisions about their diet,” he explained. “Health care professionals also should be aware that genetically inherited sensitivity to bitter foods may be an obstacle to cancer prevention programs and be prepared to guide patients in their diets.”
Drewnowski added that “we need to study further the impact of genetic taste markers on dietary choices to determine if a healthy diet might lower disease risk.” | <urn:uuid:ea31c5da-ac4b-4f45-8ec9-217acdab1f94> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://news.umich.edu/super-tasters-may-avoid-foods-that-contain-cancer-preventive-compounds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512382.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019082959-20181019104459-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.939252 | 683 | 3.390625 | 3 |
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The examples of social prejudice are numerous. One of the most prominent that comes to mind is when Aunt Alexandra won't let Scout associate with Walter Cunningham after the trial. When Scout learns that one of the Cunninghams was on the jury and fought for an all out acquittal, she is bound and determined to invite Walter over and be his friend. However, Aunt Alexandra is horrified at this because the Cunninghams are considered, socially, to be white trash. Scout, as a Finch, belongs to a different social strata and is not to associate with someone beneath her.
Another example is during the trial when Atticus observes that the only thing that makes an ignoramous like Bob Ewell and an innocent man like Tom Robinson is the color of their skin.
Maybe the best example of gender bias is Aunt Alexandra, for she believes that Scout's antics, such as calling her father by his first name and wearing trousers instead of dresses, is leading to her ruination. Alexandra is obviously a holdover of the 'southern belle' archetype where the woman's place in the house as a wife and social butterfly. A great scene that illustrates this is when Alexandra has her social circle over to Atticus's house. Scout, who is trying to please her aunt as best she can, tries to fit in.
Here the women do relatively nothing other than talk about J. Grimes Everett and his missionairy work and gossip about the verdict and the social ramification on the African Americans.
In To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus sweetly discusses this topic with his children when they wonder about juries. They ask why city folks don't sit on them. Atticus explains that many business owners fear their decisions would affect their customers' repeat visits. Then, the topic of women on juries arises. Atticus, the one we all grow to love and defend and admire, stereotypes many of Maycomb's women with the greatest care and ease.
He points to Mrs. Dubose as an example. She would speak whenever she felt like it and would try to get Judge Taylor to do things her way. Here is Atticus' explanation in his own words:
"For one thing, Miss Maudie can’t serve on a jury because she’s a woman -"
“You mean women in Alabama can’t—?” I was indignant.
“I do. I guess it’s to protect our frail ladies from sordid cases like Tom’s. Besides,” Atticus grinned, “I doubt if we’d ever get a complete case tried—the ladies’d be interrupting to ask questions.”
Jem and I laughed. Miss Maudie on a jury would be impressive. I thought of old Mrs. Dubose in her wheelchair—“Stop that rapping, John Taylor, I want to ask this man something.” Perhaps our forefathers were wise. (Chapter 23)
This demonstrates that women talk... and talk... and talk.
In chapter 24, more revealing details about women emerge. The women gather at an event that is all about impressing each other. This particular event, the Missionary Tea, takes place at the Finches house because Alexandra is hosting.
During this part, we see the white women find great empathy for the poor people that their missionary J. Grimes Everett serve, but they can't see the need right in front of their face. The black community is desperately pierced by what has happened to Tom. The white women hypocritically expect their black servants to just buck up and be strong. People need periods to grieve.
Some social prejudices result in how Boo Radley is considered an outcast because of his silence, or how Tom Robinson was automatically considered to be denied of a right of the truth because of his color of skin. Many prejudices revolve around Maycomb regarding status and color. Gender prejudices revolve around how Scout was unable to wear overalls because it made her seem less ladylike.
We’ve answered 330,690 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:11c83655-c700-406f-bc5f-47dc262b5b7c> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-some-examples-gender-social-prejudice-kill-226725 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825358.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00126-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96798 | 858 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A new study adds to the mounting evidence that an unhealthy diet is tied to poor mental health, regardless of personal characteristics such as gender, education, age, marital status and income level.
The findings, published in the International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, show that California adults who consumed a large amount of unhealthy food were more likely to report symptoms of either moderate or severe psychological distress compared to those who ate a healthier diet.
Lead author Jim E. Banta, PhD, MPH, associate professor at Loma Linda University School of Public Health, says the findings are similar to those of other studies around the world revealing a link between mental illness and unhealthy diet choices.
Increased sugar consumption has been shown to be linked to bipolar disorder, for example, while fried foods or foods that contain high amounts of sugar and processed grains have been linked with depression.
“This and other studies like it could have big implications for treatments in behavorial medicine,” Banta said. “Perhaps the time has come for us to take a closer look at the role of diet in mental health, because it could be that healthy diet choices contribute to mental health. More research is needed before we can answer definitively, but the evidence seems to be pointing in that direction.”
Banta warns that the study does not prove a causal link between unhealthy food and poor mental health. Still, he said the findings build upon previous work and could impact future research and treatment approaches.
In the study, the research team looked at data from more than 240,000 telephone surveys conducted between 2005 and 2015 as part of the multi-year California Health Interview Survey (CHIS).
The CHIS dataset includes extensive information about socio-demographics, health status and health behaviors and was developed to provide statewide approximations for regions within California and for various ethnic groups. The findings show that nearly 17 percent of California adults are likely to suffer from mental illness: 13.2 percent with moderate psychological distress and 3.7 percent with severe psychological distress.
The paper states that the team’s findings provide “additional evidence that public policy and clinical practice should more explicitly aim to improve diet quality among those struggling with mental health.”
It also stated that “dietary interventions for people with mental illness should especially target young adults, those with less than 12 years of education, and obese individuals.” | <urn:uuid:79a87938-52c3-42c9-8d18-71f52694e752> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://psychcentral.com/news/2019/02/22/unhealthy-diet-linked-to-poor-mental-health/143117.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986688826.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019040458-20191019063958-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.953489 | 487 | 3.21875 | 3 |
To inculcate the managerial skills and leadership qualities the students have been divided into 4 houses namely:-
Hope : – Is associated with red colour, represents achievements and performance.
Peace : – Is personified by yellow colour, which shows peace and harmony.
Faith : – Is personified by blue colour, exhibits prosperity and progress.
Joy : – Is identified as green house, stands for youth, nature and vitality.
Power sharing mechanism is adopted in true sense of democracy. The Primary section elects Panchs and Sarpanch and the senior section has student council of School Captain, Head Boy, Head Girl, Sports Captain, Cultural In charge and House Captains are elected by the students. | <urn:uuid:40430c15-731f-4a3b-a276-2a10fd31e45b> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://lpsmohali.com/house_system.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204086.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325174034-20190325200034-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.942459 | 144 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Top 10 2010-A1-Injection
|Threat Agents||Attack Vectors||Security Weakness||Technical Impacts||Business Impacts|
|Application / Business Specific|
|Consider anyone who can send untrusted data to the system, including external users, internal users, and administrators.||Attacker sends simple text-based attacks that exploit the syntax of the targeted interpreter. Almost any source of data can be an injection vector, including internal sources||Injection flaws occur when an application sends untrusted data to an interpreter. Injection flaws are very prevalent, particularly in legacy code, often found in SQL queries, LDAP queries, XPath queries, OS commands, program arguments, etc. Injection flaws are easy to discover when examining code, but more difficult via testing. Scanners and fuzzers can help attackers find them.||Injection can result in data loss or corruption, lack of accountability, or denial of access. Injection can sometimes lead to complete host takeover.||Consider the business value of the affected data and the platform running the interpreter. All data could be stolen, modified, or deleted. Could your reputation be harmed?|
Am I Vulnerable To 'Injection'?
The best way to find out if an application is vulnerable to injection is to verify that all use of interpreters clearly separates untrusted data from the command or query. For SQL calls, this means using bind variables in all prepared statements and stored procedures, and avoiding dynamic queries.
Checking the code is a fast and accurate way to see if the application uses interpreters safely. Code analysis tools can help a security analyst find the use of interpreters and trace the data flow through the application. Manual penetration testers can confirm these issues by crafting exploits that confirm the vulnerability.
Automated dynamic scanning which exercises the application may provide insight into whether some exploitable injection problems exist. Scanners cannot always reach interpreters and can have difficulty detecting whether an attack was successful.
How Do I Prevent 'Injection'?
Preventing injection requires keeping untrusted data separate from commands and queries.
Example Attack Scenarios
The application uses untrusted data in the construction of the following vulnerable SQL call:
The attacker modifies the 'id' parameter in their browser to send: ' or '1'='1. This changes the meaning of the query to return all the records from the accounts database, instead of only the intended customer's.
In the worst case, the attacker uses this weakness to invoke special stored procedures in the database, allowing a complete takeover of the database host. | <urn:uuid:a1c1f0a5-a634-42dc-9629-d1a047879ade> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.owasp.org/index.php?title=Top_10_2010-A1-Injection&oldid=112122 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583755653.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121025613-20190121051613-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.825849 | 532 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The lecture, broadcast online as a webinar and provided at a Washington State University summit, places race as the most prominent factor in issues of food scarcity and how society attempts to resolve it. Jennifer Zuckerman and Alison Conrad, both White, of the Duke University World Food Policy Center claim that "Whiteness" has shaped every part of food culture, even labeling "good" and "bad" foods as an expression of racial power dynamics.
Unlike other areas of racial discourse such as workplace dynamics or education which derive mainly from social science, food and nutrition can derive from a more strictly scientific foundation. Zuckerman and Conrad’s research is entirely based on a cultural framework and does not touch on any potential scientific understanding or interpretation of nutrition that might help discuss the topic.
Some of the written material focuses on economic factors, such as land ownership and access to capital as limiting factors, but Zuckerman during the webinar mainly discussed economic impact by discussing how during philanthropic work she allocated funding to "best practice" methods such as "mobile produce markets," which she said was a mistake. She did not touch on how a farmer's market, for example, might provide access to foods to people of all backgrounds in a city where access or ability to grow food is limited or virtually non-existent.
Zuckerman defined "White Supremacy Culture" as the idea that White people and their ideas, thoughts, beliefs and actions are "inherently superior" to those of people of color. She insists that this has been "reproduced by all the institutions of our society."
"Everyone in the United States is impacted by White Supremacy Culture," Zuckerman stated during the webinar. She insisted that it is an "adaptive" framework, creating the potential to shift what the "culture" includes as time passes.
Zuckerman and Conrad also apply the racial framework to any effort to combat issues such as food scarcity: They redefine the commonly-discussed "food desert" issue as "food apartheid," again using controversial language when discussing their ideas.
They argue that food charity creates "narratives" that minority communities "can’t take care of themselves" and need help. Particularly, the "mobile produce market" is "White-led" and takes advantage of "majority BIPOC neighborhoods," creating greater dependence on "White-led institutions."
Radio host Jason Rantz noted the lecture series in an article Wednesday.
The research and lecture are not new: Conrad discussed the approach and framework on a podcast in Oct. 2020 called "8 Ways White Bias Can Misdirect Food System Work."
In an interview about her podcast, Conrad said she pursued the research despite reservations because "the point of the project is to say we’re talking about White narratives."
"Even if you're not intentionally acting from a White supremacist standpoint, the system is White supremacy, and you have to learn how that Whiteness impacts the work that you're doing," Conrad said. "There's a lot of these sort of nuances that I think we tend to ignore. And a lot of these things have to do with White supremacy and structural racism that's built into the system."
WSU told Fox News that it provides a space for "a wide variety of speakers on a wide variety of topics that we think may have relevance for our local community."
"This is not part of WSU’s academic curriculum," Brook Oliver Brouwer, Extension County Director of San Juan County – Washington State University, wrote in an email. "This event was developed for members of the San Juan County community."
Duke University and its World Food Policy researchers did not respond to a Fox News request for comment. | <urn:uuid:51e041be-dd88-47f2-9a6f-0ac8225efa66> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.foxnews.com/us/duke-university-farmers-markets-food-charity-white-supremacy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499710.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129080341-20230129110341-00755.warc.gz | en | 0.967694 | 763 | 2.875 | 3 |
The figure below represents how the basic classes of chemfiles are organized and
how they interact together. Chemfiles is organized around a handful of public
Selection, all of which are presented here.
trajectory is the main entry point of
chemfiles. It reads one or many
frames from a
file on the disk using a specific format. The file type and the format are
automatically determined from the extension.
topology describes the organization of
the particles in the system. It contains a list of
atoms in the system, and information about which atoms are bonded
residue is a group of atoms bonded
together, which may or may not corresponds to molecules. When working with
bio-molecules and specifically proteins from the PDB data bank, the residues
should correspond to amino-acids in the protein.
Atom class contains basic information about
the atoms in the system: the name (if it is available), mass, kind of atom and
so on. Atoms are not limited to plain chemical elements.
UnitCell class describes the boundary
conditions of the system: where are the boundaries, and what is the periodicity
of theses boundaries. An unit cell can be of three types: Infinite,
Orthorhombic or Triclinic. Infinite cells do not have any boundaries.
Orthorhombic cells are defined by three orthogonal vectors, and triclinic cells
are defined by three vectors without any constrain.
Chemfiles also provides a selection language,
implemented in the
Selection class. This
selection language allows the users to select a group of atoms from a
frame using a selection string such as
45 and name O) or name C".
Chemfiles uses the following set of internal units:
lengths (positions and cell lengths) are in Angstroms;
velocities are in Angstroms/picosecond;
angles are in degrees;
When reading from a file, chemfiles tries to to convert from the data stored in the file to these units. Some formats do not document the units of the value stored, in which case the data is read as-is and assumed to follow the units above.
When writing to a file, chemfiles tries to convert from these units to the units expected by the format. If the format does not have a way to specify units and does not define units in its specification, then chemfiles will write its internal data as-is. | <urn:uuid:fa7370fd-9c3e-45d8-9bfc-f1955021dbfd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://chemfiles.org/chemfiles/latest/overview.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.861015 | 527 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Our nation’s rich geologic heritage spanning a few billion years is on display in national parks with fossils from every period of geologic time. Join paleontologists, educators, students, and many other partners sharing their excitement of fossils and highlighting their scientific and educational value, as well the importance of preserving fossils for future generations.
Check out 20 things to do and discover with these suggestions for learning about fossils and paleontology in national parks.
3. Trace a Discovery at White Sands National Park
Learn more about a remarkable discovery of the world’s longest fossilized human trackway giving a glimpse into life, and possibly parenting, more than 10,000 years ago. These ancient footprints show what researchers believe to be a female or a young male walking for almost a mile with a toddler's footprints periodically showing up alongside.
4. Dive into a Discovery at Mammoth Cave National Park
A team of paleontologists, cave specialists, and park rangers at Mammoth Cave National Park have discovered a trove of fossil treasures that has yielded one of the most diverse Mississippian shark faunas in North America. Learn about this astonishing discovery that includes at least 40 species of sharks, including six new species, and rare three-dimensional skeletal cartilage that survived the ages.
6. Become a Junior Paleontologist
Kids (and adults) of all ages can become an official Junior Paleontologist! Complete the Junior Paleontologist Activity Booklet to learn how you can “explore, learn, and protect” fossils in national parks.
7. Quiz Yourself (or Your Friends)
More than 275 national parks have fossils representing millions of years of past life. Test your knowledge of paleontology and prehistoric life with the First Great National Park Fossil Quiz for national parks.
8. Teach Paleontology
Learn about our nation's fossils at home or in the classroom with paleontology-themed activities developed by education specialists.
9. Enter the Art Contest and View the Gallery
Check out current and previous winners of the annual National Fossil Day Art Contest! Start planning ahead for your submission for next year’s contest, which is open to all ages and skill levels of artists who just love to learn about fossils.
10. Take a Geologic Walk Through Time
The National Park System contains a magnificent record of geologic time because rocks from each period of the geologic time scale are preserved in park landscapes. Take a virtual walk through geologic time.
11. Find Your National Fossil Day Logo
Did you know that National Fossil Day features a new logo each year to highlight different time periods and types of fossils? Find your favorite National Fossil Day logo from past and present. Tell your family and friends about it by sharing on social media using #NationalFossilDay.
12. Learn Your State Fossil
Fossils are found throughout the world and in every state across the country. Ever wonder what your state fossil is? Find out and learn who (or what) might have been walking through your neighborhood thousands or millions of years ago.
13. Follow Dinosaurs Across National Natural Landmarks
Trace dinosaurs over geologic time by watching the Telling the Dinosaur Story video series, which explores the fascinating time of dinosaurs as told through various National Natural Landmarks in and along the Rocky Mountain Front Range.
14. Explore the History of Paleontology in Parks
Step into the human history of fossils in national parks, which have always been places for significant scientific research and groundbreaking discoveries in paleontology. Follow the evolving preservation of fossils and field of paleontology from native peoples to present day.
15. View Fossils Virtually...in 3D!
Learn about photogrammetry and how it is used by geologists and paleontologists in national parks. View a collection of three-dimensional renderings of fossils found in national parks using this technology.
16. Glimpse at Chaco Culture National Historical Park's Collection
Explore the ever-changing coastline of the inland sea that once covered current-day New Mexico during the Late Cretaceous period 10–15 million years ago with a series of 3D models of fossils in the park’s collection.
17. Virtually Visit Fossils at Grand Canyon National Park
The fossils found within Grand Canyon span over a billion years of Earth’s history. Begin exploring prehistoric life by viewing 3D images of fossils in the park’s paleontology collection. As scientists continue exciting research, discover how fossil footprints recently forced paleontologists to rethink early inhabitants of ancient deserts.
18. Follow a Fossil Rescue at George Washington Birthplace National Monument
Follow the efforts of a multi-agency rapid response team of paleontologists who recently converged on George Washington Birthplace National Monument to save a fairly complete fossil of a dolphin that lived during the Miocene epoch (22 to 8 million years ago).
19. Read All About It in a Newsletter
Stay up to date with fossil news in the Park Paleontology newsletter, which shares stories about fossil interpretation, protection, resource management, new discoveries, and issues related to the world of paleontology and paleontological resources management.
20. Partner With Us
Join the growing team of partners that hosts National Fossil Day celebrations and activities and promotes awareness of fossil resources throughout the year. There are currently more than 385 partners and growing!
Last updated: October 15, 2020 | <urn:uuid:0ffef257-e787-4db6-ae97-38022f7a8794> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/20-national-fossil-day-ideas.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056892.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919160038-20210919190038-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.909071 | 1,118 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Water Safe, Water Smart – Build to Code
As families move outdoors to enjoy nice weather in spring and summer, special precautions should be taken to ensure outdoor areas are safe from potential hazards. Swimming pools, barbecue grills, gardening tools and fertilizers, and lawn toys all pose risks to children and adults alike.
Free Webinar – Nonpotable Water System Provisions in the 2015 IPC
On May 19, 2015, ICC is offering Nonpotable Water System Provisions in the 2015 IPC, a free webinar for code officials, jurisdictions and property owners that identifies the provisions in the 2015 IPC pertaining to nonpotable water systems. It summarizes the health and safety issues addressed in the code for these systems when installed for many indoor or outdoor applications. We will briefly cover onsite reuse systems for the collection, storage, treatment and reuse of sources of water such as rainwater, graywater and other clear water streams. We will also include centralized nonpotable water sources, such as reclaimed water piped directly to the building.
Educational Resources to Share in Your Community
Download, print, copy and distribute the safety information pieces below in your community.
- Prevent Accidents, Save Lives: Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Safety – Flyer (coming soon)
- Pool Safely resources available from the Consumer Product Safety Commission – Click here
- Conserve water with the EPA WaterSense program – Learn how to save water
- WaterSense for Kids
- Calculate your water savings
- Save Water with ICC-ES PMG – Find WaterSense® Product Listings
Backyard Safety Tips
- Practice constant, adult supervision around any body of water, including pools and spas. Nationally, drowning is a leading cause of death to children under five.
- If you're considering a swimming pool purchase, contact your local Building Department first to determine exactly what permits are needed and what requirements you must follow.
- In-ground and above-ground pools, including inflatable pools holding more than 24 inches of water, must be surrounded by a fence or other barrier at least four feet high. Any gates in the fence must be self-closing and self-latching.
- Reserve a spot on a wall or fence near the pool for lifesaving devices, including a portable or mobile telephone.
- Steps and ladders for above-ground pools should be secured or removed when the pool is not in use.
- Use a cover for the pool when it is not in use.
- Make sure drain covers are properly fitted and paired or have vacuum suction releases to prevent being trapped under water.
- Consider installing a pool alarm that can alert if someone enters the pool.
- Spa water temperatures should be set to 104 degrees Fahrenheit or lower to avoid elevated body temperature, which could lead to drowsiness, unconsciousness, heat stroke, or death.
- Designate the grilling area as a "No Play Zone" and keep kids and pets well away until grill equipment is completely cool.
- Check propane cylinder hoses for leaks before use.
- Do not move hot grills.
- Never add charcoal starter fluid when coals or kindling have already been ignited, and never use any flammable or combustible liquid other than charcoal starter fluid to get the fire going.
- Don't leave toys, tools and equipment in the yard.
- Keep steps, sidewalks and patios in good repair.
- Check all swings, slides, playhouses and other structures for sharp objects, rusty metal pieces, breaks or weakened support pieces.
- Learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
Important Backyard Safety Links
- 10 Important Tips for Backyard Safety
- Prevent Accidents, Save Lives: Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Safety Brochure
- Watch a Deck Safety Video
- 5 Steps to a Safer and Stronger Deck
- Deck Framing Connection Guide
For more information on Deck Safety visit www.safestronghome.com/deck. | <urn:uuid:3403ea6b-50e8-4f63-9f55-ec778be90ec9> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.iccsafe.org/week-three-may-18-24/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867055.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624195735-20180624215735-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.890695 | 828 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Not only does this make amazing espresso, but it is also a science and visual spectacle.
The design of this coffee maker dates back to the 1830's. The machine works using gravity and vacuum principles: first you place ground coffee in the heavy glass brew chamber. Next you fill the boiler chamber with hot water and place it on the apparatus. A tube connects the two chambers. When full of water the boiler sits low on the swing frame and holds the lid open on the alcohol wick burner. When the water boils it is forced into the brewing chamber- at this point the boiler rises and the lid of the burner closes extinguishing the flame. A vacuum is created in the boiler and the brewed coffee from the brewing chamber is now miraculously drawn back into the boiler from where it can be served from the little tap... The tube that connects the chamber has a very fine mesh filter that never needs replacing. The entire process is quite a visual spectacle and the coffee can easily be prepared at the table.
- Rated #5 in 10 Best Coffee Makers | <urn:uuid:1a80fb2b-10ab-4d53-a810-b3847953548d> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://faveable.com/royal-belgian-balancing-siphon-coffee-maker | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589537.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717012034-20180717032034-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.943043 | 212 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In the seventeenth century the mathematician Blaise Pascal formulated his infamous pragmatic argument for belief in God in Pensées. The argument runs as follows:
If you erroneously believe in God, you lose nothing (assuming that death is the absolute end), whereas if you correctly believe in God, you gain everything (eternal bliss). But if you correctly disbelieve in God, you gain nothing (death ends all), whereas if you erroneously disbelieve in God, you lose everything (eternal damnation).
How should you bet? Regardless of any evidence for or against the existence of God, Pascal argued that failure to accept God's existence risks losing everything with no payoff on any count. The best bet, then, is to accept the existence of God. There have been several objections to the wager: that a person cannot simply will himself to believe something that is evidently false to him; that the wager would apply as much to belief in the wrong God as it would to disbelief in all gods, leaving the the believer in any particular god in the same situation as the atheist or agnostic; that God would not reward belief in him based solely on hedging one's bets; and so on.
Blaise Pascal: An Apologist for Our Times (1998) (Off Site) by Rick Wade
Lauding Pascal as a modern-day apologist with a "rare ... understanding of the human condition," the author suggests that Pascal was not "interested in defending Christianity as a system of belief; his interest was evangelistic." Article from Probe Ministries, a nonprofit corporation whose mission is to "reclaim the primacy of Christian thought and values in Western culture through media, education, and literature."
A successful rebuttal to any form of Pascal's Wager, a rebuttal which requires theists to abandon several of their cherished beliefs about god and/or heaven if they are to escape its logic, demonstrating in the process that unbelief may be the safest bet after all.
In her critique of Richard Carrier's "The End of Pascal's Wager: Only Nontheists Go to Heaven", Amy Sayers offers several objections to Carrier's conclusion that belief in God is not the best bet on any form of Pascal's wager. However, as Richard Carrier proceeds to show in this rebuttal, Sayers only demonstrates that she does not understand either the logic of Pascal's Wager or Carrier's actual argument.
In response to Nicholas Rescher's Pascal's Wager: A Study Of Practical Reasoning In Philosophical Theology, I propose to defend the traditional view that Pascal's Wager argument is almost entirely worthless--at least from the theological standpoint. (No doubt, it has historical significance from the standpoint of decision theory; but that's a separate matter.)
From Part Eight of O'Brien's Gentle Godlessness: A Compassionate Introduction to Atheism.
Lowder responds to Zacharias's charge that atheists will have "absolutely no recourse" if atheism turns out to be false.
In "To Bet The Impossible Bet," Harmon Holcomb III argues that Pascal's wager is structurally incoherent, that it would otherwise succeed, and that Oppy's critique of the wager in "On Rescher On Pascal's Wager" is vitiated by relying on "logicist" presuppositions. But only its invocation of infinite utilities could make the wager "incoherent," and if these are admissible, the wager is still defeated by the "many gods" and "many wagers" objections. "Logicist" presuppositions are irrelevant: atheists and agnostics typically hold that they have no more reason to believe in the traditional Christian God than in countless alternative deities.
The author schematizes the infamous argument for belief called "Pascal's Wager," after the seventeenth century French philosopher who first posed it. This argument is then critically analyzed.
"'If I am right and you are wrong....' How many times have bibliolaters said this to skeptics after all rational efforts to defend the Bible have failed?" Farrell Till responds to this oft-given inerrantist argument.
A Refutation of Pascal's Wager and Why Skeptics Should be Nontheists (1999) (Off Site) by Massimo Pigliucci
"One of the most popular arguments of people who believe in a God and would like to make an 'irrefutable' argument for their beliefs is the (in)famous 'Pascal wager.' Within the skeptic and humanist communities, one of the most delicate, politically wide-ranging, and emotionally charged debates concerns the question: should a coherent skeptic also be an atheist (or at least agnostic)? This essay attempts to discuss a fundamental link between the two issues, while making use of an essential component of the scientific method to solve both.
Jordan Howard Sobel's Logic and Theism is long, abstruse, and technical, but valuable for those who have an interest in its topics. Those looking for arguments based on empirical phenomena said to be best explained by the God hypothesis should look elsewhere. Sobel's focus is, rather, issues of definition and logical structure. He addresses everything from the ontological argument to the fine-tuning argument, demolishing all of the main arguments for God's existence. Moreover, he argues that the kind of omnipotence and omniscience that theists ascribe to God is incoherent, and defends both evidential and logical arguments from evil against the existence of God. Finally, he turns to a discussion of practical reasons for belief in God, such as those invoked by Pascal's wager. No cutting-edge research on these topics should omit Sobel's work.
In this highly original and challenging essay, Raymond Bradley develops an argument that all religions are probably false inspired by David Hume's famous discussion of the 'contrary miracles' of rival religions. According to Bradley's argument from contrariety, any one of the vast numbers of religions ever conceived (or to be conceived) makes factual claims contradicted by the claims of all of the other religions. Moreover, the claims of any particular religion are generally as well-attested as the claims of all of the others. Consequently, given the "weight" of the "evidence" of all of the other religions, the probability that the claims of any one religion are true is exceedingly low. From this it follows that all religions are probably false.
In what he calls his "Jamesian wager," Jeffrey Jordan argues that accepting the proposition "God exists" provides certain this-worldly benefits to the believer, regardless of whether there are any good reasons to think that the proposition is true, and thus we ought to believe that God exists in order to receive those benefits. The wager is premised on what Jordan calls the "Next Best Thing Principle," which applies when one is forced to decide in the absence of tipping evidence. The Principle maintains that if an action produces no outcome worse than the worst outcomes of its alternatives, and produces an outcome as good as the best outcomes of its alternatives, and finally has other outcomes better than that of its alternatives, then we ought to choose that action. Unlike Pascal's famous wager, on the Jamesian wager the benefits of belief in God are realized even if "God exists" turns out to be false. Turning to the evidence from social science, Jordan concludes that believing in God is probably better for the individual than not believing with regard to happiness and mortality, and moreover that disbelief does not seem to produce any greater benefits which overcome the advantages enjoyed by belief.
Jeffrey Jordan contends that there are good prudential reasons to believe that theism is true even if the evidence for or against it is indecisive. But his "Jamesian wager" fails because it is unduly dismissive of various nontheistic religious possibilities, while the pragmatic benefits of religious belief he appeals to suggest that any form of religious belief can be life-enhancing. The community support and psychological integration grounded in a cosmic optimism found in all religions surely generate the various this-worldly benefits Jordan emphasizes rather than theism per se. Moreover, no one fully cognizant that the evidence for theism is no better than the evidence against it can believe theism without fooling herself about what the evidence shows. Belief in the absence of tipping evidence amounts to belief that the evidence on one side is stronger than the evidence on the other, contrary to the facts, and thus is dishonest self-deception. The benefits of faith or hope without belief are at least as great as those of self-deception, but without retaining what is detrimental about self-deception. Thus, all things considered, it is irrational to take steps to self-deceptively induce theistic belief on pragmatic grounds when superior alternatives are available.
John Schellenberg suggests that faith (not belief) that there is some ultimate reality in relation to which an ultimate good can be attained is preferable to old-fashioned theistic belief, as theistic belief in the absence of tipping evidence amounts to self-deception. However, self-deception only arises when inculcating a belief which one takes to be false, not a belief for which there is no tipping evidence or an indeterminate probability. A belief that a proposition is probably the case is not the same as a belief that a proposition is probably the case based on the evidence at hand. Because one can generate a belief on the basis of a pragmatic reason without self-deception, Schellenberg's objection fails. Contra Schellenberg, the opportunity for hope and optimism is far greater with theism than with naturalism; and the expected benefits associated with a religious commitment swamp those of naturalism, even if religious uncertainty obtains. It would be irresponsible to forego theism's established this-worldly benefits in favor of a nontheistic religion for which there is little or no evidence of comparable this-worldly benefits. And even if non-Western religions produce comparable benefits to Western ones, it is hard to see how this would comfort the naturalist. | <urn:uuid:9a6779da-62dd-41ad-b5f4-0c0ee5f59399> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://infidels.org/library/modern/theism/wager.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860112228.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161512-00116-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947338 | 2,066 | 2.625 | 3 |
10 Real-Life Inspirations For Famous Literary Characters
Whether we liked English class or not, there’s a handful of literary characters that we all grew up hearing about. For generations, we’ve heard the stories of Dr. Frankenstein, Quasimodo, and Winnie the Pooh. Authors have to get their inspiration somewhere, and it turns out that a number of writers gleaned their visions from real-life people who were frighteningly similar to those that they wrote about.
10 Deacon William Brodie
Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was a novella by Robert Louis Stevenson that told the story of a distinguished gentleman Dr. Jekyll and the monstrous Mr. Hyde, coexisting in the same body. More than just a psychiatric study on split personality, the novella has long been the stuff of horror movies and comic books. The real-life inspiration for the character was no less horrific.
Deacon William Brodie was born in Scotland in 1745, one of 11 children in the long line of an ancient family. His father was a cabinetmaker and upstanding member of city government. He was described as looking much younger than his actual age, being pale and dark-eyed, and having a very peculiar walk.
When he was in his thirties, he found his direction after watching a play called The Beggar’s Opera. Brodie became enamored with the idea of the darker side of life, where prison was a constant threat and every person and their ideals could be bought for the right price. While he attended performances of the play night after night, he relented to follow in his father’s footsteps by day. He became a cabinetmaker and took over the family business, as well as his father’s position as Deacon of the Wrights, giving him some notice and control on the town boards of Edinburgh.
His job as a cabinetmaker allowed him access to the houses of some of the richest, most influential people in Edinburgh. Before long, he was making wax imprints of the keys to their homes, then breaking in and stealing whatever he and his newly acquired gang of thieves could carry. He used the loot to support his double lifestyle of respectable government official by day, gambler by night. He also managed to acquire at least two mistresses and numerous illegitimate children. He and his accomplice George Smith (also known as “the demon grocer”) were tried, convicted, and executed in 1788. Brodie attempted to wear a steel collar to prevent the noose from strangling him, but his plan ultimately didn’t work.
Bizarrely, Robert Louis Stevenson’s childhood home had furniture made by Brodie. He was so intrigued by the story of his double life that he collaborated on a play called Deacon Brodie before writing Jekyll and Hyde on his own.
9 Thomas-Alexandre de la Pailleterie
The Count Of Monte Cristo
What do the characters of The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers all have in common, besides their author? They were all inspired by the same man—Thomas-Alexandre de la Pailleterie, the Haitian-born son of a French nobleman and a slave girl. In 1775, his father returned to France to claim his family lands, selling his son into slavery to pay for the trip. Once there and established, he brought the boy over with him. That boy, Thomas-Alexandre, ended up wanting to join Napolean’s army. He was accepted under the condition that he not use his lordly name, so he adopted his mother’s name, becoming known as Alexandre Dumas.
His life was the stuff of legends, so it’s not surprising that his son, Alexandre Dumas, used his memory to inspire characters who would become some of literature’s great heroes. Dumas the elder was an expert swordsman and equestrian, who rose to prominence fighting for the oppressed after the revolution seized his adopted home country. His most notable victory was against an Austrian invasion force that was advancing on Paris. He declined the 5,000 troops that he was offered, instead taking 20 men with him. They won, defending a strategically important bridge against 1,000 advancing troops. He met his future wife when he defended her against invading brigands, and at the height of his military career, he rode at the head of 53,000 men.
His fate was sealed when he was fighting alongside Napoleon in Egypt and was mistaken for the commander. Napoleon left him in an enemy prison, and by the time he returned to France, slavery had been reinstated. Orders were issued to kill any black man wearing an officer’s uniform. Dumas succumbed to stomach cancer when he was 43 and his young son only four. According to the stories, when the future writer of The Count of Monte Cristo heard about his father’s death, he swore he would go to heaven, confront God, and demand his father back. That aspiration was a bit lofty, but his immortal work inspired by stories of his father’s abandonment in prison may have been some consolation.
8 Winnipeg The Bear
Winnie The Pooh
Winnie the Pooh—the honey-obsessed, forgetful bear of the children’s stories—really was inspired by a real bear. The bear was named Winnipeg and her story is a sad one.
It starts with an Englishman who emigrated to Canada in 1905. Captain Harry Colebourn was a graduate of veterinary science from the Ontario Veterinary College, and as such, it was his job to oversee the army’s horses when he entered the Canadian Army Veterinary Corps during World War I. They were on their way to the shipping-out port for the army when he ran into a hunter who had, for some inexplicable reason, saved a tiny bear cub after shooting and killing her mother.
Colebourn bought the baby bear, named her Winnipeg, and brought her along with him on the trip overseas. Winnipeg—called Winnie for short—traveled on the troop ship to England, where she became popular with the enlisted men. When the soldiers were about to be deployed into active combat, Colebourn didn’t want to risk Winnie’s life, so he gave her to the London Zoo. Originally, she was only on loan, but she became so popular there that he gave the zoo permanent custody of the bear at the end of the war.
Winnie would give children rides on her back and eat from their hands. Two of her most frequent visitors were a man named AA Milne and his son, Christopher Robin. Christopher was so enamored of the bear that he renamed his own teddy bear Winnie in her honor.
Winnie the Pooh was published in 1926. Sadly, the real Winnie was euthanized in 1934, after she was partially paralyzed by a stroke.
7 Cushman Albert Rice And Max Gerlach
The Great Gatsby
F. Scott Fitzgerald himself may have been somewhat vague when he spoke about his inspiration for Jay Gatsby, but according to his wife, there was no question. Before Zelda Fitzgerald died in 1948, she pointed to a man named Max Gerlach as the real inspiration for one of Fitzgerald’s most intriguing characters.
Gerlach was a family friend—as evidenced by letters, notes, and handwritten messages on family photos—and a complicated character. While some of Gatsby’s traits, such as his love for a woman, are clearly drawn from Fitzgerald himself, much of the character’s past comes from Gerlach. Even some of Gatsby’s mannerisms, such as calling people “Old Sport,” are mentioned in several notes Gerlach wrote to Fitzgerald.
Gerlach was a well-known bootlegger and some sources think that he supplied Fitzgerald with his supply of alcohol during Prohibition. Gerlach was famous for his extravagant lifestyle and parties, but in the end, his income just couldn’t support it. He was visiting a girlfriend and reading the paper in 1939 when, suddenly overwhelmed by his debts and the collapse of his legitimate car business, he shot himself in the head. He survived, although he was blinded, eventually dying alone in 1958.
Another contender for the inspiration behind Gatsby is the man who gave Gerlach a reference when he was entering the army. Cushman Albert Rice was a larger-than-life big-game hunter and war hero who always kept his military medals with him as he was traveling the world, throwing parties that would have made Gatsby proud.
6 Delphine Delamare And Louise Pradler
Although Gustave Flaubert has always denied the connection between Delphine Delamare and his infamous Madame Bovary, many scholars believe that the similarities are too many to be simple coincidence. The fictional Madame Bovary was a spoiled French farmer’s daughter who wasn’t content with her boring country life married to a simple doctor. She had affair after affair, finally killing herself with arsenic when she just couldn’t deal with it any more.
In a story that echoes that of the fictional work, Delphine Delamare was unhappy with her life, married to a marginally capable village doctor. In spite of the fact that she was reported to be frumpy at best, she entertained lover after lover before taking her own life. It’s thought that Flaubert’s family knew Delamare and her husband and even lent them money at one point, explaining his hesitation to name her as one of the sources for Madame Bovary.
The other woman who undoubtedly went into the creation of Flaubert’s lusty heroine was one of his own lovers, Louise Pradler. Trapped in a loveless marriage that she submitted to only to get away from her father, Pradler lived a life of empty luxury in Paris. She entertained countless poets, writers, and artists, when she met Gustave Flaubert. By all accounts, he was fascinated by this woman who appeared to have everything that anyone could ever want, but still remained unhappy with her lot in life. Eventually, her husband grew tired of her and kicked her out. Flaubert used a biographical manuscript that had been started but never finished for insight into her world.
5 Tom Sawyer
The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer
Just how much of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was actually based on the real person of the same name is up for debate, but while living in San Francisco, Mark Twain really was regularly seen drinking and playing cards with a young man named Tom Sawyer.
This Sawyer had been born in Brooklyn, where he started his lifelong career as a firefighter. He and Twain hit it off after discovering they shared a career and a fascination with riverboats. Sawyer had been a fire engineer on the steamboat Independence, which had run aground during its regular route between San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, Acapulco, and finally San Francisco. The ruined steamboat took on water and quickly caught fire as its equipment started to fail. Sawyer was ultimately given credit for saving 90 lives, carrying men, women, and children on his back as he swam between the doomed steamboat and shore. While he dragged passengers to safety, others managed to get lifeboats lowered into the water. Once the lifeboats were operational, Sawyer started using that to ferry people back and forth.
Sawyer finally ended up in San Francisco, where he became a customs inspector and continued to work as a volunteer with local fire departments. It was also there that he ran into Twain on a two-month hiatus that eventually led to him staying in the city for three years.
4 Alexander Selkirk
Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe is often considered one of the first great British novels. The inspiration came from a very real person named Alexander Selcraig, who was born in Scotland in the late 1600s. Constantly in trouble, he was described as an arrogant, hotheaded young man who would throw a punch at the drop of a hat. In fact, one of his final fights in Scotland—that led to his life on board a ship—involved Selcraig, his two brothers, his father, and his father’s wife.
From there, he decided life at sea was a better prospect than he had on land, but his cruel, arrogant nature served him no better in the close confines of a ship. After a long year of pirating, scurvy, starvation, dysentery, and cholera, Selcraig—who had changed his name to Selkirk when he left Britain—confronted the captain of his ship. The ship was badly worm-eaten and needed to be beached on an island while the crew made it seaworthy again. They beached the ship, made repairs, and were setting off again when Selkirk got into an argument with the captain. Having decided to make an example of Selkirk, the captain kicked him off the ship and left him on the island with only a handful of basic survival gear. Selkirk begged to be allowed back on the ship, but was left standing in the ocean as they sailed away.
He survived for four years and four months, eating fish, crabs, and goats. He even befriended some feral cats that would hunt and keep the rats out of his makeshift shelter. He dodged Spanish ships and crews that landed on the island and would have enslaved him, and he learned the value of prayer.
His far-fetched story might have been called a complete lie if the ship that finally rescued him hadn’t been navigated by one of the men on the ship that had abandoned him there in the first place, William Dampier. They picked him up, took him along, and eventually returned him to England eight years after he’d left. He told his story to biographer Woodes Rogers, whose recounting made Selkirk something of a local celebrity. While it’s not known whether Defoe—then a well-known political activist—ever met Selkirk himself, it’s been documented that he did sit down with Rogers more than once.
Robinson Crusoe was published while Selkirk was still alive in 1719. Selkirk eventually grew increasingly more withdrawn from life on land and signed up to return to the sea on the HMS Weymouth in 1720. He died on December 13, 1721, no more than a footnote in the ship’s logs.
3 The Stonemasons
Quasimodo And Jean Valjean
The inspiration for two of Victor Hugo’s most well-known characters, The Hunchback of Notre Dame‘s Quasimodo and Les Miserables’ Jean Valjean, has been revealed with the help of some impressive detective work.
In 1999, a journal was uncovered in the attic of a Cornwall home. It was written by Henry Sibson, a British sculptor who was working at the Notre Dame cathedral at the same time Hugo was writing his master works. Victor Hugo was hugely interested in architecture, and was one of the most outspoken of opponents for the work that was being done on the cathedral at the time. He was in favor of preserving the more Gothic architecture, and felt that the renovations were taking away from the structure’s original beauty by creating a more neoclassical look.
Sibson was one of a handful of sculptors and stonemasons that were doing restoration work on the cathedral. In his writings, he described one of the men working on the project as a “hunchback sculptor.” He refers to his reclusive, quiet nature and his distaste of mingling with the other men. Another figure that he mentions frequently is a man named Trajan, who he calls a friendly, congenial father figure.
In an early version of Les Miserables, the main character is named Jean Trejean. In the journals, both the names Trajin and Trajan are used, and it’s said that he lived in Saint Germain-des-Pres, the same town that Hugo lived at the time.
2 Simon Magnus
Faust is the story of a man who makes a deal with the devil, agreeing to sell his soul for earthly riches in this life. Goethe’s work is thought to be deeply rooted in the Gnostic tradition. It’s characterized by the achievement of transcendence by intuitive means while everything that’s on Earth is suffering, merely a means to the end. It also preaches that the suffering isn’t the fault of humans, but the fault of the creator of mankind.
One of the characters in the Gnostic mythology is called Simon Magnus, or Simon the Sorcerer. He’s also occasionally referred to as Simon Faustus, from the Latin favustus that translates to “the favored one.” In The Book of Acts, Simon tries to buy favor and the power of the divine from two of the apostles, John and Peter. He supposedly already had the ability to fly, to turn base metals into gold, and had mastered the powers of telekinesis. When Peter declines his offer to buy the divine and scolds him for wanting power only for selfish reasons, Simon challenges the apostle to a duel, where he is exposed as a fraud. Within the church, he was known as a fraud and a heretic, and was occasionally even associated with the Antichrist. He’s the perfect figure to sell his soul to the devil.
In Goethe’s version, Faust is seen in the company of a woman who he believes to be the reincarnation of Helen of Troy. Simon Magnus also has a similar companion in a woman who is sometimes called Sophia and sometimes referred to as Helena.
1 Giovanni Aldini And George Foster
Dr. Frankenstein And His Monster
The inspiration for Dr. Frankenstein, Giovanni Aldini, was an Italian physicist who also thought he could bring the dead back to life with the power of electricity. Aldini started his experimentation with animals. His uncle, Luigi Galvani, was well-known for making frogs’ legs twitch with applied electricity. Aldini went further, performing the same experiments—in public and with apparent success—on dead cows, sheep, and pigs.
In his native Italy, attending one of his demonstrations was something of a night out on the town. He knew he would be able to do the same thing with a person, if only he had a complete corpse. Unfortunately, Italy beheaded their criminals, and bringing back a headless body was beyond even him. He eventually turned to England, who hanged their criminals.
When George Foster was executed for the murder of his wife and children, Aldini got the body. He tried reanimating it at the Royal College of Surgeons, and even though he got it to twitch and convulse, it remained dead. The battery on his device died, and he blamed that for his failure.
He remained the talk of London for some time, and one of the witnesses to the spectacle was a doctor named Anthony Carlisle. It wasn’t long after the demonstration that he attended a Sunday get-together with friends at the home of one William Godwin. In attendance—listening to the gruesome, gory tale about the dead, convulsing body, the arc of electricity, the twitching of eyes, hands, and face—was Godwin’s wife, Jane Clairmont, and his daughter by his first wife, Mary Wollstonecraft. This girl, named Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, would later be known as Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein. | <urn:uuid:aef431da-dbc3-4467-9657-20213b199b98> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://listverse.com/2014/03/01/10-real-life-inspirations-for-famous-literary-characters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278244.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00010-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988048 | 4,139 | 2.875 | 3 |
James Gurney's, Marketplace of Ideas, and the computer research performed on his image. From the book Dinotopia: Journey to Chandra.
The first comment posted by Mary Byrom took me to some interesting research on eye tracking. The information was posted on the blog of James Gurney.
The research is found under the index of composition and is extremely revealing about how we look at images. I have attached below the six conclusions drawn from the research. We know the brain is a pattern seeking organ and wants to make recognizable sense out of what it sees. The more obscure the image is the harder the brain works to detect something recognizable. When painting a still life, having a "mystery" that makes the viewer's eye linger to understand what something is, is a great technique.
These experiments force us to question a few of our cherished notions about composition and picture-gazing.
1. The eye does not flow in smooth curves or circles, nor does it follow contours. It leaps from one point of interest to another. Curving lines or other devices may be "felt" in some way peripherally, but the eye doesn't move along them.Because a still life doesn't usually have a face in it (some do have photos, etc.), we have to think differently about what draws the eye in. If you are a still life painter, how do you plan your compositions? Once again my thanks to Mary Byrom who brought this research to my attention.
2. Placing an element on a golden section grid line doesn’t automatically attract attention. If an attention-getting element such as a face is placed in the scene, it will gather attention wherever you place it.
3. Two people don’t scan the same picture along the same route. But they do behave according to an overall strategy that alternates between establishing context and studying detail.
4. The viewer is not a passive player continuously controlled by a composition. Each person confronts an image actively, driven by a combination of conscious and unconscious impulses, which are influenced, but not determined, by the design of the picture.
5. The unconscious impulses seem to include the establishment of hierarchies of interest based on normal expectations or schema of a scene. For example, highly contrasting patterns of foliage or branches will not directly draw the gaze unless they are perceived as anomalous in the peripheral vision.
6. As pictorial designers we shouldn’t think in abstract terms alone. Abstract design elements do play a role in influencing where viewers look in a picture, but in pictures that include people or animals or a suggestion of a story, the human and narrative elements are what direct our exploration of a picture.
As Dr. Edwards succinctly puts it, “abstract design gets trumped by human stories.” The job of the artist, then, in composing pictures about people is to use abstract tools to reinforce the viewer’s natural desire to seek out a face and a story. | <urn:uuid:c4f3d99e-a768-42c2-a30d-0438394dbe09> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://dbelmquist.blogspot.com/2011/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105086.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818175604-20170818195604-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.945689 | 611 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The right to clean environment is the fundamental right of a citizen of India as part of ‘Right To Life’ under Article 21 of the Constitution Of India. It is a fundamental duty of the citizens of India to protect the natural environment under Article 51-A of the Constitution of India. Planting of more trees would ensure protection of environment and effective combat of drastic and dangerous pollution.
Keeping the aforementioned vision in mind, a Single Judge Bench of the Hon’ble Madras High Court comprising of Justice D. Krishnakumar on 20th June 2018 ruled that costs imposed by the High Court and Subordinate Courts be deposited into an “Environmental Fund” and passed a set of directions to the Tamil Nadu and Puducherry State Legal Services Authorities:
A) The Tamil Nadu and Puducherry State Legal Services Authorities are to open a separate account under the head “Environmental Fund” to deposit the amounts received from the High Courts and various subordinate Courts for the purpose of planting, developing, maintaining trees and the cleaning, maintenance of water bodies in the Court and/or public premises.
B) The Taluk Legal Services Committees are to identify the variety and number of saplings proposed to be planted, the costs involved therein, including fencing and submit a proposal to the concerned District Legal Services Authority.
C) Expert advice can be taken with regards to choosing the type of saplings to be planted in a specific area by keeping in mind the local environment conditions and healthy growth, usage of the plants.
D) The State Legal Services Authority is to release amounts from the said fund upon the request of the District Legal Services Authority. The procurement, to the extent possible, shall be from the District Forest/ Horticulture Departments.
E) For the purposes of maintenance, plantation, development and ensuring proper watering, fencing etc. of the saplings so planted, the District Legal Services Authority or Taluk Legal Services Committee can make use of the services of the respective officials in the Forest department or Horticulture department or Public Works Department or Local authorities.
F) In case of fruit or vegetable bearing trees, the amount earned after marketing the produce is to be remitted into the “Environmental Fund”.
G) Procedural Instructions can be issued by the respective Member Secretaries of the Tamil Nadu and Puducherry State Legal Services Authority as and when required. The costs imposed by various courts are to be remitted by the parties directly at the office of the Member Secretary of the respective State Legal Services Authority.
Read the full judgement here. | <urn:uuid:2204e24e-ab7a-418a-ad6f-4819ef73c7f5> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://lawlex.org/lex-pedia/tamil-nadu-puducherry-to-have-an-environmental-fund-from-the-costs-imposed-by-the-high-court-and-subordinate-courts/17164 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361064.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202024322-20211202054322-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.917288 | 523 | 2.625 | 3 |
Death rates among children under five at the Millennium Villages – set up in Africa to demonstrate what is possible if health, education, agriculture and other development needs are tackled simultaneously – have fallen by a third in three years compared with similar communities, according to the project's first results.
The villages, the brainchild of the economist Jeffrey Sachs, were set up in 10 countries to see whether it is possible to make faster progress towards the millennium development goals (MDGs) through an integrated approach to aid and development. In October 2007, the Guardian launched the Katine project in rural northern Uganda, funded by readers, which was based on a similar approach.
There was much early criticism of the Millennium Villages by those who felt that country-wide programmes to keep girls in schools or immunise babies were fairer and more likely to deliver sustainable improvements. But the results from nine of the 10 sites in the first three years of the 10-year project are positive, demonstrating, Sachs believes, what can be done for a modest amount of money per head.
"They are very promising," said Sachs. "This is only part of the way that we want to go and they don't yet mean fulfilment of the MDGs in these villages, which is the endpoint, but they show that we can get a very good, quick start and reduce disease and mortality in these children."
Village areas with an average of 35,000 people in the countries – Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania and Uganda – were chosen for the project. All had higher than average levels of poverty and malnutrition. Spending on MDG-related activities rose from around $27 a head to $116, of which $25 was spent on health. A paper in the Lancet on Tuesday shows that mortality rates in under-fives dropped by 22% – and by 32% relative to similar villages not included in the project.
These achievements were largely due to what Sachs has described as "quick wins", such as basic immunisation and ensuring all families have (and use) antimalarial bednets. Progress on other fronts – improving water supply and sanitation, upgrading roads, building medical clinics, removing health service user fees and training community health workers – will take longer, but could be even more significant in the long term if the project is successful.
Sachs is clear that the health workers need to get some recompense, an issue that arose in Katine too. "This is a major concern that is taking place more broadly," he said. "These community health workers are much more than mere facilitators. They really have to be able to deliver treatment and ensure scheduling of antenatal care and accompany women to childbirth and so on."
Sachs and his team at Columbia University are campaigning for a massive scale-up of health workers across Africa, all equipped with smart phones. This would enable key medical information to be recorded such as the stage of a woman's pregnancy, the number of children with malaria or verbal autopsy results.
Expenditure on each person in the Millennium Villages was around the level that the UN, based on work by Sachs, says should deliver the MDGs – about $120 a year. That level of spending does not happen, however, in much of rural Africa.
Sachs said they are "spending modest but real resources, more than is generally spent. The whole purpose of this is to show what a somewhat better provision – but within reach – can mean. The point of this really is to shine a light on what can be done in general in rural Africa."
He agreed that the project brought in people with unusual organising skills and motivation, but said attitudes within the villages had changed. "When we started, we had a palpable sense that [child] deaths in the community were normal. It wasn't a surprise when there were stock-outs of medicine."
Africa's very high child mortality rate had been a fact for too long; the project helped break the status quo. "Making people understand how extraordinarily unusual, sad and remediable this is is also part of this. We think they get that," Sachs said.
Spending on health systems in Africa probably needs to be about $50 a person annually, he added, which is about twice the present level. For the lessons of the Millennium Villages to be adopted across Africa, higher spending – although within the levels the UN has said should be reached – would be needed.
Health spending of $50 a person annually, he pointed out, is tiny by comparison with the outlay of around $3,000 per person in affluent countries. Developing countries are beginning to spend more, but "to build up even a basic health system does require added development assistance", said Sachs. Aid levels, however, are frozen or declining. "This is alarming. We're not asking for the moon. It is a small part of what is supposed to be the overall commitment."
Sachs is very concerned by the "terrible setbacks" at the Global Fund, which cancelled its next round of funding for the Aids, malaria and TB programmes that developing countries were putting forward as donor confidence and investment dropped off last year. Under new management, "they have talked about new approaches, but I'm very worried about this long hiatus", he said.
On the other hand, he is delighted at Jim Yong Kim's appointment as World Bank head. "This is someone who understands what can be done on the ground. I'm hoping he will mobilise resources," said Sachs. | <urn:uuid:03ce16aa-06fc-473a-8ee7-f3f42307a9dd> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/may/08/child-mortality-jeffrey-sachs-millennium-villages | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589618.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717070721-20180717090721-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.979317 | 1,136 | 2.78125 | 3 |
This site was last modified: October 16 2017.
Kings Canyon National Park
Waterfall Kings Canyon National Park
Kings Canyon National Park is not as well known as many of the other national parks in California. It is small and has a single short road inside the park. Plus when we were there in June 2016 some places were still closed due to damage from a fire in 2015. Even so we enjoyed or visit.
We were lucky when we visited because the water flow in the rivers was at a 5 year high-- thanks to el nino. The Kings River flows through the canyon which is the second deepest canyon in the US. There is a lot of water flowing rapidly through the canyon. Obviously this is not a place to try white water kayaking. In fact you are not allowed to enterthe rive in the park.
General Grant Grove
General Grant Grove of giant sequoia trees is one of the major features of Kings Canyon National Park. The General Grant Grove was established as its own national park in 1890 to protect the General Grant Tree and other giant sequia trees. In 1940 congress created Kings Canyon National Park and incorporated General Grant National park into Kings Canyon National Park.
Trees in Grant Grove
Grant Grove is an impressive collection of giant sequia trees. The center piece of the grove is the General Grant Tree. The General Grant Tree is the second largest tree in the world, the General Sherman Tree in Sequia National Park is the largest. The Grant tree is about 1,600 years old. At one time it was thought to be over 2,000 years old but recent estimates give it an age of over 1,600 years.
The Grant Tree is often refered to as the nation's Christmas Tree. President Calvin Coolidge designated the General Grant as the Nation's Christmas Tree on April 28, 1926.
General Grant Tree
Kings River flowing through Kings Canyon National Park | <urn:uuid:e45acb99-c96d-48c8-8065-35547711064b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://video.ncsparks.com/national-parks/kings-canyon.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807089.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124051000-20171124071000-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.965545 | 385 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Gates work is an articulate and sensitive narrative of a immature black ( so “ colored ” ) turning up during the civil rights epoch. With this book, Henry Gates makes a important part to the apprehension of the influence of faith in American life. He speaks of church, redemption, and supplication during the critical minutes of coming of age, where faith is indispensable in understanding Henry Gates and his civilization. Although the book is the brooding journey of an Afro-Americans religion, it is more of an geographic expedition on other affairs that occur with the coming of age: gender, socialisation, and household. Through it all, the autobiography has a regard for church. But, Gates will finally prosecute the spiritual establishment that reflects his whole individual, his intelligence, and race. In a twenty-four hours when churches feel the strong undertow to abandon thoughtful ritual for “ searcher service ” wonders, it is good to cognize that there are immature Henry Gateses seeking for their religious place.
Gates writes of the foreword this book as a missive to his kids who had a difficult clip understanding his respect towards Afro-american aliens he would run into on the street. Gates identifies Colored People as his response to their failure to understand the universe he grew up in and his ensuing attitudes. Gates introduces the town of his childhood, Piedmont. . He describes the town of 2,565 as being made up of largely Italians, Irish, African-Americans and a few White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. Piedmont was a company town, centered on the Westvaco paper factory, and about all the Afro-american population worked for the paper factory. Gates goes on to depict a closely knit black community that saw their white neighbours merely as “ a shady presence. ” The ensuing community was extremely insular, concerned with its ain societal regulations, relationships, amusement, and chitchat.
The book besides features on the impact of telecasting on Gates ‘ childhood. That ‘s where Gates saw African Americans as professionals in places of authorization and it was besides the medium of civil rights. Before the vertex of the civil rights motion, Gates saw black jocks compete against white jocks on telecasting. Later, Television brought Emmett Till, integrating, and Martin Luther King Jr. into his life room. Gates turning conditions reflect on my ain childhood and young person and with the conditions and experiences of modern-day African American young persons, particularly immature work forces and adult females populating in destitute inner-city vicinities. During my childhood, telecasting was one of the most interesting things to watch. Racism and favoritism were so rampant that it would be so obvious on telecasting. Most of the coders portrayed Africans as slaves and in ugly people in the society of the Whites. Integration posed serious societal issues and necessitated modified societal regulations. For case, it was inappropriate for a white miss to dance with a black male child ; nevertheless, it was appropriate for a white male child and a black male child to dance. However, Gates childhood is far much better that that of most African young persons and kids. He gets good instruction and lives a comfy life, contrary to the lives of most African Children.
Gates discusses African American attitudes towards white people during his childhood. He begins by remembering how his female parent, a beautiful and graceful adult female, harbored an intense hate of white people. He elaborates farther by remembering that his female parent, and others, responded to the white unfavorable judgment that black people were dirty by believing that it was the white people who were soiled. Specifically, it was normally held that white people taste nutrient right from the pot and odor like wet Canis familiariss when moisture. Gates farther discusses the belief that white people can non cook, which is why so many hired black people to cook for them. Some programmes that Gates tickers are considered an highly racist plan that played on black stereotypes, yet Gates seems to believe lovingly of it. Gates ‘ male parent does non look to swear Martin Luther King Jr. Gates farther goes in front and explores the sexual promiscuousness rampant in the black community in Piedmont and its consequence on his household. Specifically, the household materfamilias on his female parent ‘s side, “ Large Ma ” Coleman, was said to hold been with two work forces. When she got pregnant she married the 1 who was non the male parent of her kid, and this lead to a history of tenseness and force in the household. Once or twice, adult females would see her house with kids who they claimed were the grandchildren of Big Mom. Further, Daddy Paul, Big Mom ‘s hubby, reacted violently when he suspected that one of their kids was non his. Gates goes on to state that this behavior continued with other members of the Coleman household, frequently the 1s who suffered the worst maltreatment from their male parent. On the other manus, The Gates kin lived in Cumberland and left less an feeling on him than his female parent ‘s household. Gates recalls the beginnings of the Gates line with Jane Gates, a former slave who had several kids with her maestro. He goes on to tell his great-grandmother who insisted that merely the misss be educated, a sore point with Gates ‘ male parent, and his gramps who owned several successful concerns.
Gates negotiations of his early sexual experiences and romantic enterprises. He begins by telling his vernal sexual geographic expedition disguised as kid ‘s games. Subsequently, he discusses his altering relationships with the misss in his life and his anguished efforts at happening a girlfriend. As Gates chooses to fall in the church, the book touches on the emotional and behavioural alterations in Gates ‘ female parent as she experiences climacteric, where Gates responds by faulting himself, taking on a greater part of housekeeping, and going progressively spiritual. Here, Gates is portrayed as a really lovingness and responsible individual. He loves his female parent and wants her to be happy. Gates childhood and upbringing has evident affects on his personality. He is depicted as a coloured “ overachiever ” ( a label that meant something unquestionably different for a black male child in the sixtiess ) , hardworking and responsible. All these features finally shaped up his subsequent aspirations, experiences, and position of the universe as an grownup. As he grows, he breaks from the common premises and societal functions of Piedmont ‘s black community. He begins listening to wind, smoking coffin nails and pipes, and coercing the integrating of local concern. Gates uses this chance to discourse both white and black responses to integrating. He gets farther rebellious against the societal mores of Piedmont particularly during his first twelvemonth in college where he switch his focal point from medical school to literature and begins dating a white miss.
In the selected theories of racial and cultural dealingss, the complex nature of racial and cultural dealingss in the United States is portrayed. In his book, Gates says, “ All New York ‘s got that Piedmont ‘s got is more of what we got. Same, but bigger ” . Racial solidarity was strong in Piedmont, even though the Civil Rights motion came to the small town slightly late. “ ‘Good ‘ hair was straight. ‘Bad ‘ hair was kinky obviously shows how the criterions ob beauty among Africans are measured with those of the Whites. He is called an overachiever because he is a coloured child that dreams of going a physician. The Whites despise the “ coloured, Negro, or black ” as Gates put it. They think that merely the Whites can acquire the best instruction, best life life style and a respectable societal category.
Gates brings together the major concerns of rhetoric and individuality: who we are and how we are labeled by both ourselves and others. In the United States, racism is a common scenario and hence Henry Louis Gates uses this line, “ My gramps was colored, my male parent was Negro, and I am black. ” In his 1995 memoir Colored People, and explains that he used this line as the gap of his personal statement in his application to Yale. Each word-colored, Negro, black-means something different, marked by different users and models of clip and topographic point. They are, in consequence, a mini-lesson in the rhetorical trigon. | <urn:uuid:0b25478e-7854-467c-891a-cf8f504e861a> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://e-hipokrates.com/a-memoir-on-colored-people-english-literature-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400193391.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920031425-20200920061425-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.976781 | 1,742 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The UK's heatwave has been attracting some rather unusual fans - giant ocean sunfish, so called because of their habit of 'sunbathing' on the surface of the ocean.
It emerged today that marine researchers spotted 19 of the species - the world's largest bony fish - during a two hour survey off the south-west tip of Cornwall last week.
Sunfish are curious, oval-shaped creatures that can grow up to 11 feet in length and have a penchant for lying on the sea surface on their sides, as if sunbathing. They can weigh more than two tonnes and have unusual short tail fins.
The fish are generally thought to prefer warm and temperate waters in the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic. The increasing number of sightings of sunfish, or Mola mola, in the UK in recent years has been interpreted by some as further evidence of the rising temperatures of British waters.
Sunfish are believed to be mostly solitary and feed mainly on jellyfish, so scientists were interested to find so many together. Younger sunfish are more likely to form groups.
Researchers from the University of Exeter's School of Biosciences, the Marine Conservation Society and Cornwall Wildlife Trust spotted the sunfish while surveying the Cornish coast.
"This sudden influx of these beautiful, giant fish was a fantastic surprise," Dr Brendan Godley, senior lecturer at the University of Exeter Cornwall Campus, told the Press Association.
"We only spotted the sunfish lying on their side at the surface so there may have been more below the waves.
"This is the first time we have spotted them during our surveys, and we think they have arrived here in order to take advantage of anticipated jellyfish blooms as the summer sea temperatures rise."
It is not completely understood why the sunfish appear to sunbathe but one explanation is that they come to the surface to allow birds, such as gulls, to pick parasites from their rough skin.
The sunfish can leap out of the water, like sharks, which they are sometimes confused with because of their dorsal fins.
A four-year-old boy was flattened by a sunfish in August last year, off the coast of Little Haven, Pembrokeshire, when it leapt from the sea into his dad's boat. The boy and his brother managed to roll the creature off and back into the sea.
Last Thursday's survey off the Cornish coast also detected basking sharks, porpoises, seals and jellyfish. Previous surveys have also recorded bottlenose and common dolphins.
The monthly aerial surveys, which are funded by the European Social Fund with additional support from the MCS, began in January. They aim to monitor the different species of marine wildlife visiting Cornwall's waters. | <urn:uuid:e70ae537-0753-42fa-b91b-893cdbfbef9d> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/jul/25/conservationandendangeredspecies.uknews?view=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887621.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118210638-20180118230638-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.974094 | 567 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Adipose tissue is composed largely, but not exclusively, of fat
cells (adipocytes). Other than storage of fat as an energy source,
adipose tissue is used for cushioning and protection of vital
organs, such as the kidneys.
This section is of MESENTERY and is
composed almost exclusively of fat cells (adipose tissue), with a
few blood vessels here and there. | <urn:uuid:78618a85-8ff0-42d7-b13c-9a6f6491997d> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.indiana.edu/~anat215/virtualscope2/docs/chap2_2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737962531.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221922-00126-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945684 | 89 | 2.75 | 3 |
When you start a tracing session, you also configure the type of tracing you want to perform, and specify where you want the tracing data to be stored. Your tracing session continues until you explicitly request that it stops.
In order to start a tracing session, TCP/IP must be running on the database server(s) on which the tracing database and production database are running. See Using the TCP/IP protocol.
Starting a tracing session is also referred to as attaching tracing. Likewise, stopping a tracing session is referred to as detaching tracing. The SQL statements for starting and stopping tracing are ATTACH TRACING and DETACH TRACING, respectively.
Connect to the database you want to profile.
Choose Mode > Application Profiling.
If the Application Profiling wizard appears, click Cancel to close it.
Select the database, and choose File > Tracing. If a submenu appears, choose Configure and Start Tracing.
The Database Tracing wizard appears.
Follow the instructions in the Database Tracing wizard to configure and capture a tracing session:
On the Tracing Detail Level page, select the level of tracing, and narrow the tracing scope, if needed.
On the Edit Tracing Levels page, customize tracing settings as required.
On the Create External Database page:
Select Create a New Tracing Database.
Specify the user name and password that you used to connect to the production database.
Select Start Database on the Current Server.
Click Create Database.
The Database Tracing wizard creates the tracing database by unloading the schema and permission information from the production database, and then loading it into the newly-created tracing database.
On the Start Tracing page:
Select Save Tracing Data in an External Database.
Specify the user name and password that you specified for the tracing database. These should match the user name and password you used to connect to the production database.
Specify the database server and database name in the form of a partial connect string. For example:
Under Do You Want to Limit the Volume of Trace Data That Is Stored, choose an option for the volume of tracing database to save.
Allow applications to interact with the database for a period of time to allow data to be gathered.
When you are done gathering tracing data, select the database and choose File > Tracing > Stop Tracing with Save.
The Database Tracing wizard ends the tracing session and stores the captured data in the diagnostic tables.
Connect to the database as the DBA.
Use the sa_set_tracing_level system procedure to set the desired tracing levels.
Start tracing by executing an ATTACH TRACING statement.
Stop tracing by executing a DETACH TRACING statement.
You can view the diagnostic tracing data in Application Profiling mode in Sybase Central. See Application profiling.
This example shows how to start tracing on the current database, store the tracing data in a separate database, and set a two hour limit on the amount of data to store. This example is all on one line:
ATTACH TRACING TO 'UID=DBA;PWD=sql;ENG=dbsrv10;DBN=tracing;LINKS=tcpip' LIMIT HISTORY 2 HOURS;
This example shows how to start tracing on the current database, store the tracing data in the local database, and set a two megabyte limit on the amount of data to store:
ATTACH TRACING TO LOCAL DATABASE LIMIT SIZE 2 MB;
This example shows how to stop tracing and save the diagnostic data that was captured during the tracing session:
DETACH TRACING WITH SAVE;
This example shows how to stop tracing and not save the diagnostic data.
DETACH TRACING WITHOUT SAVE; | <urn:uuid:ecf25915-9fb7-48b3-a6c6-84857d2edf40> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://dcx.sap.com/1001/en/dbugen10/ug-perform-s-6321880.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541517.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00198-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.779983 | 794 | 2.640625 | 3 |
How we did it:
- plastic bottle
- clear straw
- rubbing alcohol
- red food coloring
- small cup
- rubber band
- permanent marker
- food thermometer - optional
- bowls (2)
- ice water
- hot water
Have you ever had trouble opening a door on a hot day? The high temperature makes some part of the door (the hinges, the door frame, or the door itself) expand, so it gets stuck. Things get bigger when their temperature increases and smaller when their temperature decreases. When folks first noticed this, it led to the creation of a handy tool for measuring temperature: the thermometer!
The thermometer you’re going to make uses alcohol to read temperature. Alcohol changes its size when its temperature changes, even though you might not see it happen when the alcohol just sits in the bottle. The trick for making it noticeable is to put the alcohol in a thin tube, like a straw. With less space inside the straw, even a small change in the alcohol’s size makes a big difference to how high or low the top of the liquid is.
The alcohol always goes to the same level for the same temperature, so you can tell how hot or cold something is by comparing to different measurements of the alcohol level. Put thermal expansion to work and learn about temperature by making your own thermometer!
Gather your materials.
Fill the bottle a little more than halfway with rubbing alcohol. Then, drip a few drops of red food coloring into the bottle and swish it around until it’s well mixed.
Pour a little bit of the alcohol out of the bottle and into the small cup. Set aside the cup.
Cut the neck off of the balloon. Then, stretch the other end of the balloon over the top of the bottle and secure it with the rubber band.
Cut a very small slit in the middle of the balloon. Then, insert the straw into the slit and gently push it into the bottle until just the tip of the straw is submerged in the alcohol.
Use the pipette to drip the alcohol from the cup into the straw. The alcohol should stay in the straw. Keep adding alcohol until the alcohol level reaches about ⅓ of the way up the exposed part of the straw.
If the level in the straw doesn’t rise, you need to replace the balloon. Make a smaller slit in the new balloon.
Calibrate your thermometer! Place the bottle in a bowl of ice water and let it sit for about 5 minutes. Then, mark the level of the alcohol on the straw with a permanent marker.
Calibrating is how you make sure a tool or instrument is measuring things correctly. You just check its measurements against something that you already know the measurement for!
Take the temperature of the ice water with a food thermometer and record it. This will help you estimate temperatures when you’ve finished calibrating your thermometer!
Repeat step 7 with a bowl of hot water.
Take the bottle out of the bowl and allow it to return to room temperature.
Place your thermometer in a window that gets direct sunlight. Return to it throughout the day to see how the sun changes the temperature in the room!
The first thermometer was made just like this by a guy named Daniel Fahrenheit back in 1714. Instead of using alcohol, though, he used mercury (that was before people realized that mercury is highly toxic, which is why your thermometer uses alcohol). Fahrenheit not only made the first thermometer — he also invented the scale for reading temperature with it. We still use that scale to this day, named after him. How many degrees Fahrenheit is the room you’re in right now? | <urn:uuid:f75460db-2f48-46b1-8220-2761db5dbf2a> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.kiwico.com/diy/Science-Projects-for-Kids/3/project/Bottle-Thermometer/2950 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573284.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918110932-20190918132932-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.907456 | 769 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Is Digital Eye Strain an Issue for You?
As many of us adapt to a new reality of remote working lifestyles, we must remember to take care of our eyes. Headaches, dry eyes, blurred vision and eye fatigue are all symptoms of digital eye strain, also known as computer vision syndrome.
It’s something that many people experience daily, especially when working in an unfamiliar office setting. Luckily, you can keep symptoms at bay and protect your eyes with these tips.
1. Reduce Glare Caused by Bright Light
Glare happens when too much light, either direct or reflected, enters your eyes.
- Position your computer away from bright windows or overhead lights in order to cut down on glare in your home office.
- Use curtains or blinds to reduce the incoming light, or angle your desk so the window is not directly in front of you (or behind you).
- Consider buying an anti-glare monitor that can make your screen much easier to read in any lighting conditions.
2. Optimize Your Computer Display Settings
Adjust your computer settings to make things easier on your eyes.
- Use your settings to filter out blue light, which can be harsh on your eyes. This filter is often called a “night light” or “night mode.”
- Adjust the brightness to a comfortable setting. Try different levels and take note of how tired, red, or dry your eyes feel at the end of the day.
- Customize the font size to prevent squinting and straining. Increasing your default font by just a couple of sizes can reduce strain that often leads to headaches and tired eyes.
- Placement of your device matters, too. The American Optometric Association recommends that your screen be positioned 20 to 28 inches from your eyes and 4 to 5 inches below your eye level.
3. Step Away From the Screen
- Limit your screen time by taking breaks to look away, and yes, that includes your smartphone!
- Follow the “20-20-20” rule: Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds.
4. Remember to Blink (And Do It Often)
- Our blinking habits change when we’re looking at screens. Less frequent blinking is one of the biggest causes of dry eyes.
- Try to consciously blink more often when you’re looking at a device, especially if you begin to notice irritation or redness. | <urn:uuid:7a913729-ccc8-42c6-9a5e-831c4f0a960c> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.eyecareofdelaware.com/blog/remote-working-can-cause-digital-eye-strain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039375537.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420025739-20210420055739-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.916424 | 506 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) has led to some significant, albeit unintentional, negative consequences for boat owners When gasoline containing ethanol and boats mix, boat owners lose. That’s because of something called “phase separation” – think oil and vinegar – that can turn fuel stored in a boat’s gas tank into corrosive, water-soaked ethanol mixture, unusable in any engine. Half of those who responded to a recent informal national survey by the Boat Owners Association of The United States (BoatUS) said they have had to replace or repair boat engine or fuel system parts because of suspected ethanol-related damage. The average cost for these repairs was $1,000.
The federal ethanol mandate requires increasing amounts of biofuels – primarily corn ethanol – to be blended into America’s gasoline supply every year. In part because of the mandate, more than 90 percent of American fuel today is E10, or 10 percent ethanol. In addition, higher ethanol-blend fuels such as E15 are becoming more prevalent in the marketplace, even though federal law prohibits the use of 15 percent ethanol in marine engines, ATVs, motorcycles, lawnmowers or any cars made before 2001.
Boaters have long preferred ethanol-free gasoline to other fuels, so much so that many refer to E0 as “marine fuel.” However, our country’s supply of E0 is projected to be reduced dramatically from over 8 billion gallons in 2014 to just 200 million, possibly as early as this summer’s boating season. E0 is in effect being pushed out of boat fuel market to make room for the RFS’ mandated E15 and other higher ethanol blends. The prospect of this disappearing act has the boating community around the country extremely concerned.
Write to your congressman about correcting the RFS before it wipes out the availability of E0 for boating families and wreaks additional havoc on marine engines. source Boat US Feb 2016 | <urn:uuid:c07b4f6f-110d-4460-b480-a62bdd4335ec> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://gg-lake-of-the-ozarks-marina.com/ethanol-fuel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514495.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118092350-20210118122350-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.955728 | 406 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Thérèse Bonney papers document her photojournalism during World War II and her contributions to war relief efforts in
Europe, her life as an art collector, writer, and publicist, and her lifelong interest in French culture and work promoting
Franco-American friendship. The collection is divided into seven series: Correspondence; Biographical Materials and Personalia;
Writings; World War II; Chain d’Amite and Franco-American Friendship; Art, Fashion, and Photography; and “Project Fromage.”
Mabel Thérèse Bonney was a pioneering photographer and war correspondent. She was born July 15, 1894 in Syracuse, New York
to Anthony Le Roy and Addie Bonnie. She moved to California with her mother when she was five. Bonney graduated from the University
of California in 1916, got an M.A. in Romance Languages from Radcliffe College, and received her Docteur des Lettres degree
from the Sorbonne in Paris in 1921. Bonney wrote a number of guides to Paris and French culture (some with her sister Louise)
in the late 1920s and early 1930s. She founded and directed the Bonney Service, the first American illustrated press service
in Europe, from 1923-1938, supplying text and photographs to magazines and newspapers in 33 countries. Exhibits of photographs
she collected garnered Bonney a reputation in the art world, and in 1935, she moved to New York to become director of the
new Maison Française, a gallery dedicated to fostering better cultural understanding between the United States and France.
Bonney took up photography herself in the late 1930s. She published a behind-the-scenes look at the Vatican for Life in 1938,
and traveled to Finland in 1939 to photograph preparations for the Olympic Games. She was the only photojournalist there when
Russia invaded, and gained wide acclaim for her coverage of the Russo-Finnish War. Bonney then returned to France, where she
documented the German invasion and, later, the liberation of France. In 1940, back in the States, Bonney exhibited her photos
showing how the war affected noncombatants at the Library of Congress and the Modern Museum of Art. The Carnegie Corporation
gave her a grant to return to Europe to further document the effects of the World War II on the civilian population. Her photographs
of the war’s effects on children were particularly moving, and a compilation became her best known project, “Europe’s Children.”
During the war, she was also involved in missions for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), and worked with the French Red
Cross. Bonney’s war correspondence and photojournalism earned her The White Rose, Finland’s highest honor, and France’s Croix
de Guerre. Bonney founded a number of organizations dedicated to improving Franco-American relations. Chain d’Amite (Friendship
Chain) encouraged French families to open their homes to American G.I.s. It eventually spread to Belgium, the Netherlands,
and Denmark. Project Patriotism encouraged airmen and parachuters who were shot down in France to help the French people who
had rescued them. Late in life Bonney advocated for the rights of the elderly and lobbied to extend Medicare rights to American
citizens living in Paris. She died in Paris on January 23, 1978.
32.85 Linear Feet
(14 cartons, 1 cardfile box, 3 oversize boxes, 14 volumes, 2 oversize folders, 1 microfilm reel)
Some materials in these collections may be protected by the U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). In addition, the reproduction
of some materials may be restricted by terms of University of California gift or purchase agreements, donor restrictions,
privacy and publicity rights, licensing and trademarks. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by copyright beyond
that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be
commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owner. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user.
All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the
Head of Public Services, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley 94720-6000. See: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/reference/permissions.html.
Collection is open for research. | <urn:uuid:352cca47-469a-4b33-8c7e-1a331592670d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8th8t1j/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100286.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201084429-20231201114429-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.940894 | 938 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Military of Australia Portal
The military history of Australia spans the nation's 230-year modern history, from the early Australian frontier wars between Aboriginals and Europeans to the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan in the early 21st century. Although this history is short when compared to that of many other nations, Australia has been involved in numerous conflicts and wars, and war and military service have been significant influences on Australian society and national identity, including the Anzac spirit. The relationship between war and Australian society has also been shaped by the enduring themes of Australian strategic culture and its unique security dilemma.
As British offshoots, the Australian colonies participated in Britain's small wars of the 19th century, while later as a federated dominion, and then an independent nation, Australia fought in the First World War and Second World War, as well as in the wars in Korea, Malaya, Borneo and Vietnam during the Cold War. In the Post-Vietnam era Australian forces have been involved in numerous international peacekeeping missions, through the United Nations and other agencies, including in the Sinai, Persian Gulf, Rwanda, Somalia, East Timor and the Solomon Islands, as well as many overseas humanitarian relief operations, while more recently they have also fought as part of multi-lateral forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. In total, nearly 103,000 Australians died during the course of these conflicts. Read more...
"the Australian divisions and the New Zealanders had become what they were to remain for the rest of the war - the spearhead of the British Army"
- — John Terraine, commenting on the fighting capability of the Anzac troops.
Did you know
- ...that the 2/12th Field Ambulance suffered the highest rate of casualties for a non-combatant unit in Australian history?
- ...that the Office of Australian War Graves is also responsible for the maintenance of some 20,000 graves of Commonwealth war dead in 76 war cemeteries and plots and in numerous civil cemeteries, as well as Memorials to the Missing listing over 3,000 names?
Army • History
Armoured Units, Army Aviation, Corps, First Australian Imperial Force, Second Australian Imperial Force, Brigades, Cadets, Royal Military College, Enlisted Ranks, Memorial, Officer Ranks, RAR, Regiments, Senior Officers, Regional Surveillance Units, Structure, VC Recipients, Weapons
RAN • History
Admiral of the Fleet, Bases, Cadets, Clearance Divers, Current Ships, Fleet Air Arm, Future, Historic ships, HMAS, Memorial, Patrol Boat Group, Persian Gulf Operations, RANVR, Reserve, Ship classes, Silent Service, WRANS
RAAF • History
Aircraft, Airfield Defence Guards, Bases, Chief of Air Force, Flights, First Tactical Air Force, Ranks, Roulettes, Squadrons, Structure
1st Commando Regiment, 2nd Commando Regiment, 171st Squadron, 200 Flight, Coastwatchers, Special Operations Engineer Regiment, SASR, SOCOMD, Tactical Assault Group, WWII Commando companies, Z Special Unit
Featured, A-Class and Good content
Things you can do
- Attention needed
- ...to referencing and citation • ...to coverage and accuracy • ...to structure • ...to grammar • ...to supporting materials
- Popular pages
- Full list
- Cleanup needed
- 2nd Division (New Zealand) • Court martial of Breaker Morant • History of the Royal Australian Navy • Military history of New Zealand • Military history of New Zealand in World War I • Military history of New Zealand during World War II • New Zealand Army • New Zealand in the Vietnam War • Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment • Slouch hat • Uniforms of the New Zealand Army
- Requested articles
- Auckland Regiment • Canterbury Regiment (currently a redirect) • 1st Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery • 2nd Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery • 4th Submarine Squadron (United Kingdom) • 4th Medium Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery • 6th Light Anti-aircraft Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery • 12th Heavy Anti-aircraft Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery • South Australian Imperial Bushmen • Tasmanian Citizen Bushmen • Tasmanian Mounted Infantry • Tasmanian Imperial Bushmen (currently redirect) • Victorian Citizen Bushmen • Victorian Imperial Bushmen • Western Australian Mounted Infantry (currently redirect) • Western Australian Citizen Bushmen • 22nd Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, 2nd/4th Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment • 3rd/6th Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment • No. 83 (Army Cooperation) Wing • No. 52 Squadron RNZAF • No. 51 Squadron RNZAF • No. 43 Squadron RNZAF • No. 12 Squadron RNZAF • No. 11 Squadron RNZAF • No. 10 Squadron RNZAF • CAC/North American Avon Sabre in Australian service • GAF/Dassault Mirage III in Australian service • Harry Charles Bundock • Frederick Alexander Burrows • Grant Cavenagh • Frederick Hay Christison • John August Clareborough • Jack Kerr Coffey • Bertrand Combes • John Craven • Ralph Daly • Charles Stewart Davies • Harold Charles de Low • Francis Plumly Derham • William Huggett Douglas • Herbert Frederick Henry Durant • Leslie Glanville Howard Dyke • Henry Herrick Edwards • Cyril Maurice Lloyd Elliott • Albert Cecil Fewtrell • Frederick Percy Herbert Fewtrell • Alexander Moore Forbes • Stephen Gilbert Friend • Vivian Harrold Gatliff • Arthur Harry Langman Godfrey • Leonard George Goss • Peter Haddad • William Allan Hailes • Neville Gordon Hatton • Health Services Wing RAAF • William Alexander Henderson • John Hill • Frederick Brock Hinton • Oswald Vick Hoad • Austin Claude Selwyn Holland • Maurice Barber Bevan Keating • Douglas Oswald Luke Kitto • Errol Knox • Ian Lillie • Thomas Steane Louch • John Walter Main • Gordon Edward Manchester • James Eric Gifford Martin • Athelsan Markham Martyn • John Maxwell • Patrick Sanfield McGrath • Eric George Henderson McKenzie • Kenneth Alan McKenzie • Douglas Murray McWhae • Charles George N. Miles • Arthur James Mills • Raymond Frederic Monaghan • Gerald Vincent Moriarty • New Zealand Infantry Brigade (currently a redirect) • Edward Michael Neylan • Reginald Havill Norman • Francis Roger North • Harry Scott Nurse • David O'Brien • Douglas Paine • William Edward Hill Pascoe • Michael Phelps • Claude Esdaile Prior • Ralph Carlyle Geoffrey Prisk • Beauchamp Worters Pulver • John Herbert Rasmussen • John Dalylell Richardson • John David Rogers • Henry Gordon Rourke • Robert Amos Row • Harry Blamyre Sewell • Colin McOlvin Sharp • Edward Lonergan Sheehan • James Thomas Simpson • Fritz Peter Max Solling • William Howard St. Clair • Robert Mackay Stodart • Roy Buchanan Sutherland • Harold Bourue Taylor • Percy Chamberlin Thompson • Roy Meldrum Thompson • Walter James Urquhart • Donald Norwood Veron • Eric Lacy Vowles • Roy William Whiston Walsh • Augustine William Wardell • Thomas Edgar Weavers • David Welch • Frank Elwyn Wells • Allan Respen Wendt • John Laurence Whitham • Ernst Morgan Williams • Kenneth Williams • Thomas Rhys Williams • Kenneth Agnew Wills • Robert Emmet Winning • Roy Gordon • South Pacific Peacekeeping Force • 9th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery • 2/1st Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia) • 2/3rd Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia) • 2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia) • Queensland Mounted Infantry
- Expansion needed
- 2nd Infantry Brigade (New Zealand) • Australian Army Veterinary Corps • Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency • 32nd Small Ship Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers • 1st Aviation Regiment (Australia) • 1st Combat Engineer Regiment (Australia) • II Anzac Corps • Alfred Richard Baxter-Cox • Australian military involvement in peacekeeping • Emile Dechaineux • Harold Farncomb • History of the Australian Army • History of the Royal Australian Air Force • John Baker • John Royston • Landing at Aitape • Lark Force • New Guinea campaign • Northern Territory Force • Robert William Rankin • Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers • HMNZS Resolution (A-14) • Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia • New Zealand and Australian Division • New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade • New Zealand Rifle Brigade • Survey Motor Boat • List of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons • List of Australian generals and brigadiers • List of Australian armoured units • Australian Army Artillery Units, World War I • Air Lift Group • Surveillance and Response Group • Combat Support Group RAAF • Aerospace Operational Support Group RAAF • 41 Wing • No. 26 Squadron RAAF • No. 29 Squadron RAAF • Air Movements Training and Development Unit RAAF• Surveillance and Control Training Unit RAAF • No. 386 Expeditionary Combat Support Squadron RAAF • No. 322 Combat Support Squadron RAAF • No. 323 Combat Support Squadron RAAF • No. 324 Combat Support Squadron RAAF• No. 1 Combat Logistics Squadron RAAF • No. 1 Air Terminal Squadron RAAF • No. 3 Airfield Defence Squadron RAAF • New South Wales Mounted Rifles Combat Reserve Wing RAAF • John William Alexander O'Brien • Harold Pope (soldier) • William James Macavoy Locke • Otago Infantry Regiment (NZEF) • more...
- Images needed
- 7th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery • Australian Army Veterinary Corps • Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency • 32nd Small Ship Squadron, Royal Australian Engineers
- Merging needed
- Add an article here!
- Citations needed
- Australian and New Zealand Army Corps • Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit • Australian occupation of German New Guinea • Bombing of Rabaul (November 1943) • FCU UNTAC • Henry Arthur Goddard • Military history of Oceania • New Zealand Army • Operation I-Go
- Translation needed
- Add an article here! | <urn:uuid:77746bcd-1b5d-4c9e-aba3-cab907421506> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.let.rug.nl/~gosse/termpedia2/termpedia.php?language=dutch_general&density=7&link_color=000000&termpedia_system=perl_db&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortal%3AMilitary_of_Australia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259757.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526205447-20190526231447-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.842773 | 2,114 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Medical specialty concerned with the skeleton and its associated structures. Orthopedists treat fractures, strained muscles, torn ligaments and tendons, and other injuries and deal with acquired and congenital skeletal deformities and the effects of degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis. Originally dependent on heavy braces and splints, orthopedics now uses bone grafts, hip and other joint replacements, prostheses (see prosthesis), special footwear, and braces to enhance mobility. Orthopedics uses the techniques of physical medicine and rehabilitation and occupational therapy in addition to those of traditional medicine and surgery.
Learn more about orthopedics with a free trial on Britannica.com. | <urn:uuid:75e192bb-49f5-425b-b033-33fd515bf444> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.reference.com/browse/orthopedic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267876.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00199-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90435 | 135 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Whether you're a new writer just learning the basics or an advanced writer exploring different methods of storytelling, it's worth taking some time to examine your choice of point of view (POV). Most writers have one POV they feel the most comfortable with, but that doesn't mean it's the best choice for every story.
Let's go over the different POVs and the pros and cons of each.
First person POV uses the pronouns "I" and "me." First person prose reads as though the character is telling the reader a personal story.
First person allows the reader to develop an intimate relationship with the POV character. Because the story is told as though from the character's perspective, the reader can become extremely invested in the protagonist. Of course, this is something we're shooting for no matter the POV, but it is often more pronounced for first person stories.
First person POV also creates potential for an unreliable narrator. Because the story is told from the character's direct perspective, the reader has no way to know whether the character is trustworthy. The POV character may be lying, of unsound mind, or simply deluded. An unreliable narrator can create opportunities for some really unique and memorable plot twists.
The most common type of multiple POVs to be utilized in first person stories are simple dual POVs with alternating chapters. The first chapter would be from Character A's perspective, the second chapter from Character B's perspective, the third from Character A's, and so on.
Third person POV uses the pronouns, "he," "she," "him," and "her." Third person books read as though someone is telling a story about another person's life.
Third person POV results in an additional layer between the character and the reader. In a third person book, there are several layers of storytellers:
The narrator may or may not be identified—unlike in a first person story, in which the POV character is the narrator.
This additional layer can distance the reader, but it can also create opportunities for more complex storytelling. Because the narrator may feel differently about the events than the character does, the prose can reflect a breadth of emotions and subtleties.
Third person also makes implementing multiple POVs easier. When telling a story from multiple characters' perspectives, first person can be confusing, since all the chapters would use "I" and "me." However, third person books immediately identify the POV character by using his or her name.
That said, watch out for head hopping, which is one of the most common issues in third person POV works. "Head hopping" means transitioning to a new character's perspective without informing the reader, such as by a chapter break. When writing in third person limited POV (which is the most common form of third person in modern literature) you are limited to the knowledge of the POV character.
Author & Editor
Owner of Blue Pen | <urn:uuid:b420a92f-8e86-4859-be11-31f3c6cd1272> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.bluepenbooks.com/blog/pov-basics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304570.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124124654-20220124154654-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.957885 | 729 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Mic static is background noise while recording with a mic. No calibration or toggling between the inputs can help, but audio static removal is able to make a clear sound. Mic static is a result of the interaction between a microphone and environment and it even doesn’t depend on the mic’s quality sometimes but such of its specs as impedance, pressure sensitivity, etc.
Why does Mic Static Appear?
For example, if making records close to a computer, the static will be substantial. Stay away from a strong electromagnetic source (industrial motors, high-power radio transmitters, etc.) as well as from wireless phone sets and mobile phones.
Another reason for losing sound clarity is a defective mic cable. In this case, it is recommended to open the connector and check all the wires and shield.
Sometimes, the simplest solution can solve the issue. To remove static from audio, it is enough to push gently the jack far enough into the plughole.
If everything is good with the cables, the software app for making records may be adjusted in the wrong way. Check the sound settings to verify the compatibility between the components.
However, there are some effective ways to decrease mic static in-house.
How to Reduce Background Noise on Mic by Yourself
No need to buy a new mic if you follow our tips on how to reduce mic static.
- All mics come with their own impedance. Be sure the mic has the impedance recommended for the recording equipment.
- Try a mic with diverse parameters to check the static. If it is the same, the recording device can cause the problem.
- Replace your mic or headset with mini jack for ones with the USB connection that can fit more tightly in the plughole. Besides, USB connections are earthed and don’t pick up static from the surroundings.
- When using a video camera for recording and noticing static, try to install a regular bulb instead of spare or neon one.
- If using a PC or a laptop during audio recording, consider the quality of its sound card. Note that the most of low-cost cards (under $250) can provoke interferences.
- Use cables with the earthed XLR connection to hook it up to the comp and minimize the static.
Alternative Ways to Remove Mic Static
There is one more interesting and simple secret on how to reduce background noise on mic. Record at 10 –20 seconds of “room tone” – the sounds produced by surrounding home appliances, ventilation, and others but not by the people (talking, breathing, movements, etc.) or even animals. The sensitive mic collects all those noises and uses them as a base for further removal.
One can also use special software (free or paid) to eliminate background noises. It is developed to accept a diversity of audio file types and has a set of tools to remove interferences effectively. Note that different editing software is required to handle noises while audio and video recording.
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Stick Welding which is also known as Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) or Covered Electrode is one of the most widely used types of arc welding processes. Stick welding utilizes a fixed length of the electrode and an electric power source to join a number of different metals and metallic parts.
The core of the covered electrode consists of a solid metal rod which acts as a filler material in the process of welding. This solid metal rod is surrounded by a covering of mineral compounds and metal powders mixed with a binding agent which helps them to adhere to the surface of the electrode. The main function of the core metallic rod is to conducts electric current to the arc and provides filler metal for the joint.
The voltage required for the welding process is defined by the size and types of electrode used and the usual working range is between 16 to 40 volts. The electrode size also defines the amperage requirement which falls in the range of 20 to 550 amp. You can use either alternating current or direct current depending on the type of electrode used. However, the power source that you are using must be able to easily control the current level within a reasonable range so that it can effectively respond to the complex and variable nature of the whole welding process.
One of the major advantages of stick welding is that it is an extremely versatile process. When we talk in terms of location and environment of the welding process this is the process which can be done almost everywhere. This process is ideal and welding can be done indoors, outdoors, on a ship, a bridge, on a production line. The process is also ideal for oil refineries or a cross country pipeline. This method can be used on small scale projects as well as large projects. As there is no need for gas and water hoses this is ideal for welding in remote areas. Welding cables can be extended over long distances and beyond the power source giving you more freedom of movement than any other type of welding. Another major advantage of using this process is the cost effectiveness. The equipment requires for this process is not only simple it is also very inexpensive and portable. You don’t need to buy any auxiliary gas shielding or granular flux for this process. The process is well suited for most of the metals and alloys that are commonly used these days. This advantage greatly adds to the value and usage of this process.
Our organization consists of trained and professional welders that know every aspect of stick welding process. They are well aware of the value and widespread use of this method and know how to cater the needs of the client. Our workers are trained according to the highest level of professionalism and follow international levels of safety and precaution. For the best quality of stick welding requirements and most economical prices in the market make sure that you choose the best Welding Services providers in the country. | <urn:uuid:73d1cb46-012c-4f1c-9060-c693aef57d4b> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://inlandwelding.com/stick-welding-los-angeles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144429.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219214816-20200220004816-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.951675 | 573 | 3.25 | 3 |
Contrary to what your dog may want you to believe, some foods are very unsafe and toxic for them. Feeding your dog unsafe foods can result in illness, multiple trips to the vet, surgery and even fatality. We are all dog-lovers here and we only want the best for our pooches! So let’s tuck in and find out what foods we should avoid feeding our dogs and the healthier alternatives they can enjoy, risk-free.
Chives, Onion and Garlic
This onion-family food group should be avoided in your dog’s diet. Consumption of chives, onion and garlic will leave your dog with irritation in their intestines and painful gas. It can also cause longer effects of damage to your dog’s red blood cells which can’t be spotted right away, leading to the chances of more difficult problems in your dog’s future.
Perhaps the most commonly known toxic food for a dog, chocolate. Chocolate is toxic for dogs due to its high percentage of a stimulant called ‘theobromine’. Whether it’s a small amount or large, chocolate can quickly cause kidney failure in dogs and other animals so it must be avoided at all costs in your dog’s diet. Chocolate isn’t a treat for dogs as it is for humans, it’s life-threatening.
Foods with Sweeteners especially “Xylitol”
Human foods often contain sweeteners that are bad for dogs such as Xylitol. Xylitol is found in gummies, fizzy drinks, chewing gum and some brands of peanut butter. Your dog should avoid eating foods with artificial sweeteners in them as it can cause an increased heart rate, blood clotting and liver failure. Always check the label to see if the peanut butter you may treat your dog to contains any sweeteners. Try to opt for an organic spread instead or one that contains no extra sweeteners or salts.
Alcohol and Drugs
In no way should you give your dog alcohol or drugs, unless they have been prescribed by a professional veterinarian to treat your dog’s condition i.e. as pain medication. Alcohol and drugs can cause your dog to have lifelong issues with its bowls, stomach and nervous system.
Raw bones are OK for some dogs to eat as they are soft and flexible but you should not allow your dog to eat cooked bones e.g. ribs or chicken carcass. Cooked bones can splinter with a dog gnawing on them and small parts of the bone can get stuck in their airways and intestines. This makes life very uncomfortable for your dog as they will struggle to breathe and pass normal bodily functions. In the worst case, a part of a cooked bone can perforate your dogs’ internal organs which can, unfortunately, lead to fatality.
Grapes, Raisins & Avocado
Naturally sweet, grapes, raisins and avocado should be left out of your dog’s diet. Grapes, raisins and avocado are known to upset a dog’s stomach due to their high fat and sugar content. Over time, the ingestion of grapes, raisins and avocado can lead to liver and kidney failure.
Large Hard Rinds
Dogs aren’t always the best at chewing their food before swallowing. Large hard rinds such as a cob of sweetcorn can become lodged in your dog’s throat or stomach and can require surgery to have it removed. Feeding your dog large hard rinds isn’t worth the risk of fatality.
Safe Alternative Snacks for Dogs
Here’s a helpful list of the foods that are safe for your dog to eat in controlled portions:
Carrots either raw or cooked
Plain, unsalted peanut butter in small amounts
Eggs, either raw or cooked (if feeding your dog raw egg be sure to clean up appropriately to stop the spread of salmonella)
Fish, including tuna, salmon, cod, sardines and whiting
Cheese, in limited amounts
Pineapple, in small amounts
Watermelon, in small amounts
Bread, plain and in small amounts
Green Peas, fresh or frozen
Oatmeal, plain in small amounts
Apple, in small amounts (avoid feeding apple seeds to your dog as these are toxic)
Natural and Low in Fat Healthy Treats, in controlled amounts.
What To Do If Your Dog Has Ate Something Bad
If your dog has ingested foods that are unsafe the best thing you can do is to take them to your local vet to check that they are OK. Offer your dog water and fresh air to see if this makes them more comfortable until you can get to the vet’s office or during the time that the vet is travelling to you.
The best food you can feed your dog includes fresh food, low fat, low sugar and low carbohydrates. If you are ever unsure of the food you’d like to feed your dog, have a quick look online before giving it to them or ask your vet. Your dog’s healthy tummy will thank you!
Related Blog: How Much You Should Feed your Dog | <urn:uuid:23de9768-c731-42f5-94f4-8b0073d0348b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://willyanddilly.com/blogs/news/what-foods-are-bad-for-dogs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104364750.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704080332-20220704110332-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.941741 | 1,090 | 2.765625 | 3 |
“Tiangong” means “heavenly palace”. However, investing in a space programme is no luxury—it’s serious business. Investment often enhances scientific, technological, industrial and security capabilities, and consequently brings non-negligible economic returns. More than 50 countries now have satellites in orbit, with clear, down-to-earth missions.
China’s reach for the stars started in 1970 with the launch of its first satellite. Following an intensive research and development programme in the 1990s, China has now become a full-blown space “power”, involved in every type of space-related activity, including satellite and launcher manufacturing; spaceport; science and applications programmes; and human spaceflight. In 2012, for the second year in a row, China launched the second highest number of space rockets, after the Russian Federation, in first place, with the US in third place and Europe in fourth.
China is now in the process of developing a space station which will be operational in 2016-22. At 30 tonnes, it will have one sixth of the mass of its orbital neighbour, the international space station (ISS). Incidentally, the station is the third brightest object in space (after the sun and the moon), and can be seen from your garden as a bright object in the night sky—a NASA website even helps you locate the ISS passing above your area (http:// spotthestation.nasa.gov/). The ISS is a scientific and engineering outpost run by the US, the Russian Federation, Europe, Japan and Canada, and is celebrating its 15th anniversary this year.
So now China is steadily catching up with other countries, with a booming space sector. With more than 40 Chinese companies involved in spacecraft manufacturing, there are around 50,000 people directly employed in the space sector, out of more than 500,000 people employed in the larger Chinese aerospace sector. Many public research institutes, often defence-related, and several universities, including Tsinghua University, contribute to the Chinese space programme, so the overall Chinese workforce involved in the space programme is probably much larger. In terms of turnover, the companies surveyed by the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics show revenues of more than US$10 billion in 2009, a value consistent with the intensiveness of the Chinese space programme.
China is not only reaching for the stars, but positioning its industry on the ground to benefit from the ever-increasing globalisation of the aerospace sector.
Visit the OECD Space Forum website.
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"Some colours termed natural are made from fruits and flowers, but their powder base could have harmful chemicals such as lead and mercury which can get absorbed and affect the foetus in a pregnant woman," Anuradha Kapur, Gynaecologist at Delhi's Max Hospital, said. (Agencies/JPN)
"For example, natural henna is considered safe, but black henna with paraphenylendiamine (PPD) may cause allergic reactions. Colours containing either of these forms of henna will probably be labelled as natural. So pregnant women should only use homemade Holi colours," she added.
Consultant Gynaecologist at Gurgaon's Columbia Asia Hospital Chetna Jain agreed, saying that while the term "natural" may be used loosely, there are doubts over the regulation of the colours.
"The quality control may not be good and there is a huge possibility of contamination of colours which are labelled herbal and considered safe. And these can be harmful to the foetus as they can be inadvertently swallowed or get absorbed from the skin," Jainsaid.
Pregnant women have reduced immunity levels, therefore, they are more susceptible to illnesses and infections, and their skin is more sensitive as well.
To avoid any reaction, doctors recommend playing with colours made at home.
The caution also applies to new moms who are still breastfeeding their children.
"Chemical colours are made of synthetic, industrial dyes or oxidised metals which can be dangerous and have harmful health effects on the baby through breast milk. Some colours are even carcinogenic. So lactating mothers should practise same caution as pregnant women," Kapur said.
Homemade colours, doctors recommend, can be made by using turmeric, roli (sindoor), boiled beetroot and onions. Tradition, if it must be followed, can be respected by placing a sandalwood or saffron tika on the baby's forehead.
Apart from caution with colours, doctors also listed a few guidelines to keep off harm during the festival.
"Be careful about what you eat. It is essential that you avoid heavy or exceptionally oily food that can cause indigestion or heartburn. Avoid drinks and stay hydrated," Gynaecologist Anjali Kumar of Paras Hospital recommended.
One should also keep a count of caffeine intake which is present in tea and coffee and even chocolates.
Jain also recommended wearing well-fitting clothes, anti-skid shoes and goggles, as well as the support of an adult or even a wall since playing with water can increase one's chances of slipping and falling.
Applying moisturiser on the skin and oil on the hair will help washing off colours with greater ease."Mischief-mongers hurling water balloons during Holi is common and to avoid getting hurt, pregnant women must carry an umbrella while stepping out," Kapur said.
Washing oneself properly is especially important for lactating mothers who otherwise risk their baby ingesting colours."With a little caution, Holi can be enjoyed by all, including mothers-to-be and new mothers. Just don't over-exert yourself," Kapur advised.
"Some colours termed natural are made from fruits and flowers, but their powder base could have harmful chemicals such as lead and mercury which can get absorbed and affect the foetus in a pregnant woman," Anuradha Kapur, Gynaecologist at Delhi's Max Hospital, said. | <urn:uuid:c589fb57-c5b7-4aee-b6fe-cbe50b847f4b> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://post.jagran.com/doctors-advise-safety-tips-for-pregnant-women-on-holi-1394790074 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193716.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00128-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968334 | 713 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What causes a know-it-all personality?
These could be symptomatic of certain mental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or narcissistic personality disorder. Being a know-it-all can also have a developmental component. Many moms and dads have dealt with teenagers who seemed to know all the answers and resist any input from adults.
What can motivate a child?
Here are 10 ways to motivate your child.
- Set Goals. Have them make a list of short-term goals and one long-term goal.
- Celebrate Accomplishments.
- Make Things Competitive.
- Encourage Them.
- Take Interest.
- Discover Passion.
- Remain Positive.
- Peer Pressure.
What is a highly intelligent person?
Highly intelligent people can decode or discern other people’s needs and feelings. This is what makes them emotionally intelligent. Empathy has long been the core component of emotional intelligence.
How can I describe my son in words?
Here are 300 words to get you started:
What can I write about my child?
It’s hard to answer this question. A newborn’s behavior is wired for survival and isn’t about being ‘good’ or ‘bad’. As your children grow, their behavior is often scrutinized and judged by others….50 positive words to describe your children:
How do you describe a know-it-all?
In this page you can discover 25 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for know-it-all, like: smart aleck, wise guy, walking encyclopedia, brash, witling, smarty, wisenheimer, wiseacre, smarty-pants, know-all and malapert.
What means know all?
Word forms: plural know-alls. countable noun. If you say that someone is a know-all, you are critical of them because they think that they know a lot more than other people. [British, informal, disapproval]regional note: in AM, use know-it-all.
What is a miss know it all?
Meaning: Someone who thinks they know everything; someone who thinks they’re always right.
What does dark horse mean?
A dark horse is a previously less known person or thing that emerges to prominence in a situation, especially in a competition involving multiple rivals, or a contestant that on paper should be unlikely to succeed but yet still might.
What do you call someone who thinks he knows everything?
noun. Someone who thinks he knows everything and refuses to accept advice or information from others. Synonyms. egotist egoist swellhead know-all.
How do you overcome being a know-it-all?
Ready to Stop Being a Know-It-All? Here’s how:
- Back Down: Pushing your agenda over and over?
- Listen: This means listening to the person who is speaking, not the comebacks you’re already planning in your head.
- Ask: Questions are one of your most powerful leadership tools.
- Step up:
How do you describe a child?
Words for Kids
- always smiling.
What is a word for knowing everything?
One who is omniscient literally knows all.
How do you not sound like a know it all?
4 Tips for Reining in Your Know-It-All Tendencies (Even If You Really Do Think You Know It All)
- Question why you’re commandeering the conversation.
- Remember that you don’t have all the facts.
- Consider whether a correction is even necessary.
- And if you really do know what you’re talking about, here’s how to go about it.
How do you use know-it-all?
Examples of ‘know-it-all’ in a sentence know-it-all
- His reputation as an autocratic know-it-all goes before him.
- Do not force your opinions on others and definitely do not come across as a know-it-all.
- Dad was never a know-it-all, he just wanted me to improve my game.
What is another name for a know-it-all?
What is another word for know-it-all?
|big talker||swelled head|
How do you describe a good kid?
100+ positive adjectives to describe a child
How do you tell if someone is a know it all?
10 ways to spot a know-it-all:
- Their life’s a mess but they’re telling others how to live.
- They haven’t failed big in the last five years.
- They seldom take advice.
- They judge quickly.
- They’re brilliant at pointing out problems but reluctant to take action.
- They can always do it better, even if they’ve never done it.
- They talk more than listen.
What is a person who thinks they know it all?
How do you respond to a know-it-all?
- Thank Them For Their Advice.
- Use The “Yes, But” Tactic.
- Respond In Nonthreatening Ways.
- Agree To Disagree.
- Introduce Alternative Thoughts.
- Start Asking Them Questions Instead.
- Lead By Example.
- Keep A Sense Of Humor.
How do you communicate with someone who thinks they are always right?
Helping Them See the Other Side. Listen to what they have to say. Even if the person always thinks they’re right, they still deserve to be heard, just like you deserve to be heard. Listen to their point of view first, taking the time to really hear what they’re saying.
How do you deal with an overbearing coworker?
Most importantly, don’t take it personally. Many times, pushy coworkers just want to be heard – they will do whatever it takes to stand out, even if that means putting others down. Don’t allow their words and actions to affect you personally. If the situation persists, simply ignore their behavior and move on.
Why do people feel entitled?
Often individuals who have been mistreated or disrespected exhibit a sense of entitlement when they start to feel that they deserve better than they have been getting. This is part of a healthy shift towards self-respect. Yet they, too, eventually need to find a way to balance self-respect with respect for others.
How do you deal with a mother who is a know it all?
7 Ways to Handle the Know-It-All Mom of the Group
- Point It Out. If the MWKA interrupts you, tell her she interrupted you and that you’d love to hear what she has to say once you’re finished.
- Ignore It.
- Appreciate It.
- Watch It.
- Avoid Her.
- Tuck It Away.
- Empower Yourself.
What is narcissistic entitlement?
Narcissistic entitlement refers to a belief that one’s importance, superiority, or uniqueness should result in getting special treatment and receiving more resources than others.
How do you get even with a backstabbing co worker?
How to respond to backstabbing co-workers
- Have a talk with the person.
- Escalate the issue.
- Ignore it.
- Maintain a paper trail.
- Send your manager updates.
- Avoid gossip.
- Be aware, even in casual settings.
How do you not be a know-it-all?
How do you push back a coworker?
Here are four strategies you can implement to clap back at pushy colleagues and be your own best self-advocate:
- Get some air cover. Most managers expect that as a professional you should be able to manage your time on your own.
- Prepare some comebacks.
- Bring your sense of humor.
- Redirect them somewhere else.
Is feeling entitled wrong?
Yet having a sense of entitlement is not all bad. Many psychologists view a degree of entitlement as natural and healthy. For instance, at the heart of self-confidence is a belief in oneself — that belief is instilled in part because someone may have once told you how special you are.
What’s another word for a know-it-all?
How do you deal with a difficult co worker?
Collaborating With a Difficult Co-Worker: Do’s and Don’ts
- Do examine your own behavior before blaming the other person.
- Don’t let it get personal.
- Do communicate what issues you’re having.
- Don’t get baited into unprofessional behavior.
- Do remind yourself of what you stand to gain by working with this person.
- Don’t be afraid to ask your manager for assistance.
What to say to a coworker to stop micromanaging?
Let them know how their behavior is affecting you and that you want it to stop. For example, say, “It bothers me when you step in and take over my job.” Or try saying, “I feel like you don’t trust me to do a good job on my own.”
What to do with a know-it-all?
Know-it-alls always have something to say. Also, they are never wrong….Here are 3 ways I deal know-it-alls.
- Don’t Get Annoyed With Them. Obvious, right?
- Don’t Try To “School” Them. That is the biggest waste of time you can possibly think off; trying to share knowledge with a know-it-all.
- Stay Away From Them.
How do you deal with an employee who thinks they know it all?
At some point, you will run into an employee who thinks they know just about everything….
- Step 1: Reframe the Situation.
- Step 2: Setting Quantifiable Boundaries.
- Step 3: Providing Consistent Check-Ins.
- Step 4: Walking Them Through Their Progress.
- Step 5: Don’t Take An Excuse For An Answer.
What do you say to a bossy coworker?
Address the Bossy Coworker In a professional tone, let them know how their behavior of taking charge is affecting you. Try responding calmly and respectfully by saying, “It’s a challenge to take notes AND stay engaged in the discussion, and I’d like to participate in this meeting.
Is being entitled a bad thing?
Whether deserved or not, a sense of entitlement enables people to think and act differently from others, and the more they do so, the more willing and able they are to generate creative ideas. On the negative side, a chronically entitled disposition may diminish the motivation to put in extra effort.
How do you professionally complain about a coworker?
To make your complaint, try using a technique called “I-statements”. With an I-statement, you focus on the problem you’re having instead of what’s wrong with your coworker, then you ask for what you need. A well-worded I-statement, delivered in a friendly tone, doesn’t sound at all confrontational.
How do you deal with friends who think they are better?
Put your own needs first. Try not to think about what your friends will think about every little decision you make in your life. Chances are, they will put you down whether you try to accommodate them or not, so don’t worry about it. Do what makes you happy and don’t worry about getting anyone else’s approval.
What is it called when someone thinks they are better than you?
adjective. someone who is arrogant thinks they are better or more important than other people and behaves in a way that is rude and too confident.
What does pretentious mean?
a : making usually unjustified or excessive claims (as of value or standing) the pretentious fraud who assumes a love of culture that is alien to him— Richard Watts. b : expressive of affected, unwarranted, or exaggerated importance, worth, or stature pretentious language pretentious houses.
How do you tell if a coworker is threatened by you?
How do you tell if a coworker is jealous of you.
- They make comments about how your work is more exciting than theirs.
- They’re always “too busy” to help you.
- They mock you when you get recognition from your boss or the leadership team.
- They don’t invite you when they go out for a happy hour or lunch.
How do you handle employees who overstep their boundaries?
In summary, if you have an employee that is overstepping their boundaries, you will want to:
- Get clear on the actual behaviors you’d like to change.
- Create a clear expectation around it.
- Revisit it regularly, ideally with the Results Model process, until the change has become their new default behavior.
What do you call someone who never apologizes?
A person who never admits fault, never apologises, always blames someone else (like my mother) is usually narcissistic. The main symptom of narcissism is a profound lack of empathy, they just do not ‘feel’ for anyone else, they are the ONLY important person. | <urn:uuid:4265357a-179a-47df-8f7a-d751ba4c663b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.true-telecom.com/what-causes-a-know-it-all-personality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104514861.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705053147-20220705083147-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.911098 | 3,065 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The ancient Maya site was also known as Lakamha (literally: “Big Water”), Palenque was a Maya city state in southern Mexico that flourished in the 7th century. The ruins date from ca. 226 BC to ca. AD 799. By 2005, the discovered area covered over 1 square mile, but it is estimated that less than 10% of the total area of the city has been explored, leaving more than a thousand structures still covered by jungle. | <urn:uuid:3810bd00-3921-46e2-813d-13c3364b3370> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://rixglobalpix.com/slideshow-galleries/mexico/mayan-ruins/the-ancient-maya-site-of-palenque-chiapas-mexico/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157574.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921225800-20180922010200-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.982566 | 98 | 3.171875 | 3 |
When most people think of the South Pole, often their first thought is of its defining feature: weather…extreme weather! I would describe the weather here as “seasonal.” In the summer it is cold and sunny; in the winter it is colder and dark. There might be some transient changes in cloud cover, barometric pressure, or the occasional wind storm, but for the most part, you know the forecast without having to ask.
So why is Antarctica so cold? Temperatures have reached minus 117 degrees Fahrenheit below zero. One reason is the permanent ice cover that reflects 80% of the Sun’s rays back into space. Another is the shallow angle of the sun even in summer. The Sun is never higher than 23.5 degrees (the Earth’s tilt on its axis) above the horizon, unlike locations near the equator which receive the highest concentration of the Sun’s rays. Antarctica is even colder than the Arctic since the Arctic is ocean surrounded by land, and therefore warmer as a result of the moderating effect of the relatively “warm” ocean water. The Antarctic is land surrounded by water so the interior portions do not benefit from the moderating effects of the ocean. During the winter, Antarctica doubles in size as the seawater at the edges of the continent freezes. This effectively blocks heat from the warmer surrounding seawater.
Unlike anywhere else in the world, a forecast of high pressure at the South Pole means bad weather and low pressure indicates good weather. The reason for this is the fairly permanent temperature inversion. In most places on the planet, air gets colder with increasing altitude; here it gets warmer. The air at the pole is much colder at ground level than it is at higher altitude. The temperature inversion layer is usually less than 1000 feet thick, but the temperature difference can be as much as 54 degrees Fahrenheit! High pressure weather systems result in a downward vertical air motion bringing warmer, more humid air causing increased clouds and worsening weather. Low pressure weather systems produce upward vertical air movements, which brings in colder, drier surface air to replace the air that is being forced upward.
Except on the coldest days, we usually have steady, low velocity winds. These “katabatic” winds are produced when cold, dense air flows down the polar plateau or down the slopes of the inland mountains.
While usually not much of a problem at the pole, along the coastal areas they can produce hurricane force winds. If the winds become turbulent, they can sweep up loose snow and cause a localized blizzard, where the skies are clear and no snow actually falls to the ground, but horizontal visibility is markedly reduced.
What is the difference between a blizzard and a whiteout? Blizzards are defined as winds greater than 35 miles per hour with visibility less than ¼ mile due to snow or blowing snow for at least 5 hours. A whiteout is a condition where a uniformly gray or white sky over a snow covered surface causes a loss of depth perception and surface definition. Winds can be calm, but you can still have a whiteout.
As mentioned in a previous blog, the air is extremely dry at the South Pole. This is a result of the extremely cold temperatures where moisture is frozen out of the air. Although the relative humidity, the amount of moisture in air at a given temperature, is about 60 to 80%, when the air is heated to room temperature, the relative humidity drops to 4% making it about twice as dry as the Sahara Desert. As a result of the extremely low humidity, my nose and throat feel dry most of the time, despite running a humidifier in my room at night. This is the only time in my life I wake up in the middle of the night to drink water. Theoretically, dry upper airway mucosa (membranes) can also result in an increased susceptibility to upper respiratory infections, although I haven’t seen that reflected in my clinic population thus far.
Ice crystals commonly form in the polar atmosphere and produce a phenomenon called “parhelion” or “sun dogs”. As rays of sunlight are bent within the ice crystals, they produce a false image of the sun. Sun dogs are usually produced in pair, one of each side of the Sun and are often part of a ring or halo around the Sun.
Since there is little moisture in the air, precipitation is rare. Actual snowflakes (branched ice crystals) are only seen during the warmest periods of summer. Most of the precipitation at the South Pole is in the form of ice crystals, falling out of a clear sky when air becomes saturated with moisture. Although the precipitation is very light, only about 9 inches per year, it never melts. Over time this adds up and is the reason Antarctica contains 90% of the Earth’s ice and 70% of the planet’s fresh water.
Meteorology is an important part of the science research conducted at the South Pole, since conditions here influence weather patterns in the rest of the world. In addition to ground-based instruments, we launch high-altitude balloons on a regular basis. But more about that in my next blog… | <urn:uuid:23f850ea-fb69-4a5d-b987-cf9bbe096413> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://southpoledoc.wordpress.com/2012/04/29/weather/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189734.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00567-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93984 | 1,065 | 4.125 | 4 |
We have all heard about raw, uncooked foods, their benefits and why we should eat them.
The trouble is not many people actually know how to optimise their intake of raw foods. Overcooking destroys many of the nutrients and phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables. making it even more important that at least a portion of the foods we eat are raw or lightly cooked.
The first thing we need to know is that raw foods are not just packed with nutrients and anti-oxidants but they can also boost your digestion. Raw fruit and vegetables provide the essential nutrients we need to create the digestive enzymes that break down what we eat.
Our body also use these nutrients maintenance and regulation of adequate hormone levels. The phytochemicals in certain foods are essential for our bodies to function properly - simple as that. There is no escaping this – you will never achieve optimum health unless a portion of your diet comes from real, unadulterated food!
This is not to say we should only eat raw foods – cooking is essential to bring out the energy in food. Ideally you should aim for a mix of raw food along with gently cooked or steamed food to optimise vitamin and mineral content.
Here are 10 of the most important Foods for athletes:
1. Garlic - Contains Astaxanthin which is a Potent immune system enhancer and antioxidant. Great for after long hard winter training sessions.
2. Carrots - Contain Carotenoids which are Anti-Ageing/inflammatory compounds and packed with Vitamin A which helps fight cancer and promote recovery. Carrots also have many other benefits. Checkout this post….
3. Kiwi Fruits and Blueberries - Contain Lutein which is a Vision booster, It is essential for eye repair and development. It also works to protect and support the retina.
4. Apples – Contain Pectin which is an amazing type of fiber. It soothes the gut and helps fill you up, as well as being a potent anti-oxidant and helping the body deal with excess cholesterol.
5. Berries (All Sorts) – Contain Quercetin an Anti-inflammatory compound helping lower heart disease risk and lower incidence of cancer.
6. Brocolli and Cauliflower - Contain Glucosinolates which are Anti Cancer and liver friendly, helping us to process and digest toxins. In that they work to inhibit oestrogen and help your liver with the bodies detoxification.
7. Red Grapes, Acai Berry, Cranberries - Contain Anthocyanins which are another anti-inflammatory phytochemical which helps to soothe and regenerate the nervous system.
8. Oranges and other citrus fruits – contain Bio-Flavnoids which are potent immune boosters, and help to excrete heavy metals from the body. The extra Vitamin C makes citrus a life saver in the winter months.
9. Spinach, Broccoli, Greens. Are full of Zeanxanthin another potent anti-oxidant and like Lutein acts to prevent age related eye disorders.
10. Strawberries and Raspberries – Are packed with Ellagic Acid which neutralises free radicals before they can damage the DNA. Making berries a perfect addition to your post workout smoothie.
Get creative when using these foods – you will find that many can be implemented into dishes you are already cooking. For instance adding berries to yogurt or chopped apple to your oatmeal. Garlic is often forgotten while cooking, make sure to add it at the end of cooking so it doesn’t get overcooked and lose its benefits. It can even be grated into salad dressing or over meat and fish. Make sure all the vegetables like broccoli and cauliflower are lightly steamed – this will keep the raw benefits but help with digestion.
If you train hard or just want better health these foods are invaluable to your performance and recovery! | <urn:uuid:11edc257-155b-4e62-a1a2-bfdf2736a678> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.zentofitness.com/raw-athlete/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807084.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124031941-20171124051941-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.941907 | 815 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In any virtualized environment, the availability and integrity of your ESXi cluster are paramount. While the robustness of modern hardware and software systems minimizes the risk of unexpected shutdowns, it is crucial to proactively plan for potential power outages or maintenance events. This blog post explores the importance of a well-executed VMware cluster shutdown, potential pitfalls to watch out for, the correct order of shutting down virtual machines, and solutions offered by OPMONis.
Importance of a contolled Shutdown before Power Outage?
There are many reasons to perform a controlled and in time shutdown
Performing a controlled shutdown of a VMware cluster in the case of a power outage fundamentally helps protect and maintain the integrity of your system. This statement is based on the following facts.
- Data Integrity: Abrupt power loss can result in data corruption and inconsistencies. By initiating a proper shutdown, you allow virtual machines to save their state and ensure data integrity.
- Application Continuity: A graceful shutdown enables applications to conclude ongoing processes, maintain consistency, and avoid potential service disruptions or application errors upon power restoration.
- Hardware Protection: A controlled shutdown reduces the risk of hardware damage caused by power surges when power is restored.
- Time saving during restart: A proper shutdown avoids time-consuming repair and recovery actions of corrupt file systems or databases. Especially with a large number of virtual systems, this process can lead to a massive delay in resuming operations.
The usage of a UPS should be mandatory in this case. Further details to advantages of using a UPS can be found in the next section.
Using an UPS
Using an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to backup an VMware ESXi cluster offers several benefits. The obvious protection against short-term power failures and against overvoltage and undervoltage is only a small part of the advantages. We have composed all the other reasons for you here.
- Power Outage Protection: A UPS provides backup power during power outages or electrical disturbances. This helps prevent sudden shutdowns or disruptions to the ESXi hosts and virtual machines running on them. By ensuring a continuous power supply, a UPS helps maintain the availability and uptime of the cluster.
- Graceful Shutdown: When a power outage occurs, a UPS can send a signal to the ESXi hosts, notifying them of the power loss. This allows the hosts to initiate a controlled, graceful shutdown of the virtual machines. Graceful shutdowns help prevent data corruption, maintain the integrity of running applications, and minimize the risk of data loss.
- Surge and voltage regulation: A UPS typically includes surge protection and voltage regulation capabilities. It helps protect the ESXi hosts and other infrastructure components from power surges, spikes, and voltage fluctuations. These electrical anomalies can damage hardware components and lead to system failures. The UPS acts as a buffer, providing stable and clean power to the cluster equipment.
- Battery Backup Runtime: UPS systems are equipped with batteries that provide a certain amount of backup runtime. This gives you a window of time to react to a power outage, gracefully shut down virtual machines or even start a backup power generator if required. The runtime of the UPS depends on factors such as the power load, battery capacity, and configuration..
- Data Integrity and Protection: Sudden power loss can lead to data corruption or loss in virtual machines and storage systems. By using a UPS, you can ensure that critical data is protected and prevent potential data inconsistencies or system errors caused by abrupt power interruptions.
- Avoidance of Startup Surges: When power is restored after an outage, there can be a surge of electricity as devices power back on. This surge can strain the hardware components. A UPS can help mitigate this by providing a controlled and gradual power restoration to the ESXi hosts, reducing the risk of damage during the startup process.
Overall, using a UPS with an ESXi cluster helps safeguard against power-related issues, ensuring the availability, integrity, and proper shutdown of virtual machines and infrastructure components. It provides an extra layer of protection and helps maintain the stability and continuity of your virtualized environment.
Shutdown VMware vSphere Cluster
Whether the reason is a long lasting power outage and the resulting complete discharge of the UPS battery, or simply maintenance work for optimization or troubleshooting. We recognized that there are important reasons to prepare for a VMware Cluster Shutdown in a timely and comprehensive manner. For this reason, we here go into detail about the necessary steps, the potential pitfalls, and the topic of sequence and dependencies.
A Step-by-Step Guide to Shutting Down a VMware Cluster
Shutting down a VMware vSphere cluster is not complicated in principle, but to avoid unnecessary problems during the shutdown or the subsequent restart, a certain protocol must be followed. Since on a cluster there is usually a complex system with interdependent virtual machines, this protocol can vary from installation to installation. From a general point of view, however, it consists of the following steps.
- Connect to the vCenter Server management interface by typing in your browser the URL
- Log in with appropriate credentials.
- Select the cluster from the inventory view.
- Perform shutdown of the assigned virtual machines so that they are not moved to another host.
- Navigate to the “Hosts” tab.
- Select all the hosts on the cluster.
- Right-click the selection and select “Shutdown” or “Enter Maintenance Mode”.
- If you select “Shutdown”, the hosts are shut down immediately.
- If you select “Enter Maintenance Mode”, virtual machines that are still running will be migrated to other hosts in the cluster or shut down properly if no other hosts are available to host the virtual machines.
- Shut down any hosts that are still running and are now in maintenance mode.
- Confirm the action and wait for the hosts to shut down or enter maintenance mode.
- Once the hosts have shut down or entered maintenance mode, the VMware cluster is effectively shut down.
In the case of a power failure, the UPS helps to avoid a direct failure of the systems. However, due to the constant discharging of the UPS battery, there is usually little time to react. Therefore, an automation of the steps to shutdown a cluster is mandatory. How OPMONis can support you here, you will learn in the section “Use of an automation software: OPMONis”.
Pitfalls of a VMware vSphere Shutdown
Shutting down an ESXi cluster is unavoidable, as described in the cases of the previous sections. The basic steps and sequence have been described in detail and can serve as a first draft protocol. However, when planning and creating a custom shutdown checklist for your specific VMware cluster, be aware of the following potential pitfalls..
- Improper Shutdown Order: Virtual machines may have dependencies on other VMs or services. Failure to follow the correct shutdown order can result in service disruptions or data corruption. Prioritize shutting down dependent virtual machines before those that rely on them.
- Impact on running services: Shutting down an ESXi cluster will result in the powered-off state of all virtual machines running on the hosts. This can potentially disrupt critical services or applications. Ensure you have communicated and planned for any necessary downtime with the appropriate stakeholders.
- VM Migration Issues: If you choose to enter maintenance mode instead of shutting down immediately, the virtual machines will be migrated to other hosts in the cluster. However, if the cluster does not have enough resources or if there are any issues with the migration process, some virtual machines may fail to migrate or experience performance degradation.
- Resource Availability: Ensure that the remaining hosts in the cluster have enough resources (CPU, memory, storage) to accommodate the virtual machines that are being migrated from the hosts being shut down. Insufficient resources can impact the performance and availability of the migrated virtual machines.
- Network and Storage Considerations: Verify that network and storage configurations remain intact during the shutdown. Improper configurations can lead to connectivity issues or difficulty accessing storage resources.
- Storage Access: If your ESXi cluster is using shared storage, make sure the remaining hosts have proper access to the shared storage resources after the cluster is shut down. Check the storage connections and configurations to ensure that virtual machines can access their required storage resources.
To learn how automating these steps can help you avoid these pitfalls, see the section “Using automation software: OPMONis”.
Correct Order and Dependencies
In the previous paragraph, the pitfalls of VMware Cluster Shutdown were described in detail. Since this subject area is often very complex with the determination and application of the correct sequence based on the dependencies, we will once again go into the most important points in the analysis and implementation.
- Identify Dependencies: Identify any interdependent virtual machines or services within the cluster.
- Prioritize Dependent VMs: Start by shutting down the VMs that are not dependent on any other services or virtual machines. .
- Sequential Shutdown: Proceed with shutting down the virtual machines in a sequential manner, considering dependencies between them. Ensure dependent services or VMs are powered off after their dependencies are safely shut down.
- Finalize with Infrastructure Components: Once all virtual machines are shut down, proceed to safely shut down the cluster hosts and any other infrastructure components.
Who turns off the lights?
After clarifying all the details of a protocol for shutting down your VMware cluster, there is still the question of who is left as the last instance at the end, or who terminates the last system with the most dependencies. In practice, this is usually a centralized storage, where it is self-explanatory that this must also be shut down properly.
Below are several approaches with a description of the shutdown dependency when using an automation software and a storage.
- Shutdown storage with delay: After all dependent systems have been shut down, only the instance of the automation software and the storage system remain. The automation uses the interface provided by the manufacturer (or an external script) to issue the shutdown command for the storage system with a time delay and then shuts itself down. After the time delay has elapsed, the storage system shuts down.
- Dedicated Hardware for the Automation Software: The automation software runs on a system with dedicated hardware (baremetal) and its own hard disk. This allows the automation to initiate and monitor the storage shutdown and shut itself down at the end.
- Observe the peculiarities of the storage systems: In principle, it is not possible to give a generally valid recommendation for the procedure and timing of the storage shutdown. Too many criteria depend on the specific technical implementation of the storage system of the various manufacturers..
Are you looking for a solution to this problem and still have open questions?
We are happy to support you here to find a suitable solution for your individual situation.
Use of an Automation Software: OPMONis
Automation software must therefore monitor the UPS and shut down the system landscape in a timely and orderly manner in the event of a power failure. This results in the following list of requirements for the automation software:
- Monitoring of one or more UPSs
- Independence through the support of different UPS manufacturers or even the mixing of UPS manufacturers
- Scalability through the support of a heterogeneous system landscape with a large number of systems
- Support of a VMware vSphere cluster, both for the virtual machines and for the nodes (ESXi hosts) of the cluster
- Automatic and timely shutdown (depending on UPS remaining time or capacity)
- Attention to the dependencies in the shutdown order
- Reliability by waiting and checking for a complete shutdown, as well as error handling during shutdown so that a single system cannot block the overall process
- Clear display of the shutdown configuration with a easy-to-use User Interface
- Encrypted storage of all security-critical information such as user, password, and script content
OPMONis offers you a solution for all of the above!
OPMONis: Step by step explanatory video for the Configuration of a VMware cluster
In this video we show you a step by step tutorial how to configure a network UPS and a VMware Cluster in OPMONis.
Free 14-Day Trial Version
See for yourself and get your free 14-day trial today.
Do you have further questions on this topic or would you like specific advice on how OPMONis can help you in your specific situation? | <urn:uuid:af077126-31f7-4aa3-a698-1246f33ec95c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://opmonis.com/howto-vmware-cluster-shutdown/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511170.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003160453-20231003190453-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.904766 | 2,588 | 2.515625 | 3 |
II. Meandering into the Twentieth Century
. . .
G. The NPL’s Constitutional Legacy
Still, the Nonpartisan League left an even more significant heritage for the Court. The League sponsored a constitutional amendment that still confines the Court's traditional power to declare legislation unconstitutional.
The amendment came from a raft of constitutional changes in a single resolution introduced in the 1917 House of Representatives that was controlled by the Nonpartisan League. The League feared a Supreme Court, dominated by justices linked to its opponents, might invalidate important parts of its measures to aid farmers against business interests seen as antithetical.(193) Among the organic changes introduced by the League, one was designed to prevent any legislation from being declared unconstitutional "unless at least four of the judges shall so decide."(194) The omnibus resolution passed the House by a vote of 81 to 28.(195)
While the League controlled the House, the League's opponents controlled the Senate. The Senate killed the House's omnibus proposal three days later by a vote of twenty-nine to twenty, although four non-League senators voted for it.(196) But non-League senators soon offered individual resolutions for a number of the proposed changes.(197)
Among the separate amendments submitted to voters was the one controlling how the Court could declare a law unconstitutional.(198) At the general election in November 1918, the people approved the amendment prohibiting any "legislative enactment or law of the state of North Dakota be[ing] declared unconstitutional unless at least four of the judges shall so decide."(199) Despite later revision of the judicial article in other details, this limitation remains in the Constitution.(200)
In some instances, this limitation has saved a law that a majority of the Court believed unconstitutional although two of the five justices did not. In a recent case, a majority of the Court ruled: "Because only three members of this Court have joined in this opinion, the statutory method for distributing funding for primary and secondary education in North Dakota is not declared unconstitutional by a sufficient majority."(201)
193. See Morlan, supra note 161, at 101-08.
194. See Morlan, supra note 161, at 103.
195. See Morlan, supra note 161, at 104.
196. See Morlan, supra note 161, at 104.
197. See Morlan, supra note 161, at 105.
198. See 1917 N.D. Laws ch. 93, at 103. Another memorable change, woman suffrage, also grew out of the omnibus resolution in the 1917 session:
Success came after the Nonpartisan League put woman suffrage in its platform. In 1917 the legislature gave women the right to vote in local and presidential elections, and in 1919 the legislature ratified the federal woman-suffrage amendment. On November 2, 1920, the women of North Dakota had the full right to vote for the first time.
Robinson, supra note 9, at 259; see also 1917 N.D. Laws ch. 254, at 405 (women's suffrage amendment).
199. N.D. Const. art. IV, § 89 (repealed 1976); 1919 N.D. Laws art. XXV, at 503; 1917 N.D. Laws ch. 93, at 103.
200. See N.D. Const. art. VI, § 4.
201. Bismarck Pub. Sch. Dist. v. North Dakota, 511 N.W.2d 247, 250 (N.D. 1994). Query, though, whether this state constitutional constraint would apply to an adjudication that a law contravenes the United States Constitution, since the Supremacy Clause makes it superior to any state constitution? | <urn:uuid:535ed6b1-fbc9-425b-95e9-93b98365a7cd> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.ndcourts.gov/court/history/century/II.G.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095183.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00147-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921356 | 769 | 3.15625 | 3 |
New York Times, June 10, 1928
Vu, May 25, 1932
[Flyer promoting Amelia Earhart’s speaking engagement in Tucson, Arizona], 1933 (Portrait by Ben Pinchot)
Unidentified Photographer, [Amelia Earhart], 1936
[Gap advertisement featuring Amelia Earhart ca. 1930 wearing khakis in front of her Lockheed Vega], Newsweek, October 18, 1993
[Apple advertisement featuring Amelia Earhart ca. 1928], 1998
The subject of a major new biopic by director Mira Nair (and a 2007 ICP exhibition and catalogue), Amelia Earhart (1897–1937) and her achievements continue to fascinate people as much today as during the aviatrix’s lifetime. Although remembered for her 1937 disappearance as she attempted a grueling round-the-world flight, she gained fame as the first woman to cross the Atlantic, albeit as a passenger rather than a pilot, in 1928. Exactly five years after Charles Lindbergh’s historic flight, Earhart became the first woman to cross the Atlantic solo. A feminist and a flyer, Earhart broke aviation records and shattered traditional gender roles by wearing pants, offering her publisher-husband George Palmer Putnam a pre-nup agreement, and bankrolling her career through tireless promotion and speaking engagements. Earhart used her considerable fame to advance women’s issues and highlight the need for girls and women to pursue their career goals. Earhart’s unique image, as evidenced in ads for Gap and Apple, continues to suggest flight, adventure, and daring to each generation. | <urn:uuid:46b4275f-ea81-4ed7-8340-27773b0692cf> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://fansinaflashbulb.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/amelia-earharts-enduring-image/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589726.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717125344-20180717145344-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.945238 | 329 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Atherstone Poorlaw Union
NOTE: Atherstone is NOT in Leicestershire (it is in Warwick), but this page is presented to assist those researching their Leicester county roots.
- "The History of Atherstone" by Brenda Watts and Eleanor Winyard (1988).
- The Poorlaw Union was the census Registration District. It made sense to use an existing political structure to manage the census. In the early 1800s, the Bristish government was working to reduce the number and complexity of civil ruling bodies.
- The Poor Law Act of 1723 caused Atherstone to build a poorhouse on Long Street. Four bays were added in 1737 to meet the increasing demands of the population.
- The Atherstone Poorlaw Union was established by the 1834 Poorlaw Amendment Act and was formed in March, 1836. The existing poorhouse in Atherstone was initially used as the Union Workhouse.
- The Atherstone Union included, at first, 14 parishes: Ansley (WAR), Atherstone (WAR), Allerton, Baddesley Ensor (WAR), Baxterley (WAR), Bentley (WAR), Fenny Drayton, Grendon (WAR), Mancetter (WAR), Merevale (WAR), Oldbury (WAR), Polesworth (WAR), Ratcliffe Culey, Sheepy Magna, Sheepy Parva and Witherley.
- Hartsill parish (WAR) was a later addition.
- The number and names of parishes in the Union would vary over time.
- The Board of Guardians met every other Tuesday, normally at the Union House at 9.30am.
- A new hospital was opened on the south side of the workhouse in 1911. This was extended in 1914 when a new kitchen and Master's residence were also erected.
- After the abolishment of the Poorlaw Unions in 1930, the site sat unused for a while and all the original buildings have now been demolished.
- The area where the workhouse stood is now occupied by modern flats.
Poorlaw documents can be viewed at the Warwickshire Record Office, Priory Park, Cape Road, Warwick, CV34 4JS. Tele: +44 (0)1926 412735.
Remember that some records may be restricted by the 100-year closure laws and regulations, established to protect individual privacy.
The Warwickshire Record Office hold the Minutes of the Board of Guardians from 1867 to 1930.
These figures are the total for all the parishes in the Atherstone Poorlaw Union. The Workhouse often held only about 55 inmates.
Year Inhabitants 1861 12,110 1891 15,441
- For a complete list of officers, staff and inmates in 1881, see the Ross Brett Workhouse site.
- 1892: Joseph K. FIELDERS, clerk to the Board of Guardians; Joseph BISHOP, Superintendent Registrar; Robert MEARS, medical officer; Rev. G. F. MATTHEWS, chaplain; Robert TRIFFIT, workhouse master; Mrs. Lucy TRIFFIT, workhouse matron. | <urn:uuid:fd6cb926-98de-4976-9730-ba9827b1c6a0> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/LEI/atherstonePLU?q=big/eng/LEI/atherstonePLU | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141732835.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203220448-20201204010448-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.924572 | 656 | 2.640625 | 3 |
How did the sun evolve to put itself at just the right distance from the Earth for life?
From Iron Chariots Wiki
Revision as of 15:04, 28 October 2009 by Mrx
If there was no sun, there would be no life. It’s amazing how it evolved to where it is now. Sitting there in the sky, 93 million miles away from us. If it was a little closer, we would all die. If it was further away, we would all die; along with everything else. How did it evolve to position itself in just the right place? It's amazing.
Ray Comfort - Amazing Evolution
- The suns distance from the Earth (and the other planets) is random. In our solar system 2 planets are too close to the sun for life, and 5 planets are too far away from the sun for life. Other solar systems in the universe will have 0 planets at the right distance from their star for life. But with so many stars and planets in the universe some planets will by chance be positioned just right.
Think of playing the lottery — the chance that you will win the lottery is very low, however, because so many people play the lottery the chance that someone, somewhere will win is very high.
- The sun does not “evolve” the same way that life evolves; its “evolution” is not covered by the Theory of Evolution. The use of the word evolution in the context of the sun or galaxies simply means development, formation or growth.
- Remember, life will always find itself on a planet that can support life. Planets that can’t support life, can’t support life and therefore will have no life on them. | <urn:uuid:bb54e2d1-46b7-4e69-8124-d0faed351a5d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://wiki.ironchariots.org/index.php?title=How_did_the_sun_evolve_to_put_itself_at_just_the_right_distance_from_the_Earth_for_life%3F&oldid=11597 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126017.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824004740-20170824024740-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.963723 | 357 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Since I am a little bit obsessed with marginalia at present I thought I’d reproduce the list, make some additions, and—at some point in the future—add images of examples I encounter in works by Haywood.
arrow: a mark like an arrow, or arrow-head, used as a pointer
asterisk: frequently drawn as a small x-cross with a dot in each angle
asterism: a group of three asterisks placed thus (***) to direct attention to a particular passage
brace: a sign ( } or ] or > ), but may take more improvisational shapes) used in writing or printing, chiefly for the purpose of uniting together two or more lines, words, staves of music, etc.
caret: an inverted-v shaped mark placed in writing below the line, to indicate that something (written above or in the margin) has been omitted in that place
cross: two bars or lines (horizontal and vertical) crossing each other, used as a sign, ornament, etc.; mark or sign of small size used to mark a passage in a book, etc.
[dagger: †; see cross]
dash: a horizontal stroke (usually short and straight)
dot: a minute roundish mark
double oblique: two parallel slashes ( || ) or diagonal strokes ( // )
double triangle: two adjoining triangles sharing a horizontal base line
flower: the representation of a flower of more than three or four petals (which would be trefoils and quatrefoils; see below)
gnomic pointing: double inverted commas used in the meadieval and early-modern period to draw attention to proverbs and sententiae
label: a slip of paper, cardboard, metal, etc. attached or intended to be attached
line: a horizontal line, longer than a dash (and generally serving a different purpose)
manicule: hand or fist with pointing finger
marginal commas: single or double commas, sometimes inverted, used to mark a line or lines of text. Alexander Pope used a system of marginal commas and asterisks in his Chaucer and Shakespeare to indicate “some of the most shining passages.”
mathematical formulas: use only for complex numeric equations or arithmetical problems; transcribe simple numeric or mathematical annotations in full
n.b. or N.B.: abbreviation for nota bene, or "note well"
O: the letter considered with regard to its shape
oblique: a slash or diagonal stroke
quatrefoil: compound leaf or flower containing four, usually rounded, leaflets or petals radiating from a common centre
[quotation marks: see gnomic pointing, marginal commas and running quotes]
running quotes: double inverted commas used to indicate a quotation and, therefore (perhaps), something quote-worthy
scribble: a piece of random or casual doodling or drawing of unclear textual purpose, including pen trials made by writers to test a freshly-trimmed pen or a writing style
stroke: a vertical stroke (usually short and straight: | )
trefoil: a leaf, such as a clover, comprising three rounded sections
triangle: a rectilineal figure having three angles and three sides
X: the letter considered with regard to its shape
[UPDATED 19 July 2012] | <urn:uuid:135f1e55-772c-4ad9-921e-6b91e2955eed> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://patrickspedding.blogspot.com/2012/07/marginal-marks-in-books.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121869.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00218-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881102 | 704 | 3.03125 | 3 |
(PRWEB) January 22, 2014
Going to Mars has been the dream of many people for ages and might soon become a reality. National governments of several countries (including China, the European Union, India, Japan, Russia, and the USA) and private initiatives (such as MarsOne, SpaceX, and Virgin Galactic) have plans for both manned and unmanned trips to Mars in the 2020s and 2030s.
To bring this spirit of space exploration to Venezuela, the Venezuela Node of The Millennium Project and the Venezuela Chapter of the World Future Society are launching a nationwide contest for university students to consider ideas for going to and colonizing Mars. The details of this prize called “Sowing the Future”, in memory of the famous Venezuelan intellectual Arturo Uslar Pietri, will be announced at the Wayra Academy in Caracas, on January 29, 2014.
José Luis Cordeiro, representing both The Millennium Project and the World Future Society, will explain the details of this competition, which will include scholarships to travel to the 2014 annual meeting of the World Future Society in Orlando, Florida, where the students will meet some of the famous futurists in the world, including experts who have worked in the Apollo missions. The winners might also go to EPCOT Center and the NASA Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, where they can experience more of the future technologies. Gustavo Reyes, Executive Director of Wayra in Venezuela, says that “it is important to help young people to dream, and to dream big. Small dreams do not take people anywhere, but big dreams can take you to Mars, and beyond”.
Besides the prize announcements, José Luis Cordeiro will also present the Global Futures Intelligence System developed by The Millennium Project, and the Spanish version of the latest best-seller by Ray Kurzweil, "How to Create a Mind," whose preface he has written. Cordeiro explains that “serious thinking about manned and unmanned travel includes considering collaboration between humans, robots and other artificial intelligence. It is important to keep in mind possible outcomes like HAL in '2001: A Space Odyssey'."
The Millennium Project is a global participatory think tank connecting 50 Nodes around the world that identify important challenges in their regions, and initiate and conduct futures-related special research, workshops, symposiums, and advanced training. Its mission is to improve thinking about the future and make it available through a variety of media for feedback to accumulate wisdom about the future for better decisions today. It produces the annual "State of the Future" reports, the "Futures Research Methodology" series, the Global Futures Intelligence System (GFIS), and special studies. The forthcoming 2013-2014 State of the Future will be available by the end of January 2014.
The World Future Society is a nonprofit educational and scientific organization in Bethesda, Maryland, USA, founded in 1966. The society investigates how social, economic and technological developments are shaping the future. It seeks to help individuals, organizations, and communities to observe, understand and respond to social change appropriately and investigates the effects of applying anticipatory thinking to society. The Society has over 20,000 members in more than 80 countries, including many national and international members, like Sociedad Mundial del Futuro Venezuela.
Wayra is a startup accelerator owned by Telefónica, the fifth-largest mobile network provider in the world that operates globally in Europe, Latin America, North America and Asia. Wayra first launched in Latin America and Spain in 2011 and there are now 14 Wayra academies in 12 countries in Europe and Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, Peru, Spain, United Kingdom, United States and Venezuela). Companies accepted into the Wayra program receive funding of up to €40,000 plus office space and mentoring. Wayra is probably the largest technological startup ecosystem in the world after having received over 20,000 business proposals. | <urn:uuid:ad85ae76-1702-46b9-ad39-4691a9e0b2ad> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/01/prweb11505075.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928019.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00062-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928163 | 813 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Furniture Terms and What They Mean
My wife and I have decided that we need a new kitchen table and chairs. We went to a local furniture store to begin the hunt and found a few sets that looked good.
We were pleasantly surprised to find that the sets of tables and chairs were less expensive than we thought, so we began looking at bedroom sets. We quickly became confused at all the strange names that the sales person began throwing at us. I have to admit to being rather embarrassed at my obvious lack of furniture lingo and am now going to try to save you from the same embarrassment.
Here's a list of furniture terms and what they mean:
- Armoire: A large cabinet with two doors and shelves used for storing clothes. Or you could also put one in your family room/living room/media room to store electronic equipment.
- Break front: A bookcase or china cabinet made of three vertical sections, the center one projects forward beyond the two end sections.
- Buffet: A small cupboard. The French definition of the word is "a small sideboard, a place for keeping dishes".
- Bureau: In America, a "bureau" is another name for a "dresser" or a bedroom storage piece. In France, the word was used to describe the red cloth covering for a writing desk, and, later, was used to refer to the desk itself.
- Case goods: Specifically, storage pieces made primarily of wood. More generally, refers to entire collections of wood bedroom and dining room furniture, including some pieces that are not storage, such as headboards and dining tables.
- Credenza: A sideboard or a buffet in my house.
- Gate leg table: A table with a folding leaf held in place by a leg that swings out like a gate. It was a popular feature in Colonial American homes.
- Highboy: A high chest of drawers. Yet another piece of furniture whose name has French origins. In this case: haut bois, which in French means "high wood".
- Occasional tables: A term applied to small tables, such as coffee tables and lamp tables.
- Secretary: No, not the person who types memos at an office. Rather, a drop front desk, with bookshelves above and drawers below.
- Settee: A long seat or bench with arms and a high back.
- Sideboard: A piece often found in dining rooms. It features a long flat top for serving and is usually equipped with drawers or cabinets for storing china.
- Wing chair: An upholstered chair with a high back, stuffed arms and wing-shaped projectors at head level.
- Batik: Any hand-printed material, which gets its color as a result of dipping the fabric into dye.
- Brocade: Has an embossed appearance and is made of heavy silk with an elaborate pattern in silver or gold threads.
- Chenille: Derived from the French word for "caterpillar," which is a good way to describe chenille yarn: plush and fuzzy.
- Chintz: Was once defined as any printed, cotton fabric, but now it refers to fabric with a glazed or "polished" surface.
- Damask: Gets its name from the ancient city of Damascus where elaborate floral designs were woven in silk. Damask is flatter than brocade and is reversible.
- Ticking: You'll hear this term used a lot if you are shopping for a new mattress. Ticking is a strong cotton fabric used to cover mattresses.
Other Helpful Terms
- Bow front: Term used to describe a cabinet front that curves outward to appear convex.
- Camelback: A curved sofa back characterized by a large central hump.
- KD: "Knocked down." Term applied to furniture sold unassembled or only partially assembled.
- Motion upholstery: An upholstered piece with reclining or inclining seating features.
- RTA: "Ready-to-assemble." Rather straightforward term, which is applied to furniture, sold unassembled or only partially assembled. | <urn:uuid:906013b5-f421-4e03-a6dd-7277d1b8b462> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.fredshead.info/2006/07/furnature-terms-and-what-they-mean.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000266.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626094111-20190626120111-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.9568 | 865 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Do you have questions about autism and its treatment? Below are a number of Web sites that may help.
To find out more about Dr. Rebecca Landa, director of the Center for Autism and Related Disorders at Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore, who appeared today on "Good Morning America" to answer viewer questions visit www.KennedyKrieger.org.
With the aim of accelerating the pace of autism research, this organization of parents, clinicians and leading scientists boasts of having committed more than $60 million to that goal since its inception.
Calling itself the leading source of information and referral on autism, this resource represents an organization that is nearly four decades old and comprises more than 20,000 members in more than 200 chapters in nearly every state.
The CDC's Web site provides a comprehensive overview of autism including screening, treatment, frequently asked questions and the CDC's latest research and findings.
With an annual budget of more than $1 billion, this component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services conducts research, supports research and distributes information on developmental disabilities.
This California-based nonprofit organization of parents of children with autism concentrates on three areas: education on dealing with and treating the condition; advocacy, increasing public awareness and support; and fundraising, to pay for research and education.
This Web site represents a program dedicated to studying and treating autism. It also includes a step-by-step guide on how to get help, and descriptions of current research projects.
This 300-page book gives a broad, if scholarly, look at the many approaches to education for children with autism. | <urn:uuid:01381dff-4da7-4a07-9e1e-55009b6ef1ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Parenting/story?id=3800410 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948579567.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215211734-20171215233734-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.951372 | 330 | 2.578125 | 3 |
- Image Portal
The American Civil Liberties Union (1920-present)
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was founded in 1920 by Roger Baldwin, Crystal Eastman and others. The stated goal of ACLU is to “defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person by the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution and laws of the United States.” The ACLU, is a nonprofit and nonpartisan organization and has grown from a roomful of civil liberties activists to an organization of more than 500,000 members and supporters. The ACLU provides lawyers and legal expertise in cases where it believes an individual’s or the government or other citizens are challenging group of individuals’ rights. The ACLU handles nearly 6,000 court cases annually (2005) from offices in almost every state. In many cases where it does not provide legal representation, the ACLU submits amicus curiae briefs in support of its positions. The ACLU has never officially supported or opposed a political candidate, and is not aligned with any political party, though it has been harshly critical of various elected officials of both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party over the years.
Since its founding, the ACLU has been involved in many important legal actions. A few of the most significant include:
• In 1925, the ACLU persuaded John T. Scopes to defy Tennessee’s anti-evolution law in a court test. Clarence Darrow, a member of the ACLU National Committee, headed Scopes’ legal team. The ACLU lost the case and Scopes was fined $100. The Tennessee Supreme Court later upheld the law but overturned the conviction on a technicality.
• In 1942, a few months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the ACLU affiliates on the West Coast became some of the sharpest critics of the government’s policy on enemy aliens and U.S. citizens descended from enemy ancestry. This included the relocation of Japanese-American citizens, internment of aliens, prejudicial curfews and the like. However, the national board of the ACLU dodged the issue, taking a mildly pro-government position: it accepted the internment in principle and only demanded that relocatees, once “cleared” of any suspicion of wrongdoing, be released from the concentration camps in which they were held.
• In 1954, the ACLU played a role in the case of Brown v. Board of Education, which led to the ban on segregation in U.S. public schools.
In 1973, the organization was the first major national organization to call for the impeachment of President Richard M. Nixon, giving as reasons the violation by the Nixon administration of civil liberties. That same year, the ACLU was involved in the cases of Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton, in which the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of privacy extended to women seeking abortions.
• In 1977, the ACLU filed suit against the Village of Skokie, Illinois, seeking an injunction against the enforcement of three town ordinances outlawing Nazi parades and demonstrations (Skokie had a large Jewish population). A federal district court struck down the ordinances in a decision eventually affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court. The ACLU’s action in this case led to the resignation of about 15 percent of the membership from the organization (25 percent in Illinois), especially of Jewish members. A cutback in its activities was avoided by a special mailing which elicited $500,000 in contributions.
• In his February 23, 1978 decision overturning the town ordinances, US District Court Judge Bernard M. Decker described the principle involved in the case as follows: “It is better to allow those who preach racial hatred to expend their venom in rhetoric rather than to be panicked into embarking on the dangerous course of permitting the government to decide what its citizens may say and hear … The ability of American society to tolerate the advocacy of even hateful doctrines … is perhaps the best protection we have against the establishment of any Nazi-type regime in this country.”
• In the 1980s, the ACLU filed suit to challenge the Arkansas 1981 creationism statute, which required the teaching in public schools of the biblical account of creation as a scientific alternative to evolution. The law was declared unconstitutional by a Federal District Court.
While the bulk of the ACLU’s cases involve the First Amendment, Equal Protection and Due Process and cases involving the right to privacy, the organization has taken positions on a wide range of controversial issues. In particular, the ACLU:
• Supports the separation of church and state;
• Opposes the government-sponsored display of religious symbols on public property;
• Opposes official prayers, religious ceremonies, or moments of silence in public schools or schools funded with public money;
• Supports full first amendment rights of citizens, organizations and the press, including school newspapers;
• Supports reproductive rights, including the right to use contraception and to have an abortion;
• Supports full civil rights for homosexuals, including government benefits for homosexual couples equal to those provided for heterosexual ones;
• Supports affirmative action as a means of redressing past discrimination and achieving a racially diverse student body:
• Supports the rights of defendants and suspects against unconstitutional police practices;
• Supports the decriminalization of drugs such as heroin, cocaine and marijuana;
• Opposes demonstration permits and other requirements for protests in public places.
(Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) For more information: http://www.aclu.org/ | <urn:uuid:8f18d8c4-f6d9-4f54-921b-4d952e5f3341> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/organizations/american-civil-liberties-union/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924025415-20170924045415-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.956311 | 1,121 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Everyone has trouble falling asleep sometimes, but when the condition happens repeatedly it can begin to affect multiple aspects of your life. Insomnia can impact your ability to function at school, in the work place, and even at home.
Insomnia can be defined as a number of different symptoms:
Getting six hours or fewer of sleep for multiple nights in a row can also have an adverse effect on your health. Some of the conditions that can arise from insomnia include:
Hormonal imbalance can easily lead to insomnia. In particular melatonin, a hormone produced by your pineal gland can be over- or under- produced. Melatonin regulates your body's sleep cycle, orcircadian rhythm.
Similarly, insomnia can be a result of menopause in women or andropause in men.
Some other factors that could lead to insomnia are:
The first step in treating insomnia is to single out the reason it is happening. A typical insomnia treatment plan begins with a review of your current sleep patterns. During this consultation your doctor may discuss how frequently you wake up in the middle of the night, or how long it may take you to fall asleep. In some cases, a sleep diary is recommended to help log these patterns as they occur.
Another test which is specific to diagnosing insomnia could be performed in a sleep center. During an overnight visit, a sleep doctor can monitor factors such as brain waves, breathing, heartbeat, eye movement, and body movement while you sleep.
Sleep disorders need to be addressed from the perspective of lifestyle as well as hormonal and neurotransmitter imbalances. A complete history and physical as well as appropriate testing will usually reveal the correct avenue of therapy. A safe, effective way to treat insomnia is with bio-identical hormone replacement therapy, or BHRT. Unlike conventional hormone replacement therapy (HRT), BHRT treats insomnia by balancing your melatonin, estrogen or testosterone levels with hormones that are biologically identical to those your body produces.
Sleep disorders can seriously diminish the quality of your life and If you're struggling with sleep and would like help to conquer it, please call (410) 266-3613. | <urn:uuid:e09cd384-121c-41f9-b1ad-6a41bf853805> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.annapolisintegrativemedicine.com/insomnia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424945.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725002242-20170725022242-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.937605 | 436 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Forests can be fire resistant. This finding was put forward by Kira Clark-Wolf of the University of California at Boulder, under whose supervision it was published in Ecology Journal An article describing a phenomenon from the Rocky Mountains. Researchers conducted a series of ancient studies to discover the secret power of the American forest.
Read also: Forests will choke, and photosynthesis will stop. Trees won’t help us anymore
Paleontology is the science that studies pollen and organic remains in sediments and rocks. On this basis, we can determine how vegetation has evolved over geological time. This is an area that is little known in the world of science, but with the most recent specimens being calculated in thousands, not millions, of years, it allows us to infer a lot about ancient environments.
Montana’s forests have survived dozens of wildfires. Today they are immune to them
American scientists conducted a study in Silver Lake, Montana. They extracted a core from the bottom of the lake containing a series of sediments dating back nearly 8,000 years. Then they analyzed it inch by inch looking for clues. 5 millimeters of sediment corresponds to one decade – so the time scale here was very precise. In such recent settlements (which are not yet rocks because they have not yet undergone fossilization) the remains of ancient large fires have been observed. It turns out that over the past 4,800 years, they regularly visited this area at intervals of 120-220 years.
Read also: In 2070, forests will stop absorbing carbon dioxide. Moreover, they will start broadcasting it
Although such disasters usually destroy everything and leave nothing but ashes, nature was able to be reborn in an amazing way. After each fire, subalpine conifer forests (such as those in the Silver Lake area since the beginning of the Holocene) are rebuilt over decades. The study’s authors point out that wildfires strike Montana much more often than they do today. They suggest that they may have gained the ability to resist this element. However, it is not known how these conifer trees will respond to climate change in the future.
During the paleoanalysis of sediments from the bottom of the lake, a number of other paleoscientific studies were also confirmed. The sediments contain indicators of past volcanic eruptions such as Mount St. John’s. Helens and Crater Lake. The unusual method of examining plant pollen and organic carbon in modern sediments is sure to be used by scientists many times in the future. In such cases, it shows its extraordinary details and facilitates the interpretation of the geological history of small-scale areas.
Echo Richards embodies a personality that is a delightful contradiction: a humble musicaholic who never brags about her expansive knowledge of both classic and contemporary tunes. Infuriatingly modest, one would never know from a mere conversation how deeply entrenched she is in the world of music. This passion seamlessly translates into her problem-solving skills, with Echo often drawing inspiration from melodies and rhythms. A voracious reader, she dives deep into literature, using stories to influence her own hardcore writing. Her spirited advocacy for alcohol isn’t about mere indulgence, but about celebrating life’s poignant moments. | <urn:uuid:e2306994-67d4-4918-8c43-02bab9c7f796> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.moviesonline.ca/mother-nature-has-triumphed-here-with-the-worst-of-the-fires-these-forests-have-acquired-a-strange-ability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100056.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129041834-20231129071834-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.954339 | 663 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Skull of LB1 (Homo floresiensis) and modern human.
A few links and papers on Homo floresiensis brain size and the evolution of primate brain size. It seems that the evolution of brain size in primates is not one directional (always leading to larger brain) but instead body size and brain size is subjected to separate selective pressure. In the evolution of Homo floresiensis, evolution shrunk its brain size much like how evolution shrunk the brain size of Mouse Lemur, Marmosets and Mangabeys. So, the small brain size in Homo floresiensis is not pathological but instead a product of evolution. There’s a good write up at A Primate of Modern Aspect.
A White-collared Mangabay (Cercobebus torquatus)
A Pygmy Mouse Lemur (Microcebus myoxinus). Smallest primate in the world. Photo from National Geographic.
A Pygmy Marmoset (Callithrix pygmaea). Photo from Wikipedia.
Links to paper and articles:
Scientific American: What the small-brained hobbit reveals about primate evolution.
EurekAlert!: Is the Hobbit’s brain unfeasibly small?
EurekAlert!: Does evolution always lead to bigger brains?
Wired Science: Evolution Shrank Some Primates’ Brains.
Originally posted on The Prancing Papio. | <urn:uuid:30f9fda8-79cb-4ea1-be38-f29f3f219310> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://primatology.net/2010/01/28/the-evolution-of-brain-size-in-primates-and-homo-floresiensis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527720.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419121234-20190419143234-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.792449 | 302 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Double-action revolvers seem simple but take practice and technique to master. Once achieved, however, the shooter can realize the full potential of the platform.
The double-action revolver was invented in the late 1800s, and was the default choice of personal protection pistol well into the late 20th century. Some police departments didn’t phase out revolvers until the 1990s. The advantages of simplicity, durability and fast deployment – get gun out, acquire sight picture and start shooting – make them a powerful implement of self-defense.
But the double-action system requires learning to master. What do you need to know? Let’s get started.
Double-Action Revolver Trigger Pull
The double-action trigger pull is not complicated, but neither is it necessarily easy to master. However, those that do find it rewards the practice time with great control and accuracy.
Double-action trigger systems, whether those of double-action revolvers or double-action semi-automatics, cock the firing mechanism and then release it, discharging a round. You’ll notice the hammer travel back and then drop forward.
However, there is more resistance and a longer travel than with a single-action trigger or the striker-fired mechanism of many modern pistols.
A Double-Action Revolver Requires A Good Grip
To pull a double-action trigger correctly, you must first hold the gun as steady as possible with a proper firing grip. Most of the pressure should come from the support hand, keeping the pistol firmly in your grasp as you point it down range.
Proper technique in shooting double-action revolvers requires that the gun is held steady, and that the shooting hand does not disturb the sight picture when pulling the trigger.
This is critical for ANY good pistol shooting, regardless of what kind of pistol it is.
The Double-Action Trigger Press
The trigger pull in double-action revolvers is considerably more than that of a single-action revolver or auto pistol. Therefore, more pressure has to be applied on the trigger to launch the bullet.
The proper technique for shooting double-action revolvers – or for that matter, a double-action pistol – is to get proper contact with the trigger face, and to pull the trigger with consistent pressure all the way through. It should be a smooth, uniform squeeze from front to back.
Staging the trigger – taking it up part of the way, pausing, and then finishing the press – is not recommended for practical shooting. It CAN be used for long-range target shooting, but should only be experimented with AFTER you’ve gained some proficiency with the standard double-action trigger pull.
Leave Single-Action Shooting For Single-Action Pistols
While a double-action revolver is certainly capable of being fired in single-action, by first cocking the hammer, we here are concerned with a revolver being used in self-defense. While people did fight with single-action revolvers, they were phased out in short order once double-action revolvers were reliable and commercially available enough to do so.
It’s fine for target shooting, but this is about self-protection. And a fighting revolver should be fired double-action, only.
Bear in mind that learning DA/SA semi-automatic pistols is a whole other thing on its own. For those guns, you have to master BOTH trigger techniques. While challenging, many shooters have found it incredibly rewarding, though it is a long topic to cover in and of itself.
Double-Action Revolvers, Like Any Gun, Require Training And Practice
The shooting of a double-action revolver requires a substantial amount of practice to gain the confidence and skills for an accurate shot.
Ultimately, it doesn’t matter what kind of gun you choose. The onus is on you to put in the practice time becoming skilled with your weapon.
However, if you put in the time, you will be rewarded. Taking agency over your personal defense is a powerful feeling, and it is certainly an empowerment of any person when they take that step. And empowering women is a beautiful thing. | <urn:uuid:67a83870-706f-4885-be4a-252cf09f2487> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://tacticafashion.com/tips-for-shooting-double-action-revolvers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088731.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416065116-20210416095116-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.947526 | 850 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Sometimes you just need to plug a hole in a curriculum you already have or mix it up, but sometimes you want the whole deal—everything to address a standard in one place. Today we are going to introduce you to some full meals that include Boom Cards.
Primary Listening Center Unit on Aesop’s Fables
digital bundleThis complete digital bundle by The Paisley Owl includes 7 of Aesop’s Fables. Each deck is a self-contained full story study. Students can choose to read the story or have it read to them using the embedded narration. When students finish listening to or reading the story, they answer a series of questions (each with its own narration). Questions evaluate understanding of characters, setting, problems, solutions, and the ability to sequence the story’s events. Listening and reading centers have never been easier.
5th Grade Volume Complete Curriculum
Stress-Free Teaching brings you complete 5th-grade curriculum for Volume (available at Teachers Pay Teachers). Completely paperless, it includes interactive practice pages, Boom Cards decks, and Google Forms assessments. You can use all 5 resources to teach volume or pick and choose.
To learn how to assign Boom Cards decks through Google Classroom, or any LMS, watch our video:
Secondary French Resource for verbs conjugated with avoir and étre
Mme R’s French Resources offers a complete resource to teach, reinforce and assess regular and irregular French verbs conjugated with avoir and être. This bundle, available at Teachers Pay Teachers, includes notes and exercises, exit tickets, activities, games, Boom Cards and traditional task cards, and a trip to Paris (Powerpoint) project that can be used as a final assessment. Try a Boom Cards free sample for a taste: | <urn:uuid:c3cf2efb-d7b6-4317-afce-8017b61b2c2a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://blog.boomlearning.com/2018/01/21/the-full-meal-deal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947795.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425100306-20180425120306-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.916336 | 376 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Tagged with power consumption, ultra-low-power
Ultra-low-power design has long been confined to watches, RFID or biomedical niches. But new horizons are opening with the increasing expectations for mobile and ubiquitous devices, and with scaling enabling system-on-chips to meet lower power targets while maintaining performance.
Power consumption results from dynamic switching and static or stand-by leakage. Dynamic switching can be mitigated by lowering total load capacitance or supply voltage, which SOI is obviously good at. Stand-by leakage is becoming dominant for low-duty cycle operation (such as in SRAM) and calls for a drastic reduction of the off current (or Ioff). But this can’t be at the expense of functional performance, e.g. by significantly increasing the threshold voltage.
In conventional CMOS design, Ioff is constrained by the zero gate-to-source voltage (or Vgs) level. To get below this limit, at UCL we have experimented with new ultra-low-power (or ULP) design techniques in which the MOSFET can be automatically biased at negative Vgs in stand-by mode, thereby pushing Ioff towards its physical limits.
Our novel basic block consists of only two transistors : an nMOS and a pMOS, but as opposed to a standard CMOS inverter, the nMOS is on top of the pMOS (see figure).
Playing with gate and drain connections, we have created a family of ULP blocks: a 2-terminal diode, a 3-terminal transistor and a voltage reference.
Implemented in SOI, our voltage reference shows a record power consumption of a few nanowatts(1) (nW) at 25°C in fully-depleted (FD) SOI. By comparison, consider that power consumption typically runs well above 1µW for usual bandgap circuits. Furthermore, our design reduces die area by more than 100x.
Our ULP diode was used in partially depleted (PD) SOI to design a novel SRAM. It posted a record reduction of static power consumption: down 50x when compared to 6T-SRAM, with no speed penalty and even improved static noise margins. Other logic blocks such as adders and MTCMOS gates have been demonstrated.
In the analog field, the ULP diode has been used as a low-leakage component in SOI rectifiers, charge-pumps, energy harvesting and power management — all with unequaled efficiency.
SOI is thus the technology of choice for our R&D on Ultra-Low-Power applications.
(1) A nanowatt is one thousand millionth — also known as a billionth (10-9) — of a watt | <urn:uuid:3674b1ad-6375-452f-b0cd-6c87265351fa> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.advancedsubstratenews.com/2009/12/increased-expectations-drastic-reductions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702900179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111500-00077-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932323 | 582 | 2.875 | 3 |
What is the environmental impact of using a real
we examine our personal conduct on the planet, we can reasonably
ask what impact does carrying on with the real Christmas tree tradition
have on the land and our environment, and are Christmas trees being
grown in an environmentally sustainable way?
While we so often hear of environmental problems in our modern world, there is good news that is truly welcome about farm grown, real Christmas trees. Environmentally conscious Christmas tree farms are organizing themselves to work with farm extension agents and agriculture officials to create real and verifiable farm sustainability standards. And scientific comparative studies now show that real Christmas trees are far better for the environment than artificial trees.
Santa & Sons Oregon Christmas tree farm is environmentally
Santa & Sons grows Noble Fir Christmas Trees at Whitewater Ranch, a family owned and operated farm using only sustainable farming methods that have been inspected by the Oregon Department of Agriculture and certified to be in compliance with the strict new SERF environmentally sustainable farm standards.
Santa & Sons is also a member of The Coalition of Environmentally Conscious Growers, which was formed in Oregon in 2007 to ensure that growers are utilizing sustainable farming practices in the production of Christmas trees. On-site farm inspections are conducted by an established independent auditing firm, The Freer Consulting Co. of Seattle, WA.
Coalition Christmas tree growers use farming methods that are conscious of the environment, and submit their farms to an ongoing series of independent physical audits that verify compliance with strict certification program standards for Soil and Water Conservation, Riparian/Wetland Management, Biodiversity , Nutrient Management, Pest Management, Site Selection, Worker Health and Hygiene, and Consumer Education.
Christmas trees provide rural jobs in America
The environmental story of Christmas trees is unlike many others. Christmas tree farming is not highly mechanized, so it remains very labor intensive, by today's standards, remarkably so. Not only does this mean less equipment on the land but it generates lots of stable employment in the farm sector. The commitment of Christmas tree growers to this long term crop provides important and predictable green jobs in rural areas of America. The United States produces virtually all of the trees it uses and is a net exporter of Christmas trees, with Mexico being the largest export market. People's livelihoods really do matter, and farming Christmas trees provides an environmentally sustainable avenue of employment in areas moving away from the extractive industries of the past.
Christmas tree farms are good stewards of the earth
To understand the current state of the environmental impact we need to look at the Christmas tree industry as it now stands. Nowadays the tradition of going to the woods to bring home a tree for Christmas is really just a nostalgic reminder. Virtually all the Christmas trees being commercially produced in the United States are now grown on tree farms, and on these lands Christmas trees are a conservation crop.
Growing trees offer many benefits that help the land rebound and diversify. By replacing annual crops that require plowing, disking, and harrowing each year, Christmas trees longer crop cycle of eight or more years provides many avenues for environmental improvements.
As Christmas trees take root, we are growing and preserving soils. Many farmlands are highly depleted of organic matter. Christmas trees are pruned by hand every summer, and this deposits large quantities of twigs and needles onto the ground. This combines with a level of grass and weeds that accumulate over the eight years or so that it takes a Christmas tree to grow. Mature roots physically hold the soil against erosion, and later add more organic matter as the stumps and roots rot. After a few years of growth the young trees help protect the ground from what is called impact erosion, which is a result of the heavy rainfall in Christmas tree producing areas.
When the trees get big enough, the shade they produce helps reduce soil evaporation, andoffers refuge for a remarkable diversity of wildlife. Small birds probably get the most benefit, but small rodents and other mammals support populations of birds of prey. Deer are common and evenelk are in some of the more remote fields, drawn to graze on some of their preferred foods that grow as weeds between the rows.
Another important way Christmas trees impact the environment is controlling runoff by changing the timing of the release of water from the soil in a beneficial way. Obviously, when receiving a deluge of heavy rainfall, land with a humus layer and tree roots can slow down or even eliminate surface flows of water runoff and increase the absorption of water into the earth. This kind of sustained rainfall happens with some regularity in the Pacific Northwest. Land growing Christmas trees will more slowly release that water during the dry summer months, helping to recharge aquifers and sustain low season stream flows.
As farmers, we care deeply about the land where we live and work, and we are grateful for the rural lifestyle Christmas tree farms help sustain. Helping the environment is for us, an important part of being at peace with the earth and with one another, which is what Christmas is really all about. | <urn:uuid:eb896be9-97d9-4538-ad58-f26359b9f487> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.santasons.com/christmas-tree-environment.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463453.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00152-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945694 | 1,021 | 2.65625 | 3 |
If you routinely use several open documents to do your work, you already know that you can change between document windows by using the Switch Windows tool on the View tab of the ribbon. You may not know, however, that there is a shortcut for changing windows. You can cycle through your documents by pressing either Ctrl+F6 or Ctrl+Shift+F6. The difference is that Ctrl+F6 cycles through the list of windows in a forward direction, while Ctrl+Shift+F6 cycles through the list of windows in backwards direction.
You can automate frequently used tasks by creating and running macros in Microsoft Word. A macro is a series of commands and instructions that you group together as a single command to accomplish a task automatically. To save time on tasks you do often, bundle the steps into a macro. First, you record the macro. Then you can run the macro by clicking a button on the Quick Access Toolbar or pressing a combination of keys. It depends on how you set it up (Ex: You can setup for inserting a picture and a lot to do with macro).
To Create Effective Word Macros:
The most important step in creating effective Word macros is careful planning. While it might seem a bit obvious, you should have a clear idea of what you want the Word macro to perform, how it will make your future work easier and the circumstances under which you intend to use it. Otherwise, you may end up spending time creating an ineffective macro that you won’t use.
Once you have these things in mind, it is time to plan the actual steps. This is important because the recorder will literally remember everything you do and include it in the macro. For example, if you type something and then delete it, every time you run the macro Word will make the same entry and then delete it. You can see how this will make for a sloppy and inefficient macro.
When you are planning your macros (in Visual Basic Coding), here are some things to consider:
If you’ve planned your macro carefully enough, recording it for later use will be the easiest part of the process. It is so easy, in fact, that the only difference between creating a macro and working on the document is that you have to press a few extra buttons and make a couple of selections in dialog boxes.
How to record a macro for changing the format of the text(Heading-1) by using Record Macro tool and run it for another text(Heading-2) in the document?
Select View Menu => Click Macros Tool => Click Record Macros => Type a name(Test1) for Macro and then Select All Documents (Normal.dotm) in the Store macro in dropdown button => Click OK => Select your first text(Heading-1) to change the format of the text => Click Home Menu (or use short cut keys) => Select B (For Bold), Select a font size (14) and Select a font (Times New Roman) => Select View Menu => Click Macros Tool => Click Stop Recording => Now select your second text(Heading-2) => Click Macros Tool => Click View Macros => Select your macro name(Test1) and then Click Run Button.
For more understanding, look at the screenshot please: | <urn:uuid:22f7f6c4-1d7d-4caf-b000-f1bfbf12a951> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.comteachers.com/switch-windows-macros | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.909557 | 672 | 3.203125 | 3 |
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
The Empowerment of Individuals
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This patient-centered perspective is endorsed by a number of highly regarded health agencies. For instance, the National Academy of Sciences urges that, “Patients should be given the necessary information and the opportunity to exercise the degree of control they choose over health care decisions that affect them. The health system should be able to accommodate differences in patient preferences and encourage shared decision-making.” In addition the Academy promotes that, “Patients should have unfettered access to their own medical information and to clinical knowledge. Clinicians and patients should communicate effectively and share information.”
It may seem odd to remind health care providers to put patients at the center of their own care, but as the Institute of Healthcare Improvement points out: our health care system “has grown more complex and fragmented, and as providers feel more pressure to see more patients in less time, care has become centered not on the needs of patients, but around the needs of the system.” The Institute urges that patients and their loved ones become an integral part of the care team who collaborate with health care professionals in making clinical decisions and that the responsibility for self-care be put in the patients’ hands, along with the tools and support they need to carry out that responsibility.
To promote patient centered care and patient empowerment, integrative medicine clinics provide patient education classes and make libraries of information easily available to individuals and their families.
The Jefferson–Myrna Brind Center for Integrative Medicine has an extensive offering on their website through which patients can learn about different medical treatments and conditions. People can test their knowledge about health conditions in a series of interactive quizzes, including a heart rate calculator, a childhood asthma quiz and an arthritis quiz. (http://content.jeffersonhospital.org/?ref=side)
Aside from its extensive library of books and articles, the Continuum Center for Health and Healing at Beth Israel Hospital has an online offering of nearly 100 medical conditions through which patients can not only learn what the condition and its symptoms are but also what interventions and therapies are recommended and what scientific evidence exists in support of that therapy. (http://www.healthandhealingny.org/AZ/acne.asp)
The University of Maryland Center for Integrative Medicine’s web site offers information on medical conditions, drugs, herbs, supplements, and treatments options, as well as information on conditions listed by organ and body system, a list of prescription drugs and the herbs and supplements that may interact with them, and a section on conditions by signs and symptoms. (http://www.umm.edu/altmed/index.htm)
In addition to its educational offerings, Duke Integrative Medicine offers a health coach program. “Coaching effectively motivates behavior change through a structured, supportive partnership between the participant and coach. The coach helps facilitate insights and clarity through inquiry and personal discovery,” explains Tracy Gaudet, MD, director of the Center. “A coach is like a ‘personal trainer’ except for your whole self. Any concern that gets in the way of taking great care of your health is the perfect subject with which to begin coaching.”
“Providing extensive opportunities for patient education helps empower the patient to be a full partner in his or her healing,” says Roberta Lee, MD, Medical Director of the Continuum Center for Health and Healing. | <urn:uuid:1ffad6e5-4cdd-4720-94fe-cc4273a3d40d> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/individual_empowerment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909031948-00139-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951879 | 763 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Addressing Accessibility in Mathematics group at EDC has received funding from the National Science Foundation to study current mathematics intervention practices at the middle grades and to create a new professional development (PD) program and resources for intervention teachers. The Strengthening Mathematics Intervention (SMI) project builds on our extensive work over the past 18 years to create innovative PD programs to help districts improve mathematics learning for struggling learners with and without disabilities.
We have been studying how public schools across the United States provide instruction and support to students who are struggling with mathematics in the middle grades. To gather information, we first observed mathematics intervention classes and conducted interviews with teachers and school and district leaders. Then, we developed the National Survey on Supporting Struggling Mathematics Learners in Middle Grades and sent it to a nationally representative sample of over 2,000 schools. The survey findings shed light on the ways that schools are implementing mathematics intervention classes, including how the classes are structured, who teaches them, and the challenges faced.
Learn about the national landscape of mathematics intervention classes by reading the Executive Summary!
©2003-2019 Education Development Center, Inc. All rights reserved.
This project is supported by the National Science Foundation Grant No. 1621294. Opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Foundation. | <urn:uuid:1f439a4e-5503-481c-9972-4ed2a35dc459> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://www2.edc.org/accessmath/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315811.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821065413-20190821091413-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.9224 | 266 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Road Not Taken Critical Analysis
- Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
- And sorry I could not travel both
- And be one traveler, long I stood
- And looked down one as far as I could
- To where it bent in the undergrowth;
- Then took the other, as just as fair,
- And having perhaps the better claim,
- Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
- Though as for that the passing there
- Had worn them really about the same,
- And both that morning equally lay
- In leaves no step had trodden black.
- Oh, I kept the first for another day!
- Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
- I doubted if I should ever come back.
- I shall be telling this with a sigh
- Somewhere ages and ages hence:
- Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
- I took the one less traveled by,
- And that has made all the difference.
Starting With the Poem
Published in 1916 in Frost’s collection, “Mountain Interval,” The Road Not Taken is unquestionably one of Frost’s most popular poems that invariably find a place in high school literature. Infusing New England idioms into traditional blank verse, the poem attempts to highlight a singular observation – the significance of making choices along life’s journey. However, it’s not so simple, and readers over the ages have formed multiple interpretations. What we have in a nutshell, is a masterpiece, an alluring feature of which, is its inherent ambiguity.
The poem owes its composition to the musings of Frost’s friend, Edward Thomas, with whom the former took long walks while staying in Great Britain from 1912 to 1915. In fact, the subject matter of the poem is a recreation of a persistent habit of Edward Thomas, who frequently talked about taking an alternative trail.
The Deeper Meaning of the Poem
The poem seems to underline the importance of making choices in our life and the way they affect us in future. Some may prove beneficial and some may not, but one cannot have two ways of life. The poem thus upholds the universal truth that life is, after all, an exploration.
Stanza by Stanza Analysis and Interpretation
In the first stanza, the poet by presenting before the reader a unique situation involving himself confronted by “Two roads,” highlights how twists and turns are an unavoidable reality of life and that choices are absolutely necessary.
The entire task of making choices is, however, extremely difficult and requires much speculation. Thus, even though the poet selects the road that is grassy, he seems doubtful of his selection immediately afterward, thereby pointing towards the fact that life can be utterly unpredictable at times.
The untrodden appearance of the path he has not taken, lures him to surmise that maybe he’d try it out someday. However, these future ruminations are also clouded by his practical and philosophical realization that perhaps he’d never have a chance to do so. Thus his assertion,
“Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back”
points at certain somber certainties in life; the fact that we may never receive an opportunity to explore the path, once discarded in life.
The conclusion presents the poet’s thoughts of a phase in future when he would tell “this with a sigh” how, having taken the road, “less traveled by” has caused “all the difference.” Now the reader does not have any means to know what the “difference” is, or whether he “sighs” out of pleasure or repentance. This ambiguity renders the poem to have a double meaning, and the ultimate message sums up to be the poet’s insistence on looking at life as an exploration.
There are four stanzas in the poem, containing five lines each and the rhyme scheme is ABAB.
Mood and Tone
The poem, dwelling upon the grave issue of making choices, has a reflective tone and does not entertain any hopeful outlook. Neither does it attempt to offer a sermon on what is right and wrong. It is rather a way of looking at life, which the poet hints may prove wrong too (his sighing suggesting his regret perhaps). The mood of the poem, on the other hand, appears to be light – hearted at the beginning as the poet indulges on selecting a particular path, based on how it appears to be (grassy and untrodden). However, as he muses about a future time when he would heave a sigh for making that certain choice, the mood becomes nostalgic.
The fork in the road stands for the choices man faces while traversing in life.
The “undergrowth” possibly suggests the unperceived obstacles one might have to encounter as he moves along.
The poet mentions the presence of “a yellow wood,” thereby giving the idea that it is autumn.
At first, he selects a particular path “Because it was grassy and wanted wear.” However, immediately later, he states “Though as for that the passing there/Had worn them really about the same,” thus suggesting his indecision or the fact that making choices is pretty tough.
Frost makes use of simple, descriptive and informal words such as difference, sigh, leads, for giving the reader an impression of the mental confusion, urgency, and isolation, one is bound to experience, when one stands at the crossroads of his life.
Use of Figurative Language
The two roads signify the choices in life
The path is given human attributes when it is said that it “wanted wear”
It is ironical that in spite of selecting the path of his choice, the poet assumes that he would be sighing years from now, concerning how his life turns out to be. | <urn:uuid:66ea43d4-9d32-4d10-b40a-dd912abf5a4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://myessaypoint.com/the-road-not-taken-analysis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818692236.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925164022-20170925184022-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.969019 | 1,256 | 3 | 3 |
For Indigenous Peoples in South Dakota, the land is more than just the ground beneath our feet.
We believe in and act upon the notion that people, nature, society and all living things are interconnected, in relation to one another, and operate as a system. Our Indigenous cultures have taught us through our languages, stories and life ways that our identity and very existence is directly connected to the land.
First proposed in 2008, the Keystone XL Pipeline would carry as much as 830,000 barrels of heavy crude oil per day from the Alberta, Canada, oil sands through South Dakota to Gulf Coast refineries. Though the proposed pipeline route doesn’t go through federally recognized reservations in South Dakota, should there be an oil spill, it has the potential to seriously affect our land, our water, our environment and future generations.
This land, known today as South Dakota, is the ancestral territory of the Oceti Sakowin, otherwise known as the Seven Council Fires of Lakota, Dakota and Nakota people. This is where our people have lived for thousands of years. Our territory as Lakota, Dakota and Nakota people today is not defined by the colonial boundaries that have been created around us, but rather, where our people have existed in harmony with Mother Earth for generations. The proposed path of the Keystone XL pipeline goes through the heart of the Oceti Sakowin.
Pipelines like this don’t build up the economy at all. They only make a few people rich, create very few, temporary jobs and contribute to climate change, which is a problem not only for the Indigenous Peoples of this region but for humanity as a whole. That’s why we plan on organizing our communities and encouraging people to try to stop the pipeline through peaceful protest.
The state of South Dakota, however, doesn’t want anything to disrupt the pipeline’s construction and recently passed the Riot Boosting Act, a new law that is designed to silence free speech and the right to peacefully protest.
But our voices won’t be silenced. Our sacred lands are too important.
That’s why the NDN Collective, with the American Civil Liberties Union, filed a federal lawsuit challenging the Riot Boosting Act on the grounds that it violates our First Amendment rights and the Due Process Clause of the Constitution. NDN Collective joins Dakota Rural Action, the Sierra Club and the Indigenous Environmental Network as plaintiffs in the lawsuit.
South Dakota’s Riot Boosting Act creates financial punishments for “riot-boosting,” a new term that defines the actions both of protesters who participate in “riots” as well as anyone who “does not personally participate in any riot but directs, advises, encourages, or solicits other persons participating in the riot to acts of force or violence.”
According to Gov. Kristi Noem, these laws are largely for “outside agitators” protesting pipelines. This is not true. The fact is that many South Dakota residents, tribal communities, farmers, ranchers and land owners are against the KXL pipeline, so this law is designed to discourage constituents right here in South Dakota.
We aren’t outside agitators. We are right here on Main Street. Come have a cup of coffee with us.
The courts will ultimately decide whether the laws are unconstitutional or not, but we, as everyday people, fathers, mothers, community members and people, can make sure we voice our opinion on what is morally and ethically right.
Stand with us as we stand for the First Amendment of the U.S constitution.
Nick Tilsen of Porcupine, S.D., is the President & CEO of NDN Collective and a Citizen of the Oglala Lakota Nation. | <urn:uuid:1c4ffe98-456a-4370-b564-f0f374041ba2> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.aclusd.org/en/we-arent-outside-agitators | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057417.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923044248-20210923074248-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.9559 | 779 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A Brief History of Harpham & St John of Beverley Church
South of the main road from York to Bridlington and the church at Kilham is Harpham which has the well of St John of Beverley, the St Quintin Arms inn and the Norman church in the village centre.
Harpham is the supposed birthplace of
Bishop John of York in 640AD who founded a monastery near or on the site of the present Beverley Minster. He was canonised in 1037 and the well of St John is by the roadside near to Harpham Church. The church dates from Norman times and some stonework exists in the outer wall with the nave having a small Norman window. The church was remodelled in the fourteenth century and in 1374 Joan St Quintin
obtained a licence to crenellate the bell tower. The chancel was rebuilt in 1827 when bricks were used for the east end and bricks were used again in 1833. The architect Temple Moore restored parts of the church including the chancel and chapel in
1909/14 and further restoration of the nave and tower followed in 1935 by Milner and Craze of London (Sir William Milner 9th Baronet and Romilly Bernard Craze): this was paid for by William Herbert St Quintin and mother Amy Elizabeth.
There are many memorials to members of the St Quintin family who were Lords of Harpham and later Scampston. Herbert St Quintin came over with the Conqueror and was granted lands in the East Riding. In the twelfth century Oliver married Adeliza who founded Nun Appleton Priory and their second son Herbert married Agnes de Stuteville who brought Harpham into the family. William was an active Lord of the Manor and he married Joan Thweng: he died in 1349 and their alabaster tomb is at Harpham Church between the chancel and north chapel. It is likely that this was set up by a Rector of Hornsea c1400. The St Quintin family lived at Harpham until the seventeenth century; the baronetcy was created in 1642 for William St Quintin. The second baronet was son Henry (1605-95) who moved the family to Scampston, where the Hall was built in 1690 – remodelled by Thomas Leverton between 1795 and 1800. The Harpham house became ruinous and all that remains today are earthworks. The 3rd baronet was Henry’s grandson who became MP for Hull and died
unmarried in 1723.
The Drummer Boy's Well
St John's Well
The 5th baronet was William St Quintin (1729-95) who bought Scampston, building much of the village and
employing Capability Brown in 1771 to design the grounds. He married Charlotte Fane but there were no children and he was succeeded by his nephew William Darley who assumed the name and arms of the St Quintin family. His son was Matthew Chitty Downes St Quintin and his grandson William St Quintin JP, who was
president of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in 1909.
Scampston Hall has a walled garden designed by
Piet Oudolf covering four acres and is the home of Sir Charles and Lady Legard.The north chapel has a series of windows painted with the pedigree of the family from the Norman Conquest: it was painted by William Peckitt of York in 1763-95. Peckitt was born in Husthwaite in 1731 and worked at York Minster: he died in 1795. In the chapel is an effigy of an unknown lady dated c1360/70. On the floor are fine brasses to Sir Thomas and Agnes St
Quintin (1418) and Sir Thomas de St Quintin (1445). | <urn:uuid:05e3a133-27c6-42a8-a410-0ef50e3e5700> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.stquintinarms.com/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364764.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302190916-20210302220916-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.984009 | 803 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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How (and Why) to Be a Seed Savior
By Nancy Castaldo
Wheat, maize, rice ... repeat. Those three starchy plants provide about half of all the calories we consume. What's more, of the 12,000 plant species that can be used for human food, only about 150 are cultivated. And that heavy reliance on a limited number of crops poses a serious risk when it comes to our food security. We can look back to the devastation of the Irish potato famine to see the importance of crop diversity. A million people died because a blight killed just one species of potato—the Irish lumper.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, 75 percent of plant genetic diversity has been lost since the 1900s, when farmers started to grow crops that would offer greater yields and more salable produce. Large, mechanized farms churning out staple grains (much of it going toward feeding livestock) replaced many small family farms that had grown a much wider array of fruits and vegetables. Monoculture depleted soil nutrients and contributed to soil erosion. This led to overdependence on chemical fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides, resulting in the decline of the bumblebees and other pollinators so critical to maintaining our food supply. Other factors have also contributed to the loss of agrodiversity, including our changing climate, which has brought about increased droughts that damage soil quality and rising sea levels that infiltrate croplands with saltwater. An uptick in floods and high-intensity storms also impacts the types of crops farmers are able to plant.
In the U.S., the overall trend in crop species diversity continues to track downward, but there is some hope for a small-farms revolution. And urban gardens are reviving an interest in homegrown crops for communities long underserved by our food system. Here's how you too can be a lifeline for plant biodiversity―at the market, in your backyard and even on your bookshelf.
Nurture Your Own Seeds.
You don't need a lot of land to grow your own fruits and vegetables. The National Gardening Association reported that 35 percent of all U.S. households grow food at home or in a community garden, with significant increases occurring in urban areas. If you're still working on your green thumb, community gardens are a great place to get started, since they offer both space and a group of gardeners to consult as you experiment with different seed varieties. Try saving some of your seeds from your favorite crop to plant again or share with another gardener.
There are so many wonderful, tasty heirloom varieties just waiting to be discovered. You may happen upon a special bean that has been passed down through your family for generations, or find out that your favorite watermelon variety at a local farm stand originated from an heirloom seed catalog. Heirlooms might surprise you. They might show up as a purple carrot, a yellow tomato or a tiny pink strawberry. You might never see these varieties in a supermarket, but there are plenty to be found at your neighborhood farmers' market.
Heirlooms are also critical to our food security. They contain genes distinct from those in the plants grown as monocrops, which risk dangerous collapse should a pest or disease outbreak strike. (For evidence, look to the banana industry, which has long revolved around a couple of commercial varieties. It nearly collapsed after a fungal disease spread in the 1950s and '60s.) By planting, sharing and enjoying heirloom varieties, we keep them around and preserve agrodiversity. And that heirloom might turn out to be resistant to a disease we don't even know about yet.
Hold a Seed Swap.
Seed swaps are a great way to spread some heirloom love. A seed swap is similar to a book swap. For every packet a gardener brings, he or she can pick one to take home. Many gardeners have plenty to share. To get your community involved, conduct some local outreach to ensure you reach a broad audience. Set up some rules: All seeds should be labeled, and they must be viable. Encourage participants to pack their favorite recipes with their seeds. Don't forget to include heirloom flower varieties in the swap too—you'll be supporting the local pollinators that, in turn, support local food production. If you have any leftover seeds at the end of your swap, donate them to a school or community garden.
Visit a Seed Library.
Some public libraries have gotten into the act of seed saving and swapping by hosting "seed libraries" from which you can check out a packet of seeds, just as you would a book. To keep seeds circulating, members take home seeds to cultivate, let the plants flower and drop their seeds, and then return those seeds to the library to share with other gardeners. Not all seeds can be saved year after year—commercial "hybrid" seeds do not produce offspring that are true to the parent plants, and in fact some of them are engineered to be sterile. But heirloom plants can be saved year after year, and these are the varieties you'll typically find in a lending library. Many seed libraries also sponsor talks and gardening tips for their patrons.
Create Your Own Herbarium.
An herbarium is, basically, a scrapbook of plants that have been pressed and preserved. These have been kept by individuals for centuries, and not only by botanists. Experimental composer and musician John Cage, an amateur mycologist, collected important fungal specimens that are now included in the New York Botanical Garden's William and Lynda Steere Herbarium.
Dried plant samples can supply important data of many kinds. For example, in 2013, molecular biologists with the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology discovered the identity of the plant pathogen that caused the Irish potato famine. The researchers used plants housed at Munich's Botanical State Collection and London's Kew Gardens; although they were 120 to 170 years old, the specimens nevertheless had many intact pieces of DNA for scientists to decode. Their work has helped us understand how plant pathogens evolve and how human activity impacts the spread of plant diseases.
Historically, herbariums have comprised pressed, dried specimens. To prepare your samples in this manner, press the plant matter in a large book or between sheets of newspaper and place a weight on top. When the leaves are dry, mount them in an acid-free scrapbook to preserve them, and label each specimen on the page. You can also include illustrations, photographs, seed packets and notes. Seed saving is something humans have done for as long as we've grown crops, so think of your project as a means of carrying on an important tradition—as well as a potentially important safeguard for future generations.
Nancy Castaldo has written books about our planet for over 20 years. Her book, The Story of Seeds: From Mendel's Garden to Your Plate, and How There's More of Less To Eat Around The World, earned the 2017 Green Earth Book Award, Sigurd Olsen Nature Writing Notable book, and was a Junior Library Guild Selection. Her latest is Back from the Brink: Saving Animals from Extinction. Her research and photography has taken her all over the world from the Galapagos to Russia, and she loves sharing her adventures with her readers.
EcoWatch Daily Newsletter
By Charli Shield
At unsettling times like the coronavirus outbreak, it might feel like things are very much out of your control. Most routines have been thrown into disarray and the future, as far as the experts tell us, is far from certain.
By Elizabeth Henderson
Farmworkers, farmers and their organizations around the country have been singing the same tune for years on the urgent need for immigration reform. That harmony turns to discord as soon as you get down to details on how to get it done, what to include and what compromises you are willing to make. Case in point: the Farm Workforce Modernization Act (H.R. 5038), which passed in the House of Representatives on Dec. 11, 2019, by a vote of 260-165. The Senate received the bill the next day and referred it to the Committee on the Judiciary, where it remains. Two hundred and fifty agriculture and labor groups signed on to the United Farm Workers' (UFW) call for support for H.R. 5038. UFW President Arturo Rodriguez rejoiced:
By Julia Conley
A council representing more than 800,000 doctors across the U.S. signed a letter Friday imploring President Donald Trump to reverse his call for businesses to reopen by April 12, warning that the president's flouting of the guidance of public health experts could jeopardize the health of millions of Americans and throw hospitals into even more chaos as they fight the coronavirus pandemic.
By Melissa Kravitz Hoeffner
Over six gallons of water are required to produce one gallon of wine. "Irrigation, sprays, and frost protection all [used in winemaking] require a lot of water," explained winemaker and sommelier Keith Wallace, who's also a professor and the founder of the Wine School of Philadelphia, the largest independent wine school in the U.S. And water waste is just the start of the climate-ruining inefficiencies commonplace in the wine industry. Sustainably speaking, climate change could be problematic for your favorite glass of wine. | <urn:uuid:53e08ee7-e7aa-47cb-993d-895dcc16643e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.ecowatch.com/seed-saving-2573289281.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496901.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330085157-20200330115157-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.956195 | 1,964 | 3.34375 | 3 |
In today's environmentally conscious world, the significance of sustainable living cannot be overstated. One essential aspect of this is LEED certification. Let's delve into what LEED certification entails and how it offers numerous advantages to homeowners.
Defining LEED Certification
LEED, which stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is a globally recognized certification system for sustainable and environmentally friendly buildings. It was developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and provides a framework for designing, constructing, and operating energy-efficient structures.
The Key Benefits of LEED Certification for Homeowners
Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings
LEED-certified homes are designed with a focus on energy efficiency. This means they consume less energy for heating, cooling, and other essential functions. As a result, homeowners experience lower utility bills, making LEED-certified properties a financially savvy choice in the long run.
Enhanced Indoor Air Quality
LEED certification places a strong emphasis on creating spaces that promote healthy living. Homes with this certification employ advanced ventilation systems and low-VOC materials, ensuring optimal indoor air quality. This leads to a healthier and more comfortable living environment for you and your family.
Increased Property Value
Investing in LEED-certified properties is not only beneficial for the environment but also for your financial portfolio. Studies have consistently shown that such homes have higher resale values than their non-certified counterparts. Potential buyers are often willing to pay a premium for the long-term cost savings and environmental benefits of LEED certification.
Access to Incentives and Rebates
Many local governments and municipalities offer incentives and rebates for homeowners who invest in sustainable, energy-efficient properties. These incentives can range from tax credits to expedited permitting processes. By opting for LEED certification, you may be eligible for various financial benefits that can further enhance the value of your investment.
Contributing to a Sustainable Future
By choosing a LEED-certified home, you actively participate in the global effort to reduce carbon emissions and conserve resources. This environmentally responsible choice benefits you and your family and contributes to a more sustainable and eco-friendly future for generations to come.
In conclusion, LEED certification is a powerful testament to a home's commitment to sustainability, energy efficiency, and overall well-being. By investing in a LEED-certified property, homeowners can enjoy various benefits, including cost savings, improved indoor air quality, increased property value, access to incentives, and the satisfaction of contributing to a greener future. So, if you're considering a new home or contemplating upgrades to your current one, exploring the world of LEED-certified properties is undoubtedly a step in the right direction. Embrace the future of sustainable living today!
At Kwon Home Group, we understand the value of sustainable living and the benefits that come with LEED certification. Our dedicated team of real estate professionals is committed to helping you find the perfect LEED-certified home that aligns with your values and lifestyle. With years of experience and a deep understanding of the real estate market, we are here to guide you through the process, ensuring a seamless and gratifying experience. Contact us today to embark on your journey towards a greener, more sustainable future! | <urn:uuid:b349a568-9f95-4386-ab1c-7c8e050c0a5e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kwonhomegroup.com/blog/maximizing-energy-efficiency-with-leed-certified-homes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100568.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205204654-20231205234654-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.924582 | 666 | 2.546875 | 3 |
If you make the transition from extract to all-grain brewing, you have a lot of options to consider when building a recipe. That’s not a bad thing — in fact, that’s the reason some brewers make the switch. You can use different kinds of grain, different ratios of grain, different mashing temperatures and mashing methods. The possibilities are endless. And they can be bewildering. Along with these options come a lot of new ingredients ... and new terminology to describe them. In this article, we’re going to get down to basics — literally. When brewing beer from grain, most recipes start with the group of malts known as “base malts.”
Base Malt: What Is It?
Beers are differentiated from each other by their color, flavor, alcohol content, hopping and many other factors. But they all have one thing in common before they become an individual beer style — fermentable sugars that form the “base” of the beer. This base of fermentable sugars comes from the starches in the base malts. They’re called base malts precisely because they form the base of the beer. They typically comprise anywhere from 60 to 100 percent of the grist.
Once you have this base, changing other things in the recipe, like hops and specialty malts (specialty malts, for the purposes of this article, I define as dark and crystal malts) make the beer what it is. For example, all cakes consist mainly of flour. That’s the base. What makes it into chocolate cake is chocolate flavoring.
The base malt has several functions in a recipe. The first, as I mentioned, is to provide the base of fermentable sugars for the beer. The majority of the alcohol content of the beer is established by adjusting the amount of base malt in a recipe — the more malt, the more alcohol. The second function is to provide the base flavor profile for the beer. This is most important in beers that don’t use a lot of specialty malts in addition to the base malt. In other words, if you use a lot of flavorful specialty malts, their flavor will tend to mask the flavor of the base malt. Conversely, if there are little to no specialty malts in the recipe, the flavor of the base malt is more important. Last, the base malt provides enzymes to convert its starches into sugars. It also provides extra enzymes to convert specialty malts (like carapils) and adjuncts (like corn or flaked barley) that lack enough enzymes of their own to do the job.
Types of Base Malt
In this article, I will discuss five common kinds of barley base malt: pale, pilsen, pale ale, Vienna and Munich. There are other kinds of barley malt that can form the base of a beer, like stout malt. And some brewers might not consider Vienna and Munich to be bona-fide base malts, because they’re usually used in conjunction with pale malt and rarely comprise more than 30 percent of the grist (I’ll address this later). By and large, however, these five malts provide the base for a wide range of beers.
1. Pilsen malt is used to brew traditional Czech or German pilsners.
2. Munich malt is used in Oktoberfests and many German lagers, like dunkel. It also shows up in ales, from IPA to porter.
3. Pale ale malt is like two-row, but is kilned at a higher temperature. This flavorful malt is used to make ales, especially traditional English ales.
4. Vienna has a malty flavor profile. It’s used in Vienna lagers.
5. Pale malt, often called “two row,” is the most common base malt. It’s used as the sole base malt in 95 percent of all beers.
Basic Pale Malt
This is the most common type of base malt, and it is used as the sole malt for 95 percent of all beers. It is very light in color — usually about 1.8 to 2.1 degrees Lovibond. If your beer was made strictly from this malt, it would be a medium yellow color. Pale malt typically has lots of enzymes — enough to convert its own starch and the starch from good deal of adjuncts, up to 50 percent of the total grist. Pale malts are well modified, which means it’s easy to convert their starches into sugars. Any type of mashing schedule can be used with them, single-step infusion being the most common.
Pale malt is sold in two forms — two-row and six-row. The most common form used by home and craft brewers is two-row, while big commercial breweries will typically use a lot of six-row. The names come from how the grain actually grows on the stalk. Two-row has two kernels that grow opposite each other on the stalk. They tend to be large and uniform in size. Six-row, as you might guess, has six kernels that are slightly smaller than two-row kernels. Six-row has even more enzymes than two-row, which is important to megabreweries that use a high percentage of adjuncts, like rice or corn, in the beer. Six-row also yields better in the field, which tends to make it a little cheaper than two-row. Again, this is only important in megabreweries, where saving a few dollars a batch can really add up. For small-scale and homebrewers, the savings would never be enough to bother with. Six-row is also reported to have a sharper flavor by some brewers. Two-row lends a rounder flavor to your beer. So the take-home advice here is this: Always use two-row, regardless of what the recipe calls for or what someone may tell you.
Pale malt is often called other things. The most common nickname for it is two-row, but that really is a misnomer since almost all malts available to homebrewers are made from two-row barley. Still, I call it two-row myself. It’s also known as “lager malt,” not to be confused with pilsen malt (described later). Two-row is also sometimes referred to by the name Klages (pronounced like “claw guess”). Klages is the name of a variety (technically a “strain”) of barley. Many years ago, the most common two-row available in North America was Klages, and if you bought two-row you stood a good chance of getting 100 percent Klages barley. Hence “Klages” became another nickname for two-row. But that was long ago. Klages still makes up a tiny percentage of available two-row malts, but almost all are now blends of Klages and other malts. Harrington is common, but new varieties are being released all the time. So my advice to you is not to worry about what specific varieties of malt are in your two-row. You have to trust your maltster to give you a blend that will make good beer. (Some North American homebrew suppliers still sell their malt as 100 percent Klages or just Klages. This is either due to ignorance, being too lazy to change the catalog from a few years back, or they want you to believe you are getting something you’re not.) In England you can buy unblended varieties of malt, such as Maris Otter.
Pale malt can be used to make all types of beers. In fact, it should be used to make almost all kinds of beers. It’s the least expensive type of base malt and if your beer uses a lot of specialty grains to change the flavor, the base malt hardly matters. Is pale malt basically the same from supplier to supplier? No, but the differences tend to be extremely subtle. Some have a more pronounced maltiness or fuller flavor profile than others. If you’re making a pale beer that is essentially all two-row, these subtle differences will be apparent in the final beer. So here it may be wise to use the base malt that has a flavor that you like, or that you want in the final beer. But if you are making a stout, for example, the flavors of roasted grains in the finished beer will overpower any subtle malt effects from the two-row.
Sometimes just called “pils,” pilsen is a special kind of pale malt that is used to make — you guessed it — pilsners. Pilsen malt is typically very light in color (anywhere from 1.1 to 2 degrees Lovibond). This malt typically tastes thinner and crisper than regular two-row, which carries over into the beer. Getting this flavor is usually at the expense of maltiness and aroma, but that’s what typifies a real pilsner. To get this flavor profile, the maltster will typically keep this malt less modified than regular two-row. Some would say it is under-modified, but that is rarely actually the case. It is modified well enough so that a single-step infusion mash presents no problems (this is the simplest kind of mashing, conducted at a constant temperature in a single vessel). Sometimes pilsner malt doesn’t have a lot of enzymatic power to spare, so it can’t convert itself and a load of adjuncts. But you really don’t want anything else in a true pilsner anyway, so it’s of little concern.
Pilsen malt is used to make one type of beer — traditional German or Czech pilsners. Those beers usually consist of 100 percent pilsen malt and nothing else but hops, yeast and water. If you have pilsen malt on hand and nothing else, you could use it to make almost any other beer style, but standard two-row would be a better choice. I can’t tell you how many times I’ve seen a recipe call for 90 percent two-row and 10 percent pilsen as the base malts. That’s a complete waste of pilsen and a complication in the recipe that makes no sense. Just use all two-row — you’d never taste the pilsen in that recipe. I’ve also seen pilsen malt called for in a lot of other German beers, like Munich. This is not a good choice. (It is more than likely an example of choosing a malt because it sounds right, rather than thinking about what the beer should actually taste like.) Use pilsen malt for brewing pilsners and that’s it.
Pale Ale Malt
This malt is basically the same as standard two-row, but it is kilned at a slightly higher temperature. This results in a darker color (it measures about 3 to 4 degrees Lovibond) and it also changes the flavor profile. Pale ale malt can be very flavorful and malty, with a good malt aroma. It tends to be the most modified of all the base malts and it works well with any mashing schedule, from single infusion to step mashing. It has a fair amount of enzymatic power and can convert itself and some extra adjuncts, up to 50 percent of the total grist. As the name implies, this malt is primarily intended to make ales, especially traditional English ales. It’s too dark for a pilsner. It can also be an excellent choice for Belgian-style amber ales.
It’s common for this malt to be made by specialty maltsters in the United Kindgom. It’s also common for the specific barley variety to be featured. Maris Otter is a British variety of barley commonly associated with this type of malt. (Maris is the name of the company that markets the barley seeds to growers, while Otter is the variety. Yes, there is a barley called Maris Beaver, and other varieties named after small furry creatures, but they aren’t used in brewing.) This malt is also sometimes sold as ESB (Extra Special Bitter) malt. Darker versions are known as Amber and Mild malts.
This is a very special kind of base malt. It is more highly kilned than two-row and is typically around 4 degrees Lovibond. Vienna’s flavor profile is very malty but can have some grassiness to it. Most Vienna has just enough enzymatic power to convert itself, but some strains may have as much enzymatic power as two-row. Vienna is well-modified and can work with any kind of mash schedule.
The primary purpose of Vienna is to make Vienna-style lagers. These beers are similar to Oktoberfests (also known as Märzen) but have a lower alcohol content. Trying to find a true “Vienna” these days is hard. Samuel Adams Lager is actually a good representation of a Vienna-style lager (it’s probably a tad too hoppy to be a real Vienna), but they don’t market it as such. Even if you don’t want to brew a Vienna, Vienna malt has other uses. It’s typically used as part of the grain bill in Oktoberfests and other German lagers (but not pilsners). You can also use it in any other recipe in which you want the flavor of Vienna malt. You also could make a beer out of 100 percent Vienna (some brewers use this to make an amber beer), but I wouldn’t recommend it. Five to ten percent Vienna is a good starting place when used as a specialty malt for flavoring. A Vienna lager, on the other hand, might use 30 to 40 percent Vienna as one of its base malts, with regular two-row comprising the rest of the grist.
Munich is a very useful malt for the all-grain brewer. It is more highly kilned than Vienna malt and runs the gamut from 6 to 30 degrees Lovibond. The most typical range, however, is 8 to 9 degrees Lovibond. When someone refers to Munich malt, they usually mean the lighter versions that measure 9 degrees Lovibond or less.
The flavor of lower color or “standard” Munich malt is malty with a slight toasty edge. This toasty edge increases with color, becoming the dominant flavor in the high-color Munichs. The low-color Munichs have enough enzymatic power to convert themselves, but above 15° Lovibond, Munich starts to lose enzymes at a rapid pace, so it must be used in conjunction with two-row (which you’d usually do anyway). Munich malts are well modified and require no special attention during the mash.
Traditionally Munich was used to make Munich-style lagers, which hardly exist commercially today. The closest you’ll find in modern times is an Oktoberfest. (A historical perspective: These lagers were common centuries ago because Munich malt was one of the lightest malts that was available. It’s not until relatively recently that maltsters have been able to make malts much lighter in color. It’s reported that the “death” of the Vienna and Munich styles can be attributed to the introduction of pale malts and the resulting pilsner style.)
All that aside, Munich remains a very popular malt with brewers. It’s always part of every Oktoberfest recipe, often in conjunction with some Vienna. A typical Oktoberfest grain bill might be 75 percent two-row malt, 15 percent Munich, 5 percent Vienna and 5 percent crystal malt (ranging from 60 to 90 degrees Lovibond). You should consider Munich for any German lager that’s not a pilsner. The classic Munich lager is dunkel, and 100 percent medium-color Munich malt can be used to brew this style. It’s also a common ingredient in many ales. My IPA recipes will typically call for 5 to 10 percent Munich. I also use it in bock, dopplebock, porter and many other styles. It adds a nice maltiness to the beer, but be careful not to overdo it, or the toastiness will start to become apparent.
Dark Munichs really shouldn’t be classified as a base malt, but we’ll cover them anyway to show you how they differ from the lighter Munichs. The dark Munichs can be used anywhere you want their flavor. It’s used by one famous brewery, for example, in their porter (I’d name the brewery, but I’m sworn to secrecy). The really dark Munichs have a very pronounced toasty flavor and can be used as a substitute in recipes that call for toasted malt. DeWolf-Cosyns produced a malt called Biscuit, which is similar to the high-color Munichs, but the company is supposed to be closing its operations in 2002. Should Biscuit disappear from the market, a high-color Munich would be a reasonable, but not an exact, substitute for that malt.
Why Are Vienna and Munich Base Malts?
Good question, since they rarely make up more than 30 percent of the malt bill. Part of the answer is historical — Vienna and Munich used to be the only base malts! But part of the answer lies in how much fermentability they contribute to wort. For all practical purposes, Vienna and the light Munichs contribute the same amount of fermentables per pound as the other base malts (as opposed to specialty malts, which contribute less). So, at least for purposes of this article, we can still consider them base malts.
Other Base Malts
The focus of this article has been base malts that are made from barley, but we should mention that other grains would qualify. Wheat malt would be the most common alternative. Spelt, millet, sorghum and other grains are used in parts of the world where barley is scarce.
If you buy your supplies from the local homebrew shop, you may not have much choice when it comes to base malts. They may carry only one two-row and one Munich, and might not carry pale ale, Vienna or pilsen malts at all. But if you’re lucky, your local shop will have a good selection. I used to own a homebrew shop in California, and at one point we carried three different two-rows, two pale ales, two pilsens, two Viennas and six Munich malts! On the Internet and by mail-order, you can find a similar range of selections at some of the better sites, and you can certainly get a wider range if you don’t mind buying from a few sites.
So how do you evaluate the malts? Ideally it would be nice to brew a batch of beer with every grain type. (Check out the recipes on pages 33 and 35; each recipe is designed to highlight the flavor of one of the five base malts we’ve covered in this article.) Besides brewing with each base malt, the simplest way I know to evaluate grain is simply to chew some and taste it. The enzymes in your saliva will “mash” the grains for you, so after chewing, let the grains sit a while. The enzymes will work on the grains, and starchiness will be replaced with sweetness. Pay attention to the flavors. Then choose what you like. Sometimes it’s hard to project those flavors into the finished beer, but with practice, you will be able to do that. If you record your perceptions of the malt, then compare them to your perceptions of the finished beer, it will help you put the two together.
If your local store has a selection, chances are they’ll let you graze in the grain bins for a while. If you are ordering online, then order a pound or the minimum of several different types. This will be a little expensive for a test, but it will be worth it.
Once you have picked the grain that tastes the best to you (ignore the marketing hype; your taste buds are the ultimate judge), then order enough to do a batch and brew with it.
Caring For Base Malt
Base malts require more care in storage than specialty malts. Specialty malts can be stored for long periods of time, because in most cases they are kilned to such a high degree that there is no longer any starch or enzymes left. The starches have been converted to sugars or burned to a crisp. It makes little difference if specialty grains are stored cracked or whole, as long as they are kept cool and dry. (Some specialty malts have some starch and enzymes left, so find out about your malt when considering storage options.) But base malts are a different story. They contain lots of starch, and starch absorbs moisture much more readily than the sugars in the kilned malts. And the enzymes need protection. So it is crucial to store base malts in their whole, uncracked state for as long as possible. Ideally, you should crack the grain just prior to mashing. If kept cool and dry, cracked base malts are good for at least a month, sometimes three or four. Uncracked base malts can be stored for at least a year or more, if stored cool, dry and sealed so pests can’t infiltrate.
Again, you can use your taste buds (and eyes and touch) to check your base malt for freshness. If the malt is crushed, it should still be dry and powdery. Any sign of gumminess is a sure sign of trouble. Taste the malt, too. It should be dry and, again, not at all gummy. You should be able to detect any stale or moldy flavors. If you taste any of these, toss the grain. It has gone “slack” and you can’t brew with it.
One thing to be especially careful of is pests. All grain is susceptible to grain moths, grain weevils and rodents. But they particularly love starchy base malts. Rodents don’t care if your grain is crushed or not, but weevils and moths just love crushed grain. Keep it in a tight container.
Crushed or Whole?
Many homebrewers wonder whether they should buy malt that’s already been crushed, or invest in a grain mill. Ideally you should get a mill and crush your grain just before you use it. But that can be expensive and time consuming — not to mention a lot of work and mess. So a smart way to go is to buy your malt by the batch and have the shop crush it for you. You just have to be ready to brew soon after you get the grain. Unless you can pick up a bag of grain from your local shop, my experience is that you won’t save a lot of money by buying your base malt by the bag. One thing I do not recommend is buying base malt by the bag pre-crushed, unless you intend to use it all right away.
Now we’ve covered all the bases! What
are the important points? Pale malt (two-row) is used for just about
every beer you brew. It’s the primary base malt. When selecting
your pale malt, use two-row. There’s no reason a homebrewer will
need six-row. When you want to brew a pilsner, use pilsen malt
exclusively. Don’t muck it up with anything else. And don’t
bother with it anywhere else. Pale ale malt is useful if you want to
brew traditional English ales. You can use it in other recipes, but
be prepared for the extra color it will add. Vienna has a limited
range, but experiment. Watch out for its grassy flavors. Munich has a
lot of uses. Consider it for all German lagers (except pilsners) but
don’t try to use it for the sole malt. Use it in amounts of up to
30 percent in conjunction with two-row. It’s a good all-around malt
for adding malty flavors and aroma. But be mindful of its toasty
edge. Play with the darker Munichs, especially in dark beers. The
best way to understand base malts is to brew with them!
Mark Garetz is author of “Using Hops” and a frequent contributor to BYO.
Barley, whether raw or malted, plays an important role in the global economy. The majority is grown in cool-climate countries, although some is grown on the hillsides of Mexico, Latin America and beyond. Most barley is used as animal feed and an ingredient in food. Malted barley, either as flour or an extract, is used in cereals, snacks, crackers, candy, health drinks and many more products.
Barley malt is the basic ingredient in beer. Why barley? For starters, it’s a win-win situation for everyone. The supply and demand is fairly consistent, as is the price. The farmer gets to plant the crop early in the spring and harvest in early summer. It is an “in-between” crop; it is harvested after oats and winter wheat and before spring wheat. Yields are good, and it is friendly to the soil.
As every maltster knows, barley contains everything needed to produce a quality product for the brewer. The kernel has all the necessary enzymatic power to convert the flint-hard barley kernel to a soft, modified kernel of malt. Barley has a fairly neutral flavor and color, so the maltster can create the precise characteristics needed by the brewer. The brewer, in turn, can blend malts and adjust his procedures to develop whatever beer style he selects. Because of its husk and natural pH adjusting, barley malt is the easiest grain to brew with.
What barleys are available and which ones should be used in beer? Until recently, within the last eight to ten years, most of the barley grown in the United States was a six-row variety. The main growing area for six-row is western Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota, a region known as the Red River Valley. Each of the Western states also grow some six-row.
By far the largest crop of six-row is Robust. More than three-fourths of the acreage planted in the Red River Valley is Robust, because it is preferred by the big brewers. The barley has excellent enzymes and produces a clean, sweet, mild malt flavor, making it very versatile in creating beer styles. The Stander variety is rather widely grown but is not very popular with either the maltster or brewer. It is what is described as “hot,” which means it has excessive levels of the alpha and beta amylase enzymes. The next most-popular strain is Excel. This tends to have a little higher protein level and a sharper, more husky flavor. If the homebrewer buys a six-row base malt, he can expect that Robust would be the majority, if not all, of the product, with maybe a little Excel, Foster or B1602.
In the United States, two-row varieties have become very popular. Two-row is grown mostly in the Western states and much of it is on irrigated land. Irrigation allows the farmer to control nature and control the quality of the barley, at least to some extent. Moisture — or lack of it — during the development stage determines the kernel plumpness, color, starch-to- protein ratio and brewing quality.
Up until 1997, Klages was the primary two-row variety. The maltsters and brewers loved it. It was easy to work with, had good brewhouse yields, a nice color and flavor, and low protein, but the farmer was not happy with his agricultural yields. In 2001 there was very little, if any, Klages grown in this country, except under contract. It is doubtful that any Klages malt would find its way into a homebrew shop.
Harrington is the most widely grown two-row malting variety. It has many of the Klages characteristics but a big disadvantage — the husk is very loose. During malting, far too much husk is lost. We all know how important husk is for lautering during all-grain brewing!
Moravian is grown in Colorado, Idaho and Wyoming, under contract to Coors. The original Moravian variety has undergone many generations since the barley was brought over from Czechoslovakia. It is very difficult to malt and requires changes in brewhouse procedures. It has a distinctive flavor, regardless of how it is malted. If you can get some, try it. It makes an interesting brew.
Metcalf is grown in Canada. The flavor is a bit different from Harrington, and the husk stays on the kernel. A bit of Alexis also is grown in the States. This variety is popular in the UK. It tends to have low protein, usually in the 9 percent range, and low enzymes, so it takes careful time and temperature control during mashing.
Each barley will give slight flavor
differences and may perform a little differently in the brewhouse.
Trying new base malts can be a challenge, but that’s what makes
Mary Anne Gruber is the director of technical services at Briess Malting Company in Chilton, Wisconsin.
Base Malt Extract Essentials
Let’s see a show of hands. Everyone who was brewing when Blue Ribbon malt extract was the only “beermaking” extract you could find, raise your hand. OK. Now let’s see how many of you know what base malt was used to make Blue Ribbon. No hands? I didn’t think so. It’s only been within the last 20 years that most homebrewers developed a desire to know not just whether their products would make beer, but exactly how those products are derived. In his article on base malts, Mark Garetz walks you through five malts that are used as a base in all-grain brewing. Which begs the questions — what are the base malts used to make malt extract, and if you want to work with one of the malts Mark mentioned, which extract do you use?
By starting with an unhopped, 100 percent malt extract, a skilled homebrewer can create almost any beer style in existence. Today’s high-quality malt extracts — the well-known “name brands” that are formulated specifically for brewing — have a high degree of fermentability, sufficient FAN (free amino nitrogen) for yeast nutrition and mid-sized proteins for a creamy, long-lasting head. These top-of-the-line extracts are made with choice base malt, usually from the barley variety that’s dominant in the country where the extract is produced. In the United States, for example, that would be Harrington two-row pale malt. Depending on the extract type, specialty malts also may be included. No manufacturer is going to release their recipe, but with careful tasting and experience, it’s possible to make an educated guess about what malts your favorite brand includes.
The most important thing to remember when selecting an unhopped malt extract is this: If you are not working with a high-quality extract, it does not matter what base malt produced it. Stick with extract producers who have been recognized as making high-quality extracts intended primarily for beer making. Next, seek out technical information on the malt extract you’re considering. This will tell you if the base malt used in producing the extract is the same as, or similar to, the base malt you would use in all-grain brew. All the better producers include this information on their Websites, so read the spec sheet carefully.
The age of the malt extract is also important. It doesn’t matter if the base grain used in producing a malt extract was a lightly kilned pilsner malt if the extract in the can is two years old. It will be dark. Look for the “use by” date or the production date on the bottom of the can. If there is no date, either try a different brand, or look for a brand that seems to be selling through well at your local shop. And always purchase a malt extract that specifically says “100 percent malt extract.” If it doesn’t specify that, the extract could be cut with cheap corn syrup.
Let’s run down each of the five base malts in the article and see how they translate to unhopped malt extracts. I mention a few brand names by way of example, but this list is not meant to be comprehensive. If you have a favorite extract brand, simply do a little research and learn about the base malts that are used to produce it.
Two-Row Pale & Pale Ale Malt
Two-row pale malt is the base for almost all ales, and is also the base grain used in almost all malt extract production. As long as the malt extract is from a quality producer, you can substitute “Light” or “Extra-Light” malt extract for just about any recipe that calls for two-row or pale ale malt. This includes liquid or dry malt extract.
Coopers uses two-row Schooner, an Australian pilsner barley, in the production of its extracts. To my knowledge, Coopers is the only company that uses pilsner barley in the production of malt extract. Many producers offer an “Extra-Light” malt extract in both liquid and dry form that will work well also.
Vienna malt is rarely used by
commercial brewers these days and is not used at all in malt extract
production. You can best simulate the body and color of Vienna malt
by combining in equal quantities a relatively light Amber DME, like
Muntons Amber, with a Light DME.
Briess Amber contains
between 15 to 50 percent Munich malt. You can substitute it for
Munich, but you’ll be guessing a bit on the ratios. St. Patrick’s
of Texas has a proprietary product, Maries malt extract, that is 50
percent Munich. If your Oktoberfest recipe calls for up to 25 percent
Munich malt, then a 50-50 mix of either of these two extracts with a
good Light malt extract will put you in the right ballpark.
Mark Henry imports Coopers beer and winemaking products into North America. He lives in California.
The Base Malt Recipe File
Now that you understand base malts, how do you use the knowledge? The best advice I can give you is to brew and see what happens. Brewing is like cooking. You taste your ingredients. You think about what the ingredients taste like and what the finished beer should taste like. Then you put together a recipe and see what happens. With that in mind, I’ve put together a starter recipe file. These simple all-grain recipes should give you some ideas about how base malts can be used and how each malt will taste in the finished beer.
All of these recipes are for five gallon batches and all use a single-step infusion mash at about 154° Fahrenheit. Mash in all the grains together. To each recipe you can add a quarter-pound of flaked barley for head retention. I also recommend one tablespoon of Irish moss added at the beginning of the boil. (Most homebrewers add it near the end of the boil. That works as long as you rehydrate the Irish moss first, which most homebrewers don’t do. Adding it at the beginning eliminates the need for rehydration.)
Some of these recipes are ales, some are lagers. You can brew the lagers as ales if you don’t have any way to control the fermentation temperature. All the ale recipes (and lager recipes made as ales) should be fermented at 70° to 72° F. If you use lager yeast for the lagers, start the fermentation at 70° to 72° F, then lower it to 54° once the fermentation has started in earnest.
I’ve given you the bittering hops for these recipes in IBUs, or International Bittering Units. This is a measure of how bitter the final beer should be. IBUs take into account hop utilization, which is an expression of how efficiently you use the bittering compounds during the boil. It also accounts for losses during fermentation. To calculate the weight of hops you need, use the following formula: hop weight in ounces = Gallons x IBUs % Util x % Alpha Acid x 0.749
If you know your approximate utilization, great. If you don’t, here are some guidelines: For the novice brewer, you’ll probably get 24 to 26 percent utilization for the one-hour recommended boil. Most all-grain brewers will probably get 26 to 28 percent utilization. Advanced brewers or brewers with really great kettles and burners are more likely in the 30 to 33 percent range.
Using the Extra Pale Ale recipe as an example, I call for 30 IBUs of bitterness in a five-gallon batch. The top half of the equation looks like 5 x 30, which equals 150. Assuming your utilization is 28 percent and your Galena hops are at 13 percent alpha acid, then the bottom equation looks like 28 x 13 x 0.749, which equals 273 (rounded up). Now divide 150 by 273 to get about 0.55 ounces of hops. Note that these calculations only apply to the bittering hops (in the example recipes, always a single addition of a single variety). All other hop additions should not be adjusted based on alpha acid. Just use the weight listed.
Two-Row Extra Pale Ale
OG = 1.048 FG = 1.012 IBU = 30
This recipe is very simple, but it makes an excellent beer. It’s a great way to evaluate two-row malt.
8.5 lbs. pale malt (two-row)
30 IBUs Galena hops (bittering)
1 oz. Cascade hops (5 minutes before the end of boil)
1 oz. Cascade (steeped for 10 minutes after the boil or dry-hopped)
Wyeast 1056 (American Ale) or White Labs WLP001 (California)
Step by Step:
Mash in 10.6 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. (The exact amount will depend on how much you boil off. The idea is to end up with 5 gallons of wort.) Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 55 minutes, then add 1 oz. of Cascade, stirring in well. Boil another 5 minutes. Shut off the heat, stir in another ounce of Cascade and cover the kettle. Let stand 10 minutes, then cool to 72° F. Transfer to the fermenter and pitch the yeast. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg.
OG = 1.045 FG = 1.011 IBU = 25
Another simple recipe, but you will really taste the pilsen malt.
8 lbs. pilsen malt
25 IBUs Tettnanger hops (bittering)
1 oz .Tettnanger hops (5 minutes before the end of boil)
*Wyeast 2278 (Czech Pils)
or White Labs WLP800 (Pilsner) to make as a lager;
*Wyeast 1056 (American)
or White Labs WLP001 (California) to make as an ale.
Step by Step:
Mash in 10 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 55 minutes, add 1 ounce of Tettnanger, (recipes continued on page 35) stirring in well. Boil another 5 minutes. Cool to 72° F. Transfer to fermenter and pitch the yeast. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg.
Extra Special Bitter
OG= 1.050 FG = 1.013 IBU = 25
This recipe shows a typical use for pale ale malt. The small amount of chocolate malt will give this beer a nice copper color. This is a real English ESB; don’t expect it to be like a RedHook ESB, which is actually more of a light ale.
8 lbs. pale ale malt
1 lb. crystal malt (15° Lovibond)
0.10 lbs. chocolate malt 25 IBUs Galena hops (bittering)
1 oz. Willamette hops (5 minutes before end of boil)
Wyeast 1968 (Special London)
or White Labs WLP002 (English Ale)
Step by Step:
Mash in 11.4 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 55 minutes, then add 1 ounce of Willamette, stirring in well. Boil another 5 minutes. Cool to 72° F. Transfer to the fermenter and pitch the yeast. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg.
OG= 1.067 FG = 1.017 IBU = 18
This recipe makes a traditional Oktoberfest. It uses basic two-row for most of the fermentables, with Vienna and Munich for flavor, aroma and color. Carapils adds body.
9 lbs. pale malt (two-row)
0.5 lbs. Vienna malt
1.5 lbs. Munich malt
1 lb. carapils
0.5 lbs. crystal malt (95° Lovibond)
18 IBUs Tettnanger or Mt. Hood hops (bittering)
0.5 oz. Tettnanger or Mt. Hood (5 minutes before end of boil)
*Wyeast 2206 (Bavarian)
or WLP820 (Oktoberfest) to make as a true lager;
*Wyeast 1056 (American)
or White Labs WLP001 (California) to make as an ale
Step by Step:
Mash in 15.6 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 55 minutes, then add 0.5 oz. of Tettnanger or Mt. Hood, stirring in well. Cool to 72° F. Transfer to the fermenter and pitch the yeast. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg.
India Pale Ale
OG = 1.063 FG = 1.016 IBU = 35
This is definitely a West Coast, hophead IPA. It uses Munich malt for body, color, flavor and aroma (something has to compete with those hops to balance the beer!). I included this recipe so you could see a non-traditional use of Munich. Try it, you’ll like it!
8.5 lbs. pale malt (two-row)
1.5 lbs. Munich malt
1 lb. carapils
0.5 lbs. crystal malt (15° Lovibond)
0.25 lbs. crystal malt (95° Lovibond)
35 IBUs Galena hops (bittering)
1.5 oz. Cascade hops (5 minutes before end of boil)
1 oz. Cascade (dry hop)
0.5 oz. Columbus (dry hop)
Wyeast 1056 (American) or White Labs WLP001 (California)
Step by Step:
Mash in 14.7 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. (The exact amount will depend on how much you boil off. The idea is to end up with 5 gallons of wort when you pitch the yeast.) Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 55 minutes, then add 1.5 oz. of Cascade, stirring in well. Boil another 5 minutes. Cool to 72° F. Transfer to the fermenter and pitch the yeast. When fermentation starts to slow down (characterized by the vigorous activity starting to subside) add 1 oz. of Cascade hops and 0.5 oz. of Columbus. Stir in well with a sterile spoon. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg.
Super Smooth Porter
OG = 1.049 FG = 1.012 IBU = 25
This will give you a nice, smooth porter with a good deal of flavor and body. Both light and dark Munich are used in this recipe. Normally I’d use more chocolate malt, but I’ve cut it down to allow for the use of the dark Munich, which will add a lot of toasty flavor on its own. 5 lbs. pale malt (two-row)
1 lb. light Munich malt
1.5 lbs. dark Munich malt
1 lb. carapils
0.5 lbs. chocolate malt
0.25 lbs. black patent malt
25 IBUs Willamette hops (bittering)
Wyeast 1056 (American) or White Labs WLP001 (California)
Step by Step:
Mash in 11.6 quarts of water to bring the mash to a temperature of 154° F. Let stand 30 minutes. Sparge with 180° F water to collect 6 to 7 gallons of wort. (The exact amount will depend on how much you boil off. The idea is to end up with 5 gallons of wort.) Bring the wort to a boil. Add 1 tablespoon Irish moss and the bittering hops. Boil for 60 minutes. Cool to 72° F. Transfer to the fermenter and pitch the yeast. Ferment until done (gravity has stopped dropping). Bottle or keg. Enjoy! —M.G. | <urn:uuid:1b33647e-8a30-427f-a771-0e77a3eed346> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://byo.com/mead/item/710-grain-on-the-brain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613780.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530031818-20170530051818-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.940948 | 9,829 | 2.875 | 3 |
When most of us read the words “commercial vehicle,” we think of eighteen-wheeler trucks that weigh tens of thousands of pounds and cause catastrophic damages in a collision. But these so-called big rigs are just one kind of commercial vehicle on the road, and they’re not the only type you may encounter in the event of an accident. Small vans and buses can be commercial vehicles, as could a tiny sedan in certain circumstances.
Because these vehicles are owned and insured by companies rather than individuals, they fall under a different set of standards when it comes to accidents. Knowing you’re dealing with a commercial vehicle will (or should, at least) affect the steps you take in the immediate aftermath of the crash, as well as how you and your attorney will handle the claim.
What Exactly Is a Commercial Vehicle?
The Federal Motor Carrier Regulations define a commercial vehicle as:
Any self-propelled or towed motor vehicle used on a highway in interstate commerce to transport passengers or property when the vehicle—
- Has a gross vehicle weight rating or gross combination weight rating, or gross vehicle weight or gross combination weight, of 4,536 kg (10,001 pounds) or more, whichever is greater; or
- Is designed or used to transport more than 8 passengers (including the driver) for compensation; or
- Is designed or used to transport more than 15 passengers, including the driver, and is not used to transport passengers for compensation; or
- Is used in transporting material found by the Secretary of Transportation to be hazardous under 49 U.S.C. 5103 and transported in a quantity requiring placarding under regulations prescribed by the Secretary under 49 CFR, subtitle B, chapter I, subchapter C.
Translated to everyday language, that means a commercial vehicle is one that’s driven or towed (e.g., a trailer), transporting goods or services, and meets one or more of the following criteria:
- It weighs more than 10,000 pounds. This point can get confusing quickly, because there are two ways to determine that weight. There’s the gross vehicle weight, which is simply how much the vehicle physically weighs. The gross vehicle weight rating, on the other hand, is the maximum operating weight as determined by the vehicle manufacturer. Typically this information can be found on the sticker inside the vehicle door. Whichever of those is greater — the actual weight or the manufacturer rating — will determine if the vehicle is commercial.For example, a vehicle might weight only 9,000 pounds, but if the manufacturer’s sticker sets the gross vehicle weight rating at 11,001 pounds, you’re dealing with a commercial vehicle.
- It’s transporting nine or more people for commercial purposes. If a vehicle is carrying eight people plus the driver for a commercial purpose, it’s a commercial vehicle. Common examples of this include paid tourist activities or shuttle vans.
- It’s transporting more than 15 people, period. Even when no one’s getting paid, if a vehicle is transporting more than 15 people, it’s considered commercial. A church or synagogue outing and other private events fall into this area.
- It’s moving hazardous materials. Any vehicle will be commercial if it’s transporting any material the government deems hazardous in quantities that require the vehicle to display a special placard. So even a tiny, two-door Smart car carrying compressed gas or radioactive material will be a commercial vehicle. | <urn:uuid:cd126d49-8bf5-4947-859b-faf5802cfd26> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://multistatelawsuit.com/the-type-of-commercial-vehicle-could-affect-your-truck-accident-claim/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739370.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814190500-20200814220500-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.924352 | 716 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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Free pre-k and kindergarten lesson plans for fun, hands-on creative learning lesson plans & worksheets for first & second grade writing, early math, science. Pre-writing and writing activities for preschoolers presentation courtesy of wcesc preschool address a letter or while writing. Enjoy these creative writing prompts appropriate for kindergarten age students these writing prompts are sure to help encourage the creativity and imagination of. Browse writing prompts for kindergarten resources on teachers pay teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Writing activities writing ideas kids writing creative activities preschool activities writing station writing centers pens and pencils home education uk promoting writing - what do you do. | <urn:uuid:e1d927b5-0b2d-48ac-a152-11cba2a81987> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://nxhomeworkllxk.paycheckadvance.us/creative-writing-activities-kindergarten.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948047.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426012045-20180426032045-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.879902 | 961 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Boeing Company Dreamliner (787) is a long-range jet airliner that was developed by Boeing for the intended purpose of servicing commercial airline customers. The airplane is the first to employ a lightweight composite material for structural components and as such realizes a significant fuel savings for its operators. However, the delivery of the first airplane was initially slated for 2008 but due to several project delays the first in-service flight did not take place until 2011. The airplane also suffered from numerous technical problems in the years following its initial service. All these technical problems and delays led to dramatic cost overruns from initial estimates. Research public sources and describe the cost problems of the Dreamliner. Discuss the systems that could have been put in place to prevent these problems.
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